f.ngh.j.

(cau;juk;)

ngsjpftpay;

nra;Kiwrhu; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b

(2009 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; ghlj;jpl;lj;Jf;FupaJ)

tpQ; Q hdk; kw; W k; RfhjhuKk; clw; f y; t pf; F khd Jiw

tpQ; Q hd njhopy; E l; g g; gP l k;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

i
ngsjpftpay; nra; K iwrhu; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b
f.ngh.j. (cau; j uk; )
(2009 Mk; Mz; b ypUe; J eilKiwg; g Lj; j g; g Lk; ghlj; j pl; l j; J f; F upaJ)

(c) Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Kjyhk; gjpg;G 2011

tpQ; Q hdk; kw; W k; RfhjhuKk; clw; f y; t pf; F khd Jiw

tpQ; Q hd njhopy; E l; g g; gP l k;

gjpg; G :-

ii
topfhl;ly; : NguhrpupaH W.M. mNguj;d gz;lhu>
gzpg;ghsH ehafk;>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

jpU. L. H. tpN[rpq;f
tpQ;Qhd njhopy;El;gg; gPlk;>
cjtpg;gzpg;ghsH ehafk;>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

gzpg;G : jpU. C.M.R. me;jdp>

gzpg;ghsH>
tpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk; RfhjhuKk; clw;fy;tpf;Fkhd Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

ghlxd;wpizg;G : jpU. P. kytpgjpud> nraw;jpl;l mjpfhup>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
jpU. M.L.S. gpajp]]
; > cjtpr; nraw;jpll
; mjpfhup>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

ghl tpla topfhl;ly; : Nguhrpupau; T.R. Mupaul;z> gyfiyf;fofk; nfhOk;G.

Nguhrpupau; B.S.B. fUzhul;d> gy;fiyf; fofk;> Nguhnjdpa
Nguhrpupau; S.R.D. Nuhrh> gy;fiyf;fofk;> nfhOk;G.
Nguhrpupau; J.K.D.S. [aNej;jp> gy;fiyf;fofk;> nfhOk;G.
fyhepjp K.P.S.C. [aul;d> gy;fiyf;fofk;> nfhOk;G.
fyhepjp M.K. [ahde;j> gy;fiyf;fofk;> nfhOk;G.
fyhepjp D.D.N.B. jah> gy;fiyf;fofk;> nfhOk;G.
Nguhrpupau; J.C.N. uhN[e;jpuh. jpwe;j gy;fiyf;fofk;> ,yq;if.
fyhepjp W.G.D. ju;kuj;jpd> gy;fiyf; fofk;> WFZ.
fyhepjp P.W.S.K. gz;lhu ehaf> gy;fiyf; fofk;> Nguhnjdpa
fyhepjp P. fPf;fpadNf gy;fiyf; fofk;> = n[atu;j;jdGu.

ts Mszpapdu; : jpU. B.A. jpyf;fuj;d> Kd;dhs; nraw;jpl;l mjpfhup (NIE)

jpU. W.A.D. ,uj;jpd#upa> Kd;dhs; gpujk nraw;jpll
; mjpfhup (NIE)
jpU. D.S. tpjhdMuhr;rp> Kd;dhs; gpujk nraw;jpl;l mjpfhup(NIE)
jpU. H.S.K. tp[ajpyf;f> SLEAS - I, Kd;dhs; mjpgH
jpU. A. Rfjghy> Kd;dhs; MrpupaH juk; - I
jpU. A. n`l;bMuhr;rp> mjpfhup> Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO.
jpU. P. kytpgjpud> nraw;jpl;l mjpfhup> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

nkhopngaHg;G : jpU. M.Z.M. gsPy>;

Nwhay; fy;Y}up > nfhOk;G-07
jpU. S. R. n[af;FkhH>
Nwhay; fy;Y}up > nfhOk;G-07

Vida cjtpfs; : jpU. M. ntypgpba

jpU. W.P.P. tPutHjd
jpU. K.G.R. jahtd;]

tiyaikg;G : www.nie.lk

iii
 cs;slf;fk;
gf; f k;
mwpKfk; 01
1. Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp mstPLfisg; ngwy; 02
2. Ez;khdpj; jpUFf;fzpr;rpiag; gad;gLj;jp mstPLfisg; ngwy; 03
3. Nfhskhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp mstPLfisg; ngwy; 04
4. efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;biag; gad;gLj;jp mstPLfisg; ngwy; 05
5. tpir ,izfuf; Nfhl;ghl;il tha;gG; g;ghu;jj
; Yk;> Nfhl;ghl;ilg;
gad;gLj;jp nghUnshd;wpd; epiw fhzYk; 06
6. jpUg;gf; Nfhl;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;jpg; nghUnshd;wpd; epiw fhzy; 07
7. U - Fohiag; gad;gLj;jpj; jputq;fspd; mlu;j;jpfis xg;gpLjy; 08
8. Vaupd; Ma;fUtpiag; gad;gLj;jp ,U jputq;fspd; mlHj;jpfis
xg;gpLjy;. 09
9. ghuNkw;wg;gl;l gupNrhjidf; Fohiag; (ePukhdp) gad;gLj;jpj;
jputnkhd;wpd; mlu;j;jp fhzy; 10
10. vspa Criyg; gad;gLj;jp <Hitapdhyhd MHKLfy; fhzy; 11
11. ,Nyrhd RUsp tpy; xd;wpy; njhq;ftplg;gl;Ls;s nghUnshd;wpd;;
jpzptpw;Fk; miyT fhyj;jpw;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;igj; Jzpjy; 12
12. Rukhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp ,irf;fitnahd;wpd; kPbwd; fhzy; 13
13. Rukhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp ,Oitf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;l mjpUk; fk;gpapd;;
kPbwdpw;;Fk; ePsj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;igj; Jzpjy; 14
14. xU Kid %lg;gl;l FohiaAk; xU ,irf;fitiaAk;
gad;gLj;jp tspapy; xypapd; Ntfj;ijAk; Kidj;jpUj;jj;ijAk;
fhzy; 15
15. xU Kid %lg;gl;l FohiaAk; gy ,irf;ftHfisAk;
gad;gLj;jp tspapy; xypapd; Ntfj;ijAk; Kidj;jpUj;jj;ijAk;
fhzy; 16
16. efUk; EZf; F f; f hl; b iaAk; fz; z hbf; Fw; w piaAk;
gad;gLj;jpf; fz;zhbapd; KwpTr;Rl;b fhzy; 17
17. mupaj;jpD}lhd fjpupd; tpyfiyg; gupNrhjid uPjpapy; Ma;T
nra;jYk; mupaj;jpd; ,opT tpyfw; Nfhzk; fhzYk; 18
18. mtjpfN
; fhz Kiwapdhy; mupaj; jputpaj;jpd; KwpTr;Rl;b Jzpjy;. 19
19. jpUrpakhdpiar; nrg;gQ;nra;jYk; mupaf;Nfhzk; JzpjYk; 20
20. jpUrpakhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp; tpyfw;Nfhzk; fhzYk; KwpTr;Rl;b
fhzYk; 21

iv
21. tpy;iyapy; tpk; g j; j pd; epiyia> guitapd;ik ,d;w;pg; nghUe;jr;
nra;if Kiwapdhy; fhz;gJld; tpy;iyapd; Ftpaj;J}uj;ijAk;
fhzy; 22
22. ,wFf; Fohiag; gad;gLj;jp tspkz;ly mKf;fk; fhzy; 24
23. khwh mKf;fj;jpy; thAnthd;wpd; fdtstpw;Fk; ntg;gepiyf;Fk;
,ilapyhd njhlu;ig Muha;jy; 25
24. khwhf; fdtstpy;; thAnthd;wpd; mKf;fj;jpw;Fk; ntg;gepiyf;Fk;
,ilapyhd njhlu;ig Muha;jy; 26
25. fyit Kiwapdhy;j; jpzk
; nkhd;wpd; jd;ntg;gf;nfhs;ssitj; Jzpjy;. 27
26. Fspuy; Kiwahy;j; jputnkhd;wpd; jd;ntg;gf;nfhs;ssT Jzpjy;. 28
27. fyit Kiwapdhy; gdpff
; l;bapd; cUfypd; jd;kiwntg;gk; Jzpjy;. 29
28. fyit Kiwapdhy; ePupd; Mtpahjypd; jd;kiw ntg;gk; Jzpjy;. 30
29. Jyf;fkhd fNyhupkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp tspapd; njhlu;G <ug;gjd;
Jzpjy;. 31
30. Nrspd; Kiwapdhy; vspjpw; flj;jpnahd;wpd; ntg;gf;flj;jhW Jzpjy;. 32
31. cyu; fyj;jpd; mfj;jiliaAk; kpdd
; paf;f tpiriaAk; Jzpjy;. 33
32. kPw;wu;g; ghyj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp ,U jilfis xg;gpLjy; 34
33. kPw;wug;; ghyj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpf; flj;jpnahd;wpd; jilntg;gepiyf;
Fzfk; Jzpjy;. 35
34. mOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp kpdf
; yq;fspd; kp.,.tp. fis xg;gply; 36
35. mOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jpj; jilfis xg;gpLjy; 37
36. mOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp kpd;fynkhd;wpd; mfj;jil fhzy; 37
37. mOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jpr; rpwpa kpd; ,af;f tpir (ntg;g
,izapd;) Jzpjy; 38
38. Fiwflj;jp ,Uthapapd;; I - V rpwg;gpay;G tisapiag; ngwy;. 39
39. nghJf;fhyp cUtikg;gpy; jpuhd;rpw;wiu tpupayhf;fpahfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJ IB , IC fspw;fpilapyhd rpwg;gpay;G
tiuigg; guprPypj;jy; 40
40. mbg;gilj; jUf;ff; fjtq;fspd; cz;ik ml;ltizia Muha;jy; 41
41. fk;gp Mf;fg;gl;l jputpaj;jpd; aq;fpd;kl;Lf; fhzy; 42
42. GtNrapd; #j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp ePupd; gpRf;Fikf; Fzfk; fhzy;; 43
43. EZf;Ff;fhl;b tOf;fpiag; gad;gLj;jp ePupd; Nkw;gug;gpOit fhzy;; 44
44. rtHf;fhuf; fiurypd; Nkw;gug;gpOit fhzy;
(fk;gpr; rl;lnkhd;iwg; gad;gLj;jp) 45
45. kapu;j;Jis vOif Kiwapdhy; ePupd; Nkw;gug;gpOit fhzy; 46
46. N[fupd; Kiwapdhy;j; jputnkhd;wpd; Nkw;gug;gpOit fhzy; 47
v
 mwpKfk;

f.ngh.j. caHjug; ; ngsjpftpay; 2009 Kjy; mKyhFk; Gjpa

ghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;fikaj; juk; 12 > 13 ,w;fhd ngsjpftpay; nra;Kiwg;
gupNrhjidfs; gw; w pa MrpupaHfSf; f hd mwpTWj; j y; f s; ,q; F
cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;fika xt;Nthu; myfpYk; Fiwe;j
gl;rk; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba gupNrhjidfSk; MrpupaH nra;Jfhl;ly;fSk;
jbj;j vOj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. Ma;T$lg; gupNrhjidfisg; gw;wpa
RUf;fkhdnjhU topfhl;ly; kl;LNk ,e;E}ypy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
xt;nthU gupNrhjidAk; Mw;WtjD}lhf khztHfs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s
Ntz;ba fw;wy; Nehf;fq;fs; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. Ma;T$lj;jpy; gupNrhjid
nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd Fiwe;jgl;r cgfuzq;fSk; jug;;gl;Ls;sd.
,g;gupNrhjidfisr; nra;tjw;F khztHfSf;F topfhl;LjYf;fhd
MrpupaH mwpTWj;jy;fSk; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. gupNrhjid nra;tjw;F
Kd;dH Mrpupauhy; tFg;giwapy; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfspd;NghJ
gupNrhjidr; nra;KiwfSf;Fj; Njitahd Nfhl;ghLfis khztH
fSf;F Cl;l Ntz;Lk;. Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bapy; jug;gl;Ls;s
Vida gupNrhjidfis my;yJ nra;Jfhl;ly;fis khztu;fsJ
nra;Kiwj; jpwd;fis NkYk; tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;.
vt;thwhapDk; ,e;j mwpTWj;jy;fSf;F kl;Lk; vy;iyg;gLj;jhky; jkJ
Ra mDgtq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpg; ngsjpftpaw; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;fika>
ngsjpftpaw; Nfhl;ghLfis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd NtW gupNrhjidfisAk;
MrpupaHfs; khztu;fSf;F Kd;itf;f KbAk;.

