rmwdum

1/ ed'gef;
2/ todtjrif A[kokw
(1) tm%m
(2) emcHr_
(3) ajymif;vJjcif; (4) rsKd;
(4) qef@usifuef@uGufqENjy/ ryl;aygif;raqmif&Guf/ 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;?
(5) acgif;aqmifr_
(6) 0g'jzef@csda&;
3/ pDrHudef;a&;qGJjcif;qdkif&mu|rf;usifr_
(1) jy\emajz&Sif;jcif;
(2) pDrHcsuf
(3) r[mAsL[m
(3) r[mAsL[majrmufawG;ac:jcif;
4/ pDrHudef;a&;qGJ&mwGif xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;&rnfhtcsufrsm;
(1) a=umuf&HG@r_
(2) nSyfyl;nSyfydwftajctaeodk@ &efoltm;usa&mufapjcif;
(3) vlxkyg0ifr_
(4) avhvma&;
(5) EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_udk npfnrf;aponfhtcsufrsm;
5? tpD&ifcHpmwifjcif;
(1) EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_vkyfief;rsm;twGuf wifjyaomtpD&ifcHpm
(2) 0g'jzef@csda&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf tpD&ifcHpm
(3) =um;cHnSdE_dif;aqmif&Gufay;ol. tpD&ifcHpm
(4) etzowif;ay;ESifh ywfoufaom tpD&ifcHpm
(5) etz t"duyk*~dKvfrsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh ywfoufaom tpD&ifcHpm
(6) &&Sdaom owif;rsm;udk qufpyfnSdE_dif;jcif;/ oHk;oyfjcif;ðyvkyf&mrS aemufxyf&&SdEkdifaom
owif;rsm;
6? tm%m&Sifpepfudk òzdcGJjcif;
atmifjrifr_&+yD;/ wm0efvnf;,l&rnf?
7? aemufqufwGJrsm;
(1) 0g'jzef@csda&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf erlemyHkpHrsm;
(2) tpD&ifcHpmrsm;twGuf erlemyHkpHrsm;
(3) EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_wdkufyGJ rSwfwrf;"mwfyHkrsm;

usrf;udk;pm&if;
1? ed'gef;
EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_qdkonfrSm tb,fenf;?
EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_qdkonfrSm rdrdwdk@. tm;aumif;csufrsm;udk pepfwuspkpnf;+yD; &efol.
tm;tenf;qHk; ae&mudk csdef&G,fI t=urf;rzufaom enf;vrf;rsm;udk vdrfrmyg;eyfpGma&G;cs,f+yD;
awmfvSefwdkufcdkufaom enf;wckyifjzpfonf? wenf;tm;jzifh EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_qdkonfrSm
t=urf;rzufaom wdkufcdkufenf;udk qdkvdkayonf? qdkvdkonfrSm EdkifiHa&;ESifh ywfoufaom
&nf&G,fcsufrsm;twGuf (uef@uGufqENjyjcif;/ ryll;aygif;raqmif&Gufjcif;/ 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;)
ponfh t=urf;rzufonfhenf;rsm;udk toHk;òyjcif;yifjzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; tcsKd@u t=urf;rzuf
enf;qdkonfrSm ppfwm;qD;a&;twGuf t=urf;rzufaom enf;[lIvnf;aumif; t"dy`g,fvGJacsmfI
a&maxG;pGm ajymavh&Sdwwf=uonf? trSefpOfppftm;jzifh EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_qdkonfrSm etz ppf
tpdk;&. =oZmtm%mudk wrifoufouf zDqeftefwkjcif;udkqdkvdkayonf? etzcdkif; wmrSef
or#udk rvkyfaqmifbJaejcif;ESifh etz tay: rusKd;EGHbJaejcif;yifjzpfonf? jynfolvlxk. &nfrSef;
csufrsm; jzpfonfh EdkifiHa&;tm%m qkyfudkifEkdifa&;twGuf tpdk;&tm%mudk zDqeftefwkonfh
v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; jzpfvmrnfh jzpfpOfwckvHk; tusKH;0ifayonf?
EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_ tESpfom&rSm etz ppftm%m&Sifwkd@. vufwGif;odk@ usa&mufaeaom
tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&mrsm;udk rdrdwdk@vufwGif; jyefvnfa&muf&Sdvmap&ef jynfolvlxktrsm;pk}uD;u
rqkyfr&GH@bJ t=urf;rzufaomenf;rsm;jzifh tm%m&Sif etz ppftpdk;&.
tm%mt&if;tjrpfrsm;udk zsufqD;ypfjcif;/ ‚if;tjyif AsL[majrmuf }uHpnfaqmif&Gufr_rsm;ESifh
pnf;pepfusaom pDrHcsufrsm;udk toHk;ðyI tm%mzDqefr_udk ydkifydkifEdkifEdkif
aqmif&Gufjcif;yifjzpfonf? etz uJhodk@aom tm%m&Sif tpdk;&rsm;onf jynfolvlxk
trsm;pk}uD;. axmufyHhr_/ tultnDay;r_/ pdwfygvufyg yl;aygif;yg0if aqmif&Gufr_/ emcHr_
ponfwkd@udk rjzpfrae &&Sd&ef vdktyfayonf? tajccHt,ltqrSm tm%monf jynfolvlxk.
qENrSqif;oufvmonf? jynfolvlxkonf ‚if;wdk@. axmufcHr_/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_/ emcHr_wdk@udk
&kwfodrf;vkdufygu tm%mwckonf qufvufwnf+rJ&ef rjzpfEkdif awmhay? Tt,ltqudk
tajccHI EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_wkd@udk qifhuJ wdk;wufap=ujcif;yifjzpfonf? Todk@ tm%m&Sifwkd@udk
EkdifiHa&;tefwk r_enf;vrf;jzifh qifhuJwkd;wufI wdkufyGJ0if&m wGif tm%m&Sifrsm;.
tm;enf;csufrsm;udk pepfwus a&G;cs,fwkdufcdkufEdkif&ef rdrdwdk@. tm;aumif;csufrsm;udk
vdrfrmyg;eyfpGm/ pepfuspGm pkpnf;v_yf&Sm;&ef vdktyfayonf?

ppfa&; EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_ EdkifiHwum oHwrHa&;&mv_yf&S;r_

tm;aumif;csufrsm;

tm%m&Sifetz. tm;enf;csuf
 EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_ vkyfief;wGif atmufygt&nftcsif;(3)&yfudk
pepfwus aygif;pnf;I ðyrlaqmif&GufoGm;&ef vdktyfayonf?

EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_

todtjrif pDrHudef;a&;qGJjcif;qdkif&m pDrHudef;a&;qGJ&mwGif xnfhoGif;

A[kokw u|rf;usifr_rsm; pOf;pm;&rnfh tcsufrsm;
(Knowledge) (Planning skill) (Operational consideration)

2? todtjrifA[kokw (Knowledge)
(1) tm%m (Power)
tm%m.obm0
(11) tjcm;vlrsm;udk xdef;csKyfxm;Edkifaomt&monf tm%myifjzpfonf?
(22) tm%mwnf&SdyHk ESpfrsKd;&Sdonf?

tm%m&Sif 'Drdkua&pD
Power P tpdk;& Power P tm%m&tpdk;&

p p
p p
p p

People ppppp jynfol People pppp jynfol

(1) txufrS atmufodk@ (1) jynfolvlxkrS tkyfcsKyfol tpdk;&tm; tm%m

tm%mpD;qif;onf? tyfESif;onf?
(2) tm%mydkifqdkifr_ tajymif; (2) tm%mydkifqdkifr_ tajymif;tvJvkyf&ef
tvJvkyf&ef cufcJonf? vG,fulonf?
(3) tm%mydkifqdkifr_tajymif;tvJ rsm; (3) tm%mydkifqdkifr_ tajymif;tvJudk a&G;aumuf
udk ppfa&; wdkufyGJrsm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ yGJjzifh ðyvkyf=uonf?
ppfa&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_ yl;aygif; wdkuf (4) trsm;oabmudk aqmifonf?
yGJrsm;jzifhvnf;aumif; ðyvkyfcJh=uonf?
,cktcgYrl EdkifiHa&;tefwkwdkufyGJESifh EdkifiH emcHr_onf EdkifiHa&;
wumoHwrHa&;wdkufyGJrsm;jzpfyif ajymif; tm%m. aomhcsuf
vJoGm;aom EdkifiHtcsKd@&Sd.? jzpfonf? jynfolrsm;
remcHygu rnfonfh
tkyfcsKyfolr# tkyfcsKyfI
r&ay?
(4) tm%m&Sifwdk@xHYomtm%mydkifqdkifr_
}uD;rm;aewwf+yD; jynfolvlxkxHY tm%m
ydkifqdkifr_r&Sdoavmufjzpfonf?
(5)tm%m&Sifwdk@xHYom tusdk;pD;yGm;cHpm;
ydkifcGifhrsm;jym;aewwf+yD; jynfolvlxkxHYrl
tusdK;pD;yGm;cHpm;ydkifcGifhr&Sdoavmufjzpfae
wwfonf?

txufyg rnfonfhudpP&yf ESpfckwGifjzpfap/ vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;w&yfvHk;. tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh

vltrsm;. yl;aygif;yg0ifaqmif&Gufr_/ emcHr_ESifh tenf;qHk;wdwfqdwfaejcif;jzifh oabmwlnDr_rsm;
r&&SdbJv#uf tm%mudk usifhoHk; taumiftxnfaz:I r&acs?
(33) EdkifiHawmftm%m (Authority)
rnfonfh EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rqdk ‚if;wkd@. EkdifiHudk zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya't& tkyfcsKyfEdkif&ef
}udK;pm;=uonf? zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'qdkonfrSm wdkif;jynfESifh vlxkudk rnfodk@tkyfcsKyf&rnf qdk
onfudk tpdk;&tm;vrf;nGefjyXmef;xm;onfh tpdk;&ESifh jynfolt=um; oabmwlnDcsuf pmcsKyfjzpf
.? tm%m&SifpepfwGif zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya't& tkyfcsKyfjcif;udk twkta,mif usifhoHk;=uonf?
'Drdkua&pD pepfwGif zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya't& tkyfcsKyfjcif;udktESpfom&&Sd&Sd
tppftrSefusifhoHk;=uonf?
(c) tm%m.t&if;tjrpfrsm;
tm%mudkjzpfxGef;aponfh tajccHt&if;tjrpfrsm; -
(11) =oZmwduUr
(22) vltiftm;
(33) twwfynmESifh u|rf;usifr_
(44) vufqkyfvufudkifrjyEdkifonfh tcsufrsm;
(55) &kyf0wÎK tiftm;
(66) tjypfay;ta&;,ljcif;wdk@ jzpfonf?
(11) =oZmwduUr? ? vlxku tpdk;&onf w&m;0iftpdk;&jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh tpdk;&.
trdef@udk emcH=uzdk@ wm0ef&Sdonf[k ,Hk=unf=ujcif;?
(22) vltiftm;? ? tpdk;&. trdef@udkemcHI yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf ulnDolrsm;/
tkyfpkrsm; . ta&twGufESifh ta&;ygcsuf?
(33) twwfynmESifhu|rf;usifr_? ? tcsKd@aom tao;pdwfudpPrsm; ay:vmv#if
ulnDrnfh vkyfief;u|rf;usifolrsm;/ ynmwwf tvkyform; toif;tzGJ@rsm;?
(44) vufqkyfvufudkifrjyEdkifonfh tcsufrsm;/ jynfolwdk@. tultnDay;csifonfhpdwfrsm;/
trdef@emcHwwfonfh tusifhrsm; ay:vmatmif pdwf"mwfa&;&mESifh 0g'a&;&m jzm;a,mif;
aoG;aqmifcsufrsm;?
(55) &kyf0wÎKtiftm;? ? ypPnf;OpPm o,HZmw ypPnf;rsm;/ aiGtiftm;/ pD;yGm;a&;
pepf/ qufoG,fa&;/ o,f,lydk@aqmifa&; ponfwdk@udk tpdk;&u csKyfudkifxm;Ekdifaomtwdkif;twm?
 (66) tjypfay;ta&;,ljcif;rsm;? ? tpdk;& wnfwHhcdkif+rJa&;twGuf csrSwfxm; aom
rltwdkif; aqmif&GufEkdifa&;twGuf trdef@remcH/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif; rðyolrsm;udk +cdrf;ajcmuf
tjypfay;ta&;,lr_?
tcsKyftm;jzifhqdk&aomf tm%monf tkyfcsKyfoltpdk;&ESifh twdkuftcHtzGJ@tpnf; tm;vHk;
taejzifh ‚if;wkd@&nf&G,fcsuf aygufajrmufatmifjrifa&;twGuf aqmif&GufEdkifonfh vkyfaqmifEkdif
or# enf;vrf; tm;vHk; =oZmtm%m/ zdtm;ay;jcif;/ vkyfydkifcGifh usifhoHk;jcif;ESifh qkay;'%fay;jcif;
tm;vHk;wdk@yifjzpfonf?
(*) tm%m.a'gufwdkifrsm;
'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif tm%monf jynfolvlxk=um;Y tESH@tjym; jyef@ESH@v#uf&Sdonf?
odk@aomf wOD;wnf; txD;usefaejcif;jzifh tm%m&Sdvmrnfr[kwfay? wOD;csif;pDonf trsm;ESifh
pkaygif; vkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh tm%mjzpfxGef;vmEdkifonf? Todk@jzifh vltrsm;onf pkaygif;vkyfudkif
onfh tzGJ@tpnf;/ toif;tzGJ@rsm;udk xlaxmifaqmif&Guf vkyfudkifvm=uonf?
xkd@a=umifh tm%monf tzGJ@tpnf;/ toif;tzGJ@rsm;rS jzpfay:vm&onf? tpdk;&w&yf
taejzifh tm%m,l+yD; &yfwnfaeEdkif&eftwGuf ‚if;wdk@udk a'gufwdkiftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u axmufyHh
xm;&ef vdktyfonf? tm%m&SifpepfwGif vlxkudk,fwdkifxlaxmifaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;&Sd&ef
tvGefcufcJayonf? tm%m&Siftpdk;&taejzifh ‚if;wkd@.tm%mudk jzpfxGef;aprnfh
vlxktzGJ@tpnf; twkta,mifrsm;udk ‚if;wkd@a'gufwkdifrsm;tjzpf toHk;csavonf? etz.
tm%m a'gufwdkifrsm;rS -
(1) axmufvSrf;a&;/
(2) ppfwyf/
(3) jynfol@&J/ jynfol@ppf/ aomif;usef;ol qef@usifwdkufzsufa&;tzGJ@ (ouqz)
(4) 0g'jzef@csda&; ,EW,m;/
(5) jynfol@0efxrf;/
(6) }uH@zGwf/ jynfol@pGrf;tm;&SiftzGJ@ESifh
(7) EkdifiHjcm;&if;ESD;ðryfESHr_rsm; (UNOCAL, TOTAL "mwfaiG@ydkufvdkif; ukr`%Drsm;
ponfjzifh)
etz(SPDC Power)

axmuf ppfwyf &J/ jynfol@ppf/ 0g' jynfol@

vSrf;a& ouqz jzef@csda&; 0efxrf; }uH@zGwf

tm%m
 tm%m. a'gufwdkifrsm;onf tdrfwvHk;udk yifhrxm;aom wdkifrsm;ESifh o¾mefwlonf?
wdkifvHk;rsm;wvHk;+yD;wvkH; qGJz,fvdkufaomtcg tdrfonf òydvJ&onfhenf;wl EdkifiHa&; tHwkr_vkyf
ief;rsm;jzifh tm%m.a'gufwdkifrsm; (Plilars or Support) udk wck+yD;wck zGJz,fòzdcsvdkufaomtcg
tm%m&Sif pepfvnf; usqHk;&ayawmhonf?
(C) tm%mtwuftusudk az:jyonf@*&yfzf (Z,m;)
'Drdkua&pDudkvdkvm;onfhbuf etzudk axmufcHonfhbuf
(Pro-Democracy) (Pro-SPDC)

+5 +4 +3 +2 +1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5

88 ,ae@
ausmif;om;
88 ,ae@
jynfol@0efxrf;
88 ,ae@
&[ef;oHCm
88 ,ae@
tvkyform;
88 ,ae@
jynfol@&J
88 ,ae@
axmufvSrf;a&;
88 ,ae@
ppfwyf

(2) emcHr_ (Obedience)

+yD;cJhonfh tm%mtcef;Y jynfolwdk@. emcHr_&SdrSom tkyfcsKyfolwdk@. tm%mouf
a&mufEdkifa=umif; wifjycJh+yD;jzpfonf? ,ckqufvuf+yD; emcHr_ta=umif;udk avhvm&rnfjzpf
ayonf? emcHr_onf EdkifiHa&;tm%m. aomhcsufyifjzpfonf? jynfolrsm;remcHygu rnfonfh
tkyfcsKyfolr# tkyfcsKyfI r&ay? ‚if;wkd@onf EdkifiHa&;tm%mudk em;vnf&eftwGuf touf
aoG;a=umjzpfonf? ,if;tcsufonf tpdk;&wdkif;twGuf tm;enf;csuf aysmhuGufvnf;jzpfonf?
Ttm;enf;csufaysmhuGufudk wdkufcdkufEdkifv#if ppftm%m&SifpepfusqkH;EkdifonfjzpfI
taxmuftul&Sd&SdpOf;pm;pdwful;=unfhEkdif&ef&nf¶G,fI Tae&mwGif
“tm%m&SifpepfrS'Drdkua&pDodk@” (*sif;&Syf) pmtkyfrS tmcsdvdzaemifhykHjyifudk atmufygtwdkif;
xyfrHwifjyay; vdkufygonf?
tmcsDvd (Achilles ) zaemifhudk&Skm
a&S;acwf*&d'¾m&DwckxJwGif xdvdk@r&/ wdkufI rEdkifEdkif [k,lqcHxm;&ol xdEkdif/
EkdifEdkifa=umif; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;az:jyxm;onf? ppfol&Jaumif; tmcsDvdqdkolonf jrm;+yD; "m;+yD;[k
qdk=uonf? oluav; b0 wefcdk;}uD;jrpfjzpfaom “pwifjrpf” xJodk@ ol@udk ESpfcJhojzifh
ab;tEW&m,ftoGk,foG,frusa&mufEkdif a=umif; qdk=uonf? odk@aomfjim;vnf;
c|if;csufwckawmh&Sdonf? uav;tm;jrpfa&xJodk@arsmroGm;atmif rdcifu ‚if;. ajczaemifhav;udk
+rJatmifqkyfudkifxm;+yD;rS ESpfonfhtwGuf jrpfa&u ajczdaemifhudk rxd? uGufum usefcJhonf?
onfvdkESifhyif tmcsDvd t¶G,fa&mufvmonhftcg vltrsm;u ol@udk jrm;+yD;/ "g;+yD; onfhvl/
b,f&efol. vufeufrS rxdckdufEkdifonfhvl [k owfrSwfxm;=uonf? odk@aomfx¶GdKif ( Troy )
ppfyGJwGif ol. aysmhuGufudk odxm;olwOD;u tmcsDvd. zaemifhwae&monfomv#if ol@udk
xdcdkuf'%f&m &apEkdifonf[k !$efjycJhonf? xdk!$efjycsuftwdkif; zaemifhae&mwnfhwnfhudk
jrm;jzifhypf&m jrm;csufxd+yD; tmcsDvdvnf; aoqkH;cJh&onf? ,ckwdkif“tmcsDvd. zaemifh”
qdkonfrSm vlwOD;wa,muf. txdrcHEkdifaom aysmhuGuf pDrHudef;wck. vuf!ªd;xdk;p&mae&m/
tzGJ@tpnf;wck. tm;enf;csufudk qdkvdk onf?
EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_ r[mAsL[mudk a&;qGJolrsm;tjzifh txufygtcsufrsm;udk xdk;xGif;odjrif
=u&rnfjzpfonf?
jynfolrsm;tb,fa=umifh emcH&a=umif; em;vnfygrS EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_udk rnfodk@wdk;csJ@
vkyfqmif&rnfudk oabmaygufem;vnfvmrnfjzpfayonf? emcHr_udkjzpfay:apaom t&mrsm;rSm-

(11) tavhtusifh (Habit)

vlrsm;pGmwkd@onf ‚if;wdk@udk,fwdkif. tavhtusifha=umifh emcHr_udkjzpfay:apv#uf&Sdonf?
Oyrm- nzuf oef;aumifausmftcsdefwGif rD;yGdKifh rD;eDaev#if ,mOftoGm;tvm
&Sif;ygv#uf &yfem;aejcif;?

