Adjectives express characteristics, we use them to describe nouns. They explain how
someone or something is. Adjectives can be comparative or superlative. In German
grammar, some adjectives change their ending to agree with the noun they are describing.
Beispiele: Das ist ein Haus - Das ist ein großes Haus
Der Mann lernt Deutsch - Der junge Mann lernt Deutsch.
Types of Adjectives
Predicative adjectives are adjectives that come after the verbs sein/bleiben/werden.
Predicative adverbs are adjectives that come after other verbs (not sein/bleiben/werden).
Attributive adjectives come between the article and the noun. We have to decline these
adjectives and change their endings, according to whether the noun is masculine/
feminine/ neutral, in the singular or in the plural.
Beispiel: Paula hat ein großes Zimmer.
Hat dich die laute Musik nicht gestört?
Formation of Adjectives
Some German adjectives can be formed by adding a suffix to nouns, verbs or even other
adjectives.
Adjectives derived from other adjectives almost always take the ending -lich. The new
adjective emphasises that something has roughly the characteristics of the original
adjective.
(Sometimes -lich can change the meaning of an adjective: klein (= not big) – kleinlich (= mean,
petty))
With the prefixes (prefixes) "in-", "des-" and "un-" one forms the opposite of the
adjective:
Adjectives derived from verbs lose their infinitive -en ending before taking a suffix. We can
also use participles as adjectives.
We use comparative adjectives to compare things. There are three comparative forms in
German: positive (schön), comparative (schöner) and superlative (am schönsten). While the
positive form of an adjective simply describes the noun, a comparative adjective compares
persons or things that are not equal. The superlative describes persons, actions or things
that can't be outperformed.
The two forms of adjectives have different constructions. Both of them are constructed
using a suffix:
comparative form: base form of adjective + -er
superlative form: am + base form of adjective + -(e)sten
In some cases, adjectives ending with -el may drop the -e.
If the adjective ends with "er", the "e" is omitted in the comparative if there is a
vowel (a, e, i, o, u) in front of it.
In German there are different forms of comparatives to express the superiority, the
inferiority or the equality of two persons or objects.
1. Comparative of superiority
2. Comparative of inferiority
3. Comparative of equality
4. Form of 'immer* + comparative
5. Form of 'je' ... 'desto' + comparative
1. Comparative of superiority
2. Comparative of inferiority
In contrast to that, this type of comparative expresses the inferiority of one person,
thing etc. against another. It is constructed like this:
(weniger + adjective + als )
The positive form is the basic form of the adjective. We use it in the comparative
expression so … wie. Other comparative expressions which use positive adjectives
are:
When using this type of constructions of 'immer mehr' and 'immer weniger' it is
important to decline the adjective, because it stands before the noun
immer + mehr (more and more)
immer + weniger('less and less)
Beispiele: Es gibt immer mehr alte Menschen in Deutschland.
Es gilt immer mehr regnerische Tage in England.
Ich mag ihn immer weniger gerne.
Die Bevölkerung in Österreich ist immer weniger dicht.
Superlative in German
The superlative is the highest form of comparison. The formation is the same for all
adjectives regardless of how many syllables they have. The superlative is formed as
follows:
with the specific article + adjective + ending "-ste" or
with "am" + adjective + ending "-sten"
Beispiele: Friederike läuft am schnellsten.
Sie ist die schnellste Läuferin.
Adjectives that end in "d", "t" or "s", "ß", "x", "z" usually form the superlative with "est-"
Beispiele: leicht – leichter – am leichtesten
schlecht – schlechter – am schlechtesten
(Ausnahme: groß – größer – am größten)
2. Absolute superlative
The absolute superlative (or Elativ) is another possibility to escalate German
adjectives. The superlative is either formally identical with the superlative, or is
constructed by adding a prefix or a particle to an adjective.
Elativ with particle: Wir arbeiten mit extrem modernen Maschinen daran.
Elativ with prefix: Wir arbeiten mit hochmodernen Maschinen daran.
The difference of both possibilities: Using the particle you have two words, while
you only have one word using the prefix. Often prefixes are used for the formation of
those adjectival forms.
Declension of Adjectives
Adjective declension, also called adjective inflection, means that adjectives agree with a noun
in gender, number, and case. Only attributive adjectives are declined. Predicative and
adverbial adjectives don’t change. There are 3 types of declension, depending on the the
particle that comes before the adjective:
Weak declension (the definite article + adjective). Beispiel: Das schöne Sofa
Mixed declension(indefinite article + adjective). Beispiel: Ein schönes Sofa
Strong declination (no article + adjective). Beispiel: Schönes Sofa
The weak declension is used when the following factors come before the adjective and the
adjective before the noun.This is called weak declension because the case marker is not
carried by the adjective but rather particle before it.