1
gupNrhjid ,y : 01
Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp mstPL fisg; ngwy;
Nehf; f q; f s; : • Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpapd; ,opntz;zpf;ifiaAk;>
G+r;rpa tOitAk; fhzy;.
• tpj;jpahrkhd mstPLfisg; ngWtjw;F Ntzpau;
,Lf; f pkhdpapy; cs; s nghUj; j khd gFjpfisg;
gad;gLj;jy;.
• rpwpa ePsq;fis msg;gjw;F Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdp
gad;gLj;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mwpjy;.
• Ntzpau;; mstpilAila NtW cgfuzq;fisg;
gad;gLj;jypd; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
cgfuzq; f Sk; : Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdp> mz;zsthf 4 cm ×3 cm × 2 cm
nghUl; f Sk; gupkhzq;fisAila kuf;Fw;wp > mz; z sthf 5 cm
eP s khd P.V.C. f;Foha;> mz;zsthf3cm tpl;lKila
Nfhsk;> nghUj;jkhd msTila nghs; cUis
Mrpupau; : • Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpapd; ,opntz;zpf;if> G+r;rpa
mwpT Wj; j y; fs
mwpTWj; fs;
fs; tO vd;gtw;iwf; fhz;gjw;F mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• kuf;Fw;wpnahd;wpd; ePsk;> mfyk;> cauk; vd;gtw;iw
Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpahy;; msg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• P.V.C f;Fohapd; mf> Gw tpll
; q;fs; > Fohapd; cauk;;
vd;gtw;iw Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpapd;; nghUj;jkhd
gFjpfisg; gad;gLj;jp msg;gjw;F mwpTWj;jy;fs;
toq;fy;.
• Nfhsj;jpd; ,il tpl;lj;ijf; fhz;gjw;Fj; Njitahd
mstPLfisg; ngWtjw;F mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• nghs; cUisapd; ,il mftpl;lk;> ,il Mok;
vd;gtw;iwf; fhz;gjw;Fj; Njitahd mstPLfisg;
ngWjy;.
• ngwg; g l; l mstP L fisg; nghUj; j khd Kiwapy;
ml; l tizg; g Lj; j Tk; r u p a h f f ; fzpg; g jw; F k;
ngWNgWfisg; gjptjw;Fk; mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• gupNrhjidiag; gjpe; j gpd;du; mstP L fisAk;
fzpg;Gf;fisAk; gupry
P pf;f.

2
gupNrhjid ,y : 02
Ez; k hdpj; jpUFf; f zpr; r piag; gad; g Lj; j p mstP L fisg; ngwy;

Nehf; f q; f s; : • fzpr;rpapd; ,opntz;zpfi

; fiaAk;> G+r;rpa tOitAk;
fhzy;.
• mstPlb; d; tOtPjk; FiwAkhW thrpg;igg; ngWtjw;F
fzpr;rpiar; rupahd Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jy;.
• fzpr;rpapdhy; 0.01 mm gUkd; thpirapYs;s kpfTk;
rpwpa ePsq;fis msf;fg;gL tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
mwpjy; .
• jhspd;; jbg;Gf;fhd mstPli
; l ngWk; NghJ fzpr;rpapd;
,opntz;zpf;iff;F Vw;g > jbg;Gf;fhd tOtPjj;ijf;
Fiwf;FKfkhf Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba gbKiwfisg;
ngwy;.
cgfuzq; f Sk; : Ez; k hdpj; jpUFf; f zpr; r p> nky; y pa fk; g p> rpwpa
nghUl; f Sk; cUf;Ff;Nfhsk;> rtumyF> glg;gpujpj; jhs;

Mrpupau; : • Ez;khdpj; jpUFf;fzpr;rpapd; ,opntz;zpf;if> G+r;rpa

mwpT Wj; j y; fs
mwpTWj; fs;
fs; tO vd; g tw; i wf; fhZk; Kiwfisg; gw; w pa
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• mstPLfis vLf;Fk; NghJ tOtPjj;ijf; Fiwg;g
jw;Ff; ifahsNtz;ba Kiwfis tpdtpj; Njit
ahd mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• jhspd; jbg;ig msf;Fk; NghJ ,opntz;zpf;ifiaf;
fUj; j pw; nfhz; L > tOtP j j; i jf; Fiwg; g jw; F f;
ifahsNtz;ba gbKiwfisg; gw;wpa mwpTWj;jy;fs;
toq;fy;.
• thrpg;Gfisg; gjpTnra;Ak; Kiwiag; guprPypj;J>
,opntz; z pf; i fiar; NrHf; F k; ; tifapy; gjpT
nra;tjw;F mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.

3
gupNrhjid ,y : 03
Nfhskhdpiag; gad; g Lj; j p mstP L fisg; ngwy;

Nehf; f q; f s; : • Nfhskhdpapd; ,opntz;zpf;if fhzy;.

• Nfhskhdpiag; ghtpj;Jr; nrk;ikahd thrpg;Gf;fs;
ngwy;.
• tisNkw;gug;gpd; Miuiaj; Jzptjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;
gLk; Nfhskhdpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mwpjy;.

• thrpg;ngLf;Fk;; NghJ eLj;jpUfpd; Kid> nghUis

kl;Lkl;lhfj; njhLk;gbr; nrg;gQ;nra;tjw;fhd jpwidg;
ngwy;.
cgfuzq; f Sk; : Nfhskhdp> EZf; F f; f hl; b tOf; f pj; j l; L > fbfhuf;
nghUl; f Sk; fz;zhb> rkjsf;fz;zhbf; Fw;wp>

Mrpupau; : • Nfhskhdpapd; ,opntz;zpf;if fhZk; Kiwiag;

mwpT Wj; j y; fs
mwpTWj; fs;
fs; gw;wpa mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;;fy;.
• jsf; fz;zhb Nkw;gug;gpy; Nfhskhdpia itj;J >
eLj;jpUfpd; Kid fz;zhb Nkw;gug;ig kl;Lkl;lhfj;
njhLkhW nrg;gQ;nra;J> thrpg;Gf;fs; vLg;gjw;F
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• EZf; F f; f hl; b tOf; f pj; j l; i lf; Nfhskhdpapd;
ghjq;fSf;fpilapy; itj;J eLj;jpUF tOf;fpj;jl;bd;
Nkw;gug;ig kl;Lkl;lhfj; njhLkhW nrg;gQ;nra;J
thrpg;Gf;fs; vLg;gjw;F mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• jug;gl;l tisT Nkw;gug;nghd;wpd; tistpdhiuiaf;
fhz;gjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fis toq;fy;.
• Nfhskhdpia Nkw;gug;gpy; itf;f Kd;du;
e L j ; j p U F rw; W NkNy cau; j ; j g; g Ltjw; f hd
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• eLj;jpUF Nkw;gug;ig kl;Lkl;lhf njhLk; NghJ>
Njitapd;wp eLj;jpUFj; jpUfhzp jho;e;Js;sjh vd
gupNrhjpf;Fk; Kiwiaf; $wy;.
• NfhsNkw;gug;gpd; tisthiuiaf; fzpg;gjw;Fupa
#j;jpuj;ij toq;fy;.

4
gupNrhjid ,y : 04

efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;biag; gad;gLj;jp mstPLfisg; ngwy;

Nehf; f q; f s; : • efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;bapYs;s gFjpfis ngahply;.

• thrpg; i gg; ngWtjw; F efUk; EZf; F f; f hl; b apd;
epiyf;Fj;J> fpil mstpilfis cgNahfpj;jy;.
• EZf; F f; f hl; b iaf; Ftpag; g Lj; J k; Kiwapid
mwptjw;fhd gupNrhjidj; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
• Ntzpau; msTj;jpl;lj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp> rpwpa mstPL
fisg; ngWk; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

cgfuzq; f Sk; : efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;b> kapu;j;Jisf; Foha;> ,wg;gu;;

nghUl; f Sk; f;Foha; > Mjhuk;.

Mrpupau; : • ,opntz;zpf;if fhz;gjw;fhd Kiw rk;ge;jkhf

khzth;fSf;F mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
mwpT Wj; j y; fs
mwpTWj; fs;
fs; • EZf;Ff;fhl;bAk;> kapuj
; J
; isf; FohAk; xNu mr;rhfTk;>
fpilahfTk; ,Uf; F khW nrg; g Q; n ra; t jw; f hd
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;;fy;.
• EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; fpil > epiyf;Fj;J mstpilfis
cgNahfpj;J xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhff; Fohapd;
,U tpl;lq;fisAk; fzpg;gjw;fhf thrpg; G f; f isg;
ngWtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;;fy;.
• thrpg;Gf;fisg; ngWk; NghJ FWf;Ff;fk;gp gad;gLj;jg;
gLk; KiwiaAk;> Ntzpau; mstpil gad;gLj;jg;
gLk; KiwiaAk; njspthf tpsf;Fjy;.
• ,wg;gu;f; Fohapd; mftpl;lk;> ntsptpl;lk; vd;gtw;iw
msg;gjw;F efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;biag; gad;gLj;jYf;fhd
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij typAWj;Jjy;.

5
gupNrhjid ,y : 05
tpir ,izfuf; Nfhl; g hl; i l tha; g ; G g; g hu; j ; j Yk; >
Nfhl; g hl; i lg; gad; g Lj; j pg; nghUnshd; w pd; epiw fhzYk; .

Nehf; f q; f s; : • tpir ,izfu cgfuzj;jpy; fg;gpapy; cuha;T ,Ug;gpd;

mtw;iw ePf;FjYf;fhd rupahd Kiwiag; ngwy;.
• ngwg;gl;l ehg;gk; rupahdjh vdg; gupNrhjpj;jy;.
• jug;gl;Ls;s gFjpfisg; guprPypj;J> %iy kl;lj;ijg;
gad; g Lj; j p ,ioapd; nrq; F j; j hd epiyiar;
nrk;ikahf nts;isj;jhspy; Fwpj;jy;.
• tpir ,izfu cgfuzj;ijg; ghtpj;Jf; Nfhl;ghl;il
tha;g;Gg;ghu;j;jYk;; nghUnshd;wpd; epiw fhzYk;;.

cgfuzq; f Sk; : tpir ,izfu cgfuzk;> mwpahj; RikAila nghUs;

nghUl; f Sk; (epiw w vd;f)> epiw mwpe;j %d; W Rikfs; ( w1 , w2
, w3 vd;f.) > %iykl;lk; my;yJ jsthbj;Jz;L> miu
kPw;wur;rl;lk;> nts;isj;jhs; (A4), ehd;F Fz;^rpfs;.

Mrpupau; : • tpir ,izfu cgfuzj;ijg; guprPypj;Jf; fg;gpfspy;;

mwpT Wj; j y; fs
mwpTWj; fs;
fs; cuha; T , U f ; f p d ; w d t h n t d g ; g u p N r h j p f ; F k ;
Kiwiaf; $wy;.
• rkepiyiag; ngw; w gpd; d H ,J rupahdjh vdg;
gupNrhjpf;Fk; Kiwiaf; $wy;.
• ,ioapd; nrq;Fj;jhd epiyia nts;isj;jhspy;;
Fwpf;Fk; Kiwia mtjhdpj;Jj; N j i t a h d
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• tpir ,izfuj; i jg; G+u; j ; j p nra; A k; NghJ
nghUj;jkhd mstPLfs; njupTnra;ag;gl;Ls;sjh vd
mtjhdpj;Jj; Njitahd mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• gupNrhjidg; ngWNgW gjpTnra; a g; g l; L s; s ijg;
guprPypf;f.

6
gupNrhjid ,y : 06
jpUg;gf; (nek;Gf;) Nfhl;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp
nghUnshd;wpd; epiw fhzy;

Nehf; f q; f s; : • fj;jpN a h u j ; j p y ; kPw;wu;f ; N f h i y r ; rkepiyg;

gLj;Jtjw;fhd jpwid tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
• thrpgG ; f;fspw;fpilapy; gue;j tPri
; rg; ngWk; nghUl;L>
fj; j pNahuj; j pypUe; J epiwfSf; f hd J}uq; f isg;
ngwy;.
• ,k;Kiwapdhy; epiw fhz;gJ> kw;iwa KiwfSld;
xg;gpLifapy; ,k;KiwapYs;s nrk;ikia mwpjy;.
• nghUj;jkhd tiuigg; gad;gLj;jpg; nghUspd; epiw
fhzy;.

cgfuzq; f Sk; : kPw;wu;f;Nfhy;;> fj;jpNahuk;> epiw mwpahg; nghUs;

nghUl; f Sk; (fz;zhb milg;ghd;)> mwpe;j Rik (nghUspd;
epiwf;F mz;zsthfr; rkdhd) > Mjhuk;> ,Nyrhd
,io

Mrpupau; : • fj;jpNahuj;jpy; kPw;wu;f;Nfhy; ehg;gj;jpYs;sjhntdg;

mwpT Wj; j y; fs
mwpTWj; fs;
fs; guprPypf;f.
• kPw;wu;f ; N f h y p y ; Rikfisj; njhq;ftpl;L
ehg;gj;jpYs;sjhntdg; guprPypj;Jf; fj;jpNahuk; kPww
; u;
f;Nfhypy;; Muk;g ehg;g epiyapy; itf;fg;glNtz;bajd;
mtrpaj;ijf; $wy;.
• ngwg;gLk; thrpgG ; fspd; cau;> ,opTg; ngWkjpfisg;
gupry
P pjJ
; > tPri
; rj; njupT nra;tjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
toq;fy;.
• nghUj; j khd tiuigg; gad; g Lj; j pg; nghUspd;
epiwiaf; fzpg;gjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.