(22) ta&;,lcH&rnfudk a=umuf&GH@jcif; (Fear of Sanctions)

vlrsm;pGmwkd@onf tpdk;&rS ta&;,lrnfudk a=umuf&GH@I Oya'rsm;udk emcHv#uf&Sd=uonf?
'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&rsm;taejzifh jynfolrsm;rS Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; oabmw&m;rsm; (Rule of Law) udk
todynmay;jcif;jzifh Oya'udk oabmayguf vdkufem=uap&ef óud;yrf;onf? tm%m&Sif
tpdk;&rsm; taejzifhrl jynfolvlxktm; jyif;xefaomta&;,l ESdyfuGyfr_rsm; +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;
ðyvkyfv#uf rw&m;aom Oya'ESifh trdef@tm%mwdk@udk jynfolvlxkrS a=umuf&GH@r_twdjzifh
emcHvm=uap&ef óud;yrf;=uayonf?

(33) udk,fusKd;pD;yGm; (Self-Interest)

tcsKdŒaomjynfolrsm;onf rdrdwkd@. udk,fusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf trdef@rsm;/ Oya'rsm;udk
emcHvsuf&Sd=uayonf? ,if;uJhodk@ udk,fusKd;pD;yGm; =unfholrsm;xJwGifvnf; toGifrwlbJ
uGJjym;jcm;em;r_ &Sdaeonfudk awG@&onfhtwGuf udk,fusKd;pD;yGm;[lonfudkvnf; av;av;eufeuf
cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm&ef vdktyfvmayonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif etz. &ufpuf,kwfrmaom rl0g'rsm;udkyif
trdef@emcH taumiftxnfaz:ae=uonfh ppfwyfrS t&m&Sd§t&mcHrsm; }uH@zGwf trmcHrsm;onf
&mxl;wkd;wufa&;/ qkwHqdyf&&Sda&;/ taqmifta,mifESifh tcGifhxl;cH&Ekdifa&; pojzifh
twW}uD;aom udk,fusKd;pD;yGm; &&Sd&ef trdef@emcHvsuf&Sd=uonf?
odk@aomftcsKd@aom jynfol@0efxrf;rsm;onf etzudk rcspfaomfvnf; atmifhumerff;ae=u
&onf? ‚if;wkd@. b0&yfwnfa&;wnf;[laom r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfonfh udk,fusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf
etzudk emcHae=u&onf? olwdk@onf tjcm;enf;vrf;wckjzifh b0&yfwnf&ef tcuftcJ&Sd=u
ayonf? xdkolrsm;udk EdkifiHa&;tefwk wdkufyGJ0ifolrsm;taejzifh r&_wfcsoifhay xdkolrsm;taejzifh
‚if;wdk@vkyfudkifae&aom etz ,EW,m;wpHkwck. vkyfief;cGiftwGif; qufvufvkyfudkif&if;
etzudk tedrfhqHk;tqifhrSpwifI qef@usifr_rsm; ðyvkyfvmap+yD; aemufqHk;Y vHk;0remcHawmhaom
tajctaeodk@a&muf&Sdatmif pnf;&kH;&ayrnf?

(44) tusifhaumif;aomwm0efodpdwf (Moral Obllgation)

tcsKd@ jynfolrsm;. tusifhaumif;aomwm0efodpdwfonf tm%m&Sifwkd@vdktyfaeaom
emcHr_twGuf ta&;}uD;aom t&mwckjzpfayonf? “b,ftpdk;&yJwufwuf wdk@uawmh jynfol@
0efxrf;yJ/ 0efxrf;aumif;wa,mufjzpfzdk@ udk,fh0efxrf;wm0efudk udk,fausyGefzdk@omvdkw,f”
[laom rSm;,Gif;aomtjrifudk ypfy,f=u&rnfjzpfonf? jynfolvlxku tm%mtyfESif;aom
jynfol@tpdk;& rSomv#if jynfol@0efxrf;rsm;taejzifh 0efxrf;wm0efudk ausyGefpGm óud;pm;xrf;
aqmifzdk@ vdkayonf? ,cktcgYrl jrefrmEdkifiHY tm%m&Sifppftpdk;&omv#if rw&m;tkyfcsKyfae
ojzifh jynfol@0efxrf;rsm;taejzifh ppftm%m&Sifwkd@. 0efudkxrf;aqmif+yD; tqdyfyifa&ravmif;bJ
wdkif;jynftay: wm0efausyGefvdkpdwfudk 'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;twGuf wwyfwtm; jzpfvm
atmif EdkifiHa&;tefwkwdkufyGJ0ifolrsm;u pnf;&kH;oGm;=u&rnfjzpfonf?

(55) rodvdkufrodbmomemcHaejcif; (Zone of Indifference)

tcsKd@aomjynfolrsm;onf Oya'rsm;/ pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;/ ‚if;pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk
vdkufemae&jcif;wdk@udk *&kpdkufavhr&Sday? xdkolwdk@onf rodvkdufrodbmomjzifh Oya'rsm;udk emcH
v#uf&Sd=uonf? EdkifiHa&;tefwk wdkufyGJ0ifolrsm;onf txufygjynfolrsm;taejzifh tb,fa=umifh
rnfodk@rnfyHk emcHaqmif&Gufae=uonfudk &Sif;jyay;&efvdktyfayonf?

(66) rdrdudkrdrd ,Hk=unfr_r&Sdjcif; (Absence of Confidence)

tcsKd@aomjynfolrsm;onf rdrdwdk@. udk,fydkift&nftaoG;udk ,Hk=unfavhr&Sd=uay/ rdrdwdk@
udk,fwdkif qHk;jzwfaqmif&Guf&efvnf; qENr&Sd=uay/ xdkolrsm;udk tkyfcsKyfolrsm;u vGefuJpGm
vrf;!Gefr_rsm;/ qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; ay;avawmhonf? tcsKd@aomjynfolrsm;u tkyfcsKyfolrsm;onf
‚if;wdk@xuf qkH;jzwfcsufcs&eftwGuf ydkIt&nftaoG;&Sd=uonf[k xifjrif=uonf? txuf
az:jyyg jynfolrsm;onf EdkifiHa&; tefwkwdkufyGJudk atmifjrifpGm aqmif&GufEkdifrnf[kvnf;
r,Hk=unf=uacs EkdifiHa&;tefwk wdkufyGJ0ifolrsm; taejzifh tqdkygjynfolrsm; rdrdudk,frdrd
,Hk=unfr_&Sd pGm yg0ifvmatmif óud;yrf;& rnfjzpfonf? xdkjynfolrsm;udk
rodusKd;u|efxm;vdkufjcif;tm;jzifh ‚if;wdk@taejzifh rdrdudk,frdrd ,Hk=unfr_ r&Sdjcif;
qufvufwnf&SdaeOD;rnfjzpfonf?
tm%m&Sifrsm;tm; jynfolrsm;rS emcHr_ray;atmif rnfodk@aqmif&Gufrnfenf;?
tefwkzDqefjcif;onf vlwdk@. obm0jzpf+yD; emcHjcif;onf avhvmoif,l wwfajrmuf
vmjcif;jzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;tefwk wdkufyGJ0ifolrsm;taejzifh Toabmw&m;udk av;eufpGmoabm
aygufxm;&efvdktyfonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh uav;rsm;t&G,fY vl}uD;ay;pm;aom tpm;tpm
rpm;vdkjcif;/ olwdk@pm;csif&mpm;jcif;/ vl}uD;tdyfapcsifonfhtcsdefY rtdyfbJaeI olwdk@tdyfcsifonfh
tcsdefwGif tdyfjcif;/ +rD;aumifayguft&G,fwGif vl}uD;rsm;.qENudk vGefqefvsuf qHyif&Snfxm;jcif;/
rdef;cav;rsm;taejzifh ,Ofaus;r_ESifhqef@usifvsuf vdifpdwfudk E_d;aqmfaom t0wftpm;ray:w
ay:rsm; 0wfqifjcif;wkd@onf xif&Sm;aomjy,k*fwdk@yifjzpfonf? pmoifq&mtaejzifh twef;xJwGif
tzGJ@(2)zGJ@/ zGJ@ay;um wzGJ@rS “tb,fa=umifh ausmif;om;rsm; e0wtrdef@udk emcHae&oenf;”ESifh
tjcm;wzGJ@rS “tb,fa=umifhppfom; rsm; etz trdef@udk emcHae&oenf;”wkd@udk aqG;aEG; tajz
&Smcdkif;yg?
xdk@aemuf ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh ppfom;rsm;rS etzudk atmifjrifpGm tefwkzDqefEdkifonfh
enf;(3)ckqDudk oifwef;om;rsm;rS ðyvkyfay;=u&efjzpfonf? ðyvkyfEdkifaom enf;vrf;rsm;onf?
ao;i,f onfjzpfap/ }uD;rm;onfjzpfap t"dur[kwfay? ta&;}uD;qHk;rSm ausmif;om;ESifh
ppfom;wdk@ atmifjrifpGm aqmif&GufEdkifonfh enf;(3)ckpDjzpf&efom vdktyfygonf?
ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh ppfom;rsm;tygt0if jynfolwdk@udk pGef@pm;r_enf;yg;aom vkyfief;rsm; (Low
Risk Action) jzifh EkdifiHa&;tefwkwdkufyGJwGif pwifyg0ifvmap&efjzpfonf? ‚if;wdk@. EdkifiHa&;tefwk
wdkufyGJwGif yg0ifEkdif r_tm; ,Hk=unfr_ wjznf;jznf;wdk;yGm;ap+yD; jynfolwdk@. rdrdudk,fudk ,Hk=unfr_
wnfaqmuf&rnf jzpfonf?

(u) ausmif;om;rsm;. ae@xl;ae@jrwfrsm; (Oyrm-&Spfav;vHk;ESpfywfvnfae@)wGif aer

aumif;I ausmif;rwufEdkifa=umif; cGifhpmwifI ausmif;rwufjcif;?
(c) }uH@zGwftoif; r0ifbJaeI&v#if r0ifbJaejcif;? q&m§q&mrrsm; rdbrsm;rS
wqifhr0ifrae& zdtm;ay;r_&Sdvmv#if rvGJra&Smifom0ifI }uH@zGwf tvkyfrsm;udk rvkyfbJaejcif;?
(*) ausmif;pm=unfhwdkufrS pmtkyfrsm;/ ausmif;tdrfomrsm;/ tv#Of;oifhaomae&mrsm;wGif
etz qef@usifa&;aqmifyk'frsm;a&;jcif; (Oyrm- etz tvdkr&Sd)?
xdk@jyif ausmif;om;rsm;taejzifh vrf;rsm;/ txifu&ae&mrsm;wGif etzrS csdwfqGJxm;avh
&Sdaom qdkif;bkwfrsm;/ a=umfjimrsm;ESifh r*~Zif;rsm;. yxrpmrsufESmrsm;Y a&;om;az:jyavh&Sdaom
aqmifyk'frsm;udk tenf;i,fzsufjcif;/ jyifjcif;rsm; ðyvkyfvdkufjcif;jzifh t"dy`g,fajymif;jyefxGufoGm;
atmif (odk@r[kwf) wvGJwacsmfxGufoGm;atmif ðyvkyfEdkifygonf?
Oyrm? ? wdk@wm0efta&; (3) yg;[laom pum;&yfudk wkd@wm0efta&; (3)yg; [lI
vnf;aumif;/ wyfrawmfòzdcGJrnfht}uH wdk@vufrcH[laom pum;&yfudk wyfrawmfòzdcGJrnfht}uH
wdk@vufrcH [lIvnf;aumif; ajymif;vJEdkifygonf?
ppfom;rsm;u atmifjrifpGm aqmif&GufEdkifaom enf;vrf; (3) ck-

