fy;tpg; nghJj; juhjug;gj;jpuk; (cau; juk;)

juk; 12> 13

nghwpapaw; njhopDl;gtpay;
ghlj;jpl;lk
k;
(2013 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;glTs;sJ)
njhopDl;gf; fy;tpj; Jiw
tpQ;Qhd> njhopDl;gg; gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
k`ufk
 tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
myF Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
01 01 nghwpKiwj; 1.1 khDl kw;Wk; ² nghwpapaw; njhopDl;gk; ² nghwpapay; njhopDl;gtpaiy 04
njhopDl;gtpay; Rw;whly; ² mwpKfk; tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;. \
mgptpUj;jpapd; mgptpUj;jpapy; ² tsu;r;rp ² nghwpapay; njhopDl;gtpaypd; jpUg;G
NgWfis nghwpapay; Kidia cjhuzq;fspd; JizAld;
- Njit
ehshe;jj; njhopDl;gj;jpd; tpsf;Fthu;.
- gpur;rpid
Njitfis gq;fspg;ig ² nghwpapay; njhopDl;gtpaypd; etPd
<Lnra;tjw;fhfg; xg;gPl;LuPjpapy; - jPuT
;
Nghf;Ffisf; fzpg;gpl;L vjpu;fhyg;
gad;gLj;Jthu;. Njbawpthu;. - tsu;r;rpapd; mbg;gilfs; Nghf;Ffis fw;gid nra;thu;.
cjhuzk; (- neUg;G> rf;fuk;>
cNyhfk;>
kpd;rf;jp> Fiw
flj;jp>
jpuhd;rpw;wu;
Nghd;w
fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs;
- tsu;r;rpapd; Jupj mgptpUj;jp
fl;lq;fs;
cjhuzk; :- ,uz;lhk;
cyfg;Nghu;
- jw;fhy> etPd kw;Wk;
vjpu;fhyg; Nghf;F
- kdpjdpYk; #oypYk;
nry;thf;F

1
 tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
myF Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
1.2 cw;gj;jpfs; ² gy;NtW J i w f S f ; f h d ² cw; g j; j pr; Nrit mgptpUj; j pf; f hd 03
Kd;Ndw;wkiljy;> cw;gj;jpfs; Kd;Ndw;wkiljy;. gpNuuizfis Kd;itg;ghu;.
tu;jj
; fkakhjy; ² tu;j;jf kakhjy;. ² cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; Nrit mgptpUj;jpapy;
kw;Wk; tu; j ; j fj; j pd; nry; t hf; i f kjpg; g P L
² njhopDl;gtpaypd; Kfhikj;Jtk;
njhopDl;gtpaypd; nra;thu;.
Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;F ² cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; Nritfspy;
,ilNaahd njhopDl; g tpay; Kfhikj; J tj; j pd;
njhlu;ig gy;NtW jpirfis Ma;e;jwpthu;.
Ma;e;jwpthu;.

1.3 cs;ehl;Lj; ² cs;ehl;Lj; njhopw;rhiyr; #oy; ² c s ; e h l ; L j ; n j h o p w ; r h i y f s p d ;

02
njhopw;rhiyfspd; ² tsq;fs; mgptpUj;jpf;F etPd njhopDl;gtpay;
mgptpUj;jpia ² njhopDl;gtpaypd; El;g gbKiwfspd; GwCf; F tpg; G f; f is
xg;gPl;LuPjpapy; Kiwfs; cjhuzq;fspd;%yk; tpsf;Fthu;.
Njbawpthu;.

2
 tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
myF Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
02 02 Nkhl;lhu; 2.1 Nkhl;lhu; ² Nkhl;lhu; thfdj;jpd; gpujhd ² Nkhl;lhu; thfdj;jpd; cs;slf;fj;jpd; 02
thfdj;jpd; thfdj;jpd; $Wfs; / njhFjpfs; xt;nthU gpujhd $Wfspd;
gpujhd nraw;ghl;bw;Fj; ² tY myF / mbg;gil ,af;fp nraw;ghLfis tptupg;ghu;.
$Wfs; / Jiznra;Ak; ² CLflj;jy; njhFjp ² Nkhl;lhu; thfdj;jpd; xt;nthU gpujhd
njhFjpfisg; $Wfs; / - fpsr;R(Clutch) $Wfspd; njhlu;Gfis tiuglj;jpd;
guhkupf;Fk; njhFjpfis - fpau;g;ngl;b (Gear Box) %yk; Kd;itg;ghu;.
- xl;Lq; fUtpj; jz;L (Propeller
Mw;wiy Ma;e;jwpthu;.
Shaft)
ntspff; hl;Lthu;.
- NtWgLj;Jk; njhFjp (Differ
ential)
- mr;Rj; jz;L (Axles)
- nrYj;jw; rpy;Y
² vd;[pdpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s
njhFjp
- vupgw;ww; njhFjp (Ignition
system)
- krfpLk; njhFjp (Lubricating
system)
- Fspu;j;jw; njhFjp (Cooling
system)
² nrYj;jw; njhFjp (steering system)
² jLg;Gj; njhFjp (breaking system)
² njhq;fw; njhFjp (suspension
system)
² capu;g;gpf;Fk; njhFjp (starting
system)
² Vw;wj; njhFjp (charging system)
² kpd;tpsf;Fr; Rw;W (Lighting
system)
² clk;G / $lhuk; (Body)
² mbr;rl;lg;gly; (chassis)
² xt;nthU $WfspdJk;(njhFjp)
nraw;ghLfs;

3
 tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
myF Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
2.2 vd; [ pd; xd; w pd; ² vd;[pdpd; gpujhd $Wfs; ² Nkhl;lhu; thfd vd;[pd; xd;wpd; gpujhd 04
njhopw; g LjYf; F g; - vd;[pd; $lhuk; $Wfs; njhlu; G gl; L s; s tpjj; i j
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; - vd;[pd; jiy tptupg;ghu;.
gpujhd $Wfspd; - thq;F njhl;b SUMP ² vd; [ pdpd; gpujhd $Wfs; kw; w k;
njhlu;Gfis Ma;T ² xt;nthU $WfSlDk; mtw;wpd; nraw;ghLfis tptupg;ghu;.
nra;J vspa njhlu;GgLfpd;w Jizf;$Wfs;
guhkupg; G r; nraw; -
- khw;wpapd; jz;L (crank shaft)
ghLfis Nkw;-
- ,izf;Fq; Nfhy; (connecting rod)
nfhs;sthu;.
- MLjz;L Piston
- MLjz;L tyak;
- MLjz;L Mzp
- nrYj;jypj; jz;L
- thy;Tldhd Vida $Wfs;
² xt;nthU Jizf;$WfSk;
,ize;Js;s tpjKk; mtw;wpd;
nraw;ghLfSk;

2.3 Nkhl;lhu; thfd ² vd;[pd; tiffs; ² vd; [ pd; f spd; gy; t ifikf; F Vw; g
01
vd;[pd; ² vupnghUs; jfdkilAk; tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s ,lj;jpw;F Vw;g. ² Nkhl;lhu; ,ae;jputpaypy;
tpjj;ij - ntspthupj; jfdk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w njhopDl;gtpay;
Ma;e;jwpthu;. - cs;sfj; jfdk; nrhw;fis tptupg;ghu;.
² cs;sf jfdk; ² vd;[pdpd; njhopw;ghl;bw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr;
² gad;gLj;Jk; vupnghUSf;F nra;Ak; ehd;F epfo;TfisAk; ehybg;G
Vw;g kw;Wk; <ubg;G vd;[pdpd; JizAld;
- Bry; tptupg;ghu;.
- ngw;Nwhy; ² ehtbg;G kw;Wk; <ubg;G vd;[pd;fspd;
² cUisapd; mikTf;F Vw;g. rkkhd kw;Wk; rkkw;w jd;ikfis
² xNu Neuhf(In-line) xg;gPl;L uPjpahf ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
² V

4
 tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
myF Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
² vjpu;vjpuhf ² fyg;Gr; nra;jy; (Hy-brid) vz;zf;fU
² vupA+l;lk; nrad;Kiwf;F Vw;g ² thy; T fspd; (Valves) jFjpia /
² Rlu; vupA+l;ly; jifikia jPu;khdpg;ghu;.
² mKf;f vupA+l;ly; ² Nkhl; l hu; thfdj; j pd; vd; [ pdpd;
² fiyr; nrhw;fs; jiyiaf; fow;wp thy;it rPu;nra;J
² mbg;G (stroke) kPz;Lk; nghUj;Jthu;.
² T.D.C.
² B.D.C.
² nraw;ghl;Lf; Nfhl;ghL
² ehtbg;G
² <ubg;G
² Nkhl;lhu; thfd vd;[pdpy;
fhgd; ePff; y; (Di-Carbonizing)
² thy;Tfspd; jifik
² thy;it Neug;gLj;jp jiyia
kPz;Lk; xd;W Nru;j;jy;
04
2.4 ngw;Nwhy; ² gw;wup RUs; vupA+l;ly; njhFjpapd; ² vupA+l;ly; njhFjpapd; gpujhd $Wfspd;
vd;[pdpd; gw;wup Njit nraw;ghLfis tptupg;ghu;.
RUs; vupA+l;ly; ² gpujhd $WfSk; mtw;wpd; ² vupA+l;ly; njhFjpapd; vspa tOf;fis
njhFjpiag; nraw;ghLfSk; jpUj;jk; nra;thu;.
guhkupg;ghu;.
² vupA+l;ly; RUspd; njhopw;gL
jj;Jtk;
² gug;gp
² njhLif Kid
² tO Vw;glf;$ba re;ju;g;gk;
² tOit jpUj;Jjy;
- Rlu; nrUfpapd; (Spark
ing plug) njhopw;ghl;ilg;
guPl;rpj;jy;

5
 tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
myF Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
- Rj;jk; nra;jy;.
- thA ,ilntspia
rPu;nra;jy;
- nghUj;Jjy;

2.5 ngw;Nwhy; ² ,yj;jpudpay; vupA+l;ly; njhFjp ² ,yj;jpudpay; vupA+l;ly; njhFjpapd; 04

vd;[pd;fspy; mD$yq;fis tptupg;ghu;.
- njhLif KidAs;s jpuhd;rpw;wu;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w tif ² ,yj;jpudpay; vupA+l;ly; njhFjpfspd;
,yj;jpudpay; nraw;ghl;il tpsf;Fthu;.
- eOTk; RUs; tif Slip Spring
vupA+l;ly;
Type
Rw;Wf;fspd;
njhopw;ghl;il - N`hy; elj;ij tif
Ma;e;jwpthu;. - nfhs;sstp kpd;,wf;f tif
(C.D.I.)

