Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
istoria
damxmare saxelmZRvanelo
saatestato gamocdebisaTvis
nata axmeteli, besik lorTqifaniZe
istoria
damxmare saxelmZRvanelo saatestato gamocdebisaTvis
ISBN 978-9941-11-
www.diogene.ge
sarCevi
_6_
1. qvis xana saqarTveloSi. brinjaos xana saqarTveloSi
2. Zveli aRmosavleTi
egvipte
Zveli egviptis civilizaciis CamoyalibebaSi udidesi roli Seasrula mdinare nilosma.
pirveli dasaxlebebi uSualod mdinaris gaswvriv Seiqmna. swored amitom uwoda berZenma isto
rikosma herodotem egviptes `nilosis nobaTi~. egviptelTa sameurneo yofa mTlianad mdinare
nilosis yovelwliur adidebaze iyo damokidebuli. adidebis Sedegad nilosi aTasobiT kvad
ratul kilometrs tboravda. wylis donis daklebis Semdeg ki mdinare uamrav Slams tovebda.
mosaxleoba iwyebda am Slamiani miwis damuSavebas, romelic saukeTeso iyo saxnav-saTesad. im
adgilebSi, sadac adidebuli mdinare ver aRwevda, egviptelebs wyali arxebiT gahyavdaT.
Zv. w. IV aTaswleulSi egvipteSi ori samefo Camoyalibda. nilosis saTaveebTan samxreT, anu
zemo, egvipte mdebareobda, nilosis deltaSi ki _ CrdiloeT, anu qvemo, samefo. daaxloebiT
Zv. w. 3000 wels zemo samefos mefem menesma qvemo samefo daipyro. erTiani egviptis mmarTvels
faraoni (`didi saxli~) ewoda. am saxelmwifom yvelaze didxans, sami aTas wels, iarseba. am xnis
manZilze egvipteSi mmarTvelebis, faraonebis 33 dinastia Seicvala. istorikosebi dinastiebs
romauli cifrebiT aRniSnaven da egviptis istorias Zvel, Sua da axal samefod yofen.
III-IV dinastiebis mmarTvelobis periodi, daaxloebiT Zv. w. 2600-2150 ww., Zveli egviptis
gansakuTrebuli Zlierebis, `ayvavebis xana~ iyo, romelsac `piramidebis epoqas~ uwodeben.
swored am epoqis faraonebma daiwyes piramidebis mSenebloba. pirveli iyo faraon joseris pi
ramida, romelic pirveli vezirisa da arqiteqtoris imhotepis gegmiT aigo. man mSeneblobaSi
xisa da Tixis nacvlad pirvelad gamoiyena qva. IV dinastiis xanaSi aigo sayovelTaod cnobi
li _ faraonebis xeofsis, xefrenisa da mikerinis piramidebi. (adgilmdebareobis mixedviT maT
gizas piramidebs uwodeben). Tumca saxelmwifos xazina veRar afinansebda grandiozul mSe
neblobebs. amitom mogviano xanis piramidebi SedarebiT momcro zomisaa. daaxloebiT Zv. w. III
aTaswleulis dasasruls daiwyo Zveli samefos dacema. daiwyo Sinaomebi, romelic TiTqmis 2
saukune gagrZelda. Zv. w. XX-XVIII ss.-Si kvlav aRdga erTiani, Zlieri samefo. am periods Sua
samefos xanas eZaxian. faraonebma dedaqalaqi memfisidan TebeSi gadaitanes, mimdebare velebi
ki sakuTari akldamebis asaSeneblad gamoyves. Tebes maxloblad aSenda luqsorisa da karnakis
STambeWdavi taZrebi. Sua samefos dacema Zv. w. XVII-XVI ss.-Si aRmosavleTidan egvipteSi aziu
ri momTabare semituri modgmis tomebis hiqsosebis SemoWram ganapiroba. maTi samxedro gan
viTareba egviptelebisas aRemateboda. cxeni, swrafi sabrZolo etlebi da mSvild-isari eg
viptisTvis manamde ucnobi iyo. CrdiloeT egviptis dampyrobeli hiqsosebi swrafad moergnen
_8_
egviptis yofas, SeiTvises misi kultura. Tuki egviptes manamde urTierToba mxolod libiasa
da nubiasTan hqonda, amieridan aziis qveynebTanac daamyara urTierToba. Zv. w. XVI saukuneSi
Tebes egviptelebma gandevnes hiqsosebi. egviptis erTianoba aRdga. am periods axali samefos
xanas uwodeben. egvipte axlo aRmosavleTis uZlieres imperiad gadaiqca. Tutmos III-is (Zv. w.
1390-1353) armia da floti yovelwliurad awyobda did laSqrobebs aziaSi. egviptelTa sam
xedro nawilebma mdinare evfratamde miaRwies.
egvipteSi mravalRmerTianoba iyo. maTTvis agebuli iyo uamravi taZari. am taZrebis
qurumebma droTa ganmavlobaSi didi gavlena moipoves. isini faraonebsac ki aRar epuebod
nen. qurumebs daupirispirda faraoni amenhotep IV (Zv. w. 1353-1336). man da misma meuRlem ne
fertitim gadawyvites, erTi RmerTis Tayvaniscema daewesebinaT. erTaderT RmerTad RvTaeba
atoni gamoacxadda, romelsac mzis diskos saxiT gamosaxavdnen. axali RmerTis pativsacemad
faraonma saxeli Seicvala da exnatoni dairqva, aaSena axali dedaqalaqi (axetatoni). faraonma
uaryo yvela sxva egvipturi RmerTi, maTi saxelis xsenebac ki akrZala. es reformebi droebi
Ti aRmoCnda, exnatonis gardacvalebis Semdeg qurumebma aRadgines Zveli RmerTebis kulti.
maTi brZanebiT exnatonisa da nefertitis saxelebi egvipteSi iseve idevneboda, rogorc ma
namde Tavad isini devnidnen egviptur RmerTebs.
exnatonis reforma monoTeizmis (erTRmerTianobis) SemoRebis pirveli warumatebeli mcde
loba iyo. Zvel egviptelebs swamdaT, rom bunebasa da adamianebis cxovrebas RmerTebi ganageb
dnen. RmerTebi maT adamianebis saxiT hyavdaT warmodgenili, romlebsac cxovelis Tavebi hqon
daT. RmerTebi ciur sxeulebTan, nilosTan, raime mniSvnelovan saqmianobasTan iyvnen gaigivebu
li. egviptelebis rwmeniT, Tu micvalebulis sxeuls kargad Seinaxavdnen, misi suli icocxlebda,
amitom gardacvalebis Semdeg mdidari egviptelebis gvamebis mumificireba xdeboda. egviptele
bis azriT, saiqioSi yvela ver moxvdeboda. gardacvlilTa sulebs RmerTi osirisi asamarTlebda.
wesieri adamianis suli saiqioSi xvdeboda. Zv. w. XI saukunidan egvipte TandaTanobiT dasustda,
ris Sedegadac Zv. w. VII s.-Si is jer asurelebma, xolo Zv. w. VI s.-Si iranelebma daipyres.
_9_
damwerlobis gamogoneba. Zv.w. IV aTaswleulis boloTi TariRdeba piqtografiuli (xatovani)
damwerlobis pirveli nimuSebi. Sumerebi sawer masalad Tixas iyenebdnen. svel Tixis firfi
taze werdnen da aSrobdnen. Zv. w. IV aTaswleulis dasasrulsa da III aTaswleulis dasawyisSi
SuamdinareTSi CrdiloeTidan semituri tomebi SemoiWrnen. isini CrdiloeT SuamdinareTSi
gabatondnen da iq aqadis qalaq-saxelmwifo Camoayalibes. Zv. w. XXIII s.-Si CrdiloeT Suamdi
nareTSi, aqadis samefoSi, axalgazrda mefe sargoni gamefda. man SeZlo Zlieri armiis Seqmna,
Semdeg ki samxreTiT Sumerebis winaaRmdeg gailaSqra. sargonma SumerTa qalaqebi daipyro da
sparseTis yuremde miaRwia. SuamdinareTi amieridan erTian saxelmwifod Camoyalibda, romel
sac saTaveSi semituri warmoSobis aqaduri dinastia edga.
Zv. w. XVIII saukuneSi am brZolaSi aqtiurad Caeba qalaqi babiloni. male gaerTianebuli
samefos centri swored babiloni gaxda. igi mesopotamiis savaWro, religiur da samecniero
centrad iqca. babilonma SeiTvisa Sumerul-aqaduri kultura, qalaqis mfarveli RvTaeba
marduqi mesopotamiis wamyvan kultad Camoyalibda. babilonis samefo gansakuTrebiT gaZ
lierda mefe xamurabis periodSi (Zv. w. 1792-1750 ww.). man daipyro mezobeli qveynebi da xelT
igdo im droisaTvis SuamdinareTze gamavali mTavari savaWro gzebi. xamurabma Tavis samefoSi
mravali reforma Caatara. msoflio istoriaSi igi Sevida, rogorc erT-erTi udidesi kanon
mdebeli. man Seqmna 282 muxlisagan Semdgari kanonTa krebuli. xamurabis sikvdilis Semdeg
babilonis samefo dasustda. Zv. w. X s.-Si ki asureTis saxelmwifom ramdenjerme dalaSqra
babiloni da Tavis sazRvrebSi moaqcia is. Zv. w. VII s.-is dasawyisSi asurelebma babiloni dai
morCiles. imave saukunis bolos babilonis Zlireba kidev erTxel aRdga. is gansakuTrebiT
gaZlierda nabuqodonosoris (Zv. w. 604-562) dros, rodesac babilonis samefos sazRvrebi
xmelTaSua zRvasa da sparseTis yures Soris gadaiWima. man ganaaxla RvTaeba marduqis taZari
da qalaqis galavani, aago babilonis koSki (godoli) da dakidebuli baRebi, romelic Zvelma
berZnebma msoflios erTerT saocrebad miiCnies. misi mefobis dros babiloni msoflios udi
des qalaqad da vaWrobis centrad iqca. Semdeg babilonis samefo kvlav dasustda da Zv.w. VI
saukuneSi sparseTis aqemenianma mefe kirosma daipyro.
asureTis samefo
Zv. w. III aTaswleulis II naxevarSi arabeTis n./k.-idan wina aziaSi SemoWrili semituri to
mebis STamomavlebi iyvnen asurelebi, anu asirielebi. maTi dasaxlebis centrs warmoadgenda
qalaqi asuri (berZn. forma `asiria~). asureTi md. tigrosis Sua da zemo welze mdebareob
da. CrdiloeT maRalmTianeTSi Tavidanve ganviTarda mesaqonleoba, samxreT SuamdinareTis
dablobebSi ki _ miwaTmoqmedeba. bunebrivi sazRvrebis (zRvebisa da qedebis) arqonis gamo
asurelebs arsebuli teritoriis SesanarCuneblad gamudmebuli brZola uwevdaT. asureTis
mdebareobis gamo mis teritoriaze gadioda ZiriTadi savaWro marSrutebi. teritoriis da sa
vaWro gzebis dasacavad asurelebi meomar xalxad Camoyalibdnen. Tavdapirvelad asurelebi
babilonsa da miTans emorCilebodnen. Zv. w. XV-XIV ss.-idan asureTi damoukidebeli samefoa.
asureTis mefeebma TandaTan daipyres mezobeli qveyana _ miTanis samefo da xeTuri olqebi.
asureTis teritoria gansakuTrebiT gaizarda mefe tiglaTfileser I-is (1115-1077 ww.)
dros. CrdiloeTiT man `nairis~ qveynebi dalaSqra. samxreTiT ki qalaqi babiloni daipyro da
finikiis qalaqebi daxarka. asureTis Zlierebas drodadro safrTxes uqmnidnen dasavleTidan
SemoWrili arameuli tomebi, CrdiloeTidan ki _ urartus samefo.
asureTis xelaxali gaZliereba (e. w. `axalasuruli xana~) dakavSirebulia Zv. w. VIII s.-Si
tiglaTfileser III-is reformebTan administraciul da samxedro sferoSi. man Seqmna samxed
ro aristokratiis privilegirebuli fena, brinjaos iaraRi Secvala rkinis iaraRiT, armiaSi
Seqmna kavaleria da daxvewa saomari etlebis forma. qveiTi jaris wamyvan Zalas rkinis jav
SniT SeWurvili da xis didi fariT daculi mSvildosnebi warmoadgendnen.
_10_
misi memkvidris sargon II-is (Zv.w. 722-705) dros asureTi kidev ufro gaZlierda. sargonma
dalaSqra urartu, babiloni. misma vaJma sinaqeribma axal dedaqalaqad q. ninevia airCia.
garegnuli Zlevamosilebisa da didebis miuxedavad, asureTi Sinaganma krizisma moicva. xan
grZlivma dapyrobiTma omebma qveynis resursebi gaaCanaga, samefo sagvareulos SigniT taxtis
Tvis brZola xSirad saxelmwifo gadatrialebiT mTavrdeboda. Sinaur qaoss gareSe safrTxec
daemata. asureTis winaaRmdeg gaerTiandnen babiloni da midia. babilonis mefe nabofalasarma
samxreTidan Seutia asureTs, xolo midiis mefe kiaqsarma _ CrdiloeTidan. maTi jarebi q. asur
Tan Sexvdnen erTmaneTs. 612 wels mokavSireebma ninevia aiRes. 605 wels qarxemiSTan babilonis
mefe nabuqodonosorma sabolood daamarcxa asureTis ukanaskneli mefe asurubaliti.
urartu
Zv. w. IX s.-Si samxreT kavkasiaSi, vanisa da urmiis tbebis midamoebSi Camoyalibda urartus
saxelmwifo. misi dedaqalaqi iyo tuSfa. urartu gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda mefeebis argiSTi
I-isa da sarduri II-is dros. am dros urartus mefeebma dalaSqres samxreT kavkasiis qveynebic,
maT Soris pirveli qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebebi _ diaoxi da kolxa. urartus
istoriis Sesaxeb upirvelesi wyaroa asuruli da Tavad urartuli lursmuli warwerebi, rom
lebic ZiriTadad asurelebTan da sxva mezobel xalxebTan brZolebis, samSeneblo da sakul
to saqmianobis aRweras moicavs.
_11_
urartus samefo Zlier daasusta Zv. w. VIII s.-Si CrdiloeTidan momTabare tomebis:
skviTebisa da kimerielebis Semosevam. Zv. w. VII saukuneSi dRevandeli iranis teritoriaze mi
diis samefos gaZlierebam safrTxe Seuqmna urartus saxelmwifos. midielebma jer asureTis
samefo daipyres, Semdeg ki, daaxloebiT 590 w., urartus samefoc. urartu ganTqmuli iyo
liTonis (rkina, brinjao) warmoebiT. urartelebma Zv. w. IX s.-Si asurelebisgan SeiTvises da
ufro gaamartives lursmuli damwerloba.
diaoxi da kolxa
Zv. w. II aTaswleulis bolos qarTvelurma tomebma Seqmnes pirveli saxelmwifoebrivi
gaerTianebebi _ diaoxi da kolxa. asureTis mefe tiglaTfileser I Tavis warweraSi mogviT
xrobs asurelTa galaSqrebaze `nairis qveynebis~ winaaRmdeg. asurelebi `nairis~ maTi qveynis
CrdiloeTiT mdebare vrcel miwa-wyals eZaxdnen. sxva datyvevebul mefeTa Soris am warwe
raSi ixsenieba daienis (diaoxis, taoxis) mefe sieni. SemdgomSi diaoxs ixsenieben urartuli
warwerebi. urartus mefeebi menua (Zv. w. 819-786 ww.) da misi Ze argiSTi (Zv. w. 786-764 ww.) mog
viTxroben Tavis Zlevamosil laSqrobaze diaoxis winaaRmdeg. misi teritoria Woroxis auzs
da Savi zRvis samxreT sanapiroebs moicavda.
diaoxi Zv. w. XII-VIII ss. arsebobda. argiSdis Semdeg es qveyana aRar Cans. samagierod urar
tus mefe sarduri II-is warweraSi ixsenieba samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos meore didi gaer
Tianeba _ kolxa (kulxa). rogorc Cans, diaoxis miwebi urartum da kolxam gainawiles da da
mezoblebis Semdeg maT Soris omebi daiwyo. Zv. w. VIII s. bolos CrdiloeT kavkasiidan daiwyo
momTabare skviTebisa da kimerielebis Semosevebi; isini jer samxreT kavkasiaSi SemoiWrnen,
aqedan ki _ axlo aRmosavleTSi. swored am Semosevebis Sedegad urartu Zalian dasustda, xo
lo kolxa saerTod ganadgurda.
3. aqemenianuri irani
Zv. w. VI saukuneSi wina aziaSi Camoyalibda msoflios udidesi saxmeleTo imperia, aqeme
nianuri irani. imperiis saTaveSi idga wina aziaSi mcxovrebi erT-erTi iranulenovani tomis,
sparselebis, mmarTveli aqemenianTa sagvareulo. Zv. w. VII saukuneSi sparselebi aseve iranu
lenovani tomebis mier Seqmnili saxelmwifos _ midiis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen da xarks
ixdidnen.
kirosi
Zv. w. 553 wels midiis winaaRmdeg ajanyeba daiwyo sparseTis mefe kiros II-m (Zv. w. 558-530).
brZolam sam weliwads gastana da sparselTa gamarjvebiT dasrulda. Zv.w. 550 wels kirosma aiRo
midiis dedaqalaqi ekbatana da Tavi sparseTisa da midiis mefed gamoacxada. kirosma gaagrZe
la dapyrobebi da momdevno ori wlis ganmavlobaSi daikava parTia da hirkania _ manamde midis
SemadgenlobaSi myofi iranuli olqebi. Semdeg kirosma mcire aziisken ilaSqra. mas miemxro
mcire aziis erT-erTi samefo _ kilikia da samxedro daxmarebac ki SesTavaza. amis gamo kiross
arasdros gaugzavnia kilikiaSi sparseli mmarTvelebi, gansxvavebiT sxva qveynebisgan, romlebic
winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen. kilikiis sparselebis mxareze gadasvlis Semdeg kirosi ukve lidiis
samefosac miuaxlovda. im dros lidiis samefos mcire aziaSi gamorCeuli adgili eWira. misi
mfarvelobis qveS iyvnen sanapiroze mdebare berZnuli qalaqebi. kirosi lidiisken daiZra. gza
_12_
dagza is Tavis armias im qveynis meomrebiTac avsebda, romelTa teritoriazec gadioda. kirosma
elCebi mcire aziis sanapiros berZnul qalaq-saxelmwifoebSic gagzavna da mouwoda, mis mxareze
gadasuliyvnen. magram mcireazielma berZnebma dacda amjobines. lidiis dedaqalaqis _ sardes
aRebis Semdeg kirosma iq sparseli mmarTveli daniSna da mcire aziis berZnuli qalaqebisken gae
marTa. berZnebma kiross elCebi gaugzavnes da mfarveloba sTxoves im pirobiT, ra pirobiTac
manamde lidiis mefis mfarvelobis qveS imyofebodnen. magram kirosma elCebs upasuxa, mas Sem
deg, rac lidiis bedi gadawyda, berZnul qalaqebsac Tavad ganvusazRvrav pirobebso. qalaqebis
nawili sparselebs sakuTari neba-surviliT damorCilda, nawili ki brZolis Sedegad daipyres.
kirosma laSqrobebi aRmosavleTiT gaagrZela da Sua aziis nawili daipyro. Semdeg ki ba
bilonic daikava. qalaqis mcxovreblebs kirosis armiisTvis winaaRmdegoba ar gauweviaT, rad
gan kirosma isini usamarTlo mefis batonobisagan ixsna. kirosma babilonis mTavar RvTaebas
_ marduqs taZarSi msxverpli Seswira da qalaqis mcxovreblebs mSvidobas da xelSeuxeblobas
Sehpirda. aseve, im mosaxleobas, romelic babilonis mefeebis mier iZulebiT iyvnen Suamdi
nareTSi gadmosaxlebuli, man neba darTo, sakuTar samSobloSi dabrunebuliyvnen. kirosma
formalurad SeinarCuna babilonis samefo da socialur struqturaSi araferi Seucvlia.
babiloni mefis erT-erTi rezidencia gaxda. qveyanaSi, erTi SexedviT, yvelaferi ucvleli
darCa. amas garda, kirosis mmarTveloba babilonSi ucxoelTa batonobad ar miuRiaT, radgan
man mefoba `marduqis xelidan~ miiRo da yvela rituali Seasrula, magram sinamdvileSi babi
lonis damoukidebeli saxelmwifo aqemenianTa erT-erT olqad gadaiqca.
babilonis damorCilebis Semdeg dasavleTiT mdebare qveyanebi _ siria, palestina da fi
nikia _ egviptis sazRvramde sparselebs daeqvemdebara. aqemenianTa saxelmwifo vrcel te
ritoriaze gadaiWima da amis Semdeg kirosma gadawyvita, sazRvrebi ukve saxelmwifos Crdi
lo-aRmosavleTis mxridan gaemagrebina, raTa Sua aziidan momTabare tomebi _ masagetebi ar
SemoWriliyvnen. amisaTvis man Zv. w. 530 Sua aziaSi ilaSqra, magram mdinare amudariis sanapi
roze momTabareebTan brZolaSi daiRupa.
kambizi
Zv. w. 530 wels taxtze avida kirosis memkvidre kambizi. man egvipteze gailaSqra. Zv. w. 525
wels egviptelTa armia sparselebTan brZolaSi damarcxda da egviptec aqemenianTa saxelmwi
fos SemadgenlobaSi Sevida. kambizma faraonis tituli miiRo da egviptis mefed yvela wesis
dacviT ekurTxa. Zv. w. 522 wels sparseTSi ajanyeba daiwyo da kambizic samSoblosken gaeSura,
Tumca gzaSi SeTqmulebma mokles.
darios I
aqemenianTa iranis Semdegi mefe gaxda darios I (Zv. w. 522-486). mefobis pirvel or wels
dariosi mTel imperiaze modebuli ajanyebebis Caqrobas mounda. saxelmwifoSi wesrigis dam
yarebis Semdeg dariosma reformebis gatareba daiwyo.
man saxelmwifo teritoriul-administraciul erTeulebad _ 20 satrapiad dayo. rogor
cwesi, satrapiis sazRvrebi emTxveoda Zveli qveynebis saxelmwifo da eTnografiul saz
Rvrebs. satrapiis farglebSi daSvebuli iyo iseTi SemTxvevebic, roca esa Tu is qalaqi TviT
mmarTvelobas, avtonomias inarCunebda (mag., finikiuri qalaqebi, berZnuli qalaqebis nawili).
satrapiis saTaveSi mefis moxeleebi _ satrapebi idgnen. satrapis Tanamdeboba kirosisa da
kambizis drosac arsebobda da is adgilobrivi mmarTvelis funqcias asrulebda, romelic
erTdroulad olqSi umaRlesi samoqalaqo da samxedro piri iyo. ZiriTadad satrapebi adgi
lobrivi warCinebulebidan iniSnebodnen. dariosis reformis Sedegad ki satrapebad umetesad
sparselebs niSnavdnen; maT adgilebze umaRlesi samoqalaqo da sasamarTlo xelisufleba
_13_
hqondaT, krebdnen gadasaxadebs, romlebic oqros, vercxlis, xetyis, sxvadasxva produqte
bisa da saqonlisgan Sedgeboda. satrapiis jaris mTavarsardals mefe piradad niSnavda. sat
rapebi da mxedarTmTavrebi uSualod damokidebuli iyvnen centralur xelisuflebaze, maT
mudmivad amowmebda saidumlo policia. dariosis reformis Sedegad Seiqmna didi biurokra
tiuli aparati, romelic samefo kancelariidan imarTeboda.
mefis rezidencia persepolisSi iyo, magram saxelmwifos administraciul centrs qalaqi
suza warmoadgenda. suzis garda sxva did qalaqebSic _ babilonSi, ekbatanaSi, memfissa da sxva
satrapiebis dedaqalaqebSic arsebobda kancelariebi. yvela moxeles Tvalyurs adevnebda umaR
lesi moxele _ xazarapeti, romelsac imavdroulad mefis piradi gvardia `aTi aTasi ukvdavic~
emorCileboda (gvardias amgvarad imitom iwodeboda, rom maTi raodenoba mudam ucvleli iyo.
romelime meomris daRupvis SemTxvevaSi, mis adgilze swrafad ayenebdnen sxva gamocdil meo
mars).
dariosma ekonomikuri reformebic gaatara. man imperiaSi fulis saerTo erTeuli Semoi
Ro. es iyo oqros `dariki~. aseve iWreboda vercxlis `sikli~. `darikis~ moWra mxolod mefes
SeeZlo, sikls ki satrapiebSi (ZiriTadad mcire aziaSi) Wridnen. vaWrobisa da komunikaciis
gansaviTareblad dariosma moawesriga gzebi, Seqmna mudmivi safosto sadgurebi, romlebic
informaciis swrafi gavrcelebis saSualebas iZleoda. axalma samoneto da administraciulma
politikam xeli Seuwyo sagadasaxado sistemis mowesrigebas.
mkacrad iyo dadgenili satrapiebSi mosaxleobis Semadgenloba (Tu romeli xalxi iyo ama
Tu im satrapiaSi gaerTianebuli) da gadasaxadebi. Tavad sparselebi gadasaxadebisgan gaTa
visuflebuli iyvnen. isini saxelmwifo aparatSi, mefis `ukvdavTa gvardiasa~ da armiaSi msa
xurobdnen.
aqemenianTa imperiis SemadgenlobaSi qarTuli tomebis nawilic moeqca. Tanamedrove sa
qarTvelos samxreT-dasavleTiT mcxovrebi sasperebi, mosxebi, tibarenebi, mosinikebi, mak
ronebi, marebi sparseTis XVIII da XIX satrapiebSi iyvnen gaerTianebuli. herodotes Tanaxmad,
qarTuli tomebidan _ kolxebi satrapiis SemadgenlobaSi ar Sediodnen, magram sakuTari neba-
surviliT ixdidnen yovel mexuTe wels xarks: 100 yrmasa da 100 qalwuls.
dariosma imperiaSi saerTaSoriso enad arameuli SemoiRo (arameuli ena Zv.w. I aTaswleul
Si axlo aRmosavleTSi yvelaze gavrcelebuli ena iyo). mTeli imperiis teritoriaze oficia
luri dokumentebi arameul enaze igzavneboda.
aqemeniani mefeebi, iseve rogorc Zveli samyaros sxva monarqebi, xSirad sakuTar war
werebs sasaxleTa kedlebze, kldeze akveTinebdnen, raTa maTi wakiTxva yvelas SesZleboda.
dRemde SemorCenilia qalaq suzis dariosis warwera, romelic aq sasaxlis agebis Sesaxeb mog
viTxrobs.
qserqse
darios I-is gardacvalebis Semdeg saxelmwifos saTaveSi misi memkvidre qserqse I (Zv. w.
486-465 w.) Caudga. sagareo politikaSi man aqemenianTa tradiciuli kursi gaagrZela. da
riosis dros daiwyo da Semdeg qserqses mefobisas gagrZelda iranelebisa da berZnebis da
pirispireba, romelic istoriaSi berZnul-sparsuli omebis saxeliTaa cnobili. qserqsem sa
xelmwifoSi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi _ religiuri reforma Caatara da iranelTa saerTo
religiad zoroastrizmi gamoacxada. man akrZala imperiaSi mcxovrebi sxvadasxva xalxebis
adgilobrivi RvTaebebi da kultebi da ahuramazdas savaldebulo Tayvaniscema daawesa.
uZveles droSi sparselebi sxvadasxva RmerTs scemdnen Tayvans. Zv.w. VII-VI ss-Si zaraTuStram
(berZnulad zoroastrma) Camoayaliba moZRvreba, romelsac Semdeg zoroastrizmi ewoda. zo
roastrizmi dualisturi religiaa, romlis mixedviT, samyaroSi ori urTierTsapirispiro
sawyisis _ sikeTisa da borotebis, sinaTlisa da sibnelis, sicocxlisa da sikvdilis mudmivi
_14_
brZola mimdinareobs. dadebiT sawyiss naTeli RvTaeba ahura mazda ganasaxierebs. am religias
agreTve uwodeben mazdeanobas (ahura mazdas saxelis mixedviT) an cecxlTayvanismcemlobas
(maTi mTavari salocavi wminda cecxlia).
xmelTaSua zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros viwro zoli uZveles droidanve dasaxlebuli iyo
semituri modgmis qanaanelTa tomebiT. am mdidar, nayofier, samiwaTmoqmedo kulturiTa da
meTevzeoba-zRvaosnobiT ganTqmul qveyanas Zveli berZnebi uwodebdnen `finikias~, rac ber
Znulidan iTargmneba rogorc `mewamuli~. am regionSi ar iyo didi mdinareebi, adgilobrivi
masStabebiT yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo iordane palestinaSi da oronti siriasa da finikiaSi.
amis gamo irigacia sustad iyo ganviTarebuli. mTis masivebi aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispi
reTs ramdenime nawilad yofda. es ori faqtori xels uSlida regionis erT sameurneo er
Teulad Camoyalibebas.
III aTaswleulis SuaxanebSi finikiis teritoriaze Camoyalibda ramdenime Zlieri qalaq-sa
xelmwifo, maT Soris gansakuTrebiT gaZlierdnen biblosi, sidoni, ugariTi da tvirosi. qala
qebis ZiriTad mosaxleobas xelosnebi da vaWrebi Seadgendnen.
finikia mdidari iyo bunebrivi resursebiT _ spilenZisa da rkinis madniT, tyeebiT, maT So
ris saxelganTqmuli kedriT. es simdidre egviptelebisa da SuamdinareTis saxelmwifoebis in
teress iwvevda. samiwaTmoqmedo miwebis simcirem da zRvasTan siaxlovem gansazRvra am regionis
ekonomikis ganviTarebis Tavisebureba: saxmeleTo vaWroba ganviTarda SuamdinareTTan da saz
Rvao egviptesTan. Zv. w-is II aTaswleulidan finikiis qalaq-saxelmwifoebma sazRvao vaWrobaSi
pirveloba moipoves. maT Soris gamoirCeodnen tvirosi da sidoni. xetyis siWarbem xeli Seuwyo
gemTmSeneblobis ganviTarebas. maT did niCbian gemebs, romlebsac brtyeli gembani da ialqnebi
hqonda, Soreul qveynebSi mogzauroba SeeZloT. saqonliT datvirTuli finikiuri gemebi im
droindeli msoflios yvela wertilSi aRwevdnen. berZeni istorikosis, herodotes cnobiT, Zv.
w-is VII-VI ss. mijnaze finikielebma afrikasac ki Semouares. finikiur qalaq-saxelmwifoebze did
zegavlenas axdendnen mezobeli didi civilizaciebi da qveynebi: asureTi, egvipte, xaTi.
Zv. w. XI s-Si gansakuTrebiT dawinaurda q. tvirosi, romelmac daiwyo mTeli xmelTaSuaz
RvispireTis masobrivi kolonizacia. finikielebi Soreul mxareebSi aarsebdnen axal dasax
lebebs _ koloniebs. damaarsebeli qalaqebi koloniebze ara mxolod ekonomikur gavlenas
axdendnen, aramed Tavis kulturasac avrcelebdnen koloniis mimdebare adgilobriv mosax
leobaSi. kolonizaciis procesi ramdenime mizeziT iyo gamowveuli. qalaqebi arc ise didi
iyo da soflis meurneobisaTvis gamosadegi miwebis simcire ver uzrunvelyofda maT yvela
moqalaqes. amdenad, moqalaqeTa nawili cdilobda axal miwebze dasaxlebas da iq sakuTa
ri meurneobis ganviTarebas. meore mizezi iyo sazRvao vaWrobis ganviTareba. finikielebs
sxvadasxva qveynidan SehqondaT maTTvis saWiro saqoneli, xolo sakuTar nawarms xelsayrel
fasad yiddnen. xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi qalaqebis daarseba am process aadvilebda. Zv. w-is
_15_
XI saukuneSi tviroselebma CrdiloeT afrikaSi daaarses qalaqi utika, xolo pirenes naxevar
kunZulze _ gadesi. TandaTanobiT finikielebma aiTvises dasavleT sicilia, malta da balea
ris kunZulebi. maT mier daarsebul qalaqebs Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo Zv. w. 825 w.
CrdiloeT afrikaSi daarsebuli qalaqi karTageni.
finikiis mTavari qalaqebi _ tvirosi, sidoni da biblosi _ satranzito vaWrobis Sedegad
mdidrdebodnen. tvirosi cnobili iyo samRebro saxelosnoebiT, sadac Semotanil qsovils
Rebavdnen mewamuli saRebaviT, romelsac moluskebisgan amzadebdnen. aseve Zalian fasobda
finikieli ostatebis mier damzadebuli nakeTobebi _ oqrosa da vercxlis Tasebi, saiuveliro
nawarmi. vaWrobasTan erTad finikielebi mekobreobasac ar Takilobdnen.
Zv. w. IX-VII ss-Si finikiis qalaqebi asureTis daqvemdebarebaSi moeqcnen. asurelTa xarkis
simZimis gamo finikieli mefeebi gamudmebiT janydebodnen, magram warmatebas ver aRwevdnen,
radgan qalaq-saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebuli savaWro konkurenciis gamo gaerTianebas ver
axerxebdnen. Zv. w. VI s-is SuaxanebSi finikia daipyro sparseTis aqemenianma mefe kirosma. Zv.
w. VIII-VII saukuneebidan finikielebis konkurentebi xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi gaxdnen berZnuli
qalaq-saxelmwifoebi (polisebi). berZnebma didi sakolonizacio moZraoba wamoiwyes. berZneb
ma TandaTanobiT SeZles finikielebis Canacvleba. maT gamoigones axali, ufro swrafmavali
samxedro gemebi _ trierebi da mTel xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi gabatondnen. Zv. w. 332 w. finikia
daipyro aleqsandre makedonelma. aq damkvidrda elinisturi kultura, gabatonebul enebad
iqca berZnuli da arameuli. ax. w. III s-Si finikiis qalaqebma sabolood daasrules arseboba.
finikielebis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli kacobriobis udidesi miRweva _ anbanis gamo
goneba. finikiel vaWrebs Tavisi farTo kontaqtebis gamo sWirdebodaT damwerlobis marti
vi wesi (da ara aqaduri lursmuli an egvipturi ieroglifebi). am Ziebam samxreT finikiaSi
warmoSva pirveli xazovani damwerloba, romelSic TiToeuli niSani ukve winaswar dadgenil
marcvals ki aRar aRniSnavda, aramed Tanxmovans, romelsac, SeiZleboda, nebismieri xmovani
darTvoda an ar darTvoda. finikiur anbanSi Camoyalibda 22 aso-niSani. SemdgomSi am damwer
lobas gaecnnen berZnebi, gadaiRes da Tavis mxriv daumates xmovani niSnebi, riTac anbanurma
sistemam sabolood Camoyalibebuli saxe miiRo.
5. Zveli saberZneTi
berZnuli kolonizacia
antikuri epoqis saberZneTi ar iyo politikurad erTiani. Zv. w. VIII s-Si TiTqmis yvela
berZnul qalaqSi warmoiqmna damoukidebeli saxelmwifo. maT berZnebi polisebs uwodebdnen.
Tavdapirvelad `polisi~ mxolod geografiul teritorias aRniSnavda. mxolod mogviane
biT gaxda is qalaq-saxelmwifos sinonimi. yovel poliss hyavda sakuTari jari, hqonda xazina,
Wrida sakuTar monetas. momdevno ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi berZnebma sakuTari polisebis
gareT daiwyes sacxovrebeli adgilis Zieba. polisis ekonomikis safuZveli miwaTmoqmedeba,
xelosnoba da samTamadno saqme iyo. saberZneTis yvela qalaqs miwisa da liTonis sabadoebis
simcire zRudavda. qalaqebi erTmaneTs xSirad eomebodnen. polisebis SigniTac xSiri iyo
dapirispireba miwismflobelebsa da Raribebs Soris. Zv. w. VIII s-dan polisebis mosaxleobam
axali teritoriebis aTviseba daiwyo. amis ZiriTadi mizezi swored miwis simcire iyo. meore
mizezi qalaqebSi arsebuli uTanxmoebebi da, xSirad, samoqalaqo omebic iyo. aseT SemTxvevaSi
polisidan midiodnen axali, ukeTesi qalaqis daarsebis surviliT. amave mizeziT mravali ga
Raribebuli da valebSi Cafluli berZenic tovebda samSoblos.
_16_
koloniis daarseba metad sapasuxismgeblo saqme iyo. masSi qurumebi da winaswarmetyve
lebi ereodnen. dasaxlebis adgilis SerCevisas Semdeg pirobebs iTvaliswinebdnen: a) qalaqi
zRviT advilad unda yofiliyo misadgomi; b) qalaqis dacva ioli unda yofiliyo; g) axali
dasaxleba nayofieri miwebiT unda yofiliyo garSemortymuli; d) qalaqs mudmivad unda hqo
noda sasmeli wyali.
koloniebi iqca berZnuli saqonlis gasaRebis axal bazrad. Tavis mxriv, koloniebidan
saberZneTSi Sedioda damatebiTi nedleuli, rac metropoliis mzard ekonomikas Zlier sWir
deboda. TandaTan berZnuli koloniebi msoflio savaWro centrebad iqca. xmelTaSua zRvis
auzSi arsebulma zogierTma berZnulma koloniam adgilobrivi mosaxleoba Tavisi gavlenis
sferoSi moaqcia da damoukidebel saxelmwifod Camoyalibda. koloniisa da metropoliis anu
`deda qalaqis~ erTmaneTTan damokidebuleba gansxvavebuli iyo. zogjer kolonia sruliad
damoukidebel qalaqad yalibdeboda, zog SemTxvevaSi ki metropoliis gavlenis qveS rCeboda.
aTeni
Sua saberZneTSi mdebare atikis olqi ZvelTaganve saberZneTis centrs warmoadgenda. ati
kis mTavarma qalaqma, aTenma, TandaTan mTel atikaze moipova gavlena. aTenSi Caisaxa mmarTve
lobis forma, romelsac demokratia ewodeba. kacobriobis istoriaSi aq pirvelad SemoiRes
`moqalaqis~ cneba.
aTeni saberZneTis 750 poliss Soris erT-erTi qalaq-saxelmwifoTagani da farTobis
sididiT meore qalaqi iyo spartis Semdeg. igi Sedgeboda sakuTriv qalaqis, misi navsad
guris (pireosis) da garSemo mdebare teritoriisgan (soflebi, patara dasaxlebebi, zRvis
sanapiro zoli). polisis CamoTvlili nawilebi erTmaneTs avsebdnen ekonomikuri Tvalsaz
risiT. berZnuli wyaroebi aTens `aTenelTa qalaqad, aTenelTa saxelmwifod~ moixsenieben.
qalaq-saxelmwifoTa simravlis miuxedavad, berZnebi Tavs erTiani berZnuli samyaros wevre
bad miiCnevdnen, radgan hqondaT erTi ena, Tayvans scemdnen erTsa da imave RmerTebs, ikri
bebodnen saerToberZnul religiur dResaswaulebze. Tavdapirvelad aTenSi Zalauflebas
_17_
aristokratia flobda. poliss saTaveSi basilevsi, anu mefe edga. aRmasrulebel xelisuf
lebas warmoadgenda arqontTa 9-kaciani kolegia, romelsac areopagi, anu aristokratTa
sabWo irCevda.
Zv. w. VII saukuneSi aTenSi mciremiwianobis gamo Zalian bevri gaRaribda. maT Semosavali ar
hqondaT da vals iRebdnen. valis gadaxda umravlesobas aRar SeeZlo da aristokratis mona
xdeboda. amas daemata sastiki kanonebi, romlebic aristokratebma xalxs dauweses.
solonis reformebi
Zv. w. 594 wels pirvel arqontad airCies soloni, romelmac reformebis gziT Secvala
sazogadoeba. man daamkvidra:
• Tavisufali adamianis, anu moqalaqis cneba. solonma akrZala valis gamo Tavisufali ada
mianis gayidva da misi monad qceva. mcire aziaSi gayiduli adamianebi samSobloSi daabru
nes. amieridan mona mxolod ucxoeli, araberZeni SeiZleboda yofiliyo: aTenSi mona ara
adamianad, aramed im sulier iaraRad iTleboda, romelic aucilebelia saojaxo meurneo
bis warmarTvisa da funqcionirebisTvis.
• didgvarovanT CamoerTvaT ukanonod miTvisebuli miwebi da mflobelebs daubrunes.
• solonis dros ganisazRvra miwismflobelobis maqsimumi.
• solonis reformebma gazarda demosis _ Tavisufali moqalaqeebis uflebebi. Tumca, Ta
namdebobis miRebisa da politikuri uflebebis moculobis ganmsazRvreli pirovnebis
qonebrivi mdgomareoba iyo.
• saxalxo kreba polisis marTvis umaRles organos warmoadgenda da xmis micemis ufleba
aTenis yvela moqalaqes Tanabrad hqonda. garda amisa, maT SeeZloT nafic msajulad gax
doma.
• saxalxo sabWo irCevda umaRles moxeleebs _ cxra arqonts ori zeda qonebrivi klasidan.
maTgan yvelaze meti Zalaufleba pirvel arqonts hqonda.
• saxalxo krebis sxdomas amzadebda da mimdinare sakiTxebs agvarebda oTxive qonebrivi
klasidan arCeuli 100-100 adamianisgan Semdgari sabWo, anu bule.
klisTenes mmarTveloba
aTenSi demokratiuli principebis damkvidreba gagrZelda klisTenes drosac. Zv. w. 509
wels klisTenem:
• gaauqma aTenis moqalaqeTa dayofa qonebis mixedviT. demosze didgvarovanTa gavlena rom
Seesustebina da gvarebi gaeTiSa, klisTenem mTeli atika sam teritoriul olqad dayo: 1)
sanapiro, 2) qalaqi aTeni da misi Semogareni, 3) Sida mxare. amgvarad bule teritoriuli
principiT kompleqtdeboda. klisTenes dros kvlav yvela moqalaqe monawileobda saxal
xo krebasa da sasamarTlos muSaobaSi. mxolod 400-Ta sabWo Secvala 500-Ta sabWom.
• qonebrivi cenzis mixedviT mxolod umaRlesi saxelmwifo moxeleebis arCeva xdeboda ze
da ori fenidan.
• aTenuri mmarTveloba tiraniisgan (erTpirovnuli mmarTvelobisgan) rom daecva, klis
Tenem SemoiRo ostrakismosi, anu `natexTa sasamarTlo~. yovelwliurad saxalxo krebaze
ganixilavdnen sakiTxs: xom ar iyvnen qalaqSi adamianebi, romlebic safrTxes uqmnidnen
arsebul saxelmwifo wyobas. krebis monawileebi Tixis natexebze anu ostrakonebze wer
dnen aseT pirTa saxelebs. kenWisyraSi sul mcire, 6000 moqalaqes unda mieRo monawileo
ba. visi saxelic yvelaze metad gameordeboda, mas atikidan 10 wlis vadiT aZevebdnen.