➔ Bestimmter Artikel;
◆ der, die, das
➔ Fragewörtern
◆ welcher, welches , welche
➔ Demonstrativartikeln;
◆ diese, dieses, dieser (this)
◆ Jene, jener, jenes (that)
◆ derjenige (that one)
◆ derselbe (the same)
➔ Indefinitartikeln;
◆ jede (every)
◆ manche (some)
◆ Solch (such)
◆ alle (Pl)(all)
➔ Negationsartikeln im Plural;
◆ keine
➔ Possessivartikeln im Plural;
◆ meine, deine, unsere usw.
N der gute Mann die gute Frau das gute Kind die guten Männer/
Frauen/ Kinder
A den guten Mann die gute Frau das gute Kind die guten Männer/
Frauen/ Kinder
D dem guten Mann der guten Frau dem guten Kind den guten Männern/
Frauen/ Kindern
G des guten Mannes der guten Frau des guten der guten Männer/
Kindes Frauen/Kinder
Note : In the nominative singular and in the accusative neutral and feminine, an "e" is
added. In the accusative masculine as well as in the plural , dative and genitive , adjectives,
no matter with which article before, always get the ending " en ".
Indefinite article has no direct form for a plural; in this situation a range of alternatives
such as einige (some; several) or manche (some) would be used which follows another rules
in the case of adjective declension. Mixed declension is used when the following factors
come before the adjective and the adjective before the noun;
➔ unbestimmter Artikel;
◆ ein, eine , ein
➔ Negationsartikeln im Singular;
◆ kein. keine, kein
➔ Possessivartikeln im Singular;
◆ mein, deine, unsere usw.
N ein guterMann eine gute Frau ein gutes Kind keine guten Männer/
Frauen/ Kinder
A einen guten Mann eine gute Frau ein gute Kind keine guten Männer/
Frauen/ Kinder
D einem guten Mann einer guten Frau einem guten keinen guten Männern/
Kind Frauen/ Kindern
G eines guten Mannes einer guten Frau eines guten keiner guten Männer/
Kindes Frauen/ Kinder
Adjektivdeklination nach dem Nullartikel (Strong declension)
When a noun, used without an article is called a null article . Strong declension is used
when nothing comes before the adjective and also when the adjective is preceded by;
➔ eines der folgenden Pronomen:
◆ dergleichen, ... (the same)
◆ derlei, ... (such)
◆ dessen, deren (whose)
◆ wessen (whose)
◆ etliche mehrere (a few more)
◆ etwas (etwas)
◆ ein bisschen (a bit)
◆ ein wenig (a little)
◆ ein paar (a couple)
➔ von:
◆ wie viel (how much)
◆ viel (a lot)
◆ wenig (little)
➔ Indefinitartikeln im Plural:
◆ viele (many)
◆ wenige (few)
◆ einige (some)
◆ andere (another)
➔ Auch nach Zahlen: (größer als eins, ohne Endungen, ohne einen
bestimmten Artikel davor)
◆ zwei, drei, vier ....
1. If two or more consecutive adjectives are in a sentence, they will be declined with
the same type of declension:
Beispiel: Wir möchten in einem guten japanischen Restaurant essen
7. Adjectives with the ending "a" and adjectives from city names with "-er" are not
declined. (rosa, lila, prima, extra, super, klasse)
Beispiele: Das ist ein rosa Kleid.
Der Frankfurter Flughafen ist riesig.
The present participle is always used as an adjective and describes what the noun is doing
right now. The past particle is normally used to construct the perfect, past perfect, or
passive, but it can also be used as an adjective. When being used as an adjective, the past
participle expresses what the noun has already done or had done to it.
Beispiele:
Present Participle: Das weinende Kind ist in der Küche.
(the kid is crying right now)
Participles as Nouns
Participles are often used as adjectives. Just like other adjectives, we can remove the noun
(if it’s obvious) and turn the participle into a noun by itself. It has to be declined.
Present participle:
Beispiele: Beim Flugzeugabsturz gab es keine Überlebenden.
Die Singenden hatten genausoviel Spaß an dem Konzert wie
Der Suchende gibt niemals auf.das Publikum.
Present participle Present participle as Noun
Past Participle:
Beispiele: Der Vermisste konnte noch nicht gefunden werden.