² ngw;Nwhy; vupnghUs; toq;fy;

2.6 ngw;Nwhy; ² ngw;Nwhy; vupnghUs; toq;fy; 04
njhFjpapd; $Wfs; njhFjpapd; xt;nthU
vd;[pd;fspy; - jhq;fp
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w Jizf; $ WfspdJk; nraw; g hl; i l
- Cl;ly; gk;gp (feed pump) tpsf;Fthu;.
vupnghUs; toq;fy;
njhFjpapd; - tb (thA) ² fhgd; Nru; fUtpapy; Vw;glf;$ba vspa
nraw;ghl;il - fhgd; Nru; fUtp (Carburator) tOf; f Sf; f hd khw; W r; nray; f is
Ma;e;jwpthu;. ² ngw;Nwhypd; ngsjpf ,ay;Gfs; Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
² bkaOk fmdaIl fmdïmfha
ls%hdldß;ajh
² fhgd; Nru; fUtp
- %yf; Nfhl;ghL
- vspa tOf;fs;
- ngw;Nwhy; epuk;gp topjy;

6
 tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
myF Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
2.7 Bry; vd;[pd;fspd; ² Bry; ² Bry; vd;[pdpd; vupnghUs; gk;gp kw;Wk; 04
vupnghUs; toq;fy; ² vupnghUs; cl;gha;r;Rk; gk;gp Bry; cl;gha;r;rpapdJk; nraw;ghl;il
njhFjpapd; ² Njit tptupg;ghu;.
nraw;ghl;il ² Bry; cl;gha;r;Rk; njhFjp ² Bry; cl;gha;r;rp (Injector)ia rupahd
Ma;e;jwpthu;. ² nraw;ghLfs; mKf;fj;jpw;F xOq;F nra;thu;.
² mKf;fk;
² %f;F (Nozzele) ,d;
epiyikiag; guPl;rpj;jy;
² vspikahd tOf;fSf;fhd khw;Wr;
nraw;ghLfis mikj;jy;.

² mbg;gil Fspu;j;jy; Kiw ² Fspu;jj

; y; Kiwfspd; rpwg;Gj; jd;ikia
2.8 Nkhl;lhu; thfdk;
- thA NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
xd;wpd; Fspu;j;Jk;
njhFjpapd; - ePu; ² Fspu; j ; j y; njhFjpapd; tOf; f is
tOf;fisj; - ntg;g tpwf;fp(Thermo sypon) jpUj;jk; nra;thu;.
jpUj;Jthu;. - mKf;f Cl;ly; (force feed) ² Fspu;j;jypd; nray;jpwdpy; nry;thf;Fr;
² thA Fspu;j;jy; Kiwapd; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfis tptupg;ghu;.
gFjpfs;
- Fspu;j;jy; nrl;il
- Cjp (Blower)
² ePu; Fspu;j;jy; Kiwapd; gpujhd
Jizf;$Wfs;
- fjpu;jj; p
- fjpu;j;jpf; Foha;
- ntg;g fl;Lg;ghl;L thy;T
(Thermo stat valve)
- ePu;g;gk;gp
- fjpu;j;jp %b

7
 tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
myF Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
² Fspu;j;jy; Kiwfspd; nraw;ghL
² Vw;glf;$ba tOf;fs;
² ehlh jsu;e;J ,Uj;jy;
² ntg;gf; fl;Lg;ghl;L thy;tpd;
tO
² fjpu;j;jp %bapd; tO

2.9 Nkhl;lhu; thfd ² krfpLk; Kiw ² xt;nthU nghwpfSf;Fk; 04

vd;[pdpd; krfpLk; - ngw;nwha;y; Kiw nghUj;jkhdthW krfpLk; Kiwia
njhFjpapd; - njwpg;G Kiw (Splash) njupTnra; J nfhs; t jw; f hd rhjf
nraw;ghl;il - mKf;f Cl;ly; Kiw ghjfq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
Ma;e;jwpthu;. ² mKf;f Cl;l Rw;Nwhw;w ² krfpL njhFjpapd; tOf;fisj;
Kiwapd; gpujhd $Wfs; jpUj;Jthu;.
- vz;nza; gk;gp
- vz;nza; milg;G (Oil seal)
- Jiz thy;T (Relef Valve)
² krFfspy; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba
,ay;Gfs;
² njhopw;ghL
² tO
02
² jLg;G Kiw ² jLg; G j; njhFjpapd; njhopw; g hl; i l
2.10 Nkhl;lhu; thfd tptupg;ghu;.
jLg;Gj; ² nghwp Kiwapyhd
² jput mKf;fk; ² jLg;Gj; njhFjpapd; guhkupg;Gr;
njhFjpfisg;
nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
guhkupg;ghu;. - Fl tif (Drum-type)
- tl;lj;jl;L tif (Disc-type)
² Fl> tl;lj;jl;L Kiwfspy;
NtWghLfs;

8
 tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
myF Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
² jput mKf;f njhFjpapd;
gpujhd $Wfs;
- gpujhd cUis (Master cylinder)
- jLg;G Foha; (Brake Liner)
- jLg;Gg; ghjq;fs; (Brake Shous)
- ,Otpir tpw;fs; (tension sprin)
- rpy;Y cUisfs; (wheel
cylinder)
² njhopw;ghL
² guhkupg;G Kiw
² jLg;G rPu; nra;jy; (Brake
adjusting)

2.11 Nkhl;lhu; ² tYj; Jiz (Power Assisted) ² etPd Nkhl;lhup thfdq;fspy; gad;gLk; 02
thfdq;fspy; jLg;Gj; njhFjpfspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis
² thA mKf;fk; (Air Pressure)
gad;gLk; tpNrl tptupg;ghu;.
² A.B.S. (Anti Locking Brake system)
jLg;G Kiwfis
EZfp Nehf;Fthu;.
² njhlf;Fk; Nkhl;lhupd; njhopw;ghl;il
² capu;g;G+l;ly; myF 04
2.12 Nkhl;lhu; tptupg;ghu;.
² njhlf;Fk; Nkhl;lhu; (Starter
thfdj;jpd; motor) ² kpd;Ndw;wy; njhFjpapd; njhopw;ghl;il
capu;g;G+l;Lk; ² tupr;RUs;tif xd;W (Solenoid) tptupg;ghu;.
kw;Wk; kpd;Vw;wy; ² njhlf;f Nkhl;lhupd; gpujhd ² Nkhl;lhu; thfdk; xd;wpd; njhlf;Fk;
njhFjp (charging gFjpfs; Nkhl; l hupd; > vspikahd tOf; f is
system) fspd; ² njhlf;f Nkhl;lhupd; njhopw;ghL jpUj;Jthu;.
njhopw;ghl;il ² kpd;Ndw;wy; njhFjp ² Nkhl;lhu; thfdj;jpd; Mlyhf;fpapd; vspa
EZfp Nehf;Fthu;. - Mlyhf;fp tOf;fisj; jpUj;Jthu;.
- Nthy;w;wsT xOq;fhf;fp
- gpujhd gFjpfs;
- njhopw;ghL
- vspa tOf;fs;
9 04
 tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
myF Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
2.13 Nkhl;lhu; thfd ² gw;wup ² Nkhl; l hu; thfdj; j pd; kpd; Rw; w pd; 04
kpd; tpsf;Fj; ² kpd; tpsf;Fj; njhFjp cs;sfr; Rw;Wf; Fwpg;ig tiuthu;.
njhFjpapd; vspa ² jiyik tpsf;Ffs; ² Nkhl; l hu; thfdj; j pd; kpd; Rw; W j;
FiwghLfisj; ² gf;f tpsf;Ffs; njhFjpapd; vspa tOf;fisj;
jpUj;Jthu;. ² rkpf;iQ tpsf;Ffs; jpUj;Jthu;.
² jLg;G tpsf;Ffs; ² Nkhl;lhu; thfdj;jpw;F Gjpjhf Cjpj;
njhFjp xd;iw mikg;ghu;.
² Gw khwy; tpsf;Ffs; (Reverse
lamp)
² cl;gFjp tpsf;Ffs;
² cgfuzg; gyif tpsf;Ffs;
(Instrument Panel lamp)
² fl;Lg;gLj;jp
² mQ;ryp (Relay)
² Cjpj; (Horn) njhFjp
² gpujhd gFjpfSf;F ,ilapyhd
njhlu;G
² vd; [ pd; xd; i w mikf; F k; NghJ 04
2.14 Nkhl;lhu; ² cWjpj; jd;ik rkepiyg;gLj;j Ntz;ba ,lq;fis
thfdj;jpd; ² ,af;ftpay; Dynamic tpsf;Fthu;.
cWjpj; jd;ikg; ² epiyapay; Static ² Nkhl; l hu; thfdk; xd; w pd; cWjpj;
NgZk; tpjj;ijj; jd; i kia tpUj; j p nra; t jw; f hd
² vd;[pd;
Njbawpthu;. Kiwfisg; guPl;rpg;ghu;.
² gwg;Gr; rpy;Y Fly wheel
² njhq; f y; njhFjpapd; tOf; f isj;
² nrYj;jy; njhFjp steering system
jpUj;Jthu;.
² nrYj;jp
² nrYj;jp fpau; ngl;b
² nrYj;jp (Rf;fhdk;) Nfj;jpu fzpjk;

10
 tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
myF Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
- xU ikak;
- cs;sf; tisT kw;Wk;
ntspaf tisT
(TOE in / out)
- Fzq;F Mzpr; rha;T
(King pin inclination)
- rha;Tf; Nfhzk; (Camber angle)
- gpdg ; w;wy; Nfhzk; (Caster Angle)
- Fz;L %l;L (Ball joint)
² njhq;fw; njhFjp (suspension
system)
- tpy;
- mjpu;T cwpQ;rp (Shock absorbers)
= - rpy;Yfs;
- nghjpif
- thA mKf;fk;

2.15 Nkhl;lhu; ² tspj; jpiu (Windscreen) ² Nkhl;lhu; thfdq;fspd; ghJfhg;ig 04

thfdnkhd;wpd; ² clw; gFjp(Body) cWjpg;gLj;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
ghJfhg;ig ² ghJfhg;G Mrd thu;(Seat belt) tptupg;ghu;.
cWjpg;gLj;Jk; ² kpd; tpsf;Ffs;
nghwpKiwiaj; ² mtruf; fjT (Emergency exit)
Njbawpthu;. ² jPg; ghJfhg;G cj;jpufs;
² G+l;bL Kiwfs; (Locking system)
² thA gY}d;fs; (Air bag)
² thAj; jLg;Gj; njhFjp (A.B.S.)