_18_
perikle da aTenis `oqros xana~
demokratiis sabolood Camoyalibeba aTenSi dakavSirebulia perikles saxelTan. igi 15
wels (444-429) ucvlelad iyo aTenis strategosi (mTavarsardali), marTavda principiT: `Cven
vqmniT drois mcire monakveTSi, magram ara drois mcire monakveTisaTvis~.
perikles dros:
• aTenis umaRlesi mmarTveli organo iyo saxalxo kreba _ eklesia. krebaSi 20 wels zemoT
yvela aTeneli mamakaci monawileobda. kreba yovel meaTe dRes ikribeboda akropolisis
maxloblad, mogvianebiT ki aTenis TeatrSi. aTenelTa azriT, aTenis nebismier moqalaqes
SeeZlo gasZRoloda krebas, amitom krebis Tavmjdomares wilisyriT niSnavdnen.
wilisyraSi ki yvela moqalaqe monawileobda. saxalxo kreba wyvetda aTenis politi
kis, finansebis, omis da zavis sakiTxebs, usmenda ucxoel elCebs. krebaze yvela aTenels
SeeZlo nebismieri, Tundac yofiTi sakiTxis wamoWra. sakiTxis gadawyveta xdeboda Ria an
faruli kenWisyriT.
saxalxo krebaze gansaxilvel kanonebs amzadebda xuTasTa sabWo _ bule. igi ganixi
lavda agreTve Tanamdebobis pirTa saqmeebsac. saxalxo kreba erTi wlis vadiT irCevda
saxelmwifo moxeleebs, romlebsac orjer zedized Tanamdebobis dakavebis ufleba ar
hqondaT. gamonaklisi iyo pirveli strategosis, anu mTavarsardlis Tanamdeboba.
sasamarTlos, anu naficTa sabWos mTeli aTeni irCevda. mosamarTleni ara marto aTen
Si, aramed aTenis mokavSire qalaqebSic iyvnen. arc erTma braldebulma ar icoda winas
war, Tu romeli mosamarTle ganixilavda mis saqmes, rac qrTamis aRebas gamoricxavda.
veqili, anu braldebulis damcveli maSin ar arsebobda. sasamarTloze Tavs TviT bral
debuli an misi naTesavi icavda.
• aTenis Tavdacva da samxedro sakiTxebi exeboda strategosTa kolegias. masSi 10 strate
gosi, anu sardali monawileobda, romelTagan erTi mTavari iyo. perikles droidan stra
tegosTa kolegia ganagebda diplomatiur da yovelgvar saxelmwifo saqmeebs.
Zvel aT7enelebs swamdaT, rom poliss adamianebi qmnian da ara damcavi galavnebi an meom
rebis gareSe darCenili sabrZolo xomaldebi.
• 451 wels periklem gamosca kanoni `wminda moqalaqeoba~, romlis mixedviTac ganisazRvra,
vin iyo aTenis moqalaqe: yvela mamakaci, romelsac mama aTeneli hyavda, xolo deda aseve
aTenelis Svili iyo. bavSvis mamobis aRiareba misi dabadebisTanave unda momxdariyo, rom
mas moqalaqeoba mieRo. aTeneli moqalaqeobas kargavda brZolaSi gamoCenili laCrobis,
qurdobis, valebis gadauxdelobis, RmerTebis upativcemulobis gamo.
periklem gaauqma aTenelebisTvis yvelanairi saarCevno SezRudva. igi Tvlida, rom Ra
ribi adamiani ver iqneboda kargi saxelmwifo moxele. amitom man Zv. w. 451 wels pirvelad
SemoiRo xelfasi Tanamdebobis pirisaTvis. xelfasi dawesda ara mxolod Tanamdebobaze,
aramed sxdomaSi monawileobisTvisac. es zrdida demosis movaleobebs. aTenis mdidari
moqalaqeebi valdebuli iyvnen, erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi Tavis Tavze aeRoT erTi sabrZo
lo xomaldis aRWurvis an Teatraluri warmodgenebis xarjebi.
aTenis moqalaqeobas da, Sesabamisad, politikur uflebebs moklebuli iyvnen qalebi,
bavSvebi, monebi da ucxoeli Tavisufali moqalaqeebi _ metoikebi. amgvarad, 400 000 aTe
nelidan aTenis moqalaqed mxolod 40 000 kaci iTvleboda.
_19_
sparta
aTenisgan gansxvavebuli iyo samxreT saberZneTis polisuri sazogadoeba. Zv. w. XII s.-Si
dorielTa tomebma peloponesis samxreTiT lakoniis miwebi daipyres. aq Camoyalibebuli sa
xelmwifos centri iyo sparta. mogvianebiT spartelebma miwebis simciris gamo mezobeli mese
niis miwebi daipyres. spartaSi aTenisgan gansxvavebuli mmarTveloba arsebobda.
spartas namdvili polisisTvis damaxasiaTebeli centralizebuli mmarTveloba hqonda,
Tumca mis teritoriaze ar iyo arc erTi galavanSemovlebuli qalaqi. spartelebi danawile
buli iyvnen xuT dasaxlebaSi, romlebic ufro soflebs warmoadgenda, vidre qalaqebs.
spartis sazogadoeba sami didi jgufisgan Sedgeboda: 1) daaxloebiT 10 000 sparteli
sruluflebiani moqalaqe iyo. maT `Tanasworebs~ uwodebdnen, radgan yvelas erTi sididis mi
wis nakveTi hqonda; 2) hilotebi _ dapyrobili mesenielebi spartelebma TavianT sasargeblod
momuSave hilotebad, anu miwis muSebad, aqcies, Tumca sakuTari sacxovrebeli adgilidan ar
auyriaT. maTi ricxvi 200 aTass Seadgenda. hilotebi sakuTar miwis nakveTebs amuSavebdnen
da `Tanasworebs~ mosavlis naxevars uxdidnen. 3) periekebi _ qalaqis ganapiras mcxovrebi
vaWar-xelosnebi, romlebic Tavisufalni iyvnen, magram politikuri uflebebi ar hqondaT.
spartelebi maT dacinviTa da zizRiT epyrobodnen. sul spartaSi daaxloebiT 60 aTasi pe
rieki cxovrobda. yvela sparteli Sedioda `TanasworTa TemSi~. isini mxolod samxedro da
saxelmwifo saqmeebiT iyvnen dakavebuli, xolo saarsebo wyaros hilotebis Sromis wyalobiT
iRebdnen.
sparta samxedro-oligarqiul saxelmwifod Camoyalibda. misi pirveli kanonebis Semdgen
lad legendaruli pirovneba, likurge iTvleba. spartas ori basilevsi (mefe) marTavda. isi
ni memkvidreobiT iRebdnen mefis tituls. 30 wlis zemoT sparteli mamakacebi eswrebodnen
saxalxo krebas, anu apelas. აpelaze daswrebis ufleba mxolod sruluflebian moqalaqeebs
hqondaT. kreba uxucesTa sabWos (herusiis) wevrebs _ 28 heronts aristokratiis wridan mTe
li sicocxlis manZilze irCevda. Tumca saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis sakiTxebSi apelas inicia
tivis gamoCenis ufleba ar hqonda. krebas SeeZlo an mieRo, an uareyo mefisa da herontebis
mier SeTavazebuli sakiTxebi. spartis saxalxo krebaze yovelwliurad irCevdnen 5 efors
(zedamxedvels). isini meTvalyureobdnen mefisa da herontebis saqmianobas. maT TviT mefis
dapatimrebis uflebac ki hqondaT. herontebisa da eforebis arCevas krebaze xalxis yviri
lis mixedviT adgendnen _ visi dasaxelebisasac ufro xmamaRla iyvirebdnen, arCeulic is iyo.
msoflios mraval enaSi damkvidrebuli termini `lakonizmi~ azris mokled da mkafiod
gamoTqmas niSnavs. spartelebs bavSvobidanve sityvaZunwobas aCvevdnen. samaris qvebze spar
telebi mxolod gardacvlilis saxels awerdnen, xolo brZolaSi daRupulis saflavis qvas
mokle ganmartebas urTavdnen _ `en polemo~, anu `brZolaSi~. aTenisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac
qalebs araviTari politikuri uflebebi ar gaaCndaT da Caketil, ojaxur cxovrebas eweod
nen, spartaSi maT SedarebiT meti pativiscemiT epyrobodnen, vinaidan isini samSoblos mo
maval meomrebs uzrdidnen. saberZneTis sxva polisebisgan gansxvavebiT, saxelmwifo imdenad
akontrolebda moqalaqis pirad qonebas, rom azri dakarga gamdidrebisken miswrafebam. didi
xnis ganmavlobaSi spartaSi fulic ki ar iWreboda da mis nacvlad kveris formis rkinis zo
debs iyenebdnen. ucxoelTa zegavlenis SiSiT spartelebi krZalavdnen yovelgvar sagareo
vaWrobas; ikrZaleboda ucxoelis spartaSi cxovreba, arc spartels ar unda ecxovra samSob
los gareT.
_20_
6. berZen-sparselTa omi
7. peloponesis omi
berZen-sparselTa omebis dros Seqmnilma aTenis sazRvao kavSirma am omebis Semdegac Sei
narCuna arseboba. kavSiris wevr saxelmwifoebs yovelwliurad garkveuli gadasaxadi SehqondaT
saerTo xazinaSi, romelic aTenSi inaxeboda. aTenelebi meTaurobdnen sazRvao kavSiris flots,
jars da xazinas. maT sakuTari Zlieri flotic hyavdaT. aTeni zRvaze gabatonda. mas `zRvis
mflobelsac~ ki uwodebdnen. aTenma moxerxebulad gamoiyena sazRvao kavSiri da berZnul sam
yaroSi yvelaze Zlier saxelmwifod iqca. aTenidan eqvsi kilometris daSorebiT, Rrma da wynar
yureSi maT daaarses pireosis navsadguri, romelic aTenis mTavari sazRvao karibWe gaxda.
aTenis aseTi gaZlereba miuRebeli iyo spartisTvis, romelmac ufro adre, Zv. w. VI s-Si, Seqmna
peloponesis kavSiri (am kavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebi aTenis sazRvao kavSirSi ar Sediodnen).
aTenisa da spartis dapirispireba 431 wels omSi gadaizarda. omis sababi qalaq-koloniebSi
dawyebuli Sida dapirispireba gaxda, romlis drosac aTenisa da peloponesis kavSirebs Soris
dadebuli SeTanxmeba dairRva. am SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, maT erTmaneTis wevri saxelmwifoebi
ar unda gadaebirebinaT.
spartam omi gamoucxada aTens. Tavdapirvelad aTenelebi perikles Wkvianuri gegmiT moq
medebdnen. maT zRvaze ramdenjerme daamarcxes mowinaaRmdege da maTi navsadgurebis blo
kada daiwyes; xmeleTze ki uari Tqves gaSlil velze maTze gamocdil da ufro momzadebul
spartelebTan brZolaze da Tavi qalaqis kedlebs Seafares. qalaqebis aRebaSi ki spartelebi
SedarebiT sustebi iyvnen. aTenelTa TavdacviTma omma gaamarTla, magram Savi Wiris uecarma
epidemiam, romelic aTenSi gavrcelda, es warmateba gaafermkrTala. male ukve xandazmuli
periklec gardaicvala. misi sikvdilis Semdeg aTenelebSi ori banaki gaCnda: omisa da zavis
mosurneTa. omis partiis meTaurebma kleonma (armiis sardali) da demosTenem (flotis sarda
li) ramdenjerme daaamarcxes spartelebi. Tumca omi mogebuli jer ar iyo. spartelebma zavi
iTxoves da is TiTqos unda dadebuliyo, magram kleonis winadadebiT aTenelebma spartelebs
iseTi miuRebeli moTxovnebi wauyenes, rom molaparakeba CaiSala da omi ganaxlda. sparteleb
ma warmatebas miaRwies da kleoni erT-erT brZolaSi daiRupa kidec. 421 wels aTenis zavis
_22_
momxre partiis meTauris nikiasis iniciativiT daido 50-wliani zavi, romlis Tanaxmad orive
mxares erTmaneTisTvis unda daebrunebina omis dros dapyrobili teritoriebi. Tumca arc
erTma ar Seasrula zavis pirobebi da omi male ganaxlda. alkibiadem (perikles naTesavma,
aTenis omis partiis meTaurma) siciliis dapyroba da aTenis gavlenis gafarToeba gadawyvita.
magram misma mowinaaRmdegeebma igi moRalated gamoacxades da siciliis napirebTan dapatim
reba daupires. alkibiade spartaSi gaiqca da misi daxmarebiT spartam ramdenjerme warmatebas
miaRwia. saxalxo krebam alkibiades dauswreblad sikvdili miusaja. sirakuzTan (k. sicilia)
aTenis mTeli floti spartelebma tyved Caigdes. alkibiades rCeviT spartelebma molapara
kebebi daiwyes sparseTTan da flotis agebaSi daxmarebis sanacvlod mcire aziis koloniebisa
da kunZulebis sparseTisTvis dabrunebas dahpirdnen. molaparakebebis dros spartelebma eW
vi Seitanes alkibiades erTgulebaSi da is iZulebuli gaxda, sparseTSi gaqceuliyo. 411 wels
aTenSi gadatrialeba moxda. xelisuflebaSi oligarqebi movidnen. aTenis demokratiis burji
_ floti ar cnobda am gadatrialebas. oligarqebma verc spartasTan miaRwies zavs, maTi po
pularuloba daeca. politikur arenaze kvlav gamoCnda alkibiade. igi aTenelebis flots
Caudga saTaveSi da abidosTan brZolaSi iranelTa fuliT aSenebuli spartelebis floti
gaanadgura. am warmatebis Semdeg is aTenSi triumfiT Sevida da demokratiuli mmarTveloba
aRadgina. Tumca Semdeg saxalxo krebam igi axali vadiT aRar airCia strategosad da iZule
buli gaxda, samudamod gadasaxlebuliyo qersonesSi. amis Semdeg omi spartelebis upirate
sobiT gagrZelda. maT 404 wels aiRes aTeni, moangries aTen-pireosis kedeli da aRadgines
oligarqiis mmarTveloba (ocdaaTkaciani komisia). aTeni spartis hegemoniiT arsebul pelo
ponesis kavSirSi Sevida. marTalia, Semdeg wels aTenSi demokratebma daibrunes Zalaufleba,
magram aTeni peloponesis kavSirSi darCa.
_25_
9. qarTuli saxelmwifoebi elinistur xanaSi
_27_
10. Zveli romi
I punikuri omi
Zv. w. III saukunis I naxevarSi romma daasrula italiis dapyroba. dRis wesrigSi dadga k.
siciliis dakaveba, magram aq romis interesebi Zlieri qalaq-saxelmwifos karTagenis intere
sebs daupirispirda. karTageni (finikiurad _ `axalqalaqi~) finikiuri kolonia iyo. is Zv. w. IX
saukuneSi qalaq tvirosis mcxovreblebma Crdilo afrikis dasavleTiT, xmelTaSua zRvis sa
napiroze daarses. romTan dapirispirebis droisTvis karTageni Zalian gaZlierda, sxvadasxva
teritoriebi SeierTa da xmelTaSuazRvispireTis erT-erT uZlieres saxelmwifod gadaiqca.
karTagenelebis ZiriTadi saqmianoba saSuamavlo vaWroba iyo. amitom isini xmelTaSua zRvis
savaWrod xelsayrel sanapiro adgilebSi aarsebdnen koloniebs.
karTagenelebs Zlieri saxmeleTo jari da samxedro-sazRvao floti hyavdaT. amitom isini
TiTqmis mTel dasavleT da centralur xmelTaSuazRvispireTs akontrolebdnen. mis Semadgen
lobaSi Sedioda kunZulebi malta, sardinia, korsika, Crdilo afrikis sanapiros da siciliis
_29_
dasavleT nawilebi. italiis dakavebis Semdeg romsac gauCnda pretenzia, Tavisi sityva eTqva
xmelTaSuazRvispireTis vaWrobaSi. amisTvis maT sWirdebodaT am zRvaSi mdebare kunZulebis,
pirvel rigSi ki siciliis xelSi Cagdeba. am ori mZlavri saxelmwifos interesebi swored aq,
siciliaSi gadaikveTa da Zv. w-is III saukunis Sua xanebSi maT Soris daiwyo pirveli omi.
romaelebi karTagenelebs punebs uwodebdnen, amitom es omebi punikuri omebis saxeli
Taa Sesuli istoriaSi. IPpunikuri omi mimdinareobda xmeleTzec da zRvazec da man 20 welze
met xans gastana. Tavdapirvelad romaelebma did warmatebas miaRwies xmeleTze, magram kar
TagenelTa samxedro floti Tavs esxmoda italiis sanapiro qalaqebs da sazRvao blokadaSi
hyavda moqceuli kunZuli sicilia. amitom romaelebma 120 gemisgan Semdgari samxedro floti
aages. am gemebs win, cxvirze damagrebuli hqonda `saabordaJo xidebi~ boloebSi liTonis ka
vebiT da gverdebze moajiriT, rac saSualebas aZlevda romael legionerebs, metoqis gemban
ze gadasuliyvnen da iq gaemarTaT xelCarTuli brZola, raSic romaelebs badali ar hyavdaT.
maT karTagenelebi ramdenime brZolaSi daamarcxes da Crdilo afrkaSic gadasxes jari. Tumca
iq omis gaWianurebam da qarSxalis gamo romaelTa samxedro flotis daRupvam, karTagenelebs
saSualeba misca, omi kvlav siciliaSi gadaetanaT. aq maT meTaurobda niWieri mxedarTmTavari
hamilkar barka. sabolood I punikuri omi romaelTa gamarjvebiT dasrulda Zv. w. 241 wels da
sazavo pirobebis Tanaxmad, kunZuli sicilia, qalaq sirakuzis gamoklebiT, romelmac damou
kidebloba SeinarCuna, romaelebs darCaT. amas garda, 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi karTagens romis
Tvis unda exada fuladi kompensacia.
II punikuri omi
I punikur omSi gamarjvebis Semdeg romaelebma daipyres kunZulebi korsika da sardinia.
karTageni iZulebuli iyo, Serigeboda am faqts. karTagenis damarcxebam da romisTvis yo
velwliurad fuladi kompensaciis gadaxdam, qveynis xazinis dacarieleba gamoiwvia. qveynis
resursebis Sesavsebad karTagenelebma iberiis (pirenes naxevarkunZulze) samflobeloebis
gazrda gadawyvites. aq erT-erT brZolaSi daiRupa karTagenelebis mxedarTmTavari hamilka
ri da cota xanSi mis nacvlad dainiSna misi vaJi hanibali.
hanibalma warmatebas miaRwia dasavleT iberielebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, Tumca man aiRo
da gaZarcva romaelTa mokavSire erT-erTi qalaqi, rac II punikuri omis dawyebis sababi gaxda.
romaelebs imedi hqondaT, rom omi male dasruldeboda, magram moulodnelad hanibalma
Tavisi jari, maT Soris romaelTaTvis ucnobi sabrZolo spiloebi alpebis yinulovani mTebis
gavliT pirines naxevarkunZulidan apeninis naxevarkunZulze gadaiyvana da omi italiaSi ga
daitana. miuxedavad imisa, rom jaris TiTqmis naxevari am gadasvlis dros daiRupa, hanibals
miemxrnen italiis CrdiloeTSii mcxovrebi galebi da man Tavisi jaris siZliere aRadgina. ram
denime brZolaSi karTagenelebma romaelebi daamarcxes. hanibalma samxreT italiamde miaRwia.
swored aq, Zv. w. 216 wels romis samxreTiT, kanesTan moxda brZola, sadac romis armia orive
konsulis meTaurobiT daupirispirda hanibals. hanibals hyavda 50-aTasiani jari (40 000 qveiTi
da 10 000 cxenosani), romaelebs ki 86 aTasi meomari (aqedan 6 000 cxenosani). hanibalma icoda,
rom misi jari romaelTa mravalricxovani jaris mowolas didxans ver gauZlebda da gadaw
yvita, mteri flangebidan da zurgidan gaenadgurebina. amitom qveiTi jari, romelic centrSi
idga, naxevarmTvarisebrad ganalaga. amiT romaelebi Tavisi armiis ganlagebaSi Rrmad Seityua.
karTagenelebis cxenosnebma romaelTa jars Semouares, alyaSi moaqcies da zurgidan daartyes.
hanibalma am brZolaSi brwyinvale gamarjvebas miaRwia. amis miuxedavad, hanibalma gamarjvebis
gamoyeneba ver SeZlo. mas romis asaRebad Zalebi ar eyo. amitom omi gaiwela. romaelebma axali
jaris Segroveba SeZles. amis garda, isini hanibalTan generalur brZolis gamarTvas ukve eri
debodnen da patar-patara TavdasxmebiT karTagenelebs anadgurebdnen. hanibalis armia mniSvne
lovnad dasustda. Zv. w. 204 wels romaelTa jari scipionis meTaurobiT afrikaSi gadavida (aq
_30_
gamarTuli warmatebuli samxedro operaciebis gamo is istoriaSi scipion afrikelis saxeliTaa
Sesuli). aq mas miemxro karTagenis mezobeli numidiis mefe masinisa, romelsac Zlieri cxenosa
ni jari hyavda. hanibali iZulebuli gaxda, italia daetovebina da samSobloSi dabrunebuliyo.
Zv. w. 202 wels karTagenis samxreTiT, zamasTan gaimarTa brZola, romelSic hanibali am omis
ganmavlobaSi pirvelad damarcxda. Zv. w. 201 wels dasrulda II punikuri omi da romsa da karTa
gens Soris zavi gaformda. zavis Tanaxmad, karTagenelebi daitovebdnen mxolod aT xomalds,
romaelebs gadascemdnen yvela sabrZolo spilos da axals ar gaiCendnen. romaelebis Tanxmobis
da nebarTvis gareSe ar iomebdnen arc afrikaSi da arc mis sazRvrebs gareT. xelSekrulebiT
kavSirs dadebdnen masinisasTan, ormocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi gadaixdidnen aTi aTas talant
vercxls, scipions warudgendnen asarCevad as mZevals.
omi selevkidebTan
karTagenis damarcxebis Semdeg rommma aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi gabatonebac
gadawyvita. aq mas daupirispirdnen elinisturi saxelmwifoebi. yvelaze Zlierebi maT Soris
iyo makedonia balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze da selevkidebis saxelmwifoOmaxlobel aRmosav
leTSi (selevkidebis saxelmwifos xan selevkidur iranad moixsenieben da xan selevkidur
siriad). makedoniis dasamarcxeblad roms sul sami weli dasWirda. romaelebma gamoiyenes
dapirispireba berZnul qalaqebsa da makedonelebs Soris da makedonia daamarcxes. berZnul
qalaqebs formalurad damoukidebloba daubrunes, realurad ki Tavisi gavlenis qveS moaq
cies. aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi romis metoqe selevkidebiRa darCnen. maTma mefem
antioqos III-m did warmatebas miaRwia aRmosavleTSi (parTiaSi, Sua aziaSi) laSqrobebisas,
risTvisac `didi~ uwodes. swored masTan afarebda Tavs hanibali. Hhanibali selevkid mefes
urCevda, saTaveSi Casdgomoda antiromaul koalicias da omi italiaSi gadaetana, magram an
tioqosma ar daujera da balkaneTSi, saberZneTis teritoriaze roms omi dauwyo. mas ber
Znuli qalaqebis daxmarebis imedi hqonda, magram es ver miiRo. romaelebma omi mcire aziaSi
gadaitanes da Zv. w. 190 wels, magneziasTan brZolaSi antioqosi sastikad damarcxda. Zv. w. 188
wels daido zavi, romlis mixedviTac antioqosma evropasa da mcire aziis dasavleTSi Tavis
samflobeloebze uari Tqva, samxedro floti 10 gemamde Seamcira da roms yvela sabrZolo
spilo gadasca. aseve yovelwliuri kontribuciis (1000 talantis odenobiT) gadaxdis valde
buleba aiRo. romaelebma antioqoss moTxoves hanibalis gadacemac. hanibalma jer somxeTSi
moaswro gaqceva, Semdeg ki biTviniaSi. Tumca roca man gaigo, rom biTviniis mefe mzad iyo,
igi romisTvis gadaeca, Tavi moiwamla.
miTridates I da II omebi
selevkidebis damarcxebis Semdeg romaelebma mcire aziis naxevarkunZulze da xmelTaSua
zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze (siria, palestina) moikides fexi. maT xelSi aRmoCnda Sav zRva
Si gasasvleli, bosforis srutec. Tumca Savi zRvis srulad gakontrolebas ver axerxebdnen,
radgan Zv. w. II s-isTvis gaZlierda pontos saxelmwifo, romelic im droisTvis Savi zRvis
samxreT, aRmosavleT da CrdiloeT sanapiroebs da, Sesabamisad, savaWro-sazRvao gzebs akon
trolebda. Tumca Savi zRvidan xmelTaSua zRvaSi gasasvlelis romis xelSi gadasvlam pontos
sagareo vaWrobis intensivoba mniSvnelovnad Seasusta. yovelive aman dapirispireba romsa da
pontos Soris gardauvali gaxada. Zv. w.I s-Si romis swrafvas aRmosavleTisken win aRudga
pontos mefe _ miTridate VI evpatori. miTridatem daipyro dasavleT saqarTvelo, kolxeTi
da CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTi, bosforis samefo. kolxeTs, iseve rogorc sxva dapyrobil
teritoriebs, pontos mimarT garkveuli valdebulebebi hqonda: aqedan gahqondaT saSeni ma
sala gemebisTvis. Zv. w. 89 wels romaelTa waqezebiT pontos omi dauwyo mezobelma biTviniis
mefem. romi maSinve CaerTo omSi. Tumca pirvel etapze miTridatem warmatebas miaRwia da
romaelTa sardalic ki Caigdo xelSi. is triumfiT Sevida romis aziuri provinciis udides
qalaq efesoSi. mas xvdebodnen, rogorc gamaTavisuflebels.
miTridates brZanebiT, mcireaziur qalaqebSi 80 000-mde romaeli sikvdiliT dasajes es
qalaqebi miTridates brZanebiT damoukideblad gamocxadda da xuTi wliT gadasaxadebisgan
gaTavisuflda. mcire aziidan pontos jari saberZneTSi gadavida da romaelebi iqidanac gaa
Zeva. Tumca Semdeg wels saberZneTSi Sevida romauli jari im drois erT-erTi udidesi mxe
darTmTavris, sulas meTaurobiT. sulam ramdenjerme daamarcxa miTridate da saberZneTidan
gaaZeva. miTridate damarcxda egeosis zRvis kunZulebsa da mcire aziaSic da amitom iZule
buli gaxda, sulasTan molaparakeba daewyo. sulas aziaSi didxans gaCereba ar surda, radgan
romSi situacia daiZaba. amitom Zv. w. 85 wels miTridatesTan dado zavi, romlis Tanaxmadac
pontos mefe gaaTavisuflebda dapyrobil teritoriebs, gadaixdida kontribucias, 3 000 ta
lants da sulas gadascemda pontos samefos sazRvao flotis nawils. I omis Semdeg sula rom
Si dabrunda. mcire aziaSi darCenil romaelebs egonaT, rom pontos mefe dasustda, amitom
Zv. w. 83 wels Tavs daesxnen miTridates, magram damarcxdnen. pontos mefem mimarTa sulas,
romlis Carevis Sedegadac aRdga zavis pirobebi. es mcire omi miTridates II omad iTvleba.
I triumvirati
romis respublikis teritoria ise gaizarda, rom senatsa da konsulebs, romlebic yo
velwliurad icvlebodnen, qveynis marTva uWirdaT. ganuwyveteli omebi romidan Sors, aTa
sobiT kilometrze mimdinareobda da konsulebs yovelTvis ar hqondaT imis saSualeba, rom
jarisTvis Tavad exelmZRvanelaT. amitom xSirad jars gamocdili mxedarTmTavrebi meTau
robdnen. am omebSi miRweulma warmatebam da jaris daqiravebulad gadaqcevam sardlebis
avtoriteti da gavlena Zalian gazarda. isini senatis davalebiT TviTon agrovebdnen jars,
xelfass uxdiddnen da nadavls unawilebdnen. amitom xSirad legionerebi mxolod Tavis sar
dals emorCilebodnen da misTvis nebismieris winaaRmdeg ibrZodnen. Zv. w. I s.-Si gamoCndnen
sardlebi, romlebsac qveynis marTvis pretenzia gauCndaT _ sula, krasusi, pompeusi, iulius
keisari, antoniusi da sxv. Zv. w. I s.-is Sua xanebisTvis gansakuTrebiT popularulebi iyvnen
spartakis ajanyebis CamxSobi krasusi, xmelTaSua zRvis mekobreebis winaaRmdeg da aRmosav
leTSi brZolebiT saxelganTqmuli pompeusi da iulius keisari, romelmac warmatebiT Caax
So ajanyeba espaneTSi. am sameuls Soris gaformda araoficialuri SeTanxmeba, yvelaferSi
daxmarebodnen erTmaneTs. am gaerTianebas Tanamedroveebma triumvirati, anu sami adamianis
_33_
mmarTveloba, uwodes. maTi momxreebi triumvirats uwodebdnen kavSirs Wkuas (iulius kei
sari), Zalasa (pompeusi) da fuls (krasusi) Soris. I triumviratis mmarTvelobis periodSi
iulius keisarma warmatebiT dalaSqra galia (romis xelSi aRmoCnda uzarmazari teritoria
md. rainidan da alpebidan atlantis okeanemde da pirines mTebamde) da britaneTis samxreTi.
krasusi aRmosavleTSi gaemarTa parTiis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad; Tumca Zv. w. 53 wels misi
laSqari parTelebma gaanadgures, Tavad krasusi ki ukan daxevis dros mokles. misi daRupvis
Semdeg urTierToba daiZaba pompeussa da iulius keisars Soris. keisris mowinaaRmdegeebma
pompeusi romis erTpirovnul mmarTvelad gamoacxades. am dros keisari Tavisi legionebiT
galiaSi imyofeboda. md. rubikonTan, romelic galias italiis ZiriTadi nawilisgan yofda,
man warmoTqva istoriuli fraza: `wili nayaria~, mdinare gadalaxa da italiaSi SeiWra. daiw
yo samoqalaqo omi pompeussa da iulius keisars Soris, romelic Zv. w. 48 wels am ukanasknelis
gamarjvebiT dasrulda. gaqceuli pompeusi egvipteSi mokles.
imperiis damyareba romSi gamarjvebis Semdeg keisari romSi dabrunda da faqtobrivad
qveynis erTpirovnuli mmarTveli gaxda. is Caeria egvipteSi atexil samoqalaqo omSi da mxari
dauWira gardacvlili mefis qaliSvils, kleopatras, Zmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. daamarcxa
pontos mefe farnake (miTridate VI-s vaJi), romelsac mcire aziis dapyroba surda da pompeu
sis vaJebi, romlebmac espaneTSi jari Sekribes mis winaaRmdeg. magram romSi respublikuri
mmarTvelobis momxre bevri senatori ukmayofilo iyo iulius keisris erTpirovnuli mmar
TvelobiT. Zv. w. 44 wels maT SeTqmuleba moawyves da keisari mokles. Tumca mis mkvlelebs ro
mis mosaxleobam mxari ar dauWira da isini iZulebuli gaxdnen, romidan gaqceuliyvnen. keis
ris momxreebma iuliusis erTguli TanaSemweeebis markus antoniusis da emilius lepidusis
da sicocxleSive daniSnuli memkvidris oqtavianes meTaurobiT maTi jarebi gaanadgures. Zv.
w. 43 wels saxelmwifos saTaveSi es sami pirovneba movida da es istoriaSi II triumviratis
saxeliTaa cnobili. gamarjvebulebma romis mmarTveloba gainawiles. antoniusi aRmosavle
Tis provinciebs marTavda. is dros ZiriTadad egviptis dedaqalaq aleqsandriaSi atarebda.
oqtaviane dasavleTis provinciebis mmarTveli iyo, xolo lepidusi _ afrikis. formalurad
roms samive triumviri marTavda, magram imis gamo, rom antoniusi aleqsandriaSi imyofeboda,
xolo lepidusi afrikaSi, romSi realurad oqtaviane mbrZaneblobda. male es triumvirati
daiSala. lepidusi adre CamoSorda politikur asparezs. oqtavianesa da antoniuss Soris ki
daiwyo brZola ZalauflebisTvis. antoniusi gascilda cols, oqtavianes das oqtavias da co
lad SeirTo egviptis dedofali kleopatra. man kleopatras romis aRmosavleTi provinciebi
aCuqa. aman ukmayofileba gamoiwvia romis senatorebs Soris, romlebmac antoniusis dasja
moiTxoves. oqtavianesa da antoniuss Soris samoqalaqo omi daiwyo. gadamwyveti brZola Zv.
w. 31 wels zRvaze, aqciumis koncxTan moxda, sadac antoniusi damarcxda da aleqsandriaSi
gaiqca. momdevno wels oqtavianem egvipte daikava. antoniusma da kleopatram Tavi moikles.
romSi oqtavianes erTpirovnuli mmarTveloba damyarda. is gaxda romis pirveli imperatori.
man avgustusi (laT. `RvTaebrivi~) dairqva da xSirad ase moixsenieben istorikosebi.
principati
principati adreuli romis imperiis politikuri sistemis aRmniSvneli terminia. mas oq
taviane avgustusis reformebma Cauyara safuZveli. oqtavianem da misma memkvidreebma Tavis
xelSi moaqcies samoqalaqo, samxedro da religiuri Zalaufleba, gaxdnen umaRlesi qurumebi;
Tumca iuridiulad am valdebulebebsa da uflebamosilebebs imperatorebs senati
da saxalxo kreba aZlevda. oficialurad imperators Zalauflebis memkvidreobiT gadae
cemis ufleba ar hqonda. saxelmwifo wyobas kvlav `respublika~ erqva, xolo umaRlesi Tanam
debobis pirs, imperators _ `princepsi~ (laT. pirveli, meTauri). respublikuri mmarTvelo
bis organoebi _ saxalxo kreba, senati da a.S. kvlav arsebobda, oRond mkveTrad SezRuduli
_34_
uflebamosilebebiT. Tu adre isini romis moqalaqeTa interesebis gamomxatveli iyo, amjerad
srulad emorCilebodnen imperators, princepss. saxalxo kreba yovelwliurad irCevda kon
sulebs, saxalxo tribunebs da Tanamdebobis sxva pirebs, magram Tanamdebobebze yovelTvis
an oqtaviane, an misi daaxloebuli pirebi xvdebodnen. senatSi kenWisyris dros imperatori
pirveli acxadebda Tavis gadawyvetilebas da senatorebi imaves imeorebdnen. oqtavianes mier
SemoRebuli mmarTvelobis forma mis Semdgomac ar Secvlila. senatma imperatorad oqtavia
nes dasaxelebuli memkvidre, misi geri tiberiusi airCia.
ax. w. I saukuneSi romis sazRvrebi kidev ufro gafarTovda. provinciebSi Zalauflebis
ganmtkicebis mizniT imperatorebi jariskacebs, romlebmac samxedro samsaxuris vada daas
rules, miwebs aZlevdnen. amiT romis armiaSi samsaxuri kidev ufro mimzidveli gaxda. ax. w.
II s.-is dasawyisidan romma Sewyvita dapyrobebi da srulad gadaerTo imperiis teritoriebis
SenarCunebaze. am dros Seiqmna TavdacviTi zRudeebis, cixesimagreebis mTeli sistema, rom
lebic sazRvrebze ganlagda. es simagreebi pirvel rigSi mimarTuli iyo sxvadasxva meomari
tomebis (kelturi, germanuli, Turquli da sxv.) winaaRmdeg, romlebic xSirad esxmodnen Tavs
uzarmazari romis imperiis teritoriebs. am teritoriebze sxvadasxva warmomavlobis xalxi
cxovrobda, romlebsac romis moqalaqeoba ar hqondaT da maTi uflebebiT ar sargeblob
dnen. isini xSirad momxduri tomebis bunebriv mokavSireebad gadaiqceodnen xolme. III s.-Si
imperatorma karakalam gamosca kanoni, romelic `karakalas ediqtis~ saxeliTaa cnobili is
toriaSi. am ediqtis Tanaxmad, romis imperiaSi yvela mcxovrebi romis moqalaqed cxaddeboda.
III saukuneSi imperatorebis Zalaufleba Seirya. saxelmwifoSi gaizarda armiis roli. xSi
rad legionerebs taxtze maTTvis sasurveli kandidati ahyavdaT. im periodis imperatorebi
zogjer `jariskacebis imperatorebadac~ ki iwodebian. isini 2-3 weliwads Tu Zlebdnen tax
tze. aseT arastabilur mmarTvelobas ki qveynisTvis bevri ubedureba mohqonda. SinaomebiT
dasustebuli imperia mezobel aracivilizebul tomebs winaaRmdegobas veRar uwevda da isini
imperiis teritoriebs xSirad aoxrebddnen. `romaelis~ ufro kulturuli, vidre geografiu
li, cneba upirispirdeboda meore cnebas _ barbaross. ase iwodebodnen xalxebi, romlebic
imperiis SemadgenlobaSi ar Sediodnen. romis mosaxleobis udidesi nawili dainteresebuli
iyo Zlieri mmarTveliT. swored aseT pirobebSi, 284 wels legionerebma imperatorad das
ves diokletiane, romelic niWieri da energiuli mmarTveli aRmoCnda. man sxvadasxva re
forma gaatara. swored mis saxels ukavSirdeba romis imperiis istoriaSi axali etapis _
`dominatis~ dasawyisi. `dominati~ gviandeli romis imperiis (IV-V ss.) politikuri sistemaa,
romelic diokletianes reformebis Sedegad Seiqmna. qveynis politikuri da socialuri sta
bilurobisTvis gaizarda imperatoris Zalaufleba. rodesac dainaxa, rom uzarmazar imperias
marto ver marTavda, diokletianem TanammarTvelebi daniSna, anu Seqmna `tetrarqia~ (oTxi
imperatoris mmarTveloba). Tavad diokletiane da misi TanamebrZoli maqsimiane avgustusebad
iwodebodnen, xolo maTi TanaSemweebi _ keisrebad. TiToeuli maTgani imperiis garkveul na
wils marTavda. keisrebi avgustusebis memkvidreebad iTvlebodnen, anu dawesda saimperatoro
Zalauflebis memkvidreobiT gadacemis sistema. senati veRar ereoda saxelmwifos saqmeebSi.
diokletianes varaudiT amiT imperiis erTianoba ganmtkicdeboda da gaadvildeboda imperiis
sazRvrebis dacva. mis dros Seiqmna saidumlo policia. is Seecada, saimperatoro Zalaufleba
mdidruli karis ceremoniebiTac ganemtkicebina. mag., SemoiRes imperatorisadmi misalmebis
_35_
wesi _ unda miemarTaT: dominus (laT. `batoni~, saxlis patroni~). swored aqedan wamovida
diokletianes mier Seqmnili sistemis saxeli `dominati~.
samxedro reforma. diokletianemde legionebi calkeul provinciebs iyvnen mimagrebuli
da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi Zneli iyo maTi sxva adgilas gadayvana. man jari or ZiriTad kate
goriad dayo: sasazRvro jarebad, romlebic mudmivad imyofebodnen gansazRvrul sasazRvro
zolSi da mobilur nawilebad. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi maTi erTi adgilidan sxvagan gadasro
la SeiZleboda. didi mniSvneloba mieniWa disciplinas da samxedro sulis aRdgenas. saWiro
iyo jaris raodenobis mniSvnelovnad gazrda. diokletianemde armia, rogorc wesi, moxali
seebiT iyo dakompleqtebuli. aseT pirobebSi armiis raodenobis mkveTri zrda SeuZlebeli
iyo. diokletianem SemoiRo sayovelTao gawveva. man msxvil da saSualo miwaTmflobelebs
daavala, saxelmwifosTvis garkveuli raodenobis molaSqreebi gamoeyoT. gawveva yovelwliu
ri iyo, oRond rekrutebs imperiis yvela provinciidan ar iwvevdnen. daculi iyo rigiToba.
aseTi RonisZiebebiT diokletianem oTxjer gazarda romauli armiis raodenoba.
sagadasaxado da finansuri reformebi. diokletianes dros gatarda sagadasaxado refor
mac. sagadasaxado erTeuli dasamuSavebeli miwa gaxda. visac meti miwa hqonda, is mets ixdida.
begara dauwesda italiis mosaxleobas, romelic adre miwis gadasaxads ar ixdida. moiWra axa
li oqros, vercxlisa da spilenZis monetebi. saxelmwifo Caeria fasebis sakiTxSic. dawesda
Sromis Rirebulebis gadasaxadis, xelfasis maqsimaluri zRvari.
religiuri reforma. diokletianem yuradReba miaqcia religiis sakiTxsac. mis dros isev
gaZlierda Zveli romauli religia. iupiteri imperatorebis ZiriTad mfarvelad gamocxad
da. amave dros, xazi gaesva imperatorebis RvTiur warmomavlobas. daiwyo sxva religiebis,
gansakuTrebiT qristianobis, devna. qristianuli sarwmunoeba, romelic III saukuneSi romis
imperiaSi ar idevneboda, xalxSi, gansakuTrebiT ki jarSi, farTod iyo gavrcelebuli. diok
letianem gamosca specialuri gankargulebebi qristianebis winaaRmdeg.