7
gupNrhjid ,y : 07

U - Fohiag; gad;gLj;jpj; jputq;fspd; mlu;j;jp fis xg;gpLjy;

Nehf; f q; f s; : • nrk;ikahd thrpg;igg; ngWk; tifapy;

cgfuzj;ijr; nrg;gQ; nra;jy;.
• jputg; nghJ ,ilKfk; > jputkl;lk; vd;gtw;wpd;
thrpg;Gfisr; nrk;ikahf msg;gjw;F %iy kl;lk;
gad;gLj;jy;.
• jput epuy;> ePu; epuy; cauq;fSf;Fg; gue;j tPrR
; f;fisg;
ngWtjw;fhf ePH > jput fdtsTfs; njupT nra;jy;.
• nghUj;jkhd tiugpdhy; jputq;fspd; mlu;j;jpfis
xg;gpLjy;.

cgfuzq; f Sk; : U - Foha;> ,U miu kPww ; u;r;rl;lq;fs;> Njq;fhnaz;nza;>

nghUl; f Sk; ePu>; Mjhuk;> %iykl;lk;

Mrpupau; : • cgfuzk; mikf; f g; ; g l; L s; s ijg; guprP y pj; J j;

mwpT Wj; j y; fs
mwpTWj; fs;
fs; Njitahd mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;;fy;.
• Kjypy; U - Fohapd; xU Gaj;jpDs;Ns Fwpg;gpl;lsT
ePiu ,l;Lg; gpd;du; kw;iwa Gaj;jpDs;Ns Njq;fhna
z;nzia ,Ltjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;;fy;.
• jputg;nghJ Nkw;gug;G> jput kl;lk; Mfpa thrpgG
; fs;
vLf;Fk; tpjj;ijg; guprPypj;Jj; Njitahd
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• nghUj;jkhd tiuigg; gad;gLj;jpj; jputq; f sp; d ;
mlu;jj
; pfis xg;gpLtjw;F khztHfis
<LgLj;jy;.

8
gupNrhjid ,y : 08
Vaupd; Ma;fUtpiag; gad;gLj;jp ,U jputq;fspd;
mlHj; j pfis xg; g pLjy;

Nehf; f q; f s
s; : • Vaupd; Ma;fUtpapy; Nfhl;ghl;ilr; rupahf tpsq;fpj;
jputq;fspd; mlHj;jpfis xg;gply;.
• ,t; Ma; f Utpapy; nrk; i kahd thrpg; G fisg;
ngWtjw;fhd jpwid tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
• ,U jputq;fspd; mlHj;jpfis xg;gpLtjw;F Vaupd;;
Ma;fUtpiag; gad; g Lj; J tjd; Kf; f paj; J tj; i j
mwpjy; .

cgfuzq; f Sk; : Vaupd; Ma;fUtp> ePu;> nrg;G ry;Ngw;Wf; fiury; my;yJ

nghUl; f Sk; NtW nghUj;jkhd jputk;

Mrpupau; : • Vaupd; Ma;fUtpapy; Nfhl;ghl;ilr; rupahf tpsq;fp

mwpT
mwpTWj; fs;
Wj; j y; fs
fs; cs;shu;fshntdg; guprPypf;f.
• gupNrhjidf;fhf cgfuzj;ijr; rupahfr; nrg;gQ;nra;a
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• Njitahd mstPLfisr; nrk;ikahfg; ngWfpd;whH
fshntd mtjhdpj;J tOitj; jpUj;jy;.
• gupNrhjid thrpg;Gf;fisg; gjpT nra;jiyAk;> ,Wjpf;
fzpg;gPl;ilAk; guprPypf;f.

9
gupNrhjid ,y : 09
eP u khdp ghuNkw;wg;gl;l gupNrhjid
khdp/ghuNkw; f; Fohia
gupNrhjidf; Fohiag;g; gad;gLj;jppj
j
jputnkhd;wpd; mlu;j;jp fhzy;

Nehf; f q; f s; : • gupNrhjidf;F kpjg;Gf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; Njitiaf; $wy;.

• gupNrhjidf; Fohia epiyf;Fj;jhf kpjf;fr; nra;tjw;
Fg; nghUj;jkhd jputj;ijAk; msitAk; njupT
nra;jy;.
• Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jpg; gupNrhjidf;
Fohapd; tpll
; j;ij msg;gjw;fhd jpwid tpUj;jp
nra;jy;.
• nghUj;jkhd tiuigg; gad;gLj;jpg; gbj;jpwidAk;>
ntl;Lj; Jz;ilAk; fhzy;.

cgfuzq; f Sk; : gupNrhjidf; Foha;> caukhd rhb > epiwg;ngl;b> Ntzpau;

nghUl; f Sk; ,Lf;fpkhdp> kpy;ypkPw;wu; mstpil ,lg;gl;Ls;s
fljhrpf;fPyk; > NghJkhdsT jputk;> Fwpj;j msT kzy;
Jfs;fs;

Mrpupau; : • gupNrhjidf;Fj; Njitahd Nfhl;ghl;il khztu;fs;

mwpT Wj; j y; fs
mwpTWj; fs;
fs; tpsq;fpAs;shu;fshntdg; guprPypf;f.
• Njitahd mstPLfisr; nrk;ikahfg; ngWfpd;whu;
fshntd mtjhdpf;f.
• tiugpd; gbj; j pwd; > ntl; L j; J z; L vd; g tw; i wf;
fhz;gjw;F khztu;fis <LgLj;jy;.
• ngwg;gl;l ngWNgw;iwf; khzth;fSld; fye;Jiu
ahLjy;.

10
gupNrhjid ,y : 10
vspa Criyg; gad;gLj;jp <u;itapdhyhd MHKLfy; fhzy
fhzy;

Nehf; f q; f s; : • Crypd; ePsj;ijf; Fz;bd; <u;g;G ikaj;jpypUe;J

nrk;ikahf msj;jy;.
• khl;Nlw;W Crpia Crypd; xOf;fpw;F mz;ikapy;
mjpjho; Gs;spapy; rupahf ,izj;jy;.
• epWj;jw;fbfhuj;jpd; ,opntz;zpf;iff;Nfw;g
tOtPjj;ijf; Fiwf;FKfkhf miyTfspd;
vz;zpf;ifiaj; njupT nra;jy;.
• Criyr; rpwpa Nfhzj; j pw; $ lhf miyatpl; L
epWj; j w; f bfhuj; j hy; f ; Fwpj; j miyTfSf; f hd
Neuj;ijr; nrk;ikahf msj;jy;.
• gue;jtPrR
; thrpgi
; gg; ngWk; nghUl;L Crypd; ePsj;ijj;;
njupT nra;jy;.
• nghUj;jkhd tiugpdhy; <u;itapdhyhd Mu;KLfy;
fhzy;.

cgfuzq; f Sk; : vspa Cry;> kPw;wu;r;rl;lk;> epWj;jw;fbfhuk;> khl;Nlw;W

nghUl; f Sk; Crp> Mjhuk;

Mrpupau; : • cgfuzr; nrg; g Q; nra; i fiag; gupNrhjpj; J j;

mwpT Wj; j y; fs
mwpTWj; fs;
fs; Njitahd mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• rjtP j tOitf; Fiwf; F Kfkhf miyTfspd;
vz;zpf;ifiaj; njupT nra;Ak; Kiwiaf; $wy;.
• miyT fhyj;ij msf;Fk; Kiwia mtjhdpjJ
; j;
Njitahd mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• nghUj; j khd tiugpdhy; <u; g ; G Mu; K Lfiyf;
fhz;gjw;F khztu;fis <LgLj;jy;.

11
gupNrhjid ,y : 11
,Nyrhd RUsp tpy; xd;wpy; njhq;ftplg;gl;Ls;s nghUnshd;wpd;;
jpzptpw;Fk; miyT fhyj; jpw;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;igj; Jzpjy;

Nehf; f q; f s; : • miyT fhyj; i jr; nrk; i kahf msg; g jw; f hf

cgfuzj;ijr; nrg;gQ; nra;jy;.
• mstpLk; Neuj;jpw;fhd tOtPjj;ijf; Fiwf;FKfkhf
miyTfspd; vz;zpf;ifiaj; njupT nra;jy;.
• njhq;ftplg;gl;Ls;s jpzptpw;Nfw;g
; miyT fhyj;ijr;
nrk;ikahf msj;jy;.
• nghUj;jkhd tiuigg; gad;gLj;jpj; jpzptpw;Fk;>
Mtu; j ; j d fhyj; j pw; F k; ,ilapyhd njhlu; i gg;
ngWjy;.

cgfuzq; f Sk; : ,Nyrhd RUsp tpy;> 50 g epiwg;gbfs;> epWj;jw;fbfhuk;>

nghUl; f Sk; khl;Nlw;W Crp> Mjhuk;.

Mrpupau; : • cgfuzr; nrg; g Q; nra; i fia mtjhdpj; J j;

mwpT Wj; j y; fs
mwpTWj; fs;
fs; Njitahd mwpTiufs; toq;;fy;.
• jug; g l; l RUsp; t py; y pd; tpy; khwpypf; N fw; g Tk;
epWj; j w; f bfhuj; j pd; ,opntz; z pf; i ff; N fw; g Tk;
tOtPjj;ijf; Fiwf;FKfkhf Neuj;ij msg;gjw;Fj;
Njitahd miyTfspd; vz;zpf;ifiaj; njupT
nra;tjw;F khztu;fis <LgLj;jy;.
• MW jpzpTfSf;fhd miyT fhyj;ijf; fzpg;gjw;F
khztu;fis <LgLj;jy;.
• nghUj; j khd tiugpdhy; jpzptpw; F k; > miyT
fhyj;jpw;Fkpilapy; cs;s njhlu;igg; ngWtjw;fhd
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.

12
gupNrhjid ,y : 12
Rukhdpiag; gad; g Lj; j p ,irf; f itnahd; w pd; kP b wd; fhzy;

Nehf; f q; f s; : • toq; f g; g l; L s; s cgfuzj; j pw; N fw; g j; Njitahd

fzpaj;ijg; ngWtjw;F khwpfisj; njupT nra;jy;.
• jug;gl;Ls;s kPbwDf;F Rukhdpf; fk;gpia
,irthf; F tjw; F j; Njitahd jpwid tpUj; j p
nra;jy;.
• ,iofspd; mjpu;T rk;ge;jkhff; fw;gjw;Fr; Rukhdp
kpf Kf;fpak; vd Vw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.
• nghUj;jkhd tiugpdhy; ,irf;ftupd; kPbwidf;
fhzy;.

cgfuzq; f Sk; : Rukhdp> kPbwd; njupahj ,irf;fit> miuf;fpNyhfpuhk;

nghUl; f Sk; Rik > Rukhdpapy; ghtpf;fg;gLk; fk;gp > kPw;wuf;Nfhy;>
%d;W Nfhy;j; juhR.

Mrpupau; : • gupNrhjidiar; nrg;gQ; nra;Ak; Kiw rk;ge;jkhd

mwpT Wj; j y; fs
mwpTWj; fs;
fs; mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;;fy;.
• mjpUk; ,irf; f i t A ld; gupTW kh W ghyq; f
spw;f
; pilapyhd J}uk; nrg; g r ; nra; a g ; g L t i j
mtjhdpjJ ; j; Njitahd mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• nghUj;jkhd tiuigg; gad;gLj;jp ,irf;fitapd;;
kPbwidf; fzpg;gjw;F khztu;fis <LgLj;jy;.

13
gupNrhjid ,y : 13

Rukhdpiag; gad; g Lj; j p ,Oitf; F l; g Lj; j g; g l; l mjpUk fk; g papd; ;

kPbwdpw;;Fk; ePsj;jpw;Fk; ,ilap yhd njhlu;igj; Jzpjy;

Nehf; f q; f s; : • toq; f g; g l; L s; s ,irf; f itfspy; Kjyhtjhfg;

gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd kPbwDila ,irf;
fitiaj; njupT nra;jy;.
• Kjyhtjhf mbg;gilr; Ruj;ijg; ngWkhW
ghyq;fspw;;fpilapyhd J}uj;ijr; nrg;gQ; nra;jy;.
• ,irf;fitapd; kPbwd; FiwAk; tupirapy; gupNtw;gLk;;
Rukhdpf; fk;gpapd; ePsj;ij msj;jy;.
• nghUj; j khd tiuigg; gad; g Lj; j p kP b wdpw; ; F k; >
mjpUk; fk;gpapd; ePsj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;
igf; fhzy;.

cgfuzq; f Sk; : Rukhdp> gy ,irf;fitfs;> 2 kg Rik

nghUl; f Sk;

Mrpupau; : • KjyhtJ thrpg;G vLf;Fk; NghJ njupT

mwpT Wj; j y; fs
mwpTWj; fs;
fs; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s ,irf;fitapd; kPbwidg; guprPypj;Jj;
Njitahd mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• gupT Vw;gLk; epiy rupahdjhntdg; guprPypf;f.
• Kjyhtjhf mbg; g ilr; Ruj; i jg; ngWtjw; F g;
ghyq;fspw;fpilapyhd J}uk; nrg;gQ;nra;ag;gl;Ls;sjh
ntd mtjhdpj; J j; Njitahd mwpTWj; j y; f s;
toq;fy;.
• nghUj; j khd tiuigg; gad; g Lj; j p kP b wdpw; ; F k;
fk;gpapd; ePsj;jpw;F
; kpilapyhd njhlu;igg; ngWtjw;F
khztu;fis <LgLj;jy;.