11
 tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
myF Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
2.16 Nkhl;lhu; ² nray;jpwid Nkk;gLj;jy; ² etPd Nkhl;lhu; thfdq;fspd;
thfdq;fspy; - rpwg;G kpd;Ndw;wp Super Charger nray;jpwid Nkk;gLj;jy; El;gKiwia
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; - #oy; kpd;Ndw;wp Turbo Charger tpsf;Fthu;.
tpNrlkhd ² fhyp fl;Lg;gLj;jp (MSif) ² thA ntspNaw;wk; njhFjpfspD}lhf
cj;jpfisj; (Emitter Controler)
Njbaha;thu;. - mfj; J}z;ly; khw;wk;
- thAr; Rw;Nwhl;lk; (E.G.R.)

12
 tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
myF Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
03 03 ehshe;j 3.1 kpd; Rw;nwhd;Wf;Fj; ² cyu; kpd; f yk; > Msp> kpd; ² kpd; Rw; W f; f spy; fl; l hakhf ,Uf; f 04
NtiyfSf;fhf Njitahd mbg; - tpsf;Ffs; vd;gtw;wpy; Ntz; b a NeNuhl; l f; fl; L g; g Lj; j y;
kpd;tYitg; gilf; $Wfis Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s ngWkhdq;fs; El; g Kiwfs; > gag; G El; g Kiwfs;
gad;gLj;Jthu;. ,dq;fz;L mtw;wpd; ² jilapfspd; ngsjpf ,ay;Gfs; rpytw;wpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s
n g W k h d q ; f i s ² nfhs;sstp> J}z;bfs; vd;gtw;wpd; ngWkhdq; f is thrpj; J mj; J izf;
thrpg;ghu;. $Wfis NtWgLj; Jthu;.
Mf;fk;
² kpd; Rw;Wf;fspy; gad;gLfpd;w
² epwg; gupghilfs;> Vida vz; Jizf;$Wfshd jilap> nfhs;sstp
gupghilfs; kw;Wk; J}z;b vd;gtw;iw ,dq;fz;L
mtw;wpd; ngWkhdq;fis thrpg;ghu;.

3.2 NeNuhl; l kw; W k; ² NeNuhl;l Nthy;w;wsT ² njhlupizg; G j; jilr; Rw; W xd; w py; 06
MlNyhl;l kpd; ² Neu; kpd;Ndhl;lk; xt; n thU jilfSf; F k; FWf; N fahd
toq;fg;gl;Ls;s ² NeNuhl;lr; Rw;W xd;wpy; Nthy;w;wsTfis msg;ghu;.
njhlupizg;Gr; N t h y ; w ; w s T f ; F k ; ² njhlupizg; G j; jilr; Rw; W xd; w py;
Rw;Wf;fspd; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNaahd xt; n thU jilfSf; F k; FWf; N fahd
Nthy;ww
; sTfisAk; njhlu;G Nthy;w;wsTfisf; fzpg;gpLthu;.
kpd;Ndhl;l msT- ² jilfs; njhluhf ,izf;fg;gl;l Rw;W
² MlNyhl;l Nthy;w;wsT
fisAk; mstpLthu;. xd;wpd; Nthy;ww
; sit msg;gjD}lhf tO
² MlNyhl;l kpd;Ndhl;lk; cs;s jilia ,dq; fhz;ghu;.

² jilfspd; rkhe;ju ,izg;G ² jilfspd; rkhe; j u ,izg; G Rw; W 04

3.3 NeNuhl; l kw; W k;
² rkhdj; jil xd;Wf;F NeNuhl;l kpd; toq;fy; xd;iw
MlNyhl;l kpd;
² njhFjpapD}lhfg; ghAk; nkhj;j ,izj;J xt;nthU jilf;Ff; FWf;NfAk;
toq;fg;gl;Ls;s ghAk; kpd; N dhl; l j; i jg; gy; k hdpiag;
kpd;Ndhl;lk;
rkhe;ju ,izg;Gr; gad;gLj;jp mstpLthu;.
Rw;Wf;fspd; ² xt;nthU $WfSf;F ClhfTk;
gha;fpd;w kpd;Ndhl;lk; ² rkhe;ju jilr; Rw;W xd;wpd; xt;nthU
Nthy;ww
; sTfisAk;> jilf;Ff; FWf;NfAk; gha;fpd;w
kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijAk; ² Nthy;w;wsT
kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijf; fzpg;gpLthu;.
mstpLthu;. ² rkhe;ju jilr; Rw;nwhd;wpd; kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij
mstpLtjdhy; tO cs;s jilia njupT
nra;thu;.

13
 tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
myF Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
3.4 t P l ; L k p d ; R w ; W ² gpd; t Uk; Jizf; $WfspdJk; ² tPlL ; kpd;Rw;Wf;fspy; gad;gLfpd;w Jizf; 08
tupg;glj;jpw;F Vw;g cgfuzq; f spdJk; gad; g hLk; $Wfis ,dq;fz;L ngaupLthu;. \
cupa Jizf; njhopw;ghLk; ² kpd; fk; g pfspdhy; Rw; w ikf; F k; NghJ
$Wfisj; njupT - kpFjp kpd; Rw;Wikg;ghd; (RCCB) gad;gLj;Jfpd;w Jizf; $Wfspd; epakf;
nra;thu;. - Ez; Rw;Wilg;ghd; (MCB) FwpaPLfis ,dq;fz;L tiue;J fhl;Lthu;.
- Ms; tiffs; ² kpd; fk;gpfis cs;slf;fpa Rw;W
- mkpo;j;jw; ngl;bAk; nfhz;bAl; tupg;glq;fisr; rupahf thrpg;ghu;.
FohAk; ² kpd; f k; g p epiyg; g Lj; j pa Rw; W xd; w py;
- kpd; fk;gp tiffs; ghJfhg;Gj; Jizf; $W kw;Wk;
- kpd; tpsf;Ff; ft;tp fl; L g; g Lj; j y; Jizf; $ W vd; g tw; i w
- ghTifg; G+ NtWgpupj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
- tpsf;F ² Efu;Nthupd; Njitf;F mika tPlikg;Gj;
- Gtpj; njhLg;Gf; flj;jp jpl;lg;glk; xd;wpw;fhd kpd; Rw;W tupg;glj;ij
tiuthu;.
- Fiwr; nrUfp
² Ntwhf;fp RCCB, MCB vd;gtw;Wld;> kpd;
² epakf; FwpaPLfs;
tpsf;F xd;iwAk; Fiwr; nrUfp
² tPl;L kpd;Rw;wikf;f cgNahfpf;Fk; xd;Wf;Fkhd kpd; fk;gp epiyg;gLj;jy; Rw;iw
Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l fUtpfs;. kw;Wk; mikg;ghu;.
mtw;wpd; gad;ghLk; Gtpj;njhLg;Gr;
nra;jYk; ghJfhg;Gk;

² kpd; nghwpKiw> ,yj;jpudpay; xg;Gsp kw;Wk; 06

3.5 gy;khdp tiffis ² epiyapaw; fhe;j mirAk; RUs; ,yf;fg; gy;khdp vd;gtw;iw NtWgLj;jpg;
,dq; f z; L mtw; - cgfuzk; (PMMC) gad;gLj;Jthu;.
iwg; gad; g Lj; j p ² mstpLk; cgfuzq;fspd; czu; ² jug; g l; l jilfspd; ngWkhdq; f isg;
gy;NtW tPrR; f;fspd; jpwd; gy;NtW \Xk;" tPr;Rf;fisg; gad;gLj;jp
msTfisg; ngw;Wf; ² kpd; nghwpKiw> ,yj;jpudpay; xg;Gsp gy;khdpapdhy; mstpLthu;.
nfhs;thu;. kw;Wk; ,yf;fg; gy;khdp ² gy;NtW njhlu; ,izg;Gj; jilj;
njhFjpfSf;Ff; FWf;Nf mOj;j
NtWghl;L tPo;r;rpiag; gy;NtW
gy;khdpfisg; gad;gLj;jp msg;ghu;.

14
 tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
myF Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
3.6 m i y T f ; f h l ; b ² miyTf; fhl;bapd; njhopw;ghL ² cs;sf rkpf;iQiag; gad;gLj;jp miyTf; 06
xd;wpd; % y k ; ² MlNyhl; l Nthy; w ; w sT xd; w pd; fhl;bapd; Neu tpyfiyAk;> Nthy;w;wsT
MlNyhl;l rkpf;iQ cr;rg; ngWkhdk; tpyfiyAk; juq; fzpg;ghu;.
xd; w pd; gy; N tW ² MlNyhl; l Nthy; w ; w stpy; ,il ² miyTf; fhl;biag; gad;gLj;jp MlNyhl;l
ngWkhdq;fis tu;f;f %yg; ngWkhdk; Nthy;w;wstpd; kPbwidAk; tPr;rj;ijAk;
mstpLthu;. mstpLthu;.
² MlNyhl;l Nthy;w;wsitg; gy;khdpapdhy;
mstpLk; ngWkhdj;jpw;Fk; tPr;rg;
gUkDf;Fk; ,ilNaahd njhlu;ig Njbf;
nfhs;thu;.