(u) a&S@wef;xGufv#if 0efxrf;rsm;udk cdk;v$wfjcif;/ ntcsdefY qef&duQmtdwfrsm;udk

usnfxdyfzl; tc|efrsm;jzifh xdk;azgufjcif;?
(c) ppfwyfESifhoufqdkifaom &kH;rsm;ESifh etz/ wtz/ ytz/ rtz &kH;rsm;. &kH;oHk;pm&Guf
pmwrf;rsm;tm; jcrsm;xnfhI ysufpD;apjcif;?
(*) ppfwyfo,f,lydk@aqmifa&;,mOfrsm;. um;bD;rsm;udk tcGifhta&;&csdefY rodrom
avavsmhjcif;?
(rSwfcsuf- pGef@pm;r_enf;yg;pGmjzifh aqmif&GufEdkifaom enf;vrf;rsm;udk erlemazmfxkwf
wifjy xm;jcif;jzpfonf?)
etz ppftm%m&Sifwdk@tm; jynfolrsm;taejzifh rdrdwdk@. emcHr_udk
tqifhqifhjyefvnf¶kwfodrf;I
qifhuJwdk;wufwdkufyGJ0ifumtm%m&Sifpepftm;t+yD;twdkif;zsufodrf;Ekdif&ef atmufyg
ynm&Sdarsmuf ykHjyif tm;avhvmoifhayonf?
ynm&SdarsmufykHjyif
[kd;a&S;a&S;wkef;u w¶kwfEkdifiH/ vDqdkwJh¶Gmuav;w¶GmrSm arsmufawGudk arG;pm;+yD;
cdkif;pm;um pnf;pdrftjynf@eJ@ aewJh arsmufq&m}uD;wa,mufaew,f/ ol[m arsmufawGudk
arsmufavSmiftdrfxJrSm xnfh wm;w,f? ol@rSm vl 4/5 a,mufavmufyg0ifwJh
arsmufxdef;wyfzGJ@vnf;&Sdw,f? arsmufq&m}uD;[m reufrdk; vif;wmeJ@ arsmufawGudk
arsmufavSmiftdrfxJu v$wfay;vkduf+yD; teD;tem;ywf0ef;usifw0dkufu awmtkyfxJ rSm
oGm;a&muf&Smcdkif;ygw,f?
arsmufawG[m tJ'DawmtkyfawGxJudk oGm;+yD; opfoD;0vH&SmazGum naeapmif;
&ifjyefvm=u&ygw,f? &vmor#opfoD;0vHawG/ opfOopfzkawGtm;vkH;udk arsmufq&m}uD;udk
jyeftyf&ygw,f? arsmufq&m}uD;u arsmufawG&SmvmwJhtxJu q,fykHudk;ykHudk ,l+yD;
wykHudkomv#if arsmufawGudk jyefay;ygw,f/
tJ'DvdkeJ@arsmufawG[m rsKd;qufawGwquf+yD;wqufajymif;vJoGm;w,f? arsmufq&m}uD;
cdkif;wJhtwdkif; yJ vkyfvmcJh=uw,f? 'gayrJh wae@rSmawmharsmufawG[m awmxJrSm tpm&Smae&if;
eJ@ c%tem;rSm arsmufrsKd; qufopfav;waumifu 'DawmxJu opfyifawGudk b,folvmpdkuf
xm;wmvJ/ igwdk@&J@ q&m}uD;u vmpkdufxm;wmvm;vdk@ pl;prf;+yD;ar;cGef;xkwfvdkufwJhtcsdefrSm
arsmuft}uD;awGu tHh=ooGm;=uw,f? 'gudk olwdk@ b,ftcsdefwkef;urS pl;prf;+yD; ar;cGef;rxkwfzl;
bl;? b,folrS vmpdkufxm;wmr[kwfzl;? ol[molaygufae w,fvdk@? tm;vkH;wòydifeuf
ajz=uw,f? “'gqdk&if igwdk@bmvdk@ igwdk@&Smxm;wJh opfoD;0vHawGudk arsmufq&m}uD; udk
ay;ae&rSmvJ?” vkd@ arsmufi,fav;u xyfqifhar;cGef;xkwfvdkufwJh tcsdefrSm arsmufawGtm;vkH;
tod^m%f tvif;a&mifwcsufvnf;& vdkuf=uw,f? 'gqdk&if igwdk@ 'Dae@ 'Dtcsdefup+yD; opfoD;
0vHawGudk arsmufq&m}uD;udk ray;awmhgbl;vdk@ 0dkif;ajym=uw,f? 'gayrJh tJ'DtxJrSm
tajrmftjrif&SdwJh arsmufrwaumifu igwdk@ csufcsif;'gudk vkyfvdk@ &yghrvm;? csufcsif;vkH;0ray;yJ
aevdkuf=u&if arsmufq&m}uD;&J@ tjyif;txefzdESdyfr_udk &ifqdkif&Edkifw,f? igwdk@'gudk vdrfrmyg;eyf
pGmaqmif¶Guf=u&r,f? 'gqdk&ifb,fvdkvkyf=urvJvdk@ 0dkif;+yD;ar;cGef;xkwf =uygw,f? r=umcifoifh
awmfwJh tcsdefrSm b,fvdkvkyf=urvJ/ &Sif;&Sif;ajym&&if igwdk@ awmfvSefa&;udk b,fvdkaqmif¶Guf
=u&rvJ qdkwmudk tpnf;ta0;w&yf odkodyfpGmusif;y+yD; qkH;jzwf=ur,fvdk@ tm;vkH;u oabmwl
vdkuf=uw,f?
'DvdkeJ@ r=umaomwae@rSm olwdk@&J@ awmfvSefa&;taumiftxnfaz:a&;qdkif&m tpnf;
ta0;udkusif;y =uw,f? tJ'DrSm arsmufESpfaumifu arsmufq&m}uD;udk cJeJ@xkzdk@/ wkwfeJ@ ¶dkufzdk@
t}uHðyw,f? tajrmftjrif&SdwJ@ arsmufru 'Dvdkt=urf;zufvvdk@ r&bl;? igwdk@ t=urf;zuf
Ekdifwmxuf arsmufq&m}uD;u ydkvdk@ t=urf;zufEkdif w,f? +yD;awmh igwdk@u 'Dvdkt=urf;zufr_udk
pvkyfvdkuf&if arsmufq&m}uD;u igwdk@udk t=urf;zufESdrfESif;zdk@ ta=umif;jycsuf aumif;aumif;
&oGm;apEkdifw,fvdk@ vdk@ajym+yD; t=urf;zufwJh enf;vrf;rokH;zdk@ olwdk@ qkH;jzwf vdkuf=uw,f?
+yD;awmht=urf;zufzdk@udk pwift}uHðywJh arsmufESpfaumifudkvnf; owdxm;&r,fvdk@ ynm&Sd
arsmufreJ@ arsmufrsKd;qufopfav;wdk@u arsmufv_yf&Sm;a&;rª;rsm;udk ¶dk;¶dk;om;om;wdwfwqdwf
vufwdk@ owd ay;vdkuf=uygw,f? +yD;awmh b,fvdkawmfvSefa&;qifE$J=urvJvdk@
qufvuftajz&Sm awmh wqifh+yD;wqifh v_yf&Sm;r_udk jr‡ifhwifzdk@ tvG,fulqkH;enf;vrf;eJ@
v_yf&Sm;r_udk pwifzdk@ olwdk@ qkH;jzwfvdkuf=uw,f?
odwfr=umcifrSmawmh arsmufawG[m awmxJudk tpmxGufwJhtcgrSm “rdrd0rf;pmzlvkH
a&;yxr” rlt& olwdk@[m yxrqkH;&wJh opfoD;awGudk ywf0ef;usiftajctaeudk =unfh+yD;
vkHòcHa&;tajctaeaumif;&if (arsmufowif;ay;awG vpf&if) cdk;pm;=uygw,f? arsmufawGu
olwdk@ tpnf;ta0;wkef;u t=urf;zufzdk@ v_H@ aqmfwJh arsmufESpfaumifudk arsmufq&m}uD;qD
owif;ay;aewJh arsmufowif;ay;ESpfaumif jzpfw,fvdk@ xifjrif,lqxm;=uygw,f? trSefwu,f
vnf; tJ'DarsmufESpfaumif[m arsmufq&m}uD;qDudk arsmufawG&J@ tajctaeeJ@ ywfoufyD;
ykHrSefowif;ay;ydk@aeygw,f?
arsmufawG[m o&ufoD;jzpfjzpf/ iSufaysmoD;jzpfjzpf opfoD;wvkH;vkH;udk olwdk@&J@jcif;xJ
t&ifrxnfhao; yJ ckf;pm;=unfh=uygw,f? ckd;pm;vkd@ atmifjrifoGm;wJhtcsdefrSm olwdk@[m
igwdk@vkyfvdk@&ygvm;qdkyD; rdrdudk,frdrd ,kH=unfr_ (Self-confidence building )
wnfaqmufvmEkdif=uygw,f? ,kH=unfr_&SdvmwmeJ@tr# ydkvdk@ vkyfcsifpdwfawG&Sdvm+yD;
vkyfvnf;vkyf&Jvm=uygw,f?
aemufwqifhtaejzifh arsmufawG[m apmapmrjyef=uyJ tcsdefqGJ+yD;rdk;csKyfrS jyef=uygw,f?
tJ'DtcgrSm arsmufq&m}uD;u arsmufawGudk bmvdk@ tdrfjyefaemufuswmvJvdk@ ar;ygw,f?
arsmufawGu 'Dywf0ef;usif w0dkufrSm opfOopfzkawGu &Sm;oGm;+yD? 'ga=umifh[kd;a0;a0;vHvHrSm
vdkuf&Smae&wma=umifh tckvdkrsKd;tdrfjyef aemufuswm jzpfw,fvkd@ arsmufawGu olwdk@
óudwifpOf;pm;xm;wJh ta=umif;jycsufawGay;=uygw,f? arsmufq&m}uD;taeeJ@t=uHtdkuf oGm;
ygw,f? tJ'Dvdk tcsdefaemufus+yD;rS tdrfjyefwma=umifh arsmufq&m}uD;[m jcif; awGxJu
[if;oD;[if;¶GufawG / opfoD;0vHawG aumif;aumif;ygryg ppfaq;zkd@ tcsdefodyfr&awmhbl;?
+yD;awmh reufjzefopfoD;0vHawG òrd@wufa&mif;zdk@vnf; aumif;aumif;rpDpOfEdkifawmhzl;? arsmuf
q&m}uD;&J@ pDrHcef@cGJr_udk taeSmifht,SufjzpfoGm;apcJhygw,f?
aemufwqifhtaeeJ@ arsmufawG[m arsmufq&m}uD; [if;oD;[if;¶Gufjcif;awGudk aumif;
aumif;rppf aq;Edkifawmhwmudk tcGifhaumif;,l+yD; [if;oD;[if;¶GufawGudk jcif;awGxJ xnfhwJhtcg
yGa,mif;xnfhwmawG/ xdk;xkd;axmifaxmifeJ@ odwfr0ifatmifxnhfwmrsKd;awG trSnfhvGefwJh
opfoD;awGudk xnfhwmawG vkyfvm=uyg w,f? tJ'Dvdk arsmufawGu tpDtpOf&Sd&Sd aqmif¶Gufvm
aewmawGudk arsmufowif;ay;ESpfaumifuvnf; arsmufq&m}uD;qDudk ‚if;wdk@pkHprf;&oavmuf
owif;awG ay;ydk@aeygw,f? wcsdefwnf;rSmyJ arsmufawGuvnf; arsmufxdef;wyfudk olwdk@tay:
pmemzdk@/ arsmufqdkwm awmxJrSm obm0tavsmuf vGwfvGwfvyfvyfaerS aysmfa=umif; tckvdk
avSmiftdrfxJrSmae&+yD; arsmufq&m}uD;cdkif;wJh[mawGudk vkyf&wmraysmfydkufa=umif; &Sif;jy um
pnf;¶kH;ygw,f? arsmufxdef;wyfrS wcsKd@yk*~dKvfrsm;u arsmufawG&J@ta&;udk pmemvm=uygw,f?
tJ'DvdkeJ@ arsmufowif;ay;awGqDu owif;&xm;wJh arsmufq&m}uD;u arsmufawGudk
olwdk@&J@jcif;awG xJrSm opfoD;0vHawG aumif;pGmxnfhrxnfh wnaerSmawmh aoaocsmcsm ppfyg
awmhw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm arsmufwaumif&J@ jcif;[m yGa,mif;a,mif;eJ@ csOfaygif¶Gufcsnf;yJ
xnfhvmwmudkawG@awmh arsmufq&m}uD;u tJ'Darsmufudk ¶dkufygw,f? tJ'Darsmufav;[m
acgif;uGJoGm;ygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm arsmufowif;ay;ESpfaumif [m arsmufawGudk cJeJ@ jyefypfzdk@
ajr‡mufay;ygw,f? 'gayrJh ynm&Sdarsmufru tJ'Dvdkjyefrvkyfzkd@ arsmufawGudk ajym+yD;
a'goxGufaewJh arsmufawGudk avSmiftdrfawGudk zsufqD;zdk@ ynm&Sdarsmufru v_H@aqmfvdkuf
ygw,f? ynm&Sdarsmufrudk,fwdkifuvnf; avSmiftdrfwvkH;ay:wuf+yD; igwdk@awmfvSefa&; t+yD;
owfatmifyGJqifzdk@ tcsdefwef+yDjzpfa=umif; / 'ga=umifharsmufwdkif;tm;vkH;yg0if+yD; igwdk@udk csKyfaESmif
xm;wJh arsmufavSmiftdrfawGudk zsufqD;ypf=uzdk@ arsmufq&m}uD;&J@trdef@udk vkH;0remcH=uawmhyJ
awmxJrSm arsmufobm0tavsmuf vGwfvGwf vyfvyf t+yD;tydkifoGm;ae=uzkd@ wdkufwGef;wJhrdef@
cGef;wck a[majymvkdufygw,f? arsmufawGuvnf; “awmxJrSm vGwfvGwfvyfvyfae&a&; 'dk@t
a&;” qdk+yD;aºuG;a=umf=uygw,f?
tJ'DtcsdefrSm arsmufq&m}uD;[m ol&J@ arsmufxdef;wyfudk ynm&Sdarsmufrudk cJeJ@ypfzdk@
trdef@ay;ygw,f? arsmufxdef;wyfxJu arsmufawGu trdef@remcH=uygbl;? 'gayrJh arsmufowif;
ay;ESpfaumif[m arsmufq&m }uD;&J@ trdef@udk emcH+yD; cJeJ@ypfvdkufvdk@ ynm&Sdarsmufr&J@
ezl;udkrSefum ynm&Sdarsmufruvnf; ezl;uGJoGm;+yD; avSmiftdrfay:rS ðywfusum owdvpfarharsm
oGm;ygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm arsmufawG[m ydkvdk@a'goxGufvm=u+yD; tJ'Da'goawGudk ydkIjyif;xefwJh
awmfvSefa&;pdwf"gwftjzpfajymif;vJum aºuG;a=umfoHawGudk tm;eJ@rmefeJ@ ydkvdk@ aºuG;a=umfvm=u
ygw,f? arsmufxdef;wJh wyfawGxJu trsm;pk[mvnf; arsmufawG&J@ aºuG;a=umfoHawGudk
oHòydifvdkufaºuG;a=umf=u&if; arsmufawGudk axmufcHvm=uygw,f?
“arsmufq&m}uD;xGufoGm;/ arsmufq&m}uD;udk tvdkr&Sd” pwJh aºuG;a=umfoHawGudkvnf;
aºuG;a=umf vm=uygw,f? aemufqkH;rSm arsmufq&m}uD;[m ol&J@owif;ay;ESpfa,mufeJ@twl
xGufajy;oGm;ygw,f? ol@zm omol tpm&Smrpm;wwfwJh arsmufq&m}uD;[m r=umcifrSmyJ
tpma&pmiwfjywf+yD; aoqkH;oGm;ygw,f?
arsmufawGuawmh olwdk@acgif;aqmifynm&Sdarsmufrudk awmxJrSm aq;ukvdkufwJhtcsdefrSm
ynm&Sd arsmufr[m jyefaumif;oGm;ygw,f? aemufqkH;rSmawmharsmufawG[m awmxJrSm
aysmfaysmf¶$if¶$ifaexdkifoGm; =uygawmhw,f?

(3) ajymif;vJjcif; (4)rsKd;?

vl@abmif tzGJ@tpnf;onf v_yf&Sm;ajymif;vJaeonf? &yfwnfaeonfr[kwf vlr_v_yf&Sm;r_
onf }uD;onfi,fonfr[l ajymif;vJr_w&m;&Sdae+yD; rnfonfht&mr# twnft+rJr[kwf/ ol@zuf
udk,fhzuf =oZmtm%m csdefcGifv#mrsm;onf t+rJajymif;vJonf? tv#iftjrefvnf; ajymif;vJoGm;
wwfonf? tm%monf t&nfoabmaqmifonf v_yf&Sm;ajymif;vJaeonf? Tv_yf&Sm;ajymif;
vJr_rsm;udk pepfwus avhvmaomtcg ajymif;vJjcif; yHko¾mef (4)rsKd;jzifh ajymif;vJaeonfudk
avhvmawG@&Sd&onf? EdkifiHa&;tefwkwdkufenf;rsm;a=umifh xdktajymif;tvJ (4)rsKd; jzpfvmEdkifyg
onf? yxrtajymif;tvJ enf;vrf;rsm;u jzpfawmifhjzpfcJvSonf? owWd&Sd&Sd EdkifiHa&;tefwk
wdkufae=uolrsm;. cHpm;ae&onfh qif;&J'kuQudk &efoltpdk;&bufuae+yD; u&k%moufvmonfh
tcg odk@r[kwf tm%mzDqefolrsm;bufu &nf&G,fcsufrsm; rSefuefa=umif;udk tusKd;oifh
ta=umif;oifh ta=umif;jyI tpdk;&u em;vnfr_&SdoGm; onfhtcg awmfvSefolwdk@. &nfrSef;csuf
rsm;udk vufcH=uvdrfhrnf? tm%m&Sifrsm; TuJhodk@ pdwfajymif;vJoGm;atmif ðyvkyfjcif;
(Conversion) [kac:onf? EdkifiHa&;tefwk wdkufenf;jzifh xdkodk@ pdwfajymif;atmif ðyvkyfjcif; onf
wcgw&Hjzpfwwfaomfvnf; jzpfawmifhjzpfcJjzpfygonf? wcgw&H b,f awmhrS rjzpfyg?
jzpfv#ifvnf; rajymyavmufyg?
 jzpfyGg;aeaom yÉdyuQ. tajctaeESifh jynfolwdk@. pdwfoabmxm;rsm;udk ajymif;vJ+yD;
EkdifiHa&;tefwk wdkufenf;udk oHk;onfhtcgvnf;&Sdygonf? xdkodk@vkyfvdkufonfhtwGuf tpdk;&buf
u vkyfcsifovdkvkyfI rjzpfawmh/ xdktajymif;tvJ&SdvmonfhtwGuf tjcm;ajymif;vJr_ (3)rsKd;
vnf; ay:aygufvmEdkifonf? ‚if; (3)rsKd;rSm vdkufavsmjcif; (Accomodation) t=uyfudkif+yD;
udk,fhbuf ygvmatmifwdkufwGef;jcif; (Coercion) ESifh &efoltkyfpkudk vlqdk;vlaumif;cGJjcm;um
tuGJuGJ tjym;jym; jzpfatmifvkyfjcif; (Disintegration) wdk@jzpfonf? rnfonfh tajymif;tvJrsKd;
jzpfonfqdkonfrSm tm%mvGefqGJr_wGif 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;bufudk tm%mb,ftwdkif;
twmtxd ajymif;vm onf§rvmonfudk =unfh&rnf? yÉdyuQjzpfaeonfhudpPudk csufcsif;oabm
wl ajyvnfoGm;atmif uGJvGJae onfh tcsufrsm;udk ol@bufudk,fbuf Z,m;csEdkifatmif tay;
t,lvkyfEdkifatmif rnfonfhtajccHrsKd;jzifh vkyf=urnfenf;? tu,fItwdkuftcHjzpfaeonfhudpP
u odyfta&;r}uD; twdkuftcHrsm;bufu xx ºuGºuG v_yf&Sm;awmif;qdkonfh tcsufrsm;uvnf;
tpdk;&udk odyftEW&m,fðyEdkifyHkray:? tm%mvGefqGJr_wGif tcsKd@twdkif;twmtxdavsmh+yD;
vdkufavsmEdkifv#ifvuf&Sd jzpfaeonfh yÉdyuQudk oabmwlajyvnf oGm;atmifvkyfEdkifonf?
Tajymif;vJr_udk vdkufavsmjcif;[kac:onf? tvkyform;oydwfrsm;wGif TuJhodk@ vdkufavsm
vmatmifvkyf+yD; ajyvnfr_&oGm;wwfonf? ESpfOD;ESpfbufpvHk;vdkvm;csufrsm; &wefoavmuf
&=uonf? b,fbufurS udk,fvdkcsifonfht&mrsm; tm;vHk;r&yg? tpdk;&uvnf;vdkufavsm+yD;
ajyvnf atmif vkyfay;vdkufv#if tusKd;&Sdrnf[k jrifvmvddrfhrnf?
Oyrm- wif;rmaeonfh udpPrsm;udk tqifajyatmif vkyfay;vdkufEdkifrnf? xdktcg jynfolwdk@u
tpdk;&udk r#r#ww &Sdonf[k xifvmayvdrfhrnf? EkdifiHwumtvnfwGif ,Ofaus;odrfarG@aom
tpdk;&jzpfa=umif; oduQmq,fEkdifonf? odk@jzpfI vdkufavsmr_jzifh ajyvnfoGm;aprnfh awmif;qkd
csufrsm;udk *&kpdkuf+yD; tuef@towfjzifh a&G;cs,fwwf&efvdkonf? rnfonfh udpPrsKd;udk vdkufavsm
jcif;enf;jzifh ajz&Sif;oifhonfudk aoaocsmcsma&G;cs,fqHk;jzwf&rnf? tm%m&Sifrsm;udk tjrpfðywf
atmifwdkufvdkv#if Tenf;jzifhr&yg? qkdcJhonfhtwdkif; tpdk;&ESifh vdkufavsmonfhenf;/ tpdk;&u
tcsKd@rlrsm;tm; ajymif;vJatmifvkyfonfh enf;rsm;xuf ydkrdkpGrf;&nf xufajrmufaom enf;rsm;jzifh
vnf; EdkifiHa&; tefwkwdkufyGJudk qifE$JEkdifygonf? vlxkESifhcsD+yD; tultnDay;r_rsm; &yfqdkif;/ tm%m
zDqef vkyfvdkufjcif;tm;jzifh vlr_a&;&m/ EkdifiHa&;&mwdk@udk ajymif;vJypfEkdifonf? txl;ojzifh
=oZmtm%m tajymif;tvJ/ twuftusudk csdefqEdkifonf? tpdk;&u &yf&Gmvlxk. pD;yGm;a&;/
vlr_a&;/ EdkifiHa&; ponfwdk@udk csKyfudkifrxm;Edkifatmifyif vkyfvdkufEdkifygonf? tpdk;&tzdk@
rdrdppfwyf udkyif t,HkroGif;Edkifonfhb0odk@ a&mufoGm;Ekdifonf?
tm%mzDqefaeolrsm;udk ESdrfESif;&ef trdef@ay;v#if remcHbJae=uvdrfhrnf? &efoltpdk;&
bufu acgif;aqmifrsm;u ol@&mxl;ESifhol [efrysuf&Sdae+yD; olwdk@ vdk&if;yef;wkdifa&mufatmif
OD;wnfaeaomf jim;vnf; bmrSxdxda&mufa&muf vkyfEdkifpGrf;r&Sdonfh tajctaeodk@ a&mufoGm;
ayvdrfhrnf? Todk@ EdkifiHa&;tefwk wdkufonfhenf;udk udk,fhbufygvmatmif t=uyfudkif wkdufwGef;
jcif;[kac:onf?
tvGefqdk;&Gm;vSonfh tajctaeodk@ a&mufoGm;onfhtcgrsm;wGifrl t=uyfudkif wdkufwGef;
onfhenf; xufydkI vkyfEdkifjcif;rsm; trsKd;rsKd;&Sdonf? &efol@tpdk;&bufu bmr#xdxda&mufa&muf
vkyfEdkifawmhonfh tiftm;r&Sdawmhojzifh tm%m,EW,m; taqmuftOD;}uD;yg òydusysufpD;oGm;
wwfonf? tm%mzDqef onfhbufu udk,fhvlawGudk udk,fhtm;udk;+yD; tultnDray;bJaejcif;/
tmcHjcif;wkd@udk ydkifydkifEkdifEdkif ydkifydkifEkdifEdkif vkyfjyEkdif=uaomtcg tpdk;&tzdk@ xdef;r&Ekdifatmif
jzpfoGm;vdrfhrnf? ppfwyfESifh &JwyfzGJ@wdk@vnf; ykefuef=urnf?
‚if;wdk@udk axmufcHaeolrsm;uvnf; ‚if;wkd@.acgif;aqmifr_udk todtrSwfrðy=uawmh/
tpdk;&. vkyfydkifcGifhr&Sdqdk+yD; jiif;qefpðyvm=uvdrfhrnf? xdk@a=umifh tpdk;&udk axmufcHrnfhol
trdef@emcHrnfholrsm; enf;oGm;=uayrnf? xdkenf;onf &efoltpdk;&bufudk tuGJuGJtjym;jym;
jzpfatmifvkyfjcif;jzpfonf? ‚if;enf;um; xda&mufonf? xda&mufvGef;tm;}uD;ojzifh bmr#=oZm
tm%mr&Sdawmh/ tm%mewÎdESifh t&_H;ay;&awmhonf? tpdk;&wckvHk; tpdwfpdwf tr$mr$m
ysufpD;oGm;ayawmhonf?
txufyg ajymif;vJjcif;rsm;twGuf tusKH;0ifaom tjzpftysufrsm;udk jrefrmEdkifiHwGif
atmufyg twkdif; awG@&Sd&onf?

pdwfajymif;jcif;? ? ppftkyfpktaeESifh tajctae wpHkw&m. wdkufwGef;ydk@r_a=umifh ‚if;wkd@

udk,fYyif vdkvdkvm;vm;vufcHaom ajymif;vJr_wdk@udk ðyvkyfcJh&ayonf?
Oyrm- jrefrmjynf. t*Fvdyfpm ynma&;tqifhtwef; edrfhusvmonfudk oabmaygufvmaom
a=umifh rqv vufxufuyif t*Fvdyfbmom&yfudk roifrae& 'kwd, bmom&yftjzpf
jyXmef;ay;cJhonf?
wygwDcsKyfudkifaom pD;yGm;a&;pepf A[kdcsKyfudkifaom pD;yGm;a&;pepfyHkpHjzifh wkdif;jynfc|wfòcH
usvmaomtcg yk*~vdu ukr`%Drsm;tm; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfydkifcGifhudk ðyvkyfay;cJh=u&onf?
vdkufavsmjcif;? ? jynfolwdk@. awmif;qdkcsuf jyif;xefvmcsdefY tcsKd@aom awmif;qdk
csufrsm;udk rjzpfrae vdkufavsmcJh=u&onf?
Oyrm-a&G;aumufyGJ usif;yay;jcif;/ tajctae tusyftwnf;udk rxdef;Ekdifaoma=umifh
arSmifcdkaps;uGufudk cGifhðyxm;&jcif;rsKd;jzpfonf?
t=uyfudkifwdkufwGef;jcif;? ? jynfolvlxkbufu wzufom;rvdkufavsmvdkaom tcsufudk
tiftm;jzifh t=uyfudkifwdkufwGef;cJhjcif;jzpfonf?
Oyrm- orRw OD;pef;,kudk z,f&Sm;jcif;/ orRw OD;pdefvGifudk z,f&Sm;jcif;/ orRw a'gufwm
armifarmifudk z,f&Sm;jcif;/
&efoltkyfpkudkvlqdk;vlaumif;cGJjcm;um tuGJuGJtjym;jym;jzpfatmifvkyfjcif;? ? zdvpfydkif
EkdifiHwGif 1986 ckESpfu 'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmif orwtmuGDEkdbufokd@ 'k ppfOD;pD;csKyf
AdkvfcsKyfzD',f&mrdk@pf OD;aqmifaom wyfrsm;u ajymif;vJaxmufcHvm+yD; tm%m&Sifrm;udk@pf
atmufu wyfrsm; tuGJuGJtjym;jym;jzpfoGm;um 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm; tm%m&Sifrm;udk@pfudk
armif;xkwfI 'Drdkua&pDatmifyGJ&oGm;cJhjcif;?