14
gupNrhjid ,y : 14
xU Kid %lg;gl;l FohiaAk; XH ,irf; fitiaAk; gad;gLj;jp
tspapy; xypapd; fjp; iaAk; Fohapd; Kidj;jpUj;jj;ijAk; fhzy;

Nehf; f q; f s; : • xU Kid %lg;gl;l gupTf;Fohapy; gupTWk; tspepuypd;

epiyiag; gupNrhjid thapyhf mwpjy;.
• mjpUk; ,irf; f itAld; xU Kid %lg; g l; l
FohapYs;s tsp epuy; gupTWk; NghJ cuj;j xyp
Nfl;gij mtjhdpj;jy;.
• tspapy; xypapd; fjpiaAk;> Fohapd;
Kidj;jpUj;jj;ijAk; fhzy;.

cgfuzq; f Sk; : 2.5 cm tpl;lKilaJk; 50 cm ePsKilaJkhd Foha;>

nghUl; f Sk; ,irf;fitfs;> kPww
; u;fN
; fhy;> caukhd rhb > ePH>; Mjhuk;

Mrpupau; : • eP U s; s rhbapy; ; Fohia mkpo; j ; j p xU Kid

mwpT Wj; j y; fs
mwpTWj; fs;
fs; %lg;gl;Ls;s gupTf; Fohahf khw;Wtjw;F
khztu;fis <LgLj;jy;.
• kP b wd; njupe; j ,irf; f itia mjpur; nra; J >
mbg;gilr; Ruj;jpy; gupTWk; epiyiag; ngWtjw;F
khztu;fis <LgLj;jy;.
• tspepuypd; eP s j; i j mjpfupj; J kP z ; L k; gupT
epiyiag; ngWtjw;F mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• gupT eP s k; rhu; g hf tspapy; xypapd; fjpiaf;
fzpg;;gjw;F mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• Fohapd; Kidj; j pUj; j j; i jf; fzpg; ; g jw; f hf
khztu;fis <LgLj;jy;.
• ngwg;gl;lngWNgWfisAk; fzpj;jiyAk; ghpNrhjpf;f.

15
gupNrhjid ,y : 15
xU Kid %lg;gl;l FohiaAk; gy ,irf; fitfisAk; gad;gLj;jp
tspapy; xypapd; fjpiaAk; Fohapd; Kidj;jpUj;jj;ijAk; fhzy;

Nehf; f q; f s; : • gy ,irf; f itfs; jug; g l; L s; s NghJ xt; n thU

,irf;fitfSf;Fkhd mbg;gilahd gupT epiy
fisg; gupNrhjid thapyhf mwpjy;.
• nghUj;jkhd tiuigg; gad;gLj;jp tspapy; xypapd;;
fjpiaAk; Fohapd; Kidj;jpUj;jj;ijAk; fhzy;.

cgfuzq; f Sk; : 2.5 cm tpl;lKilaJk; 50 cm ePsKilaJkhd Foha;>

nghUl; f Sk; ,irf;fitfs;> kPww
; uf;Nfhy;>; caukhd rhb > ePH>; Mjhuk;

Mrpupau; : • ,irf;fitfspy; kPbwd; $ba ,irf;fitia mjpur;

mwpT Wj; j y; fs
mwpTWj; fs;
fs; nra;J> tsp epuypd; ,opT ePsj;jpypUe;J ePsj;ij
mjpfupjJ
; KjyhtJ gupT epiyf;F xj;j tsp epuypd;
ePsj;ij msg;gjw;F khztu;fis <LgLj;jy;.
• kP b wd; FiwAk; tupirapy; ,irf; f itfSld;
mbg;gilg; gupT ePsj;ij msg;gjw;F khztu;fis
<LgLj;jy;.
• nghUj; j khd tiuig tiue; J tspapy; xypapd;
fjpiaAk; Fohapd; Kidj;jpUj;jj;ijAk; fzpg;g
; jw;F
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• tspapy; xypapd; fjpf; F g; ngwg; g l; l ngWkjp
mt;ntg;gepiyapy; tspapy; xypapd; fjpapd;; cz;ikg;
ngWkjpAld; khWk; tOtP j j; i jf; fzpg; ; g jw; F
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;;fy;.

16
g upNrhjid ,y : 16

efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;biaAk; fz;zhbf; Fw;wp iaAk; gad;gLj;jpf;

fz; z hbapd; KwpTr; R l; b fhzy;

Nehf; f q; f s; : • cz; i k Mok; > Njhw; w Mok; Mfpad %yk;

jputpaj;jpd; KwpTr;Rl;b fzpg; ;gjw;f hd mwpitg;
gad;gLj;jpr; nrt;tf tbthd fz;zhbf; Fw;wpapd;
KwpTr;Rl;b fhzy;.
• efUk; EZf; F f; f hl; b iar; rupahfg; gad; g Lj; J
tjw;fhd jpwid tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
• ntt; N twhd eP s q; f is kpfTk; nrk; i kahf
msg;gjw;F efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;b gad;gLj;jypd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mwpjy;.

cgfuzq; f Sk; : nrt;tf tbthd fz;zhbf; Fw;wp> efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;b>

nghUl; f Sk; nts;isj;jhs;

Mrpupau; : • gupNrhjidf; f hd Nfhl; g hl; b id khztu; f s;

mwpT Wj; j y; fs
mwpTWj; fs;
fs; tpsq;fpAs;shu;fshntdg; guPl;rpj;jy;.
• gupNrhjidia xOq;FKiwapy; rupahfr;
nra; f pd; w hHfshntd mtjhdpj; J > tOf; f isr;
rPuhf;Fjy;.
• gjpT nra;ag;gl;l ngWNgw;iw guPl;rpj;jy;.

17
gupNrhjid ,y : 17

mupaj; j pD}lhd fjpupd; tpyfiyg; gupNrhjid uP j papy; Ma; T

nra;jYk; mupaj;jpd; ,opT tpyfw;; Nfhzk; fhzYk;

Nehf; f q; f s; : • mupaj; j pD}L KwptilAk; fjpupd; tpyfyhdJ

gLNfhzj;Jld; khWk; tpjj;ijf; fjpH tupg;glj;jpdhy;
tpsf; F jy; .
• Fz; ^ rpfisg; gad; g Lj; j pf; fjpupd; ghijia
tiutjw;fhd jpwid tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
• jputpaj;jpd; KwpTr;Rl;biaf; fzpg;gjw;F
tpj;jpahrkhd Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jyhk; vd;gij
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.

cgfuzq; f Sk; : mupak; > nts;isj;jhs;> Fz;^rpfs;> tiujw;gyif>

nghUl; f Sk; kPw;wu;f;Nfhy;> ghifkhdp

Mrpupau; : • gupNrhjidf;fhd Kiwfis khztu;fs; tpsq;fp

mwpT Wj; j y; fs
mwpTWj; fs;
fs; As;shu;fshntdf; fz;lwpjy;.
• gupNrhjidf;Fg; gy gLNfhzq;fisg; ngWtjw;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd tupg;gl Kiwnahd;iwf; $wy;.
• Fz;^rpfisg; gad;gLj;jpf; fjpupd;; ghijiag; ngWk;
Kiwiaf; $wy;.
• gupNrhjidf;Fg; gpd;du; tiuag;gl;l fjpu; tupg;glj;ijg;
guPl;rpj;jy;.
• gupNrhjid gjpag;gl;l gpd;dH tiuag;gl;l tiuigAk;
fzpg;igAk; guPl;rpj;jy;.

18
gupNrhjid ,y : 18

mtjpf; N fhz Kiwapdhy; mupaj; jputpaj; j pd; KwpTr; R l; b Jzpjy;

Nehf; f q; f s; : • jputpaj;jpd; KwpTr;Rl;biaf; fzpg;gjw;F

tpj;jpahrkhd Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jyhk; vd;gij
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.
• njupT nra;ag;gl;l Kiwiag; ghtpj;Jj; jputpaj;jpd;
KwpTr;Rl;biaf; fhzy;.
• Fz; ^ rpfisg; gad; g Lj; j p xspf; f jpupd; ghijia
tiutjw;fhd jpwid tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
• KwpTr; Rl; b iaf; fzpg; g jw; f hd tpj; j pahrkhd
Kiwfis xg;gpl;L mtw;iw Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.

cgfuzq; f Sk; : mupak;> tiujw;gyif > nts;isj;jhs;> Fz;^rpfs;>

nghUl; f Sk; ghifkhdp> kPw;wHf;Nfhy;

Mrpupau; : • gupNrhjidf; Nfhl;ghl;il khztu;fs; tpsq;f

; pAs;shu;fsh
mwpT Wj; j y; fs
mwpTWj; fs;
fs; ntdg; guPl;rpj;jy;.
• gupNrhjid nra;j gpd;du; mikg;Gfis tiutjw;Fj;
Njitahd mwpTWj;jy;fis toq;fy;.
• nra; a g; g l; l gupNrhjidapy; tiuag; g l; l fjpu;
tupg;glj;ijg; guPl;rpj;jy;.
• gupNrhjidg; gjpitg; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.

19
gupNrhjid ,y : 19

jpUrpakhdpiar; nrg; g Q; n ra; j Yk; mupaf; N fhzk; JzpjYk;

Nehf; f q; f s; : • jpUrpakhdpapYs;s gFjpfis ngahply;.

• njhiyfhl;biar; rkhe;juf; fjpHfisg; ngWtjw;Fr;
nrg;gQ;nra;jy;.
• NeHtupirahf;fpiaAk; gpsitAk; nrg;gQ;nra;jy;.
• mupaNkiria kl;lkhf;fy;.
• mupaNkir kPJ mupaj;ijj; jpUj;jkhf itj;jy;.
• mupaj;jpd; nghUj;jkhd Nkw;gug;gpy; njwpg;gpdhy;
cUthFk;; gpstpd; tpk;gj;ij mtjhdpj;J NtzpaH
mstpil thrpg;G vLj;jy;.
• ngwg;gl;l mstPLfs;; %yk; mupaf;Nfhzk; fhzy;.

cgfuzq; f Sk; : jpUrpakhdp > rkgf;f mupak;> xsp Kjy; (,io kpd;Fkpo;)
nghUl; f Sk;

Mrpupau; : • njhiyfhl;bapy; rkhe;ju xspf;fw;iwiag;

mwpT Wj; j y; fs
mwpTWj; fs;
fs; ngWtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• NeHtupirahf;fp jpUj;jkhfr; nrg;gQ;nra;ag;gl;Ls;s
jhntdg; guPl;rpj;Jj; Njitahd mwpTWj;jy;fis
toq;fy;.
• mupaNkiria kl; l khf; F tjw; F j; Njitahd
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• NtzpaH mstpilapd; thrpg;igr; rupahf
mtjhdpg;gjw;F khztHfis newpg;gLj;jy;.
• ngwg;gl;l thrpg;Gf;fs; rhHghf mupaf;Nfhzj;ijf;
fzpg;gjw;F mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fp ,Wjpf; fzpg;igg;
guPl;rpj;jy;.

20
gupNrhjid ,y : 20

jpUrpakhdpiag; gad; g Lj; j p; ,opT tpyfw; N fhzk; JzpjYk; mupak;

Mf; f g; g l; L s; s jputpaj; j pd; KwpTr; R l; b fhzYk;

Nehf; f q; f s; : • mupaj; j py; KwptilAk; fjpupd; gLNfhzj; J ld;

tpyfw;Nfhzk; khWk; tpjj;ij mwpjy;.
• nrg; g Q; n ra; a g; g l; l jpUrpakhdpiag; gad; g Lj; j p
mupaj;jpd; gLNfhzj;ijf; fhZk; jpwid tpUj;jp
nra;jy;.
• ngwg; g l; l ,opT tpyfw; N fhzj; i jAk; mupaf;
Nfhzj; i jAk; gad; g Lj; j p mupak; Mf; f g; g l; l
jputpaj;jpd; KwpTr;Rl;biaf; fzpg;gjw;fhd
Nfhl;ghl;il tpsf;Fjy;.

cgfuzq; f Sk; : nrg; g Q; n ra; a g; g l; l jpUrpakhdp > rkgf; f mupak; >

nghUl; f Sk; Nrhba tpsf;F my;yJ Nrhbar; RlH

Mrpupau; : • mupaj;ij mupaNkirapd; kPJ nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy;

mwpT Wj; j y; fs
mwpTWj; fs;
fs; itj; J ,opT tpyfw; N fhzj; i jf; fhz; g jw; f hf
mupaNkiriaj; jpUg;Gk;NghJ tpk;gj;ijj; njhlHe;J
mtjhdpg;gjw;Fj; njhiyfhl;biaj; jpUg;Gtjw;fhd
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• ,opT tpyfy; epiyapYk; gpd;dH mupaj;ij mfw;wp
NeubahfTk; gpstpd; tpk;gk; njupAk; NghJ nrk;ik
ahf thrpg; G f; f is mstpLtjw; F khztHfis
newpg;gLj;jy;.
• fzpj;jiyAk; ngWNgw;iwAk; guPl;rpj;jy;.

21
gupNrhjid ,y 21
21(I)

(xUf;F))F
Ft pT tpy;iyapy; tpk;gj;jpd; epiyiag; nghUe;jr; nra;if
epiyiag; if
Kiwapdhy
Kiwapdhy;; fhz; g Jld; tpy; i yapd; Ftpaj; J }uj; i jAk; fhzy;

Nehf; f q; f s; : • FtpT tpy;iyapdhy; cUthFk; nghUspd; kha> nka;

tpk; g q; f is NtWgLj; j pf; fz; l wpAk; tpjj; i j
tpsf;;fy;.
• nghUe;jr; nra;tjd; %yk;; nka;tpk;gj;jpd; epiyiaf;
fz;lwpjy;.
• jsthbiag; gad; g Lj; j p guitapd; i k ,d; w pg;
nghUe;jr; nra;tjd; %yk; khatpk;g epiyiaf;
fz;lwpjy;
• ntt;NtW nghUs;j; J}uq;fSf;nfhj;j nka; tpk;g j;
J}uj;ijg; ngw;Wg; nghUj;jkhd tiuG Kiwapdhy;
tpy;iyapd; Ftpaj;J}uk; fhzy;.
• ngwg;gl;l ngWNgWfs; rupahdjhntdg; guprPypj;jy;.

cgfuzq; f Sk; : Mjhuj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s FtpTtpy;iy> ,U khl;Nlw;W

nghUl; f Sk; Crpfs;> kPww
; u;f;Nfhy;> jsthbj;Jz;L

Mrpupau; : • cgfuzk; nrg; g Q; nra; a g; g Ltjw; F k; nka; /kha

mwpT
mwpTWj; fs;
Wj; j y; fs
fs; tpk;gq;fis milahsk; fhz;gjw;Fkhd
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• guitapd;ikapd;wpa Kiwapy; nghUj;jr; nra;tjd;
,lu;ghl;il eptu;j;jp nra;J nfhLj;jy;.
• gupNrhjidg; gjpit mtjhdpj;J VNjDk; tOf;fisj;
jpUj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F topfhl;Ljy;.