² rkpf;iQ gpwg;ghf;fp ² Neuj; j pw; F Vw; g nfhs; s stp xd; i w 06

3.7 M l N y h l ; l
Nthy;ww; sT xd;iw> ² jilap> nfhs;sstp kw;Wk; J}z;b kpd;Ndw;wy; kw;Wk; kpd;dpwf;fkiljiy
jilap> nfhs;sstp vd;gd MlNyhl;l Nthy;w;wstpw;Ff; gpuNahf uPjpahfg; gad;gLj;Jk; ,lq;fisf;
kw;Wk; J}z;b fhl;Lk; Jyq;fy; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
vd;gtw;w;Wf;F ² nfhs;sstp k p d ; N d w ; w Y k ; ² jilap xd;Wf;F MlNyhl;l Nthy;ww ; sitg;
ntt;Ntwhfg; kpd;dpwf;fKk; gpuNahfpf;Fk;NghJ ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij
² fhNeu khwpyp mtjhdpj;J Nthy;w;wsit miytbtpy;
gpuNahfpf;Fk;NghJ
msTj; jpl;lj;jpw;F tiuthu;.
ghAk; kpd; N dhl; -
lj;jpd; elj;ijia ² nfhs;sstp xd;wpw;F MlNyhl;l
Nthy;w;wsnthd;iwg; gpuNahfpf;Fk; NghJ>
Ma;e;jwpthu;.
mjD}lhfg; ghAk; kpd; N dhl; l j; j pd;
elj;ijia mtjhdpj;J Nthy;ww ; sT miy
tbtk; kw;Wk; kpd;Ndhl;l miytbtk;
vd;gtw;iw mstpilf;F mika tiuthu;.
² J}z;b xd;wpw;F MlNyhl;l Nthy;w;wsT
xd;iwg; gpuNahfpf;Fk; NghJ mjD}lhfg;
ghAk; kpd; N dhl; l j; j pd; elj; i jia
mtjhdpj;J mjw;fhd Nthy;w;wsT miy
tbtk; kw;Wk; kpd;Ndhl;l miy tbtk;
vd;gtw;iw msTj; jpl;lj;jpw;F mika
tiuthu;.

15
 tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
myF Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
3.8 jil - nfhs;sstp> ² jil - nfhs;sstp kw;Wk; jil - ² jug; g l; l jilap> nfhs; s stp kw; W k; 06
jil - J}z;b J}z;b njhlupizg;Gr; Rw;Wf;fspd; J}z;bg; ngWkhdq;fis L.R.C khdpiag;
njhlupizg;Gj; jlq;fy; gad;gLj;jp mstpLthu;.
njhFjpA+lhfg; ² nfhs;sstp kw;Wk; J}z;bfspy; gag;igf;
ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; fzpg;gpLthu;.
kw;wk; Nthy;w;- ² mstplg;gl;l ngWkhdq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp
xt; n thU njhFjpapdJk; jlq; f iy
wsitg; gad;gLj;jp
fzpg;gPL nra;thu;.
'jlq;fiyf;"
² xt;nthU njhFjpfspD}lhfTk; ghAk;
fzpg;gPL nra;thu;.
kpd;Ndhl;lk; kw;Wk; toq;fy;
Nthy;w;wsTfisg; gad;gLj;jpf;
fzf;fpl;l jlq;fy; ngWkhdj;ij NkNy
ngwg;gl;l jlq;fYld; xg;gpLthu;.

² Xutj; i j kw; W k; % mtj; i jj; ² % mtj;ijj; njhFjpapd;

08
njhFjpfspy; Neuj; j pw; F Vw; g Nthy;ww; sTfSf;F ,ilNaahd mtj;ij
MlNyhl;l Nthy;w;wsT khWgLk;. NtWghLfis tpsf;Fthu;.
² Xutj; i j kw; W k; % mtj; i j ² gpujhd tY tpepNahf epiykhw;wpapd;
Kjw; RUs; kw; W k; Jizr; RUs;
njhFjpfspd; mtj;ij tupg;glk;.
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpjj;ij tupg;glj;jpd;
² % mtj;ij njhFjpapd;
%yk; fhl;Lthu;.
cLj;njhLg;G kw;Wk; nly;lh njhLg;G
² cL ,izg;G kw;Wk; nly;lh ,izg;Gj;
² cLj;njhLg;G kw;Wk; nly;lh njhFjpfspd; Nfhl;L (top) Nthy;w;wsT
njhLg;Gj; njhFjpapd; tY Nfhl; L (top) kpd; N dhl; l k; > mtj; i j
Nthy; w ; w sT mtj; i j kpd; N dhl; l k;
Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
² cL ,izg;Gj; njhFjp kw;Wk; nly;lh
,izg;Gj; njhFjp vd;gtw;wpy; tYtpw;fhd
Nfhitfis vOjpf;fhl;Lthu;.
² njhopw;rhiyfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w
kpd; cgfuzq;fspy; cL ,izg;Gf;fs;
kw;Wk; nly;lh ,izg;Gf;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;w re;ju;gg
; q;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

16
 tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
myF Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
04 04 fl;ll 4.1 fl; l l epu; k hzpg; G ² Xu; tifg;gLj;jypw;Nfw;g ² epu;khzpg;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; jputpaq;fisg; 04
epu;khzpg;G eltbf;iffspy; - ,aw;ifj; jputpaq;fs; ngaupLthu;.
eltbf;iffspy; gad;gLj;Jk; - cw;gj;jpj; jputpaq;fs; ² epu; k hzpg; G eltbf; i ffspd; NghJ
epak jputpaq;fis ² ,d;Ndhu; tifg;gLj;jypw;Nfw;g gad;gLj;jf;$ba jputpaq;fspd;
ghlg;Gyj; tifg;gLj;Jthu;. - jpz;kj; jputpaq;fs; ,ay;GfSf;F Vw;g> mtw;iwg;
jfty;fis - fl;Lkhd jputpaq;fs; g a d ; g L j ; j j ; j f ; f r e ; j u ; g ;gq;fisg;
filgpbg;ghu;. - ghJfhg;G jputpaq;fs; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
² epu;khzpg;G eltbf;iffspy;
gad;gLj;Jk; jputpaq;fspd;
,ay;Gfs;
- (rhjhuz) ngsjpf ,ay;Gfs;
- nghwpKiw ,ay;Gfs;
- ntg;g ,ay;Gfs;
- ,urhad ,ay;Gfs;

4.2 fl; l l epu; k hzpg; G ² fl;Lf; Nfhynkhd;wpy; fl;lg;gl;l kw;Wk; 04

² fl;Lkhz tiffspd; Njitfs; fl; L f; N fhyj; j py; my; y hJ fl; l g; g l; l
eltbf;iffspy; -ghupa gug;nghd;wpd; kPJ Vw;wpa
gad;gLj;Jk; nrq;fw; Rtu;fs; kPJ Rik Vw;Wtjhy; Vw;gLk;
Rikapd; gq;fPL tpisTfis tptupg;ghu;.
fl; L khz tif- - gq;fPl;il nraw;gLj;Jifapy;
fisg; ngaupl; L ² nghwpapaw; nrq;fy;nyhd;wpd; mstPLfis
ftpT (Lap) epu;zapf;Fk; Kiwia tptupg;ghu;.
vspa fl; L khz- ² nghwpapaw; nrq;fy;
nkhd;iwf; fl;Lthu;. ² Rtu; %iynahd;wpYk; nrq;fy; J}z;nfhz;l
² msT fl;nlhd;wpy; nrq;fy; gug;Gk; Kiwiaf;
² ,ay;Gfs; fhl;Lk; vwpag;glq;fs; (Projections) tiuthu;.
² nrq;fw; fl;Lkhd tif ² Rtu; %iynahd; i wf; fspr; r he; j pdhy;
² ePbirf;fy; fl;Lkhdk; fl;Lthu;.
² jiyf;fy; fl;Lkhdk;
² Mq;fpyf; fl;Lkhdk;
² gpNykpR fl;Lkhdk;
(xw;iw / ,ul;il)

17
 tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
myF Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
4.3 fl;Lkhd eltbf;- ² fl; L khd eltbf; i ffSf; n fd ² cilgUq; f y; i y gad; g Lj; j p rpwpa 06
iffSf;nfd cilfy; gad;ghL fl;nlhd;iwf; fl;Lthu;.
- msT ² mupfw;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Rtu;%iy xd;iw
cilfy;> nfhq;fwP W; - epyj;jpw;F fPohd NtiyfSf;fhf
mupfy; > rP n ke; J fspr;rhe;jpdhy; fl;Lthu;.
- Rtu;fis epiy nfhs;Sjy;
mupfy; Mfpatw;wpd; - cyu; fl;LNtiy (rhe;J ,d;wp)
gad;-ghl;il tpsf;fp - cilf;fy;yhy; fl;Ljy;
v s p - i k a h d ² fl;Lkhd eltbf;iffSf;fhf
fl;nlhd;iw nfhq;fpwPw;W mupfy;> rPnke;J
mikg;ghu;. mupfy; gad;ghL
- msT
- ,izg;G Kiw
- JisAila> Jisaw;w mupfy;

²nfhq; f pwP w ; w pw; f hfg; gad; g Lj; J k; ² nfhq;fpwPw;fspy; mlq;fpAs;s $Wfspd; 06