Zv. w. I s-Si iudea romis imperiis provincia iyo. iudeis teritoriaze mravali religiu
ri jgufi arsebobda. mosaxleoba mxsnelis _ mesiis molodinSi iyo. maT sjerodaT, rom ro
maelTa batonobisgan maT samSoblos mesia daixsnida. saxareba gadmogvcems, rom ax. w. I s.-Si
iudeaSi gamoCnda ieso qriste, romelic Tavs RmerTis Svilad Tvlida. is xalxSi dadioda
_38_
da qadagebda, rom RmerTi male samarTlianobas daamyarebda. man bevri saswauli moaxdina.
sicocxleSive iesos mravali mimdevari gamouCnda. iesom mimdevrebs Soris Tavidan Tormeti
mociquli gamoarCia, Semdeg ki maT 70 mcire mociquli daemata. maT daiwyes msoflioSi qris
tianobis gavrceleba, anu gaxdnen pirveli misionerebi. isini dadiodnen qalaqidan qalaqSi,
qveynidan qveyanaSi da qristianobas avrcelebdnen.
romis imperatorebi Semwynareblurad uyurebdnen yvela religias, maT Soris iudaiz
msac. Tumca qristianobis mimarT daundobeli brZola iyo gamocxadebuli. qristianebi mxo
lod erT RmerTs aRiarebdnen da uaryofdnen romaul RmerTebs, imperatoris RvTaebriobas,
riTac, imperatorebis azriT, Zirs uTxridnen imperiis Zlierebas. amitom romauli admi
nistracia masobrivad devnida qristianebs. qristianebi uars ambobdnen iaraRis tarebazec,
anu, romaelTa azriT, uars ambobdnen saxelmwifo valdebulebebis aRsrulebaze. devnis gamo
pirveli qristianebi farulad ikribebodnen katakombebSi da iq loculobdnen. katakombebi
miwisqveSa xelovnuri an bunebrivi nagebobebia. maT adreuli qristianuli Temebi, gansakuTre
biT maTi devnis periodSi, micvalebulebis dasakrZalad an religiuri ritualebis aRsasru
leblad iyenebdnen. aseTi katakombebi arsebobda egvipteSi, siria-palestinaSi, mcire aziaSi,
xmelTaSua zRvis kunZulebze, italiaSi. gansakuTrebiT bevri iyo q. romSi. sxvadasxva qveynis
mmarTvelebi sdevnidnen qristian mqadageblebs, apatimrebdnen da sikvdiliT sjidnen. gadmo
cemis mixedviT, mociqulTagan bevri msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi wamebiT mokles: petre da
pavle romSi imperator neronis dros, andria _ saberZneTSi, barTlome _ albaneTSi, svimon
kananeli _ dasavleT saqarTveloSi, afxazeTSi da a.S.
ax. w. 64 w. romi imperator neronis faruli brZanebiT gadawves. xanZris gaCena neronma
qristianebs daabrala da samagaliTod dasaja: isini mxecebs daaglejines da Semdeg akuwes.
romis imperiaSi qristianTa devna daiwyo. 112 w. imperatorma traianem brZana, yvela daesjaT,
vinc ki Tavs qristianad aRiarebda. qristianebi iZulebuli iyvnen, saxlSi farulad aResru
lebinaT religiuri ritualebi. romis imperiaSi qristianebis masobrivi devna mimdinareoba
III s.-is bolosac, imperator diokletianes dros. qristianuli gadmocemis mixedviT, am dros
awames da Semdeg Tavi mohkveTes kapadokiel mxedarTmTavars, wm. giorgis.
tetrarqiis Seqmnam romis imperiaSi Sida areulobebs bolo ver mouRo. IV saukunis da
sawyisSi pirvelobisTvis ramdenime piri ibrZoda. es brZola konstantine I didis (306-337 ww.)
gamarjvebiT dasrulda. 323 wlidan is romis imperiis erTpirovnuli mmarTveli gaxda. man
romis imperiis dedaqalaqi 330 wels aRmosavleTSi gadmoitana. jer kidev Zv. w. VII s.-idan ev
ropisa da aziis sazRvarze, marmarilos zRvis napiras arsebobda patara berZnuli kolonia
bizantioni. swored am qalaqSi daiwyo udidesi mSenebloba konstantinem _ aago sasaxleebi,
taZrebi, abanoebi, ipodromi, SemozRuda axali galavnebiT da koSkebiT. konstantinem qalaqs
saxeli Seucvala da Tavisi saxeli _ konstantinopoli daarqva.
konstantine I xedavda, rom qristianoba imperiaSi ufro da ufro vrceldeboda, mas didi
gavlena hqonda mosaxleobaSi. 313 wels man milanSi gamosca gankarguleba, romelic `milanis
ediqtis~ saxeliTaa cnobili. am gankargulebis Tanaxmad qristianebs neba daerToT, aSkarad
Sekrebiliyvnen da taZrebi aegoT. faqtobrivad am droidan qristianoba romis imperiis saxel
mwifo religiad gamocxadda. milanis ediqtis miRebis Semdeg qristianuli religia swrafad
gavrcelda romis imperiaSi. marTalia, konstantine I jer ar iyo qristiani, magram yovelmxriv
_39_
mfarvelobda am religias. is Tvlida, rom saxelmwifosa da religiis erTianoba qveynis siZ
lierisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovani iyo. konstantine Tavadac ereoda eklesiis saqmeebSi. amis
naTeli dadasturebaa I msoflio saeklesio kreba, romelic q. nikeaSi Catarda. qristianobis
gavrcelebis pirvel xanebSi bevri sasuliero moRvawe ver Tanxmdeboda sxvadasxva dogmatur
sakiTxze. eklesiis wiaRSi warmoiqmna bevri mimdinareoba, romlebic sxvadasxvagvarad xsnid
nen ieso qristes arss. IV saukunis dasawyisSi imperiis zogierT regionSi popularuli gaxda
egvipteSi warmoSobili mimdinareoba _ arianeloba. am mimdinareobas aleqsandrieli mRvdlis
ariozis saxeli daerqva. arianelobas bevri mimdevari gauCnda. am sakiTxebze iseTi kamaTi at
yda, rom imperiis sxvadasxva regionSi marTlmadideblebsa da arianelebs Soris xelCarTul
dapirispirebamdec ki midioda saqme. qveyanaSi situacia ise daiZaba, rom ara mxolod ekle
siis, aramed imperiis erTianobasac Seeqmna safrTxe. konstantinem 325 wels I saeklesio kreba
moiwvia nikeaSi, sadac msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxidan 318 episkoposi Camovida. maT Soris iyo
biWvinTis episkoposi stratofile. am krebaze arianeloba daigmo da eresad, mwvaleblo
bad gamocxadda. ariozi eklesiidan gankveTes. rwmenis simbolod wm. samebis (mama RmerTi, Ze
RmerTi da suliwminda) erTarsoba (erTianoba) gamocxadda. amave krebaze dadasturda oTxi
umsxvilesi mitropoliis _ romis, aleqsandriis, antioqiisa da ierusalimis episkoposebis
upiratesoba. Semdgom msoflio saeklesio krebaze aseve romaeli episkoposis pativSi aiyvanes
konstantinopolis episkoposi.
didi omianoba
531 wels iranis Sahi gaxda xosro I anuSirvani (531-579 ww.). man sxvadasxva reforma gaa
tara saxelmwifoSi, romlebmac irani kidev ufro gaaZlieres. 540 wels iransa da bizantias
Soris urTierToba Zalian daiZaba. bizantiis sagamgeblo nawilSi (somxeTsa da lazikaSi) mo
saxleoba ukmayofilo iyo bizantielTa mier dawesebuli mZime gadasaxadebiT.
_45_
im dros egrisis mefe iyo gubaz II. antibizantiurad ganwyobili mosaxleobis nawili iran
Tan kavSiris damyarebas uWerda mxars. xosro I-ma gadawyvita, xelidan ar gaeSva aseTi xelsay
reli momenti.
540 wels daiwyo omi, romelic garkveuli SesvenebebiT 562 wlamde gagrZelda. Tavdapir
velad iranis jari siriaSi SeiWra da antioqia aiRo. Tumca am omis ZiriTadi sabrZolo aspare
zi dasavleT saqarTvelo, egrisi gaxda. egriss iranelebi udides strategiul mniSvnelobas
aniWebdnen. 542 wels iranis jari xosros meTaurobiT egrisSi Semovida da gubazTan erTad
bizantielebs Seutia. Tavidan maT warmatebas miaRwies, magram xosros ar moswonda egrisis
mefis damoukidebeli xasiaTi. amitom man gubazis mokvla gadawyvita. is daukavSirda egrisel
warCinebuls farsmans, romelsac mefesTan cudi urTierToba hqonda da gubazis mokvla daa
vala. Tumca farsmani moRalate ar aRmoCnda da yvelaferi mefes Seatyobina. ganrisxebuli
gubazi kvlav bizantielTa mxares gadavida da sicocxlis bolomde maTTan erTad ebrZoda
iranelebs. egrisSi iranelebsa da bizantielebs Soris yvelaze sisxlismRvreli brZolebi
zRvispira petrasa (cixisZirisa) da dedaqalaq cixegojisTvis gaimarTa.
551 wels iranelTa sardali mermeroe cixegojis asaRebad gaemarTa. am dros qalaqs egri
selebTan erTad 3 000-kaciani bizantiuri garnizonic icavda. iranelebis jarma mTeli ZaliT
Seutia qalaqs. maT am brZolaSi 8 sabrZolo spiloc gamouyenebiaT. miuxedavad ricxobrivi
upiratesobisa, sparselebma qalaqi ver aiRes. erTi wlis Semdeg mermeroe kvlav Seecada ci
xegojis aRebas, magram kvlav uSedegod. miuxedavad dedaqalaqis dacvis dros miRweuli war
matebebisa, bizantieli sardlebi sakmaod uniWod irjebodnen. gubaz II xSirad akritikebda
maT da gadawyvita, maTi uniaTobis ambavi imperator iustiniane I-Tvis moexsenebina. 554 wels
bizantielma sardlebma gubazi viTomda saTaTbirod miiwvies da md. xobiswyalTan moRalatu
rad mokles. am faqtma qveyanaSi didi vnebaTaRelva gamoiwvia.
egriselebma moiwvies saxalxo kreba, sadac unda gadaewyvitaT, kvlav bizantielTa mo
kavSired darCeniliyvnen Tu iranelTa mxareze gadasuliyvnen. iranelTa da bizantielTa
momxreebma sakuTari argumentebi warmoadgines. iranelTa momxreebis mosazrebebi cnobil
ma oratorma aietma gamoTqva, xolo bizantielebis _ fartaZim. sabolood bizantiis momxre
jgufma gaimarjva da egriselebma gadawyvites, garkveuli pirobebiT kvlav qristinuli bi
zantiis mokavSired darCeniliyvnen. pirobebi aseTi iyo: iustinianes mkacrad unda daesaja
mkvlelebi da egrisSi mefed gubazis memkvidre waTe II daemtkicebina. bizantiis imperatorma
es pirobebi miiRo _ man gubazis mkvlelebidan zogi sikvdiliT dasaja, zogsac pativi ahyara
da gadaasaxla, egrisSi ki mefed waTe II daamtkica. sabolood bizantia-iranis omi 562 wels
`ormocdaaTwliani~ zaviT dasrulda. orive saxelmwifo garkveul daTmobebze wavida. xosrom
uari Tqva egrisze da Sesabamisad Sav zRvaze gasasvlelze. dasavleT saqarTveloSi iranis
xelSi darCa svaneTi. danarCen sadavo teritoriebze omamde arsebuli mdgomareoba SenarCun
da (qarTli _ irans, egrisi _ bizantias). bizantiam valdebuleba aiRo, yovelwliurad Tanxa
gadaexada iranisTvis, romelic kavkasionis qedis CrdiloeTidan gadmosasvlelebze usaf
rTxoebas uzrunvelyofda. bizantiam miaRwia imasac, rom zavis pirobebiT iranelebi uars
ambobdnen qristianebis devnaze. es zavi garkveul xans SenarCunda.
iustiniane I
bizantiis adreuli xanis istoriaSi erT-erT mniSvnelovan epoqad iTvleba imperator
iustiniane I didis (527-565 ww.) mmarTvelobis periodi. is Seecada, aRedgina Zveli romis im
periis sazRvrebi da qveynis SigniT sxvadasxva reforma gaatara.
VI saukunis 30-ian wlebSi bizantielTa jari mxedarTmTavar velizariusis meTaurobiT
gadavida CrdiloeT afrikasa da xmelTaSua zRvis kunZulebze, sardiniasa da korsikaze, rom
lebic vandalebis xelSi iyo, gaanadgura vandalebis samefo da CrdiloeT afrika, sardinia
_46_
da korsika imperias SeuerTa. am brZolebSi bizantielTa mokavSire iyo italiis ostguTebis
samefo, romelic sursaTiT amaragebda maT jars. Tumca aseTi politika damRupveli aRmoCnda
ostguTebisTvis. vandalebis damarcxebis Semdeg bizantielebi jer siciliaSi gadavidnen da
daikaves is, xolo Semdeg italiaSi, sadac ostguTebma maT didi winaaRmdegoba gauwies. omi
maT Soris TiTqmis oc wels gagrZelda. Tavidan bizantielebma warmatebas miaRwies da sam
xreTi da centraluri italia daikaves. maT SeZles ostguTebis samefos dedaqalaqis ravenis
aRebac, magram Semdeg ostguTebma dakarguli teritoriebis nawilobriv daibrunes. afri
kis CrdiloeTis dapyrobis Semdeg iustinianem aq didi aRmSenebloba daiwyo, 150-mde qalaqi
aRadgina.
iustiniane cnobilia sakanonmdeblo sferoSi gatarebuli reformebiTa da kodeqsiT. ius
tinianes droisTvis arsebuli kodeqsi moZvelebuli iyo. amitom imperatorma Seqmna komisia,
romlis SemadgenlobaSi cnobili iuristebi Sediodnen. komisiam Seadgina kanonTa krebuli,
romelic `samoqalqo samarTlis krebulis~ saxeliTaa cnobili. es krebuli sami nawilisgan
Sedgeba. pirvelia imperator adrianes droidan iustinianemde gamocemuli umTavresi saim
perio dadgenilebebi _ mas `iustinianes kodeqsi~ ewoda (534 w.). is Semdgom iustinianes mier
gamocemuli brZanebebiT Seivso, romelic `iustinianes novelebis~ saxeliTaa cnobili isto
riaSi. `krebulSi~ Sevida e. w. `iustinianes digestebi~, sadac Segrovili iyo cnobili romaeli
iuristebis gamonaTqvamebi. `krebuli~ daasrula romauli samarTlis saxelmZRvanelom, e. w.
`instituciebma~. es kanonebi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferos moicavda. `krebuli~
akanonebda imperatoris erTpirovnul mmarTvelobas: `rac surs xelmwifes, imas kanonis Zala
aqvs~ _ principi, romlis mixedviT mefis neba kanons utoldeba, SemdgomSi, Sua saukuneebSi
kidev ufro aqtualuri gaxda. iustinianem akrZala mis samarTalze komentarebis darTva, rai
mes Secvla.
iustinianes epoqa gansakuTrebuli kulturuli aRmavlobiT gamoirCeva. mis dros aigo
mravali eklesia-monasteri. maT Soris gamorCeulia aia sofias taZari konstantinopolSi,
romelic bizantiuri arqiteqturis udidesi Zeglia.
_47_
21. herakle keisris laSqroba qarTlSi
602 wels bizantiis imperatori mavriki tiberiusi SeTqmulebma mokles. es faqti ga
moiyena xosro II-m, romelic Sesaferis dros eloda qarTlisa da somxeTis dasabruneblad
da Tavisi `mamobilisTvis~ (ase eZaxda bizantiis imperator mavriki tiberiuss) SurisZiebis
motiviT 604 wels omi dauwyo bizantias. Tavidan sparselebma did warmatebas miaRwies, rad
gan konstantinopolSi iranTan omis paralelurad samoqalaqo omi mimdinareobda. 610 wels
bizantiis taxtze herakle keisari avida. man armiis sruli reorganizacia moaxdina da 622
wlidan mowinaaRmdeges Seutia. herakle daukavSirda xazarTa xakans jibRus da mokavSireo
ba SesTavaza sasanianTa winaaRmdeg omSi. xazarebi momTabare Turqulenovani tomebi iyvnen,
romlebmac VI saukunis bolos Crdilo-aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi dasaxldnen da didi saxelmwi
fo Seqmnes. xazarebis samefos saTaveSi xakani idga, amitom xSirad mas saxakanosac uwodeben.
xazarebisTvis iranis mdidari qalaqebis rbeva kargi saCuqari iyo da siamovnebiT daTanxmdnen
herakles SeTavazebas. xazarebma jer darubandis kedeli gadalaxes da miwasTan gaaswores sa
xelganTqmuli qalaqi, 627 wlis Semodgomaze ki Tbilisisken daiZrnen. qalaqTan maT egrisidan
gadmosuli herakle keisari eloda jariT. mokavSireebma Tbiliss Seuties, magram ver aiRes,
ris Semdegac SeTanxmdnen _ herakle iranisken gaemarTeboda, xazarebi ki momavali wlis dad
gomisTanave damoukideblad gadawyvetdnen Tbilisis sakiTxs.
heraklem gadamwyveti dartyma miayena sparselebs, aiRo ninevia da qtesifoni. bizantie
lebs iranis samefo karze momxdari gadatrialeba daexmara. xosro II mokles da taxtze misi Ze
kavadi avida. man 628 wlis aprilSi zavi dado bizantiasTan. aman Tbilisis bedic gadawyvita.
imave wels (628) daxmarebis gareSe darCenili qalaqi daeca. samxreT kavkasiaSi bizantiis mmar
Tveloba damyarda. bizantiis mier qarTlis dakavebam egrisis politikuri statusis daknine
ba gamoiwvia. VII saukunis Sua xanebSi bizantiam egrisSi mefoba gaauqma. bizantiur wyaroebSi
egrisis mmarTveli ara `basilevsad~ (mefed), aramed `patrikiosad~ da `magistrosad~ (mTavari)
iwodeba. egrisis teritoriaze centraluri xelisuflebis dasustebam xeli Seuwyo damouki
debel saerisTavoTa warmoqmnas da gaZlierebas.
843 wels frankTa erTiani imperia sam saxelmwifod daiyo.samive saxelmwifoSi mmarTve
lebi karlos didis STamomavlebi iyvnen. Tumca aRmosavleT frankTa samefoSi 911 wlidan
karolingebis dinastiis warmomadgenlebi aRar mefobdnen. Sida dapirispirebebis Semdeg ad
gilobrivma warCinebulebma mefed gamoacxades saqsoniis hercogi, hainrixi. hainrixis mefed
arCevis Semdeg evropis rukaze gaCnda axali saxelmwifo _ germania. am periodSi germaniis da
evropis sxva qveynebis yvelaze saSiSi mowinaaRmdegeebi iyvnen momTabare ungrelebi. hainrixma
warmatebiT moigeria maTi Semotevebi. misi brZanebiT mTel qveyanaSi aigo patara simagree
bi _ burgebi, sadac momTabareTa TareSis dros mosaxleoba Tavs afarebda. misi Svilis oto
I-is dros Seiqmna mZimed SeiaraRebuli cxenosani jari. X s-is Sua xanebSi man ramdenjerme
gaanadgura ungrelebis jarebi, ris Semdegac Sewyda maTi Tavdasxmebi evropis qveynebze. un
grelebze gamarjvebis Semdeg oto evropis erT-erTi yvelaze Zlieri mmarTveli gaxda. man
gadawyvita, karlos didis msgavsad, Casuliyo romSi da imperatoris gvirgvini daedga Tavze.
mis am ganzraxvas frankTa mefem xeli ver SeuSala.
962 wels jaris TanxlebiT oto Cavida romSi, sadac papma is imperatorad akurTxa. ase
Seiqmna axali imperia, romelic moicavda germanul miwebs da CrdiloeT italias. yvela Sem
dgomi imperatori imperatoris titulis misaRebad romSi Cadioda. germaneli mefeebi Tavis
imperias romis, Semdeg ki saRvTo romis imperiad ixseniebdnen.
X s-Si germaniis mcxoreblebi sakuTar hercogebs ufro emorCilebodnen, vidre impera
tors. xelisuflebis gansamtkiceblad otom dasayrdeni eklesiaSi pova. man episkoposebsa da
abatebs bevri privilegia misca. sasuliero wodeba Tavis ZalauflebiT hercogebs da grafebs
arafriT Camouvardeboda. Tavad imperatori ki advilad cvlida episkoposebs da romis papsac
ki imisaTvis, rom saeklesio Tanamdebobebze misi erTguli adamianebi yofiliyvnen. man romSi
episkoposebis daxmarebiT 963 wels sasamarTlo mouwyo TavisTvis arasasurvel paps, romelsac
mkvleloba, ficis gatexa da uRirsi saqcieli daabrales da gadaayenes. mogvianebiT otom papad
aarCevina Tavisi yofili maswavlebeli, romelic pap silvestr II-is saxeliTaa cnobili. faq
tobrivad eklesia imperiis morCili iaraRi gaxda. aseTi viTareba as welze met xans gagrZelda.
_51_
grigori VII da hainrix IV
saero xelisuflebis eklesiaze aseTi gabatonebis winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen sasuliero
pirebi da mTeli monastrebic ki. maT Soris gamoirCeoda safrangeTis aRmosavleTiT mdebare
kliunis monasteri. am monastris berebi cnobili iyvnen cxovrebis mkacri wesiT da Ta
vianT TanamedroveTa Soris didi pativiscemiT sargeblobdnen. isini xmamaRla ilaSqrebdnen
eklesiis da saero xelisuflebis, maTi azriT, arajansaRi urTierTdamokidebulebis wi
naaRmdeg; gansakuTrebiT saero pirebis, imperatorebis, mefeebis xelSi investituris (Tanamde
bobebze episkoposebad, abatebad daniSvnis ufleba) gadasvlis gamo. maT surdaT, mkacri dis
ciplina daemyarebinaT da damoukidebeli, Zlieri eklesia SeeqmnaT. maTi avtoriteti dRiTid
Re izrdeboda: kliunieli berebi episkoposebi da arqiepiskoposebi gaxdnen da TavianT olqebSi
wesrigis aRdgena daiwyes. bolos erT-erTi maTgani, grigori VII (1073-1085 ww.), romis papi gaxda.
grigori VII yovelmxriv cdilobda, rom episkoposebis da abatebis daniSvnaSi saero pirebs mo
nawileoba ar mieRoT. imperators ar unda hqonoda ufleba, Tavisi neba-surviliT daeniSna sa
suliero pirebi. man miaRwia imas, rom papis arCevis ufleba hqonodaT mxolod sakuTari wridan
kardinalebs _ papis Semdeg eklesiaSi yvelaze gavlenian pirebs. maT gadawyvetilebaze veravin
imoqmedebda. ufro rTuli aRmoCnda adgilebze saero xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebis mier
episkoposebis arCevis uflebis gauqmeba. amitom papi ganuwyvetliv moiTxovda aseTi episkopo
sebis, abatebis da mRvdlebis gadayenebas. man aukrZala samRvdeloebas qorwineba. grigoriVII-is
yvelaze mniSvnelovani gancxadeba ki is iyo, rom Zalaufleba papisa, romlic Tavad petre mo
ciqulis memkvidre iyo, nebismieri saero xelisuflis, maT Soris imperatorisaze maRla idga.
SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom imperatorebi gvirgvins swored romis papisgan iRebdnen. am dros im
peratori iyo hainrix IV. mas ar moswonda papis gadawyvetilebebi da ar emorCileboda maT. 1075
wels grigori VII-m aukrZala imperators saeklesio Tanamdebobebze misTvis sasurveli pirebis
daniSvna da zogierTi germaneli episkoposi gadaayena. sapasuxod vormsSi hainrix IV-m moiwvia
germaneli sasuliero pirebi da papi gadayenebulad gamoacxada. maSin grigorim eklesiisgan
gankveTa imperatori da misi vasalebi gaaTavisufla imperatoris mimarT valdebulebebisgan.
amiT maSinve isargebles germanelma mTavrebma da imperators aujanydnen. hainrixs sxva aRara
darCenoda, rom paps damorCileboda. is mcire amaliT, Sua zamTarSi, TovlSi, fexSiSveli eax
la romis paps CrdiloeT italiaSi mdebare kanosis cixe-darbazSi da 3 dRis manZilze patiebas
iTxovda. kanosaSi hainrixi 1077 wels Cavida, Tumca es romis papisa da imperatoris dapiris
pirebis mxolod dasawyisi aRmoCnda. sul ramdenime weliwadSi ZalTa ganlageba evropaSi impe
ratoris sasargeblod Seicvala. 1084 wels hainrix IV-m romi aiRo da grigori VII iZulebuli
gaxda, italiis samxreTSi gaqceuliyo, sadac male gardaicvala.
1095 wels jvarosnuli laSqrobebis (qristes saflavis gasaTavisufleblad evropeli me
fe-mTavrebis laSqroba ierusalimSi) dawyebam papis xelisuflebis avtoriteti kvlav Zalian
gazarda. papi evropidan maxlobel aRmosavleTSi mimavali mefemTavrebisa da raindebis maor
ganizeblad iqca. Tumca dapirispireba imperatorebTan grZeldeboda. sabolood, investi
turis sakiTxze romis papsa da germaniis imperators Soris SeTanxmeba 1122 wels moxda. am
wels daido `vormsis konkordati~. papi da imperatori SeTanxmdnen, rom investitura orgvari
iqneboda. sasuliero (burgundiasa da italiaSi episkoposebs sasuliero wodeba airCevda da
papi daamtkicebda) da saero (germaniaSi arCevnebs daeswreboda da episkoposebs daamtkicebda
imperatori).
_52_
25. islamis Camoyalibeba
arabebi evropaSi
rekonskista
rekonkista arabi dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg espaneli xalxis brZolas ewoda. IX s.-is da
sawyisSi gaTavisuflda barselona. es brZola cvalebadi upiratesobiT saukuneebis manZilze
mimdinareobda. espaneTSi ramdenime saamiro Camoyalibda. erTi mxriv, am amirebsa da meore
mxriv, espaneTis danarCen mefe-mTavrebs Soris gamudmebuli omianoba iyo, Tumca es xels ar
uSlidaT qristian mefemTavrebs, erTmaneTTanac eomaT an muslim mTavrebs dazavebodnen.
arabi dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg espaneli xalxis brZola am pirobebSi warimarTa. XIII s.-Si re
konkistis gadamwyveti etapi dadga. am saukuneSi espanelebma arabebisgan gaaTavisufles jer
kordoba, Semdeg _ sevilia. arabebis Zalauflebis qveS mxolod granada darCa. rekonkista
1492 wels dasrulda, rodesac ferdinand II aragonelma da izabela I kastilielma ukanaskneli
arabi mmarTveli, granadis amira iberiis naxevarkunZulidan gaaZeves.
_55_
27. araboba saqarTveloSi
654 wels arabi sardali habib-ibn-maslama qarTlis sazRvars moadga. qarTlis erismTa
varma patrikiosma stefanoz II-m arabebs ZRveni miarTva da morCileba gamoucxada. mxareebs
Soris daido zavi _ e. w. `dacvis sigeli~. sigelSi gansazRvruli iyo mxareTa uflebebi da
valdebulebebi, kerZod:
1) qarTvelebi ixdidnen „jizias“ _ komlze erT dinars. amasTan maT jiziis Sesamcireblad kom
lebis gaerTianeba ekrZalebodaT; samagierod arabebsac ar eZleodaT jiziis gasadideb
lad komlebis danawilebis ufleba;
2) qarTvelebi valdebulebi iyvnen, rCeviT da saqmiT daxmarebodnen arabebs; SeefarebinaT
ZiriTad razms CamorCenili muslimebi, daxmarebodnen maT da mieyvanaT arabTa uaxloes
razmamde;
3) islamis mimRebi qarTveli arabTa TanamoZme xdeboda da muslimis uflebebiT sargeblebda;
4) arabebi valdebulebas kisrulobdnen, daecvaT qarTvelebi mtrisgan; magram Tu mouclelo
bis gamo arabebi amas ver moaxerxebdnen da qarTvelebi mters damorCildebodnen, es maT
danaSaulad ar CaeTvlebodaT.
am pirobebis Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi, arabebi uSiSroebis, qonebis da sarwmunoebis xel
Seuxeblobis garantias iZleodnen.
qarTlSi arabTa batonoba damyarda, romelic Tavidan didi simkacriT ar gamoirCeo
da. amas daerTo saxalifoSi mimdinare Sinaomi da qarTlma Tavi daixsna xarkisagan. Tumca
VII saukunis bolos viTareba Seicvala. arabebma kavkasiisTvis moicales. uwindeli gavlenis
aRdgena moisurva bizantiamac. sul ufro mzardma xazarTa samefomac gaaxSira marbieli
laSqrobebi kavkasiaze. sabolood 686 wels bizantiasa da saxalifos Soris daido zavi,
romlis Tanaxmad qarTlsa da albaneTSi akrefil xarks isini Tanabrad gaiyofdnen. kavka
siaSi gavlenis mopovebisTvis brZolis saswori male arabebis mxares gadaixara. 697 wels
bizantias aujanyda lazikis patrikiosi serge barnukis Ze da arabebs daeqvemdebara. 702
wlisTvis xalifam mTeli samxreT kavkasia daimorCila da Seqmna saxalifos provincia _ ar
menia, romlis SemadgenlobaSic Sevida qarTli (arabulad _ jurzani). bizantia ar Tmobda
poziciebs. lazikis sazRvao sanapiro VIII saukunis dasawyisSi bizantia-saxalifos samxedro
dapirispirebis areals warmoadgenda. arabebs aujanyda gadasaxadebis gazrdiT Sewuxebuli
qarTlis mosaxleoba. amiT isargebla bizantiis imperatorma leon isavrielma, TandaTano
biT arabebi dasavleT saqarTvelodan gaaZeva da VIII s. 30-ian wlebSi egrisi daibruna. impe
ratorma `lazTa patrikiosis~ tituli uboZa qarTlis erismTavars. arabTa saxalifosa da
xazinis xarjebis zrdis Sesabamisad aucilebeli gaxda axali sagadasaxado politika. Tu ma
namde yvela muslimi gaTavisuflebuli iyo gadasaxadebisgan, amjerad diferencirebuli ga
dasaxadi dawesda. islamze axlad moqceulebs meti unda gadaexadaT, vidre Zvel muslimebs.
gaizarda gadasaxadebic aramuslimTaTvis. 724 wels armeniis `valad~ (xalifis moadgiled)
jarahi dainiSna. man xalifis axali sagadasaxado politikis Sesabamisad gazarda jizia. 1
dinars komlis nacvlad ukve TiToeuli adamiani ixdida. dawesda axali, miwis gadasaxadic
_ xaraja. gadasaxadebis damZimebam mTel saxalifoSi ajanyebebi gamoiwvia. winaaRmdegoba
Zlieri iyo kavkasiaSic. xalifis brZanebiT, 732 wlidan `armeniis valad~ daniSnulma mervan
ibn-muhamedma 120 000-iani jariT xazarebis winaaRmdeg gailaSqra. am laSqrobis erTi etapi
xazarTa mokavSire qarTlis dalaSqvrasac gulisxmobda. 735-738 wlebSi murvan yrum dalaS
qra somxeTi, qarTli da egrisi.
744 wels murvan yrum qarTli datova da uzenaes moxeled datova amira, romelic Tbi
lisSi ijda. mas emorCileboda qarTlis erismTavari, romlis mTavari movaleoba xarkis akre
fa da jaris gamoyvana iyo. amiras hyavda moxeleTa mTeli Stati. moxeleTa Senaxva,mosaxleo
bas awva kiserze. am droidan gaCnda TbilisSi muslimi mosaxleoba da aSenda pirveli meCeTi.
_56_
arabuli administraciuli erTeuli Tbilisis saamiro murvan yrus Semosevis Semdeg Camoya
libda. Tavdapirvelad Tbilisis amira emorCileboda armeniis vals, magram TandaTanobiT amirebi
daadgnen xalifasgan separatizmis kurss, memkvidreobiT SeinarCunes amiras tituli da centra
lur xelisuflebas aRar emorCilebodnen. Tbilisis pirveli damoukidebeli amira iyo ismail
ibn-Suabi, romelmac safuZveli Cauyara SuabianTa dinastias (809-853 ww.). xalifebi urCi amirebis
winaaRmdeg xSirad awyobdnen damsjel eqspedicias. maT Soris gansakuTrebiT sastiki iyo buRa-
Turqis 853 wlis laSqroba, rodesac Tbilisi gadawves da 50 000 mcxovrebi gaJlites. amis miuxe
davad, Semdgomi dinastiis _ jafarianebis dinastiis (882-1082) mmarTvelobaSi saamiro sul ufro
damoukidebeli xdeba. 953 wels amirebi ukve Tavisi da ara xalifas saxeliT Wrian monetas. Tbi
lisis ukanaskneli jafariani amiras gardacvalebis Semdeg qalaqs marTavdnen `tfileli berebi~
(uxucesTa sabWo), romlebmac 1122 wels daviT IV aRmaSenebels gadasces Tbilisi.
_60_
giorgi I
bagrat IV
giorgi I gardacvalebis Semdeg taxtze cxra wlis bagrat IV (1027-1072) avida. mefis mcirew
lovnobiT isargebles centraluri xelisuflebisadmi mtrulad ganwyobilma taoelma feoda
lebma da TavianTi cixeebi bizantielebs gadasces. am movlenas uSualod mohyva imperiis jare
bis saqarTveloSi SemoWra. bizantielebma moarbies javaxeTi, TrialeTi da SavSeT-klarjeTi.
1028 wels bizantiis axalma imperatorma romanoz III-m saqarTvelosTan dazaveba gadawyvita.
konstantinopolSi Cavidnen melqisedek kaTalikosi da mariam dedofali. zavis Tanaxmad, im
peratorma bagrat IV-s kurapalatis tituli uboZa da colad Tavisi ZmisSvili elene SerTo.
magram verc am dinastiurma qorwinebam moawesriga sabolood or qveyanas Soris urTierToba.
elene dedofali male gardaicvala, amas mohyva bizantiuri garnizonebis anakofiis cixeSi Ca
yeneba. saqarTvelo-bizantiis urTierTobaSi daZabuloba SenarCunda. XI saukunis 40-ian wlebSi
bizantia aqtiurad Caeria saqarTvelos saSinao saqmeebSi. mefe bagrat IV-isa da kldekaris eris
Tav liparit baRvaSis dapirispirebaSi imperatorma liparitis mxare daiWira. 1046 wels sasire
Tis brZolaSi erisTavma daamarcxa mefe. qveynisaTvis am metad kritikul viTarebaSi bagrat IV-m
miiRo gadawyvetileba, bizantiaSi Casuliyo da imperator konstantine IX monomaxTan gaemarTa
molaparakeba. saqarTvelos mefes sakmaod didxans _ sami weli _ mouxda bizantiaSi darCena. es
iyo mefis sapatio tyveoba. 1055 wlisaTvis bagrat IV konstantinopolidan saqarTveloSi dab
runda. male konstantine monomaxic gardaicvala da saqarTvelos samefo karma mkveTri nabiji
gadadga _ liparit baRvaSi Seipyro da bizantiaSi gaaZeva.
XI s.-is 60-ian wlebSi imperia ise aqtiurad veRar ereoda kavkasiur politikaSi, rad
gan axali dampyroblebis _ Turq-selCukTa Semosevebma mniSvnelovnad Seasusta bizantiis
poziciebi aRmosavleTSi. amgvarma viTarebam sagrZnoblad imoqmeda saqarTvelo-bizantiis
urTierTobaze. imperia aRar cdilobda gaemwvavebina urTierToba saqarTvelosTan da daax
loebis gzebs eZebda, raTa saqarTvelo Turq-selCukebTan brZolaSi Caeba. am mizniT bizan
tiis imperatorma konstantine X dukam bagrationTa sagvareulosTan danaTesaveba gadawyvita
da Tavisi ZisTvis sacoled iTxova bagrat IV-is asuli marTa (bizantiaSi mariamad wodebuli).
qorwineba Sedga da 1065-1081 wlebSi marTa-mariam bagrationi bizantiis dedofali iyo. am
faqtma sagrZnoblad daaTbo or qveyanas Soris urTierToba.
_61_
31. Turq-selCukebi
Turq-selCukebi saqarTveloSi
XI saukunis 40-iani wlebis bolos kavkasiaSi Turq-selCukTa pirveli laSqari gamoCnda.
maT jer bizantiis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali somxuri teritoriebi moaoxres. bizantiis impe
ria SeZlebisdagvarad igeriebda kavkasiis misadgomebTan Turq-selCukebs.
XI s.-is 60-iani wlebidan Turq-selCukTa Semosevebi saqarTveloSi Cveulebriv movlenad
iqca. 1064 wels Turq-selCukTa sulTani alfarslani uzarmazari laSqriT SemoiWra saqar
TveloSi. bagrat IV ojaxTan erTad taodan quTaisSi brundeboda, rodesac moulodnelad
mteri Tavs wamoadga. bagrat IV-m moaxerxa, Turq-selCukebs gascloda da qarTlSi gadasuli
yo. alfarslanma alya Semoartya axalqalaqs. mecixovneTa Tavganwiruli brZolis miuxedavad,
qalaqi daeca. mterma sastikad aaoxra axalqalaqi da mTeli javaxeTi. aqedan Turq-selCukebi
somxeTSi gadavidnen da anisi aiRes. 1067-68 wlebSi alf-arslani kvlav SemoiWra saqarTvelo
_62_
Si. amjerad Turq-selCukebma kaxeTi da qarTli moarbies. 6 kviris manZilze aoxrebdnen Tur
qebi qveyanas, Semdeg dazamTrda da maT datoves saqarTvelo.
sulTanma Tbilisi da rusTavi ganZis amira fadlons gadasca. miuxedavad xarkis gadaxdis
daJinebuli moTxovnisa, bagrat IV alf-arslanisagan gamogzavnil ZRvens iRebda, mociqulebs
uariT istumrebda da xarkis gadaxdas diplomatiurad aridebda Tavs.
manaskertis brZolaSi damarcxebis Semdeg, 1074 wels, sazavo xelSekrulebiT bizantiis
imperiam Tavisi aRmosavleTi provinciebis didi nawili selCukebs dauTmo. saqarTvelo sel
CukTa pirispir marto darCa. axlad gamefebuli giorgi II (1072-1089) saSinao problemebis
mogvarebiT iyo dakavebuli, rodesac 1075 wels Turq-selCukTa sardali sarangi mravalric
xovani armiis TanxlebiT moadga saqarTvelos sazRvrebs. sof. farcxisTan brZolaSi Turqeb
ma sastiki marcxi igemes da ukuiqcnen. Tumca es warmateba Cqara gafermkrTalda, radgan 1080
wlidan saqarTveloSi `didi Turqoba~ daiwyo.
Turq-selCukebi ojaxebiT Semodiodnen saqarTveloSi da gazafxulidan zamTris piramde
aq saxldebodnen. yoveli wlis gazafxulze Turq-selCukebi mtkvris, ivrisa da alaznis napi
rebze Camodgebodnen xolme da es nayofieri miwebi TavianT saZovrebad aqcies. mtris Semo
sevas daerTo mZime zamTaric, ramac erTi-orad gaarTula qarTvelebis mdgomareoba. sicivem
gaxiznuli mosaxleoba saSinel pirobebSi Caagdo.
giorgi II cdilobda, am mZime viTarebidan gamosavali moenaxa. mefem moiwvia samefo dar
bazi da maTTan moTaTbirebis Semdeg, 1083 wels, sulTan maliq-Sahs eaxla ispahanSi, rom mSvi
dobis sanacvlod zavi eTxova. saqarTvelos mudmivi xarki daekisra; sanacvlod momTabareni
qveynidan gavidnen. sulTanma giorgis kaxeT-hereTi uboZa da mis dasakaveblad jari gamoa
yola. 1088 wels isedac gaWirvebul da aoxrebul qveyanas axali ubedureba daatyda Tavs _
miwisZvra. qveyanaSi Seqmnili viTareba ufro aqtiuri nabijebis gadadgmas moiTxovda. giorgi
II-is kursi bevrisTvis miuRebeli iyo. 1089 wels samefo karze arsebulma politikurma daj
gufebam giorgi II aqtiur politikas CamoaSora. taxtze misi erTaderTi vaJi daviT IV avida.
daviT IV taxtze avida 1089 wels, 16 wlis asakSi. am droisTvis mefis xelisufleba vrcel
deboda dasavleT saqarTveloSi (dedaqalaqi quTaisSi iyo), samxreT da aRmosavleT saqarTve
los nawilSi. aRmosavleTSi arsebobas ganagrZobda kaxeTis damoukidebeli samefo, Sida da
qvemo qarTlSi ki _ Tbilisis saamiro. samcxe-javaxeTi da tao-klarjeTi, marTalia, saqar
Tvelos mefis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda, magram `didi Turqobis~ Sedegad aq mosaxleoba mkveT
rad iyo Semcirebuli. daviTma gamefebisTanave daiwyo brZola centraluri xelisuflebis
mowinaaRmdege didgvarovnebis winaaRmdeg. maTi da Turq-selCukebis TareSis aRsakveTad man
mcirericxovani mobiluri razmebi Seqmna, romlebic moulodnelad esxmodnen Tavs mters da
did zians ayenebdnen. daviTma Seipyro urCi feodali, kldekaris erisTavi liparit baRvaSi,
Tumca monaniebis Semdeg Seiwyala igi da gaaTavisufla. liparitma urCoba ar moiSala da 1097
wels daviTma is xelmeored daapatimra. amjerad mefem liparit baRvaSi bizantiaSi gaaZeva.
rodesac liparitis Ze, rati, gardaicvala, daviTma gaauqma kldekaris saerisTavo, rogorc
administraciuli erTeuli, da samefo mamuls SeuerTa; urCobisTvis dasaja aseve msxvili
feodalebi abuleTisZeebi da mamulebi (zedaznis cixe) CamoarTva.
daviTma TandaTanobiT gaauqma Zveli, memkvidreobiTi saerisTavoebi da es samflobe
loebi erTgul aznaurebs gadasca `sakargavad~, samsaxuris sanacvlod. daviTma saxelmwifos
_63_
teritoriuli zrdis Sesabamisad Camoayaliba `monapire saerisTavoebi~, romelTa funqcia sa
xelmwifo sazRvrebis dacva iyo.
saeklesio reforma. 1103 wels daviTma ruis-urbnisis saeklesio kreba moiwvia. am drois
Tvis eklesiaSi araerTi maRali Tanamdeboba ekavaT arafriT gamorCeul, zogjer _ uRirs
adamianebsac ki, romlebic msxvil feodalur sagvareuloebs warmoadgendnen an qrTamiT iy
vnen daniSnuli. daviTs surda, eklesia aseTi pirebisgan gaewminda. am saqmeSi mas mxars uWerda
misi aRmzrdeli, giorgi Wyondideli. krebis dadgenilebiT, eklesiidan ganidevnen daumsaxu
reblad aRzevebuli mRvdelmsaxurebi da maT magier Rirseuli da mefis xelisuflebis momxre
pirebi dainiSnen.
saeklesio reformis Semdeg mefem didi saeklesio-samonastro mSenebloba wamoiwyo. misi
mefobis dros aSenda gelaTisa da iyalTos sasuliero akademiebi.
saxelmwifos mmarTvelobiTi struqtura. daviTma saxelmwifo samoxeleo aparatis reformac
gaatara. gaerTianda ori Tanamdeboba: saero _ mwignobarTuxucesisa da sasuliero, Wyondidelisa.
mwignobarTuxucesi mefis kancelariis ufrosi iyo, xolo Wyondideli _ erT-erTi yvelaze gav
leniani episkoposi. am gaerTianebis Sedegad mefis erTgul adamians SeeZlo Careuliyo, rogorc
saero, aseve saeklesio saqmeebSi. pirveli mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondideli mefis aRmzrdeli da
marjvena xeli giorgi gaxda. mas mefis moxeleTa Soris pirveli adgili eWira.