(4) qef@usifuef@uGufqENjyjcif; (Protest) ryl;aygif;raqmif&Gufjcif; (Non-Cooperation) ESifh

0ifa&muf pGufzufjcif; (Intervention)
(u) qef@usifuef@uGuf qENjyI udk,fhbufygatmif ajzmif;jzjcif;? (Protest and
Persuation) onf rdrd.qef@usifbufrsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ jynfolrsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ rdrdtzGJ@ .
tpdk;&tay: EdkifiHa&;t& rauseyfr_/ oabmrwlnDr_ESifh ywfoufIvufcHvmap&ef pnf;&kH;jcif;
jzpfonf?
jynfolrsm;taejzifh tpdk;&tay: EdkifiHa&;t& rauseyfr_/ oabmrwlnDr_ESifh ywfoufI vufcH
vmap&ef pnf;±Hk;jcif;jzpfonf? jynfolrsm;taejzifh tpdk;&tay: EdkifiHa&;t& rauseyfr_ jyojcif;
jzifh &nf&G,fxm;aom tusdK;wckckjzpfvm&ef qdkonfxuf tpdk;&udk qef@usifonfh jynfolxkrsm;
&Sdaea=umif;jyo&efESifh xdkowif;us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ jzpfvmap &ef&nf&G,fygonf? TEdkifiHa&;tef
wkr_tqifhwGif csDwufjcif;/ pDwef;vSnfhvnfjcif; tp&Sdonfwdk@ yg0ifonf? wOD;csif;
qef@usifuef@uGuf qENjyjcif;rSpI tpktzGJ@ESifh qENjyawmif;qdkjcif;rsm; txdyg0ifonf? enf;aygif;
(54)enf;&Sd onf?
(c) ryl;aygif; raqmif&Gufjcif;. &nf&G,fcsufrSm tm%m. tjrifhfqHk;tydkif; txdudk wdkuf
&dkufxdvdkufatmif wdkuf&efjzpfonf? TEdkifiHa&;tefwkr_wGif tpdk;&ESifh EdkifiHa&;/ vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;a&;
t& yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;tm;vHk; ±kwfodrf;jcif;wdk@yg0ifonfh tqifhjzpfonf? oydwfarSmufjcif;/
tpdk;&. vdkvm;csufrsm;udk rwkef@jyefjcif;ESifh tpdk;&tm; a&Smif=uOfjcif;wdk@ yg0ifonf?
yl;aygif;aqmif &Gufr_rjyKjcif; onf EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_. txda&mufqHk;vufeuf jzpfonf? ryl;aygif;
raqmif&Gufjcif; wGif (3) rsdK;xyfrHcGJjcm;Edkifonf? ‚if;wdk@rSm (u) vlr_a&;&mudpP&yfrsm;/
yl;aygif;ulnDaqmif&Gufr_ rjyK jcif; (16) rsdK;/ (c) pD;yGm;a&;t& yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ rjyKjcif;
(pm;oHk;oloydwf) (20) rsdK;/ tvkyfo rm;oydwf (23) rsdK;ESifh EdkifiHa&;t& ryl;aygif;raqmif&Gufjcif;
(98) rsdK;jzpfonf?
(*) 0ifa&mufpGufzwfjcif; (Intervention)
EdkifiHa&; tefwkwdkufyGJ0ifolrsm; taejzifh tkyfcsKyfolrsm;udk wdkuf±dkufqef@usifaom tjyKt
r_rsm;udk rdrdbufrS pwifjyKvkyf&efjzpfonf? rdrdbufrS pwifaomwD;vHk;wD;uGufjzifh tm%m&Sifwdk@
uap&efjzpfonf? ,if;EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_. &nf&G,fcsufrSm tpdk;& ,EW,m;tm; aESmifh,SufzufqD;
&efjzpfonf? ,if;wGif puf±Hk/ tvkyf±Hk/ ausmif;rsm;udk odrf;ydkufI xdkifoydwfarSmufjcif;/ [ef@wm;
aESmifh,SufzsufqD;jcif;/ tpmtiwf cHjcif;/ pif+ydKiftpdk;&wnfaxmifjcif; tvkyform;rsm;u ukef
xkwfvkyfr_usqif;atmif qENjyjcif; wdk@yg0if onf? Tenf;wGif pdwfykdif;qdkif&m ±kyfydkif;qdkif&m/ vlr_
a&;&mESifh pDyGm;a&;&mESifh EdkifiHa&;&mt& 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif; (41)rsdK;jzpfonf?

(Ttcef;ESifh ywfoufaom EdkifiHa&;tefwkwdkufenf; (197)enf;udk aemufqufwGJ (u) wGif

=unfh¶_&efjzpf onf?)

(5) acgif;aqmifr_ (Leadership)

xda&mufonfh acgif;aqmifr_qdkonfrSm rdrd&nf&G,fcsuf aygufajrmufatmifjrifa&;twGuf
tjcm;olrsm;/ rdrdaemufvdkuf&Jabmfrsm;. qENjyif;jypGm axmufcHyg0ifr_ &&Sdvmatmif pGrf;aqmif
Edkifonfh t&nftaoG;yifjzpfonf?
EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_ wdkufyGJ0ifaeolrsm;twGuf acgif;aqmifr_pGrf;&nfonf
r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfonf? xdka=umifh acgif;aqmifr_ynmudk avhvmoifh=uonf? EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_
wcktwGuf acgif;aqmif onf rD;yGm; odk@r[kwf aomhcsufjzpfonf? vlomrefwOD; ajymonfxuf
acgif;aqmift&nftcsif; &Sdol wOD;ajym=um;csufudk ,Hk=unfr_jzifh v_yf&Sm;r_wGif
ydkrdkyg0ifvmwwf=uonf? acgif;aqmifr_yHkpHrsm;udk avhvm aomtcg atmufyguGJjym;csufrsm;udk
awG@&Sd&onf?
 tm%m&Sifpepf. acgif;aqmifr_onf atmufygtcsufrsm;tay: tajccHonf?
(1) acgif;aqmifrsm;u vufatmufi,fom;rsm;udk tpOfa=umuf±GH@aeatmif zdESdyfxm;+yD;
OD;aqmifr_,ljcif;?
(2) owif;tcsuftvufrsm; txufrSatmufodk@ wvrf;oGm; pD;qif;apjcif;/ (One way,
Top-Down, Flow of Information)
(3) rawG;ESifh/ emcH&eftwGufom (Don't Think, Just Obey) [lIjzpfonf?
etz ppfwyfrSppfom;rsm;odk@ ‘trdef@rsm;udk pOf;pm;qifjcif+yD;rS emcH&ef’[laom t,ltq
ysH@ESH@a&muf&SdoGm;atmif EdkifiHa&;tefwk wdkufyGJ0ifolrsm;u }udK;yrf;=u&rnfjzpfonf?
,if;t,ltq a&muf&SdoGm;jcif;jzifh ppfom;rsm;taejzifh rdrdwOD;wnf; rdrdzmom ar;cGef;xkwfjcif;/
wOD;ESifhwOD; tjyeftvSefar;cGef;xkwfjcif;rsm; jzpfvmayvdrfhrnf? ,ae@etz udk,fwkdif
rv$Jra&SmifombJ oH a,mifvdkuf+yD; vdkufajymae&aom ‘usaemfwdk@vnf; 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawmfopf
wnfaqmufaewmyg ’qdkonfh tcsufay: ppfom;rsm;taejzifh pl;prf;vdkpdwf/ 'Drdkua&pDta=umif;
ydkrdkodvdk/ avhvmvdk pdwfrsm; ay:aygufvmEdkifonf? 'Drdkua&pD oabmw&m; ydkrdkoabm aygufvm
+yD; pOf;pm;+yD;rS trdef@ emcHwwfonfh tavhtusifhrsm; ppfom;rsm;wGif&Sdvmygu txufrSay;
onfh rw&m;aom trdef@rsm;udk tpyxrydkif;wGif wm0efaus±Hk jzpfovdkaqmif&Gufr_rsm; wjznf;
jznf;ESifh aemufydkif; wGif zDqeftmcHr_rsm;/ vlxkqDodk@ csdef&G,fxm;aom ‚if;wdk@. aoewfajymif;
0rsm;udk etzppfacgif; aqmifrsm;zufodk@ aoewfajymif;jyef vSnfhr_rsm;/ wyfwGif;ykefuefr_rsm;/
'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;r_rsm; wdk;wufjzpfay:vmayrnf?
EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_ wdkufyGJudk OD;aqmifrnfh acgif;aqmifrsm;Y &Sdoifhonft*Fg&yfrsm;rSm--
(1) acgif;aqmifonf tzGJ@tpnf;0ifrsm;tm;vHk;. Oyrmjzpfonf? xdka=umifh pHjyjzpf&efvdkonf?
(2) vufatmufi,fom;rsm;. ta=umif;udk od&rnf? olwdk@. oufomacsmifcsdr_udk =unfh ±_
apmifha&Smuf ay;&rnf? rdrdrEdkifpGrf;om udpPudk rcdkif;&?
(3) rdrdtvkyfrdrdod&rnf?
(4) trSm;rsm;udk wm0efcH&J&rnf?
(5)atmifjrifr_twGuf &Jabmfrsm;. yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_udk csD;usL;*k%fjyK&rnf?
(6) &Jabmf&Jbufrsm;udk av;pm;&rnf?
(7) tzGJ@tpnf;/ awmfvSefa&;ESifh jynfoltay:opPm&Sd&rnf?
(8) &efolta=umif; aumif;aumif;od&rnf?
(9) rdrdtawG@t}uHK/ &Jabmf&Jbufrsm;. tawG@t}uHKudkavhvm ocFef;pm,lI jyefvnftoHk;csEdkif
&rnf/ a&S@aqmifEdkif&rnf?
txufygtcsufrsm;rSm 'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&; umvtwGif;Y wdkufyGJ.tqifhtoD;oD;
wGif acgif;aqmifwm0ef,lae=u&onfh acgif;aqmiftqifhqifhY &Sdxm;oifhaom tcsufrsm;udk a,
bl,stm;jzifh wifjyxm;jcif;omjzpfonf?
&Spfav;vHk; 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHk umvtwGif;Y wdus&Sif;vif;aom vlxkaxmufcHonfh acgif;
aqmifr_ wck raz:xkwfEdkifcJhjcif;rSm t+yD;owfatmifyGJodk@ ra&muf&Sd&jcif;. t"duta&;}uD; onfh
tcsuf wckjzpfay onf? ,if;tcsufudk ocFef;pm,lI ,ae@tcsdeftcgY ppftm%m&Sifpepf z,f
&Sm;a&;wdkufyGJwGif acgif;aqmif r_ taxGaxGtjym;jym; jzpfraezdk@ ta&;}uD;ayonf? yxrqHk;t
a&;}uD;onfh ordkif;ay; wm0ef w&yfjzpfaom ‚if;ppftm%m&Sifpepf z,f&Sm;a&;twGuf txufyg
acgif;aqmifr_t&nftaoG;rsm;jzifh jynfhpHkuHkvHkonfh a':atmifqef;pk=unf. OD;aqmifr_udk vlrsdK;pHk
wdkif;&if;om; jynfolrsm;u 0ef;&HaxmufcH ay;=u&ef ta&;w}uD; vdktyfaeayonf? ppftm%m
&Sif pepfz,f&Sm;+yD;v#if +idrf;csrf;om,maom 'Drdkua&pDESifh vl@tcGifhta&; xGef;um;onfh z,f'&,f
jynfaxmifpk wnfaqmufa&;twGuf oufqdkifonfh EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pktm;vHk;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;
tiftm;pktm;vHk;wdk@ yg0if+yD; tjyeftvSef em;vnfr_&Sd&Sd/ ,Hk=unfr_&Sd&Sd aqG;aEG;tajz&Sm =u&rnf
jzpfonf?

OD;aqmifr_ tajcjyZ,m;

acgif;aqmifOD;aqmifr_ A[dkjyK
Leader-Centered
trsm;pkOD;aqmifr_ A[dkjyK
(Group-Centered)

acgif;aqmif acgif;aqmif acgif;aqmif acgif;aqmif ESpfctk euf acgif;aqmif trsm;pku

qHk;jzwfcsuf qHk;jzwf ,lqcsuf aoG;wdk;prf;o wckukd u qHk;jzwf qHk;jzwf&
a=unm ajym wifjy nfh ,lq csuf a&G;cs,f& &rnfh e,fed rnfh e,fed
qHk;jzwfcsuf qHk;jzwfcsuf ar;cGef;rsm; wifjy t rnfukd rdwfudk rdwfudk
twnfjyK/ twnfjyK? udk zdwfac: ajymif;tvJ acgif;aqmif owfrSwf owfrSwf+yD;
qHk;jzwf? vkyfjcif;udk u wifjy ay;onf/ trsm;pku
cH,laponf? trsm;pku trsm;pku yif qHk;jzwf?
tajymif; qHk;jzwf qHk;jzwf?
tvJukd xde;f
csKyfxm;qJ
jzpfonf?

acgif;aqmifOD;aqmifr_ A[dkjyKudk trsm;pkOD;aqmifr_ A[dkjyKudk

jzpfay:aponfh tajctae? jzpfay:aponfh tajctae

1? qHk;jzwfcsufcs&eftwGuf tcsdeftenf; 1? tcdsef zdtm;r&Sd?

i,fom&onf? 2? ta&;ay: r[kwf/
2? ta&;ay:/ 3? tzGJ@vdkuf A[kokwudk
3? wOD;csif; A[kokw (txl;ojzifh toHk;jyKonf/
acgif;aqmifpGrf;&nfudk ) toHk;jyKonf/ 4? tzGJ@vdkuf u|rf;usifr_ &Sdonf/
4? tzGJ@vdkuf u|rf;usifr_tm;enf;/
5? acgif;aqmif{?f pHudk ar#mfvifhcsuf
ydkxm;onf/
6? Oya't& wm0efcH&onf/
 “trsm;pkOD;aqmifr_A[dkjyK” udk aqmif&GufEdkifonfh tajctae&Sdygvsuf acgif;aqmifOD; aqmifr_
A[dkjyKudk jzpfaeonfh tajctaeESifh rudkufnDbJ usifhoHk;ygu tm%m&Sifrsm;ay:aygufvm
Edkifonf?
‘acgif;aqmifOD;aqmifr_A[dkjyK’udk jzpfay:aponfh tajctae&Sdygvsuf trsm;pkudkOD;aqmifr_
A[dkjyKudk tajctaeESifh rudkufnDbJ usifhoHk;vGef;yguvnf; tvGeftu|H 'Drdkua&pD usifhoHk;r_rsm;
ay:aygufvmEdkifonf?
txl;ojzifh ppfa&;vkyfief;rsm; taumiftxnfaz:r_wGif trdef@remcHr_rsm; jzpfay:vmEdkif
onf? tkyfcsKyfuGufuJr_udk xdcdkufapEdkifonf?

pGef@pm;r_enf;aom wdkufyGJenf;vrf;rsm;/ ajymuf

usm; qENjyyGJrsm;jzifh EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_ wdkufyGJtm; pwif
taumiftxnfazmfI rdrdudk,fudkrdrd ,Hk=unfr_ wnf
aqmuf=u?
wpdwfwydkif; vGwfvyfaom tzGJ@tpnf;/ vGwfvyf
aom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; wnfaqmufI vlxktm%m wnf
aqmuf=u?

(6) 0g'jzef@csda&; (Propaganda)

(rSwfcsuf? ? 0g'jzef@csda&; tcef;udk ravhvmrD 0g'jzef@csda&;ESifhywfoufI ajymif;vJvmaom
acwftajctae ESifhvdkfufI “0g'jzef@csda&;” qdkonftay: xm;&Sdonfh oabmxm;rsm;
ajymif;vJvmykHudk t&ifod&Sdxm;&efvdktyfonf[kxifI tenf;i,fr#wifjytyfygonf?
ppfat;wdkufyGJumvwkef;u qdkv#if vuf0JEdkifiHrsm;u ‚if;wdk@. uGefjrLepfqdk&S,fvpf
oabmw&m;rsm; jynfolrsm;,Hk=unfouf0ifvmap&ef &nf¶G,fI 0g'jzef@csda&;vkyfief;udk
vkyfudkif&efvdktyfonf[k,lqI xdkpum;vkH;ESifh tESpfom&tay: tðyoabmaqmifpGm
tokH;ðyvmcJh=uonf? 0g'jzef@csda&;Xme [lI yifxm;&Sd+yD; jynfolrsm;udk pnf;¶kH;&mwGiftokH;
ðycJh=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk}uDk;òyduGJr_ESifh qdkAD,ufavmif;&dyfatmufu
ta¶S›Oa&my tkyfpkuGefjrLepf0g'udk pGef@v$wfI ppfat;wdkufyGJ+yD;oGm;aomtcg 0g'jzef@csda&;udk
pD;yGm;a&;wGif aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfusifhokH;I EkdifiHa&;wGif 'Drdkua&pDpepfusifhokH;onfh t&if;&Sif
EkdifiHrsm;bufu 0g'jzef@csda&;tay: oabmxm;ykHrSm &Sdoifh&SdxdkufonfxufvGefuJ pGmydk ajymI
pnf;¶kH;qGJaqmifonfhvkyf&yftjzpf oabmxm;vmcJh=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; ‚if;wdk@. pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfief;rsm;wGif 0g'jzef@csda&;udk tokH;ðyaeqJjzpfonf? Oyrm a=umfjimvkyfief;rsm;wGif
txift&Sm; awG@Ekdifayonf? owif;enf;ynmacwf ( IT ) acwfa&mufvmaomtcg
owif;orm;rsm;u 0g'jzef@csda&;udk vkH;0rðyvkyf&[k ‚if;wdk@. owif;vkyfief;rsm; oifwef;rsm;wGif
xnfhajymvm =uonf? odk@aomfEkdifiHa&;tkyfpkrsm;url ‚if;wdk@. rl0g'rsm; jynfolvlxk
vufcH,kH=unfvmap&ef twGuf owif;jzef@csda&;udk tajccHxm;vsuf 0g'jzef@csda&;udk vdktyfovdk
tokH;ðyae=uqJjzpf onf? tm%m&Sif EkdifiHrsm;url ‚if;wdk@.
tm%mqufvufoufqdk;&Snfa&;twGuf 0g'jzef@csda&;udk wGifwGif tokH;ðyae=uqJjzpfonf?
xdka=umifh rdrdwdk@ EkdifiHa&;tHwkwdkufyGJ0ifolrsm;bufrSvnf; etz ppftm%m&Sifrsm; bufrS
0g'jzef@csda&;enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh rdrdwdk@ 'Drdkua&pDta&;wdkufyGJ0if olrsm;udk rnfokd@wdkufcdkufaeonfudk
od&Sdap&efESifh rdrdwdk@. owif;jzef@csd r_ESifh jynfolwdk@tay:
EkdifiHa&;tHwkwdkufyGJxJyg0ifvmap&eftwGuf pnf;¶kH;&mwGif vdktyfonfh twdkif;twmtxd
tokH;ðyEkdifap&ef &nf&G,fI T 0g'jzef@csda&; tcef;tm;qufvufavhvmxm;&ef vdktyfonfht
wGuf Ttcef;tm;qufvufxnfhoGif;az:jyvdkufygonf? )

tydkif; (1) 0g'jzef@csda&;vkyfief;vrf;n$ef

0g'jzef@csda&;. &nf&G,fcsufrSm 0g'tjzef@cH&ol y&d\wf. oabmxm;ESifh tjyKtrlrsm;udk
=oZmouf a&mufap&efjzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_ wdkufyGJ 0ifolwOD;taejzifh 0g'jzef@csda&;
enf;vrf;rsm;udk r&Sdrjzpf odxm;&efvdktyfonf?
0g'jzef@csda&;onf EdkifiHa&;e,fy,fwGifomru pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ bmoma&;e,fy,f
tm; vHk;YwGifwGifus,fus,f toHk;jyKae=uonf? rdrdtvdkus oabmxm;vmapa&;/
jyKrlvmapa&;t wGufaomfvnf;aumif;/ rdrd&efbufrsm;udk odrf;oGif;a&;twGuf
aomfvnf;aumif; 0g'jzef@csda&; enf;vrf;rsm;udk toHk;jyK=u&onf?