22
gupNrhjid 21
21(II)
tpup (FopT) tpy;iyapd; tpk;gj;jpd; epiyia mwpjYk; mjd;
Ftpaj; J }uk; JzpjYk;

Nehf; f q; f s; : • FtpTtpy;iyapdhy; cUthFk; tpk;gj;jpd;

epiyiaAk; mtw;wpd; ,ay;igAk; mwpjy;.
• jsthbiag; gad; g Lj; j p guitapd; i kapd; w pg;
nghUe; j y; nra; i fapdhy; tpk; g j; j pd; epiyiaf;
fz;lwpjy;.
• tpj;jpahrkhd nghUs; J}uq;fSf;F tpk;g J}uq;fisf;
mse; J > nghUj; j khd tiugpdhy; tpy; i yapd;
Ftpaj;J}uj;ijf;; fhzy;.
• ngwg;gl;l ngWNgw;wpd; jpUj;jj;ij mwpjy;.

cgfuzq; f Sk; : FopTtpy;iy> jsthb> ,U Fz;^rpfs;> kPw;wHf;Nfhy;>

nghUl; f Sk; Mjhuk;> jsthbj; Jz;L

Mrpupau; : • cgfuzq;fisj; njhlHGgLj;Jtjw;Fk; tpk;gj;ij

mwpT Wj; j y; fs
mwpTWj; fs;
fs; ,dq; f hz; g jw; F k; > guprP y pg; g jw; F k; Njitahd
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• gupNrhjid nra; A k; N ghJ guitapd; i kapd; w pg;
nghUe;jy; nra;tjpy; cs;s ,lHghl;ilr; rupnra;jy;.
• gupNrhjidg; gjpit mtjhdpj;J FiwghLfisr;
Rl;bf;fhl;br; rupnra;jy;.

23
gupNrhjid ,y : 22

,wFf; Fohiag; gad;gLj;jp tspkz;ly mKf;fk; fhzy;

Nehf; f q; f s; : • ,yFthf thrpg;igg; ngWk; nghUl;L cgfuzj;ijr;

nrg;gQ; nra;jy;.
• khw;wq;fspw;fpilapy; gue;j tPr;irg; ngWk; nghUl;L
thrpg;Gf;fisg; ngwy;.
• Nghapypd; Ma; f UtpAld; xg; g pLifapy; Fiwe; j
nrytpYk; rpwpjsT ,urj;jpYk; ,g;gupNrhjidiar;
nra;ayhk; vd Vw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.
• Neu;Nfhl;L tiuigg; ngWtjw;F khwpfisj; njupT
nra;J nghUj;jkhd tiugpdhy; tspkz;ly mKf;f
j;ijf; fhzy;.

cgfuzq; f Sk; : ,wFf; Foha;> kPw;wu;r;rl;lk;> Mjhuk;

nghUl; f Sk;

Mrpupau; : • cgfuzk; rupahfr; nrg;gQ; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sjhntd

mwpT Wj; j y; fs
mwpTWj; fs;
fs; mtjhdpjJ
; j; Njitahd mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;;fy;.
• thrpg; G f; f isg; ngWtij mtjhdpj; J > tOf; f s; ;
,Ug;gpd; ePf;Fjy;.
• nghUj; j khd tiuigg; gad; g Lj; j p tspkz; l y
mKf; f j; i jf; fzpg; ; g jw; F khztu; f is newpg;
gLj;Jjy;.

24
gupNrhjid ,y : 23
khwh mKf;fj;jpy; thAnthd;wpd; fdtstpw;;Fk; ntg;gepiyf;Fk;
,ilapyhd njhlu; i g Muha; j y;

Nehf; f q; f s; : • thrpg;Gfisg; ngWk; ntg;gepiy tPr;Rf;fspy; thA

epuy; njhlu;e;J ePupy; ,Uf;FkhW cgfuzj;ijr;
rupahfr; nrg;gQ; nra;jy;.
• thrpg; G f; f is ngWk; N ghJ> eP u pd; ntg; g epiyia
khwhky; NgZtjw;fhd jpwidg; ngwy;.
• nghUj;jkhd tiugpdhy; thAtpd; fdtstpw;Fk;>
ntg;gepiyf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;igg; ngwy;.

cgfuzq; f Sk; : ,urj;Jspahy; milf;fg;gl;l cyu; tspiaf; nfhz;Ls;s

nghUl; f Sk; xLq;fpa rPuhd xU Kid %lg;gl;l Foha;> ntg;gkhdp>
ePu; cs;s ghj;jpuk;> fyf;fp> gd;rd; RluLg;G > gb Mjhuk;>
Kf;fhyp

Mrpupau; : • vy; y h thrpg; G f; f isAk; ngwf; $ ba tifapy;

mwpT Wj; j y; fs
mwpTWj; fs;
fs; cgfuzQ; nrg;gQ; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sjhntdg; gupNrh
jpj;Jj; Njitahd mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• thrpg;Gf;fisg; ngWk;NghJ rupahd xOq;F Kiwfs;
ifahsg;gLfpd;wdthntd mtjhdpj; J j; Njit
ahd mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• nghUj;jkhd tiugpdhy; thAtpd; fdtstpw;;Fk;
ntg;gepiyf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;igg; ngWtjw;F
khztu;fis newpg;gLj;Jjy;.

25
gupNrhjid ,y : 24

khwhf; fdtstpy;; thAnthd;wpd; mKf;fj;jpw;Fk;

ntg; g epiyf; F k; ,ilapyhd njhlu; i g Muha; j y;

Nehf; f q; f s; : • khwh fdtsT thA cgfuzj;jpd; Fkpo; Kw;whf ePupy;

mkpo;e;jpUf;FkhW nrg;gQ; nra;jy;.
• thrpg;Gf;fisg; ngWk; Kd; ePupd; ntg;gepiyia
khwhky; NgZtjw;fhd jpwidg; ngwy;.
• FkpopapYs;s thAtpd; fdtsit khwhky;
itj;jpUg;gjw;fhd jpwidg; ngwy;.
• nghUj; j khd tiuigg; gad; g Lj; j p thAtpd;
mKf; f j; j pw; F k; ntg; g epiyf; F k; ,ilapyhd
njhlu;igg; ngwy;.

cgfuzq; f Sk; : khwh fdtsT thA cgfuzk; > ntg;gkhdp> ePUs;s

nghUl; f Sk; caukhd Kfit> fyf;fp> gd;rd; RluLg;G > Kf;fhyp

Mrpupau; mwpTiufs; : • ,yFthf thrpg;Gf;fis ngWk; tifapy; cgfuzQ;

nrg;gQ; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sjhntd mtjhdpj;Jj; Njit
ahd mwpTiufs; toq;fy;.
• thrpg;G vLf;Fk; NghJ rupahd xOq;F Kiwfs;
ifahsg;gLfpd;wjhntd mtjhdpj;Jj; Njitahd
mwpTiufs; toq;fy;.
• nghUj; j khd tiuigg; gad; g Lj; j p thAtpd;
mKf; f j; j pw; F k; ntg; g epiyf; F k; ,ilapyhd
njhlu;igg; ngWtjw;F khztu;fis <LgLj;jy;.

26
gupNrhjid ,y : 25

fyit Kiwapdhy;j; jpz;knkhd;wpd; jd;ntg;gf;

nfhs; s sitj; Jzpjy;

Nehf; f q; f s; : • ntg;gkhd jpz;kj;Jld; Fspuhd jputj;ijf; fyf;Fk;

NghJ Vw;gLk; ntg;gg;gupkhw;wk; gw;wp tpsf;;Fjy;.
• ntg;gg; gupkhw;wj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpj; jpz;knkhd;wpd;
jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT Jzpjy;.
• gupNrhjidapy; vw;gLk; tOf;fisf; Fiwg;gjw;F
Nkw; n fhs; S k; Kw; f hg; G f; f is ntw; w pfukhfr;
nraw;gLj;jy;.
• ,k; Kw;fhg;Gf;fshy; ,Wjpg; ngWNgw;wpd; nrk;ikiar;
$l;Ljy;.

cgfuzq; f Sk; : fNyhupkhdp> fyf;fp> epf;fy;rd; ntg;gkhf;fp my;yJ ePuhtpg;

nghUl; f Sk; gpwg;ghf;fp (my;yJ FohAld; ntg;gkhf;fp )> rpy <ar;
rd;dq;fs;> ePu>; ehd;F Nfhy;j; juhR

Mrpupau; : • gupNrhjid nra;Ak; Kiwia khztHfs; rupahf

mwpT Wj; j y; fs
mwpTWj; fs;
fs; tpsq;fpAs;shu;fshntdg; guPl;rpj;jy;.
• tOf; f isf; Fiwg; g jw; f hd topfhl; l y; f is
toq;Fjy;. fyf;Fk; NghJ #oYf;fhd ntg;g ,og;ig
,opthf;Fjy; rk;ge;jkhd tpN\l mtjhdj;ijf;
$wy;.
• ngWNgw;wpd; gjpitg; guprPypj;J ntg;g ,og;igAk; ntg;g
eaj;ijAk; rkg; g Lj; J tjw; f h d r k d ; g h l ; b d ;
jpUj;jj;ij tpNrlkhff; $wy;.
• jpz;kj;jpd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;sstpw;F khztu; ngw;w
ngWkhdj;jpw;F tOtPjj;ijf; fzpg;;gjw;F
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;;.

27
gupNrhjid ,y : 26

Fspuy; Kiwahy;j; jputnkhd;wpd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT Jzpjy;

Nehf; f q; f s; : • nghUj;jkhd mstpil njupT nra;ag;gl;L

ntg;gepiyf;Fk; Neuj;jpw;Fkhd tiuG tiujy;.
• fNyhupkhdpapYs; s jputk; rP u hff; fyf; F tjd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf; F jy; .
• ,k;Kiwapy; ntg;gk; ,of;fg;gLk; tPjk; Kf;fpakhf
Nkw;fhTifapYk;> fjpug
; g
; pYk; jq;fpAs;sJ vd;gijf;
$wy;.
• tiuigg; gad; g Lj; j pj; jputj; j pd; jd; n tg; g f;
nfhs;ssT Jzpjy;.

cgfuzq; f Sk; : GwNkw;gug;Gf; fUikahf;fg;gl;l fNyhupkhdp (%b> fyf;fp

nghUl; f Sk; Ald;) > ,U cNyhfg; ghj;jpuq;fs; (tpj;jpahrkhd
msTs;s)> ePUs;s ghj;jpuk;> jputKs;s ghj;jpuk; >
ntg;gkhdp> epWj;jw;fbfhuk;> %d;W Nfhy;j;juhR>
fNyhupkhdpapd; %bapYs;s ,U Jisfspw;f ; pilapyhd
J}uj; j pw; F r; rkdhd J}uj;jpy; Jisaplg;gl;l jbj;j
kl;ilj;Jz;L.

Mrpupau; : • khwhr; #oy; ntg;gepiyiag; NgZtjd;

mwpT Wj; j y; fs
mwpTWj; fs;
fs; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsq;f
; pAs;shu;fshntdg; guPl;rpj;jy;.
• fy; t Ndhkhdpapd; ntspNkw; g ug; i gf; fUikahf;
Ftjd; NjitiaAk; jputKk; ePUk; rkfdtsT
vLg;gjw;fhd NjitiaAk; tpsf;fy;.

28
gupNrhjid ,y : 27

fyit Kiwapdhy; gdpf;fl;bapd; cUfypd; jd;kiwntg;gk; Jzpjy;.

Nehf; f q; f s; : • gdpf;fl;biaAk; ePiuAk; fyg;gjdhy; Vw;gLk; ntg;gg;

gupkhw;wj;ij tpsf;fy;.
• ntg;gg; gupkhw;wj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpg; gdpf;fl;bapd;
cUfypd; jd;kiw ntg;gk; Jzpjy;.
• ,t; t hW fhZk; N ghJ Vw; g lf; $ ba gupNrhjid
tOitf; Fiwg;gjw;fhd Kw;fhg;Gf;fis mwpjy;.
• gdpfl;bapd; cUfypd; jd;kiwntg;gj;jpw;Fg; ngwg;gl;l
ngWkhdk; nghUj;jkhdjhntd xg;gply;.

cgfuzq; f Sk; : fNyhupkhdp> fyf; f p> ntg; g khdp> eP u ; > gdpf; f l; b j;

nghUl; f Sk; Jz;Lfs;> rpy tb jhs;fs;> %d;W Nfhy;j;juhR

Mrpupau; : • gupNrhjidapy; Vw; g lf; $ ba tOf; f is mwpe; J

mwpT Wj; j y; fs
mwpTWj; fs;
fs; mtw; i wf; Fiwg; g jw; f hd topKiwfs; nra; a g;
gl;Ls;sjhntd mtjhdpf;f.
• ngWNgw;wpd; gjpitAk; fzpg;Gr; rupahdjhntdTk;
guPl;rpj;jy;.
• gdpf; f l; b apd; cUfypd; jd; k iwntg; g j; j pw; F g;
ngwg;gl;l ngWkhdk; nghUj;jkhd ngWkhdk; vd
xg;gpLtw;F mwpTWj;jy; toq;fy;.