Seiqmna e. w. `savaziro~, romelsac mwignobarTuxucesi-Wyondideli xelmZRvanelobda. me
fe qveyanas saxelmwifo moxeleTa meSveobiT marTavda. savaziros wevrebi iyvnen didmoxelee
bi, romelTagan TiToeuli garkveul uwyebas ganagebda da Tavisi xelqveiTi moxeleebi hyavda.
es didmoxeleebi iyvnen: amirspasalari _ samxedro sferos meTauri, mandaturTuxucesi _ sa
policio uwyebis meTauri, meWurWleTuxucesi _ safinanso uwyebis xelmZRvaneli.
daviTma Seqmna sadazvervo uwyeba _ `mstovarTa~ aparati. es iyo saidumlo samsaxuri,
romelic qveynis SigniT arsebuli antisaxelmwifoebrivi dajgufebebisa da gareSe mtrebis
moqmedebebis farul Seswavlas awarmoebda da am informacias mefesa da savaziros gadascem
da. mstovrebi Sinagan saqmeTa uwyebis xelmZRvanels _ mandaturTuxucess eqvemdebarebodnen.
sasamarTlo reforma. umaRles sasamarTlos saqarTveloSi `saajo kari~ ewodeboda. daviT
IV-mde `saajo karze~ Sesul saqmeebs mefe ganixilavda, daviTma ki umaRles sasamarTloSi Se
mosuli saqmeebis ganxilva sam moxeles: mwignobarTuxucess da or mwignobars daavala. saqar
TveloSi mcxovreb nebismier adamians, ganurCevlad erovnebisa, sarwmunoebisa da wodebisa,
SeeZlo sasamarTloSi eCivla da samarTliani gadawyvetilebis imedi hqonoda.
samxedro reforma. qveynis gaZlierebisTvis udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda samxedro sferos
reorganizacias. daviTma qveynis mTeli laSqari sam nawilad _ `mona-spad~, mecixovneebad da
molaSqreebad dayo. `mona-spa~ mefis pirad gvardias warmoadgenda, romelsac, pirvel rigSi,
mefis dacva da saswrafo samxedro davalebebis Sesruleba evaleboda. is 5 000 kacisgan Sed
geboda. mecixovneebis movaleoba cixeebisa da qalaqebis dacva iyo. jaris danarCen nawils mo
laSqreebi Seadgendnen. miuxedavad aseTi RonisZiebebisa, qveynis siZlierisTvis sasicocxlod
mniSvnelovani iyo mudmivi jaris Seqmna. 1118 wels daviTma colad SeirTo CrdiloeT kavka
siaSi momTabare yivCaRTa mTavris, aTraqa SaraRanisZis qaliSvili, guranduxti. amis Semdeg
Crdilo kavkasiidan yivCaRTa 40 000 ojaxi gadmoasaxla. yivCaRebi kargi meomrebi iyvnen. maT
miwis nakveTebi dauriges imis sazRaurad, rom TiToeul ojaxs mudmiv jarSi erTi SeiaraRe
buli molaSqre gamoeyvana. am RonisZiebiT mefem ramdenime mniSvnelovani problema gadawyvi
ta: Seiqmna mudmivi jari da qveyanis samxedro potenciali mniSvnelovnad gaizarda; am jaris
gamoyeneba SeiZleboda rogorc gareSe, aseve Sinauri mtris winaaRmdeg da qveynis mosaxleo
bis ZiriTad nawils, romelic sameurneo saqmianobas eweoda, samxedro valdebuleba mxolod
gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi daekisreboda.
daviTis samxedro reformebi meomarTa anazRaurebasac Seexo. Tu manamde molaSqreebi
brZolaSi mopovebul alafs inawilebdnen, axla maT saxelmwifo xazinidan _ saWurWlidan _
_64_
jamagiri daeniSnaT, brZolis Sedegad mopovebuli nadavli ki saxelmwifo xazinaSi Sedioda.
aranakleb mniSvnelovani iyo jarSi disciplinis gaZliereba _ aikrZala jarSi `saeSmakoni sim
Rerani, saxiobani da gancxromani da gineba RmrTisa saZuleli da yoveli uwesoeba mospobil
iyo laSqarTa Sina misTa~.
saganmanaTleblo reforma. daviTi did yuradRebas aqcevda ganaTlebis sakiTxebs. mi
si uSualo CareviT aigo gelaTis samonastro kompleqsi, sadac umaRlesi ganaTlebis centri,
akademia daarsda. akademiis xelmZRvaneli, romelsac moZRvarT-moZRvars uwodebdnen, qveyanaSi
udidesi avtoritetiT sargeblobda. gelaTis akademiis pirveli xelmZRvaneli cnobili filo
sofosi ioane petriwi iyo. aqve moRvaweobda cnobili qarTveli swavluli arsen iyalToeli,
romelic Semdeg aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, iyalTos akademiaSi gadavida. am akademiebSi axal
gazrdebs, RvTismetyvelebasTan erTad, mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargs _ gramatikas, ariTmetikas,
geometrias, astronomias, filosofias da sxv. _ aswavlidnen. gelaTis akademiaSi gaxsnili iyo
qsenoni avadmyofebisTvis, sadac medicina iswavleboda. qarTveli axalgazrdebi ganaTlebas
sazRvargareTac Rebulobdnen. daviTma 40 axalgazrda gagzavna bizantiaSi saswavleblad.
sagareo politika. daviTma mefoba Camosaxlebul TurqebTan brZoliT daiwyo. Tavdapirve
lad man yma molaSqreebisa da wvrili aznaurebisgan samxedro razmebi Sekriba, romlebic Tavs
esxmodnen Turqebs da anadgurebdnen maT. am brZolas xeli imanac Seuwyo, rom 1092 wels maliq-
Sahi gardaicvala da Turq-selCukTa saxelmwifoSi mis Svilebs Soris taxtisTvis brZola at
yda. daviTma Seaviwrova samxreT saqarTveloSi momTabare Turqebi, Tumca sulTnisTvis xarkis
gadaxda ar Seuwyvetia. is elodeboda Sesaferis moments, rodesac, erTi mxriv, moZlierebuli
saxelmwifo SeZlebda TurqebisTvis Rirseuli winaaRmdegobis gawevas da, meore mxriv, saerTa
Soriso viTarebac saqarTvelos sasargeblod Seicvleboda. aseTi momenti Zalian male dadga.
1096 wels daiwyo I jvarosnuli laSqroba. 1098 wels jvarosnebma siriis umniSvnelovanesi qa
laqi _ antioqia aiRes, xolo 1099 wels _ ierusalimi. dapyrobil teritoriaze daarsda axali
jvarosnuli samefo-samTavroebi, maT Soris _ ierusalimis samefo. jvarosnebis mier antioqiisa
da ierusalimis aRebis Semdeg daviT aRmaSenebelma Turqebs xarkis gadaxda Seuwyvita. `qarTlis
cxovrebis~ krebulSi Sesuli daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosis (XI s.) TxzulebaSi weria: `amas
Jamsa gamovides frangni, aRiRes ierusalimi da antioqia da SewevniTa RmrTisaiTa, moeSena qve
yana qarTlisa, ganZlierda daviT da ganamravlna spani, da arRara misca sultansa xaraja da
Turqni verRara daizamTrebdes qarTls~. istorikosi saqarTvelos gaZlierebas da Turq-sel
CukebisTvis xarkis gadaxdis Sewyvetas pirdapir jvarosnebis mier antioqiisa da ierusalimis
aRebas ukavSirebs. jvarosnebis mier selCukebis damarcxebas daviT mefisTvis uaRresad didi
mniSvneloba hqonda; iseve rogorc qarTveli mefis warmatebuli brZola Turq-selCukebis wi
naaRmdeg jvarosnuli saxelmwifoebisTvis uaRresad xelsayreli iyo.
Turq-selCukebisgan gaTavisuflebis Semdeg daviT aRmaSenebeli saqarTvelos sxvadasxva
kuTxeebis SemoerTebas Seudga. 1104 wels mefis momxre feodalebma Seipyres kaxeTis mefe
aRsarTani da daviTs mihgvares. 1104-1105 wlebSi daviTma kaxeT-hereTSi ilaSqra da saqarTve
los es ZirZveli kuTxeebi SemoierTa. kaxeT-hereTis mezobeli muslimuri samTavros mmarTve
li _ ganjis aTabagi Seecada, daviTis winsvlisTvis winaaRmdegoba gaewia da kaxelebTan erTad
SeebrZola mas, magram 1104 wels erwuxTan brZolaSi daviTis laSqarTan sastikad damarcxda.
kaxeT-hereTis SemoerTebis Semdeg daviTis tituli gaxda `mefe afxazTa da qarTvelTa, ranTa
da kaxTa~. momdevno etapi iyo brZola qvemo qarTlisTvis, sadac Turqebis ZiriTadi Zalebi
iyo Tavmoyrili. 1110 wels daviTma aiRo cixe-qalaqi samSvilde, xolo 1115 wels _ rusTavi.
1118 wels loresa da agaranis aRebiT daviTma qvemo qarTlSi poziciebi sabolood gaimyara.
amis Semdeg qarTveli mefis titulaturaSi Cndeba `mefe somexTa~ (lore-taSiris somxuri sa
mefos miwebis flobis gamo). qarTveli mefisgan damoukidebel qalaqebad mxolod Tbilisi da
dmanisi rCeboda. daviTisagan Seviwroebuli Tbiliselebi iZulebuli gaxdnen, saqarTvelos
samefos sasargeblod yovelwliurad aTi aTasi dinari gadaexadaT. daviTis mier am qalaqe
_65_
bis damakavSirebeli savaWro gzebis xelSi Cagdebam iqaur vaWrebs Semosavali mniSvnelovnad
Seumcira. garda amisa, dmaniselebsa da ganjelebs sxvadasxva gadasaxadis gadaxda uwevdaT.
swored amitom maT gauCndaT qarTvelTa mefis winaaRmdeg muslimuri koaliciuri laSqro
bis mowyobis idea. sulTnis gankargulebiT, Seikriba muslimTa koaliciuri armia, romelsac
saTaveSi mardinis mmarTveli najm ad-din ilRazi Caudga. najm ad-din ilRazi muslimur sam
yaroSi sakmaod cnobili sardali iyo. man daamarcxa antioqiis jvarosnuli samTavros mmar
Tveli roJeri, romelic masTan brZolas Seewira. 1121 wlis 10 agvistos manglis-TrialeTis
gziT saqarTveloSi Turq-selCukTa laSqari Semovida. brZola didgoris velze moxda. ilRa
zis laSqari daaxloebiT 300 000 meomrisgan Sedgeboda. daviTis laSqarSi 40 000 qarTveli, 15
000 yivCaRi, 500 daqiravebuli osi da 100 jvarosani molaSqre iyo. (didgoris brZolaSi jva
rosani raindebis monawileoba daviT aRmaSeneblis jvarosnebTan urTierTobaze metyvelebs).
brZola 12 agvistos Sedga. brZolis dawyebis win qarTvelTa laSqars 200 meomari gamoeyo da
mtris jarisken daiZra. mowinaaRmdegem CaTvala, rom isini an dasanebeblad midiodnen, an _
mosalaparakeblad da sakuTar ganlagebaSi SeuSva. am meomrebma uecrad iSiSvles xmlebi da
mowinaaRmdegis mowinave razmebis Cexva daiwyes. amasobaSi daviTma ZiriTadi jariT Seutia da
mtris ganlagebaSi kidev ufro meti areuloba Seitana. brZolis saswori qarTvelTa mxares
sabolood maSin gadaixara, rodesac, qarTvelTa darCenili laSqriT, daviTis memkvidrem, uf
liswulma demetrem flangidan Seutia mowinaaRmdeges. mtris laSqris didma nawilma zurgi
Seaqcia brZolis vels. rva dRis ganmavlobaSi qalaq anisis misadgomebamde sdia qarTvelTa
da yivCayTa jarma mters. TavSi daWrili ilRazi mcireodeni amalis TanxlebiT dabrunda
Tavis qveyanaSi... didgoris brZolis Semdeg, 1122 wels, daviTma Tbilisi aiRo. Tbilisi saqar
Tvelos dedaqalaqad gamocxadda. 1223 wels mefem dmanisic aiRo da amiT qarTuli miwebis Se
moerTeba daasrula. momdevno wlidan daviT aRmaSenebelma saqarTvelos sazRvrebis gareTa
teritoriebis SemoerTeba daiwyo. 1124 wels saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi Semovida Sirvani da
somxeTis qalaqebi, maT Soris, somexTa sataxto qalaqi anisi. am teritoriebis SemoerTebis
Semdeg saqarTvelos mefis titulaturaSi gaCnda `SarvanSa da SahanSa~ (SarvanSa _ Sirvanis,
xolo SahanSa _ anisis samefos mmarTveli). sabolood daviT IV aRmaSeneblis sruli tituli
ase JRerda: `mefe afxazTa da qarTvelTa, ranTa da kaxTa, somexTa, SarvanSa da SahanSa~. daviT
aRmaSenebeli gardaicvala 1125 wlis 24 ianvars. is dakrZalulia gelaTis monasterSi.
winapiroba da mizezebi
I laSqroba XI saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolos Turq-selCukebisgan Seviwroebulma bizan
tiis imperatorma aleqsi I-ma komnenosma dasaxmareblad romis paps mimarTa. romis papi urban II
daeTanxma am Txovnas. man 1095 wels q. klermonSi saeklesio krebaze istoriuli sityva warmoT
qva. papma evropel mefe-mTavrebs `wminda miwis~ gasaTavisufleblad jvarosnuli laSqrobis
ken mouwoda. urban II-is sityvebiT, am laSqrobis mizani aRmosavleTSi mcxovrebi qristianebis
daxmareba da qristes saflavis Turq-selCukebisgan gaTavisufleba iyo. laSqrobis monawi
leebs is zeciur samoTxes dahpirda. sinamdvileSi ram gamoiwvia jvarosnuli laSqrobebi?
marTalia, bizantiis imperatoris Txovna da aRmosavleTis qristiani mosaxleobis mxarda
Weris survili mniSvnelovani faqtori iyo, magram romis papisa da evropeli mefe-mTavrebis
mzadyofna, ebrZolaT `urwmunoebis~ winaaRmdeg, sxva mizezebiTac iyo gamowveuli: a) romis
papebs bizantiaSi da Turq-selCukebis mier dapyrobil teritoriebze mcxovrebi qristia
_66_
ni mosaxleobis, axali qveynebisa da miwebis Tavisi Zalauflebis qveS moqceva surdaT. es ki
axal-axali SemowirulobebiT kaTolikuri eklesiis Semosavlebis zrdas gamoiwvevda; b) romis
papi xedavda evropaSi Seqmnil mdgomareobas, sadac uamravi Raribi raindi iyo. evropeli feo
dalebi sakuTar miwebs samemkvidreod mxolod ufros vaJebs aZlevdnen, raTa mamuli ar da
nawevrebuliyo. danarCeni vaJebis xvedri an samonastro cxovreba iyo, an raindoba. im drois
raindebis umravlesoba umiwawylo iyo da Tavis Sromas, xmals yidda. isini ZiriTadad sxva
dasxva mefe-mTavrebs emsaxurebodnen, rogorc daqiravebuli meomrebi da evropis SuagulSi
gaCaRebul SinaomebSi monawileobdnen. evropis raindTa umravlesoba ocnebobda axal-axal
laSqrobebze, sadac didi simdidrisa da miwawylis Sovna SeiZleboda; miT umetes aRmosavleT
Si, romlis `zRaprul simdidreze~ evropaSi legendebi dadioda; g) es laSqroba dabali fenis
warmomadgenlebisTvisac aranakleb mimzidveli iyo. glexoba mZime mdgomareobaSi iyo Cavar
dnili. maTTvis aRmosavleTSi jariskacad wasvla qonebis dagrovebis SesaZlebloba iyo; d)
es laSqroba mniSvnelovani iyo evropis savaWro qalaqebisTvisac _ genuisTvis, veneciisTvis.
Turq-selCukTa dapyrobebma Seaferxa evropis vaWroba aRmosavleTTan _ iranTan, indoeTTan,
CineTTan. am qalaqebs xmelTaSuazRvispireTis vaWrobaSi gaZlierebuli Turq-selCukebis sa
xiT konkurenti gamouCnda; aseve evropelebis daxmarebis sanacvlod am qalaqebis konkurenti
bizantia sxvadasxva daTmobaze wavidoda, rac aseve mniSvnelovani iyo.
I jvarosnuli laSqroba
papis mowodebas evropis sxvadasxva qveynis saxelovani raindebi _ hercogi gotfrid
buloneli da misi Zma balduini, grafi raimond tuluzeli, apuliis, kalabriisa da siciliis
hercogis Svili boemund tartaneli, inglisis mefis Zma normandiis hercogi roberti, saf
rangeTis mefis Zma hugo da sxvebi gamoexmaurnen. ierusalimis gasaTavisufleblad 1096 wels
oTxi ZiriTadi armia daiZra. isini 1097 wels konstantinopolSi SeerTdnen da iqidan erTad
gaagrZeles gza mcire aziisa da siria-palestinisken. momdevno wels maT siriis umniSvnelo
vanesi qalaqi _ antioqia aiRes, xolo 1099 wels _ ierusalimi. jvarosnebis dapyrobil teri
toriaze daarsda axali jvarosnuli samefo-samTavroebi (antioqiis, tripolis, edesis), maT
Soris ierusalimis samefo, romlis pirveli mefe gotfrid buloneli gaxda.
rainduli ordenebi
jvarosnuli saxelmwifoebis Seqmnis Semdeg `wminda miwaze~ sasuliero-rainduli ordenebi
Seiqmna. es ordenebi manamdec arsebuli Cveulebrivi religiuri ordenebisgan (mag., benediq
telTa ordeni VI saukunidan arsebobda) gansxvavdebodnen. rainduli ordenis wevrebic dau
qorwineblobis aRTqmas debdnen, maTac siRaribeSi unda ecxovraT; Tumca religiuri ordenebis
wevrebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic borotebas `sulieri maxviliT~ ebrZodnen, raindebi fics
debdnen, rom fizikurad, maxviliT xelSi daicavdnen qriatianobas da qristianebs. pirveli
rainduli ordeni 1119 wels ramdenime raindma daaarsa. am ordens tamplierebis saxeliT vic
nobT. maTi pirveli rezidencia ierusalimSi, solomonis taZris adgilas agebuli eklesiis max
_68_
loblad mdebareobda (`templ~ _ frang. taZari). Tavdapirvelad tamplierebi miznad isaxavdnen
salocavad mimavalTa dacvas da jvarosnuli saxelmwifoebis gaZlierebis xelSewyobas. tam
plierebis samosi TeTri mosasxami iyo, romelzec wiTeli jvari iyo gamosaxuli. erTi wlis Sem
deg Seiqmna meore _ ioanitebis, anu hospitalierebis, ordeni. hospitalierebi ierusalimSi wm.
ioane naTlismcemlis monastris adgilas daarsebul hospitalSi msaxurobdnen da avadmyof da
Rarib qristian momlocvelebs exmarebodnen. jvarosnuli saxelmwifoebis Seqmnis Semdeg saZmo
sasuliero-raindul ordenad gadakeTda. ioanitebis samosi TeTrjvrebiani Savi mosasxami iyo.
Tavdapirvelad ordenebis wesdeba wevrebis siRaribeSi cxovrebas iTvaliswinebda, magram
droTa ganmavlobaSi orive ordenma didi simdidre daagrova. jvarosnuli saxelmwifoebis
dacemis Semdeg tamplierebi moRvaweobdnen safrangeTSi, sadac mevaxSeobiT, sesxebis gacemiT
didi qoneba daagroves. maTi gavlena safrangeTSi ise gaizarda, rom XIV saukuneSi mefe filip
IV lamazma es ordeni gaanadgura. rac Seexeba ioanitebs, jvarosnebis damarcxebis Semdeg
xmelTaSua zRvis sxvadasxva kunZulze saqmianobdnen. sabolood k. maltaze damkvidrdnen, sa
dac maltis ordeni daaarses. am ori ordenis garda, evropaSi arsebobda XII saukuneSi `wminda
miwaze~ germaneli raindebis mier daarsebuli tevtonTa ordeni, arabTa winaaRmdeg mebrZoli
espanelebis kalatravas ordeni da sxv.
Tamar mefe
Tamaris gamefebis Semdeg didebulebi Seecadnen axalgazrda qalis taxtze asvliT esar
geblaT da mefes ultimatumi wauyenes. maT aRar surdaT samefo karze aetanaT `mdabio~ war
moSobis pirebi, romlebic orbelTa ajanyebis Semdeg giorgi III-s hyavda dawinaurebuli. Tamari
iZulebuli gaxda, daTmobaze wasuliyo da mamis erTguli msaxurebi: amirspasalar-mandaturTu
xucesi yubasari da msaxurTuxucesi afridoni gadaayena. am cvlilebebiT samefo karze arsebu
li winaaRmdegoba TiTqos mogvarda, magram male didebulTa erTma nawilma axali moTxovnebi
wamoayena, romelic saerTod samefo xelisuflebis SezRudvas isaxavda miznad. am dajgufebas
meWurWleTuxucesi yuTlu-arslani Taosnobda. meWurWleTuxuces yuTlu-arslanis gegma imde
nad Tamam politikur moTxovnebs Seicavda, rom Tamarma da misma garemocvam igi zogadad sa
mefo xelisuflebis dasasrulad miiCnia. yuTlu-arslanis programa iTvaliswinebda garkveuli
sakanonmdeblo uflebebiT aRWurvili organos _ karavis Seqmnas. Sua saukuneebSi mefe Tavis
xelisuflebas axorcielebda samefo darbazisa da savaziros meSveobiT, romelTac mxolod da
mxolod saTaTbiro ufleba hqondaT. yuTlu-arslanis mixedviT ki karavSi myofni gadawyvetdnen
Tanamdebobebze daniSvna-moxsnis, zogadad wyalobisa da Serisxvis sakiTxebs, Semdeg gadawyveti
lebas mefes warudgendnen da aRsrulebas daavaldebulebdnen. Sua saukuneebis monarqiisTvis
es warmoudgeneli iyo. mefe RvTivkurTxeulad iTvleboda da misi uflebebis SezRudva ar SeiZ
leboda. samefo karma saswrafod miiRo gadamwyveti zomebi. mefis erTgulma pirebma moaxerxes
meWurWleTuxucesis Sepyroba da amiT SeTqmulTa banaks seriozuli dartyma miayenes, magram es
jer kidev ar niSnavda gamosvlis dasasruls. qveyana samoqalaqo omis zRurblTan idga. aseT vi
TarebaSi mefem miiRo diplomatiuri gadawyvetileba _ man SeTqmulebTan mosalaparakeblad ori
sapatio qalbatoni _ xvaSaq coqali da kravai jayeli miavlina. ajanyebulebma daTmes poziciebi.
isini uars ambobdnen TavianT politikur moTxovnebze, samagierod, Tamari maT xelSeuxeblobis
garantias aZlevda. samefo kari mcire daTmobaze mainc wavida. imieridan mefe Tavis brZanebaSi
aRniSnavda, rom gadawyvetileba miiRo: `TanadgomiTa da erTnebaobiTa darbaziserTa~. feodalTa
gamosvlis CawynarebisTanave, qveyanaSi mSvidobam daisadgura. maRali saxeloebic gavlenian sag
vareuloebs Soris gadanawilda.
am periodSi samefo karma Tamaris gaTxovebaze daiwyo zrunva. arCevani rus ufliswulze,
andria bogolubskis vaJze, iurize SeCerda, romelic, biZisgan devnili, yivCaRebs afarebda Tavs.
Tamarma da iuri andrias Zem iqorwines. maT Svili ar SesZeniaT. male Tamar mefe iuris (mas sa
qarTveloSi giorgi rusad moixseniebdnen) gaeyara misi mravali pirovnuli naklovanebebis gamo.
samefo karze kvlav dadga Tamaris xelaxali gaTxovebis sakiTxi. amjerad Tamari daqorwinda
daviT soslanze, bagrationTa oseTis Stos warmomadgenelze. 1191 wels dasavleT da samxreT sa
qarTvelos feodalTa nawilma saqarTvelodan gaZevebuli iuri kvlav moiwvia da geguTSi mefed
gamoacxada. samefo laSqarma SeZlo ajanyebulTa damarcxeba. iuri andrias Ze bizantiaSi gaaZeves.
_70_
sagareo politika
giorgi IV laSa
Tamar mefis gardacvalebis Semdeg samefo taxti misma Zem _ giorgi IV-m (1210-1223) daikava.
axalgazrda mefes pataraobidanve meore saxels, laSasac eZaxdnen, rac `soflis ganmanaTle
bels~ niSnavs. giorgi laSas gamefebisTanave or mniSvnelovan problemasTan mouxda Sejaxeba: 1.
saqarTvelos ganudgnen moxarke qveynebi (ganZa, xlaTi, arzrumi, naxWevani) da mefes maT xelax
la dasamorCileblad didi Zalisxmeva dasWirda. 2. vazirTa da didebulTa didi nawili ukmayo
filo iyo mefiT. amis mizezi iyo laSas mier papis _ giorgi III-is politikis ganaxleba. man Tavisi
erTguli da Tanamoazre didebulebi Semoikriba garSemo da Tamaris dros dawinaurebuli moxe
leebi (gansakuTrebiT mxargrZelebi) daamcro, romelTac samefo kari datoves da Tav-TavianT
cixe-qalaqebSi gadavidnen sacxovreblad. Sua saukuneebis wyaroebi laSa-giorgis sxvadasxvagva
rad axasiaTebdnen. misi Tanamedrove istorikosi mas gamorCeul sardlad da Wkvian saxelmwifo
moRvawed miiCnevs, maSin rodesac XIV saukunis mematiane laSa-giorgis amoralur da saxelmwifo
saqmeebisadmi gulgril pirovnebad warmoaCens da XIII saukuneSi gamoCenil axali dampyroble
bis _ monRolebis saqarTveloSi batonobas laSasdroindeli codvebis sasjelad miiCnevs. XIV
saukunis qarTveli mematianis JamTaaRmwerlis cnobiT, mefe megobrobda rindebTan. eklesia ki
uaryofiTad afasebda mefis dauqorwineblobas da ukanono colTan Svilis gaCenas, romelsac
laSam mamis sapativsacemod daviTi daarqva. ramdenime wlis Semdeg samefo karma aiZula mefe,
arakanonieri meuRle sasaxlidan gaeZevebina. aRsaniSnavia, rom laSa-giorgi bolomde erTguli
darCa Tavisi siyvarulisa da mas sxva coli aRar SeurTavs.
giorgi IV-s hqonda farTo sagareo politikuri gegmebi _ apirebda monawileobas V jva
rosnul laSqrobaSi. rogorc Cans, swored am faqts ukavSirdeba im dros Seqmnili legenda
Zlevamosil axalgazrda qristian mefeze, romelic jvarosnebis dasaxmareblad moiCqaro
da. rusudanis (1222-1245 ww.) da romis pap honorius III-is mimoweraSi ixsenieba saqarTvelos
mefeebis, jer laSa-giorgis da Semdeg rusudanis, jvarosnebis dasaxmareblad ierusalimSi
laSqrobis survili. Tumca saqarTveloSi monRolTa moulodnelma gamoCenam da maTTan Seta
kebebma es gegmebi CaSala. laSa-giorgi monRolebTan brZolebSi miRebuli WrilobebiT gar
daicvala Tavisi dis rusudanisa da SirvanSah aRsarTanis qorwilis dRes 1223 wels.
m e f e
savaziro darbazi
I vaziri _ yvela vaziri
mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondideli maTi xelqveiTi moxeleebi
samTa vazirTa jgufi _ sasuliero xelmZRvanelebi
aTabagi (II vaziri), saqveynod gamrige didi moxeleebi _
amirspasalari, administraciuli erTeulebis saTaveSi
mandaturTuxucesi. mdgo mi moxeleebi, erisTavT-erisTavebi:
qarTlis, kaxeTis, hereTis, samcxis, svane-
orTa vazirTa jgufi _
Tis, raWisa da Takveris, cxumis, odiSis,
meWurWleTuxucesi, anisisa da dvinis.
msaxurTuxucesi.
parlamenti inglisSi
1199 wlidan inglisSi jon umiwawylo mefobda. is sakmaod susti mmarTveli aRmoCnda. mi
si sagareo da saSinao politikiT sazogadoebis arc erTi fena ar iyo kmayofili, maT Soris,
arc eklesia. 1215 wels mefis xelisuflebiTa da politikiT ukmayofilo da gadasaxadebiT
Sewuxebulma baronebma ajanyeba moawyves. maT raindebi da moqalaqeebi SeuerTdnen. ajanye
bulebma gaimarjves da mefe iZulebuli gaxda, xeli moewera 63 muxlisgan Semdgari dokumen
tisTvis, romelsac `Tavisuflebis didi qartia~ ewodeba. am dokumentiT mefis xelisufleba
izRudeboda da Zalauflebis nawili baronTa rigebidan arCeuli 25 kacisgan Semdgar sabWos
gadaecemoda. miuxedavad Tanxmobisa, joni ar apirebda qartiis pirobebis Sesrulebas. amis
_73_
gamo inglisSi samoqalaqo omi daiwyo da am omSi jon umiwawylo daiRupa. mefed akurTxes mi
si vaJi henri III. mamis msgavsad, verc henrim SeZlo samefos efeqturi marTva. 1263 wels mas
aSkarad daupirispirdnen baronebi lesteris grafis, simon de monforis meTaurobiT. mefis
jarebi damarcxdnen da qveynis faqtiuri mmarTveli simon de monfori gaxda. 1265 wels man
moiwvia baronTa sabWo. es TariRi inglisis parlamentis muSaobis dasawyisad iTvleba. axali
parlamenti ori palatisagan Sedgeboda _ lordTa palataSi perebi da episkoposebi Sediod
nen, TemTa palataSi ki _ or- ori raindi TiToeuli sagrafodan da or- ori moqalaqe yvela
TviTmmarTveli qalaqidan. mogvianebiT mefe eduard I-ma (1272-1307 ww.) efeqturi administra
ciuli reformebi gaatara da qveynis kanonmdebloba kidev ufro daixvewa. eduard I-is mier
gatarebuli reformebis Sedegad miRebuli parlamenti istoriaSi `sanimuSo parlamentis~ sa
xeliT Sevida, Tumca, miuxedavad am reformebisa, ZiriTadi Zalaufleba mainc mefis xelSi
rCeboda. inglisis msagavsad, odnav mogvianebiT wodebriv- warmomadgenlobiTi organoebi
evropis sxva saxelmwifoebSic Seiqmna.
kortesi espaneTSi
Sua saukuneebis espaneTSi wodebriv- warmomadgenlobiT organos kortesi warmoadgenda,
romelSic adgilobrivi feodalebi erTiandebodnen. 1188 wels mowveuli kortesi evropaSi
yvelaze Zvel parlamentis tipis organod iTvleba. mefes kortesis daTxovna SeeZlo. Tumca,
iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac kortesis wevri feodalebi armias meTaurobdnen an saxelmwifo
xazinas ganagebdnen, mefes molaparakeba erCia, raTa maTgan saomari moqmedebebis dafinanseba
mieRo. sanacvlod ki kortesis wevrebi damatebiT privilegiebs iRebdnen.
landtagi germaniaSi
Sua saukuneebis germanul saxelmwifoebSi arsebul wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiT organos
landtagi erqva. landtagSi Sediodnen sasuliero da saero didebulebi, romlebic saxelmwi
fos sxvadasxva mxaris warmomadgenlebi iyvnen.
XIV saukunis dasawyisisTvis monRolTa batonobam mZime daRi daasva qveynis ganviTarebas.
centraluri xelisufleba mTlianad moSlili iyo. odesRac erTiani saqarTvelo ramdenime
politikur erTeulad iyo dayofili. amas emateboda isic, rom calkeuli didebulebi araf
rad agdebdnen samefo xelisuflebas da TavianT mamulebSi ganuzomeli ZlauflebiT sargeb
lobdnen.
1316 wels ilxanTa yaeni gaxda abu-saidi. qveyanas realurad pirveli veziri _ Cobani ga
nagebda. masTan megobruli urTierToba daamyara demetre II-is vaJma giorgim, romelic mamis
tragikulad daRupvis Semdeg deduleTSi, papis _ samcxis mTavris beqa jayelis karze izrde
boda. Coban-noinis TanxmobiT igi giorgi V-is saxeliT 1318 wels saqarTvelos samefo taxtze
avida. giorgi V ar cdilobda monRolebTan aSkara brZolasa da dapirispirebas.
man moxerxebulad gamoiyena CobanTan megobroba da SeZlo am kavSiris saSualebiT aRekve
Ta monRolTa TareSi. giorgi V-m moipova ufleba, xarki Tavad aekrifa, riTac qveyana monRol
moxeleTa Tavgasulobisagan ixsna.
1327 wels ilxanTa yaenma Coban-noins RalatSi dasdo brali da sikvdiliT dasaja. am faq
tma sailxanos daSla kidev ufro daaCqara. amiT isargebla saqarTvelos mefem da monRolebs
xarki Seuwyvita. 1335 wels yaen abu-saidis gardacvalebis Semdeg ki monRolTa aswlovan ba
tonobas bolo moeRo.
sagareo politikis daregulirebis Semdeg giorgi V-m saSinao problemebis mogvareba
daiwyo. man kaxeTSi, civis mTaze, sadarbazod miiwvia mefis xelisuflebis mowinaaRmdege ka
xeT-hereTisa da somxiTis erisTavebi, amoxoca isini da maTi samflobeloebi samefo taxts Se
moumtkica. XIV saukunis 20-ian wlebSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi Sida dapirispireba iyo daviT
narinis Svilebs _ konstantinesa da miqaels Soris. 1329 wels miqaeli gardaicvala.
amiT isargebla giorgi V-m da dasavleT saqarTvelo SeierTa. qveynis erTianobis aRdge
nis gzaze mniSvnelovani nabiji gadaidga. giorgi V-s gamefebisas samcxe calke administraciu
li erTeuli iyo. 1334 wels samcxis mTavar beqa jayelis gardacvalebis Semdeg mTavari gaxda
mefis biZaSvili (dedis mxridan) sargis II jayeli. giorgi V-m igi aTabagad da amirspasalarad
daniSna, riTac gamdgari samcxis mTavari kvlav centralur xelisuflebas dauqvemdebara.
monRolTa batonobam mTlianad moSala qveyanaSi sasamarTlo sistema. giorgi V-m ka
nonierebis aRdgenis mizniT saqarTvelos mTis mosaxleobisTvis Seadgina kanonTa krebuli
`Zeglisdeba~. qveynis politikurma da ekonomikurma gaZlierebam mniSvnelovnad gazarda sa
qarTvelos saerTaSoriso avtoriteti. romis papis ioane XXII-is bulis mixedviT, kaToliku
ri saepiskoposo kaTedra qalaq smirnidan TbilisSi iqna gadmotanili. 1329 wels romis papma
TbilisSi kaTolikeTa episkoposad ioane florencieli daniSna.
XIV s.-is 30-iani wlebis dasawyisSi giorgi V brwyinvales diplomatiuri urTierToba hqon
_78_
da safrangeTis mefesTan _ filip VI valuasTan. kvlav amotivtivda erTiani jvarosnuli laS
qrobis mowyobis idea egviptis sulTnis winaaRmdeg `wminda miwis~ gasaTavisufleblad.
mogvianebiT evropaSi dawyebulma aswlovanma omma jvarosnuli laSqrobis idea ganuxor
cielebeli datova. miuxedavad amisa, saqarTvelos uflebebi `wminda miwaze~ giorgi V-is me
fobisas daculi iyo. egviptis sulTanma al-nasirma (1293-1340) saqarTvelos mefes gadmosca
jvris monasteri da qristes saflavis taZris gasaRebi. giorgi brwyinvalem ara marto gandev
na monRolebi saqarTvelodan, aramed Tavis gavlenis qveS moaqcia rani da Sirvani. amasTanave,
saqarTvelo aqtiurad ereoda trapizonis imperiis saqmeebSic. giorgi V- m Wkvianuri da Tan
mimdevruli politikis wyalobiT SeZlo saqarTvelos erTianobis aRdgena. man monRolTagan
ganadgurebuli qveyana ekonomikurad da politikurad gaaZliera. saqarTvelo maxlobel aR
mosavleTSi angariSgasawev Zalad iqca.
Temur-lengi (1336-1405 ww.) gaTurqebuli monRoluri tomis warmomadgeneli iyo. mis mTa
var mizans Cingiz-yaenis imperiis aRdgena warmoadgenda. man gaaerTiana Sua azia da Semdeg
laSqrobebs awyobda oqros urdos, iranisa da misi damxmare qveynebis winaaRmdeg.
Temur-lengi istoriaSi Sesulia, rogorc erT-erTi yvelaze sastiki dampyrobeli. misi
Tanamedrove erT-erTi istorikosis gadmocemiT, sadac ki Temuris jari gaivlida `aRar is
moda arc ZaRlebis yefa, arc Citebis JRurtuli da arc bavSvis tirili.~ magaliTad, isfa
hanSi umowyalod gaJlita didi da patara da gorakebi aRmarTa 70 aTasi moWrili TaviT. Te
_80_
mur-lengma 1386-1403 wlebSi rvajer ilaSqra saqarTveloSi, am laSqrobebis dros man mTeli
aRmosavleT saqarTvelo miwasTan gaaswora, daangria da gaZarcva cixe-qalaqebi. I laSqroba
_ oqros urdosTan dapirispirebis gamo Temur-lengs dasWirda kavkasiaze gavlenis mopoveba.
1386 wlis Semodgomaze igi saqarTvelosken daiZra, aiRo Tbilisi, daatyveva bagrat V (1360-
1393), dedofali ana, ufliswuli daviTi da TavisTan, yarabaRSi waiyvana.
II laSqroba _ Temuri formalurad gamahmadianebul bagrats endo da 12 000-iani jari gaa
tana saqarTvelos dasamorCileblad. am jars viwro xeobaSi dauxvdnen giorgi da konstantine
batoniSvilebi da gaanadgures, tyveebic daixsnes. am ambiT ganrisxebulma Temur-lengma 1387
wlis gazafxulze, didi jari gamoagzavna. qarTvelebi momzadebulni daxvdnen, mosaxleo
ba daxiznes, cixeebi gaamagres, Temuris mowinaaRmdege oqros urdos mbrZanebel ToxTamiS-
xanTan daamyares kavSiri. marTalia, brZolaSi qarTvelebi damarcxdnen, magram Temur-lengma
veRar SeZlo brZolis gagrZeleba da ukan gabrunda.
III laSqroba _ ToxTamiSis damarcxebis da Sua aziis dapyrobis Semdeg Temur-lengi 1394
wlis zafxulSi samcxes Seesia 40 000-iani jariT da sastikad aaoxra.
IV laSqroba _ 1394 wlis Semodgomaze Temurma dalaSqra TrialeTi da aragvis xeoba.
V laSqroba _ 1399 wels Temur-lengi 100 000-iani laSqriT 1 Tve aoxrebda kaxeT-hereTs.
VI laSqroba _ yvelaze damangreveli iyo Temur-lengis laSqroba 1400 wlis gazafxulze.
marto qvemo qarTlSi 15 cixe aiRo (birTvisis cixis gamoklebiT). aiRo Tbilisic. Semdeg mux
ranSi dabanakda, daarbia qsnis xeoba, daaqcia goric. gansakuTrebiT mZafri iyo winaaRmdegoba
ZovreTis (Zamis) da svelneTis cixeebze. Temurma Semdgom aaoxra samcxe, gamoiara kldekarze
da TeZmis xeobaSi daaqcia rkonis da qvaTaxevis monastrebi. Semdeg Seesia aragvis xeobas. ukan
mobrunebisas gaiara taoSi, aiRo 7 cixe, maT Soris fanaskertic. waiyvana 60 aTasze meti tyve.
VII laSqroba _ SamqorSi dabanakebul Temur-lengTan mividnen giorgi VII-is (1393-1407)
elCebi. daido zavi Semdegi pirobebiT: 1) saqarTvelo gadaixdida xarks; 2) moTxovnisTanave
gamoiyvanda jars; 3) ar Caketavda gzebs; 4) qarTvelebi ar Seaviwrovebdnen muslimebs; 5) mus
limur qveynebSi qarTvelebi aSkarad ar Seasrulebdnen qristianul wesebs; 6) sanacvlod sa
qarTvelo Temurisgan Rebulobda usafrTxoebis aRTqmas. es zavi daido 1401 wlis seqtember
Si, magram Temurma amis miuxedavad ukan gabrunebisas daangria TorTomis cixe da amoJlita
200 qarTveli mecixovne. VIII laSqroba _ Temur-lengis ukanaskneli Semoseva 1403 wlis gazaf
xulze daiwyo xarkis gadauxdelobis sababiT. mZime brZolis Semdeg aiRo birTvisis cicabo
da miudgomeli cixe. seqtember-oqtomberSi Temur-lengma dasavleT saqarTveloSi ilaSqra,
700-mde daba-monasteri daarbia, magram dazamTrebis SiSiT Tavadve sTxova zavi giorgi VII-s.
aRdga Samqoris zavis pirobebi da Temur-lengi sabolood gaecala saqarTvelos. 1405 wels
Temur-lengi gardaicvala da mis memkvidreTa Soris brZola gaCaRda samflobelobebis dana
wilebisaTvis, Sedegad Temur-lengis saxelmwifo mraval samefo-samTavrod daiSala da sabo
lood gaqra.
XV saukunis 30-iani wlebidan, mas Semdeg, rac osmalebma ganagrZes bizantiis terito
riebis miTviseba, imperatorma ioane VIII-m molaparakebebi daiwyo dasavleT evropis saxel
mwifoebTan, maT Soris _ romis papTan, raTa saerTo ZaliT gamklavebodnen osmalur eqspan
sias. am molaparakebebisas mTavar winaaRmdegobas religiuri dapirispireba warmoadgenda;
kaTolikuri da marTlmadidebluri eklesiebi sakuTar poziciebs ar Tmobdnen. 1439 wels
_81_
florenciaSi Seikribnen kaTolikuri da marTlmadidebluri eklesiebis warmomadgenlebi,
romis papis, bizantiis imperatorisa da konstantinopolis patriarqis meTaurobiT. bizantiis
mTavar mizani iyo evropuli saxelmwifoebisgan samxedro da finansuri daxmarebis miReba. ro
mis papi ki cdilobda, Tavisi Zalaufleba aRmosavleT evropazec gaevrcelebina. sabolood
orive eklesias Soris daido xelSekruleba `florenciis unia~. xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, mar
Tlmadideblebi cnobdnen papis xelisuflebas, amis sanacvlod ki dasavleT evropa bizantias
daexmareboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom ioane VIII da misi memkvidre konstantine XI paleologebi
cdilobdnen, SeesrulebinaT uniis pirobebi, SeTanxmeba mainc gauqmda da marTlmadideblur
ma eklesiebma is uaryves. bizantiis mosaxleobaSi, mmarTvel wreebSi da RvTismsaxurebSi ar
sebul uaryofiT damokidebulebas papis mimarT kargad gamoxatavs bizantieli moxelisa da
flotis meTauris luka notarasis sityvebi, konstantinopolis kedlebis dacvisas rom war
moTqva: `mirCevnia, qalaqis centrSi vixilo muslimuri Calma, vidre laTinuri mitra~. (luka,
misi vaJi da siZe Turqebma sikvdiliT dasajes, xolo coli monad gayides)
1453 wlis aprilSi osmaleTis sulTanma mehmed II-m konstantinopols alya Semoartya. kon
stantinopolis mecixovneebi 7 kviris ganmavlobaSi igeriebdnen osmalTa ieriSebs, Tumca
sabolood 29 maiss gadamwyvet brZolaSi osmalebma SturmiT aiRes qalaqi. bizantiis impera
tor konstantine XI brZolaSi daiRupa. osmalebma qalaqs saxeli Seucvales da mas istanbuli
(stamboli) daarqves. es iyo erT-erTi pirveli brZola, sadac axali samxedro teqnologiebi
_ denTi da artileria gamoiyenes.
bevri mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom Sua saukuneebidan axal droebaze gadasvla swored konstan
tinopolis dacemis periodze modis. am droidan daiwyo ganviTareba evropulma aRorZinebam.
es iyo gadamwyveti momenti msoflio istoriaSi; konstantinopolis dacemam da bizantiis
ganadgurebam mniSvnelovnad Secvala imdroindel msoflioSi arsebuli politikuri, ekono
mikuri da kulturuli mdgomareoba. osmaleTis imperiis mier xmelTaSua zRvis aRmosavleT
auzis dakavebam da SemdgomSi dasavleTiT gagrZelebulma eqspansiam didi gavlena moaxdina
evropul saxelmwifoebze. konstantinopolis aRebiT osmalebma umniSvnelovanesi samxedro-
strategiuli da savaWro punqti Caigdes xelSi. maT xelSi msoflio umniSvnelovanesi sax
meleTo da sazRvao savaWro gzebi aRmoCnda, romlebic xmelTaSua, egeosis da Savi zRvebis
meSveobiT evropas aziasTan akavSirebdnen. aman didi ziani miayena evropul saxelmwifoebs,
pirvel rigSi ki genuas da venecias, romlebsac amieridan savaWro gzebze mimosvlisaTvis os
maleTis nebarTva esaWiroebodaT. marTalia, pirvel xanebSi mehmed II-m genuel da veneciel
vaWrebs xelSeuxeblobis da Tavisufali vaWrobis ufleba misca, magram es droebiTi movlena
iyo. nel-nela osmalebma Seaviwroves genuelebi da venecielebi da sabolood srulad Camoa
cales savaWro centrebi, romlebic maT yofili bizantiis imperiis teritoriaze hqondaT.
bizantiis dacemam didi ziani miayena imdrondel kulturas: Tavisi arsebobis bolo xanebamde
bizantia mTeli evropis kulturis da ganaTlebis umniSvnelovanesi centri iyo; konstantino
polis meSveobiT xdeboda kulturuli miRwevebis gacvla evropasa da azias Soris. konstan
tinopolis dacemam srulad gaanadgura es kulturuli kavSirebi.
meore mxriv, konstantinopolis aRebam evropel movaWreebs da zRvaosnebs didi stimu
li misca, raTa maT axali gzebi eZebnaT indoeTSi mosaxvedrad. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom didi
geografiuli aRmoCenebi garkveulwilad osmalurma dapyrobebmac ganapiroba. garda amisa,
osmalebisgan gaqceuli bizantielma mkvlevrebma evropaSi Caitanes antikuri codna da gar
kveulwilad dasabami daudes evropul aRorZinebas.