(u) t*Fg&yfrsm;? ? 0g'jzef@csda&;. t*Fg&yfrsm;rSm -

(11) ypfrSwf (Target) -&nf&G,foly&d\wf
(22) owif; (Message) -ypfrSwftm; odapvdkonfh ta=umif;tcsuf
(bmodapcsifovJ/ bmjyKvkyfapcsifovJ)?
(33) owif;o,fydk@ol (Messenger) -owif;ydk@aqmif&mwGif toHk;jyKonfhenf;em
(Oyrm- a&'D,dk/ owif;pm/ vufurf;v$m/ ±kyfjrifoH=um;/ uyfcGg (Sticker) pojzifh)?
(44) jyefvnfwHk@jyefcsuf (Feed Back)-ypfrSwfrSm owif;vufcH&&Sd+yD;aemuf
wkef@jyefvm onfh oabmxm;ESifh tjyKtr_ (}udKufovm;/ r}udKufbl;vm;/ rdrd&nfrSef;ouJhodk@
jzpfovm;/ r atmifjrifv#if tjcm;yHko¾efwckudk ajymif;vJpOf;pm;=u&rnfjzpfonf?
txufyg 0g'jzef@csda&; t*Fg&yfrsm;yg tcsufrsm; (11)/ (22)/ (33) wdk@udk tajccHI 0g'jzef@
±kyfjyumwGef;rsm;ygaom vufurf;v$mrsm;/ uyfcGmrsm;/ ydkpwmrsm;ESifh pmrsufESm wrsufESmyg
a=umfjimcsufrsm; jyKvkyfygu ydkIpepfusaom 0g'jzef@csda&;udk aqmif&GufEdkifayvdrfhrnf? TuJhodk@
jyKvkyf+yD;aom 0g'jzef@csdr_rsm; ypfrSwfxH&&SdoGm;+yD;aemuf xda&mufr_&Sd§r&Sd tcsuf (44)wGif az:jy
ouJhodk@ jyefvnfwHk@jyefr_ cH,l&&SdEdkif&ef }udK;yrf;+yD; qufoHk;oifh§roifh/ jyifqifoifh§roifh/ pOf;pm;
qHk;jzwfum qufvufaqmif&Guf =u&rnfjzpfonf?
txufygtwdkif; 0g'jzef@csda&; enf;emrsm;udk usifhoHk;aomtcg vl.pdwfydkif;qdkif&mESifh ywf
oufaom tcsufwckudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;=u&ayrnf? Oyrm- vlwa,mufonf rdrdyg0ifaom
tzktzGJ@ (Group) yHkwyHktm; =unfh±l@aomtcg rdrdyHkudk aoaojcmjcm pdwf0ifwpm;
*±kpdkuf=unfh±l@ ayvdrfhrnf?
vlonf rdrdta=umif;/ rdrdESifh qufpyfaeonfh ta=umif;udk ydkIpdwf0ifpm;wwf=uayonf?
xkdpdwfynmoabmudk toHk;jyKum rdrdypfrSwfxm;I pnf;±Hk;rnfholonf tvkyform;jzpfygu 0g'
jzef@csda&;ydkpwm vufurf;v$m a&;qGJ&mwGif tvkyform;yHkudk rD;armif;xdk;jyum t"duZmwf
aumiftjzpf ay:vGifapvsuf ypfrSwf. pdwfyg0ifpm;r_udk &,lI rdrday;vdkaom owif;
(Message) udk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; oabmayguf odjrifap&rnfjzpfonf? xdk@twl rdrda&;om;
0g'jzef@&rnfh a=unmcsuf. pnf;±Hk;&rnfh ypfrSwfonf jynfol@0efxrf;jzpfygu xdka=unmcsuftm;
a&;om;0g'jzef@ol onfjynfol@0efxrf;wOD; odk@r[kwf jynfol@0efxrf;rsm; yg0ifaom
toif;tzGJ@wckckrS udk,fpm;jyK a&;om;0g'jzef@csdr_rsdK;jzpf&ayrnf? xdkenf;wlpGm
ypfrSwfxm;pnf;±Hk;&rnfholrsm;onf ausmif;om; jzpfygu ausmif;om;or*~rS a&;om;0g'
jzef@csdr_rsdK;jzpf&rnf?
Oyrm? ? aqmifawmful; oeyfcg;§rD;vyfpfpEdk;a=umfjimonfh a=umfjimcsufwckudk
avhvm=unfh=uygpdk@ aqmifawmful;oeyfcg; odk@r[kwf rD;vyfpfpEdk;a=umfjimrS ypfrSwfxm;pnf;±Hk;&
rnfholrsm;onf touf (13§14) tysdKabmf0if umpt&G,frsm;ESifh touf (30§35) t=um; t
rsdK;orD;xkudk &nf&G,fayonf? xdka=umifh xdkt&G,ftrsdK;orD;rsm; ESpfoufjrwfEkd;zG,fjzpf
avmufonfh xuf xufrdk;OD; odk@r[kwf arqGdwdk@uJhodk@aom ±kyf&Sifrif;orD;acsmrsm;/
tqdkawmfrsm;udk xdk0g'jzef@csda&; ydk pwmwGif t"du Zmwfaumiftjzpf toHk;jyKayvdrfhrnf?
xdk±kyf&Sifrif;orD;rsm;/ tqdkawmfrsm;rS aqmifawmf ul;oeyfcg; odk@r[kwf rD;vyfpfpEdk;vdrf;I
rsufESmb,favmuf 0if;yacsmrGwf vSyvm a=umif;/ pdwfESvHk;=unfvif &$ifvef;vma=umif;/
aqmifawmful;oeyfcg; odk@r[kwf rD;vyfpfpEdk;wGif wu,f&Sdonfh t&nftaoG;xuf ydkrdkonfh
t&nftaoG;rsm; &Sdonf[k ypfrswftrsdK;orD;xkrS ,Hk =unfvufcHoGm;atmif xdk0g'jzef@csda&;
ydkpwmtm; a&;qJGxm;onfudk awG@&ayrnf? ,if;rSom v#if trsdK;orD;xkrS aqmifawmful;oeyf
cg; odk@r[kwf rD;vyfpfpEdk; 0,f,loHk;pGJr_ ydkrdkrsm;jym;vmay vdrfhrnf?
0g'jzef@csda&;ESifh ywfoufaom er_emyHkpHrsm;udk aemufqufwGJ (c) wGif=unfh±l&efjzpfonf?

(c) trsdK;tpm;rsm;
trsdK;tpm; (3)rsdK;&Sdonf?
(11) tjzLa&mif (White)
wifjyoludk trSeftwdkif;az:jyonf? wifjyonfh ta=umif;tcsufrsm;onfvnf; trSef
wdkif;yifjzpfonf?
Oyrm- etz . twkta,mif trsdK;om;nDvmcHESifh ywfoufaom trsdK;om;aumifpD. oabm
xm;xkwfjyefcsuf?
(22) t!dka&mif (Gray)
wifjyoludk trSeftwdkif; raz:jy/ trnf0Suf (uavmiftrnf) jzifhwifjyonf? wifjyonfh
ta=umif;tcsufrSm trSeftwdkif;jzpfonf? rSwfwrf;r&SdbJvnf; jzpfEdkifonf? (uavmif0Suf t
rnfwckjzifh rqv/ e0w/ etz. rl;,pfaq;0g;tr_wGif yg0ifywfoufonfhta=umif; a&;aom
aqmif;yg;)
(33) teufa&mif (Black)
wifjyoludk &nf&G,fcsufjzifh zHk;uG,fxm;onf? wifjyonfh ta=umif;t&m trSeftwdkif;
jzpfcsifrSvnf;jzpfrnf? trsm;u jzpfEdkifonf[k xifjrif,lqEdkifaom tcsufrsm;vnf;yg0ifonf? t
rSefw0uf rrSefw0ufvnf; jzpfEdkifonf? t"durSm rdrd&efolY jy\emwufap&ef &nf&G,fonf?
(Oyrm- ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;ESifh wdkufcdkufa&;wyfrsm;t=um; txiftjrifvGJrSm;ap&ef
a&;om;aom aqmif;yg;/ 0wWK/ owif;rsm;ESifh aumv[vrsm;) txufyg 0g'jzef@csda&;
enf;vrf;rsm;udk aocsm avhusifhr_ r&SdbJ usifhoHk;yg u tEW&m,f&SdEdkifonf? jy\emwufEdkifonf?
rdrdvkyf}uH owif;rsm; ygu ,Hk=unfr_vnf; usqif;vmwwf onf?

tydkif; (2) 0g'jzef@csda&; oDtdk&D

(u) &nf&G,fcsuf
jynfolt=um;Y tjyKtrlwckck jzpfvmap&ef&nf&G,fonf?
(c) 0g'jzef@csda&;rvkyfrD tajctae
(Pre-Propaganda)
,if;tajctaeY 0g'jzef@csda&;. wdusaom &nf&G,fcsufudk qHk;jzwfxm;&ef vdktyfonf?
(11) v_H@aqmfjcif; (Agitation) jzifh aygufuGJtHk=uGvmap&ef &nf&G,fovm;?
(22) pnf;vHk;nDnGwfr_ (Integration) &Sd&Sdjzifh wufwuf=uG=uG tvkyfvkyfvmap&ef &nf&G,f
ovm;[lonfh tcsuf (2)ckteuf wckckudk a&G;cs,fxm;&ef vdktyfonf?

(*) 0g'jzef@csda&;yHkpH
(11) a'gifvdkuf (Vertical)
txufrSatmufodk@ pD;qif;aom 0g'jzef@csda&;yHkpH jzpfonf? tm%m&Sif ,EW,m;wGif
toHk;jyKonf?
(22) tvsm;vdkuf (Horizontal)
tvsm;vdkuf 0g'jzef@csda&;udk us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ toHk;jyK=u+yD; txda&mufqHk;vnf;jzpfonf? avh
vmcsufrsm;t& armfpDwkef;OD;aqmifonfh w±kwfjynfawmfvSefa&; umvtwGif;u yifau'grsm;
arG;jrL=u+yD; vlxkt=um;wGif jrSKyfES@Hum tzGJ@tpnf;. 0g'vrf;pOfoabmxm;rsm; jynfol=um;xJ
wpdrfhpdrfh pD;0ifysH@ESH@apcJhonfudk awG@&Sd&onf? tvm;wlyif vlxktzGJ@tpnf;rsm; xlaxmif+yD; awmf
vSefa&;buf. rlvrf;pOf oabmw&m;wdk@udk jyef@yGm;aponf? v,form;or*~/ tvkyform;or*~
ESifh trsdK;orD; tpnf;t±Hk; ponfwdk@rSwqifh jyef@yGm;apaom enf;rsm;jzpfonf?

tydkif;(3) 0g'jzef@csda&;wGif owdjyK&rnfhtcsufrsm;?

(u) rnfonfhenf;jzifhjzpfap tqufrjywf 0g'jzef@csda&;onf ta&;}uD;onf?
rdrdypfrSwfudk pnf;±Hk;&ef tjcm;ypfrSwf rxm;olrsm;udk rwdkufcdkufrdap&ef owdjyK&rnf?
(*) owif;vG,ful&Sif;vif;&rnf? vdktyfonfxuf ydkrajym&?
(C) rdrd&nf&G,fcsufudk t+rJwkH@jyefr_ jyefvnfcH,lI vdktyfyguenf;em ajymif;vJr_&Sd&ef vdk
tyfonf?
(i) v_H@aqmfjcif;udkjyKonfh 0g'jzef@csda&;udk owd}uD;pGmxm;oifhonf? ‚if;0g'jzef@csda&;rsdK;
onf wzuf&efoltm; rkef;wD;r_udk tajccH+yD; ypfrSwftm; pnf;±Hk;onfh pnf;±Hk;&vG,fulonfh enf;
jzpfonf? jy,k*f (jy\emaumif) udk&Sm+yD; vlxk.cHpm;csufudk toHk;csum pnf;±Hk;a&;rsdK;jzpfonf?
(Oyrm/ w±kwf-Arm t"du±k%f;uJhodk@)? odk@aomf vlr_taqmufttHkudk ysufpD;apwwf+yD; ±lyfaxG;
wwfonf? &yf&efcufcJwwf onf?
(p) tjyKoabmaqmifaom 0g'jzef@csda&;rsdK;udk t+rJtm±Hkxm;oifhonf?
 3? pDrHudef;a&;qGJjcif;qdkif&m u|rf;usifr_
tzGJ@wck/ toif;yif;wckjzpfvmygu pDrHcsufrsm;onf rvGJraoG&Sdvmrnfjzpf+yD; jy\em
rsm;vnf; tenf;ESihftrsm; }uHKawG@vm=urnfjzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;tefwkwdkufyGJ0ifol &Jabmfw
a,muftaejzifhvnf; jy\emrsm; &ifqdkif}uHKawG@&Edkifonf? xdkodk@ tzGJ@tpnf;vdkufjzpfap/ wOD;
csif;tvdkufjzpfap jy\emrsm;udk &ifqdkif}uHKawG@vm=uaomtcg xdkjy\emrsm;udk atmifjrifpGm
ausmfv$m;vGefajrmufEdkifa&;twGuf atmufazmfjyyg pepfwus ‘jy\emajz&Sif;jcif;’ enf;pepfudk
toHk;jyKEdkif&eftwGuf avhvmod&Sdxm;&efvdk tyfayonf? jy\emajz&Sif;jcif;vkyfenf;tqifhqifh
jy\emrsm;udk ajz&Sif;ausmfv$m;onfh tawG@tóuHrsm; &Sdvmonfh EkdifiHa&;tHwkwdkufyGJ0if
&Jabmfrsm;onf rdrdudk,frdrd ,Hk=unfr_vnf;ydkI wnfaqmufvmEkdif=u rnfjzpfonf?

(1) jy\emajz&Sif;jcif; (Problem Solving)

jy\emajz&Sif;jcif;onf ±Hk;tr_xrf;rsm; avhvmqnf;yl;zG,f&m vkyfenf;tqifh (Staff
Study Format) jzpfonf? jy\emudk t"dy`g,fzGifh&efESifh taumif;qHk;vkyfaqmif&rnfh vkyfaqmif
csufwckudk qHk;jzwfcsufcsonfhtqifhxd &&Sd&eftwGufom Tjy\em ajz&Sif;jcif;udk tokH;ðy&
rnfjzpfonf? Tjy\em ajz&Sif;jcif;tcef;udk avhvm&m wGif aemuftcef;jzpfonfh pDrHcsufa&;
qGJtaumiftxnf az:jcif; (Planning Format) udk qufpyf avhvmxm;&efjzpfonf? odk@r[kwfyg
u jy\emajz&Sif;jcif;ESifh pDrHcsufa&;qGJjcif;wdk@ a&maxG;oGm; Edkifygonf? jy\emajz&Sif;jcif;
vkyfenf;tqifhqifhjzifh ajz&Sif;&&Sdvmaom qHk;jzwfcsufudk taumif txnfaz:&eftwGuf pDrHcsuf
a&;qGJ taumiftxnfaz:jcif; vkyfief;pOfjzifh qufvufaqmif&Guf &efjzpfonf? pDrHcsufa&;qGJ
taumiftxnfaz:jcif; vkyfief;pOfonf qHk;jzwfcsuf. &nf&G,fcsuf ayguf ajrmufatmifjrifap
&efESifh tcsif;t&mwckck jzpfvmap&eftxd aqmif&Guf&efjzpfonf?
jy\emajz&Sif;jcif;wGif aomfvnf;aumif;/ pHrHcsufa&;qGJ taumiftqnf az:jcif;wGif
aomfvnf; aumif;/ ,if;wdk@ wckcsif;pDwGif yg0ifaom tqifhrsm;tm; wckESifhwck qufpyfr_xm;&Sd&
rnf? t,ltqz vS,fjcif;/ owif;zvS,fjcif;/ ar;cGef;rsm;ar;jcif;/ ppfaq;jcif;wdk@ yg0ifapvsuf
aqmif&Guf&onf? ,if;uJhodk@ aqmif&Guf&jcif;rSm t}uHjyKjcif; (rSwfcsufjyKjcif;) trSeftuefjzpfap
&efESifh pDrHcsuf. &nf&G,fcsuf aygufajrmufatmifjrif ap&efjzpfonf? xdk@tjyif jy\emESifh pDrHcsuf
wdk@ta=umif; owif;tcsuftvuf rsm; pkaqmif;xdef;odrf;xm;&ef vdktyfonf? ,if;tcsufudk
taumiftxnfaz:&eftwGuf acgif;aqmifrsm; u ±Hk;tr_xrf;rsm;udk wGef;tm;ay;&rnf?
tu,fI txufygtcsufudk vspfvsL±lygu jy\emajz&Sif;jcif;ESifh pDrHcsufa&;qGJ taumiftxnf
az:jcif;wdk@ udk ajz&Sif;aqmif&Guf&eftwGuf csOf;uyf&rnfhvrf;a=umif;udk od&Sdvdrfhrnf r[kwfacs?
jy\emajz&Sif;jcif; vkyfenf;tqifhrsm;-
1? jy\emaz:jycsuf (bmjy\emvJ)/
2? cef@rSef;jcif; (b,fvdkxifjrif,lqovJ)/
3? tcsuftvufpkaqmif;jcif;/
4? aqG;aEG;jcif;/
5? aumufcsuf (odk@) ed*Hk;csKyfcsufqGJjcif;/
6? t}uHjyKcsif; (odk@) rSwfcsufjyKjcif; (Recommdndation)
 (u) vkyfoifhjcif; (Suitatility)
(c) vkyfEdkifjcif; (Feasibility)
(*) vufcHEdkifbG,f&Sdjcif; (Acceotibility)
[lonfh rSwfausmuf (3)ckjzifh prf;oyfum t}uHjyKcsufudk csrSwf&rnf? (&nf&G,f
ar#mfvifhxm;csufudk vufcHEdkif±Hkru tu,fI rar#mfvifhbJ tqHk;t¶ªH;}uHKygu vnf;
vufcHEdkifjcif; &Sd&ayrnf? ) jy\emajz&Sif;jcif; vkyfenf;tqifhrsm; &Sif;vif;pGm oabmaygufap&ef
twGuf jy\emrsm;udk yHkpHjyKI avhvm=u& rnfjzpf onf?

jy\em(1)
vlwa,mufonf ae@pOf naebufa&mufwdkif; acgif;udkufvsuf&Sdonf? xdkolonf acgif;
udkufjcif; jy\emudk (tufpfy&if) aq;ESpfjym; ae@pOfaomufI ajz&Sif;aeonf? odk@aomf
xdkolaq; aomuf+yD;aemuf oufomovdkvdk&Sdaomfvnf; naewdkif;yHkrSef acgif;jyefudkufavh&Sdonf
trSefrSm xdkolonf jy\em. t&if;tjrpfudk ajz&Sif;aejcif;r[kwfyJ jy\em. vuQ%mudkom
ajz&Sif;aejcif;jzpfonf? xdkolonf yg0grsufrSefwyfqifxm;olvnf;jzpfonf? xdkol. acgif;udkuf
jcif;jy\emudk ajz &Sif;=uygpdk@?