4.4 f l ; l l e p u ; k h z jputpaq;fs;
,ay;Gfis tptupg;ghu;.
eltbf;iffspy; - fl;Lkhdj; jputpaq;fs;
- Ez;zpa jpus;fs; ² gy;NtW NjitfSf;F Vw;g nfhq;fpwPw;Wf;
nfhq;fpwpw;Wg; gad;-
- jpus;fs; fyitapd; tpfpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
ghl; i l tpgupj; J
- eP&w;Wk; fhuzp ² nfz;b yptupw;fhd tYT+l;liy
vspikahd nfhq;- - gad; g Lj; J k; jputpaq; f spd; epiyg;gLj;Jk; Kiwia tupg;glk; %yk;
fpwPw;W jl;nlhd;iw ,ay;Gfs; fhl;Lthu;.
Mf;Fthu;. ²gy;NtW nfhq;fpwPw;W ² tYT+l;ly; ,uz;il ,izf;Fk; Kiwia
fl;likg;GfSf;fhf
tupg;glk; %yk; fhl;Lthu;.
- fyit tpfpjk;
- jug;gLj;jg;gl;l fyitfs; ² gy;NtW epu;khzpg;Gf;fspd; fk;gpj;jlg;gl;b
² nfhq;fpwPw;W tYT+l;ly; (stirrups)gad;gLj;Jtij tptupg;ghu;.
² vspa jhq;fpfs;
² nfd;b yPtu;
² fk;gpj;jlg;gl;bg; gad;ghL(Stirrups)
- tYT+l;lypw;fhd fhuzk;
- tYT+l;Lk; Kiw
- nfhq;fpwPw;W fyitaply;
- fk;gp tisj;jy;
- nfhq;fpwPw;W gug;GjYk;
epiyg;gLj;jYk;

18
 tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
myF Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
4.5 fl;blnkhd;wpd; ² fl;blnkhd;wpd; fl;likg;G ² fl;llq;fs; epu;khzpf;ifapNy mjd;kPJ 04
kPJ nrYj;Jk; - fl; l lnkhd; w pd; Rik jhq; F k; Rkj;jg;gLk; Rikfisg; gw;wp mtjhdpg;gpy;
jputpaq;fs; <LgLthu;.
Rikfis
- fl; l lnkhd; w pd; jputpaq; f spd;
tifg;gLj;jpf; ² fl;llq;fspd; kPJ nray;gLk; Rikfis
RikfSk; Vw;wg;gl;l RikiaAk;
fhl;Lthu;. jhq;Fjy; tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
² fl;llq;fspd; kPJ Vw;gLk; Rik
- kha;r;Rik
- kW Rik
- #oy; Rik
- Vida Rikfs;
² $iufs;> Rtu;fs;> jiufs;> J}z;fs;
kPjhd Rikfs;

4.6 vspa ² kuj;jpyhd $iuapd; gFjpfs; ² vspa $iu tifAk;> $iu tYr;rl;lg;gly; 04
$iunahd;wpd; - $iuapd; gFjpfSk; mtw; w pd; ( Roof Truss) g w ; w p a F w p g ; G f ; f i s A k ;
fl;likg;ig msTfSk; tpguq; f isAk; jpul; b Gj; j nkhd; i wr;
- mt;tt; tiffSf;Fg; nra;thu;.
tptupg;ghu;.
gad;gLj;Jk; mupku tiffs;
- $iu Nta; nghUs;
² $iu tiffs;
- jl;ilahd $iu
- rha;Tf; $iufs;
² $iu tYr;rl;lg;gly; (Truss)
- Kf;Nfhz mikg;G
- rhjfkhd Kiw
- $iu tYr;rl;lg;gly; tif
- kuk;
- mluply;
- cUf;F

19
 tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
myF Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
4.7 f l ; b l j ; j p w ; f h d ² mj;jpthuk; ,Ltjw;fhd Njit ² mj; j pthuj; j pd; gFjpfisg; ngaupl; L 06
mj; j pthuq; f spd; - fl; l lj; j pw; F ,lg; g Lk; Rik mtw;wpd; mtrpaj;ij tptupg;ghu;.
gfpu;e;J nry;tjw;fhf
t i f f i s ² mj;jpthu tiffisAk; mtw;wpd;
- rkkhd Nkw;wsnkhd;iwg;
tpku;rpg;ghu;. ngWtjw;F tpNrlq;fisAk; tptupg;ghu;.
- kz;zpw;W nrYj;Jk; Rikapd; ² gy; N tW tifahd mj; j pthuq; f spd;
typikiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; NtWghLfis tupg;glq;fis Kd;itj;J
-fl; l lnkhd; w pd; cWjpepiy tptupg;ghu;.
epyj; j pd; fP o pUe; J ngw; W f;
nfhs;sy;
² mj;jpthuj;jpd; gFjpfs;
- mj;jpthuf; fplq;F(mfop)
- %L nfhq;fpwPw;Wj; jl;L (Screed
concrete)
- mbgPlr; Rtu; (Plinth wall)
- gpd; epug;Gjy; (Back Fill)
- fPo; epug;Gjy;
- <uk;Gfhtsp (<uTWj;jp) D.P.C
² mj;jpthuk; tiffs;
- vspa fP y k; (Plain strip)
- xLq; f pa fP y k; (Narrow strip)
- mfykhd fP y k; (wide strip)
- tYT+l;lg;gl;l fPyk;
² NtW mj;jpthuk;
- n j g ; g k ; ( Raft Foundation)
- g h u K i d ( Pile Foundation)

20
 tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
myF Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
4.8 fl; l lq; f Sf; f hd ² fjT> ad;dy; mikg;gjw;fhd fhuzk; ² f j T > ad;dy; mikf;ifapy; 04
fjT> ad;dy; - Eiotij fl;Lg;gLj;Jj;J- NjitfisAk; msTfisAk; tpsf;Fthu;.
r l ; l q ; f i s tjw;fhf ² fjT> ad;dy;> rl;lq;fSf;F %bfis
- xspia toq;Ftjw;fhf ,izf; F k; Kiwia tupg; g lk; %yk;
njhlu;ghff; ftdQ;
- tspia ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf tptupg;ghu;.
nrYj;Jthu;. - jPapypUe;J ghJfhg;gjw;fhf
² fjT ad;dy; rl;lq;fspd; $Wfs;
- jiy (Head)
- fk; g k; (Jambo)
- epiyr; r l; l k; (Threshod)
- epiygb (Sill)
- tpl;lf;fy; / ghTgb
- tpjhdj; jthspg;Gf;fSk; khy;fs;
(moulding) nghWj;Jk; Kiwfs;

² Rtu;fis Neu;j;jpahf;Fk; nray;Kiwfis

4.9 f l ; b l q ; f s p y ; ² Rtu;fis Neu;j;jpahf;fy;
- fhiuaply; (Plastering)
gad;gLj;Jk; Kbg;G - fhiuaply; fyit (Plaste mixes)
Kiwfis (Finish-
- fhiuaplr; nra; j y; (Applications)
ing) tptupg;ghu;. ² jsj;ij Neu;j;jpahf;fy;
- kf; N fw; W jy; (Rendering)
- %L nfhq; f pwP w ; W (Screeds)
- fyit (mixes)
- Neu; j ; j pahf; f y; (Applications)
² epwg;G+r;rply;
- Rtu; Nkw;wsj;ij jahu; nra;jy;
- mbg;gil epwg;G+r;rply;
- Neu;j;jpahf;fspd;
ntspj;jsq;fs;
tptupg;ghu;.
04
² tPl;Lj;jsq;fis Neu;j;jpahf;Fk;
nray;Kiwfis tptupg;ghu;.
² epwg; G +r; R G+Rk; N ghJ gpd; g w; w Ntz; b a
nray;Kiw El;gq;fis tptupg;ghu;.
² ad; d y; > fjTfs; (kuk; / cNyhfk; )
Neu;jj
; pahf;Fk; nray;Kiwfis tptupg;ghu;.
² kuk; > cNyhfk; > Rtu; > tP l ; L j; j sk;
Nghd;wtw;wpd; Nkw;wsj;jpw;F nghUj;jkhd
mbg; g ilg; G+r; R tiffisg; gw; w p
gl;banyhd;iwj; jahupg;ghu;.
cs;>

21
 tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
myF Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
4.10 fl;blq;fs; ² fl;blq;fs; epu;khzpf;ifapy; ² fl;ll epu;khzpg;G njhlu;ghd 04
epu;khzpf;ifapy; rl;ljpl;lq;fs; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; rl;ljpl;lq;fSld; ghlrhiyapy;
Njitfs; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;s fl;llq;fs;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; mj;NjitfSld; ve;j msTf;Fg;
- ghJfhg;G
rl;lG+u;tkhd - Rfhjhuk; nghUe;Jfpd;wJ vdg; guprPypj;Jg; ghu;g;ghu;.
epiyikfis - eyd;Gup
tpsf;Fthu;. ² Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf;
nfhs;tjw;fhd rl;luPjpahd
tplaq;fs;
- tPjp Nuif
- fhw;Nwhl;lj; jpir
- fhw;Nwhl;lKk; ntspr;rKk; (Ven-
tilation and Lighting)
- miwfspd; msTfs; (eP s k; >
mfyk;> cauk;)
- tbtha;f;fhy;
- cs;@uhl;rp kd;wj;jpdJ
jifikr;rhd;wpjo; 04

² fl;bl epu;khzpf;ifapy; Njitahd

4.11 epu;khzpg;G tplaq;fs; ² epu; k hzpg; G j; J iwapy; gad; g Lj; j g; g Lk;
Ntiyj;jsnkhd;wpy; - Njhz;Ljy; (mfo;jy;) Excavation ,ae;jpuhjpfspdhy; nra;ag;gLk;
gad;gLj;Jk; - ghuk; Vw;Wjy; Loading Ntiyfisg; gw; w p tptupg; g hu; .
,ae;jpu - , W f ; F j y ; Compaction
cgfuzq;fs; - jug; g Lj; j y; Grading
- Jisj; j y; Drilling
gw;wpf; Nfl;lwpthu;.
- CJjy; Blasting
- cau; j ; J jy; Lifting
- epWTif Erecting
- fyj; j y; Mixing
- ghTjy; Paving
² NtiyfSf; f hfg; gad; g Lj; J k;
,ae;jpuhjpfs;
- kpd;dpay; ,ae;jpuk;
- NtW ,ae;jpuq;fs;

22
myF Nju;rr
; p Nju;r;rpkl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww;NgW ghlNtis

05 05 cw;gj;jp 5'1 Mf;fk; xd;wpd; ² juk; njhlu;ghfj; jhf;fk; jpl;l mwpTWj;jy;fs;> epge;jidfisg; 02
eltbf;iffspd; juj;jpidg; nrYj;jg;gLk; fhuzpfs; gpd;gw;Wthu;.
NghJ njhopy; NgZtjw;Fj; ² nghUj;jkhd nghUl;fs; juj;jpidg; NgZtjw;F Maj;j
El;gtpaypw;F Njitahd ² xj;Jg;NghFk; cgfuzk; epiyapid ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.
cupathW fhuzpfis ² rupahd El;gKiw
nghUl;fs; > El;g tpsf;Fthu;. tptuf;$w;Wf;Fg; nghUe;jf;$ba
Kiwfisj; jd;ik
njupT nra;thu;

5:2 cw;gj;jp ve;jputpay;; rhu;e;j nghUl;fs; nghUl;fis tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.