29
gupNrhjid ,y : 28
fyit Kiwapdhy; ePupd; Mtpahjypd; jd; kiw ntg;gk; Jzpjy;

Nehf; f q; f s; : • ePuhtpAk;> ePUk; fyf;fg;gLtjhy; Vw;gLk; ntg;gg;

gupkhw;wj;ij tpsf;f
; y;.;
• ,t;ntg;gg;gupkhw;wj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp ePupd; Mtpahjypd;
jd;kiw ntg;gj;ijg; gupNrhjid %yk; Jzpjy;.
• gupNrhjidapy; Vw;gLk; tOf;fis ,opthf;Ftjw;F
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Kw;fhg;Gf;fis mwpjy;;.
• ePupd; Mtpahjypd; jd;kiwntg;gj;jpw;Fg; ngwg;gl;l
ngWkhdk; nghUj;jkhd ngWkhdkhntd xg;gply;.

cgfuzq; f Sk; : fNyhupkhdp> fyf;fp> ntg;gkhdp> ePu;> ePuhtpg; gpwg;ghf;fp>

nghUl; f Sk; Kj;Jyhj;;juhR > ePuhtp mDg;Gk; fUtp

Mrpupau; : • gupNrhjidapy; ngwg; g Lk; tOf; f isf; fUj; j pw;

mwpT Wj; j y; fs
mwpTWj; fs;
fs; nfhz;L ,t;tOf;fis ,opthf;Ftjw;F Nkw;nfhs;
sg;gLk; Kw;fhg;Gf;fis mtjhdpj;jy;.
• ngWNgw;wpd; gjpitg; guprPypj;J> fzpg;gpd; cz;ikg;
ngWNgw;iw cWjp nra;jy;.
• ePupd; Mtpahjypd; jd;kiwntg;gj;jpw;Fg; ngwg;gl;l
ngWkhdk; nghUj;jkhdjhntd mwpTWj; j y; f s;
toq;;Fjy;.

30
gupNrhjid ,y : 29
Jyf; f khd fNyhupkhdpiag; gad; g Lj; j p tspapd; njhlu; G
<ug; g jd; Jzpjy;

Nehf; f q; f s; : • gdp cUthFtjw; f hf ,Uf; f Ntz; b a Njitia

tpsf;fy;.
• gdp cUthFk; NghJk; kiwAk; NghJk; rupahf
mtjhdpj; j y; .
• gdpgLepiy rhu;ghf tspapd;; njhlu;G <ug;gjidj;;
Jzpjy; .

cgfuzq; f Sk; : ,U Jyf;fg;gl;l fNyhupkhdpfs;> rpwpa gdpf;fl;bj;

nghUl; f Sk; Jz;Lfs;> fyf;fp> 0 oC - 50 0C tPr;Rila ,U ,ur
ntg;gkhdpfs> ,U Mjhuq;fs;

Mrpupau; : • gdpf;fl;b ,lg;glNtz;ba Jyf;fg;gl;l fNyhupkhdpapd;

Wj; j y; fs
mwpTWj;
mwpT fs;
fs; ntg; g epiyia nkJthff; Fiwf; F k; Kiwia
tpsf;fy;.
• kw;iwa fNyhupkhdpapd; ntspNkw;gug;Gld; xg;gpl;Lg;
gdp cUthFk; NghJk; kiwAk; NghJk; rupahf
mtjhdpg;gjw;F mwpTWj;jy; toq;fy;.
• ngwg;gl;l thrpg;igAk; epuk;gyhtp mKf;f
ml; l tiziaAk; gad; g Lj; j pr; rhu; <ug; g jidf;
fzpg;;gjw;F khztHfis newpg;gLj;jy;.

31
gupNrhjid ,y : 30

Nrspd; Kiwapdhy; vspjpw; flj;jpnahd;wpd; ntg;gf;flj;jhW Jzpjy;

Nehf; f q; f s; : • cWjp ntg;gg;gha;r;ryilifiag; gupNrhjid uPjpahf

mwptjw;fhd re;ju;g;gj;ijg; ngwy;.
• khwh mKf;fj;njhl;biag; gad;gLj;jp cWjp epiyapy;
ntg; g epiyiag; nghUj; j khdjhfg; NgZtjw; F r;
re;ju;g;gk; ngwy;.
• vspjpw; f lj; j papd; ntg; g f; f lj; j hiwg; gupNrhjid
uPjpahfj; Jzpjy;.

cgfuzq; f Sk; : ntg;gf;flj;jhW JzpAk; Nrspd; cgfuzk; > ehd;F

nghUl; f Sk; ,urntg;gkhdpfs;> ePuhtpg; gpwg;ghf;fp> khwh mKf;fj;
njhl;b> Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdp> epWj;jw;fbfhuk; >
kPww
; u;fN
; fhy;> ghj;jpuk; xd;W> %d;W Nfhy;j;juhR

Mrpupau; : • cgfuzj; i jr; rupahfr; nrg; g Q; nra; t jw; f hd

mwpT Wj; j y; fs
mwpTWj; fs;
fs; mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• ntg;gkhdpfspd; thrpg;Gf;fis mtjhdpj;J> cWjp
epiyia mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
toq;fy;.
• ntg; g khdp thrpg; i gg; nghUj; j khd Kiwapy;
NgZtjw; F khwh mKf; f j; n jhl; b iag; gad;
gLj;Jtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy; toq;;fy;.
• thrpg;Gfisg; ngw;W ml;ltizg;gLj;jpf; flj;jpapd;
ntg;gf;flj;jhiwf; fzpg;gjw;F mwpTWj;jy; toq;fy;.
• gjpT nra; a g; g l; l ngWNgw; i wAk; fzpg; i gAk;
guPl;rpj;jy;.

32
gupNrhjid ,y : 31
cyu; fyj;jpd; mfj;jiliaAk; kpd;dpaf;f tpiriaAk; Jzpjy;

Nehf; f q; f s; : • Rw;wpd; nkhj;jj; jilapd; ngWkjpia khw;Wtjd;

%ykhd kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd;; khwy;.
• Rw;wpy; Nthy;w;WkhdpiaAk; mk;gpau;khdpiaAk; cupa
Kiwapy; ,izj;jy;.
• khwpfisg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; tiugpy; Fwpj;Jj;
Njitahd ngWNgw;iwg; ngwy;.

cgfuzq; f Sk; : cyu; fyk;> kpy;yp mk;gpau;khdp> Nthy;w;Wkhdp >

nghUl; f Sk; ,iwNahjw;W

Mrpupau; : • gupNrhjidf;fhfg; nghUj;jkhd Rw;W tupg;glj;ij

mwpT Wj; j y; fs
mwpTWj; fs;
fs; toq;fy;.
• Rw;iw cupa Kiwapy; ,izg;gjw;fhd
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;;fy;.
• Rw; i wg; guprP y pj; J j; Njitahd mwpTWj; j y; f s;
toq;;fy;.
• gupNrhjid Kiwfisr; rupahff; Nfl;L thrpg;igg;
ngw;Wg; nghUj;jkhd tiugpdhy; fyj;jpd; kp.,.tp.
iaAk; mfj;jiliaAk; Jzptjw;F mwpTWj;jy;fs;
toq;;fy;.

33
gupNrhjid ,y : 32
kPw;wu;g; ghyj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp ,U jilfis xg;gpLjy;

Nehf; f q; f s; : • jug;gl;Ls;s Rw;W tupg;glj;jpw;fikar; Rw;iwr; rupahf

,izj;jy;.
• fy;tNdhkhdpapd; ghJfhg;Gj; NjitiaAk;> gad;
gLj;Jk; KiwiaAk; tpsf;;fy;.
• njhluhf ,izf;fg;gl;l jilapapdhy;
fy;tNdhkhdpapd; czu;jpwdpw;;Nfw;gLk; jhf;fq;fis
tpsf;;fy;.
• ,U jilfis xg; g pLtjw; F kP w ; w u; g ; ghyj; i jg;
gad;gLj;jy;.

cgfuzq; f Sk; : kPww

; u;gg; hyk; > tOf;Fr;rhtp > nrUFrhtpfs;> kp.,.tp 2 V cila
nghUl; f Sk; NrkpgG; f; fyk; > ikag;G+r;rpa fy;tNdhkhdp> xg;gpLtjw;Fj;
Njitahd ,U jilapfs;> 1 k jilap > ,iwNahjw;W

Mrpupau; : • jug;gl;Ls;s Rw;iw ,izf;Fk;NghJ nrUF rhtp

mwpT Wj; j y; fs
mwpTWj; fs;
fs; jpwe;jpUf;FkhW Rw;iw ,izg;gjw;F
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• Rw;W ,izf;fg;gl;l gpd;du; Rw;W G+Hj;jp
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sjhntd gupNrhjpg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• ghJfhg;Gr; Rw;iwr; rupahfg; gad;gLj;j mwpTWj;jy;fs;
toq;fy;.
• ngwg;gl;l ngWNgw;Wf;Nfw;g ,U jilfspd; tpfpjj;ijf;
fzpg;gjw;F mwpTWj;jy; toq;fy;.

34
gupNrhjid ,y : 33
kPw;wu;g; ghyj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpf; flj;jpnahd;wpd; jil
ntg;gepiyf; Fzfk; Jzpjy;

Nehf; f q; f s; : • jug; g l; L s; s Rw; W tupg; g lj; j pw; f ikar; Rw; i wj;

jpUj;jkhf mikj;jy;.
• ePupd; ntg;gepiyiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; tpjj;ij tpsf;fy;.
• fy;tNdhkhdpapd; ghJfhg;Gf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
ghJfhg;Gr;Rw;iwf; Fwpg;gply;.
• j i l g ; n g l ; b a p d ; nrUfpfs; > n r U F r h t p f s ;
vd;gtw;iw cgNahfpf;Fk; Kiwfis tpsf;fy;.
• tiunghd;i w t i u t j w ; F j ; N j i t a h d
t h r p g ; G f i s g ; n g w ; W g; nghUj; j khd tiuig
tiutjd; %yk; flj;jpnahd;wpd; jilntg;gepiyf;
Fzfk; Jzpjy;.

cgfuzq; f Sk; : 100 Ω jilAila fhtyplg;gl;l fk;gpr;RUs;> ikag;G+r;rpa

nghUl; f Sk; fy;tNdhkhdp> njhLifr;rhtp > tOf;Frhtp> ,uz; L
nrUF rhtpfs; > kp.,.tp. 2 V cila Nrkpg;Gf;f yk; >
ntg;gkhdp> fyf;fpAld; fNyhupkhdp> ntg;gkhf;fp> gd;rd;
RluLg;G> kPww
; Hr;rl;lk;> 1 k Ω jilap> (0 - 500) Ω tPr;Rila
jilg;ngl;b

MrpupaH : • cgfuzq;fs; ,izf;fg;gLk; NghJ vy;yhr; nrUF

mwpT Wj; j y; fs
mwpTWj; fs;
fs; rhtpfSk; jpwe;jpUf;FkhW ,izg;gjw;F mwpTWj;jy;
toq;fy;.
• jug; g l; L s; s cgfuzq; f s; Rw; W tupg; g lj; j py;
jpUj;jkhf ,izf; f g;gl;Ls;sjhntdg; guprPypj;J
tOf;fis ePf;fy;.
• t i u n g h d;i w t i u t j w ; F j ; N j i t a h d
thrpg; G fisg; ngw; W g; n g h U j ; j k h d t i u g p y ;
j i l n t g ; g e p i y f ; F z f j; i jf; fzpg; g jw; f hf
khztHfSf;F topfhl;Ljy;.

35
gupNrhjid ,y : 34
mOj; j khdpiag; gad; g Lj; j p kpd; f yq; f spd; kp.,.tp. xg; g ply;

Nehf; f q; f s; : • kp.,.tp. ia xg; g pLtjw; f hd mOj; j khdpapd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; Fwpg;gply;.
• mOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp kp.,.tp. ia xg;gpl
KbAk; vd;gij tpsf;fy;.
• czu;jpwDs;s fUtpiag; ghJfhg;ghff; ifahSk;
jpwidg; ngwy;.

cgfuzq; f Sk; : mOj;jkhdp> 2 V Nrkpg;Gf;fyk;> ,yf;yhQ;rpf; fyk;>

nghUl; f Sk; lhdpay; fyk;> ikag;G+r;rpa fy;tNdhkhdp> ,U topr;
rhtp > nrUFrhtp> 1000 jilap> njhLf;Fq; fk;gpfs;

Mrpupau; : • gupNrhjidf; F j; Njitahd Rw; W tupg; g lj; i j

mwpT Wj; j y; fs
mwpTWj; fs;
fs; toq;fy;.
• mOj; j khdpr; Rw; i wj; jpUj; j khf ,izg; g jw; F
mwpTWj;jy; toq;fy;.
• fy;tNdhkhdpapd; ghJfhg;Gf;fhd cghaq;fisf;
Fwpg;gply;.
• khztu;fspdhy; Rw;W G+Hj;jpahf;fg;gl;l gpd; guprPypf;f
• ngwg; g l; l thrpg; G fisf; n fhz; L kp.,.tp. ia
xg;gpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;;fy;.