(1) jy\emaz:jycsuf? ? acgif;udkufjcif;. ta=umif;t&if;udk tajz&Sm&ef/

(2) cef@rSef;jcif;? ? r&Sd/
(3) tcsuftvufpkaqmif;jcif;? ? acgif;udkufjcif;udk jzpfapEdkifonfh tcsufrsm;rSm-
(u) tdyfa&;ysufjcif;
(c) rGef;=uyfr_
(*) iSufzsm;
(C) tat;rdjcif;
(i) wkyfauG;
(p) tzsm;
(q) aq;vdyftaomufrsm;jcif;
(Z) t&ufemusjcif;
(ps) rsufpdudkufjcif;
(n) 0rf;csKyfjcif;
(É) pmzwfI odwfraumif;?
(4)aqG;aEG;jcif;
(u) aumif;aumif;tdyfaysmfw,f
(c) ol@ywf0ef;usif taetxm;u ol@udkoufawmifhoufom&Sdapw,f
(*) iSufzsm;r&Sd
(C) tat;rd/ wkyfauG;tzsm;r&Sd
(i) aq;vdyftenf;i,faomuf
(p) t&ufjzwfxm;wm wvavmuf&Sd+yD
(q) rsufpdaq;ppfxm;wm ig;ESpfawmif=umcJh+yD
 (Z) tpmausnufvG,fulaponf tpmrsm;udkom pm;onfhtwGuf 0rf;rcsKyf?
(ps) pmzwfrsm;I acgif;udkufovdkvdk&Sdonf?
(5) aumufcsuf (odk@) ed*kH;csKyfcsufqGJjcif;
aqG;aEG;csufrsm;udk oHk;oyf=unfhaomtcg rsufpdudkufjcif;onf acgif;udkufjcif;udk jzpfay:
aponfh ta=umif;t&if;jzpfonfudk awG@&Sd&ayonf? aq;ppfxm;onfhtcsdef ig;ESpfcef@=umcJh+yDjzpf
onfhtwGuf rsufpdvdktyfcsufESifh rsufrSefudkufnDr_&SdcsifrS&Sdrnf?
(6) t}uHjyKjcif;
(u) rsufpdaq;ppfcH,l&rnf?
(c) vdktyfv#ifrsufrSef0,f,l ajymif;vJwyfqif&rnf?
txufygt}uHjyKcsufudk rSwfausmuf (3)ckjzifh prf;oyfcsrSwfjcif;jzpfonf?
(1) vkyfoifhaom tvkyfjzpfonf?
(2) vkyfaqmifEdkifaom tvkyfjzpfonf?
(tcsdef/ pma&;jcif;tvkyfudk acwWc%&yfxm;I aq;cef;&Sd&m +rdK@odk@c&D;xGufrnf?)
( aiG/ a&'D,dk0,frnf[k pOf;pm;xm;+yD; aiG (2000) usyfudk toHk;jyK&rnf?)
( yk*~dKvfa&;/ c&D;oGm;vma&;ESifh ywfoufI vdktyfaom }udKwifjyifqifr_rsm; jyKvkyfxm;&rnf?)
(3) vufcHEdkifzG,f&Sdonfh tvkyfjzpfonf?
( usef;rma&;ESifhqdkifaom tvkyfudpPwpfckjzpfI tjcm;tvkyfudpPrsm;twGuf
vsmxm;onfh tcsdef/ aiG ponfrsm;udk pGef@v$wfI vufcHaqmif&Guf&rnf?)
TonfrSm Oyrm wckomjzpfonf?

vkyfenf;tqifhqifhESifh ywfowfI xyfrH&Sif;vif;csuf?

jy\emaz:jycsuf? ? jy\emudk rSefuef&Sif;vif;pGm az:jy&rnf?
cef@rSef;jcif;? ? cef@rSef;jcif;udk trSefwu,fvdktyfrSom az:xkwfwifjy&rnf? cef@rSef;jcif;udk vGJ
rSm;pGmjyKvkyfrdygu qHk;jzwfcsufcsjcif;/ pDrHcsufa&;qGJ taumifxnfaz:jcif;rsm;wGif rsm;pGm'kuQ
a&muf Edkifygonf? cef@rSef;jcif;onf tcsuftvufuJhodk@ tcdkiftrmrwnf&Sdapumrl
jzpfEdkifzG,f&mcdkifESkef; trsm; tjym;&Sdaom tcsufwckudk tcsuftvuftpm; cef@rSef;jcif;tjzpf
owif;&,lxm; jcif;jzpfonf? pDrHcsuf a&;qGJolrsm;/ &Hk;tr_xrf;rsm;t=um; ajz&Sif;&rnfh
jy\emESifhpyfvsOf;I tcsufwckonf ar;cGef;rsm;udk jzpfay:aeapjcif;ESifh ,if;tcsufudk
az:xkwfwifjy&efvdka=umif; txift&Sm;ay:vGifaecsdefwGif ,if;tcsufESifh ywfoufI cdkifrmaom
owif;tcsuftvuf r&&Sdao;yg u cef@rSef;jcif;wGif xnfhoGif;&rnfjzpfonf? cef@rSef;jcif;rsm;pGm
wdk@onf tem*gwftajctae tjzpf tysufrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom tcsuftvuf rsm;jzpfonf?
jy\emajz&Sif;jcif; udpP&yfwGif &moDOwkonf qufpyft}uHK;0if ywfoufvmygu
xkd&moDOwkESifh ywfoufonfh tcsuftm;cef@rSef;jcif;wGif xnfhoGif;&avh&Sdonf? Oyrm tm;jzifh-
nae zufwGifygwDyGJoGm;a&muf&ef &Sdonfhvlwa,muftwGuf xdkygwDyGJoGm;a&mufEdkifa&;
rEdkifa&;onf rdk;onf; xefpGm &GmoGef;r_ay:wGif r_wnfaeygu rdk;&GmEdkif/ r&GmEdkifcef@rSef;xm;&rnf?
xdktjyif jy\emw&yfudkjzpfap/ udpP&yfwckudkjzpfap ajz&Sif;aqmif&Guf&csdefonf aEGtukef
rdk;tul;{+yD/ arv vdk rsdK;wGif jzpfaeygu rdk;&GmEdkifzG,f&Sd§r&Sd cef@rSef;jcif;wGif xnfhoGif;&Edkifayonf?
rdk;av0oESifhZvaA' OD;pD;Xmersm;onf rdk;av0goESifh ywfoufI cef@rSef;jcif;jzpfom az:jyavh
&Sdonf? tcsuftvuft aejzifh wifjyavhr&Sday? cef@rSef;jcif;onf tcsuftvuf pkaqmif;jcif;
r[kwfay? txl;*&kxm;I cef@ rSef;jcif;udk jyKvkyf&rnf?

tcsuftvufpkaqmif;jcif;
jy\emaz:jycsufESifh wdkuf&dkufywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udkom pkaqmif;&
rnf? jy\emESifh wdkuf&dkufroufqdkifaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk rpkaqmif;&?
vHk;0tajctjrpf&Sd+yD; rSefuefonfh tcsuftvufrsm;omjzpf&rnf?

aqG;aEG;jcif;?
tcsuftvufrsm;udk tpDtpOftvdkuf wcsufjcif;wcsufjcif; aqG;aEG;&rnf? tu,fI
aqG;aEG; &if;jzifh xyfrHawG@&Sdvmaom tcsuftvufudk tcsuftvufpkaqmif;jcif; tydkif;wGif xyf
rHxnfhoGif;+yD;rS aqG;aEG;jcif;tydkif;udk tpDtpOftvkduf qufvufjyKvkyf&rnf? vdktyfygu cef@rSef;
jcif;udkvnf; xnfhoGif; aqG;aEG;&rnf?

aumufcsuf (odk@) Edk*Hk;csKyfcsufqGJjcif;

aumufcsufqGJonfhtcg aqG;aEG;jcif;tay:Yom tajcjyKI aumufcsufqGJ&rnf? tcsuf
tvufESifh cef@rSef;jcif;tay: tajccHI aqG;aEG;xm;aom aqG;aEG;csufrsm;ESifh roufqdkifaom t
csufrsm;udk aumuf csufrqGJ&? (Oyrm- txufaz:jyyg acgif;udkufjcif; jy\emudk ajz&Sif;&mY
rsuf rSefwGif zHkrsm;uyfaeI rsufpd udkuf+yD; acgif;udkufjcif;jzpfEdkifao;onfqdkonfh tcsufrsdK;
aumufcsuf rqGJ& wckckESifh jyif;xefpGm wdkufrd xm;I acgif;udkufEdkifonf[kvnf;
aumufcsufqGJI r&ay?)

t}uHjyKjcif; (odk@) rSwfcsufjyKjcif;

aumufcsuftay: tajcjyKI t}uHjyKcsufcsrSwf&rnf? rSwfausmuf (3)ckjzifh
prf;owfcsrSwf&rnf? txufyg jy\emajz&Sif;jcif; vkyfenf;tqifhrsm;udk tpDtpOftvkduf
pepfwus usifh oHk;zefrsm;vm aom tcg jy\emrsm;udk }uHKawG@vmonfh tcsdefwdkif;
rdrd.OD;aESmufxJwGif tvdk tavsmufvG,ful v#ifjrefpGm tpDtpOfwus wkef@jyefajz&Sif;Edkifaom
t&nftaoG;rsm; &&Sdvmrnf jzpfonf?
jy\em (2)
(1) jy\emaz:jycsuf? ? e,fpyfjzwfausmfI EkdifiHa&;tHwkr_oifwef;vma&mufwufa&mufol
EkdifiHa&; tHwkr_&JabmfwOD; jynfwGif;odk@ vHkòcHpGm jyefvnfoGm;a&mufa&;udpP?
(2) cef@rSef;jcif;? ? ppfaq;a&;*dwfrsm;rS ydkrdkar;jref;Ekdif? ppfaq;r_
tenf;trsm;onftajymif;tvJ&SdEkdif?
(3) tcsuftvufpkaqmif;jcif;? ? (u) w&m;0ifwHwm;vrf;rS jyef&eftcuftcJ&Sd?
(c) wHwm;atmufvrf; (cdk;*dwf) rS jyefv#if 'DaubDat
*dwftm; 500 usyfay;v#if tqifajyaeao;onf?
(*) tcsdefumvonfjynfwGif; (&efukef) Y AkH;aygufuGJr_jzpf+yD;
2 ywf t=umcef@wGifjzpfae?
 (C) etz todtrSwfðy trsKd;om;rSwfykHwifvufrSwf&Sd?
(i) bmvmvkyfovJ[k tar;cH&&ef aocsmoavmuf&Sdae?
(p) oifwef;vmwufolonf &efukefrS jzpf?
u&ifjynfe,ftwGif;rS r[kwfv#if ydkrdkppfaq;cH&?
(q) aiGa=u;ydkrdkokH;pGJEkdifygu um;'¶dkifbmtm; rnfokd@r#
tar;cH&jcif;r&Sdap&ef ydkufqHydkay;I vkHòcHoavmufeD;yg; c&D;oGm;vmEkdifonf? ,ckrl ,if;uJhokd@
okH;pGJ&ef tcuftcJ&Sdae?
(ps) ppfaq;a&;*dwfrsm;wGif rJaqmufodk@oGm;onf[k
ajymv#iftzrf;cH&Ekdifonf? jr0wD&SdOD;av;odk@r[kwf aqGrsKd;wOD;OD;. tdrfodk@oGm;onf[k ajzv#if
tqifajyEkdifonf? jr0wDòrd@wGif 1 &yfuGuf 2 &yfuGuf 3 &yfuGufrsm;&Sdonf[k jr0wDòrd@ESifh
ywfoufI A[kokw &Sdxm;oifh?
(4) aqG;aEG;jcif;? ? tcsuftvufwcsufcsif;tm; aqG;aEG;jcif;? tjyeftvSef
qufpyfaqG;aEG;jcif;rsm; ðyvkyfonf?
(5) aumufcsufqGJjcif;? ? jr0wDòrd@&SdOD;av;wOD;. aetdrfodk@ oGm;a&mufvnfywfonf[k
ajzqdkoifh?
(6) t=uHðyjcif; (odk@) rSwfcsufðyjcif;? ? 'DaubDab *dwfrS jyefI 500 bwfay;um jynfwGif;odk@
jyef0ifoifhonf? vrf;wav#muf&Sd *dwfrsm;wGif jr0wDòrd@&SdOD;av;wOD;. aetdrfodk@oGm;vnfonf[k
ajz&rnf? OD;av;onf &yfuGuf (1) wGif aeonf[k ajz&rnf?

jy\em(3)
(1) jy\emaz:jycsuf
jrefrmjynf'Drdkua&pD awmfvSefa&;wGif vlxkrSwuf=uGpGmyg0ifvmap&ef aqmif&GufEdkifaom
enf;vrf;udk&SmazG&ef
(2) cef@rSef;jcif;
(u) jynfol (80)&mcdkifESkef;cef@ yg0ifvmEdkifonf?
(c) acgif;aqmifr_ wjznf;jznf;aumif;vmEdkifonf?
(*) aiGa=u;vdktyfcsuf&SdEdkifonf?
(C) vlxkrSEdkifiHa&; tefwkwdkufyGJudk taumiftxnfaz:&mY &efolaxmufvSrf;a&;
twm; tqD;rsm; }uHKawG@&Edkifonf?
(3) tcsuftvufpkaqmif;jcif;
(u) vlxk}uD;Y (8)av;vHk;qENjyyGJ}uD;wGif yg0ifcJhaom tawG@t}uHK&Sdonf?
(c) EdkifiHa&;tefwkwdkufyJGrsm;ESifh qufpyftaumiftxnfazmf&rnfh ppfa&;wdkufyJGrsm;Y vl
xkw&yfvHk; yg0if&rnfhta&;onf vufawG@tuef@owfrsm;&Sdonf? vloef;rsm;pGm yg0ifEdkifaom
wdkufyJGonf EdkifiHa&;tefwkwdkufyJGjzpfonf?
(*) pGef@pm;r_enf;yg;aom vkyfief;jzifh EdkifiHa&;tefwkwdkufyJGudk pwifEdkif?
(C) 0g'jzef@csda&; vdktyfvsuf&Sdonf?
(i) vlxkESifh xdawG@pnf;&Hk;&rnfh ajymufusm; vufeufudkif 0g'jzef@csda&;tzJG@rsm;jzifh EdkifiH
a&;tefwkvkyfief; rsm;jyKvkyfEdkifonf?
 (p) jynfwGif;rSEdkifiHa&;wuf=uGol 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;u vlxkESifhxdawG@ qufpyfum
EdkifiHa&;tefwk vkyfief;rsm;jyKvkyfEdkifonf?
(q) EdkifiHwum. EdkifiHa&;jy\emrsm;tay: udkifwG,f aqmif&Gufr_yHkpHrsm; ajymif;vmae
onf?
(4) aqG;aEG;jcif;
(u) rS (q) txd
(5)aumufcsufcsjcif;
(u)vloef;aygif;rsm;pGm aqmif&GufEdkifonfh EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_wdkufyJGtm; pGef@pm;r_enf;yg;aom enf;
emrsm;jzifhpwifxm;Edkif&ef ajratmuftzJG@rsm;rSwqifh }udK;yrf;oifhonf?
(c) awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm;taejzifh vlxkESifhxdawG@edkifonfhae&mrsm;/ e,fajrrsm;Y vufeuf
udkif 0g'jzef@csda&;vkyfrsm;jzifh jynfolvlxkrS EdkifiHa&;tefwkwdkufyGJ0ifvmatmif pnf;&Hk;
ynmay;oifh?
(*) 0g'jzef@csda&;udk wdk;jrSifhaqmif&Gufoifh?
(C) jynfwGif;rS EdkifiHa&;wuf=uGol 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;. wdkufyJG0ifaer_tm; rsufajcr jywf
avhvmItuif;yg;pGm qufpyfxm;oifh?

(6) t}uHjyKjcif;?
(u) EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_ oifwef;rsm;zGifhvSpf&rnf? jyef@yGm;atmifaqmif&Guf&rnf? 'Drdku&uf
wpfjrefrmhtoHrSvnf; EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_enf;emrsm; wdk;yGm;vmapa&;twGuf wdkufyGJtawG@t}uHK
rsm;/ vlxktajctaersm;udk pepfwus avhvmokawoejyKvkyf az:xkwf&rnf?
(c) jynfwGif;rS EdkifiHa&;wuf=uGol 'Drdkua&pD tiftm;pkrsm;. wdkufyGJ0ifaer_tm; rsufajcr
jywfavhvmI tuif;yg;pGm qufpyfxm;&rnf? awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm; taejzifh xdawG@Edkif
aomjynfolrsm;tm; pGef@pm;r_enf;yg;aom enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh wdkufyGJ0ifvmatmif ynmay;&rnf?
Todk@pGef@pm;r_enf;yg;aom enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh pwifwdkufyGJ0ifvmjcif;jzifh EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_wdkufyGJ wGif
vlxkonf rdrdudk,frdrd,Hk=unfr_ taqmuftOD;wnfaqmufjcif; (Self-Comfidence Building) jyK
vkyfvmEdkif=urnfjzpfonf? ajratmuftzGJ@rsm;rS wqifhvnf;jynfwGif;Y v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;&Sdvmap&ef
pGef@pm;r_enf;yg;aom enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh wdkufyGJ0ifvmatmif vlxktm; pnf;&Hk;ynmay;&rnf?
(*) vdkif;aygif;pHk a&'D,dk toHv$ifhtpDtpOf (Multi Band Radio) wck&&Sdatmif }udK;yrf;& rnf?
'DAGDbDudk wdk;wufaumif;rGefatmif }udK;yrf;&rnf? xda&mufaom 0g'jzef@csda&; enf;emrsm;udk
tpDtpOf&Sd&Sd xkwfv$ifh&rnf?