Mf;fnkhd;wpw;Fg; cNyhfk; cNyhfky;yhj mt;tg; nghUl;fSf;F cupj;jhd 06
nghUj;jkhd cNyhfk; - ngu]; ,ay;Gfis tpsf;Fthu;.
nghUl;fisj; njupT ngu]; my;yhj Kbg;nghd;iwr; nra;Ak;NghJ
nra;tjpy; Rj;jkhd cNyhfk; nghUj;jkhd nghUl;fisj; njupT
Mu;tq;fhl;Lthu;. (fyg;gpy;yhj cNyhfk;) nra;Jnfhs;thu;.

fyg;GNyhfk;
,aw;if my;Nyhfk;
kuk;> ,wg;gu> fy;

nraw;if my;Nyhfk;
nraw;if ,wg;gu;> gpsh];bf;
tif.
² nghUl;fspd; ,ay;Gfs;.
² ngsjpf ,ay;Gfs; (Physical
Properties)
- mlu;j;jp - (Density)
- Nkw;gug;gpYtpir-(Surface
tension)
- ghFepiy - (Viscocity)
- cUFepiy (Melting Point)
- nfhjpepiy (Boiling Point)

23
myF Nju;rr
; p Nju;r;rpkl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww;NgW ghlNtis

² ,urhad ,ay;Gfs; (Chemical

Properties)
- xl;irl;Lg; gbAk; vjpu;g;Gj;
jd;ik (Corrosion Resistance)
- ,urhad nraw;ghl;bw;F
vjpuhd (Chemical Inertness)
² kpd; kw;Wk; fhe;jtpay;G
(Electrical & Magnetic Properties)
- jil (Resistance)
- flj;Jjpwd; (Conductivity)
- fhe;jg;gha mlu;;j;jp
(Magnetic Flux Density)
² nghwpKiw ,ay;G (Mechanical
Properties)
- ,OgLe;jd;ik (Ductility)
- nkd;wflhFe;jd;ik
(Melleability)
- td;ik (Hardness)
- typik (Toughness)
- vspjpy; nehUq;Fjd;ik
(Brittleness)
- kPs;jd;ik (Elasticity)

5'3 Mf;fk; ² ifapdhy; ,af;Fk; cgfuzq;fs;. ² c w ; g j ; j p r ; nrad;Kiwapd;NghJ 06

nra;Ak;NghJ ² msf;Fk; milahskpLk; gad;gLj;jf;$ba fUtpfisAk;
nghj;jkhd fUtp cgfuzq;fs; cgfuzq; f isAk; Ntwhf; fpf; fhl;Lthu;.
cgfuzq;fisg; ² ntl;Lk; cgfuzk;. ² xNutifahd cgfuzq;fspilNa
ghJfhg;ghf gy;tifik cs;sd vd;gij
² JisapLk; cgfuzq;fs;
gad;gLj;Jthu;. Vw; W f; n fhs; t hu;
² rPTk; kw;Wk; Nja;f;Fk;
cgfuzq;fs; ² nghUj;jkhd fUtpfs; cgfuzq;fisj;
² Neu;j;jpahf;Fk; cgfuzk; njupT nra;tjw;F Kaw;rpg;ghu;.

24
myF Nju;rr
; p Nju;r;rpkl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww;NgW ghlNtis

² tY cgfuzq;fs; (Power tools) ² cupa Neuj;jpy; fUtpfisAk;

- cNyhfkupAk; ths; cgfuzq;fisAk; guhkupg;gjw;F
Kaw;rpg;ghu;.
- JisapLk; nghwpfs;.
² jpl;lnkhd;wpw;F mika jbg;ghd
- filr;ry; ,ae;jpuk;
fdkhd cNyhfj; Jz;nlhd;wpdhy;
(Lathe Machine)
Mf;fnkhd;iwj; jahupg;ghu;.
- miwf;Fk; ,ae;jpuk; (Grinder)
- tbtikf;Fk; ,ae;jpuk;
(Shaping Machine)
- Jisj;jy; ,ae;jpuk;
(Boaring Machine)
² njupT nra;jy;.
² tpguf;$w;W
² nray;fs;
² guhkupj;jy;
² cuha;T ePf;fy;
² FspNuw;wy;.
² nghwpapd; ,af;fNtfk;.
² rPu;nra;jy;.
² Nja;e;JNghd ghfq;fis
khw;Wjy;.

² cUtikj;jy; (tbtikj;jy;) ² gy;NtW Mf;fq;fisr; nra;Ak;NghJ

5'4 Mf;fnkhd;iwr; 06
(Forming) gy;NtW tbtq;fisAila
nra;Ak;NghJ ghfq;fs; Njitg;gLfpwJ vdgijf;
cupa gFjpfis - Fspu; tbtikj;jy;
fhl;bf ;nfhLg;ghu;.
tbtikf;Fk; - nrt; tbtikj;jy;.
² tbtikf;Fk;NghJ nghUj;jkhd El;g
Kiwfisg; ² tbtikf;Fk; El;gKiwfs;. Kiwiaj; njupt nra;thu;.
gad;gLj;Jthu;. - kbj;jy;> tisj;jy; ² Njitahd rupahd tbtj;ijg;
- KWf;Fjy;; ngWk; tifapy; tbtikj;jiyr;
nra;thu;.

25
myF Nju;rr
; p Nju;r;rpkl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww;NgW ghlNtis

- jfu;j;jy;
- RUl;Ljy;.
- nehUf;Fjy;
- ghfq;fis mfw;Wjy;.
- fk;khiy Ntiy.
² tbtikg;gjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd
,ay;G
- fzpFjd;ik (Plasticity)
- nkd;wflhf;Fe;jd;ik
- vspjpy; cUFjd;ik
² tbtikg;gjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd
gjk;
- tY
- mKf;fk;
- ntg;gepiy
- tpuptiljy;
- FspuilAk; Ntfk;.
² tbtkhf;fy; nra;Ak;NghJ
ftdj;jpw;nfhs;sNtz;ba
tplaq;fs;.
² tpuptilAk; tpLntsp
² Neu;j;jpahf;fYf;fhd tpLntsp

5'5nraw;ghLfspd;NghJ ² ghJfhg;G ² ghJfhg;G eilKiwfisAk; 04

- jdpegu; mwpTWj;jy;fisAk; gpd;gw;Wthu;.
ghJg;Gg; gw;wp
- nghUs; ² ghJfhg;ghf Ntiyfis epiwNtw;Wthu;.
ftdk;
- KbTg;nghUs;
nrYj;Jthu;. ² tpgj; J f; f isj; jtpu; j ; J f; n fhs; t jw; F j;
² tpgj;Jf;fs;; epfof;$ba tpjk;
Njitahd ebtbf;iffis vLg;ghu;.
- fUtpfSk; cgfuzq;fSk;.
- nghwpfs;.
- kpd;rhuk;

26
myF Nju;rr
; p Nju;r;rpkl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww;NgW ghlNtis

- neUg;G jP
- ,urhadg; gjhu;j;jq;fs;.
- gpioahd El;g Kiwfs;
- gapw;rpapd;ik

5'6 KbTg;nghUnshd;iw ² ghfq;fis xd;W Nru;j;jy;. ² KbTg; nghUnshd; w pw; F upa gFjpfis 06
Mf;Fk;NghJ mjd; xUq; F Nru; ; f ; F k; gy; ; N tW Kiwfis
² ifapdhy;
ghfq;fis xd;W tptupg; g hu; .
² nghwpfs; %yk;
Nru;f;Fk; ² nraw;ghL nghUl;fs; ,lk;> juk;
² xl;Ljy;. - Bold vd; g tw; w pw; F Vw; g xUq; F Nru; f ; F k;
nghUj;jkhd
El;gKiwfisj; ² Gup Mzp ,Ljy;. nghUj;jkhd Kiwiaj; njupTnra;thu;.
Njbaha;thu;. ² ,izg;G Kiwfs;. ² rupahd El;gKiwfisg; gpd;gw;wp KbTg;
² jiwjy;. nghUSf;fhd ghfq;fis xUq;F
² cUf;fp xl;Ljy;. Nru;g;ghu;.
² nkd;gw;whRgpbj;jy;
² td;gw;whRgpbj;jy;
² kpd;xl;Ljy;.
² fk;khiy fha;r;rp xl;Ljy;
² kpd;tpy;Kiw fha;r;rp
,izj;jy;
Electrical Arc Welding
² fk; k hiy cUf; f papizj; j y; -
fha;r;rpapizj;jy;
- tpy; Xuplf; fha;r;rpapizj;jy;
Arc spot welding
- rlj;Jt thAf; fha;r;rp
apizj;jy (; TIG Welding)
- (MIG Welding)