_82_
43. antiosmaluri koalicia. saqarTvelos daSla samefo-samTavroebad
1453 wels, Turqebis mier konstantinopolis aRebisa da bizantiis imperiis dacemis Sem
deg, romis papis, pius II-is iniciativiT, daiwyo mzadeba jvarosnuli laSqrobisTvis, romel
Sic, burgundiis, ungreTis, neapolis, veneciisa da poloneTis garda, qarTveli mefe-mTav
rebi, trapizonis samefo da iranis Sahi uzun hasani unda Cabmuliyvnen. am mizniT 1459 wels
saqarTveloSi papis elCi, ludoviko bolonieli Camovida. Tumca es gegma CaiSala. 1461 wels
Turqebma trapizonis imperiac daipyres.
am periodSi saqarTveloSi giorgi VIII (1446-1466 ww.) mefobda. 1463 wels samcxis mTavris
yvaryvares waqezebiT imereTis erisTavma, daviT narinis STamomavalma, bagratma, Tavi mefed
gamoacxada. giorgi dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadavida jariT. CixorTan Sed ga brZo la, ro
melSic giorgi damarcxda. 1465 wels TavfaravanTan yvaryvarem giorgi VIII RalatiT Seipyro.
am dros giorgis Zmiswulma, konstantinem, gaqceva moaxerxa. bagratma Seqmnili situaciiT
isargebla, qarTlSi gadavida da, bagrat VI-is saxeliT, Tavi saqarTvelos mefed gamoacxada.
yvaryvarem mefe giorgis dapatimrebiT ver ixeira, amitom gaaTavisufla igi, raTa bagratisa
da giorgis dapirispirebiT esargebla. Tumca giorgim 1466 wels mxolod kaxeTSi moaxerxa ga
mefeba. am droidan daiwyo kaxeTis, rogorc calke samefos da misi dinastiis istoria. 1478
wels bagrat VI gardaicvala. misma vaJma, aleqsandrem, taxtze asvla ver SeZlo da raWa-leC
xumSi gamagrda. qarTlsa da imereTSi giorgi VIII-is Zmiswuli, konstantine II gamefda. 1483
wels sof. aradeTTan brZola moxda konstantinesa da yvaryvare aTabags Soris, romelSic
mefe damarcxda. amiT isargebla aleqsandre bagratis Zem, quTaisi daikava da mefed ekurTxa.
am droidan iwyeba imereTis samefos istoria. konstantine darwmunda, rom mis mcdelobas,
gaeerTianebina saqarTvelo, Sedegi ar mohqonda. 1490 wels man moiwvia kaTalikosi, episkopo
sebi da warCinebulebi. maTi rCeviT, igi dauzavda kaxeTisa da imereTis mefeebs, aseve samcxis
aTabags. erTiani saqarTvelo sabolood daiSala da mis nacvlad sami samefo _ qarTli, kaxe
Ti, imereTi _ da xuTi samTavro (samcxe-saaTabago, samegrelo, guria, afxazeTi da svaneTi)
Camoyalibda.
dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis damakavSirebeli savaWro-saqaravno marSrutebis gadaket
vam evropelebs alternatiuli gzebis Zieba daawyebina. am mxriv pirveli nabiji portugaliam
gadadga. portugalielebma afrikis sanapiros saguldagulo kvleva daiwyes. am droisTvis
gaumjobesda sazRvao rukebi da kompasi, gaCnda swrafi ialqniani gemi _ `karavela~. es yve
laferi ufro Sor manZilze gadaadgilebis saSualebas iZleoda. 1487 wels portugalielma
zRvaosanma, barTolomeo diasma, afrikis SemovliT, indoeTis okeaneSi gasvla scada. man miaR
wia afrikis ukidures samxreT wertils da mas `keTili imedis koncxi~ uwoda. diasis marSruti
ufro warmatebiT ganaxorciela vasko da gamam, romelic 1498 wels gascda koncxs da indoeTis
okeaneSi gavida. 10-Tviani mogzaurobis Semdeg igi qalaq kalkutas (indoeTi) miadga. 1502 wels
gamam imave mimarTulebiT meored imogzaura. 1504 wlidan moyolebuli, yovel Tve saSua
lod erT gemi mainc miemgzavreboda lisabonidan aziaSi. sazRvao vaWrobis monopoliisTvis
brZolaSi portugaliis mTavari mowinaaRmdege espaneTi iyo. italiel mogzaurs qristefore
kolumbs (1446-1506 ww.) indoeTisken umoklesi sazRvao gzis aRmoCenaze fiqri ar asvenebda
_83_
da amtkicebda, rom am mizniT umjobesi iqneboda ara aRmosavleTiT, aramed dasavleTis mi
marTulebiT gamgzavreba. Tavisi ideebi kolumbma portugaliis xelisuflebas gaacno. maT
uariT gaistumres zRvaosani. maSin kolumbma espaneTis samefo kars mimarTa. 1492 wels espa
neTis samefo karis dafinansebiT da mxardaWeriT, 3 patara xomaldis (`santa marias~, `ninias~,
`pintas~) 90-kaciani ekipaJi qristefore kolumbis xelmZRvanelobiT, 69-dRiani mogzaurobis
Semdeg amerikis napirebs miadga. Tumca kolumbi Tvlida, rom aziis ukidures aRmosavleT
sanapiros miadga. amis Semdeg kolumbma kidev 3 eqspedicia moawyo da sicocxlis bolomde
darwmunebuli iyo, rom indoeTisken savali umoklesi gza aRmoaCina. cota xanSi italielma
mogzaurma amerigo vespuCim daamtkica, rom kolumbis aRmoCenili miwa axali kontinenti iyo.
swored mis sapativcemulod ewoda kontinents amerika. 1494 wels espaneTsa da portugalias
Soris daido tordesilas xelSekruleba, sakolonizacio teritoriis gayofis Sesaxeb. por
tugalieli mezRvaurebi aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT imogzaurebdnen indoeTisken da Cine
Tisken, xolo espanelebi _ dasavleTis mimarTulebiT _ amerikis kontinentamde. mas Semdeg,
rac vespuCim daamtkica, rom es axali kontinenti iyo, evropelebma daiwyes fiqri dasavle
Tis mimarTulebiT indoeTSi moxvedris Sesaxeb. pirvelad aseTi proeqti portugalielma
zRvaosanma fernando magelanma SeimuSava. misi eqspedicia 1519 wels Semodgomaze q. seviliidan
gavida da dasavleTis mimarTulebiT daiZra. magelanma gezi samxreT-dasavleTisaken aiRo.
eqspediciam samxreTidan Semouara amerikis kontinents, sadac viwro srute ipova (dRes mas
magelanis srute ewodeba) da misi gavliT wynar okeneSi aRmoCnda. amis Semdeg man gezi Crdi
lo-dasavleTisaken aiRo da 1521 wels filipinebis kunZulebs miaRwia, sadac magelani adgi
lobriv tomebTan Setakebis Sedegad daiRupa. misi eqspedicia maleve gamobrunda ukan da,
afrikis kontinentis samxreTidan SemovliT, 1522 wels espaneTSi dabrunda. miuxedavad imisa,
rom Tavad magelani mogzaurobis dasrulebas ver moeswro, mis eqspedicias didi mniSvneloba
hqonda _ man pirvelma imogzaura aziaSi dasavleTis mimarTulebiT da, rac yvelaze mniSvne
lovania, es iyo pirveli sazRvao mogzauroba dedamiwis garSemo.
tordesilas xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg espanelebma amerikis aTviseba daiwyes. am kon
tinentze, Tanamedrove meqsikis teritoriaze, jer kidev Zveli welTaRricxvis I aTaswleulSi
arsebobda olmekebis civilizacia. cota mogvianebiT, ax. w-is dasawyisSi, maias tomma centra
lur amerikaSi saxelmwifo Seqmna. maT sakuTari damwerlobac ki hqondaT. espanelTa gamoCe
nis dros, XV-XVI ss. mijnaze meqsikaSi arsebobda actekebis, xolo peruSi _ inkebis saxelmwi
foebi. orive maTgani espanelebma gaanadgures.
humanizmi
Sua saukuneebis qristianuli samyaros kulturis xasiaTi ZiriTadad bibliam gansazRvra,
muslimuri samyarosTvis ki yuranma. XIV s-dan evropaSi daiwyo imdroindeli sazogadoebis
umTavresi Rirebulebebis gadafaseba da samyarosadmi, adamianebisadmi axleburi damokidebu
lebis Camoyalibeba, rac xelovnebisa da codnis yvela sferoSi aisaxa. evropeli swavlulebi
did interess iCenen arabuli samyarodan da bizantiidan Semosuli antikuri (Zveli berZnuli
da laTinuri) literaturis mimarT. evropelma mecnierebma aRmoaCines, rom antikuri filo
sofia ganixilavda iseT sakiTxebsac, romlebzec eklesias amomwuravi pasuxebi ar gaaCnda.
ZiriTadad es exeboda adamianis bunebas da mis rols am samyaroSi. antikuri filosofiisa
da xelovnebis Seswavlis Sedegad Seiqmna SexedulebaTa axali sistema, romelic istoriaSi
`humanizmis~ saxeliT Sevida. humanizmi yvelaze maRla adamians da adamianur faseulobebs
ayenebda. es mimdinareoba Tavdapirvelad filosofiaSi aRmocenda da cota xanSi humanizmi
xelovnebis da literaturis mTavari dasayrdeni gaxda.
humanistebi religias ar upirispirdebodnen. maT miaCndaT, rom xels uwyobdnen WeSmari
ti rwmenisa da eklesiis aRorZinebas da, amasTanave, qristianobasa da antikur filosofias
Soris verafers sawinaaRmdegos ver xedavdnen.
aRorZineba
dasavleT evropis kulturis istoriaSi am xanas aRorZinebis xana, anu renesansi ewodeba.
`renesansi~ franguli sityvaa da aRorZinebas niSnavs _ aRorZinebis ganviTarebas didad Seuw
yo xeli sabeWdi dazgis gamogonebam. igi Seqmna germanelma gamomgonebelma iohan gutenbergma,
romelmac XV saukunis Sua xanebSi dabeWda ramdenime wigni. maT Soris pirveli iyo biblia.
XV saukunidan aRorZineba ufro farTod gavrcelda mTel evropaSi. bizantiis da is
lamuri espaneTis dacemis Semdeg iqauri swavlulebi evropisaken daiZrnen da Tan gaiyoles
mravali Zveli xelnaweri. aRorZinebis mTavar centrs italia warmoadgenda. XIV saukuneSi
italia patar-patara saxelmwifoebad iyo dayofili, maT Soris wamyvan rols qalaq-saxelmwi
foebi _ florencia, venecia da romi asrulebdnen. XIV-XV saukuneebis mijnaze am qalaqebis
moqalaqeebma vaWrobiTa da xelosnobiT mniSvnelovani qonebis dagroveba moaxerxes. yvelaze
dawinaurebuli qalaqi iyo florencia, romlis ganviTarebasac misma mmarTvelma lorenco
mediCim Seuwyo xeli. is mfarvelobas uwevda mecnierebs, mwerlebs, filosofosebsa da xelo
_85_
vanebs. Sedegad florencia evropuli kulturis centri gaxda. aRorZinebis xanis ostatebi
xSirad erTdroulad iRvwodnen sxvadasxva sferoSi _ arqiteqturaSi, qandakebaSi, ferwerasa
da, xSirad, literaturaSic.
aRorZinebis xanis mwerlobaSi srulad warmoCnda epoqis humanisturi idealebi _ Tavi
sufleba, silamaze, srulyofileba. am periodSi moRvaweobdnen dante alegieri, franCesko
petrarka da jovani bokaCo. samive maTgani florenciaSi cxovrobda. dante aRorZinebis xanis
erTerT fuZemdeblad iTvleba. misi poema `RvTaebrivi komedia~ msoflio klasikuri lite
raturis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi Zeglia. petrarkas humanizmis mamasac uwodebdnen, misma
sasiyvarulo sonetebma mkafiod warmoaCina adamianis sulieri samyaros siRrme da misi emo
ciebis simdidre; bokaCos mier daweril moTxrobaTa krebuls ki `dekameroni~ hqvia. nawar
moebSi gaJRerebuli antireligiuri Temebis gamo wigns da mis avtors eklesiam devna dauwyo.
aRorZinebis xanis mniSvnelovani moRvawe iyo florencieli politikosi, diplomati da fi
losofosi nikolo makiaveli. man politikuri xasiaTis naSromebi Seqmna da dasabami daudo
politikur realizms, rac yvela politikuri da diplomatiuri qmedebisaTvis namdvili saxe
lis darqmevas gulisxmobda. aRorZinebis xanis mwerlobas realizmTan da humanizmTan erTad
axasiaTebda komikuri xasiaTic, rac arsebuli realobis mwvave kritikas warmoadgenda. am
mxriv gansakuTrebiT gamosarCevia XVI saukune, kerZod, espaneli mwerlis migel de servante
sis `don kixot lamanCeli~ da frangi mwerlis fransua rables `gargantua da pantagrueli~.
Sua saukuneebSi nawarmoebebi ZiriTadad laTinurad iwereboda, XV saukunidan ki safuZ
veli eyreba erovnul mwerlobas, nawarmoebebi iqmneba italiurad, inglisurad, espanurad,
frangulad, rac am enebis ganviTarebas uwyobda xels. garda amisa, mxatvruli Semoqmedeba
ufro farTo masebisaTvis gaxda xelmisawvdomi. evropul qalaqebSi daarsda Teatrebi, ramac
xeli Seuwyo dramaturgiis ganviTarebas. am periodis yvelaze cnobili dramaturgebi iyvnen
espaneli lope de vega da ingliseli uiliam Seqspiri.
aRorZinebis xanis msoflmxedveloba _ humanizmi da realizmi SesaniSnavad gamoixata XIV-
-XVI saukuneebis mxatvrobasa da qandakebaSi. aRorZinebis xanis xelovanebi iyvnen leonardo
da vinCi, miqelanjelo buanaroti, sandro botiCeli, rafaeli, donatelo, ticiani da sxvebi.
axali kultura XV saukunis bolodan italiidan CrdiloeTisken iwyebs gavrcelebas, sadac
axali italiuri kulturisa da CrdiloeT evropis adgilobrivi erovnuli tradiciebis Ser
wymiT Camoyalibda Crdiloevropuli aRorZineba.
aRorZinebis ideebi aisaxa arqiteqturazec. am epoqis arqiteqtorebma ara marto aaRor
Zines antikuri tradiciebi, aramed uamravi sxva siaxlec Semoitanes. didi mniSvneloba mie
niWa simetriasa da proporciebs, geometriasa da nagebobis Semadgenel nawilebSi wesrigs.
ganviTarda saero xasiaTis samoqalaqo arqiteqtura; Sendeboda qalaqis mravalsarTuliani
Senobebi, ratuSebi (qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobis Senobebi), savaWro gildiebis saxlebi, uni
versitetebi, bazrebi; Camoyalibda qalaqis sasaxlis tipi _ palaco _ anu mdidari moqalaqis
_ biurgeris sasaxle; Seicvala qalaqebis dagegmareba; Tu Sua saukuneebSi arqiteqtorebi,
moqandakeebi, mxatvrebi ZiriTadad eklesiisa da msxvili feodalebis SekveTebs asrulebdnen,
aRorZinebis xanaSi damkveTTa socialuri wre gafarTovda. xSirad ama Tu im mSeneblobis ini
ciatorebi iyvnen xelosanTa gaerTianebebi, savaWro gildiebi, qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobebi,
kerZo pirebi _ biurgerebi da sxva warCinebulebi.
_86_
46. reformacia evropaSi
XVI saukunis dasawyisSi germania politikurad daqucmacebuli qveyana iyo da misi cal
keuli mxareebi, samTavroebi srul damoukideblobas inarCunebdnen, miuxedavad imisa, rom
saRvTo romis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen. saxelmwifoSi erTiani sagadasaxado siste
ma da armia ar arsebobda. adgilobrivi didebulebi gadasaxadebs TavianTi Sexedulebisamebr
krefdnen. yvelaze karg mdgomareobaSi did mTavrebTan erTad sasuliero zeda fena iyo, ro
melic glexebisgan amoRebuli gadasaxadebiT did sargebels povebda. garda amisa, romis papis
morCilebaSi myof saeklesio pirebs didi politikuri Zalaufleba hqondaT da xSirad TviT
mefe-mTavrebsac ar uwevdnen angariSs.
swored am periodidan romis papis inicativiT didi gasaqani mieca indulgenciebiT vaWro
bas. indulgencia iyo papis mier damtkicebuli sigeli, romelic nebismier mokvdavs SeeZlo
eyida da amiT Cadenili codva mieteveboda. mRvdlebi da episkoposebi xalxs umtkicebdnen,
rom indulgenciebis yidviT, araTu ukve Cadenilis, aramed momavalSi Casadeni codvisgan ga
Tavisuflebac ki SeiZleboda. germaniaSi indulgenciebiT vaWroba daevala ber iohan tecels,
romelic mTel germaniaSi mogzaurobda da xalxmraval adgilebSi indulgenciebs yidda.
kaTolikuri eklesiis mier indulgenciiT vaWrobis winaaRmdeg pirvelad qalaq viten
bergis universitetis RvTismetyvelebis profesori da beri martin luTeri (1483-1546 ww.)
gamovida. 1517 wels man eklesiis karze miakra `95 Tezisi~, romelSic is gmobda indulgenciiT
vaWrobas da amtkicebda, rom sulis xsna indulgenciiT da wminda adgilebis molocviT ki ara,
aramed WeSmariti sinanuliT da rwmeniT miiRweva. luTerisaTvis miuRebeli iyo kaTolikuri
principi, romlis Tanaxmad, adamianis sulis xsna SeiZleba `keTili saqmeebiT~ _ wirva-loc
vaze sistematuri daswrebiT, marxviT, wminda adgilebis molocviT, Semowirulobebis gaRe
biT da sxv. luTers miaCnda, rom sulis xsna rwmenis gareSe warmoudgenelia da rom adamiani
uflis winaSe mxolod rwmeniT gamarTldeba. aseve is fiqrobda, rom RvTismsaxureba ara
laTinur, aramed adgilobrivi mosaxleobis enebze unda aRsrulebuliyo. man pirvelma Tar
gmna biblia germanulad da amiT germanul saliteraturo enas Cauyara safuZveli. luTeri
imedovnebda, rom misi Tezisebi kaTolikur eklesiaSi jansaR kamaTs gamoiwvevda, Tumca papma
luTers mwvalebloba daabrala da 1521 wels is eklesiidan gankveTa. amis sapasuxod luTer
ma papis sigeli sajarod dawva koconze da, piriqiT, is gamoacxada mwvaleblad. romis papis
mxare daiWira saRvTo romis imperatorma karl V-m, romelic im dros omebSi iyo Cabmuli da
romis papisa da kaTolikuri samRdeloebis mxardaWera sWirdeboda. man luTeri mTavrebisa
da moqalaqeebis krebaze gamoiZaxa. luTerma Tavisi pozicia Semdegi sityvebiT gamoxata: `aqa
vdgavar da sxvagvarad ar ZalmiZs!~. karl V-m misi dakavebis brZaneba gasca, magram luTeri
erTma mTavarma Seifara. luTeris wamowyebul moZraobas didebulebs da moqalaqeebs Soris
gamouCnda bevri mxardamWeri, romlebsac germanuli eklesiis romis papis mmarTvelobidan
mSvidobiani gamoyofa surdaT. luTeris mier Camoyalibebuli moZRvrebis mimdevrebs ewodaT
protestantebi, xolo kaTolikuri eklesiis winaaRmdeg dawyebul moZraobas _ reformacia.
1545 wels ro mis pap
ma pavle III-m ita liis qalaq trentSi kreba moiwvia. krebaze ganixi
les kaTolikur eklesiaSi arsebuli problemebi, Tumca sabWos realuri reformebi ar gau
tarebia, mxolod nikeis saeklesio krebaze (325 w.) miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis da bibliis
laTinuri Targmanis kanoniereba daamtkica kidev erTxel. martin luTeris da reformaciis
mimarT ki kritikuli pozicia SeinarCuna. karl V-s imedi hqonda, rom papis mxardaWeriT da
reformaciis damarcxebiT saxelmwifos erTianobis SenarCunebas SeZlebda, magram luTeris
momxre germanel didebulebTan brZolaSi man gamarjvebas ver miaRwia da iZulebuli gaxda,
daTmobebze wasuliyo. 1555 wels q. augsburgSi karl V-m germanel didebulebTan religiuri
zavi dado, romlis Tanaxmadac yovel mTavars ufleba mieniWa, Tavis samflobeloSi protes
_87_
tantoba an kaTolikoba aerCia. germaniis 7 mTavridan 3 protestanti, anu luTeranuli aR
msareblobis mimdevari gaxda.
luTeranoba
XVI saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi luTeranoba TiTqmis mTel CrdiloeT evropaSi gavrcelda.
daniaSi, SvedeTSi, norvegiaSi, islandiasa da fineTSi luTeranoba saxelmwifo religiad ga
moacxades. protestantuli eklesiebi Zlier gansxvavdeba kaTolikurisgan.
luTeris Tanaxmad, eklesiis meTauri romis papis nacvlad saero piri unda yofiliyo.
uari iTqva saeklesio ierarqiulobaze, adamians RmerTTan aRar esaWiroeboda Suamavali _
papi, mRvdeli, abati da a.S. luTers miaCnda, rom rwmenis safuZveli mxolod bibliaa da misi
ganmartebis ufleba marto sasuliero pirebs ki ara, nebismier morwmunes aqvs, xolo rwmenis
sakiTxebSi gadawyvetilebis miReba xdeba ara umravlesobis an umciresobis mixedviT, aramed
mxolod sakuTari sindisis karnaxiT. amitom luTeranebisTvis saerTod mniSvneloba dakarga
saeklesio krebebma, papis gadawyvetilebebma da a.S. gauqmda ber-monazvnobac. rwmena mTlia
nad biblias daefuZna da bibliis garda, yvelaferi uaryofil iqna. RvTismsaxureba yvelas
ara laTinurad, aramed Tavis enaze unda waremarTa. aikrZala xatebisa da siwmindeebis (maT
Soris RvTismSoblis) Tayvaniscema. saeklesio saidumloebebidan mxolod ziarebasa da naT
lobas aRiarebdnen. am saeklesio saidumloebebis Sesasruleblad ki luTeranuli Temi irCev
da pastors. pastoric, Tavis mxriv, mxolod Temis winaSe iyo angariSvaldebuli. zogierTi
Teologis azriT, luTerma eklesiis avtoriteti bibliis avtoritetiT Secvala da qristia
noba wignis religiad aqcia.
kalvinizmi
SveicariaSi reformacias saTaveSi edga safrangeTidan devnili Jan kalvini (1509-1564
ww.), romlis moZRvrebac didwilad luTeris moZRvrebis msgavsi iyo. mis mimdevrebs kalvinis
tebi ewodaT. kalvinis moZRvrebis erT-erTi principis Tanaxmad, warmateba saqmianobaSi, maT
Soris profesiulSi, adamianis RvTis rCeulobis erT-erTi niSania, misi adgilia cxovrebaSi,
magram ara amqveyniuri sikeTeebis mosapovebeli saSualeba. am principma droTa ganmavlobaSi
didi gavlena moaxdina sazogadoebis ekonomikur ganviTarebaze. aseve didi mniSvneloba hqon
da saeklesio sferoSi ierarqiulobis uaryofas, radgan is droTa ganmavlobaSi saero sazo
gadoebazec aisaxa _ RmerTis winaSe yvela adamiani Tanaswori iyo. SemdgomSi am procesebma
xeli Seuwyo evropaSi respublikuri mmarTvelobis Camoyalibebas.
anglikanuri eklesia
1534 wels inglisSi henri VIII-m romis papTan urTierToba gawyvita da Tavi inglisis ekle
siis meTaurad gamoacxda. aRsaniSnavia, rom, rodesac martin luTeri pirvelad daupirispir
da romis paps, henri VIII-m mxari am ukanasknels dauWira, magram maleve Seicvala pozicia. saqme
isaa, rom henri qveynis aRmSeneblobasa da omebze didi raodenobis Tanxebs xarjavda. kaTo
likuri eklesia ki inglisSi did qonebas flobda. inglisis eklesiis dafuZnebiT da mis saTa
veSi mosvliT mTeli es qoneba pirdapir mefis gankargulebaSi gadavida. am gadawyvetilebas
ingliselma didebulebmac dauWires mxari. henri VIII-isa da gansakuTrebiT misi vaJis eduard
VI-is mefobis periodSi gatarda mniSvnelovani reformebi, romlis Sedegadac Camoyalibda
anglikanuri eklesia. anglikanobis principebis CamoyalibebaSi henri VIII-sTan da eduard VI-
Tan erTad didi roli iTamaSa kenterberielma arqiepiskoposma Tomas kranmerma. romelmac
anglikanuri eklesia kaTolicizms, luTeranizmsa da kalvinizms Soris moaqcia. 1571 wels Se
_88_
muSavebul `rwmenis 39 muxlSi~ anglikanuri eklesiis ZiriTadi principebia Tavmoyrili. Tuki
luTeranebi qristianobas mxolod bibliaze dayrdnobiT ganixilaven, anglikanebi bibliasTan
erTad eyrdnobian mociqulebis qadagebebs da wminda mamebis Segonebebs. anglikanobas erTgva
ri Sualeduri adgili uWiravs kaTolicizmsa da kalvinizms Soris. anglikanoba ar uaryofs
arc piradi rwmenis mniSvnelobas adamianis sulis xsnaSi da arc eklesiis Suamavlur rols am
sakiTxSi. Sesabamisad, arsebobs saeklesio ierarqiac _ episkoposebi, mRvdlebi da diakvnebi.
amiT anglikanuri eklesia gansxvavdeba tradiciuli protestantobisagan.
47. kontrreformacia. iezuitebis ordeni.
kaTolike misionerebi saqarTveloSi jer kidev XIII saukuneSi gamoCndnen. 1329 wels ro
mis papis brZanebiT osmalebis mier Seviwroebul, q. smirnaSi (q. izmiri TurqeTSi) mdeba
re kaTolikuri eklesiis saepiskoposo centri TbilisSi gadmoitanes. pirveli misionerebi
franciskelTa ordenis wevrebi _ e.w. minoritebi (umcrosi Zmebi) iyvnen. am misionerebma Tbi
lisSi monasteri daaarses da kaTolikobis propaganda daiwyes. imave saukunis 40-ian wlebSi
saqarTveloSi gamoCndnen dominikelTa ordenis wevrebi, romlebmac aseve TavianTi monasteri
daaarses TbilisSi.
XVI saukunis dasawyisSi, roca osmaleTma bosfor-dardanelis sruteebi Caketa, Tbilisis
kaTolikuri saepiskoposo gauqmda da mrevli Semcirda. dominikelebi da franciskelebi sa
qarTveloSi Semosvlas veRar bedavdnen.
XVII saukunis 10-iani wlebidan evropasTan urTierTobebi SedarebiT gamococxlda da sa
qarTveloSi misionerTa moRvaweobac ganaxlda. mecnieri mogzauris, pietro dela vales mox
_89_
senebis Semdeg saqarTvelos cxovrebiTa da masTan ekonomikuri urTierTobiT dainterese
bulma romma misionerebad TeatinelTa ordenis wevrebi _ avitabile, arqanjelo lamberti,
judiCe milaneli, qristoforo de kasteli da sxvebi gamoagzavna. TeatinelTa samoRvaweo
asparezi mTeli saqarTvelo iyo, gansakuTrebiT qarTli, guria da samegrelo. kaTolikuri
Temebi daarsda qarTul qalaqebSi: TbilisSi, gorSi, quTaisSi, baTumSi, axalcixeSi da sxv.
1626 wels vatikanSi Seadgines specialuri instruqcia saqarTveloSi misioneruli muSao
bis Sesaxeb. misionerebs unda efiqraT, Tu rogor gaevrcelebinaT da daecvaT kaTolikuri
eklesiis dogmebi. misionerebs vatikanisTvis unda ecnobebinaT qveyanaSi arsebuli viTareba
da miecaT saWiro RonisZiebaTa rekomendacia, unda moenaTlaT bavSvebi, eswavlebinaT bav
SvebisTvis laTinuri ena, raTa SemdgomSi maTgan SeerCiaT iseTebi, romlebic SeZlebdnen
swavlis gagrZelebas romSi. kaTolike misionerebi kaTolicizmis qadagebiT unda cdiliyvnen,
gaezardaT romis politikuri gavlena axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebSi da adgilebze SeeswavlaT
iranTan damakavSirebeli savaWro marSrutebi. kaTolike misionerebTan miiRo Tavdapirvelad
ganaTleba nikoloz ColoyaSvilma (evropeli misionerebi da mogzaurebi mas nikifore irba
xis saxeliT moixseniebdnen), Semdeg ki italiaSi, berZnul skolaSi gaagrZela swavla. saqar
TveloSi dabrunebis Semdeg is kaxeTis mefis Teimuraz I-is karis moZRvari gaxda. 1625 wels
Teimuraz I nikoloz ColoyaSvils elCad gzavnis romis papTan da espaneTis mefesTan. romSi
yofnisas man aqturi monawileoba miiRo pirveli qarTuli wignis dabeWdvaSi, misive daxmare
biT Camoisxa pirveli qarTuli sastambo Srifti, SemuSavda da gamoica qarTul-italiuri
leqsikoni da `locvani~.
kaTolike misionerebis saqarTveloSi moRvaweoba ramdenime TvalsazrisiT aris saintere
so da mniSvnelovani:
1. misionerebi saqarTveloSi romis papis Zalauflebis da kaTolicizmis damkvidrebisaT
vis moqmedebdnen;
2. religiur motivebTan erTad maT saqarTveloSi da mTlianad kavkasiaSi kulturuli,
ekonomikuri da politikuri urTierTobebis gamyarebac evalebodaT;
3. misionerebi qarTvel mefe-mTavrebs da evropel monarqebs Tu romis paps Soris elCebis
rolsac asrulebdnen;
4. osmaluri eqspansiis gamo evropas mowyvetili saqarTvelo misionerebis meSveobiT im
droindeli evropis kulturul da samecniero miRwevebs ecnoboda. garda amisa, misio
nerebis daxmarebiT qarTveli bavSvebi evropaSi miemgzavrebodnen saswavleblad;
5. kaTolike misionerebis moRvaweobis Sedegad dagrovda didi raodenobis oficialuri
werilebi, Canawerebi, dRiurebi, angariSebi da Canaxatebi, romlebic umniSvnelovanes
wyaroebs warmoadgens saqarTvelos XVII-XVIII saukuneebis istoriis SeswavlisaTvis.
1555 wels dadebulma augsburgis zavma bolo ver mouRo kaTolikeebisa da protestante
bis dapirispirebas germaneli xalxis saRvTo romis imperiaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom imperiis
SemadgenlobaSi naxevar saukuneze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi protestantebi mSvidad cxovrobdnen,
imperatorma ferdinand II-m daiwyo imperiaSi Semaval teritoriaze, bohemiaSi mcxovrebi Cexi
protestantebis _ husitebis (maT saxeli CexeTis erovnuli gmirisa da ideologis ian husis
pativsacemad miiRes) Seviwroeba. 1617 wels praRaSi protestantuli samlocveloebi daxures,
rasac mohyva Cexebis aRSfoTeba. 1618 wels ferdinandma praRaSi gagzavna Tavisi ori warmo
madgeneli, romlebsac adgilobrivi mmarTveloba unda CaebarebindaT. Cexma didebulebma sa
_91_
TaTbirod misuli imperatoris kaTolike warmomadgenlebi praRis cixis citadelis fanjridan
gadayares. es movlena istoriaSi defenstraciis (`fenster~ germanulad fanjaras niSnavs) saxe
liT aris cnobili. am faqtma dapirispireba kidev ufro gaaRrmava. bohemiaSi Cexi didebulebis
ajanyeba daiwyo, Tumca imperatorma moaxerxa ajanyebis CaxSoba da CexeTSi umkacresi refor
mebi gaatara. amasobaSi imperators aujanydnen CrdiloeT germaneli protestanti didebulebi,
romlebic SiSobdnen, rom ferdinandi maTganac moiTxovda gakaTolikebas. daiwyo xangrZlivi
omi germanel protestant didebulebsa da imperators Soris. pirvel etapze es omi germaniis
sazRvrebs ar gascdenia, Tumca maleve konfliqtSi evropis sxva saxelmwifoebic CaerTnen. im
perators mxari dauWires espanelma kaTolike habsburgebma, xolo didebulebs _ protestantma
daniis mefem. imperatoris armia SeiaraRebiTa da momzadebiT didebulebis jarebze maRla idga
da, Sesabamisad, gamarjvebac maT mxareze iyo. gamarjvebulma ferdinandma gailaSqra CrdiloeT
germaniaSi, sadac daniis jarebi daamarcxa da iqauri qalaqebi miwasTan gaaswora.
1630 wlidan germaniasTan omSi CaerTo SvedeTi. am qveynis protestanti mefe gustav II adol
fi SiSiT uyurebda germaniis imperatoris dapyrobiT omebs CrdiloeT germaniaSi da baltiis
zRvis auzSi. Tavdapirvelad gustav II adolfs mxars ar uWerdnen germaneli luTeranebi. misi
erTaderTi mokavSire safrangeTi iyo, romelic habsburgebis dasustebas cdilobda da Svedebs
finansurad exmareboda. 1631 wels saimperatoro jarebma protestantebis qalaqi magdeburgi
miwasTan gaaswores, ramac luTeranebis didi aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia da isini Svedebs miemxrnen.
oTxwliani omis Semdeg gustav adolfi erT-erT brZolaSi mokles da Svedebma germaniis sam
xreT teritoriebi dakarges. protestanti germaneli didebulebi imperators dauzavdnen.
1635 wlidan, mas Semdeg, rac SvedeTi da germaneli didebulebi omSi damarcxdnen, saf
rangeTis xelisufleba aqtiur moqmedebaze gadavida. maT espaneli da germaneli habsburgebis
gaerTianebis perspeqtiva aSinebdaT da amitom germaniis teritoriaze myofi espaneTisa da ger
maniis imperatoris jarebis winaaRmdeg omi daiwyes. imavdroulad CrdiloeT germaniis teri
toriebze xelaxla SeiWrnen SvedeTis jarebi. frangebma da Svedebma aaoxres germaniis terito
riebi. germaniis jarebs brZolis resursebi gamoeliaT da sabolood imperatorma zavi iTxova.
1648 wels germaniis Crdilo-dasavleT region vestfaliaSi mxareebs Soris sazavo xelSek
ruleba (vestfaliis zavi) daido. zavis mixedviT SvedeTma germaniis CrdiloeT teritoriebis
nawili miierTa, safrangeTma germaniisgan miiRo elzasis mxare; Sveicariam da niderlandebma
saRvTo romis imperiisagan damoukidebloba miiRes, aseve didi suvereniteti eboZa germanul
samefo-samTavroebsac, im pirobiT, rom isini samxedro kavSirs ar Sekravdnen imperiiis wi
naaRmdeg. maTi damokidebuleba imperatorisadmi mxolod formalur xasiaTs atarebda. hab
sburgebs samarTavad ZiriTadad dRevandeli avstriis teritoria darCaT. germaniis terito
riaze ki 300-mde damoukidebeli samefo, samTavro da qalaq-saxelmwifo Camoyalibda. protes
tantebma am zaviT kvlav Tavisufali aRmsareblobis ufleba miiRes.
51. niderlandebis revolucia
1603 wels inglisis samefo taxtze axali dinastiis, stiuartebis, warmomadgeneli jeims I
(1603-1625 ww.) avida. stiuartebis samefo ojaxi Sotlandias XIV saukunidan marTavda. axali mefe
erTpirovnul gadawyvetilebebs iRebda da xalxs axal- axal gadasaxadebs akisrebda. mosaxleoba
da parlamenti ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamda mefis erTpirovnuli da ukanono gadawyvetilebebis
gamo. jeims I-is Semdeg taxtze misi vaJi Carlz I (1625-1649 ww.) avida, romelic parlamentisadmi
mamaze aranakleb Seurigebeli aRmoCnda. inglisi safrangeTTan da espaneTTan warumatebel oms
awarmoebda. amitom Carlzi mosaxleobas parlamentis mier dawesebulze met gadasaxadebs TviT
neburad axdevinebda. mas, vinc gadasaxads ar gadaixdida, apatimrebdnen. parlamenti omisTvis
sakmaris Tanxebs ar gamoyofda da mefis favoritis, pirveli ministris gadadgomas moiTxovda.
1628 wels mefem arasasurveli parlamenti daiTxova da axali moiwvia. axalma parlamentma
Carlzs warudgina `peticia uflebebis Sesaxeb~, romelic aseve miuRebeli aRmoCnda mefisTvis.
sam TveSi mefem axali parlamentic daiTxova. amitom is istoriaSi `xanmokle parlamentis~
saxeliT Sevida. qveynis ekonomikuri da finansuri mdgomareoba sakmaod mZime iyo. vaWrebi
daemorCilnen yofili parlamentis mowodebas da gadasaxadebs ar ixdidnen. mefe ki kontrSe
tevaze gadavida. misi brZanebiT, misTvis miuRebel adamianebs apatimrebdnen.
_93_
marTalia, 1603 wlidan inglissa da Sotlandias erTi mefe hyavda, magram Sotlandia re
ligiur sakiTxebSi garkveuli avtonomiiT sargeblobda. mefem da misma mrCevlebma Sotlan
diis eklesiis saqmeebSi Careva gadawyvites. sapasuxod Sotlandia ajanyda. maT sakmaod kar
gi armia hyavdaT da ingliselebi ramdenjerme daamarcxes. Carlzs axali armia sWirdeboda,
magram amisTvis Tanxebi ar gaaCnda. mefem damamcirebeli zavi dado da didi kontribuciis
gadaxda ikisra. amasTanave, Sotlandielebma moiTxoves, rom maTi saqmeebi mxolod parla
ments ganexila da ara mefes. inglisis mosaxleobac axali parlamentis mowvevas iTxovda. mefe
iZulebuli gaxda, daTanxmebuliyo. 1640 wlis bolos Seikriba axali parlamenti, romelic is
toriaSi „xangrZlivi parlamentis~ saxeliT darCa. momdevno wels parlamentma miiRo kanoni,
romliTac parlamentis daTxovna da daniSvna mxolod misive gadawyvetilebiT iyo SesaZle
beli. imave wels parlamentma gamosca saprotesto werili (`didi remonstracia~), romelSic
mefes da sasuliero liderebs ukanono saqmeebSi amxelda. didi remonstraciis sapasuxod me
fem mTavari opozicioneri deputatebis dapatimreba ganizraxa, magram ver SeZlo. 1642 wlis
dasawyisSi man londoni datova, qveynis CrdiloeTSi gaemgzavra da parlamentis winaaRmdeg
omi daiwyo. Tavdapirvelad mefis armiam warmatebas miaRwia parlamentis gamoucdel jarTan
brZolaSi. magram TandaTanobiT gamoCndnen niWieri mxedarTmTavrebi. maT Soris gansakuTre
biT gamoirCeoda oliver kromveli. man `axali nimuSis~ armia Camoayaliba. misi jari cxenosani
meomrebisgan (kavaleriisagan) Sedgeboda. armiis safuZvels mkacri disciplina warmoadgenda;
jariskacebs sastikad ekrZalebodaT mSvidobian mosaxleobasa da dasaxlebebze Tavdasxma.
parlamentis armiam ramdenime mniSvnelovani damarcxeba agema mefes. Carlz I SotlandiaSi
gaiqca. xangrZlivi omi mefis momxreebis damarcxebiT dasrulda. Tavad mefe daapatimres.
1649 wels Carlz I gaasamarTles da sikvdiliT dasajes. respublikis gamocxadebis Semdeg in
glisSi umaRlesi xelisufleba oliver kromvelma Caigdo xelSi.