(2) pDrHcsuf
pDrHcsuftydkif;udk vufawG@pDrHcsufwck a&;qGJjcif;jzifh avhvm=u&rnfjzpfonf?
ajymufusm;qENjyyGJpDrHcsuf
(u) tajctae/ owif;
(11) rdrd
 rdrd. pnf;&Hk;a&;uGef&ufrsm;onf wpHkw&mwnfaqmufxm;Edkif+yDjzpfonf? etz vuf
atmufY 'Ddrdkua&pDtiftm;pk vGwfvyfpGmaz:xkwfcGifh (Freedom of Expression)
rsm;qHk;&Hk;v#uf&Sd onf?
(22) &efol
etz &efolowif;ay;rsm; vlwef;pm;tv$mtoD;oD;odk@ pdrfh0ifxdk;azgufxm;onf? qENjy
yGJrsm;udk etzvufyg;ap vHkxdef;/ ppfwyfwdk@u &ufpufpGmowfjzwfESdyfuGyf +zdKcGif;av@&Sdonf? t
zrf;cH&onfh qENjyolwkd@udk axmifwGif;Y &ufpufpGm ppfaq;ar;jref;r_rsm;jyKvkyfonf? etzowif;
ay; (Informer) ESifh vufyg;aprsm;onf ‚if;wdk@. twW}uD;rm;aom udk,fusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf etz
tusdK;o,fydk;aeolrsm;jzpfonf?
(c) tzGJ@/ &nfrSef;csuf/ wm0ef
(11) ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@ESifh uGyfuJr_atmuf&Sd avhvma&;tzGJ@i,f (O1/O2/L1/L2-
L3)
(22) ajymufusm;qENjyyGJusif;y&ef?
(33) pGef@pm;r_enf;yg;aom enf;vrf;jzifh jyKvkyf&ef
(44) &efolowif;ay;rsm; rar#mfvifhxm;aomae&m/ vlxk&SdEdkifaomae&m (Oyrm- aps;/
bk&m;/ vrf;qHk)/ vlxkodEdkifaomae&m/ acwWc%tumtuG,f&Edkifaomae&m (EdkifiHjcm;oH&Hk;a&S@)/
aemufqHk;&efol. zrf;qD;jcif;cH&onfhwdkifatmif EdkifiHwumodk@ owif;a&mufEdkifonf (Oyrm-
EdkifiH jcm;oH&Hk;ESifh eD;aomae&mwckjzpfonf r[mAE<Kvyef;+cH ta&S@awmifaxmifh)/
(55) vGwfvyfpGmaz:xkwfcGifhrsm; qHk;&Hk;aeojzifh pGef@pm;r_enf;yg;aom vkyfief;rsm;jzifh az:
xkwfjcif;jzpf?
(66) etz tm%mydkifrsm;/ owif;ay;rsm; rar#mfvifhxm;aom tcsdefudk a&G;cs,fjyKvkyf&
rnf? (Oyrm- ESpfpOfrwfv (27)&ufae@a&mufwdkif; etzrS wyfrawmfae@ tcrf;tem;usif;yavh&Sd
onf? &efolrS wzufwGiftm&HkpdkufvkyfaqmifaepOftwGif; ,if;tcsdefrsdK;Y &efukef+rdK@. oifhawmf
aomae&mwckwGif ajymufusm;qENjyyGJwck v#yfwjyufusif;yygu tidkuf&Edkifonf? jynfolwdk@.
zufqpfawmfvSefa&;ae@udk *k%fjyK&mvnf;a&mufayonf? )
(Ttydkif;udk ‘bajcmufvHk;’jynfhatmifa&;&rnf? “b” ajcmufvHk;qdkonfrSm b,fol/
b,fae&m/ b,ftcsdef/ bmvkyf/ b,fvdkvkyfESifh bma=umifhwdk@jzpfonf?
(*) vkyfaqmifcsuf
vkyfaqmifjcif;wGif tydkif;ESpfydkif;yg&Sdonf? tydkif;(1)wGif jyifqifpkzGJ@jcif;/ taumiftxnf
az:aqmif&Gufjcif;ESifh jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;jcif;wdk@yg0ifonf? tydkif; (2)wGif wm0efcGJa0jcif;[lIyg&Sdonf?

tydkif; (1)
(uu) jyifqifpkzGJ@jcif;
(11) ajratmufpnf;&Hk;a&;uGef,ufrS tzGJ@0if (2)OD; ( 01/ 02) ESifh ‚if;uGyfuJr_atmuf&Sd
avhvma&;tzGJ@rS tzGJ@0if (3)OD; (L1/L2/L3) wdk@yg0ifonfh v_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@i,ftm; (01) OD;aqmif
v#ufzGJ@pnf;&ef
(22) vdktyfaom ypPnf;rsm;jzpfonfh oifhawmfaom cGyfa'gif;tvHi,fwck? tvHwdkifjyK
vkyf&ef/ jzef@xkwfI&aom a&'D,dk/ vrf;av#mufpum;ajympuf tifwDemwdkif (odk@) jzef@xkwfI&
aom ig;r#m;wHrsdK;wacsmif;/ oifhawmfaom t&G,ftpm;&Sd+yD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;"gwfyHk wyHk/
t*Fvdyf - jrefrm ESpfbmomjzifh a&;om;xm;aom a=uG;a=umfoHrsm;/ awmif;qdkcsufrsm;ygonfh
pm rsufESm wpfrsufESmyg vufurf;a=umfjimrsm;/ uifr&mwpfvHk;ESifh zvifwpfvdyf/
(a[majymyGJrsm;/ tcsdef=umrnfh qENjyyGJrsm;/ csDwufqENjyyGJrsm;twGuf
vufudkifavmfpyDumi,f)rsm; }udKwif&SmazG jyKvkyfpkaqmif;&ef?
qENjyolrsm;vdktyfaomc&D;oGm;vmr_rsm;twGuftokH;ðy&efoifhawmfaomyrm%&Sdonfh
aiGtwdkif;twmwck(jzpfEkdifv#ife,fpyftxdxGufcGmEkdif&eftwGufygxnfhoGif;wGufcsufay;oifh)
(33) atmufyga=uG;a=umfoH (3)&yfudk (L1/L2/L3) wdk@ E_wfwdkufusufrSwfxm;&ef/ tqdkyg
a=uG;a=umfoHrsm;rSm-
ppftm%m&Sifpepfwdkufzsufa&; (wdk@ta&;- wdk@ta&;)
'Drdkua&pDESifh vl@tcGifhta&;&&Sda&; ( wdk@ta&;-wdk@ta&;)
vlxktpdk;&ay:xGef;a&; (wdk@ta&;- wdk@ta&;)
xdktjyif a=uG;a=umfoHrsm;udk t*Fvdyfbmomjzifhvnf; a=uG;a=umfEdkif&ef }udKwifIwdkifyif
udkufxm;&rnf? xdka=uG;a=umfoHrsm;rSm-
Free Burma.
We Want Democracy.
Support Daw Aung San Suu Kyi.
txufyga=uG;a=umfoHrsm;onf a,bk,sa=uG;a=umfoHrsm;omjzpfonf? tuef@towf
jzifh jyKvkyfaom qENjyyJGwckcsif;pDY uef@owf&nfrSef;csuf/
awmif;qdkcsufESifha=uG;a=umfoHrsm;&Sd&rnf jzpfonf? ,if;wdk@udkum; qENjyyJGusif;yolrsm;u
tajctaeESifh vdkufavsmnDaxGpGm }udKwifaqG; aEG; csrSwfxm;&rnfjzpfonf?
(44) (02) rS qENjyyJGtm; rSwfwrf;wif"mwfyHk&dkufxm;&eftwGuf vdktyfaom uifr&m
zvifrsm; pk aqmif;xm;&rnf? rSwfwrf;wif"mwfyHk owif;rsm; BBC/VOA/DVB/RFA tp&Sd
onfh owif; avmursm;odk@ a&muf&Sda&;twGuf tquftoG,frsm;udk (01). nGef=um;csuf ESifh
tnDaqmif&Guf xm;&ef?
(55) qENjyyJGusif;yrnfh oifhawmfaomae&m/ tcsdef/ vHk+cHKr_ paomaqmif&GufzG,f&mrsm;udk
(01) rStzJG@0ifrsm;ESifh ndSEd_if;qHk;jzwfxm;&ef?

(cc) taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Gufjcif;

(11) ajymufusm;qENjyyJGtm; (27-3- )ae@/eHeuf(9)em&DY r[mAE<Kvyef;+cHteD;Y usif;y
&ef?
(22) qENjyyJG rusif;yrD ql;avbk&m;ay:Y vdktyfaomypPnf;rsm; ,laqmifvsuf(02/L1/
L2/L3)wdk@ pkqHk&ef?
(33) eHeuf9em&DwGi(f /L1/ L2/L3) wdk@u owfrSwfxm;aomae&mY a=uG;aumfoH (3) &yf
a=uG;a=umfjcif;jzifh qENjyyJGudkpwif&ef/ pwifonfESifhw+ydKifeuf tifwDemwdkifwGif wyfqifxm;aom
tvHi,fudk pwifv$ifhxl a0S@,rf;&ef?
(44) qENjyolrsm; rsufESma&S@wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;"mwfyHkrsm; udkifaqmifxm;jcif;? 0g'
jzef@ ydkpwmxljcif;wdk@udk jyKvkyfvsuf zHk;uG,fjcif;udkyg wygwnf;jyKvkyf&ef?
(55) qENjyyJGtm; aºuG;a=umfoH (3) &yfudk (3) }udrfaºuG;a=umfjcif;? t*Fvdyf-jrefrm ESpfbm
ompvHk;jzifh aºuG;a=umfjcif;/ a=uG;a=umfoHrsm;/ awmif;qdkcsufrsm; a&;om;xm;aom wrsufESmyg
vufurf;a=umfjimrsm; tjrefjzef@a0jcif;/ vltkyf=um;xJjzef@usJjcif;wdk@udk tjrefjyKvkyfyg? (5)rdepf
twGif; qENjyyJGtm; &kyfodrf;I udk,fa,mifazsmufxGufcGm&ef?
(66) qENjyyJGusif;ypOf tcsdefwdktwGif;Y (02) onf rdrd ajymufusm;qENjy&Jabmfrsm;
(/L1/ L2/L3)rS aps;(odk@)vrf;qHkuJhodk@ vlxkxlxJaomae&mwGif qENjyjzpfygu vlxkaemufcH
(Back Ground) xm;I qENjyaeyHktm; xdxdrdrd rSwfwrf;wif "mwfyHk&dkuf&ef?
(**) jyefvnfzJG@pnf;jcif;
(11) ajymufusm;qENjyyJG+yD;aemuf }udKwifowfrSwfxm;aom oifhawmfonfhae&m (P1)
wGifjyefvnfpkqHk&ef? pkqHkrnfhae&mudk (P1/P2) ESpfqifhowfrSwfxm;+yD; pkqHkEdkif&ef }udK;yrf;&rnf?
(22) vHk+cHKa&; tajctaet& tEW&m,f&Sdvmygu awmfvSefa&;e,fajrodk@ xGufcGm&ef vdk
tyfaom qENjyol (/L1/ L2/L3) wdk@oHk;OD;teuf rnfolrqdk xGufcGmEdkif&ef (O1) rS vrf;nGef
xm;&rnf?
(33) vHk+cHKa&;tajctae aumif;ygu yHkrSeftwdkif;qufae=u&efjzpfonf?
(44) (O2) &dkuf,lvmaom owif;"mwfyHk ponfwdk@udk (O1) rS}uD;=uyfvsuf EdkifiHwum
owif;avmuodk@ tjrefa&muf&Sdap&ef aqmif&Guf&rnf? &efukef/ jr0wD/ rJaqmuf vrf;rSjzpfap/
oHwrefowif&yfuGufrSjzpfap/ acwfrDqufoG,fa&; enf;vrf;rsm;jzifhjzpfap tjrefydk@aqmif&rnf?
(O1,O2) yg0ifaom pnf;&Hk;a&;uGef,ufudk toHk;jyKydk@aqmif&rnf?
tydkif;(2)
wm0efcJGa0jcif;
(uu) (O1) onf v_yf&Sm;r_wckvHk;. tzJG@acgif;aqmiftjzpf wm0ef,l&rnf? qENjyyJGwGif
ryg0ifay?
(cc) (O2) onf 0g'jzef@csda&; vkyfief;rsm;wGif wm0ef,l&rnf?
(**) (L1)onf ajymufusm;qENjyyJG. tzJG@acgif;aqmiftjzpf wm0ef,l&rnf?
(C) tkyfcsKyfa&;/ axmufyHha&;
(11) tzJG@acgif;aqmif(O1)rS v_yf&Sm;r_ taumiftxnfazmfaepOftwGif; owif;vHk+cHKr_/
tpDtpOfuser_/&kyf0wÎKypPnf; jynfhpHkr_rsm;twGuf t+rJ}uD;=uyfae&rnf?
(22) v_yf&Sm;r_tzJG@0ifrsm; a=umuf&GH@r_ r&Sdapa&;/ rdrdudk,frdrd ,Hk=unfr_ &Sdapa&;twGuf
pnf;&Hk;&rnf? pHjyaqmif&Guf&rnf? (O1) onf pDrHcsufw&yfvHk;udk tzJG@0iftm;vHk;tm; &Sif;vif;
today;xm;&rnf?
(33) ajymufusm;qENjyyJG usif;ypOfY acgif;aqmifwm0ef,l&rnfh(L1) onf qENjyyJG
atmifjrif+yD;ajrmufapa&; twGuf rdrdudk,frdrd ,Hk=unfr_&Sd&Sd &J&J0Hh0hH OD;aqmif&rnf? tzJG@0iftm;vHk;
tm; wm0efudk,fpDay;xm;I qENjyyJGwGif &J0Hhwuf=uGpGm yg0ifaeatmif pnf;&Hk;xm;&rnf?
(i) qufoG,fa&;
(11) ajymufusm;qENjyyJG aumiftxnfazmfpOfumvY v_yf&Sm;r_tzJG@0if tcsif;csif; (zdk;eD -
barmif)[lonfh tjyeftvSef pum;0Sufjzifh qufoG,f=u&ef?
(22) zkef; (012964) udk toHk;jyKI pum;0Sufjzifh (O1) tm;qufoG,f=u&ef/
zkef;twGif;YqufoG,fr_ vkyf&HkrSwyg; v_yf&Sm;r_ta=umif;udk vHk;0 (vHk;0) raqG;aEG;&ef/ vHk+cHKr_&Sd
aom ae&mYom aqG;aEG;&ef?
(33) qENjyyJGt+yD;Y vHk+cHKa&;tajctaepdwfrcs&ygu awmfvSefa&;e,fajrtwGif;odk@ xGufcGmEdkif
a&;twGuf (O1,O2) wdk@yg0ifaom pnf;&Hk;a&;uGef,uf. qufoG,fr_pepfudk toHk;jyK&eft wGuf
(O1) rS wduspGm nGef=um;xm;&ef? rSwfcsuf? ? pGef@pm;r_enf;yg;pGmjzifh jyKvkyfEdkifjcif;/
yg0ifEdkifrnfholrsm; &Sdaeao;jcif; tay:rlwnfI qENjyyJGtiftm;udk tajctaet&
twdk;tavsmhjyK vkyfEdkifygonf? tu,fI tiftm; wdk; jrSifhjyKvkyfygu wdk;wufvmaom
tiftm;ESifhtnD pDrHcsuf tm;vdkufavsmnDaxGpGm jyifqifa&;om;&rnf?

pDrHcsuf
(u) tajctae/ owif;
(11) rdrd
(22) &efol
(c) tzJG@/ &nfrSef;csuf/ wm0ef
(b-ajcmufvHk;)