27
²
myF Nju;rr
; p Nju;r;rpkl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww;NgW ghlNtis

5'7 cw;gj;jpj; Jiwfsp;y; ² C.N.C nghwp ² cw;gj;jpr; nraw;ghLfspd;NghJ fzpdpiag; 04

fzpdpiag; gad; ² tiutpyf;fzk; gad;gLj;jp Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nraw;ghLfspd;
gLj;jp nghwpfisf; ² ghag;gLj;jy; %yk; Njit gpioapd;ik> Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wpa
fl;Lg; gLj;Jk; - cNyhfq;fis ntl;Ljy;. jfty;fis xd;W Nru;g;ghu;.
,af;Fk; El;g - cNyhfq;fis kbj;jy;. ² Kiwahdjhf me; j j; jfty; f is
Kiwfs; gw;wpa - filryply; mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
jfty;fis Ma;T ² mD$yq;fs; - gpujp$yq;fs;.
nra;thu;.
² gy; N tW Mf; f q; f s; njhlu; g hf ² nghwpapay; rhu;ej
; epUkhzpg;GfSf;fhd jpl;l 04
06 06 nghwpapay; ² 6.1 fl;Ljy;>
epUkhzpj;j;jy; tiuag;gl;l jpl;l tiuGfs;. tiuG tiffis tptupj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
rhu;e;j Mf;f
NtiyfSf;F ² nghwpapay; uPjpahd ² jpl;l tiugpid tiuAk;NghJ
NtiyfSf;fhd
tiuag;gl;l jpl;l epUkhzpg; G fSf; f hf tiuag; g l; l gad;gLj;jg;gLfpdw; FwpaPLfspd;
jpl;l tiugpid
tiugpidg; guprPyid jpl;l tiuGfs;. ePu; toq;fy; ; tbfhy; gad;ghl;bid tpsf;Fthu;.
tiuthu;.
nra;J mjNdhL kw;Wk; ² epUkhzpg; G ld; njhlu; G ila jpl; l
njhlu;Gila ² kpd; d pay; Jizr; rhjdq; f is tiugpidj; njhlu;GgLj;jpg; gFg;gha;T
jfty;fis mikg;gJ njhlu;ghf tiuag;gl;l nra;thu;.
tpgupg;ghu;. jpl;l tiuGfs;.
² jpl; l tiugpid tiuAk; N ghJ
gad;gLj;Jk; FwpaPLfs; mlq;fpa
Fwpg;Gfs;.

6'2 ² nghwpapay; rhu;e;j ² ngd;rpy; tiffs; ² Nfj;jpu fzpj cgfuzq;fisg;

NtiyfSf;fhd gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ rupahd KiwfisAk;
04
² msTNfhy; tiffs;
jpl;l tiugpid ² Nfj;jpu fzpj cgfuzj;njhFjp re;ju;g;gq;fisAk; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
tiuAk; NghJ ² tiugyifAk; Jizr;rhjdq;fSk;. ² tiuAk; cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp
Nfj;jpu fzpj epakr; rl;lfj;ij tiue;J fhl;Lthu;.
² fhfpjhjpfSk; epak msTfSk;.
cgfuzq;fisAk;
² epakq;fs; ² jug; g l; L s; s jfty; f spd; g b vspa
epakq;fisAk;
² msTj; jpl;l tiffs; cgfuznkhd; wpid mstpilf; F tiuthu;
.
gad;gLj;Jthu;.
² ,Nuif tiffs;
² epakr; rl;lfKk; mstPLk;.
² NfhL tiffs;
² vOj;Jf;fSk; ,yf;fq;fSk;.
² gupkhzk;.

28
myF Nju;rr
; p Nju;r;rpkl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww;NgW ghlNtis

6'3 Ntiyg; ² vwpa tiffs; ² gy;NtW jsq;fisAila jpz;kg;

gFjpnahd;wpw;Fupa ² rktsT vwpak; nghUl; f is rktsntwpa Kiwf; F
jpl;l tiugpid tiuthu;. 12
² nrq;Fj;njwpak;. Dimetric
vwpag;glj;ij ² jug;gl;Ls;s NfhzKiwf;F Vw;g jpz;kg;
tiuAk; Kiwapy; ² ,ay; fhl;rpKiw Perspective method
nghUl; f spd; ; nrq; F j; n jwpa tiuik
tiue;J fhl;Lthu;. ² rktsT vwpak;. tiuthu;.
² fpilj;jsk; (rkjsk;) ² rktsT vwpa tiuGfspd; jstbtj;ij
² rha;jsk; nrq;Fj;njwpa tiuGfspd; jstbtj;Jld;
² nrt;tftbtj; Jis xg;gpl;L njspTgLj;Jthu;.
² tl;ltbtj;Jis ² vspa nghwpfspd; ghfq;fs; epUkhzpg;Gj;
² nrq;Fj;njwpak; njhlu;ghf tiuGfs; vd;gtw;iw vspa
Kiwf;F Vw;g tiutjw;fhd
² Neu;tpspk;G
Maj;jepiyiaf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jthu;.
² kiwthd tpspk;G
² tl;ltbthd tpspk;G

² rpj;jpupg;G Mf;fq;fs;
6'4 fl;Ljy;; ² rpj;jpupg;G Mf;fq;fis Kd;itf;Fk; NghJ
² xUq;fpize;j tbtq;fs;. 10
NtiyfSf;Fr; cs;slf;fNtz;ba jfty;fisj;
rpj;jpupg;G ² mstplg;gl;l jpl;lk;. njspTgLj;Jthu;.
Mf;fq;fisj; ² rktsTj; Njhw;wk;. ² rpj;jpupg;G Mf;fq;fspd; NjitiaAk;
jahupj;J ² ghfq;fSk; Jiz cWg;Gf;fSk;. Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; fhl;bf;nfhLg;ghu;.
Kd;itg;ghu;. ² msTfs;> jfty;fs;. ² cj; N jr KbTg; nghUnshd; w pw; f hd
² msTj;jpl;lk;. rpj;jpupg;G Mf;fnkhd;iwj; jahupg;ghhu;.

² Free Cad fzpdp nkd;nghUs; ² Free Cad nkd;nghUspd; ; njhopw;ghl;bid 06

6'5 ;fzpdp nkd;nghUs; ² n k d ; n g h U i s g ; tpsf;Fthu;.
gad;gLj;jp vspa gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd ² Free cad Ig; gad;gLj;Jk; rhjdj;jpy;
jpl;ltiunghd;iw mwpTWj;jy;fs;. fhzg;gLfpd;w jfty;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
tiuthu;.
² nraw;ghl;bw;fhd RUf;ff; Fwpg;G ² gadgLj;Jk; menu itg;
nghUj; j khdthW gad; g Lj; j p vspa
jpl;ltiunghd;iw tiuthu;.

29
 .
myF Nju;rr
; p Nju;r;rpkl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww;NgW ghlNtis

07 njhopy; 7'1 msf;Fk; fUtpfspd; ² msf;Fk; cgufuzq;fs; ² msf;Fk; cgfuzq;fspd; gy;tifikika 04

El;gtpay; nraw;gLfpd;w ² Neub - Neuhd tpgupg;ghu;.
,ay;Gfis
nraw;ghLfs; cjhuzk;: ntg;gkhdp msTNfhy; ² nraw;gLk;NghJ gy;tifikf;F mika
kw;Wk; mbg;gilahff; msf;Fk; cgfuzq;fis NtWgLj;jpf;
nfhz;L Ntiyf;Fg; ² Nfhz tbthd
re;ju;gg; q;fspdN; ghJ fhl;Lthu;.
nghUj;jkhd cjhuzk; ghifkhdp> mirAk;
mq;ff P upf;fg;gl;l ² czupfs; my;yJ khW flj;jp
msf;Fk; RUs;
msTfisg; ,lg; g l; L s; s cjhuzk; : ntg; g khdp>
cgfuzq;fisj; ² czupfSk;. khWflj;jpfSk;. fjpkhdp
gad;gLj;Jthu;. njupTnra;thu;. ² nghUs; fUj;J tpsf;fk;.
² mstpLk; cgfuzk;.: ntg;gkhdp>
fjpkhd ,yj;jpudpay; juhR>
fpspNghd;khdp.

7'2 mstPLfis rupahf ² msj;jy; tOf;fs; ² msf;Fk; cgfuzq;fspd; mstPLfSld; 06

vLf;Fk; Maj;j ² msTj;jpl;lk; ,Ljypd; tOf;fs; njhlu;Gila tpguf;$w;iw
epiyiaf; ² xOq;fpd; tO mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
fhl;rpg;gLj;Jthu;. - njhlupyf;f tO ² mstPL xd;wpd; gpioapd;ikia
mbg; g ilahf; nfhz; L Ntiyf; F g;
- G+r;rpaj;jpw;Fr; rPu;nra;jy;.
nghUj; j khd mdf; F k; Jisf; F k;
² mstPLfisg; NgZtjpYk; cgfuzq;fisj; njupT nra;thu;.
thrpj;jypYKs;s tOf;fs;
² msTfspd; tOf;fisf;
² czu; jpwd; Xk; / Nthy;w; Fiwj;Jf;nfrhs;Sk; Kiwapidg;
² kpfr; rpwpa msT. gad;gLj;jp msTfis vOg;ghu;.
² Ntdpau; msTj;jpl;lkply;
² Neu;NfhL tl;l Rw;wsT.
² msTj;jpl;lk;.