1653 wlidan man qveynis erTpirovnuli marTva daiwyo, parlamenti daiTxova da qveynis diq
tatori gaxda. kromvelma inglisSi mdgomareobis mosawesrigeblad qveyana samxedro olqebad
dayo da maTi marTva Tavis erTgul generlebs miando. kromveli puritani iyo. (puritanizmi
XVI saukuneSi inglissa da SotlandiaSi Camoyalibebuli axali protestantuli (kalvinisturi)
mimdinareoba iyo, romelic daupirispirda rogorc kaTolicizms, ise anglikanur eklesiasac.
puritanebi gamodiodnen mefis, rogorc eklesiis pirveli piris, da saeklesio sasamarTloebis
winaaRmdeg da moiTxovdnen, rom mRvdlebi mrevls aerCia. am mimdinareobis momxreebi ZiriTa
dad axali Tavadaznauroba, mrewvelebi da vaWrebi iyvnen.) kromvelis puritanma generlebma
gansakuTrebiT mkacri RonisZiebebi kaTolikur irlandiaSi gaatares. maT irlandielebs miwebi
CamoarTves da inglisel jariskacebs daunawiles, Tumca sabolood irlandiaSi fexi ver moi
kides. kromvelis jarebis represiebs da maT winaaRmdeg brZolas irlandiis mosaxleobis mesa
medi Seewira. am movlenam saTave daudo inglis- irlandiis mravalsaukunovan dapirispirebas.
kromvelis garSemo Semokrebili puritanebi mosaxleobas mkacri wesebiT cxovrebas aiZuleb
dnen: aikrZala yovelgvari sanaxaoba, Teatrebi, quCis musikosebi da sxva gasarTobebi. kromveli
aqtiur sagareo politikasac awarmoebda. imisaTvis, rom inglisi yvelaze Zlier sazRvao saxel
mwifod eqcia, kromvelma sxvadasxva saxis reforma gaatara da niderlandebTan omSic Caeba. omSi
gamarjvebis Sedegad inglisi mTel evropaSi wamyvani sazRvao qveyana gaxda. 1658 wels oliver
kromveli mZime avadmyofobis Sedegad gardaicvala. orwliani qaosis Semdeg inglisis burJuaziam
da Tavadaznaurobam mefed Carlz I-is vaJi, Carlz II akurTxa im pirobiT, rom is konstituciur
monarqias daamyarebda, anu mefis xelisuflebas parlamenti gauwevda kontrols. imavdroulad
Carlz II-m piroba dado, rom revoluciis monawileebisa da momxreebis devnas ar daiwyebda, axal
mesakuTreebs miwas ar CamoarTmevda da kvlav Zvel Tavadaznaurobas ar daubrunebda.
1660 wels inglisSi stiuartebis samefo dinastia aRdga. Carlz II-m (1660-1685) gamefebis
Tanave daarRvia SeTanxmeba da revoluciis monawileebis sastiki devna daiwyo. man kromve
lisa da revoluciis sxva cnobili liderebis gvamebi saflavebidan amoayrevina da saxalxod
_94_
saxrCobelaze Camoakidebina. inglisSi axali samoqalaqo dapirispireba momwifda, romelic
XVII saukunis 80-ian wlebSi, Carlz II- is gardacvalebidan sami wlis Semdeg, `usisxlo anu sa
xelovani revoluciiT~ dasrulda, rodesac parlamentma samefo taxtze Carlzis SviliSvili
meri da misi meuRle, holandiis mmarTveli uiliam oraneli aiyvana. Carlz II- is vaJi, jeims II
(1685-1688 ww.) iZulebuli gaxda, safrangeTSi gaqceuliyo.
osmaleTis gaZliereba
osmaleTi gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda XVI s-Si suleiman I kanonmdeblis/ brwyinvalis (1520-
1566 ww.) mmarTvelobisas. swored mis dros daiwyo osmaleTis imperiis gafarToeba evropisken.
1521 wels suleimanma ungreTis samefos erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi cixe-qalaqi belgradi
aiRo. amiT man xelSi Caigdo samomavlo omis sawarmoeblad dasayrdeni punqti. Semdeg wels os
malebma aiRes kunZuli rodosi, romelic aseve mniSvnelovani savaWro-statregiuli punqti iyo.
1526 wels mniSvnelovani brZola gaimarTa suleimanis armiasa da ungreT-CexeTis gaerTianebul
jars Soris ungreTSi q. mohaCTan. am brZolaSi osmalebma advilad gaimarjves da male mTeli
ungreTi daipyres, daikaves dedaqalaqi budac. suleimans centraluri evropisaken mimavali gza
gaexsna. 1529 wels osmalebi evropis SuagulSi SeiWrnen da alya Semoartyes venas, magram mis aRe
_96_
baSi didTovlobam SeuSala xeli. avstriasa da osmaleTs Soris daido sazavo xelSekruleba,
romlis Tanaxmadac, avstriam ungreTis dasavleTi da Crdilo-dasavleTi nawilebi SeinarCuna,
sanacvlod ki osmaleTis sasargeblod yovelwliuri xarkis gadaxda daekisra.
aRmosavleT da centralur evropaSi warmoebuli samxedro kampaniebis paralelurad sulei
manma diplomatiuri urTierTobebi daamyara safrangeTis mefe fransua I-Tan. 1536 wels am or
qveyanas Soris gaformda xelSekruleba `mSvidobis, megobrobisa da vaWrobis Sesaxeb~. xelSekru
lebis Tanaxmad am ori saxelmwifos moqalaqeebs erTmaneTTan mimosvlisa da vaWrobis ufleba
miecaT. osmaleTisa da safrangeTis mokavSireoba espaneTisa da avstriis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTu
li. osmaleTs evropaSi mokavSiris yola xels aZlevda, xolo habsburgebisgan Seviwroebul saf
rangeTs osmaleTTan gaformebuli aliansi amosunTqvis saSualebas miscemda. garda amisa, saf
rangeTi iqneboda erTaderTi evropuli saxelmwifo, romelic osmaleTTan vaWrobas moaxerxebda.
suleiman I brZolebs awarmoebda aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiTac. regionSi Turqebis gabato
nebas Tavidanve mtrulad Sexvda axlo aRmosavleTis meore didi saxelmwifo _ sefianTa irani.
amasiis zavis pirobebi ar cno qarTlis mefe luarsab I-ma da yizilbaSebis winaaRmdeg
brZola gaagrZela. 1556 wels qarTlSi iranelebi SemoiWrnen. brZola sofel garisTan moxda.
qarTvelebs axalgazrda ufliswuli simon I sardlobda.Mman mteri ukuaqcia, magram iranel
Ta erTi razmi swored iq aRmoCnda, sadac luarsab I da misi Tanmxlebi pirebi idgnen. xanSi
Sesuli mefe iranelebs ekveTa, magram brZolisas cxeni waeqca. yizilbaSebma luarsab I sasik
vdilod daWres, igi brZolis velzeve gardaicvala. luarsab I sikvdilis Semdeg taxti daikava
misma vaJma simon I (1556-1569; 1578-1600), romelmac mamis politika ganagrZo.
simon I-ma ramdenjerme scada, Tbilisi yizilbaSTa xelidan gamoeglija, magram uSedegod.
1562 w. mefes uRalata Zmam, daviTma da zogierT TavadTan erTad Sahs eaxla. Sah-Tamazma da
viTi didi pativiT miiRo, igi gaamuslimes, dauT-xani uwodes da qvemo qarTli uboZes. simoni
ar epueboda iranelebs, magram 1569 w. farcxisis brZolaSi simon I daatyveves. Sahma simons
islamis miReba mosTxova. mefem uari ganacxada da igi alamuTis cixeSi gamoketes. 1569-1578
wlebSi qarTlis mefed dauT-xani iTvleboda, Tumca misi Zalaufleba mxolod Tbilissa da
qvemo qarTlze vrceldeboda. mosaxleoba mas mxars ar uWerda. XVI sakunis 70-ian wlebSi iran
Si daiwyo brZola Sahis taxtisaTvis. es garemoeba Turq-osmalebs mTel kavkasiaze TavianTi
gavlenis gavrcelebis SesaniSnav SesaZleblobas aZlevda. maTac ar daayovnes da 1578 wels
iranis winaaRmdeg omi ganaaxles.
lepantos brZola
1570 wels osmalebma venecielebis kontrolirebadi kunZuli kviprosi daikaves da iq Ta
visi mmarTveloba Camoayalibes. kviprosidan osmalebi regularulad esxmodnen Tavs xmel
TaSuazRvispira italiur da espanur qalaqebs. samxreT evropa seriozuli safrTxis winaSe
aRmoCnda. 3 Tvis Semdeg romis papis olqis, veneciisa da espaneTis sazRvao Zalebi kvipro
sisken daiZrnen. maTi da osmalebis gemebi erTmaneTis pirispir ganlagdnen dRevandeli sa
berZneTis sanapiroebTan axlos. lepantos brZola erT-erTi yvelaze didi sazRvao dapiris
pirebaa msoflio istoriaSi. evropel mokavSireTa flotSi 207 galera da 6 galeasi (didi
zomis galera, romelzec qvemexebi iyo ganlagebuli da pirvelad swored am brZolaSi iqna
gamoyenebuli) Sedioda, xolo osmalTa floti 210 galeras da 66 galiots (SedarebiT mcire
galeras) iTvlida.
brZolaSi evropelebma gaimarjves. es iyo osmalTa pirveli didi marcxi evropaSi _ daiw
yo osmaleTis imperiis SeCerebis periodi. miuxedavad am didi marcxisa, osmalebma moaxerxes
samxedro flotis aRdgena da kviprosi mainc SeinarCunes. lepantos brZolidan moyolebuli
TiTqmis erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi osmalebi kvlav agrZelebdnen Setevas evropis qveynebze.
brZolebi ZiriTadad avstriasTan, poloneTTan da veneciasTan mimdinareobda, magram uSede
god _ osmaleTi axali teritoriebis miTvisebas veRar axerxebda.
_99_
venis meore alya. `saRvTo liga~.
osmaleTisa da evropis dapirispirebaSi erT-erTi mTavari movlena iyo venis meore alya.
osmaleTisTvis venis aRebas da gakontrolebas udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda evropaSi pozi
ciebis gamyarebisaTvis, evropelebs ki venis dakargva did safrTxes uqmnida _ venaSi gamag
rebuli Turqebi advilad SeZlebdnen evropis aneqsias. 1683 wels osmalebma axali kampania
wamoiwyes da didi veziris yara mustafas sardlobiT 100-aTasiani armiiT venas Semoartyes
alya. orTviani alyis Semdeg qalaqis resursebi amoiwura, vena masobrivma SimSilma moicva.
swored am droisTvis venas miuaxlovdnen poloneTisa da germanuli samTavroebis gaerTiane
buli jarebi poloneTis mefis ian sobeskis meTaurobiT. brZola sabolood evropeli mokav
Sireebis gamarjvebiT dasarulda. osmalTa imperiis Seqmnidan moyolebuli Turqebs arasodes
ganucdiaT iseTi sastiki marcxi, rogoric 1683 wels venasTan gamarTul brZolaSi. am perio
didan moyolebuli osmaleTma TandaTan dakarga Tavisi teritoriebi evropaSi da nelnela
daqveiTebis gzas daadga.
1684 wels romis papis iniciativiT Camoyalibda antiosmaluri koalicia `saRvTo liga~,
romelSic avstria, venecia da poloneTi Sevidnen. male maT ruseTic daemata. `saRvTo ligis~
wevrma saxelmwifoebma yvela mxridan Seuties osmaleTs da mis mier evropaSi mitacebuli te
ritoriebis dabruneba daiwyes.
_101_
57. petre I (1682-1725 ww.)
gamefebis pirvelive wlebSi petrem aqtiuri sagareo politikis gatareba daiwyo. 1695-96
wlebSi man saxeldaxelod Seqmna sazRvao floti da TurqTa winaaRmdeg samxreTiT azovis
zRvaze gailaSqra, azovis cixe aiRo da amiT zRvaze gasasvleli moipova. Tumca petres mTa
var mizans samxreTiT Sav zRvaze gasasvlelis mopoveba warmoadgenda, risTvisac TurqebTan
seriozuli brZola mouwevda. mas mokavSireebi sWirdeboda. am mizniT 1697-1698 wlebSi pet
rem evropaSi moawyo `didi elCoba~. sainteresoa, rom petremde ruseTSi mefis qveynis gareT
gasvla akrZaluli iyo. amitom petrem am elCobaSi saidumlod miiRo monawileoba, rogorc
mogzaurobis erT-erTma rigiTma wevrma. petre I-ma ver moaxerxa evropuli saxelmwifoebis
antiosmalur koaliciaSi Cabma, Tumca am mogzaurobas mainc didi mniSvneloba hqonda ruse
TisaTvis. petre gaecno evropis imdroindel kulturul da teqnikur miRwevebs da ruseTSi
dabrunebulma qveynis evropul yaidaze gardaqmna daiwyo.
man boiarebs privilegiebi gauuqma; qveyana guberniebad dayo, Seqmna umaRlesi saxelmwifo
organo senati da kolegiebi (saministroebi); eklesia srulad dauqvemdebara sasuliero ko
legias _ sinods; mis dros ruseTSi aSenda bevri sawarmo, ganviTarda kultura da ganaTlebis
sfero. petres gatarebuli reformebis miuxedavad hyavda mowinaaRmdegeebic. 1698 wels mas
meTofeTa (strelcebis) ajanyebis CaxSoba mouwia.
sagareo politika
petre I-ma sworad Seafasa evropaSi arsebuli situacia, isargebla evropis saxelmwifoe
bis mouclelobiT da baltiis zRvaze gasasvlelis mosapoveblad SvedeTs daupirispirda.
SvedeTis floti wamyvan Zalas warmoadgenda baltiis zRvis auzSi da, Sesabamisad, iq gasas
vlelis mosapoveblad misi damarcxeba gaWirdeboda. evropidan ruseTSi dabrunebis dros
petrem kavSiri daamyara poloneTTan da daniasTan da 1700 wels SvedeTis winaaRmdeg daiwyo
omi, romelic 21 wels grZeldeboda (1700-1721 ww.) da igi `CrdiloeTis omis~ saxeliT aris
cnobili. omis pirvel etapze Svedebis jarma mefe karl XII-is xelmZRvanelobiT didi upira
tesoba moipova da mokavSireebi daamarcxa. omis sawyisi etapis gadamwyveti brZola gaimar
Ta Svedebis erT-erT yvelaze Zlier da mniSvnelovan cixesimagre narvasTan, sadac rusebis
jari sastikad damarcxda. petre moskovSi dabrunda da armiis reformireba daiwyo. Seiqmna
regularuli armia, wodebaTa axali sistema; jaris gasawvrTnelad man evropidan Camoiyvana
specialistebi. am RonisZiebebis Semdeg brZola ganaaxla. 1709 wels moxda CrdiloeTis omis
umniSvnelovanesi da gadamwyveti brZola poltavis velze, sadac rusebma gaimarjves.
osmaleTi SiSobda, rom SvedebTan gamarjvebis Semdeg petre I samxreTiTac ganagrZobda
laSqrobebs da amitom ruseTs omi gamoucxada. petre I iZulebuli gaxda, Tavisi jari sam
xreT-dasavleTisaken gadaesrola. osmaleTTan warmoebul brZolebSi ruseTis jarma warma
tebebs ver miaRwia da 1713 wels petre I iZulebuli gaxda, zavi daedo, romlis Tanaxmadac
ruseTma azovis cixesimagre da zRvaze gasasvleli dakarga.
zavis dadebis Semdeg petrem kvlav SvedeTis winaaRmdeg daiwyo moqmedeba. CrdiloeTis
21-wliani omi ruseTis gamarjvebiT dasrulda _ 1721 wels ruseTsa da SvedeTs Soris daido
sazavo xelSekuruleba, romlis Tanaxmadac ruseTma omSi dakavebuli teritoriebi _ estone
Ti da livonia miiRo da, rac mTavaria, moipova baltiis zRvaze gasasvleli. baltiis zRvasTan
mdinare nevis SesarTavis mimdebare teritoriaze petrem aago qalaqi peterburgi da dedaqa
laqi aq gadmoitana.
CrdiloeTis omSi miRweuli gamarjvebis aRsaniSnad ruseTi imperiad gamocxadda, xolo
petre I-s mTeli ruseTis imperatori ewoda.
_102_
SvedeTTan warmoebuli xangrZlivi omis dasrulebis Semdeg petre I-ma kaspiis zRvis sa
napiroebis dasaufleblad daiwyo brZola. 1722-23 wlebSi ruseTis jarma kaspiis dasavleT
sanapiroebi daipyro. petre I-is mier kaspiis zRvis teritoriebis dapyroba sparseTis ukmayo
filebas iwvevda. petre I ki mis winaaRmdeg laSqrobisTvisac emzadeboda da amisaTvis
qarTlis mefe vaxtang VI-sTan SeTanxmebac ki gaaforma, Tumca 1723 wels man sparseTTan
xelSekruleba dado da sparseTTan saomrad gamzadebuli vaxtang VI mters marto Seatova.
58. vaxtang VI
1632 wlidan qarTlSi da, Semdeg, kaxeTSic iranelebis mier daniSnuli muslimi mmarTve
lebi isxdnen (pirveli gamuslimebuli mmarTveli, rostom-xani svimon I-is Zmis, daud-xanis
Ze iyo). qarTls qarTlis bagrationebis STamomavlebi marTavdnen, kaxeTi ki iraneli xanebis
xelSi iyo. qarTlis mmarTvelebi, igive `gurjistanis valebi~, valdebulni iyvnen, iranelTa
mier warmoebul brZolebSi mieRoT monawileoba. giorgi XI, qarTlis mefe 1676 wlidan, Tavisi
jariT, avRaneTSi ibrZoda. igi iranis jarebis mTavarsardali da avRaneTis mmarTvelic ki
gaxda. sanam giorgi XI omSi iyo, qarTls misi Zmiswuli, `janiSini~ (moadgile) vaxtangi (Semdeg
Si qarTlis mefe vaxtang VI) marTavda. vali aucileblad muslimi unda yofiliyo, janiSinis
Tvis ki es savaldebulo ar iyo. vaxtangi xels uwyobda qveynis ekonomikur da kulturul gan
viTarebas. mis dros, 1709 wels, TbilisSi daarsda stamba, sadac saxareba da `vefxistyaosani~
daibeWda; Sedga `swavlul kacTa komisia~, romelic saistorio krebulis `qarTlis cxovrebis~
ganaxlebasa da gagrZelebaze muSaobda. giorgi XI da misi memkvidre, `gurjistanis vali~ qai
xosro (vaxtangis Zma) avRanelebTan brZolas Seewirnen. 1711 wels, qaixosros daRupvis Semdeg,
Sahma arCevani vaxtangze SeaCera. 1712 wels `gurjistanis valad~ anu qarTlis taxtze dasam
tkiceblad vaxtangi ispahanSi gaemgzavra. mis amalaSi iyo sulxan-saba orbelianic. Sahma vax
tangs islamis miReba mosTxova. vaxtangma uari ganacxada. Sahma is daatyveva, xolo `gurjis
tanis valad~ misi muslimi Zma, iese ali yuli-xani daamtkica.
vaxtangma scada, iranis Sahze gavlena evropeli monarqebis saSualebiT moexdina da sul
xan-saba evropaSi elCad gagzavna. 1714 wels sulxan-saba romis paps da safrangeTis mefe lui
XIV-s. Sexvda. sulxan-saba safrangeTis ekonomikurad dainteresebasac Seecada. man evropul
saxelmwifos, saqarTvelos gavliT, iafi abreSumis miwodeba SesTavaza. 1715 wels lui XIV
gardaicvala da es elCoba uSedegod dasrulda. vaxtangi iZulebuli gaxda, islami mieRo da
amis Semdeg Sahma igi `gurjistanis valad~ (qarTlis mefed) daamtkica. vaxtangi gamudmebiT
cdilobda iranis gavlenisgan qveynis daxsnas da amjerad gaZlierebul ruseTs mimarTa.
1715 wlidan ruseTis mefis, petre I-is elCi iranSi iyo artem volinski, romelsac gar
kveuli dazverviTi samuSaoebis Catarebac evaleboda. 1719 wels igi astraxanis gubernato
rad daniSnes. volinskim vaxtangTan molaparakebebi daiwyo. petre I-s kaspiis zRvis dasavleT
sanapiros dakaveba hqonda ganzraxuli da am saqmeSi vaxtangis daxmareba sWirdeboda. am gegmas
qarTlSi aRfrTovanebiT Sexvdnen. 1722 wels petre I-is jarma kaspiis sanapiroze samxedro
moqmedebebi daiwyo. imave wels TurqeTis sulTanmac moindoma vaxtangis gadabireba. misi sa
xeliT vaxtangs arzrumis faSa ewvia. iranis winaaRmdeg brZolis sanacvlod sulTani vaxtangs
mTel saqarTvelos hpirdeboda. qarTlis mefem es winadadeba ar miiRo. amasobaSi ruseTis
jarma kaspiispireTSi samxedro moqmedebebi SeaCera.
1723 wels iranis axali Sahis, Tamazis brZanebiT, kaxeTis mefem, konstantinem, daqiravebuli
lekebis, ganjisa da erevnis xanebis daxmarebiT, samTviani brZolis Semdeg Tbilisi aiRo. vaxtan
_103_
gi cxinvalSi gamagrda. arzrumis faSam vaxtangs kvlav SesTavaza, sulTnis Zalaufleba ecno da
misi winadadeba mieRo. mefis darbazic Turqebis winadadebisken ixreboda, magram vaxtangs ru
sebis daxmarebis imedi hqonda da amitom TurqebTan molaparakebas aWianurebda. roca Turqebma
ieWves, rom vaxtangi atyuebdaT, qarTlSi SeiWrnen. 1724 wels Turqebi da rusebi SeTanxmdnen,
rom TurqeTi cnobda kaspiispireTis ruseTTan SeerTebas, sanacvlod ki aRmosavleT saqarTve
los, aRmosavleT somxeTsa da iranis Crdilo-dasavleT nawils miiRebda. imave wels vaxtang VI,
1200-kaciani amaliT, ruseTSi gadasaxlda. masTan erTad iyo sulxan-saba orbelianic.
XVIII s-is 60-iani wlebi da georgievskis traqtati. vaxtang VI-is ruseTSi gadaxvewis Semdeg
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos jer Turqebi daepatronen (e. w. „osmaloba“), Semdeg ki _ sparselebi
(„yizilbaSoba“). male iranelebis axal xelisufals, nadir-Sahs, Turqebis winaaRmdeg qarTve
lebis daxmareba dasWirda. amitom 1744 wels man ufleba misca Teimuraz II-s da mis vaJs, erekle
II-s, rom pirveli qarTlis mefed kurTxeuliyo qristianuli wesiT, xolo meore _ kaxeTis
mefed. formalurad isini iranis vasalebad iTvlebodnen. Teimurazi am damokidebulebidan
Tavis daRwevas cdilobda da qristianul ruseTSi daxmarebis saTxovnelad ramdenime elCo
bac gagzavna. 1760 wels igi Tavadac gaemgzavra peterburgSi, magram misma elCobam Sedegi ver
moitana. ukan dabrunebisas, gzaSi Teimurazi gardaicvala da q. astraxanSi simamris, vaxtang
VI-is gverdiT dakrZales.
qarTl-kaxeTis mefe erekle II gaxda. mis dros qveyana mniSvnelovnad gaZlierda. erevnis,
ganjis da naxWevanis xanebi erekles emorCilebodnen. 1751 wels man iranis taxtis erT-erTi
pretendenti, azat-xanic ki daamarcxa. ereklem Seqmna axali tipis regularuli armia „morige
jari“, romelic warmatebiT ebrZoda SemoWril mters, gansakuTrebiT lekebs. qarTl-kaxeTis
Tavadebi valdebuli iyvnen, am jarSi yovelwliurad garkveuli raodenobis molaSqre gaeg
zavnaT. imave periodSi imereTSi solomon I mefobda, romelmac 1757 wels xresilis brZolaSi
daamarcxa Turqebi. misi iniciativiT 1759 wels moiwvies saeklesio kreba, romelzec dasav
leT saqarTvelos mTavrebma da didebulebma mefes Sehfices, rom uars ityodnen „tyveTa
syidvaze“. solomonma da ereklem erTmaneTTan megobrobisa da urTierTdaxmarebis xelSek
ruleba gaaformes. 1768 wels daiwyo ruseT-TurqeTis omi, romelic 1774 wlamde gagrZelda da
masSi rusebis mxares orive qarTveli mefe ibrZoda. 1770 wels rusebma saqarTveloSi general
totlebenis meTaurobiT jari gamogzavnes. totlebeni ereklesTan erTad gaemarTa awyuris
cixis asaRebad, sadac Turquli garnizoni idga. rusebma cixe ver aiRes da ukan, qarTlSi gab
rundnen. marto darCenilma ereklem qarTvelTa mcirericxovani jari aspinZisken daZra da
aspinZis brZolaSi Turqebisa da lekebis gaerTianebuli jaris damarcxeba SeZlo. amis Semdeg
is qarTlSi dabrunda da ruseTis imperatori ekaterine II aiZula, totlebeni ukan gaewvia.
1774 wels ruseTsa da TurqeTs Soris quCuk-kainarjis zavi gaformda. saqarTvelosTvis faq
tiurad araferi Secvlila _ dasavleT saqarTvelo kvlav Turqebis gavlenis qveS darCa. am
omSi monawileobis gamo erekles urTierToba gaufuWda ara mxolod TurqeTTan da mis mokav
Sire lekebTan, aramed iranTanac, romelsac ar awyobda ruseTis aseTi aqtiuroba kavkasiaSi.
miuxedavad amisa, erekle mainc agrZelebda ruseTTan daaxloebis politikas da 1782 wels man
oficialurad mimarTa ekaterine II-s qarTl-kaxeTis mfarvelobaSi miRebis TxovniT. 1783 wlis
24 ivliss georgievskis cixe-simagreSi xeli moaweres traqtats qarTl-kaxeTis ruseTis mfar
velobaSi Sesvlis Sesaxeb. traqtatis Tanaxmad, ruseTi cnobda qarTl-kaxeTis taxtze erek
_104_
lesa da misi STamomavlebis samudamo uflebas; ruseTi valdebulebas iRebda, ar Careuliyo
qarTl-kaxeTis saSinao saqmeebSi da am qveynis mtrebi sakuTar mtrebad CaeTvala; amave dros
qarTl-kaxeTs ruseTis daukiTxavad ar unda ewarmoebina damoukidebeli sagareo politika;
qarTuli eklesiis mmarTveloba ucvleli rCeboda. traqtats axlda saidumlo punqtebic:
ruseTs qarTl-kaxeTSi unda gamoegzavna 2 batalioni da 4 zarbazani, xolo omis SemTxvevaSi
unda gaezarda jaris raodenoba; qarTuli jari, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, ruseTis xarjebiT
monawileobas miiRebda maT mier warmoebul omebSi; sxvebis mier mitacebuli qarTuli miwebis
dakavebis SemTxvevaSi ruseTi valdebuli iyo, isini qarTl-kaxeTisTvis gadaeca.
qarTl-kaxeTis aneqsia. georgievskis traqtatis dadebis Semdeg erekle II-s urTierToba dae
Zaba iranTan. iranis Sahma, aRa-mahmad-xanma erekles moswera werili, romelSic ruseTTan ur
TierTobis gawyvetas da iranis qveSevrdomobis aRiarebas moiTxovda. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
is afrTxilebda qarTvel mefes, rom mis samefos aaoxrebda. erekles kvlav rusebis daxmare
bis imedi hqonda, magram motyuvda. 1795 wels krwanisTan moxda brZola, romelSic iranelTa
35000-ian armias moumzadebeli erekle 5000 meomriT daupirispirda. ordRiani brZolis Semdeg
qarTvelebi damarcxdnen da iranelebma Tbilisi aiRes. male aRa-mahmad -xani ukan gabrunda. sa
momavlod igi kvlav apirebda saqarTveloSi laSqrobas, magram amasobaSi SeTqmulebma mokles.
1798 wlis 11 ianvars 78 wlis erekle gardaicvala. taxtze misi ufrosi vaJi, giorgi XII avida.
1801 wlis dasawyisSi ruseTis imperatorma pavle I-ma xeli moawera paqts qarTl-kaxeTSi mefobis
gauqmebis Sesaxeb. imave wels giorgi XII gardaicvala da 12 seqtembers ruseTis axalma impera
torma aleqsandre I-ma gamosca axali manifesti qarTl-kaxeTSi mefobis gauqmebis Sesaxeb.
imereTis samefos gauqmeba. 1789 wels imereTis delegaciam erekle II-s aRmosavleT da da
savleT saqarTvelos gaerTianeba SesTavaza, magram ereklem uari ganacxada im motiviT, rom
amiT TurqeTi gaRiziandeboda. imereTSi erekles SviliSvili, solomon II gamefda.
qarTl-kaxeTis ruseTTan SeerTebis Semdeg, 1802 wels, ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sevida sa
megrelos mTavari grigol dadiani. 1804 wels solomon II iZulebuli gaxda, daedo elaznauris
SeTanxmeba, romlis Tanaxmad, imereTi da guria ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sevida. ruseTma esec
ar ikmara da 1810 wels imereTSi mefoba gaauqma. solomon II TurqeTSi gaiqca da iqidan cdi
lobda ruseTis winaaRmdeg brZolas. man daxmarebisTvis napoleon bonapartsac ki mimarTa,
magram uSedegod. solomon II 1815 wels trapizonSi gardaicvala.
inglisma amerikis kontinentis kolonizacia XVII saukunis damdegs daiwyo. 1607 wels, mefe
jeims I-is nebarTviT, atlantis okeanis sanapiroze londonis saaqcio sazogadoebam daarsa pir
veli inglisuri kolonia _ virjinia, sadac pirvel dasaxlebas jeimsTauni uwodes. XVIII s-is 70-
iani wlebisTvis CrdiloeT amerikis aRmosavleT sanapiroze 13 inglisuri kolonia arsebobda.
am koloniebis mosaxleobis ZiriTad nawils puritanebi (protestantuli mimdinareobis wevrebi,
romlebic mkacri religiuri da cxovrebiseuli principebiT gamoirCeodnen.) Seadgendnen. ame
rikulma saqonelma bazridan TandaTanobiT gamodevna britanuli saqoneli. ingliselebi sxva
dasxva gadasaxadebis, baJebisa da SezRudvebis dawesebiT Seecadnen kolonistebis warmatebebis
Senelebas. aman amerikeli kolonistebis protesti gamoiwvia. isini Tvlidnen, rom maTi nebis
gauTvaliswineblad inglisis parlaments axali gadasaxadebis SemoRebis ufleba ar hqonda.
amitom maT samarTlianad miiCnies, inglisis parlamentSi sakuTari warmomadgenlebi hyolo
daT. amerikuli koloniebisa da didi britaneTis xelisuflebis dapirispirebam piks miaRwia
_105_
1773 wels, roca ostindoeTis kompaniam gadawyvita, koloniebSi gaesaRebina didi britaneTis
sawyobebSi Cawolili Cai. am savaWro aqciis gansaxorcieleblad kompaniam mTavrobisgan miiRo
monopolia koloniebSi Cais Setanaze da Tavisi agentebis meSveobiT scada amis ganxorciele
ba. kolonistebma ieWves, rom SemdgomSi kompania sxva saqonelzec moindomebda monopoliis
mopovebas, rac amerikis teritoriaze Tavisufali vaWrobis dasrulebis tolfasi iqneboda.
daiwyo winaaRmdegobis moZraoba. zogierT qalaqSi (niu-iorkSi, filadelfiaSi...), ubralod,
ver Seitanes Cai; mxolod bostonis navsadgurSi SeZlo gemma Sesvla, magram indielTa samosSi
gadacmuli bostonelebi gemze aiWrnen da gadmosatvirTad gamzadebuli yuTebidan mTeli Cai
okeaneSi gadayares. es faqti istoriaSi `bostonis Cais smis~ saxeliT Sevida. didi britaneTis
mTavrobam porti daxurulad gamoacxada im dromde, vidre bostonelebi Cais safasurs ar ga
daixdidnen. koloniaSi samxedro mmarTveloba damyarda. amis sapasuxod, 1774 wels, koloniebis
warmomadgenlebma moiwvies I kontinenturi kongresi, raTa molaparakebiT gadaeWraT sakamaTo
sakiTxebi. magram inglisis xelisuflebam kongresTan TanamSromlobaze uari ganacxada. daiw
yo konfrontacia. 1775 wels bostonTan moxda pirveli SeiaraRebuli Setakeba britaneTisa da
kolonistebis jarebs Soris. imave wels filadelfiaSi mowveulma II kontinenturma kongresma
Tavi sakanonmdeblo organo _ kongresad (parlamentad) gamoacxada da inglisTan urTierTo
ba gawyvita. Seiqmna moxaliseTa armia, romelsac saTaveSi jorj vaSingtoni Caudga. 1776 wlis 4
ivliss kongresma miiRo tomas jefersonis mier SemuSavebuli „damoukideblobis deklaracia“ da
Seiqmna amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi. 1783 wels inglisma Tavi damarcxebulad cno da parizis
zaviT aRiara aSS-is damoukidebloba. jeims medisonis proeqtis safuZvelze, 1787 wels kongres
ma miiRo aSS-is konstitucia, romelic, garkveuli SesworebebiT, dRemde ZalaSia.
aSS Seqmna pirvelma 13-ma koloniam (Statma), rac mis droSaze aisaxa. amerikis droSas aqvs
13 wiTeli da TeTri zoli, xolo marcxena kuTxeSi lurj fonze Tavidan gamosaxuli iyo 13
varskvlavi. droTa ganmavlobaSi varskvlavebis (Statebis) raodenoba izrdeboda da axla aSS-
is droSaze 50 varskvlavia datanili.
61. ganmanaTlebloba
XVIII s-is Sua xanebidan safrangeTis mesame wodeba (glexebi, vaWrebi, xelosnebi, mewarmee
bi), romelic mosaxleobis umravlesobas Seadgenda, ukmayofilo iyo mefis mier gatarebuli
saSinao politikiT. gadasaxadebis gadamxdeli mxolod es wodeba iyo, xolo pirveli ori _
Tavad-aznauroba da samRvdeloeba _ gaTavisuflebuli iyo am valdebulebisgan. garkveulad,
swored am wodebis warmomadgenelTa interesebs gamoxatavda axali ideuri moZraoba, rome
lic ganmanaTleblobis saxeliTaa cnobili. ganmanaTleblobis mTavari ideologiuri dasay
rdeni aRorZinebis xanis humanizmi iyo. XVIII s-Si ganmanaTleblobam didi gavlena moaxdina
socialur SexedulebaTa Camoyalibebaze. ganmanaTleblobis mTavari debulebebi iyo: 1. yvela
adamianuri da sazogadoebrivi problemis gadaWraSi gonebis CarTva; 2. Tavisufali azrovne
ba da antidogmatizmi da 3. antiklerikalizmi. ganmanaTlebloba eyrdnoboda demokratizms,
racionalizms da istoriul optimizms. pirveli ukavSirdeba kulturasa da codnasTan far
To masebis ziarebis aucileblobas. meore gulisxmobs gonebis SeuzRudavi SesaZleblobis
rwmenas, xolo mesame _ mecnierebisa da sazogadoebis progresis rwmenas. ganmanaTlebloba,
Tavisi klasikuri gagebiTa da farTo mniSvnelobiT, XVIII saukunis frang moazrovneebs ukav
Sirdeba. didi frangi ganmanaTleblebi iyvnen volteri, ruso, didro, monteskie. isini akriti
kebdnen xelisuflebis arsebul models da axal Sexedulebebs amkvidrebdnen. mag., monteskies
_106_
ekuTvnis azri, rom politikuri Tavisuflebis aucilebeli piroba xelisuflebis sam Stos _
sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo xelisuflebas _ Soris danawilebis principia.
isini erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad unda arsebobdnen da erTmaneTs TviTnebobis saSualeba
ar unda miscen. ganmanaTlebobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo racionalizmi. am dros aRmocenda
aTeizmic. didro werda: „Tu goneba zeciuri saCuqaria da igive SeiZleba rwmenis Sesaxebac
iTqvas, maSasadame, RmerTma Cven gamogvigzavna ori saCuqari, romlebic SeuTavsebelia da
erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba“. didros iniciativiT Seiqmna pirveli enciklopedia, romelSic im
drois mecnieruli miRwevebis Sedegad samyaros Sesaxeb dagrovebuli codna iyo Tavmoyrili.
ganmanaTleblebi Tvlidnen, rom xelisufleba sazogadoebis SeTanxmebis produqtia, romelic
unda daidos xalxsa da mis mier arCeul xelisuflebas Soris. amitom xelisuflebis mxridan
TviTnebobis SemTxvevaSi Zaladobas ZaladobiT unda gaeces pasuxi da is unda daemxos.
frangi ganmanaTleblebis ideebma gavlena moaxdina amerikis damoukideblobis deklara
ciasa da 1789 wlis safrangeTis `adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaraciaSi~ asaxul
debulebebze da zogadad safrangeTis revoluciis ideologiaze.
XVIII saukuneSi safrangeTSi mmarTvelobis forma absoluturi monarqia iyo. 1789 wlis 5
maiss mefe lui XVI-m moiwvia wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi organo generaluri Statebi, raTa
qveyanaSi axali gadasaxadebi daewesebina. generalur StatebSi safrangeTis samive wodeba iyo
warmodgenili. Tavadaznaurobas da samRvdeloebas 300-300 deputati hyavda, xolo mesame wo
_107_
debas _ 600. Statebis sxdomaze mesame wodebis warmomadgenlebma moiTxoves, rom gadasaxadebi
aristokratiasac gadaexada. mefem uaryo maTi moTxovna da ganacxada, rom gadawyvetileba
miiReboda ara deputatTa saerTo kenWisyriT, aramed wodebaTa mixedviT. mesame wodebis war
momadgenlebi ar daemorCilnen mefes da Tavi jer erovnul krebad, Semdeg ki damfuZnebel
krebad gamoacxades, raTa axali konstitucia SeemuSavebinaT.
1789 w. 14 ivliss parizelebma xelisuflebis ZiriTadi dasayrdeni _ cixesimagre bastilia
aiRes da mefe aiZules, damfuZnebeli kreba ecno. 1789 wels krebam `adamianisa da moqalaqis
uflebaTa deklaracia~ miiRo. am deklaraciiT gamocxadda, rom yvela adamiani Tavisufali da
Tanasworia, xolo Zalauflebis safuZveli xalxia. 1791 wels safrangeTSi miiRes konstitucia,
romlis Tanaxmad, sakanonmdeblo organo iyo erovnuli kreba, xolo aRmasrulebeli _ mefe da misi
ministrebi. krebis deputatebs airCevda 25 wels miRweuli dabadebiT frangi moqalaqe. 1792 wels
axlad arCeulma krebam omi gamoucxada avstrias da prusias, romelTa monarqebi safrangeTis re
voluciis mimarT mtrulad iyvnen ganwyobili. swored maTTan kavSirSi mxilebis gamo, 1792 wlis
zafxulSi parizis mosaxleobam daapatimra mefe da daamxo monarqia. lui XVI da misi meuRle,
dedofali maria-antuaneta sikvdiliT dasajes. imave wlis seqtemberSi airCies axali konventi
(erovnuli kreba). konventSi gamoiyo sami dajgufeba _ iakobinelebi (radikaluri frTis warmo
madgenlebi), Jirondistebi (burJuaziis interesebis gamomxatveli partia) da e. w. Waobi (meryevi
umravlesoba, romelic xan erTi frTisken ixreboda da xan _ meorisken). xelisuflebis saTaveSi
jer Jirondistebi movidnen, magram isini iakobinelebma Secvales da TavianTi diqtatura daamya
res. isini masobrivad apatimrebdnen da sikvdiliT sjidnen „revoluciis mtrebs“. iakobinelebma
Jirondistebis liderebic sikvdiliT dasajes. iakobinelTa liderebi iyvnen robespieri, dantoni,
marati, sen-Jiusti. garkveuli xnis Semdeg TviT iakobinelTa Sorisac winaaRmdegobebi gaCnda.
robespierma da misma momxreebma sikvdiliT dasajes ufro zomieri politikosi dantoni da misi
momxreebi. 1794 wlis ivlisSi anu TermidorSi (frangma revolucionerebma Tveebs revoluciuri
saxelebi daarqves) iakobinelebi daamxes da konventma aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba 5 kacisgan
Semdgar direqtorias ga dasca. 1799 wlis noemberSi anu 18 briumers direqtorias Zalaufleba
CamoarTves da saxelmwifos saTaveSi sami konsuli Caudga. realurad qveyanas pirveli konsuli,
generali napoleon bonaparti marTavda, romelmac 1804 wels Tavi imperatorad gamoacxada.
venis kongresi
1814 wlis seqtembrSi gamarjvebulma saxelmwifoebma venaSi kongresi moiwvies. kongre
sis daskvniT aqts maT 1815 wlis 9 ivniss moaweres xeli. miCneulia, rom saerTaSoriso ur
TierTobebSi axali etapi swored venis kongresiT iwyeba. am etaps `venis sistemas~ uwodeben.
evropuli saxelmwifoebisTvis umTavresi gaxda evropaSi wonasworobisa da balansis Senar
Cuneba. pasuxismgebloba ki Tavad `did saxelmwifoebs~: did britaneTs, safrangeTs, prusias,
avstriasa da ruseTs ekisreboda. am sistemam saerTaSoriso sadavo sakiTxebis mSvidobiani
gziT gadawyveta daamkvidra. pirvelad dainerga saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi molaparakebebi
SeiaraRebis SezRudvisa da Semcirebis Sesaxeb. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis venis sistema,
e. w. `evropuli kongresi~ uaRresad mdgradi aRmoCnda.
venis kongresis daskvniTi aqtis Tanaxmad:
• varSavis sahercogo (aRmosavleTiT, didi nawili) samudamod uerTdeboda ruseTis imperias.
• varSavis sahercogos nawili Sedioda prusiis SemadgenlobaSi.
• prusias gadaecemoda miwebi rainis marcxena sanapiroze.
• germaniis saxelmwifoebi da Tavisufali qalaqebi qmnidnen samudamo kavSirs, romelic
iwodeboda `saerTo germanul kavSirad~.
• niderlandebis olqebi da belgiis yofili provinciebi erTiandebodnen niderlandebis
samefoSi.
• Seiqmna axali saxelmwifo Sveicaria.
• veneciis olqi da dalmacia gadaecemoda avstrias.
ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebam dainaxa, rom antirusuli gamosvlebis dros maT saTaveSi
bagrationTa samefo saxlis warmomadgenlebi udgebodnen. amitom imperatorma aleqsandre I-
ma gadawyvita, saqarTvelodan bagrationTa mTeli samefo saxli gadaesaxlebina. is mzad iyo,
bagrationebisaTvis saukeTeso pirobebi Seeqmna peterburgSi, oRond ki samefo saxlis arc
erTi warmomadgeneli saqarTveloSi ar daetovebina. ruseTis imperiis xelisufleba wyalobas
ar aklebda ruseTSi gadasaxlebul saqarTvelos samefo saxlis warmomadgenlebs. erTaderTi,
rac gadasaxlebulebs ekrZalebodaT, samSobloSi dabruneba iyo.