36
gupNrhjid ,y : 35
mOj; j khdpiag; gad; g Lj; j pj; jilfis xg; g pLjy;
Nehf; f q; f s; : • nghUj;jkhd mOj;j tpj;jpahrj;ijg; ngWtjw;fhf
mOj;j tPo;r;rpr; Rw;iw ,izj;jy;.
• Njitf;Nfw;wthW ,U topr;rhtp gad;gLj;jy;.
• gupNrhjidg; ngWNgw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpj; jilfis
xg;gpLjy;.
cgfuzq; f Sk; : mOj;jkhdp> ,U 2 V NrkpgG; f;fyq;fs;>; xg;gpLtjw;Fj;
nghUl; f Sk; Njitahd ,U jilapfs;> ,U topr;rhtp > (0 - 50) Ω
jilg;ngl;b> %d;W nrUFrhtpfs;> nrUFrhtpapdhy; gf;f
topgg
; Lj;jg;gl;Ls;s 1 k ghJfhg;Gj;jilap> njhLifr;
rhtp > ikag;G+r;rpa fy;tNdhkhdp> njhLf;Fq; fk;gpfs;.
Mrpupau; : • jilfis xg;gpLtjw;fhfg; gad; g Lj; j g; g Lk; Rw;W
tupgg
; lj;ij toq;f
; y;.
mwpT
mwpTWj; fs;
Wj; j y; fs
fs; • Rw; W j; jpUj; j khf ,izf; f g; g l; L s; s jhntd
mtjhdpj;Jj; Njitahd mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;;fy;.
• khztu; f spdhy; ,izf; f g; g l; l Rw; W j; jpUj; j
khdjhntdg; guPl;rpj;jy;.
gupNrhjid ,y : 36
mOj; j khdpiag; gad; g Lj; j p kpd; f ynkhd; w pd; mfj; j il fhzy;
Nehf; f q; f s; : • mfj; j ilAila kpd; f ynkhd; w pD}lhd kpd; N dhl;
lj;jpw;Nfw;g mjd; Kbtplq;fspw;f
; pilapyhd mOj;j
tpj;jpahrk; NtWgLk; vd;gij tpsf;fy;.

• khwpfSf; f pilapyhd njhlu; i g tiugpy; Fwpg; g

jw;fhff; Nfhitiag; ngwy;.

• khwpfSld; tiuag;gl;l tiugpdhy;j ; Njitahd

ngWNgWfisg; ngwy;.

cgfuzq; f Sk; : mOj;jkhdp> 2 V Nrkpg;Gf;fyk;> cyu; fyk;> (0 - 50)

nghUl; f Sk; jilg;ngl;b> ,uz;L nrUFrhtpfs;> nrUFrhtpAld;
gf;f topgg
; Lj;jg;gl;l 1 k ghJfhg;Gj;jilap> njhLifr;
rhtp> ikag;G+r;rpa fy;tNdhkhdp> njhLf;Fq;; fk;gpfs;

Mrpupau; : • gupNrhjidf; F j; Njitahd Rw; W tupg; g lj; i j

toq;fy;.

mwpT Wj; j y; fs
mwpTWj; fs;
fs; • nghUj; j khd rkepiy eP s j; i j mstpLtjw; F j;
jilg;ngl;bapd;; jilia khw;Wtjw;fhd
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.

• tiuG tiutjw; f hd Nfhitiaj; Jzptjw; F

mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• gupNrhjid %yk; ngw;w ngWNgw;W mwpf;ifiag;
guprPypAq;fs;.

37
gupNrhjid ,y : 37
mOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jpr; rpwpa kpd; ,af;f tpir
(ntg;g ,izapd;) Jzpjy;

Nehf; f q; f s; : • kpfTk; rpwpa kp.,.tp. Jzptjw;F rhjhuz

mOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;JtJ nghUj;jkhdjy;y
vd;gjw;fhd fhuzj;ij tpsf;fy;.
• kpfTk; rpwpa kp.,.tp. Jzptjw;F mOj;jkhdpiaj;
jpupTgLj;Jk; Kiwia mwpjy;.
• ntg;g,izAld; mOj;jkhdpr; Rw;iwr; nrg;gQ;nra;J
Njitahd thrpg;igg; ngWk; Kiwia mwpjy;.
• jug;gl;l nghUl;fisAk; cgfuzq;isAk; gad;gLj;jp
kpfTk; jpUj;jkhf ngWNgw;iwg; ngWtjw;fhd jpwid
tsH;j;jy;.

cgfuzq; f Sk; : mOj;jkhdp (fk;gpapd; jil njupe;j)> 2 V Nrkpg;Gf;fyk;>

nghUl; f Sk; ntg;g,iz> kpd;fyk; > ,U jilg;ngl;bfs;> ikag;G+r;rpa
fy;tNdhkhdp> tOf;fpr;rhtp> nrUFrhtpfs;> 1 kΩ
ghJfhg;Gj;jil > njhLg;Gf; fk;gpfs;

Mrpupau; : • kpfTk; rpwpa kp.,.tp. j; Jzptjw; F rhjhuz

Wj; j y; fs
mwpTWj;
mwpT fs;
fs; mOj; j khdpiag; gad; g Lj; J tJ nghUj; j kw; w
njd;gij khztHfSf;F tpsf;fy;.
• kpfTk; rpwpa kp.,.tp. iaj; Jzptjw;F jpupGgLj;jg;gl;l
mOj;jkhdpapd; Rw;W tupg;glj;jpdhy; tpsf;fy;.
• rkepiyg;Gs;spia mz;zsthf fk;gpapd; kj;jpapy;
ngWtjw;fhfj; jilg;ngl;biar; nrg;gQ;nra;tjw;F
mwpTWj;jy; toq;fp> mjw;fhd fhuzj;ij tpdTjy;.
• ntg;g,izapd; kpd;dpaf;ftpiriaj; Jzptjw;fhd
Rw;Wthpg;glj;ij toq;fy;.
• khztHfshy; mikf;fg;gl;l Rw;Wj; jpUj;jkhdjh
vdg; guPl;rpj;jy;.
• khztHfshy; gjpTnra; a g; g l; L s; s ngWNgw; i wg;
guPl;rpj;jy;.

38
gupNrhjid : 38
Fiwflj;jp ,Uthapapd;; I - V rpwg;gpay;G tisapiag; ngwy;

Nehf; f q; f s; : • jug;gl;Ls;s Rw;Wf;fika ,Uthap> mk;gpau;khdp>

Nthy; w ; W khdp> ,iwNahjw; W > kpd; f yk; > jilap
vd;gtw;iwj; jpUj;jkhf ,izj;jy;.
• mOj;jg;gpupapahf ,iwNahjw;iwg; gad;gLj;jy;.
• r p w p a k p d ; N d h l ; l j ; i j m st p L t jw;F kpy;yp
mk;gpau;khdpiaAk; mOj; j NtWghl; i l mst p L
tjw;F Nthy;w;WkhdpiaAk; gad;gLj;jy;.
• ,Uthapapd; Koq;fhy; mOj;jj;ij (knee voltage)
my;yJ Jz;bg;G mOj;jj;ij(cut in voltage) ,dq;;
fhzy;.

cgfuzq; f Sk; : ,Uthap (1N4001) > 7.5 V Nrkpg;Gf;fyk;> (0 V- 1 V)

nghUl; f Sk; Nthy;w;Wkhdp> 1000 cila ,iwNahjw;W> 0-50 m A
kpy;yp mk;gpau;khdp> njhLf;Fq; fk;gp> 100 Ω 1 W jilap

Mrpupau; : • ,Uthapapy; I - V rpwg;gpay;G tisapiag; ngWtjw;Fg;

mwpT Wj; j y; fs
mwpTWj; fs;
fs; nghUj;jkhd Rw;W tupg;glj;ij k h z t u ; f S f ; F
toq;fy;.
• jug;gl;l Rw;W tupg;glj;jpw;f ika cgfuzq;fisj;
jpUj;jkhf ,izg;gjw;F khztu;fSf;F
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• khztu;fshy; ,izf;fg;gl;l Rw;iwg; guprPypj;Jj;
Njitahd mwpTWj;jy; toq;fy;.
• mOj; j g; g pupapahf ,iwNahjw; i wg; gad; g Lj; j p
Koq;fhy; mOj;jj;ijj; jhz;ba gpd;dH thrpg;Gg;
ngWk; N ghJ mOj; j k; khw; w g; g lNtz; b a tP r ; R
rk;ge;jkhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• ,Uthapapw; f hf I - V tisapiag; gupNrhjid
uPjpapyhfg; ngWtjw;Fk; tisapiag; gad; g Lj; j p;
Koq;fhy; mOj;jj;ij ,dq; fhz;gjw;Fk;
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.

39
gupNrhjid ,y : 39
nghJf; f hyp cUtikg; g py; jpuhd; r pw; w iu tpupayhf; f pahfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJ IB , IC fspw;fpilapyhd rpwg;gpay;G
tiuigg; guprP y pj; j y;

Nehf; f q; f s; : • mOj; j tP r ; R cgfuzkhf khWk; jilapiag;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Kiwia mwpjy;.
• jpuhd; r pw; w upd; ghjq; f is ,dq; f z; L jpUj; j khf
,izj;jy;.
• IB ,d; rpwpa khw;wj;jpdhy; IC MdJ ngupa khw;wj;ij
Vw; g Lj; J tjhy; kpd; N dhl; l k; tpupayhf; f g; g Ltij
mwpjy; .

cgfuzq; f Sk; : Nthy;w;Wkhdp (0 V - 5 V )> 2 k khWk; jilap> 1 k

nghUl; f Sk; ,U khWk; jilapfs;> 56 k jilap > mk;gpau;khdp
(0 - 100) A > mk;gpau;khdp (0 - 10) mA > 6V cila
,U Nrkpg;Gf;fyq;fs;> 2 SD 400 jpuhd;rpw;wH

Mrpupau; : • Rw;Wthpg;glj;ij toq;fy;.

mwpT Wj; j y; fs
mwpTWj; fs;
fs; • Rw; W j; jpUj; j khf ,izf; f g; g l; L s; s jhntdg;
guprPypj;J tOf;fisj; jpUj;jy;.
• IC ,d; ngWkhdk; 5 mA tUk; tiu IB MdJ A
,y; khw;wg;gl;L IB , IC ,w;F ngWNgWfisg; ngWtjw;F
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• IB , IC ngWNgw;iwg; gjpT nra;J tiuG tiutjw;F
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• tiuag;gl;l tiuigg; gurPypf;f.

40
gupNrhjid ,y : 40

mbg;gilj; jUf;ff; fjtq;fspd; cz;ik ml;ltizia Muha;jy;

Nehf; f q; f s; : • AND , OR , NAND , NOR , NOT mbg;gilf; fjtq;fspd;

cz; i k ml; l tiziag; gupNrhjid uP j pahfg;
ngwg; g Ltjhy; fjtq; f is ,dq; fhz; g jw; f hd
re;jHg;gj;ijg; ngwy;.
• fjtr; R w; W fspy; Kidfisf; fz; L gpbg; g jw; F k;
gupNrhjid %yk; Rw;iw mikg;gjw;Fkhd
jpwidg;ngwy;.
• TTL (7400) , CMOS (4000) f j t r ; R w ; W f i s g ;
gupNrhjidfspy; gad; g Lj; J k; N ghJ khw; w j; i j
tpsf;fy;.

cgfuzq; f Sk; : 7404, 7400, 7402, 7408, 7432 , TTL cila ehd;F IC,
nghUl; f Sk; (my;yJ 4001> 4011> 4071> 4081 CMOS cila ehd;F
IC )> %d;W nre;epw LED> 330 Ω , 1/2 W cila
ehd;F fhgd; jilapfs;> 100 kΩ 1/8 W cila ,U
fhgd; jilapfs;> Rw;W NghHl;> + 5 V mOj;j toq;fp>
njhLf;Fq; fk;gpfs;

Mrpupau; : • Njitahd Rw;W tupg;glj;ij toq;fy;.

mwpT Wj; j y; fs
mwpTWj; fs;
fs;
• Rw;Wg;gyif kPJ njhifapl;l Rw;iwAk; cgfuzq;
fisAk; jpUj; j khf ,izg; g jw; F j; Njitahd
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• gad;gLj;Jk; TTL (7400) my;yJ CMOS (4000) njhif
apLk; Rw;Wf;F mika toq;Fk; Nthy;w;wsT rkge;j
khd mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• Rw;iw mikj;j gpd;du; mjidg; guprPypj;J mtrpa
nkdpd; jpUj;jpf; nfhs;SkhW mwpTWj;jy;
toq;Fq;fs;.
• cz;ik ml;ltizia toq;fg;gl;Ls;s mwpTiuf;Nf
w;gg; gupNrhjid uPjpahf Vw;gLj;j mwpTWj;jy;fs;
toq;fy;.
• ngWNgWfisg; gjpe;j gpd;dH guprPypf;f.