30
 myF Nju;rr
; p Nju;r;rpkl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww;NgW ghlNtis
z;L
06
7.3 mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jk; ² ngsjpf myFfSk; mijnahj;j ² ru;tNjr myfpid rupahff; fhl;Lthu;.
NghJ nghUj;jkhd ru;tNjr myFfSk;. ² rupahd myfpidj; njupT nra;thu;.
ru;tNjr myfpidg; - fhyk; Neuk; ² msTfis myFld; ntspapLthu;.
gad;gLj;Jthu;.
- ePsk;
- jpzpT
- epiw rf;jp
- mKf;fk;.
- kpd;mYj;j NtWghL
- kpd;Ndhl;lk;.
- rf;jp Ntiy
- tY
² nrwpT
- xsp
- GNshnuhspu;T

08. ,yf;fk; 8.1. ,af;f ² mbg;gil ,af;f tiffs; ² nghwpapDs; mlq;fpAs;s ,af;f tiffis 06
kwWk; tY tifnahd;iw gpw - Row;rp Rotating NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
CLflj;jy; ,af;ftifnahd;wpw;F ² ,af;f tifnahd;iw NtnwhU ,af;f
- Neu;Nfhl;L Linear
mbg;gil khw;Wk; tiff;F khw;Wthu;;.
elj;ijfspd; - epfu;khw;W Reciprocating
mDgtj;ijg; ² ,af;fj;jpy; khw;wQ;nra;af;$ba
El;gKiwfis ngw;Wf; nfhs;thu;. - miyT Ocsilating
gupkhzj;ij tpgupg;ghu;.
Ma;e;jwpthu;. ² ,af;fg; gupkhw;wQ; nra;Ak;
nghwpKiw
² ePl;Lk; cUl;Lk; RUs; nghwpKiw
² Row;rp epfu;khw;wk;
- nghwpKiw

31
myF Nju;rr
; p Nju;r;rpkl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww;NgW ghlNtis

- Row;rp epfu;khw;wk;.
- Row;rpj;jz;Lk; ,izg;Gr;
rpy;Yk;.
(Neu;Nfhl;L Row;rp)
- jpUFg; Gup nghwpKiw.
(Row;rp Neu; Nfhl;L)
² ,af;fj;jpy; khw;wf;$ba ,ay;Gfs;.
- Ntfk;.
- jpir.
² nghwpKiw
² Rf;fhdj;jz;L nrYj;Jk;
- juq;F Jizg;nghwp
(Beval gear)
² kz;GOr; rpy;Y (worme wheel)
² vj;jhdKk; rpWgw;rpy;Yk; Rack &
Pinion
² ,af;fk; jpUk;g tUtijj; jLj;jy;.
² gw;Row;rpg; nghwpKiw. ( Ratchet
Machanism)

² nghwp ² gy;NtW nghwpfspd; njhopw; ghLfSf;fhfg;

8:2 gy;NtW
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s nghwpKiwiag; gw;wp
nghwpfSf;Fupa - jfd vd;[pd; - I.C. Engine 4
tpsf;Fthu;.
vspa nghwpKiwAk; - cUthf; F k; nghwp (Shapning
njupT nra;ag;gl;l ² Ntiyf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd ,af;fg;gupkhw;w
Machine)
,af;fg;gupkhw;wk; cj;jpfis tpgupg;ghu;.
- fha;r;rpabj;jy; nghwp.
Vw;gLk;tpjk;gw;wpf; tiuthu;.
Nfl;lwpthu;. - ifg;gk;gp Hand pump
² nghwpfspy; ,af; f g; g upkhw; w cj; j pfs;
mlq;fpa tupg;glq;fis tiuthu;.

32
myF Nju;rr
; p Nju;r;rpkl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww;NgW ghlNtis

8.3 gy;NtW ² gy;NtW nghwpfs; ² tY CLflj;jy; Kiwfisj; njupT nra;J 04

NjitfSf;fhf -tPl;by; cgNahfpf;Fk; nghwpfs; nfhs; S k; NghJ ftdk; nrYj; j g; g l
tYtpd; Njitia (kpd; tprpwp> <UUsp> ijay; nghwp) Ntz;ba Njitfis tpsf;Fthu;.
tprhupj;jwpthu;. - njhopw;rhiyapy; cgNahfpf;Fk; ² rf; j p ,og; i g kpff; Fiwg; g jw; f hd
nghwpfs; (kuk; mupAk; nghwp>
Kiwfisg; gpNuupg;ghu;.
ePu;g;gk;gp)> fla;r;rnye;jpuk; (Lathe)
² Njitfs;
- tY KjYf;Fk; tY
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,lj;jpw;Fk; cs;s
J}uk;
- rf;jp tbk;
- tpir
- Ntfk;
- KWf; f k; (Torque)
- jpir

² nghwpKiwA+lhf tY CLflj;jy; 04
8.4 gy;NtW tY ² nghwpKiwA+lhf
² ,aq;Fk; ehlhf;fs; (Belt Drive) KiwfspilNa njupTnra;j tY
CLflj;jy;
CLflj;jy; Kiwapd; nghUj;jg;ghl;il
Kiwfis ² ,aq;Fk; rq;fpypfs; (Chain Drive)
cWjpg; g Lj; J tjw; f hd fhuzq; f is
² ,aq;Fk; gw;rf;fuq;fs; (Gear Wheel Kd;itg;ghu;.
Drive)
² nghwpKiw kw;Wk; gpw tY CLflj;jy;
Kiwfspd; mD$y> gpujp $yq; f is
xg;gpLthu;.

² jput tY CLflj;jy; ² jput kl; L k; cuha; T fpsr; r pd; tY 06

-mD$y - gpujp$yk; CLflj;jg;gLk; tpjj;ij tpgupg;ghu;.
-rf;jp ,og;G ² tY CLflj;jy; cj;jpfspy; gad;gLk;
- cuha;T (Friction) fhuzkhf Jizf; $Wfspd; Njitfis tpgupg;ghu;.
- tOf;fpr; nry;yy; fhuzkhf
² fpsr; R Clutch
- fpsr;rpd; mtrpak;

33
myF Nju;rr
; p Nju;r;rpkl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww;NgW ghlNtis

² fpsr;R tiffs; Clutch

- nghwpKiwf; fpsr;R
- jputf; fpsr;R
² jLg;Gj; njhFjpfs;
- jputj;jpdhyhd
- nghwpKiwapdhyhd
² Jizf;$Wfs;
- gwg;Gr; rpy;Y (Fly wheel)
- gpizg;G %l;L (Coupling)
- Nghjpif (Bearing)

09 9 ghJfhg;ghdJk; 9.1 ,ae;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; ² ,ae;jpuq;fs;> MAjq;fSld;

njhlu;ghd tpgj;J Kjy;fs;
² njhopw; r hiy xd; w py; Vw; g lf; $ ba 02
kdpj ,ay;G- MAjq;fSld; tpgj;Jf;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
f S f ; F g ; njhlu; g hd tpgj; J - ² Copau;fspd; ghJfhg;gpd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ² tpgj;J Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzk; kw;Wk;
nghUj; j khd f; f spdhy; Vw; g Lk; mjd; ghjpg;Gf;fis tpgupg;ghu;.
ghjpg; G f; f s; kw; W k; ² tpgj;Jf;fSf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
ey;y Ntiyr;
ghJfhg;gpd; Kf;fpaj;- ² tpgj; n jhd; w pd; vjpu; k iwahd
#oy; xd; i w
jhf;fq;fs;
cUthf;Fthu;. Jtk; vd;gtw;iw
Ma;e;jwpthu;.

9.2 njhopw; r hiyfspy; ² njhopw;rhiyfspy; tpgj;Jf;fisj;

Vw; g Lfpd; w tpgj; J - jLj;jy;. ² tpgj;Jf;fis jtpu;g;gjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd 02
f;fisj; jLf;Fk; ² ,ae;jpuq;fspy; ,aq;Fk; Kiwfisg; gpNuupg;ghu;.
Kiwfisg; gpNuupg;ghu; gFjpfSf;fhd ghJfhg;G %bfs;
² nghUj;jkhd ghJfhg;G Milfs;

9.3 t p g j ; J f ; f i s f ; ² tpgj;Jf;fisf; Fiwf;Fk; nray;fs; ² tpgj;Jf;fspd; jhf;fk; kpff; Fiwthf

02
Fiwg;gjw;Fj; ² gof;fk; / mDgtk; ngw;wpUj;jy; ,Uf;Fk; gbahf> Ntiy Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
² Kiwahf Ntiy nra;jy;
Njitahd ghJfhg;G ² tpgj;Jf;fSld; $ba Ntiyfspd;
Kd;eltbf;iffisg; NghJ Nkw;nfhs;sNtz;ba
gpd;gw;Wthu;. jLj;jy; gbKiwfs;

34
myF Nju;rr
; p Nju;r;rpkl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww;NgW ghlNtis

9.4 Ntiyj; jsk; ² njhopy;rhu; Rfhjhug; ghJfhg;G ju ² Ntiyapy; <LgLk; NghJk; mjd; gpd;dUk; 02
xd;Wf;fhd ju epu;za epakq;fs; R f h j h u k ; ( Sanitation) g w ; w p f ; f t d k ;
epu;zaq;fis ² ISO 18000 nrYj;Jthu;.
tpsf;Fthu;. ² ILO njhopyhsu; ju epu;zak; ² Ntiyj; jsr; #oypy; ISO kw;Wk; ILO
² ru;tNjr juj;jpyhd Ntiyr; Rw;whly; Copau; ju epu;zaq;fisg; gpd;gw;Wthu;.
² Ntiyr; #oypy; cs;s Kd;Df;Fg;
gpd; Kuzhd jd;ik

9.5 gaDWjpia ² kdpjg; gzpj;jpwdpay; ² gaDWjpia mjpfupf; f r; nra; t jw; F k;

mjpfupf;fr; ² njhopw;rhiyfspy; khdplg; MNuhf;fpaKk; trjpAKs;s Ntiyr; #oy; 04
nra;tjw;fhf gzpj;jpwdpaiyg; gad;gLj;Jtjdhy; xd;iw cUthf;Ftjw;F khdplg;
kdpjg; cs;s mD$yq;fs; gzpj;jpwdpaiy cgNahfpg;ghu;.
gzpj;jpwdpaisg; ² Nkhl;lhu; thfdq;fspy; khdpl gzpj;
gad;gLj;Jthu;. jpwdpaiyg; gad;gLj;jy;

35