1811 wels imperatorma aleqsandre I-ma mcxeTis sakaTalikoso taxtic gaauqma. ruseTis xeli
suflebam kaTalikos-patriarqis Tanamdeboba saqarTvelos egzarqosis TanamdebobiT Secvala. sa
qarTvelos avtokefalurma eklesiam arseboba Sewyvita. bunebrivia, ruseTis mier qarTuli same
foebis SeerTebis Semdeg, aq mmarTvelobis axali, rusuli sistema damyarda. ruseTis mTavrobam
qarTl-kaxeTis axal mmarTvelobas `saqarTvelos mmarTveloba“ uwoda. mas saTaveSi edga saqar
Tvelos mTavarsardali.
sxvagvarad mas mTavarmmarTvels, mogvianebiT ki mTavarmarTebels uwodebdnen. mTavar
marTebeli iyo umaRlesi Tanamdebobis piri, romelic ruseTis imperatoris mier dainiSna
jer aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, Semdeg ki dasavleT saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis gamgeblad. mas
emorCileboda kavkasiaSi ganlagebuli mTeli rusuli jari. samoqalaqo saqmeebis marTvaSi
mTavarmarTebels TanaSemwe exmareboda. yvela ZiriTad Tanamdebobaze rusi moxeleebi daniS
nes. saqmis warmoeba rusul enaze mimdinareobda, is ki qarTuli mosaxleobis umravlesobis
Tvis ucxo iyo. amitom rus moxeleebs moadgileebad adgilobrivi, qarTveli Tavad-aznaurebi
dauniSnes. Tumca esec ar iyo sakmarisi, radgan rusuli mmarTvelobis pirvel xanebSi rusuli
ena Tavad-aznaurobis mxolod mcire nawilma icoda.
XIX s-is 30-iani wlebidan samxreT kavkasiaSi rusuli koloniebi, kerZod, samxedro da
saxlebebi Seiqmna. dasaxlebebSi ZiriTadad samsaxuridan gadamdgari daojaxebuli jariska
cebicxovrobdnen. mTavroba maT miwiTa da samuSao iaraRebiT uzrunvelyofda. kolonistebs
mTavroba, rogorc dasayrden Zalas, ise ganixilavda. Sida Tu gare konfliqtebis dros isini
mudam mzadyofnaSi unda yofiliyvnen. saqarTvelos kolonizacia ara marto samxedro dasax
lebebis Seqmnis gziT xorcieldeboda. kavkasiaSi asaxlebdnen agreTve sxvadasxva religiuri
mimdinareobis mimdevrebs: duxoborebs, malaknebs, subotnikebs da sxv., romelTa ruseTis Si
da guberniebSi datoveba xelisuflebas sasurvelad ar miaCnda.
saglexo reforma
XIX saukunis Sua xanebisaTvis ruseTi Tavisi ganviTarebis doniT mniSvnelovnad Camor
Ceboda dasavleT evropis qveynebs. aSkara gaxda, rom batonymuri socialur-ekonomikuri da
politikuri sistema Rrma krizisSi Sevida, romelic qveyanas ganviTarebis saSualebas ar aZ
levda. im dros, rodesac dasavleT evropis qveynebSi kapitalisturi warmoeba swrafi tempe
biT viTardeboda, batonymuri ruseTi erT adgils tkepnida.
ruseTis ekonomikuri CamorCena kargad gamoCnda 1853-1856 ww. yirimis omis dros, rode
sac aSkara gaxda samxedro SeiaraRebaSi dasavleTevropelebis upiratesoba. qveyanas refor
mebi sWirdeboda.
ruseTis axalma imperatorma, aleqsandre II-m moskovis guberniis TavadaznaurobasTan Sekre
baze jer ganacxada: `jobs batonymoba gavauqmoT zemodan, vidre es glexebma gaakeTon qvemodan~.
1861 wlis 19 Tebervals aleqsandre II-m xeli moawera manifests `batonymuri damokide
bulebidan gamosuli glexebis Sesaxeb~. manifestis mixedviT yma glexi dauyovnebliv iRebda
pirovnul Tavisuflebas, xdeboda Tavisufali moqalaqe. mas SeeZlo Tavisi saxeliT gamosu
liyo sasamarTloSi, daedo sxvadasxva saxis xelSekruleba, gaexsna samrewvelo sawarmo da a.S.
_117_
yovelive es glexs aZlevda Tavisi SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebis saSualebas. reformisaTvis
mzadeba kavkasiis samefisnacvloSi 1861 wels daiwyo, sam weliwads gagrZelda da 1864 wels ga
tarda. qarTvelma Tavadaznaurobam moiTxova, reforma guberniebis TavadaznaurTa yrilobaze
ganxiluliyo. Tbilisis guberniis TavadaznaurTa yrilobaze proeqtis Sedgena dimitri yifians
daevala. man qarTl-kaxeTis 240 memamules daugzavna kiTxvari, raTa gamoeTqvaT TavianTi Sexe
duleba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor uyurebdnen batonymobis gauqmebas. maTi mosazrebebis safuZ
velze dimitri yifianma Seqmna e. w. `umravlesobis proeqti~. memamuleTa mcire nawilma grigol
orbelianis meTaurobiT, warmoadgina e.w. `umciresobis proeqti~. `umravlesobis proeqtis~ Ta
naxmad batonymobisgan ganTavisuflebuli glexs saxl-karisa da kalo-sabZlis adgilisaTvis
araferi moeTxoveboda, magram sabatono adgil-mamulebis _ saxnav-saTesi, savenaxe da sabalaxe
miwebis, tyisa da wylis xmarebisaTvis ki patronisTvis unda eZlia gadasaxadi da gaewia begara
(e. i. SromiTi gadasaxadi), razec erTmaneTSi nebayoflobiT morigdebodnen.
umciresobis proeqtis avtorebi mTlianad iziarebdnen umravlesobis mier gamoTqmul
yvela principul mosazrebas, kerZod, ymebis umiwod ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb da damokide
buli mdgomareobidan gamosuli glexebis momavali cxovrebis uzrunvelsayofad saWirod
miaCndaT glexis uflebis aRiareba yvelafer imaze, rac misi alali SromiT iyo Seqmnili da
gakeTebuli: Sinaur saqonelze, sasoflo-sameurneo iaraRebze, saxlsa da sameurneo nagebo
bebze, baRebsa da venaxebze. glexs ufleba hqonda, gaeyida sxvis miwaze gaSenebuli baRi, im
pirobiT, rom myidveli ikisrebda mis yvela valdebulebas mflobelis mimarT.
arsebobda kidev k. mamacaSvilis proeqti, romelic ymis miwiT gaTavisuflebas moiTxov
da. glexebis mamulebiT uzrunvelyofa imitom iyo saWiro, rom ar gaCeniliyo proletariati
(muSaTa klasi), misi azriT, wesrigisa da mSvidobianobis es dauZinebeli mteri. garda amisa,
is darwmunebuli iyo, rom adamiani, romelsac Tavis qveyanaSi adgil-mamuli ar hqonda, ver
dainteresdeboda am qveynis bediTa Tu ubedobiT.
qarTveli memamuleebis `mtkice poziciis~ gamo, xelisufleba iZulebuli gaxda mcire
daTmobaze wasuliyo maT mimarT. ruseTTan SedarebiT saqarTveloSi reforma memamuleTaT
vis ufro xelsayrel pirobebSi ganxorcielda. amasTan dakavSirebiT ilia WavWavaZem dawe
ra `kritikuli SeniSvnebi~ da warmoadgina sakuTari TvalTaxedva. ilia WavWavaZis proeqtis
Tanaxmad, is glexTa droebiTi valdebulebis kategoriulad winaaRmdegi iyo. misi azriT,
glexTa sakiTxis gadawyveta unda dafuZneboda, glexisa da memamulis interesTa saboloo
gaTiSvas, yvela Zafis gawyvetas, romelic nabatonarsa da naymevs erTmaneTTan iZulebiT akav
Sirebda; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi glexTa sakiTxi imave batonymuri mdgomareobis mxolod saxe
Secvlili formiT gagrZeleba iqneboda. mas aucileblad miaCnda, dadgeniliyo miwis nakveTis
memamulisTvis sabolood CamoSorebis pirobebi.
_120_
68. ilia WavWavaZe da Tergdaleulebis moRvaweoba
_121_
69. revoluciebi evropaSi XIX saukuneSi
belgiis revolucia
venis kongresis erT-erTi gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad Seiqmna niderlandebis gaerTiane
buli samefo, romelSic belgiac gaerTianda, belgieli xalxis nebis sawinaaRmdegod. 1815
wlidan moyolebuli, belgiur mosaxleobaSi samefos xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg ukmayofileba
yovelwliurad izrdeboda. safrangeTSi warmatebiT dasrulebulma ivlisis revoluciam bel
giel xalxSi didi mRelvareba gamoiwvia.
1830 wlis 24 agvistos saRamos bruselSi sayovelTao gamosvlebi daiwyo. pirvel etapze
mTavroba sisxlisRvras moerida. Sedegad belgiis TiTqmis yvela didi qalaqi Caeba gamosvleb
Si. niderlandebis mefem vilhelm I-ma ajanyebulebTan molaparakeba gadawyvita, magram sasur
vel Sedegs ver miaRwia. mefis jarsa da ajanyebulebs Soris daiwyo samxedro dapirispireba,
romelic ajanyebulebis gamarjvebiT dasrulda da Seiqmna droebiTi mTavroba. vilhelm I-ma
daxmarebisTvis mimarTa evropis did saxelmwifoebs, romlebmac 1830 wlis bolos londonSi
moiwvies konferencia didi britaneTis, avstriis, prusiis, ruseTis da safrangeTis monawi
leobiT. erTTviani msjelobis Semdeg konferenciam belgia damoukidebel saxelmwifod cno.
poloneTis ajanyeba
ivlisis revoluciis Semdeg ruseTis imperatorma nikoloz I-ma (1825-1855) gadawyvita po
lonuri armiis gauqmeba, rasac poloneTis qveiTTa kadetebis ajanyeba mohyva (29 noembers).
kadetebma da maTma momxre moqalaqeebma ver moaxerxes moeklaT an daekavebinaT imperatoris
Zma, konstantine, romelic SeiaraRebuli Zalebis xelmZRvaneli iyo poloneTSi. Tumca ai
Res iaraRis sawyobebi da iaraRi mosaxleobas dauriges. Sedegad, varSavis CrdiloeT nawili
srulad daikaves. 1831 wlis TebervalSi nikoloz I-ma poloneTSi 115 000-kaciani jari Seiy
vana, romelsac 40 000-iani polonuri armia daupirispirda. ramdenimedRiani brZolis Semdeg
gadamwyvet brZolaSi polonelebi damarcxdnen. poloneTis ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba
sabolood damarcxda.
saberZneTis revolucia
osmaleTis imperiis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli ganmaTavisuflebeli omi saberZneTSi 1821
wlidan 1832 wlamde mimdinareobda. pirvelsave wels amboxebam moicva makedonia, kreta da
centraluri saberZneTi. 1827 wlidan berZen ajanyebulebs mxardaWera gamoucxades didma
britaneTma, safrangeTma da ruseTma, romlebic saberZneTis daxmarebiT xmelTaSua zRvis
auzSi da balkaneTze osmaleTis poziciebis dasustebas isaxavdnen miznad. mokavSireebma na
_123_
varinos brZolaSi daamarcxes osmaleTis armia. sabolood, 1832 wels, stambolSi dadebuli
zaviT (konstantinopolis zaviT) evropis wamyvanma saxelmwifoebma (didma britaneTma, saf
rangeTma da ruseTma) saberZneTi damoukidebel saxelmwifod gamoacxades.
safrangeTi
venis kongresis Semdeg safrangeTSi burbonebis monarqia aRdga, magram 1830 wlis revo
luciis Semdeg qveyanaSi konstituciuri monarqia damyarda. mefed lui-filipe orleaneli
gamocxadda. 1848 wlisaTvis lui-filipes avtoriteti mosaxleobis TvalSi sagrZnoblad iyo
Selaxuli. saSualo fena, muSaTa klasi da glexebi isev gaWirvebiT cxovrobdnen; mosaxleobis
udides nawils jer kidev ar hqonda arCevnebSi monawileobis miRebis ufleba. isini parizis
quCebSi gamovidnen da barikadebi aRmarTes. maTi nawili mefis sasaxlesac ki miuaxlovda.
amiT SeSfoTebulma mefem ministrebi daiTxova, gvardias ki daxmarebisken mouwoda, Tumca
erovnuli gvardiis wevrebi mas ar daemorCilnen. lui-filipe iZulebuli gaxda, daetovebina
qveyana da inglisSi wasuliyo. Seiqmna droebiTi mTavroba. romelic SeZlebuli burJuaziiT
da respublikelebiT dakompleqtda. ase Caeyara safuZveli safrangeTis meore respublikas.
axlad arCeulma droebiTma mTavrobam muSaTa sakiTxebis mosagvareblad Camoayaliba komisia
lui blanis meTaurobiT. ekonomikuri krizisis dasaZlevad droebiTma mTavrobam maleve Se
moiRo e. w. erovnuli saxelosnoebis gegma, romelic iTvaliswinebda parizSi yvela msurve
lis dasaqmebas sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi. xelisuflebis am gegmam ar gaamarTla. amis gamo
mTavrobam provinciebidan Camosuli muSebi samsaxurebidan daiTxova da gvardiaSi samsaxuri
SesTavaza, erovnuli saxelosnoebi ki daxura. muSebma parizSi barikadebi aRmarTes, isini sa
muSaoze dabrunebas moiTxovdnen. ajanyebul muSebs axlad arCeuli mTavroba daupirispirda.
momxdar Setakebebs orive mxridan msxverpli mohyva. lui blani qveynidan gaiqca, yvela socia
listuri gazeTis gamocema aikrZala. mTavrobam axali konstitucia miiRo, romelSic araferi
iyo naTqvami mSromelTa dasaqmebisa da maTi uflebebis Sesaxeb. amave konstituciiT sayo
velTao arCevnebiT unda arCeuliyo parlamenti, xolo aRmasrulebel xelisuflad _ prezi
denti 4-wliani vadiT. dainiSna saprezidento arCevnebi. respublikelebs prezidentad lui
eJen kaveniakis arCeva undodaT, Tumca mas seriozuli konkurenti gamouCnda lui napoleonis
(napoleon bonapartis ZmisSvili) saxiT. kaveniakis Zlieri mxare is iyo, rom arCevnebis win mas
didi Zalaufleba hqonda, romelic Tavis sasikeTod SeeZlo gamoeyenebina, Tumca ivnisSi xal
xis sastiki darbevis gamo, is mosaxleobaSi didi popularobiT ar sargeblobda. napoleons ar
hqonda Zalaufleba, samagierod mas didi winapris saxeli umagrebda zurgs. 1848 wels Catar
da prezidentis arCevnebi, romelSic lui napoleonma gaimarjva.
lui napoleonma Tavidanve daiwyo sakuTari poziciebis gamyareba. is cdilobda, wamyvan
Tanamdebobebze Tavisi momxreebi daeniSna; paralelurad aviwrovebda respublikelebis pozi
ciebs. 2-wliani marTvis Semdeg lui napoleonma sakanonmdeblo organos _ erovnul asambleas
mosTxova, gadaexedaT konstituciisaTvis da misTvis meore vadiT arCevis ufleba miecaT,
razec asamblea ar daTanxmda. maSin napoleoni gadamwyvet brZolaze gadavida. 1851 wels, mi
si brZanebiT, erovnuli asamblea daiTxoves. 1852 wels Catarebuli plebiscitiT, 7 milionze
metma moqalaqem dauWira mxari napoleonisTvis saprezidento vadis gagrZelebas, imave dRes
senatma napoleoni imperatorad gamoacxadada. mas napoleon III bonaparti ewoda, safrangeTis
II respublika ki imperiad iqca.
_124_
italia
1815 wels, venis kongresis gadawyvetilebiT, apeninis naxevarkunZulze mdebare italiuri
samefo-samTavroebi _ piemont-sardiniis, lombardiis, veneciis, toskanis, ori siciliis (igive
neapolis) da sxva wvrili samTavroebi _ avstrias gadaeca da habsburgTa dinastiis kontro
lis qveS moeqca. maT Soris iyo papis olqic, romelic gansakuTrebuli statusiT sargeblob
da. es iyos romis kaTolikuri eklesiis samflobelo, romelic italiis centralur raions
moicavda. papis olqs, rogorc wesi, mcire armiac hyavda, Tumca mis usafrTxoebas XIX sauku
neSi evropis ori udidesi kaTolikuri saxelmwifo _ avstria da safrangeTi uzrunvelyofda.
XIX saukuneSi papoba ar iyo mxolod religiuri instituti. papis olqi apeninis naxevar
kunZulis erT-erT samTavros warmoadgenda da Sesabamisad evropis politikur cxovrebaSic
aqtiurad monawileobda. is faqti, rom italiis samefo-samTavroebi avstriis imperatoris
samflobeloSi Sedioda, romis papis olqs ki mfarvelobas safrangeTi da avstria uwevda,
niSnavda imas, rom Tuki evropis nebismieri sxva saxelmwifo am teritoriis dauflebas Seec
deboda, an Tavad italiur samefo-samTavroebs Soris teritoriebis gadanawilebis sakiTxi
dadgeboda, konfliqtSi aucileblad CaerTveboda avstriac da safrangeTic.
1816 wlidan italia politikurma da ekonomikurma krizisma moicva. italiur saxelmwi
foebSi ekonomikis wamyvan dargs soflis meurneoba warmoadgenda, Tumca teqnologiuri Ca
morCenilobis, gaumarTavi sagadasaxado sistemisa da araefeqturi reformebis gamo ekonomi
ka ver viTardeboda.
XIX saukunis 20-iani wlebidan italiaSi dinamiuri da radikaluri politikuri reformebisa
da cvlilebebis gansaxorcieleblad samoqalaqo moZraoba daiwyo. pirveli amboxebebi 1820-21
wlebSi siciliaSi (italiis samxreTi) da piemontSi (italiis CrdiloeTi) moxda. orive amboxeba
avstriulma jarebma CaaxSes. 1830 wels, safrangeTis revoluciis Semdeg, italiuri saxelmwi
foebi kidev erTxel moicva ajanyebam, Tumca kvlav uSedegod _ ajanyebulebi damarcxdnen.
1830 wlidan moyolebuli, italieli xalxis ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas saTaveSi
juzepe maZini (1805-1872 Caudga) idga. mis mTavar ideas liberalur Rirebulebebze dafuZne
buli erovnuli damoukidebloba warmoadgenda.
1831 wels marselSi yofnisas man Camoayaliba organizacia `axalgazrda italia~ da miznad
daisaxa italiis gaerTianeba. maZinis miaCnda, rom `ajanyeba partizanuli dajgufebebis gamo
yenebiT brZolis utyuari meTodia yvela im erisaTvis, vinc Tavisi qveynis ucxouri uRlisgan
gaTavisuflebisaTvis ibrZvis~.
1848 amboxebis mTavari sulisCamdgmeli axlad arCeuli romis papi pius IX gaxda, romel
mac Tavis samflobeloSi reformebis gatareba daiwyo. sazogadoebam es faqti axali eris da
sawyisad miiCnia da gaaqtiurda.
pirveli gamosvlebi daiwyo palermoSi, kunZul siciliaze, neapolis samefos dedaqa
laqSi, sadac avstriis mfarvelobis qveS burbonTa dinastiis warmomadgenlebi mefobdnen.
აjanyebulebma samTavrobo jarebi kunZulidan gandevnes. Seiqmna droebiTi mTavroba, ro
melmac oficialurad gamoacxada burbonTa dinastiis damxoba. siciliis revoluciam biZgi
misca gamosvlebs centralur da CrdiloeT italiaSi _ piemontisa da sardiniis mefem karlo
albertim Tavadve daiwyo reformebis gatareba, miiRo konstitucia, romliTac mosaxleo
bas samoqalaqo Tavisuflebis garantiebi mianiWa. karlo albertis politikam imedi Causaxa
toskanis, lombardiis da veneciis mosaxleobasac, romlebmac TavinTi teritoriebidan av
striuli jarebi gandevnes da droebiTi mTavrobebi Camoayalibes. italiaSi dabrunda maZi
nic. revolucionerebs Soris didi debatebi gaimarTa imis Taobaze, Tu rogori tipis saxel
mwifoebi CamoeyalibebinaT. nawili ajanyebulebisa _ zomieri liberalebi _ mxars uWerdnen
karlo albertis, radikalurad ganwyobili respublikelebi ki italiis erTiani saxelmwifos
federalur modelze mowyobas uWerdnen mxars. maT romidan gandevnes papi da 1849 wეls romi
respublikad gamoacxades.
_125_
saerTo jamSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobam revoluciis mimdinareobaze uryofiTad imoqmeda,
radganac axlad Camoyalibebulma italiurma saxelmwifoebma avstriis winaaRmdeg gaerTiane
ba ver SeZles. 1849 wეls romSi erTdroulad Sevidnen neapolis mefis _ ferdinandis, espa
neTisa da safrangeTis jarebi. ajanyebulebi, juzepe maZinisa da juzepe garibaldis meTau
robiT, erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi icavdnen qalaqs, vidre mowinaaRmdegeebma romi ar aiRes. პapi
pius IX qalaqSi dabrunda da uari Tqva im reformebis gatarebaze, romliTac revoluciamde
gaiTqva saxeli. avstriulma jarebma kustozas brZolaSi daamarcxes karlo albertis samxed
ro nawilebi. კarlo alberti gadadga da taxti Tavis vaJs viqtor-emanuel II-s dauTmo. misi
mTavrobis premieri-ministri gaxda kamilo kavuri. man piemontis samefoSi ekonomikuri da
politikuri reformebis gatareba daiwyo.
germania
1815 wels, venis kongresis gadawyvetilebiT, Seiqmna germaniis kavSiri, romelic 39 ger
manulenovan samefo-samTavros aerTianebda. maT Soris or mTavar Zalas prusiis samefo da
avstriis imperia warmoadgenda. maT Soris arsebobda konkurencia, Tu romeli moaxerxebda
germanuli miwebis gaerTianebas.
1840 wels prusiis taxtze avida fridrix vilhelm IV, romelmac saxelmwifoSi reformebis ga
tareba daiwyo; fridrix vilhelmma moiwvia erovnuli asamblea (landtagi), romelic prusiis pro
vinciebis sakrebuloebis deputatebisagan Sedgeboda; 1848 wels berlinSi Sekrebilma landtagis
wevrebma moiTxoves sayovelTao arCevnebis Catareba da sxva demokratiuli reformebis gatarebac.
berlinSi revoluciuri gamosvlebi daiwyo. mefe revolucionerebs sayovelTao arCev
nebs Sepirda. imavdroulad frankfurtSi revolucionerebma mTavrobisgan damoukideblad
Sekribes parlamenti _ asamblea da konstitucia miiRes (romelic safrangeTis 1830 wlis
konstituciis msgavsi iyo). asambleam SesTavaza mefes mieRo gvirgvini im pirobiT, Tu igi
konstituciuri modelis damkvidrebas daTanxmdeboda da SedarebiT demokratiul konstitu
cias miiRebda. amasobaSi mefemac miiRo konstitucia. frankfurtis parlamentma ver moaxerxa
qveyanaSi reformebis gatareba, revolucionerebi mzad ar aRmoCndnen qveynis saTaveSi mosas
vlelad. amis Semxedvare mefem poziciebis gamyareba daiwyo da xalxisTvis micemuli pirobebi
mxolod nawilobriv Seasrula. revolucia prusiaSi (germaniaSi) damarcxda.
avstria
italiur da germanul saxelmwifoebSi momxdari revoluciebis mTavar mizans, sakanon
mdeblo cvlilebebTan erTad, qveynis gaerTianeba warmoadgenda. avstriaSi ki 1848 wels re
voluciuri gamosvlebi daiwyo sxvadasxva regionSi, sadac aragermanuli warmomavlobis erebi
cxovrobdnen. avstriaSi dawyebuli gamosvlebi mimarTuli iyo sxvadasxva erebis mier damou
kideblobis mopovebisaken da realurad avstriis imperias daSlis safrTxis winaSe ayenebda.
1840 wlidan moyolebuli ungrelebi gaaqtiurdnen. maT saTaveSi edgaT axalgazrda laioS
koSuti (1802-1894). sakrebuloSi Sekrebili ungrelebi moiTxovdnen imperiidan ungreTis ga
moyofas, ungrulis saxelmwifo enad gamocxadebasa da erovnuli mTavrobis Seqmnas.
1848 wels gamosvlebi daiwyo venaSi. axalgazrdebis mTavar moTxovnas konstituciuri mo
narqiis Seqmna warmoadgenda. paralelurad am gamosvlebs ahyvnen ungrelebic. revolucias,
kotuSTan erTad, saTaveSi edga cnobili poeti Sandor petefi. ajanyebulebs imperiis jarebi
daupirispirdnen, Tumca, imperatori ferdinandi maleve daTanxmda konstituciuri monarqiis
Camoyalibebas da ungreTisa da bohemiis avtonomiis Seqmnas. ungrelma ajanyebulebma erov
nuli seimi Seqmnes. imave wlis gazafxulze avstriis mTavrobam moaxerxa venaSi dawyebuli
mRelvarebis CaxSoba da ungreTSi ajanyebis CasaxSobad omi daiwyo.
_126_
1848-1849 wlebSi mimdinareobda avstria-ungreTis omi. avstriis mxares am omSi Car
Tulni iyvnen xorvatebi, serbebi da ruminelebi, romlebic ukmayofilo iyvnen ungreTis
revoluciiT, radgan is mxolod ungreli xalxis interesebs icavda. garda amisa, avstrias
daxmareba aRmouCina ruseTis imperatorma nikoloz I-ma, romelmac ungreTSi jari Seiyvana. Ta
vis mxriv, ungrelebs daxmarebas uwevdnen slovakebi, polonelebi da ungreli ebraelebi.
sabolood avstrielebma gaimarjves da ungreTSi Tavisi mmarTveloba aRadgines. avstria
Si ki saimperatoro xelisuflebam gaauqma axlad miRebuli konstitucia da imperia isev mo
narqistul marTvis models daubruna.
1830 1848
safrangeTi, belgia/niderlandebi, safrangeTi, italia,
poloneTi, saberZneTi prusia, avstria
germania. 1815 wels, venis kongresis gadawyvetilebiT, Seiqmna germaniis kavSiri, romelic
39 germanulenovan samefo-samTavros aerTianebda. maT Soris or mTavar Zalas prusiis samefo
da avstriis imperia warmoadgenda. TiToeul samefo-samTavros suvereniteti mieniWa. yvela am
saxelmwifos mosaxleobis umravlesoba germanelebi iyvnen, Tumca arsebobda gansxvavebebic,
romlebic am samTavroebis gaerTianebas uSlida xels, kerZod: mmarTvelobis sistemebi, eko
nomika da religia. samxreTgermanuli saxelmwifoebis mTavar religiur mimarTulebas kaTo
licizmi warmoadgenda, CrdiloeTis saxelmwifoebisas ki _ protestantizmi.
1861 wels prusiis samefo taxtze fridrix vilhelm I avida. erTi wlis Semdeg qveynis ministr-
prezidentis (igivea, rac premier-ministri) Tanamdebobaze oto fon bismarki dainiSna. bismarks
swamda, rom germaniis gaerTianeba unda momxdariyo ara revoluciiT, anu `qvemodan~, aramed
`zemodan~. misi cnobili gamonaTqvamia: `revolucias amzadeben geniosebi, axdenen fanatikosebi,
nayofiT ki sargebloben avazakebi~. Tanamdebobaze daniSvnisTanave premier-ministrma daiTxova
parlamenti da qveyanaSi Zireuli reformebis gatareba daiwyo. 1860-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ga
tarebuli samxedro reformis Sedegad prusiis jari Tanamedrove armiad iqca. bismarki xedav
da, rom gaerTianeba mezobel qveynebTan saomari operaciebis gareSe ver moxdeboda. amitom mas,
pirvel rigSi, saWirod miaCnda qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTareba da Zlieri jaris Seqmna; aseve
mniSvnelovani iyo diplomatiuri omis warmoeba. Tavisi miznis (germaniis gaerTianebis) ganxor
cielebisaTvis bismarks mezobel qveynebTan sami omi dasWirda. 1864 wels prusiam, avstriasTan
erTad, omi gamoucxada daniis samefos. omis mizani Slezvigisa da holStainis SemoerTeba iyo.
es ori samTavro tradiciulad daniis samefos eqvemdebareboda. es tradicia ramdenime sazavo
xelSekrulebiTac iyo gamyarebuli. rvaTviani omis Semdeg dania damarcxda. Slezvigi prusias
gadaeca, holStaini ki _ avstrias. prusiis msgavsad, avstriis imperiasac hqonda germaniis Tavis
garSemo gaerTianebis ambicia. 1866 wels, mas Semdeg, rac darwmunda, rom safrangeTi da ruseTi
prusiisa da avstriis omSi ar Caereodnen, bismarkma italiasTan samxedro aliansi gaaforma da
prusiis jarebma holStaini daikaves. avstria Caeba omSi, erTi mxriv, italiis da, meore mxriv,
prusiis winaaRmdeg. sabolood, 1866 wlis zafxulSi prusiis jarebma gaimarjves da, dadebuli
sazavo xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, avstrias 300 milioni frankis odenobis kontribuciis gadaxda
_127_
daekisra. prusiam SeierTa hanoveri, Slezvig-holStaini, hesen-kaseli, nasau da frankfurti.
axali teritoriebis SemoerTebis Semdeg Camoyalibda Crdilo-germanuli kavSiri; kavSiris pre
zidentad prusiis mefe dasaxelda. Seiqmna axali konstitucia, romelic konstituciuri monar
qiis modelze iyo dafuZnebuli. iqmneboda orpalatiani parlamenti; zeda palata (bundesrati)
Sedgeboda regionebis warmomadgenlebisgan, qveda palata (raixstagi) ki _ sayovelTao arCev
nebis gziT mosuli parlamentarebisgan; oTxwliani biujeti mtkicdeboda qveda palatis mier;
ministrebi pasuxismgebeli iyvnen mxolod mefis (da ara parlamentis) winaSe; arCeul parlamen
tarebs axali kanonmdeblobis ganxilvis ufleba ar hqondaT.
bismarkis Semdeg amocanas samxreTis germanuli saxelmwifoebis SemoerTeba warmoadgenda.
am samflobeloebze didi politikuri da ekonomikuri gavlena hqonda safrangeTs. Sesabamisad,
amocanis gadawyvetisas bismarks safrangeTTan mouwevda dapirispireba, romelic, Tavis mxriv,
SeSfoTebuli iyo mis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sazRvrebTan Zlieri germanuli kavSiris daarsebiT.
bismarkma SeZlo safrangeTis imperator napoleon III-is omSi CaTreva. 1870 wlis zafxul
Si safrangeTma omi gamoucxda prusias. rogorc ukve iTqva, kargad organizebulma da omSi
gamowvrTnilma prusiis armiam 2 seqtembers, sedanis brZolaSi safrangeTis 100-aTasiani ar
mia, da TviT napoleonic, alyaSi moaqcia da daatyveva. 1871 wels frankfurtSi daido sazavo
xelSekruleba prusiasa da safrangeTis axlad Camoyalibebul mTavrobas Soris. safrangeTs
5 miliardi oqros frankis gadaxda daekisra. am Tanxis srulad gadaxdamde safrangeTis teri
toriebs germanuli samxedro nawilebi daikavebdnen. prusiam safrangeTs Camoacila ekonomi
kuri da samxedro TvalsazrisiT metad mniSvnelovani ori strategiuli regioni Crdilo-aR
mosavleT nawilSi _ elzasi da loTaringia. imave wels versalis sasaxlis sarkeebian darbazSi
germanelma mefe-mTavrebma vilhelm I germaniis imperatorad gamoacxades. axali imperia 4
samefos, 18 samTavros, 3 Tavisufali qalaqis (hamburgis, bremenisa da liubekis) da 1 saimpe
ratoro provinciis _ elzas-loTaringiisagan Sedgeboda.
italia. italiel xalxs qveynis gaerTianebisaTvis xangrZlivi brZola dasWirda. XIX saukunis
20-ian wlebSi dawyebuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba, sxvadasxva intensivobiTa da
aqtiurobiT, 1870 wlamde gagrZelda da sabolood italiis gaerTianebiT dasrulda. XIX sauku
nis 50-iani wlebidan daiwyo italiis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis axali etapi. axal
moZraobas ori mTavari lideri hyavda _ piemont-sardiniis samefos premier-ministri kamilo di
kavuri, romelic zomier liberalur kurss misdevda, da juzepe maZini, romelic revoluciis
momxre iyo. italiis gaerTianebisaTvis kamilo kavurim piemontis samefoSi efeqturi ekonomiku
ri reformebis gatareba daiwyo, ramac qveyana sagrZnoblad gaaZliera. kavuris esmoda, rom misi
miznis (italiis gaerTianebis) ganxorcielebas, sul cota, erTi Zlieri evropuli saxelmwifos
mxardaWera mainc sWirdeboda. im droisaTvis evropaSi poziciebs imyarebda napoleon III, romelic
cdilobda, evropis mTavari arbitri yofiliyo. 1858 wels Sedga saidumlo Sexvedra kavurisa da
napoleons Soris. imperatorma mas samxedro daxmareba aRuTqva im pirobiT, rom nica da savoia
safrangeTis mflobelobaSi gadavidoda. 1859 wels daiwyo omi avstriasa da piemont-sardinias
Soris, romelSic safrangeTi piemont-sardiniis mokavSired gamovida. miuxedavad imisa, rom na
poleon III winaaRmdegi iyo revoluciis momxre juzepe garibaldisTan kavSirze, kavurisTan sai
dumlo SeTanxmebis safuZvelze man omSi aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo da misive Sekrebili moxa
liseebiT ramdenime brZolaSi daamarcxa avstrielebi. 1859 wlis bolos ciurixSi dadebuli zaviT
lombardia piemonts SeuerTda, xolo venecia kvlav avstrielebs darCaT. omis paralelurad,
CrdiloeT da centralur italiur samTavroebSi _ parmaSi, toskanasa da modenaSi _ safrangeTis
jarebis zedamxedvelobiT plebisciti Catarda da es regionebic piemonts SeurTda.
1860 wels garibaldi, 1000 moxalisesTan erTad, kunZul siciliaze gadavida, sadac antisam
Tavrobo gamosvlebi iyo dawyebuli. man jer palermo aiRo da Semdeg _ mTeli kunZuli. male
garibaldim mTeli neapolis samefo daikava. kavuri SiSobda, rom garibaldis aseTi aqtiuri moq
medeba avstriisa da safrangeTis ukmayofilebas gamoiwvevda da amitom siciliaSi mcire jari
_128_
gagzavna. Tavis mxriv, garibaldic moerida sisxlisRvras da samoqalaqo omis dawyebas da, sabo
lood neapolis samefo piemontis mefes, viqtor-emanuel II-s gadasca. 1861 wels italiis pirvel
ma parlamentma viqtor-emanueli sruliad italiis mefed gamoacxada. romi da venecia jer kidev
calke samTavroebad rCebodnen. venecias avstriuli jarebi akontrolebdnen, roms ki, safran
geTis garnizonze dayrdnobiT, _ papi pius IX. 1866 wels, avstria-prusias Soris dadebuli sazavo
xelSekrulebis Semdeg, venecia viqtor-emanuelis mflobelobaSi aRmoCnda. 1870 wels, napoleon
III-is prusielebTan brZolaSi damarcxebis Semdeg, safrangeTis axalma mTavrobam Tavisi jarebi
romidan gaiwvia. evropis wamyvan kaTolikur qveynebTan SeTanxmebiT, imave Tves, papis sityvieri
winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, romSi italiuri jarebi Sevidnen. italia srulad gaerTianda.
XIX saukunis dasawyisSi aSS-is mosaxleobis raodenoba 7 milions aWarbebda, Tumca maT Soris
milionze meti Savkaniani mona iyo. aSS-is arsebobis adreul periodSi bevri politikuri lideri
fiqrobda, rom monaTmflobeloba TandaTanobiT dakargavda aqtualobas da gauqmdeboda, magram
ase ar moxda. CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis StatebSi am sakiTxisadmi gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba
arsebobda, rac ZiriTadad maTi ekonomikuri mowyobis gansxvavebiT iyo ganpirobebuli da rac
sabolood maT Soris seriozuli dapirispirebis safuZvlad iqca. CrdiloeTis Statebis grili
klimatis pirobebSi wvrilfermerul meurneobas monebis Sroma ar sWirdebda. amasTan CrdiloeT
Statebis puritani mosaxleobisaTvis adamianis monoba miuRebeli iyo. samxreTis cxeli klimatis
pirobebSi ki, sadac asobiT heqtarze iyo gadaWimuli bambis, Saqris lerwmisa da Tambaqos plan
taciebi, mosavlis moyvana monebis Sromis gamoyenebis gareSe ufro rTuli iyo.
CrdiloeTis Statebis iniciativiTa da zegavleniT 1808 wels kongresma akrZala monebiT
vaWroba da afrikis kontinentidan qveynis teritoriaze axali monebis Semoyvana. XIX s-is pir
vel meoTxedSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi intensiurad farTovdeboda _ teritoria gaor
magda, mosaxleoba gasammagda. axali teritoriebis aTvisebaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda
TviT amerikelTa migracia dasavleTisken. monobis sakiTxi kidev ufro gamwvavda axalSemoer
Tebul teritoriebTan dakavSirebiT. CrdiloeTsa da samxreTs Soris wonasworobis SenarCu
neba politikuri mniSvnelobis sakiTxad iqca.
1856 wels Seiqmna respublikuri partia, romelic aqtiurad uWerda mxars monobis gauqme
bas. respublikelebis TvalsaCino lideri iyo abraam linkolni. misi popularoba sul ufro
izrdeboda da 1860 wels respublikurma partiam igi saprezidento arCevnebze sakuTar kandi
datad daasaxela. linkolnma arCevnebSi gaimarjva. amis sapasuxod samxreTis monaTmflobe
lurma Statebma qveynidan gamoyofa gadawyvites. 1861 wels 11-ma monaTmflobelurma Statma
(34 Statidan) axali saxelmwifo, amerikis konfederaciuli Statebi daafuZna, dedaqalaqiT
riCmondSi. axalma saxelmwifom miiRo axali konstitucia, romlis safuZvels monaTmflo
beloba warmoadgenda. qveyana samoqalaqo dapirispirebis winaSe dadga. Tavis sainaguracio
sityvaSi prezidenti linkolni dahpirda samxreTis Statebs, rom Zaladobrivad ar gaauqmebda
maT teritoriaze monobas, Tumca qveynidan gasvlis uflebas verc erT Stats ver miscemda
da mouwodebda, dabrunebodnen SeerTebul Statebs. linkolnis mimarTvam Sedegi ar gamoiRo.
prezidentma linkolnma da konfederaciis axlad arCeulma prezidentma, jeferson devisma
jarebis mobilizacia gamoacxades. pirveli Setakebebi Carlstonis portSi moxda. amerikis is
toriaSi yvelaze sisxlismRvreli omi, romelmac 600 000-ze meti adamianis sicocxle Seiwira,
1861 wlidan daiwyo da 1865 wlamde gagrZelda. CrdiloeTis 23 Stati 22-milioniani mosaxleo
biT daupirispirda samxreTis 11 Stats, romelTa mosaxleoba 9 milions Seadgenda. amasTan
CrdiloeTis Statebs gacilebiT ganviTarebuli mrewveloba da infrastruqtura hqonda. sam
_129_
xreTis upiratesoba iyo patriotuli muxti. isini TavdacviT oms awarmoebdnen sakuTar te
ritoriaze da gamocdili samxedro meTaurebi hyavdaT. omis pirvel wlebSi samxreTi xSirad
imarjvebda brZolebSi, magram oms ver igebda. nel-nela CrdiloeTma SeZlo upiratesobis mo
poveba. 1865 wels samoqalaqo omi CrdiloeTis gamarjvebiT dasrulda. konstituciaSi gaCnda
me-13 damateba, romlis ZaliTac monoba qveynis mTel teritoriaze aikrZala.
1864 wels linkolni meore vadiT airCies qveynis prezidentad. is Tavis meuRlesTan er
Tad vaSingtonis fordis TeatrSi speqtaklze dasaswrebad gaeSura. speqtaklis mimdinareo
bisas, prezidentis loJaSi iaraRiani mamakaci SeiWra, espanurad daiyvira: `ase daemarTebaT
tiranebs!~ da prezidents esrola. daWrili linkolni diliT gardaicvala. prezidentis pos
ti vice-prezidentma endriu jonsonma daikava.
omis mimdinareoba
I msoflio omis sababi gaxda teroristuli aqti. 1914 wlis 28 ivniss q. saraevoSi serbma na
cionalistma studentma gavrilo principim mokla avstria-ungreTis taxtis memkvidre franc
ferdinandi da misi meuRle. avstria-ungreTma serbeTs jer ultimatumi wauyena, erTi Tvis
Semdeg, 28 ivliss ki omi gamoucxada. ruseTis imperia marTlmadidebel serbeTs Tavis mokav
Sired Tvlida da moZme serbi xalxis dasacavad jaris mobilizacia gamoacxada. amis sapasuxod
1914 wlis 1 agvistos germaniam ruseTs omi gamoucxada (es TariRi I msoflio omis dasawyisad
iTvleba). 3 agvistos germaniam safrangeTsac gamoucxada omi, 4 agvistos ki ukve didma bri
taneTma _ germanias. umokles droSi evropis TiTqmis yvela qveyana omSi aRmoCnda CarTuli.
germaniis xelisuflebam icoda, rom omi or frontze _ safrangeTTan da ruseTTan Zalian
rTuli iqneboda. vinaidan safrangeTi ruseTze gacilebiT swrafad Caatarebda mobilizacias,
germaniis genStabSi gadawyda _ safrangeTisTvis rac SeiZleba male mieyenebinaT Zlieri dar
tyma, rom ruseTTan ufro Tavisuflad eomaT. germaniis generaluri Stabis ufrosis, graf
alfred fon Slifenis gegmis Tanaxmad germanelebs jarebi belgiaSi unda SeeyvanaT da saf
rangeTisTvis CrdiloeTidan SeetiaT. germanias kargad gawvrTnili milionnaxevriani jari da
msoflioSi saukeTeso artileria hyavda. safrangeTis jaris upiratesobad iTvleboda maTi
patriotuli suliskveTeba da sabrZolo Jini. safrangeTis sardlobam gadawyvita iniciativis
xelSi aReba da elzas-lotaringiaze Seteva. neitralurma belgiam uari ganacxada germaniis
jarebis gatarebaze, rac aucilebeli iyo `Slifenis gegmis~ gasaxorcieleblad. amitom 4 agvis
_131_
tos germania SeiWra belgiaSi. germanelebma belgiis dedaqalaqi briuseli daikaves. imave dRes
frangebi Sevidnen elzassa da lotaringiaSi. germanulma artileriam frangebi aiZula, ukan
daexiaT didi danakargebiT. amas mohyva didi britaneTis Cabma omSi. evropis sxva qveynebisgan
gansxvavebiT, britanuli armia mxolod moxaliseebiT iyo dakompleqtebuli, amitom igi Sedare
biT mcirericxovani, magram sakmaod kargad momzadebuli iyo. omis dawyebisTanave britaneleb
ma safrangeTSi gadasxes oTxi divizia. britaneTis samxedro ministrma lordma kiCenerma ga
moacxada moxaliseTa axali miReba. miuxedavad msurvelTa didi odenobisa, maT gawvrTnas dro
dasWirda. am jars kiCeneris `axali jari~ uwodes. 1914 wlis oqtomber-noemberSi frontis
xazi stabiluri gaxda. Sveicariidan la-manSamde gaiWima 700-kilometriani sangrebi, romlebic
Semdgom 3 wels TiTqmis ucvlelad SenarCunda. orive dapirispirebuli mxare uamrav adamia
nur da samxedro resurss xarjavda odnavi winsvlisTvis. yvela mcdeloba uSedego iyo. sisxli
uazrod iRvreboda marnis, ipris, somis, gansakuTrebiT ki verdenis brZolebSi. germanelebma
mainc scades, gaerRviaT frangebis rigebi da 1915 wlis aprilSi qalaq iprTan Seuties, sadac
pirvelad gamoiyenes masobrivi ganadgurebis qimiuri iaraRi _ qloris gazi. britanulma sar
dlobam brZolaSi axalgazrda, cudad momzadebuli moxaliseebi gauSva, romlebic germanulma
tyviamfrqvevebma gaanadgura. germanelebma am faqts `yrmaTa Jleta~ uwodes. britanulma jarma
gaZlo, magram udidesi danakargebiT. ipris brZola iyo germanelebis ukanaskneli mcdeloba,
moepovebinaT swrafi gamarjveba. amis Semdeg germaniis armia Tavdacvaze gadavida da Zalebis
nawili aRmosavleTis frontze gadaisrola. daiwyo poziciuri omi sangrebSi.