41
gupNrhjid ,y : 41

fk;gp Mf;fg;gl;l jputpaj;jpd; aq;fpd;kl;Lf; fhzy;

Nehf; f q; f s; : • rpwpa eP l ; r pia mstpLtjw; F ,t; T gfuzj; j py;

Ntzpau;f; Nfhl;ghL gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sij
tpsf;fy;.
• fk;gpapd; tpl;lj;ij mstpLtjw;F Ez;khdpj; jpUFf;
fzpr;rpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mwpjy;.
• ntg; g epiy khw; w k; fhuzkhf Vw; g Lk; tOit
,opthf;Ftjw;F ,U fk;gpfs; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
Njitia tpsf;fy;.
• Rik tpiwg;ghd Nfhnyhd;wpy; njhq;ftplg;gl;Ls;s
jw;fhd Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mwpjy;.

cgfuzq; f Sk; : xNu Mjhuj;jpy; njhq;ftplg;gl;Ls;s mz;zsthf 3 m

nghUl; f Sk; ePsj;ijAilaJk; 0.5 mm tpl;lKilaJkhd nky;ypa
rPuhd ,U fk;gpfs;> kPw;wu;r;rl;lk;> Ez;khdpj;jpUFf;
fzpr;rp> mm ,y; msTNfhblg;gl;l gpujhd mstpilAk;
Ntzpau; mstpilAk;. 0.5 kg ,Ys;s 6 Rikg;gbfs;

Mrpupau; : • gupNrhjidf; fk; g papy; tisTfsw; w pUg; g jw; f hfg;

mwpT Wj; j y; fs
mwpTWj; fs;
fs; nghUj;jkhd Muk; g r; Rikiaj; njupT nra; J
nfhs;SkhW mwpTWj;jy; toq;fy;.
• Rik Vw;wypd; NghJk;> Rik ,wf;fypd; NghJk;
thrpg;Gfs; ngWtjw;fhd Njitia tpsf;fy;.
• fk;gpapd; tpfpjrk vy;iy kPwg;glhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;gij tpsf;fy;.
• gupNrhjidg; gjpT> ,Wjpf; fzpg; G vd; g tw; i wg;
guprPypj;J mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• cUf;fpd; aq;qpd; kl;lhff; fpilj;j ngWkhdj;ij
epakg; ngWkhdj; J ld; xg; g pLkhW mwpTWj; j y;
toq;fy;.

42
gupNrhjid ,y : 42

GtNrapd; #j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp ePupd; gpRf;Fikf;Fzfk; fhzy;

Nehf; f q; f s; : • khwh tP j j; j py; eP i ug; ghatpLtjw; f hf khwh

mKf;fj;njhl;bapd; Njitia tpsf;fy;.
• kapuj
; J
; isf;Fohapd; mftpll
; j;ij kpfTk; jpUj;jkhf
msf;f Ntz;bajd; fhuzj;ij tpsf;fy;.
• kapu;j;Jisf;FohapypUe;J ntspNaWk; ePu; Ntfkhfg;
ghahky; ,Ug; g jw; F mk; K idapy; E}w; W z; L
itg;gjw;fhd fhuzj;ij mwpjy; .
• GtNrapd; #j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp ePupd; gpRf;Fikf;
Fzfk; fhzy;.

cgfuzq; f Sk; : 25cm ePsKila kapu;j;Jisf; Foha;> khwh mKf;fj;

nghUl; f Sk; njhl;b> msTr;rhb (100 ml) > fyf;fp> Mjhuk;> epWj;jw;
fbfhuk;> efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;b> E}w;Wz;L> ,wg;gu;f; Foha;
(kapu;j;Jisf; Fohapd; tpl;lj;jpw;F rkdhd)> Ijhd
iej;jpupf; mkpyf; fiury;> Ijhd Nrhbaikjnuhl;irl;Lf;
fiury;

Mrpupau; : • kapu; j ; J isf; Fohiar; ; Rj; j khf; f Ntz; b ajd;

mwpT Wj; j y; fs
mwpTWj; fs;
fs; Njitia tpsf;fy;.
• nfhe;jspg;Gg;gha;r;riy Vw;gLj;jhjthW khwh mKf;fj;
njhl;b nrg;gQ;nra;ag;gl Ntz; b ajd; Njitia
tpsf;fy;.
• kapu;jJ
; isf; Foha; fpilahfg; nghUj;jg;gl;bUf;f
Ntz;Lnkd tpsf;fy;.
• kapuj
; J
; isf; Fohapd; ruhrup mftpll; j;ijf; fzpg;g ; jw;F
efUk; EDf;fhl;bia c g N a h f p g ; g j w ; F k h z t u ;
fSf;F mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• gjpe;jngWNgWfis ghprPypf;f.

43
gupNrhjid ,y : 43

EZf;Ff;fhl;b tOf;fpiag; gad;gLj;jp ePupd; Nkw;gug;gpOit fhzy;

Nehf; f q; f s; : • fz;zhb tOf;fp Rj;jk; nra;ag;gLk; Kiwfis

mwpjy; .
• NtzpaH ,Lf; f pkhdp> Ez; k hdpj; jpUFf; f zpr; r p
vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp KiwNa tOf;fpapd; ePsk; >
jbg;G vd;gtw;iwr; nrk;ikahf mstply;.
• ePupd; Nkw;gug;Gld; njhLifapYs;s EZf;Ff;fhl;b
tOf;fpapd; kPJ Nkw;gug;gpOit fhuzkhf Vw;gLk;
tpiriaf; fzpg;gjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwiaj;
njupT nra;jy;.
• ngwg;gl;l thrpg;igg; gad;gLj;jp ePupd; Nkw;gug;gpOit
iaf; fhzy;.

cgfuzq; f Sk; : EZf;Ff;fhl;b tOf;fp> Kj;Jyhj;juhR my;yJ

nghUl; f Sk; ,urhadj;juhR> NtzpaH ,Lf;fpkhdp> Ez;khdpj;
jpUFf;fzpr;rp> nky;ypa E}w;Wz;L> Ijhd iej;jpupf;
mkpyf; fiury;> Ijhd Nrhbaikjnuhl;irl;Lf;
fiury;

Mrpupau; : • fz;zhb tOf;fpiar; Rj;jk; nra;tjw;F

Wj; j y; fs
mwpTWj;
mwpT fs;
fs; mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• fz;zhb tOf;fpapd; jsk; epiyf;Fj;jhf ,Uf;FkhW
E}ypd; %yk; ehd;F Nfhy; juhrpy; fl;b njhq;ftpl;Lr;
rkepiyiag; ngWtjw;F mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• fz;zhb tOf;fpapd; tpspk;ig ePupd; Nkw;gug;gpy;
njhlr;nra;J> tOf;fpia mfw;Wtjw;Fj; Njitahd
Nkyjpf Rikiaf; fzpg; ; g jw; F mwpTWj; j y; f s;
toq;fy;.
• fz; z hb tOf; f papd; eP s k; > jbg; G vd; g tw; i w
nghUj;jkhd cgfuzj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp mstpLjw;F
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• mstP L fs; ngwg; g l; L eP u pd; Nkw; g ug; g pOitiaj; ;
Jzptjw;F khztHfis newpg;gLj;jy;.
• nra;Kiwg; gjpitg; guprPypf;f.

44
gupNrhjid ,y : 44
rtHf; f huf; fiurypd; Nkw; g ug; g pOit fhzy;
(fk; g pr; rl; l nkhd; i wg; gad; g Lj; j p)

Nehf; f q; f s; : • jug;gl;l cgfuzj;ij mikg;gjw;fhd jpwid tpUj;jp

nra;jy;.
• fk;gpr; rl;lj;jpd; kPJ Nkw;gug;gpOit fhuzkhd tpir
njhopw;gLk; tpjj;ij mwpjy;.
• nghUj;jkhd xU juhrpy; rpwpa tpiria mstpL
tjw;fhd jpwid tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
• ngwg;gl;l mstPLfisg; gad;gLj;jpr; rtHf;fhuf;
fiurypd; Nkw;gug;gpOitiaf; fhzy;.

cgfuzq; f Sk; : nky;ypa fk;gpj;Jz;L> Kj;Jyhj;juhR my;yJ

nghUl; f Sk; ,urhadj;juhR> efUk; EZf;Ffhl;b> E}w;Wz;L> ghj;jpuk;

Mrpupau; : • fk;gpr;rl;lj;jpd; kPJ rtHf;fhug; glyj;ij cUthf;fp

mwpT Wj; j y; fs
mwpTWj; fs;
fs; juhrpdhy; rkg;gLj;Jtjw;F mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• Kj; J yhj; ; j uhirj; jpUj; j khfg; gad; g Lj; J tij
typAWj;Jjy;.
• fk; g papd; fpil eP s j; i j mstpLtjw; F efUk;
EZf;Ff; fhl;biaj; jpUj;jkhfg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• ngwg;gl;l thrpg;Gfs; rhHghfr; rtHf;fhuf; fiurypd;
Nkw; g ug; g pOitiaj; Jzptjw; F khztHfis
<LgLj;jpg; ngWNgw;iwg; guprPypf;f.

45
gupNrhjid ,y : 45

kapu;j;Jis vOif Kiwapdhy; ePupd; Nkw;gug;gpOit fhzy;

Nehf; f q; f s; : • gupNrhjidf;fhf cgfuzq;fis ,izg;gjw;fhd

jpwid tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
• efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;biag; gad;gLj;jp ePsj;ijj;
jpUj;jkhf mstpLtjw;fhd jpwid tpUj;jp
nra;jy;.
• kapHj;Jisf;Fohiar; Rj;jk; nra;tjw;fhd
gupNrhjidj; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
• kapu; j ; J is vOif Kiwapdhy; eP u pd; Nkw; g ug;
gpOitiag; gupNrhjid uPjpahff; fhzy;.

cgfuzq; f Sk; : 1 5 cm e P s K i l a k a p u ; j ; J i s f ; F o h a ; > e f U k ;

nghUl; f Sk; EZf;Ff;fhl;b> ghj;jpunkhd;W> cau;j;jTk; jho;j;jTk;
Njitahd Mjhu Nkir> nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy;
mikf;fg;gl;l fhl;bf;fk;gp> Ijhd iej;jpupf; mkpyf;
fiury;> Ijhd Nrhbaikjnuhl;irl;Lf; fiury;>
Mjhuq;fs; > nky;ypa ,wg;gHg;gl;b

Mrpupau; : • kapu; j ; J isf; Foha; Rj; j khf; f g; g Lk; xOq; F

mwpT Wj; j y; fs
mwpTWj; fs;
fs; Kiwiaf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.
• kapu;j;Jis vOifahy; ePupd; Nkw;gug;gpOitiaf;
fzpg; ; g jw; F g; gad; g Lj; j g; g Lk; cgfuzj; i jr;
nrg; g Q; n ra; t jw; F j; Njitahd mwpTWj; j y; f s;
toq;fy;.
• efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;biag; gad;gLj;jp kapuj ; J
; isf;
Fohapy; ; NknyOk; j p u t e p u y p d ; c a u j ; i j
m s tpLj w ; f h d g u p Nrhj i d Kiwia
khztu;fSf;F tpsf;;fy;.
• gupNrhjidapdJ ngWNgWfs;> KbTfs; vd;gtw;wpd;
gjpTfisg; guprPypj;jy;.

46
gupNrhjid ,y : 46

N[fupd; Kiwapdhy;j; jputnkhd;wpd; Nkw; gug;gpOit fhzy;

Nehf; f q; f s; : • N[fupd; Ma;fUtpapYs;s gFjpfisj; jpUj;jkhf

,izj;jy;.
• jputj;jpy; mkpo;e;Js;s kapu;j;Jisf; Fohapd; eP s k; >
kapu;j;Jisf; Fohapd; mftpl; l k; vd; g tw; i wr;
n r k ; i k a h f m stpLtj w ; F e f U k ; EZf; F f;
fhl;biag; gad;gLj;jy;.
• nkypkhdpapYs; s jput kl; l tpj; j pahrj; i jg;
gupNrhjid uPjpahf mstply;.
• N[fupd; Kiwapdhy;g; ngwg;gl;l thrpg;Gf;fisAk;>
juTfisAk; gad;gLj;jpj; jputj;jpd; Nkw;gug;gpOit
fhzy;.

cgfuzq; f Sk; : N[fupd; Ma;fUtp> ghj;jpunkhd;W > Nkw;gug;gpOit Jzpa

nghUl; f Sk; Ntz;ba jputk;> mlH;j;jp Fiwe;j jputk; (nkypkhdpj;
jputk;)> efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;b > ,uz;L Mjhuq;fs;>
cauj;ij khw;wf;$ba Nkir

Mrpupau; : • Nkw;gug;gpOit Jzptjw;F N[fupd; Ma;fUtpiaj;

jpUj;jkhd Kiwapy; nrg;gQ;nra;tjw;F khztu;f
Sf;F mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
mwpT Wj; j y; fs
mwpTWj; fs;
fs;
• Nkw; g ug; g pOit J z p a N t z ; b a j p u t j ; j p D s ;
mkpo;j;jg;gl;Ls;s kapHj;Jisf; Fohapd;
KidapypUe; J thAf; F kpo; ntspNaWk; N ghJ
mstPLfisg; ngWtjw;F mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• kapu;j;Jisf; Fohapd;; MiuAk;> jputf; Fkpopapd;;
MiuAk; rkdhFk; N ghJ nkypkhdpapy; mKf; f
tpj;jpahrk; cau;thf ,Uf;Fk; vdTk; ,e; e piyapy;
thrpg;G ngWk; KiwiaAk; khztu;fSf;F tpsf;fy;.
• efUk; EZf; F f; f hl; b iag; gad; g Lj; j p Foha;
mkpo;e;Js;s Moj;ij msg;gjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
toq;fy;
• nra;Kiwg; gjpTfisg; guprPypj;jy;.

47