(*) vkyfaqmifjcif;
tydkif;(1)
(uu) jyifqifpkzJG@jcif;
(cc) taumiftxnfaz:aqmif&Gufjcif;
(**) jyefvnfzJG@pnf;jcif;
tydkif;(2)
wm0efcJGa0jcif;
(C) tkyfcsKyfa&;/ axmufyHha&;
(i) qufoG,fa&;
pDrHcsuftcef;ESifhywfoufonfh taxGaxG(1)
owif;ay;rsm;/ axmufvSrf;a&;rsm;. ajc&mcHr_vdkufvHzrf;qD;r_rsm;udk ausmfv$m;Edkif&ef}udK;
yrf;jcif;? Tae&mwGif wifjyvdkonfrSm toHk;jyKEdkifbG,f&Sdaom en;fvrf;tcsKd@udk wifjyxm;jcif;
omjzpfygonf? aocsmayguf vGwfajrmufrnf[k tmr rcHEdkifay/ ajymufusm;qENjyyJG usif;olrsm;
taejzifh vHk+cHKa&;tajctae pdwfrcs&r_a=umifh e,fpyfodk@ xGufcGmvGwfajrmufjcif;udk atmifjrifpGm
aqmif&GufEdkif&ef wpHkw&m tcuftcJ&Sdayonf? +rdK@wGif;Yyif wwfEdkifoavmuf
vSnfhywfa&Smif&Sm; um rdrd.vGwfajrmufr_udk twwfEdkifqHk; }udK;yrf;&rnfh tajctaersKd;udk
ydkrdk}uHKawG@&rnfjzpfonf? xdka=umifh ,if;uJhodk@ vSnfhywfa&Smif&Sm;&v#if atmufygenf;tcsKd@udk
toHk;jyKvdku toHk;jyKEdkif&ef t}uHjyKwifjyxm;jcif;omjzpfonf?
(11) rdrdaemufwGif ajc&mcHvdkufaeaom owif;ay;&Sdonf[k oHo,&Sdygu taqmuf
tOD;rsm;. rSefrsm;/ tvSukefypPnf;qdkifrsm; 0,f,l[efjzifh toHk;jyKEdkifonfh rSefrsm;/&kyf&Sif&Hk/ ukef
wdkufponfh vltrsm;oHk;ae&mrsm;rS tdrfomrsm;wGif &SdwwfonfhrSefrsm; ponfwdk@udk toHk;jyKI
rSefxJwGifaemufodk@ESpf}udrf (odk@) oHk;}udrf xyfcgxyfcgawG@&ygu rdrdaemufodk@ ajc&mcHvdkufaeaom
owif;ay; odk@r[kwf axmufvSrf;a&;[k cef@rSef;Edkifjcif;?
 (22) rdrdaemufodk@vdkufaeaom owif;ay; odk@r[kwf axmufvSrf;a&;&Sd+yD[k odygu
bwfpf um;wpD;ay:odk@rdrdrS um;xGufcgeD; tjrefvdkufwufjcif;/ owif;ay; odk@r[kwf axmufvSrf;
vdkuf wufvmygu a&S@wrSwfwdkifY um;&yf+yD; um;bD;vSdrfhpjyKum jyefpxGufcsdef
um;t&Sdefjyif;jyif;ESifh rarmif;xGufrSD qif;aecJhum owif;ay;(odk@) axmufvSrf;a&;tm;
xdkum;jzifhygoGm;apjcif; xdk@ aemuf qef@usifzufodk@ OD;wnfoGm;aeaom (odk@) vdkif;eHywf
rwlaombwfpfum;wpD;tm; ajymif;pD;jcif; vdktyfv#if wqifh+yD;wqifh ajymif;pD;I
ajc&mazsmufjcif;?
(33) a,musfm;rsm;qHyifnSyfI&aom trsKd;orD;qHyifnSyfqdkif/ trsKd;orD;tvSjyifqdkifrsm;Y
qHyif0ifnSyfjcif;/ E_wfcrf;arG;/ trsKd;orD;tvSjyifqdkifY qHyif0ifnSyfjcif;/ E_wfcrf;arG;/ rkwfqdyfarG;
rsm;qdyfarG;rsm;&Sdygu &Sif;vif;jcif;? (trsKd;orD; qHyifnSyfqdkifuJhodk@aom ae&mrsKd;tm; owif;ay;
odk@r[kwf axmufvSrf;a&;u xl;xl;jcm;jcm; apmifh=unfhEdkifbG,f tvm;tvm enf;onf?)
(44) vlxktrsm;&Sdonfh ae&mrsm;jzpfonfh &kyf&Sif&Hkrsm;/ ADG'D,dk&Hkrsm;Y 0ifa&muf=unfh&_
tcsdefukefvGefapjcif;/ abmfvHk;yJG/ tm;upm;yJGrsm;odk@vnf; oGm;a&muf=unfh&_jcif;? rwwfomonfh
tqHk; tzrf;cH&ygu vlxk=um;xJYtzrf;cHjcif;? &kyf&Sif&HkabmfvHk;yJG ponfhae&mrsm;wGif ppfaxmuf
vSrf;a&;rsm;taejzifh ‚if;wdk@zrf;vdkoltm; zrf;qD;&efcufcJonf? ‚if;wdk@zrf;qD;r_ jyKvkyfvdkufygu vl
tkyf}uD;&kwf&kwfoJoJjzpfoGm;+yD; vlxkqENjyyJG/ vlxkr+idrfroufr_rsm; jzpfvmEdkifudk ‚if;wdk@a=umuf
vef@ayonf?
(55) aemufqHk;tzrf;cH&yguvnf; rdrd tzrf;cH&a=umif; rdrd&Jabmfrsm; tjrefqHk;odapEdkif
onfh oauFwwckckudk ajymufusm;qENjyyJGodk@r[kwf EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_vkyfief;wckck rvkyfrDuwnf;
u }udKwifndSE_dkif; owfrSwfxm;u tjrefqHk;odap&efvdktyfonf? etz ppftkyfpk axmufvSrf;a&;rS
rdrdtm;zrf;rdoGm;ygu rdrdESifh &Jabmf&Jbuf/ vkyfazmfudkifbufrsm; qufvuf tzrf;rcH&a&;twGuf
‚if;wdk@a&Smifwdrf;csdef/ vHk+cHKonfhae&mrsm;odk@ xGufcGmcsdef&atmif tenf;qHk; (24) em&Dcef@ etz
axmufvSrf;a&;wdk@. ESdyfpufr_udk }uH}uHcHxm;Edkif&ef tpGrf;ukef}udK;yrf; wdkufyJG0if&arrnf?
(66) OD;xkyfaqmif;jcif;/ cGswfjcif;/ OD;xkyfta&mif ponfwdk@udk toHk;jyKoauFwvkyfI rdrd
wdk@tcsif;csif; tcsdef;csufjyKvkyfEdkifonf?csdef;qdkr_rsm;jyKvkyf&mwGif tcsdefwduspGm vma&mufawG@qHk
=u&rnf? (ocifwifjy a&;om;onfh ‘bHkb0rSmjzifh’ wGifyg0ifonfh ocifpdk;. zufqpfqef@usifa&;
umv ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; ta=umif;udk avhvmzwf&_oifhonf?) pDrHcsuftcef;ESifhywfouf
aom taxGaxG(2)a[majymyJGrsm;/ xdkifoydwf/ &yfoydwfESifh csDwufqENjyyJGrsm; EdkifiHa&;tefwk
wdkufyJG0ifolrsm;taejzifh pGef@pm;r_enf;yg;pGmjzifh jyKvkyfaomvkyfief;rsm; (Low Risk Action)
jzifh qEnjyyJGrsm;udk wqifh+yD;wqifh aqmif&Guf&mwGif yxrtqifhY tcsdefwdktwGif;
+yD;ajrmufaom tuef@towfrsm;onfh ajymufusm;qENjyyJG (Hit & Ryn
Demonstration) rsm;jzifh pwifwdkuf yJG0if&ayrnf? ,if;odk@ pwifwdkufyJG0if&if;jzifh rdrdudk,frdrd
,Hk=unfr_wnfaqmufjcif; (Self-Confidence Building) udk ydkrdkjyKvkyfvmEdkifjcif;
ta=umufw&m;wpHkw&m avsmhusoGm;jcif;/ pGef@pm;EdkifpGrf; wdk;wufvmjcif;tay:rlwnfI
ajymufusm;qENjyyJGrsm;onf ,if;tqifhESifhjzifh &yf wef@+yD;ajrmufroGm;awmhbJ
tcsdefydkrdk=umjrifhvmaom/ vltiftm; ydkrdkrsm;jym;aom tuef@t owf ydkenf;oGm;aom
a[majymyJG/ xdkifoydwf/ &yfoydwf/ qENjyyJGrsm; tqifhxd wdk;wufa&muf&Sd oGm;atmif
}udK;yrf;wdkufyJG0ifoGm;=urnfjzpfayonf?
 TuJhodk@wqifh+yD;wqifh wdk;csJ@vkyfaqmif&mwGif EdkifiHa&;tefwk wdkufyJG0ifolrsm;taejzifh
atmufyg tcsufrsm;udk txl;owdxm;&ef aqmif&Guf&rnf?
(11) a[majymyJGrsm;wGif toHcsJ@puf (Speaker) rsm;udk aocsmpGmxdef;csKyfjcif;/ etz
owif;ay;/ axmufvSrf;a&;wdk@. vufxJodk@a&muf&SdroGm;atmif xdef;csKyfxm;jcif;/tb,fa=umifh
qdkaomftoHcsJ@puf rdkufcGufudkifolrsm;onf qENjy/ a[majymyJGrsm;. trdef@ay;olozG,f jzpfoGm;
Edkifaoma=umifh ‚if;qENjyyJG. &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk ysufjym;aornfh a[majymr_rsm; jyKvkyfvmEdkif
aoma=umifh ‚if;EdkifiHa&;tefwk wdkufyJG0ifolwOD;OD;u tcrf;em;r–;tjzpf tvSnfhus xdef;ausmif;
&efvdktyfayonf? odk@rSom tcrf;tem; tpDpOfrsm;a[majymonfh rdef@cGef;rsm;udk OD;wnfcsufrSef
rSef xdef;ausmif;Edkifayvdrfhrnf?
(22) a[majymyJGrsm; csDwufqENjyyJGrsm;wGif toHcsJ@pufESifh wyfOD;rSv$ifhxlaom cGyfa'gif;
tvHawmfudk EdkifiHa&;tefwkwdkufyJG0ifol wOD;OD;u tcdkiftrm udkifaqmifcsDwuf&efvdkonf? odk@rS
om etz owif;ay; (odk@) axmufvSrf;a&;rsm;u wyfOD;rStvHawmftm; 0ifa&mufudkifaqmif OD;
aqmifcsdDwuf+yD; owfuGif;twGif;/ vlxkr&Sdaom vlxkenf;yg;aomae&modk@ r#m;ac:onfh vrf;
a=umif;ajymif; csDwufr_rsm;udk wm;qD;Edkifayrnf?
Tae&mwGif usaemfwdk@ ordkif;ocFef;pmwck xkwf,l&ef&Sdayonf?,if;rSm 1988
ckESpfrwfv (13) &ufae@wGif pwifjzpfyGm;aom &efukefpufr_wouUodkvf (RIT) ausmif;om;
udkzkef;armf us qHk;r_ta&; ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ odk@oGm;a&mufyl;aygif;&ef }udK;yrf;onfh
&efukefwuUodkv fESifhpD;yGm;a&;wuUodkvf ausmif; om;rsm; (16-3-88) ae@ tif;vsm;uefabmif
wHwm;jzL jynfvrf;Y rqv vHkxdef;wdk@. &uf&ufpufpuf acsr_ef;cHvdkuf&onhf tjzpftysuf
jzpfygonf? aemufydkif;‚if;tjzpftysufudk wHwm;eD ta&;tcif;[k *k%fðy ac:a0:=uygonf?
xdktjzpftysufY qENjyyGJ. wyfOD;wGif tvHudkifaqmifxm;aomolu wyfOD;rSaeI
&efukefwUodkvf. pD;yGm;a&;wuUodkvfxGufaygufrS xGufaomtcg &efukefwuUodkvfvd_ife,fajrESifh
&efukefpufr_wuUodkvfqEN jyausmif;om;rsm;ESifhyl;aygif;rnfjzpfojzifh txufygvrf;a=umif;twdkif;
csDwufoGm;&m aemufrS ausmif;om; rsm; vnf; vdkufygcsDwufoGm;=uygonf? xdktvHudkifcsDwuf
olonf xdkvrf;a=umif;twdkif;OD;wnfcsDwuf&ef ausmif;om;trsm;pku oabmwlI aoG;¶dk;om;¶dk;
oabmjzifh udkifaqmifcsDwufoGm;onfvm; rqv vufyg;apolv#KdwOD;OD;uyif tpDtpOf&Sd&Sdjzifh
xdkvrf;a=umif;twdkif;OD;aqmifudkifaqmifcsDwufoGm;onfvm; rajymwwfyg? odk@aomftif;vsm;
uefabmifta¶S›wae&mta&mufwGifrl rqv ppfwyfwcsKd@ta¶S›rS ydwfqdk@ xm;jcif;udkcHvdkuf&+yD;
aemufydkif;wGifrl csDwufonfhausmif;om;rsm;. aemufa=umbufqDrS vkHxdef;um;rsm; u qENjy
ausmif;om;tkyfxJodk@ 'v=urf;0ifa&mufvmum vkHxdef;rsm;um;ay:rS wkwfrsm;'dkif;rsm;udkifaqmif
I qif;vm+yD; ausmif;om;rsm;udk '&pyf ¶dkufESufygawmhonf? xdkausmif;om;rsm;¶dkufESuf
cHvdkuf&aomae &m. vrf;wzufwGif tif;vsm;uefabmif&SdI vlxkenf;yg;aom jcHus,f}uD;
rsm;&Sdygonf? ausmif;om;xk&Sd onfhae&monf vrf;[dkzufxdyf'DzufxdyfESifh Ed_if;,SOfIajym&v#if
tedrfhydkif;&Sdonf[kvnf;qdkEkdifygonf? xdkae&monf vkHxdef;ESifhppfom;rsm;twGuf ausmif;om;rsm;
udk ¶dkufESufESdrfESif;&ef aumif;aomae&mjzpf onf[k qdkEkdifygonf? owfuGif;jzpf onf[k qdku
qdkEkdifygonf?
xdka=umifhqENjyyGJ. tvHudk udkifaqmifcsDwufaomolonf rdrdqENjyolrsm;bufrS tao
tcsmjzpf ae&ef txl;ocFef;pm,l=u&rnfjzpfonf? tu,fI rqv olv#KdwOD;OD;uom udkif
aqmifcsDwufjcif;jzpfyg u ‚if;wdk@pDpOfxm;onfh*GifxJodk@ rdrdwdk@ausmif;om;rsm; a&muf&SdoGm;onf
[k ,lqu ,lqEkdifygonf? t u,fI rdrdwdk@qENjyausmif;om;bufjcrf;rS wOD;OD;u¶dk;om;pGm
jzifhudkifaqmifcsDwufjcif;jzpfygu ,if;uJhokd@vl xkenf;yg;aom owfuGif;jzpfEkdifaomae&mokd@
tvHudk udkifaqmifI OD;aqmifrcsDwufrdap&ef aemifqENjyyGJ rsm;twGuf trSm;udk¶dk;om;pGmjzifh
rSm;,Gif;rvkyfaqmifrdap&ef ocFef;pm,l=u&rnfjzpfonf? vlxkrsm;jym; aomae&mokd@om tvHudk
udkifaqmifOD;aqmifcsDwuf=u&rnfjzpfonf? xdkrSom qENjyyGJokd@ xyfrHyl;aygif;yg0if vdkaomvlxk
rsm;&Sdygu xyfrHI yl;aygif;yg0ifEkdifrnfvnf;jzpfygonf? qENjyyGJonfvnf; vltiftm;ydkrdk rsm;
jym;pGmyg0ifEkdifrnfvnf;jzpfIf ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh vlxkvrsm;yl;aygif;EkdifoGm;+yD; vlxk v_yf&Sm;
r_tqifh okd@vnf; wufvSrf;oGm;Ekdifygonf?
1996 ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif &efukefwuUodkvfrS xGufvmaom qENjyausmif;om;rsm;
onf tif; vsm;uefbufodk@rcsDwufyJ vlxkrsm;jym;xlxJaom vSnf;wef;vrf;qkHbufokd@csDwuf
um xdkifoydwfESifh a[majymyGJrsm;usif;ycJhygonf? xdkodk@1996 ckESpfausmif;om;qENjyyGJ. csDwuf
&mvrf;a=umif;a¶G;cs,fr_onf ydkIrSefuefonf[k qdkEkdifygonf? ,if;okd@ocFef;pmxkwfE_wfokH;oyf
jcif;onf wHwm;eDta&;tcif;tm; ao; Ekyfodrfzsif;apvdkIr[kwfyg? usqkH;cJhaomausmif;om;
rsm;udk tav;tjrwfrðyvdkIr[kwfyg? wHwm;eDta&; tcif;ESifh usqkH;cJhaomausmif;om;rsm;udk
av;jrwfpGm*k%fðyygonf? odk@aomfaemufaemifwGif qENjyyGJrsm; csDwufjcif;rsm;Y owdðyoifhonf
rsm;udk owdxm;Ekdifap&ef ,if;uJhokd@okH;oyfwifjyjcif;jzpfygonf? rdrdwdk@ &ifqdkifae&aom tkyfpkd;ol
ppftkyfpkonf rdrdwdk@qENjyolrsm;udk‚if;wdk@a¶S›wef;ppfajrjyifwGif&ifqdkifae&aom &efolppfom;rsm;uJh
okd@oabmxm;um t&m&mudk ppfa&;tjrifjzifh ¶_jrifokH;oyf+yD; rdrdwdk@qENjyausmif;om; rsm;udk
&uf&ufpufpufacsr_ef;aoma=umifh ,if;uJhokd@ rcH&ap&ef t=uHðy wifjyjcif;jzpfygonf?
odk@aomfvnf; ,cktcsdeftcgY etz ppftkyfpkonf &efukefwuUodkvfESifh &efukefpufr_wuU
odkvfuJhokd@ &efukefòrd@wGif;wGifausmif;wuf&aom ausmif;om;xkawmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk &efukefòrd@jkyif
Y '*kHwuUodkvf/ taemufydkif; wuUodkvf/ ta¶S›ydkif;wuUodkvfwdk@udk wnfaqmufum ‚if; wuU
odkvfrsm;odk@ydk@ypfvdkuf+yDjzpfonf? &efukefwuUodkvfwGifwuf&aom ausmif;om;rsm;rSm Master
wef;rsm;/ ta0;oifwuUodkvfpmar;yGJvmajz&ef c%wmausmif;vmwufaom ausmif;om;rsm;
om usef&Sdawmhonf? &efukefpufr_wuUodkvfwGifvnf; xdkenf;vnf;aumif;yifjzpfonf? ,if;rSm
&efukefòrd@aevlxkESifh eD;eD;em;em;wGif&Sdaeaom &efukefwuUodkvfESifh &efukefpufr_wuUodkvfrsm;wGif
ausmif;om;qENjyr_r&Sdap&ef etz ppftkyfpkrS ðyvkyfvdkufjcif;yifjzpfonf? tu,fI ,ckvuf&Sd
taemufydkif;wuUokdvf/ '*kHwuUodkvf/ ta¶S›ydkif;wuUodkvfrsm;wGif ausmif;om;qENjyr_ v_yf&Skm;r_
rsm; ay:vmv#ifvnf; vlxkESifhryl;aygif;Edkifap&Ef etz rS tpDtpOf&Sd&Sd ðyvkyfxm;jcif;yifjzpfonf?
,cifuqdkv#if &efukefwuUodkfvfY ausmif;om;qENay:aygufvmv#ifvrf;ay:xGufvdkufonfESifh
vSnf;wef;qkHa&muf+yD; vlxkESifhtvsiftjrefyl;aygif;EkdifcJhonfjzpfonf? ,cktcgY ausmif;om;qEN
jyyGJrsm;jzpfay:vmv#if vlxkESifhcsufcsif;yl;aygif;&efqdkonfrSm yx0Dtaetxm;t& tawmfhudk t
cuftcJ &SdoGm;+yD[k okH;oyfrdygonf? ,if;uJhokd@ etz ppftkyfpku vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;rsm; rjzpfay:
vmEkdifatmif tpDtpOf&Sd&Sd aqmif¶Gufaeonfrsm;udk rdrfwdk@'Drdkua&pDta&;óud;yrf;aeolrsm;bufrS
rsufjcnfrjywf¶_jrifum rdrdwdk@bufrS rdrdwdk@bufrS rnfokd@jyefvnfaqmif¶Guf&rnfudk enf;vrf;
rsm ;¶Sm}uHxm;oifhayonf?
 (33) xdk@tjyif qENjyyGJrsm;onf rar#mfvifhyJESifh t&ufrl;orm;rsm;/ pdwfrESH@olrsm;.
aESmifh,Sufr_udkvnf;cH&wwfygonf? xdktcsdefrsKd;wGif qENjyyGJrsm;.acgif;aqmifrsm; vdrfrmyg;eyf
pGmudkifwG,fI qENjyyGJudk ¶kwf¶kwfoJoJjzpfroGm;ap&efxdef;odrf;=u&rnfjzpfygonf?
pDrHcsuftcef;ESifhywfoufonfhtaxGaxG(2)
ajymufusm;qENjyyGJrsm; rusif;yrDwGif jyifqifoifhonfhtcsuftcsKd@udk wifjycsifygonf? us
aemfwdk@EkdifiHa&;tHwkr_wdkufyGJ0ifolrsm;onf rnfonfhtvkyfr#r&Sdv#ifawmifrS udk,fv_yf&Sm;rnfh
òrd@. ajrykHudkqGJjcif;/ udk,fqENjyrnfhae&m0ef;usifw0dkufu t0iftxGufvrf;tm;vkH;
(vrf;óudvrf;=um;/ jzwfvrf;ponftm;vkH;) udkajrykHqGJjcif;/ ajrykHay:rSm rdrdwdk@qENjy+yD;v#if
udk,fa,mufazsmufxGuf cGmrnfh vrf;a=umrsm;udk tprf;oGma&muf=unfhjcif;/ qENrjyrD
ESpf&ufokd@r[kwf w&uftvdk avmufrSm xdkvrf;rsm;tm;oGm;=unfhjcif;rsm;tm; ðyvkyfoifhygonf?
xdk@tjyif rnfonfhvrf;wGif owif;ay;aexkdifonf? v_yf&Sm;wwfonf qdkonfrsm;udkyg
avhvmxm;&rnfjzpf+yD; owif;ay;rsm;&SdEkdifacs tenf;qkH;vrf;udk tokH;ðyum qkwfcGmjcif;/
v_yf&Sm; r_ wckckðyvkyf&efa¶G;cs,fjcif;rsm;udk aqmif¶Gufoifhygonf?
,if;uJhokd@aqmif¶Gufjcif;u tjynfht0rvkHòcHonfhwdkifatmif wpkHw&mvkHòcHr_&dSpGmjzifh v_yf
&Sm;r_udk ðyvkyfEkdifrSmjzpfygonf? qENjyyGJt+yD;wGifvnf; tvsiftjrefudk,fa,mifazsmufqkwfcGm&ef
twGuf taxmuftul}uD;rm;pGm&&SdaprSmjzpfygonf?
vrf;u|rf;usifr_t& rdrdutvsiftjrefqkwfcGmEkdif+yD; 0wfqifvmaom tay:tusFDudk c|wf
ypf+yD; t0wftpm;ta&miftaoG;ykHo¾efudkajymif;vJEkdifygu rdrdtm;aemufa,mifcHvdkufzrf;aom
axmufvSrf;a&;/ owif;ay; ESifh vkHòcHa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;tm; ¶kwfw&ufrsufjcnfjywfoGm;apEkdifygonf?
xdk@tjyifòrd@.&Jrsm; vSnfhvnfonfhpepf/ tcsdefZ,m; ponfwdk@udk twdtusvdkufvHpkHprf;
xm;oifhygonf? olwdk@. tavhtusifhrsm;/ c|wf,Gif;csufrsm;/ tm;aumif;csufrsm;ponfwdk@udk
avhvmpkHprf;xm;&rnfjzpfonf? tcsdefZ,m;udkodxm;jcif;tm;jzifh ae&mwae&mwGif ywWa&mif
vSnfhvnfonfh&JwyfzGJ@onf n (9) em&DwdwdwGifa&muf&Sdonf[k odxm;ygu xdkae&mwGif &Jrsm;
jzwfausmfoGm;+yD;ump n(9) em&Dausmf+yD;ptcsdecf ef@Y ,if;ae&mteD;&SdtkwfeH&Hrsm;Y etz qef@
usifa&;pmom;rsm;/ aqmifyk'frsm;/ aºuG;a=umfoHrsm; a&;om;jcif;/ tajctaeay;ygu ajymufusm;
qENjyjcif;rsm;/ r_wfaq;rsm;jzifh tkwfeH&Hrsm; vrf;rsm;ay:Y etz tvdkr&Sd ponfuJhokd@aom pm
om;rsm;a&;jcif;wdk@udk ðyvkyfEkdifygonf?
wcgw&Ha'owGif; wm0ef,laqmif¶Gufaeaom &JwyfzGJ@rS &Jt&m&Sdrsm;xJrS vmbft}uD;
tus,fpm;aom jynfoludk zdESdyfaom&Jt&m&Sdrsm;. ¶kyfajymifykHudkaomfvnf;aumif;/ òrd@tkyfcsKyf
a&;xJrS armufrmaomtkyfcsKyfa&;wm0ef&SdolwOD;OD;. armufrmaomtðytrlw&yfaqmif¶GufaeykH
[moaESmxm;onfhumwGef;rsm;udk óudwifv#Kd@0SufqGJxm;+yD; tvpftidkuf&aomtcsdefrsm;wGif
uyfoifhygonf? rqGJxm;&ifvnf; u,f&Dau;csm;a&;qGJwwfol wa,mufu
tjrefo¶kyfaz:a&;qGJ wmrsKd; ðyvkyfvdkufEkdifygonf?
ajymufusm;qENjyyGJrsm;rSae rar#mfvifhyJESifh qENjyyGJrsm;onf atmifjrif+yD; twdkif;twm
w&yftxd}uD;rm;vmwwfjcif;rsKd;vnf; jzpfwwfygonf? Oyrm 1996 ckESpf ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_
uJhokd@ / xdktcsdefrsKd;wGif yl;aygif;&eftvm;tvm&Sdaomvlxk ( Potential People to join the
strike ) rsm;udk &Smwwf+yD; wrsufESmygvufurf;pm¶Gufrsm;ukd xdkypfrSwfvlxkqDodk@ta&mufay;ykd@
jzef@csdEkdif&efvdktyfygonf?
 Oyrm- ,cif&efukefwuUodkvfwGifausmif;om;trsm;pkwufpOfwkef;uuJhokd@ ,if;wuU
odkvf0if;twGif;wGif pk¶kH;qENjya[majym=urnfqdkv#if teD;tem;wGif rnfonfhpuf¶kHrsm;&SdovJ/
xdkae&mwGif tvkyform;tiftm;b,favmuf&SdovJ/ teD;qkH;bkef;}uD;ausmif;rsm;ESifh v_yf&Sm;r_
wGif yl;aygif;yg0ifvmEkdifonfh bkef;}uD;ausmif;rsm;. tuGmta0;csDwuf&mvrf;a=umif; tp&Sdwm
rsm;vnf; rdrdwdk@xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;xm;&efvdktyfygonf?