1915 wlis TebervalSi safrangeTis armiam sami mimarTulebiT Seutia, magram uSedegod.
1916 wels gansakuTrebiT didi msxverpli mohyva verdenis da somis brZolebs. britanelebma
gamoigones axali iaraRi _ tanki, romelsac SeeZlo tranSeebis da mavTulxlarTebis gamagreba
Ta garRveva. pirveli gamocda tankebma somaze brZolisas gaiares. germanelebmac male gamouSves
tankebis sakuTari modelebi. 1917 wels britaneTSi sayovelTao samxedro samsaxuri SemoiRes.
safrangeTSi Seicvala omis sardloba. germaniis sardlobaSic moxda cvlileba, mxedarTmTav
rebad dainiSnnen rusebTan omSi warmatebuli generlebi hindenburgi da ludendorfi. germaniam
frontis xazi Sekveca da ganaaxla. axal xazze aigo mZlavri betonis sangrebi da gamagrebebi. am
xazs germanelebma `zigfridis xazi~, xolo mokavSireebma `hindenburgis xazi~ uwodes.
1917 wels TebervalSi ruseTSi revolucia moxda. omiTa da ekonomikuri gaWirvebiT ga
daRlilma mosaxleobam gamosvlebi daiwyo da imperatoris gadadgoma moiTxova. ruseTis
dedaqalaqSi gvardiis nawilebSi didi iyo omis sawinaaRmdego ganwyobileba. 27 Tebervals
garnizonebSi ajanyeba daiwyo. jariskacebma strategiuli obieqtebi daikaves. petrogradSi
Camoyalibda paraleluri saxelisuflebo organoebi: muSaTa deputatebis sabWos droebiTi
aRmaskomi (lideri _ karlo CxeiZe) da saxelmwifo saTaTbiros droebiTi komiteti. impera
torma nikoloz II-m gadawyvita, Tavisi Zmis, mixeilis sasargeblod taxtidan gadamdgariyo
da Seqmniliyo droebiTi mTavroba (giorgi lvovis meTaurobiT). gamosvlebis dros droebiT
mTavrobasa da petrogradis muSaTa sabWos aRmaskoms Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaoba arsebobda
monarqiis SenarCunebis sakiTxze. sabolood respublikis momxreTa poziciam gaimarjva da 3
marts mixeilsac uari aTqmevines taxtze. ruseTSi damyarda orxelisuflebianoba (Zalauf
lebas inawilebdnen droebiTi mTavroba da muSaTa da jariskacTa deputatebis sabWoebi).
droebiTma mTavrobam ver gabeda radikaluri socialuri reformebis ganxorcieleba, elo
deboda damfuZnebeli krebis, rogorc legitimurobis mqone organos mowvevas. amasTan igi
agrZelebda oms uaneqsio, ukontribucio da demokratiuli zavis miRwevamde. omis sakiTxSi
amgvar pozicias mohyva mosaxleobaSi ukmayofileba (radgan revoluciis dros erT-erTi mTa
vari moTxovna _ omis Sewyveta iyo). TandaTan popularoba moipova bolSevikebis radikalurma
memarcxene lozungebma. gansakuTrebiT didi iyo maTi gavlena muSaTa komitetebze, romel
Ta meSveobiT Seqmnes samxedro razmebi `wiTeli gvardia~. bolSevikebi moiTxovdnen sabWoe
bisTvis Zalauflebis gadacemas. 1917 wlis oqtomberSi bolSevikebma SeiaraRebuli ajanyeba
daiwyes. ajanyebas saTaveSi Caudga lev trocki. petrogradis zamTris sasaxles, sadac imyo
feboda droebiTi mTavroba, bolSevikebis mxareze gadasulma kronStadtelma mezRvaurebma
alya Semoartyes. paralelurad gvardiis nawilebma daikaves strategiuli daniSnulebis pun
qtebi: fosta, telegrafi, samxedro olqis Stabi, riTac mTavroba srul izolaciaSi moaqcies.
1917 w. 25 oqtombris Rames kreiser `avroras~ mier zalpis micemis da winaswari saartilerio
dabombvis Semdeg daiwyo Seteva zamTris sasaxleze, romelicsaxelmwifo gadatrialebiT das
rulda. saxelmwifos saTaveSi, leninis meTaurobiT, bolSevikebi movidnen. axalma xelisuf
lebam 1918 wlis 3 marts germaniasa da mis mokavSireebTan brest-litovskSi separatuli zavi
dado da omidan gavida.
1917 _>
_133_
Tebervlis burJuaziul-demokratiuli oqtombris socialisturi revolucia
revolucia
___________________________________________________________________________________
_134_
1917 wlis 15 noembers evgeni gegeWkoris TavmjdomareobiT TbilisSi muSaoba daiwyo
amierkavkasiis damoukidebelma mTavrobam _ komisariatma. xelisuflebis axali organos Seq
mniT amierkavkasia oficialurad gaemijna sabWoTa ruseTs. amave dros gamocxadda, rom
amierkavkasiis komisariati xelisuflebis organos rols Seasrulebda ruseTSi kanonieri xe
lisuflebis aRdgenamde.
1917 wlis 19 noembers TbilisSi gaixsna saqarTvelos pirveli erovnuli yriloba. yri
lobam miiRo dadgenileba, romelSic aRiniSna, rom ruseTSi demokratiuli wyobilebis dam
yarebis SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelo rCeboda ruseTis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi avtonomiuri
erTeulis saxiT. am rezolucias daupirispirdnen erovnul-demokratebi.
1918 wlis 6 ianvars bolSevikebma axlad arCeuli ruseTis damfuZnebeli kreba garekes.
ruseTSi damyarda bolSevikuri diqtatura. ruseTSi kanonieri xelisuflebis aRdgenis da
demokratiuli wyobilebis momlodine kavkasiel politikosebs imedi sabolood gaucruvdaT.
1918 wlis 10 Tebervals amierkavkasiis komisariatma moiwvia amierkavkasiis seimi (parla
menti). seimi Sedgeboda ruseTis damfuZnebel krebaSi arCeuli da bolSevikebis mier gamoZe
vebuli amierkavkasieli deputatebisagan. seimis Tavmjdomared airCies karlo CxeiZe.
1918 wlis 3 marts bolSevikebma germaniasTan da mis mokavSireebTan qalaq brest-litov
skSi dades separatuli zavi. es zavi bolSevikebs xelisuflebis SesanarCuneblad sWirdebo
daT. brestis zavis Tanaxmad, erTi mxriv, ruseTi da meore mxriv, germania, avstria-ungreTi,
bulgareTi da TurqeTi acxadebdnen, rom omi maT Soris Sewyvetilia; teritoriebi, romle
bic SeTanxmebuli mxareebis mier dadgenili xazis dasavleTiT mdebareobda da adre ruseTs
ekuTvnoda, amis Semdeg misi aRar iqneboda (fineTi, varSavis sahercogo/poloneTi, baltiis
pireTi); ruseTi pirobas debda, rom gaaTavisuflebda aRmosavleT anatoliis provinciebs da
daubrundebda TurqeTs, aseve jars gaiyvanda ardaganis, yarsisa da baTumis olqebidan da ar
Caereoda am olqebis saxelmwifoebriv-samarTlebrivi mowyobaSi; dadebda zavs axladSeqmnil
ukrainis saxalxo respublikasTan da sxv.
TurqeTis xelisuflebam amierkavkasiis mTavrobas brestis zavis pirobaTa Sesruleba
mosTxova. amierkavkasia rTul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. seimma TurqeTis moTxovna uaryo.
amierkavkasiis komisariatsa da seims kargad esmoda, rom omi TurqeTTan advili ar iyo, ami
tom diplomatiuri gziT scades konfliqtis mogvareba.
14 marts qalaq trapizonSi daiwyo amierkavkasia-TurqeTis sazavo molaparakeba. amierkav
kasiis delegacias akaki Cxenkeli meTaurobda. TurqeTis delegacia kategoriulad moiTxovda
brest-litovskis zavis pirobebis Sesrulebas. TurqeTis armiam saomari moqmedebebi daiwyo
da samxreT kavkasiis sazRvrebSi SemoiWra. Seiqmna krizisuli viTareba. TurqeTis armiis Sema
Cerebeli Zala kavkasiis mTavrobas ar hyavda. aseT mZime situaciaSi 9 aprils Seikriba amier
kavkasiis seimi. seimma gamoacxada amierkavkasiis demokratiuli federaciuli respublikis
damoukidebloba. amierkavkasiis federaciul respublikaSi imTaviTve gamoikveTa interesTa
dapirispireba. germanuli orientaciis saqarTvelos, inglisuri orientaciis somxeTisa da
Turquli orientaciis azerbaijanis erT saxelmwifoSi arseboba SeuZlebeli iyo. sagareo
politikuri orientaciis garda, amierkavkasiis saxelmwifoTa erTobas xels uSlida teri
toriis sakiTxic _ qarTvelebs, somxebsa da azerbaijanelebs erTmaneTTan sasazRvro dava
hqondaT.
1918 wlis 11 maiss (amierkavkasiis seimis gadawyvetilebiT 1918 wlis 18 aprils SemoiRes
axali stilis (grigorianuli) kalendari da es dRe gamocxadda 1 maisad). baTumSi ganaxlda
amierkavkasia-TurqeTis sazavo molaparakebebi. TurqeTi pozicias ar cvlida. akaki Cxenkelma
saqarTvelos erovnul sabWos SesTavaza germaniis, rogorc I msoflio omSi TurqeTis mokavSi
ris, daxmarebiT saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba. am SemTxvevaSi germanis elCi fon
losovi kisrulobda TurqeTTan molaparakebebSi Suamavlobas. akaki Cxenkeli Seudga germaniis
daxmarebiT saqarTvelos damoukideblobis momzadebas. man daarwmuna saqarTvelos erovnuli
_135_
sabWo, rom amierkavkasiis samokavSireo saxelmwifos gadarCena SeuZlebelia da TurqeTis ag
resiisgan Tavis daRwevis erTaderTi saSualeba saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebaa.
1918 wlis 26 maiss amierkavkasiis seimis ukanaskneli sxdoma gaimarTa. seimma amierkavka
siis demokratiuli federaciuli respublika daSlilad gamoacxada, TviTon ki uflebamo
sileba moixsna. imave dRes mefisnacvlis yofil rezidenciaSi, golovinis (dRevandeli rus
Tavelis) gamzirze, imave darbazSi, sadac Tavisi ukanaskneli sxdoma gamarTa amierkavkasiis
seimma, gaixsna saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos sxdoma. erovnul sabWos noe Jordaniam gaacno
`saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti~, romlis Tanaxmad gamocxadda saqarTvelos damouki
debloba. mTavrobis Tavmjdomarem, noe ramiSvilma msoflios saxelmwifoTa mTavrobebs ude
peSa saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis Seqmnis faqti. 28 maiss TbilisSi seimis somexma
da azerbaijanelma deputatebma Tavisi qveynebis damoukidebloba gamoacxades.
erTa liga
I msoflio omis Semdeg gaCnda Sexeduleba, rom omebi politikur gaugebrobaTa da saer
TaSoriso politikaSi sazogadoebriobis Caurevlobis Sedegia. sayovelTao mSvidobis misaR
wevad, saxelmwifoTa Soris dialogisa da saerTaSoriso wesebis uzenaesobis dasamkvidreb
lad 1919 wels parizis sazavo konferenciaze dafuZnda msoflioSi pirveli saerTaSoriso
organizacia _ erTa liga. erTa ligis wesdeba 1920 wlis 10 ianvars Sevida ZalaSi. misi damfuZ
nebeli iyo 44 qveyana. Tumca mis wevrebs Soris ar iyo ori umniSvnelovanesi saxelmwifo: aSS
da ruseTi. erTa ligaSi sxvadasxva dros 60-mde saxelmwifo iyo gawevrianebuli. maT Soris
germania _ 1926 wels, xolo sabWoTa kavSiri 1934 wels miiRes erTa ligaSi (orive _ sabWos
mudmivi wevris statusiT). agresiuli politikis gamo erTa ligidan sxvadasxva dros garicxes:
_137_
iaponia da germania (1933 w.), italia (1937 w.), ssrk (1939 w.). bevri qveyana Tavisi nebiT tovebda
ligas. bolo asambleis dros (1946 w. 19 aprils) masSi iricxeboda 34 saxelmwifo.
erTa ligis muSaobas xelmZRvanelobda generaluri mdivani. erTa ligis mTavari mmar
Tveli organoebi, romlebic mdebareobdnen JenevaSi, iyo: 1. sabWo _ Sedgeboda 4 mudmivi
(didi britaneTi, safrangeTi, italia, iaponia) da 4 arCeviTi wevrisgan. sabWos funqcia iyo,
konfliqtis dros Seesrulebina mediatoris roli, ekonomikuri sanqciebis gziT gaeneit
ralebina agresori qveyana. 2. asamblea _ msoflio parlamentis Seqmnis pirveli mcdeloba.
asambleaze ganixileboda sxvadasxva saxis msoflio problemebi da miiReboda gadawyvetile
bebi. TiToeul qveyanas hqonda erTi xma. nebismier saxelmwifos hqonda ufleba, veto daedo
nebismier gadawyvetilebaze. am erTi SexedviT demokratiulma principma araqmediTunariani
gaxada erTa liga. vinaidan mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi xSirad iblokeboda.
erTa ligis Seqmnas I msoflio omis `did monaniebad~ acxadebdnen da mas civilizaciis
gadarCenis erTaderT saSualebad miiCnevdnen. rwmena, rom mSvidoba yvela saxelmwifos saer
To interesi da survilia da rom yvela potenciuri konfliqtis Tavidan acileba SeiZleba,
idealisturi da utopisturi iyo. 20-ian wlebSi erTa ligam marTlac SeZlo ramdenime kon
fliqtis efeqturad mogvareba, magram 30-iani wlebis mougvarebelma konfliqtebma (iaponiis
agresia manjuriaSi, germaniis mier rainis okupacia, italiis mier eTiopiis okupacia, espa
neTis samoqalaqo omi, germaniis agresia Cexoslovakiasa da avstriaze) azri daukarga erTa
ligis arsebobas da msoflio axal masStabur omSi CaiTria.
1941 wels gaimarTa erTa ligis generaluri asambleis ukanaskneli sxdoma. xolo 1946
wlis aprilSi erTa ligam TviTlikvidacia gamoacxada da asparezi Tavis memkvidres, gaerTia
nebuli erebis organizacias dauTmo.
ekonomika
ruseTis imperiis ngrevam da I-ma msoflio omma saqarTvelos mZime ekonomikuri memkvid
reoba dautova. mrewvelobis asamuSaveblad mTavrobam ucxouri investiciebis
mozidvaze gaakeTa aqcenti. 1918 wlis zafxulidan germanuli kapitalis daxmarebiT daiw
yo WiaTuris manganumis amoReba da eqsporti.Ppirvel msoflio omSi germaniis marcxis Semdeg
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobam manganumis eqsporti saxelmwifo mono
poliad gamoacxada da eqsportis ufleba gadasca specialurad Seqmnil `WiaTuris manganu
mis saeqsporto sazogadoebas“. sazogadoebas mogebis 35 % saxelmwifo biujetisaTvis unda
gadaeca. sazRvargareT manganumze moTxovnileba Zalze didi iyo, rac iZleoda eqsportis
mniSvnelovnad gazrdis saSualebas. ganxorcielda agreTve tyibulis qvanaxSiris sabadoebis
nacionalizaciac. saqarTvelos ekonomikis swraf reabilitacias xels uSlida is garemoeba,
rom arastabiluri politikuri viTarebis gamo ucxoeli kapitalistebi eridebodnen saqar
Tvelos mrewvelobaSi kapitalis dabandebas. riskze ar midioda arc adgilobrivi burJuazia.
1920 wels Camoyalibda `saqarTvelos respublikis umaRlesi ekonomikuri sabWo“. mis fun
qcias Seadgenda ekonomikis ganviTarebaze zrunva. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis
mTavroba Seudga seriozuli agraruli reformis gatarebas, romelic saxelmwifo fondebidan
kerZo sakuTrebaSi miwis gacemas iTvaliswinebda. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis
mTavrobis socialuri da ekonomikuri politikiT gaTvaliswinebuli bevri RonisZieba drois
simciris gamo bolomde ver dasrulda. yvelaze warmatebuli ekonomikuri reforma aRmoC
nda damoukidebeli qveynis fuladi niSnis _ bonis emisia, romelmac xeli Seuwyo SedarebiT
ekonomikur stabilurobas. qarTuli bonis kursi mezobeli qveynebis valutasTan SedarebiT
simyariT gamoirCeoda.
_142_
80. 1924 wlis antisabWoTa ajanyeba saqarTveloSi
_144_
81. evropa I msoflio omis Semdgom.
XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis bolos da 30-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ekonomikuri krizisi espaneT
Sic mZvinvarebda. 1931 wels espaneTSi monarqia usisxlo revoluciis gziT daemxo da respublika
gamocxadda. Tumca aman qveyanas mSvidoba ver moutana. erTmaneTs daupirispirdnen memarcxeneebi
(komunistebi, anarqistebi, socialistebi da respublikelebi) da memarjveneebi (konservatorebi da
faSisturi `espanuri falanga~). 1936 wlis Tebervlis saparlamento arCevnebSi memarcxene saxalxo
frontma gaimarjva, magram axalma mTavrobam ver SeZlo qveyanaSi wesrigis damyareba. muSaTa ga
ficvebi grZeldeboda, katalonia damoukideblobas iTxovda, gaxSirda politikuri mkvlelobebi.
amis sapasuxod marokoSi ganlagebul espanur samxedro nawilSi amboxi daiwyo, romelsac saTaveSi
generali francisko franko Caudga. man daxmarebisTvis germaniisa da italiis mTavrobebs mimar
Ta. frankos mxari dauWira kaTolikurma eklesiam. wlis bolosTvis mas naxevari espaneTi ukve
_146_
aRebuli hqonda. respublikelebs mxars uWerdnen sxvadasxva qveynebidan Camosuli moxaliseebi,
e. w. `internacionaluri brigadebi~. sabWoTa kavSirma espaneTSi samxedro gamocdilebis mqone
komunistebi (nkvd-s warmomadgenlebi) da samxedro aRWurviloba gagzavna. 1937 wlis martSi res
publikelebma gvadalaxarasTan italielTa samxedro korpusi gaanadgures. amis sapasuxod germa
nulma aviaciam aprilSi baskuri qalaqi gernika dabomba, sadac, samxedroebTan erTad, mSvidobiani
mosaxleobac daiRupa. 1939 wels frankistebma jer barselona aiRes, Semdeg ki _ madridi. respub
likurma armiam kapitulacia gamoacxada. samoqalaqo omi dasrulda. evropis qveynebma da aSS-ma
kanonierad cnes frankos mTavroba. samoqalaqo omSi 300 aTasamde adamiani daiRupa.
1929 wels msoflio ekonomikurma krizisma moicva, romelic 10 wels grZeldeboda. am kri
zisma gamoiwvia bankebis gakotreba, industriuli warmoebisa da soflis meurneobis daqveiTeba,
qalaqebis gaRatakeba, soflis meurneobis nawarmze fasebis 50%-iT dakleba, masobrivi umu
Sevroba. es movlena `didi depresiis~ saxeliT Sevida istoriaSi. misi Sedegebi umetesad aSS-ma
iwvnia, amitom xSirad did depresiaSi amerikis ekonomikur kriziss gulisxmoben. didi depre
siis ZiriTadi mizezebi iyo: 1) arasakmarisi fuladi resursebi. mrewvelobis swrafi tempebiT
ganviTarebam da axali tipis produqciis (avtomanqana, TviTmfrinavi, radio da sxv.) Seqmnam sa
qonlis raodenobisa da asortimentis mravaljeradi zrda gamoiwvia. gansazRvrulma fuladma
resursebma da produqciis matebam deflacia (fasebis dacema) gamoiwvia, rasac mravali mcire
da saSualo sawarmos gakotreba mohyva; 2) mravali msxvili sawarmo mainc agrZelebda produq
ciis warmoebas, rasac Warbwarmoebis krizisi mohyva; 3) medicinis gaumjobesebam da cxovrebis
donis awevam mokvdaobis Semcireba da mosaxleobis raodenobis swrafi zrda gamoiwvia.
1920-ian wlebSi daiwyo saSualo fenis spekulaciuri bumi. amerikelebis umetesoba sax
srebs sxvadasxva aqciebSi abandebda. aqciebze moTxovna izrdeboda. Tu moqalaqeebs saxsrebi
ar hqondaT, bankebidan sesxs iRebdnen da aqciebs yidulobdnen. aqciebis fasi dRiTidRe iz
rdeboda, rac didxans ver gagrZeldeboda. 1929 wlis 24 oqtombers, `Sav xuTSabaTs~ daiwyo aq
ciebis swrafi gaufasureba. gaiyida 13 milioni aqcia, xolo 29 oqtombers, `saSinel samSabaTs~
_ 16,5 milioni aqcia. sul momdevno dReebSi gaiyida 30 milioni aqcia. aqciebi gaufasurda
da milionobiT investori gakotrda. mTeli kviris manZilze aSS-is savaWro ekonomikurma ba
zarma 30 mlrd. dolari dakarga. bankebi, romlebic adre aqciebis Sesyidvas afinansebdnen da
klientebis nawils amisTvis fuls aZlevdnen, uZlurni aRmoCndnen, danarCeni klientebisTvis
vali daebrunebinaT, gadasaxadebi gadaexadaT an mewarmeebisTvis sesxi gamoeyoT; bevri banki
gakotrda. imis gamo, rom mewarmeebs bankebidan kreditebis miReba aRar SeeZloT, bevri sawar
moc gakotrda, ramac, Tavis mxriv, umuSevrobis katastrofuli zrda gamoiwvia. yoveli meoT
xe amerikeli umuSevari darCa. umZimes mdgomareobaSi Cavarda dasavleT evropac, radgan maTi
warmoeba jer ise Zlieri ar iyo da amerikul sabanko sesxebze iyo damokidebuli, aSS-ma ki
swrafad moiTxova kreditebis dabruneba. 1932 wels aSS-is prezidentad demokrati franklin
delano ruzvelti airCies. man dauyovnebliv miaRebina kongress 70 sakanonmdeblo aqti, rom
lebic warmoebis, soflis meurneobis, vaWrobis gajansaRebas emaxureboda. yvela am RonisZie
bam erTi saxelwodeba _ `axali kursi~ miiRo. axali kursis erT-erTi pirveli nabiji bankebis
raodenobis Semcireba iyo (1933 w-dan 1939 w.-mde 15%-iT Semcirda). aqtivebi 37%-iT gamsxvil
da. sazogadoebrivi saqmianobisTvis saxelmwifom 12 mlrd. dolari gamoyo. saxelmwifo Tavad
asaqmebda mosaxleobas sxvadasxva sferoSi, mag: xeebis dargvaze, niadagis eroziasTan brZola
ze, mdinareebis dasufTavebaze, nakrZalebis Seqmnaze; fermerebs gamoeyoT saxsrebi, raTa maT
naklebi raodenobis, magram xarisxiani marcvleuli moeyvanaT. amiT marcvleulis fasebi gai
_147_
zarda. dawesda fiqsirebuli fasebi da xelfasebi. dadginda mSromelTa pensiebis moculoba.
sapensio asaki 65 wliT ganisazRvra. umuSevrebs, SezRuduli SesaZleblobis pirebis, oblebsa
da qvrivebs daeniSnaT daxmareba. dadginda samuSao saaTebis maqsimaluri zRvari da aikrZala
mozardebis muSaoba. 1936 wels ruzvelti prezidentad axali vadiT airCies. 1937 wels aSS-is
mrewvelobam 1929 wlis, anu depresiamde arsebul niSnuls miaRwia.
I msoflio omis Semdeg gaCnda imedi, rom momavalSi kacobrioba Tavidan aicilebda omeb
sa da konfliqtebs, magram es rwmena male Seirya. omiT daTrgunul da didi depresiiT welSi
gatexil evropaSi sul ufro izrdeboda komunisturi da faSisturi ideologiebis popula
ruloba; liberalur-demokratiuli Rirebulebebi TandaTan gaufasurda, radgan adamianebs
samsaxuri da elementaruli saarsebo pirobebi enatrebodaT, radikaluri ideologiebis war
momadgenlebi ki maT ekonomikur aRmavlobas hpirdebodnen. xalxma daujera am dapirebebs,
Tumca maT ar hqondaT realuri warmodgena marqsizmsa da faSizmze.
1920-ian wlebSi didi britaneTi saSinao krizisma moicva. didma depresiam qveynis ekono
mika mZime dReSi Caagdo. gaizarda umuSevroba. mosaxleoba socialur reformebs iTxovda, me
marcxene ideologia popularuli gaxda. britanul koloniebSi ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba
boboqrobda. saSinao viTareba SedarebiT gamosworda 1935 wlidan, rodesac xelisuflebaSi
leiboristebis nacvlad konservatorebi movidnen 10 wliT. maT sagareo politikis kursad e.
w. `daSoSminebis politika~ gamoacxades, rac, axali omis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, nebismier
politikur ZalasTan molaparakebebis gamarTvas da garkveul daTmobebze wasvlas gulisxmobda
didi britaneTisgan gansxvavebiT, safrangeTi iZulebuli iyo, ufro aqtiurad CarTuliyo ev
ropul problemebSi. germaniasTan daZabuli urTierTobebis pirobebSi, 1929-32 wlebSi safran
geTma e. w. `maJinos xaziT~ (sangrebiTa da mavTulxlarTebiT) gaamagra aRmosavleT sazRvari.
1922 wels germaniasa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris qalaq rapaloSi TanamSromlobis xelSek
ruleba daido, romelic momavalSi mimarTuli iqneboda dasavleT evropis winaaRmdeg. 1923
wlis noemberSi, roca nacistebma saxelmwifo gadatrialebis mowyoba scades da germaniis xe
lisuflebam SeZlo ajanyebis aRkveTa, dasavleTis politikosebi mixvdnen, rom aucilebeli
iyo versalis sazavo pirobebis Semsubuqeba.
1933 wels, germaniaSi nacisturi xelisuflebis mosvlis Semdgom, evropis qveynebma ko
leqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistemis SemuSavebaze daiwyes fiqri. maT scades, SeeqmnaT
strategiuli samkuTxedi da sabWoTa kavSirisTvis daepirispirebinaT germania. swored
amitom 1934 wels erTa ligaSi, sabWos mudmivi wevris statusiT, miiRes ssrk. stalins Tavisi
gegmebi hqonda. mas dasavleTTan urTierTobis gaumjobeseba da politikuri izolaciisgan
Tavis daRweva undoda, magram ara evropuli problemebis mosagvareblad, aramed evropaSi
komunisturi partiebis legalizaciis gasaioleblad.
1933 wlidan, rac germaniam erTa liga datova, nacistebi Tanmimdevrulad arRvevdnen versa
lis xelSekrulebis pirobebs. 1935 wels maT saaris mxareSi Caatares plebisciti, romlis Sede
gad igi raixs miuerTes; 1936 wels daikaves rainis demilitarizebuli zona; SemoiRes savaldebu
lo samxedro samsaxuri da aaRorZines raixis aviacia. avstriaSi nacistebma moawyves kancler
dolfusis mkvleloba da moamzades niadagi avstriis `anSlusisTvis~ (SeerTeba). 1938 wlis
martSi hitleri triumfiT Sevida venaSi da `didi germaniis~ Seqmna gamoacxada. avstrielTa
didi nawili sixaruliT Sexvda hitlers, radganac I msoflio omis Semdeg dangreuli imperiis
_148_
aRorZinebis imedi CaesaxaT. evropis politikosebi mixvdnen, rom koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis
politikas sasurveli Sedegebi ar mohqonda. britaneTis TaosnobiT upiratesoba `daSoSminebis
politikas~ mieniWa. 1935 wels evropam Tvali daxuWa faSisturi italiis agresiaze eTiopiaSi.
erTa ligam mxolod ekonomikuri sanqciebi gaatara italiis winaaRmdeg. 1936 wels, espaneTis
samoqalaqo omis dawyebis Semdeg, britaneTma da safrangeTma mouwodes evropul qveynebs, ar
Careuliyvnen saomar moqmedebebSi da arc iaraRi miewodebinaT romelime mxarisTvis. am nabijiT
evropam droebiT aicila Tavidan axali msoflio omis dawyeba, Tumca espaneTi komunistebisa
da faSistebis saTareSod gawira. hitlers xels aZlevda `daSoSminebis politika~. igi `mSvido
biani agresiis~ kurss daadga. hitleri ar dakmayofilda arc miunxenis garigebiT.
man berlinSi daibara Cexoslovakiis prezidenti eduard beneSi da Cexoslovakiis upiro
bo kapitulacia moiTxova. beneSs sxva gza aRar hqonda _ germanuli jari ukve sazRvris iqiT
iyo gadasuli. avstriisa da sudetis olqisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac hitlers didi aRlumiT
Seegebnen, praRa mdumared da SiSiT Sexvda dampyrobels. Cexoslovakiis dapyrobis Semdeg cxa
di gaxda, rom hitleris mizani mxolod germanuli miwebis gaerTianeba ar iyo. `daSoSminebis
politikam~ azri dakarga. male gairkva, rom hitleris sabWoTa kavSirze waqezebis politi
kac mcdari iyo. stalinma germaniasTan droebiT dazaveba gadawyvita, raTa dro moego Za
lebis mobilizaciisTvis. 1939 wlis 23 agvistos moskovSi daido germania-sabWoTa kavSiris
urTierTTavdausxmelobis (e. w. molotov-ribentropis) paqti. paqts axlda saidumlo punqte
bi, romlis mixedviT xelmomwerma mxareebma gaiyves gavlenis sferoebi aRmosavleT evropaSi.
germanias ergeboda dasavleT poloneTi, xolo ssrk-s _ besarabia, fineTi, baltiispireTis
qveynebi da aRmosavleT poloneTi. am saidumlo damatebis Sesaxeb msofliosTvis cnobili
gaxda mxolod 1945 wels, rodesac dasavlel mokavSireebs nacisturi arqivebi CauvardaT
xelSi. sabWoTa kavSir-germaniis Tavdausxmelobis paqtiT stalinma hitleri waaqeza polo
neTSi intervenciisTvis. man kargad icoda, poloneTTan omi msoflio omad rom gadaiqceoda.
amasTan, imedovnebda, rom dasustebuli germania ssrk-sTan meore frontis gaxsnas veRar ga
bedavda. britaneTma poloneTTan samokavSireo xelSekruleba gaaforma.
1939 wlis 1 seqtembers hitleri poloneTSi SeiWra, 3 seqtembers ki britaneTma da safran
geTma germanias omi gamoucxada. daiwyo II msoflio omi.
1939 wlis¡1 seqtembers, germaniis poloneTSi SeWriT, daiwyo II msoflio omi. molotov-
-ribentropis paqtma axali geopolitikuri viTareba Seqmna. dasavleTis saxelmwifoebi (didi
britaneTi, safrangeTi, kanada) daupirispirdnen `RerZis blokisa~ (germania, italia, iaponia) da
ssrk-s alianss.
II msoflio omis pirvel etapi nacistebis poloneTSi SeWridan safrangeTSi SeWramde (1940
wlis maisi) grZeldeboda. am etaps `ucnaur oms~ uwodeben. britaneTi da safrangeTi ar iyvnen
mzad omisTvis. Cemberleni agrZelebda `daSoSminebis politikas~. dasavleTs faruli imedi
hqonda, rom germania Tavis agresias aRmosavleTiT, ruseTis winaaRmdegwarmarTavda, romlis
dapyrobazec didi xania, ocnebobda. 1940 wlis aprilSi hitlerma gaxsna dasavleTis fronti.
maisSi Cemberleni gadadga da axalma premier-ministrma uinston CerCilma Secvala mokavSire
Ta politika. `ucnauri omi~ dasrulda.
germaniis Setevis Semdeg poloneTi marto aRmoCnda dampyrobelTa pirispir. frangebma
ar Seuties germanias, ingliselebma ki mxolod proklamaciebi Camoyares berlinSi. 9 seqtem
_149_
bers germanelebma varSavas alya Semoartyes. nangrevebad qceuli qalaqis mosaxleoba san
grebs Txrida da xangrZlivi alyisTvis emzadeboda. 15 seqtembers nacistebma gaavrceles
dezinformacia, rom varSava daeca. 17 seqtembers ssrk-s jari SeiWra poloneTSi misi daxmare
bis sababiT. sinamdvileSi germania da ssrk molotov-ribentropis paqtis saidumlo pirobebs
axorcielebdnen da poloneTs Suaze iyofdnen. es naTlad gamomJRavnda maSin, rodesac polo
neTis okupaciis Semdeg ssrk-sa da germaniis jarebma erToblivi samxedro aRlumi Caatares
qalaq brestSi. 28 seqtembers daido ssrk-germaniis axali xelSekruleba megobrobisa da saz
Rvrebis Sesaxeb. germaniam litva ssrk-s gaucvala polonuri miwebis nawilSi. 5-kviriani Tav
ganwiruli brZolis Semdeg, polonelebma kapitulacia gamoacxades. poloneTze swrafi sam
xedro gamarjvebis Semdeg damkvidrda termini `elviseburi omi~, anu `blickrigi~, romelic
germaniis samxedro taqtikis ganuyofel nawilad iqca 1941 wlis miwurulamde. dapyrobil
poloneTSi nacistebma Seqmnes gemaniis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis _ vermaxtis daqvemdebarebaSi
myofi poloneTis sageneralgubernatoro. poloneTi nacisturi ideologiisa da rasobrivi
politikis sacdel poligonad gadaiqca. saavadmyofoebidan gamoyares moxucebi da unarSez
Ruduli adamianebi. bavSvTa saxlebSi daiwyes bavSvTa gadarCeva. `rasobrivad uvargis~ adamia
nebs (maT Soris bavSvebs) xocavdnen an samedicino eqsperimentebisTvis iyenebdnen. osvencimsa
da maidanekSi Seiqmna sakoncentracio banakebi.
sabWoTa kavSiris mier dapyrobil aRmosavleT poloneTSi Catarda fsevdoreferendumi,
romelmac daadastura am teritoriis ukrainis ssr-sTan da belorusiis ssr-sTan mierTeba.
daiwyo sabWoTa terori. 1941 wlis zafxulamde sabWoTa uSiSroebam xelisuflebisTvis `po
litikurad miuRebeli~ 2 milionamde adamiani gulagebsa da Sua aziis respublikebSi gadaa
saxla. ssrk-poloneTis omis dros tyved Cavardnili polonelebi tyveTa banakebSi moaTavses.
iq isini gadaarCies da 26 000 poloneli samxedro tyve (umetesoba rezervis oficeri) katinis
tyeSi daxvrites da saerTo samareSi daasaflaves.
lend-lizis programa
sameulis erT-erTi pirveli mniSvnelovani RonisZieba iyo 1941 wels britaneTidan qalaq
murmanskamde sazRvao gzis gaxsna humanitaruli tvirTis gadasazidad. aSS-m gamoZebna kidev er
Ti alternatiuli, saxmeleTo gza. ssrk-s tvirTi sparseTis yuris gavliT miewodeboda. `lend-
lizis~ (aSS-s daxmarebis programa germaniis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli qveynebisTvis: Tavdapirvelad
exmareboda did britaneTs amaragebda did britaneTsa da safrangeTs, Semdeg ki sabWoTa kavSirs,
CineTs da sxva mokavSire saxelmwifoebs sabrZolo masaliT, sursaTiTa da nedleuliT).
didi sameulis politikuri gegmebi 1942 wlis 1 ianvars vaSingtonis paqtSi iqna gacxade
buli, romlis Tanaxmad `RerZis koaliciis~ winaaRmdeg mebrZolma 26-ma saxelmwifom Seqmna
samxedro kavSiri `gaerTianebuli erebi~. paqtis wevrma saxelmwifoebma aiRes valdebuleba,
ar daedoT araviTari separatuli xelSekruleba. am paqtma 4 wlis Semdeg safuZveli daudo
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis Seqmnas.
1942 wlis maisidan mokavSireTa aviaciam daiwyo germaniis qalaqebis intensiuri dabombva.
kampaniis mizani iyo germanuli mosaxleobis daSineba da nacistebisTvis mxardaWeris Sesus
teba.stalinma didi sameulis aliansis amoqmedebisTanave mosTxova britanelebs da amerike
lebs evropaSi meore frontis gaxsna. germanuli samxedro Zalebis 150 divizia aRmosavleTis
frontze iyo koncentrirebuli maSin, rodesac CrdiloeT afrikaSi mxolod oTxi divizia im
yofeboda. mokavSireebi mzad ar iyvnen saxmeleTo brZolebis sawarmoeblad, samagierod maTma
aviaciam moaxerxa aRmosavleTis frontidan `luftvafes~ Zalebis Tavisken mizidva.
dasavleTis frontis gaxsnis gaWianurebas obieqturi mizezebi hqonda. evropul portebs
nacistebi akontrolebdnen, CrdiloeT safrangeTSi ki mokavSireTa SesaZlo Semotevis SesaCe
reblad sanapiro TavdacviTi xazi aaSenes. xmelTaSua zRvaSi britanelebi inarCunebdnen mal
tis garnizons da akontrolebdnen suecis arxs. CrdiloeT afrikaSi ganlagebul germanul
korpuss, romelsac generali ervin romeli meTaurobda, 1943 wlis maisSi mokavSireebma alya
Semoartyes da afrikis datoveba aiZules.
_153_
1943 wlis ivlisSi daiwyo Seteva samxreT italiaze. marSalma badoliom daarwmuna ita
liis mefe, moexsna duCe da daTanxmeboda mokavSireebTan molaparakebebis warmoebas.
nacistebma dapatimrebuli musolini specoperaciiT gamoixsnes, milanSi gadaiyvanes da
CrdiloeT italiis faSistur respublikas Cauyenes saTaveSi.
II msoflio omis mTavari fronti aRmosavleTze gadioda. 1942 wels vermaxtis Zalebi
veRar axerxebdnen am mimarTulebiT winsvlas. erTeuli lokaluri warmatebebi ver qmnida
gamarjvebis iluzias. sabWoTa armiam SeZlo samxedro resursebis ganaxleba. stalingradTan
germanuli diviziebi mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen. erTaderTi xsna ukan daxeva iyo, mag
ram moskovTan marcxis Semdeg kidev erTi ukan daxeva hitlerisTvis miuRebeli iyo. man fel
dmarSal fon pauliuss ubrZana, nebismier fasad gaeZlo, vidre guderianis satanko diviziebi
mieSvelebodnen. dadga zamTari. guderianis diviziebma ver moaxerxes alyis garRveva da ukan
gabrundnen. samTviani Tavganwiruli xelCarTuli brZolebis Semdeg, 1943 wlis TebervalSi,
pauliusis armia danebda. stalingradTan daxocil da gayinul jariskacTa raodenobam orive
mxridan 1 milions gadaaWarba. es iyo samxedro istoriis yvelaze masStaburi brZola. stalin
gradTan gamarjveba gaxda II msoflio omSi Semobrunebis wertili.
1943 wlis gazafxulze wiTelma armiam `didi samamulo omis~ (ase uwodebdnen ssrk-Si ger
maniis winaaRmdeg oms) manZilze pirvelad Seutia erTiani frontiT. kurskis misadgomebTan
gamarTul satanko brZolaSi sabWoTa armiam germanuli satanko Zalebis mniSvnelovani nawili
gaanadgura. CerCilis xatovani gamonaTqvamiT, `zRvis moqceva Seicvala miqceviT~. informa
ciam stalingradTan germanelebis damarcxebis Sesaxeb mTel evropaSi gaamxneva winaaRmde
gobis moZraoba. Tu manamde faruli organizaciebi wvrilmani sabotaJiT kmayofildebodnen,
amis Semdeg maT ufro masStaburi gegmebis ganxorcieleba daiwyes.
1943-1945 wlebSi wiTeli armia SeuCereblad miiwevda win ramdenime mimarTulebiT _ jer
dneprisken, Semdeg vislas da dunais mimarTulebiT balkaneTisken. omis bolo etapze, 1945
wlis ianvarSi sabWoTa armiam mdinare oderis gavliT berlinisken aiRo gezi. stalins surda,
daeswro dasavleli mokavSireebisTvis da rac SeiZleba meti teritoria daekavebina aRmo
savleT evropaSi. swored amaze iyo dafuZnebuli sabWoTa armiis samxedro taqtika. sabWoTa
jaris nawili alyas artyamda nacistebis did dajgufebas da jaris ZiriTad nawils kvlav
winsvlis saSualebas aZlevda. amgvari alyaSemortymuli narCenebi aRmosavleT evropaSi ber
linis dacemis Semdegac moiZebneboda.
omis bolo etapis samxedro operaciebi 1945 wlis ianvridan daiwyo. amerikuli da brita
nuli bombdamSenebi miwasTan asworebdnen germanul qalaqebs. aRmosavleTis frontze vermax
tis jariskacebi ltolvilebad iqcnen. hitlerma mimarTa ukanasknel Zalisxmevas da brZana
moxaliseTa `folkSturm~ razmebis dakompleqteba, sadac 14 wlis zemoT asakis yvela mamakaci
gaawevrianes. es iyo skolis moswavleTa, invalidTa da veteranTa nakrebi, romelic sikvdi
lisTvis iyo ganwiruli. nacistebi cdilobdnen, ukvalod gaenadgurebinaT sakoncentracio
banakebi. ialtis konferenciaze gadawyda, rom berlinze saboloo Setevas sabWoTa jarebi ga
naxorcielebdnen. berlinis mimarTulebiT svla sabWoTa jarebma marSal Jukovis meTaurobiT
jer kidev 1945 wlis 12 ianvars daiwyes. mokavSireebma gaaTavisufles niderlandebi, saqsonia
da berlinisken daiZrnen. berlinis garSemo wre TandaTan ikvreboda. alyaSemortymuli ber
_155_
linidan Tavis daRwevas cdilobdnen umaRlesi rangis nacistebi. erT-erTi bolo TviTmfri
navi, romelic berlinidan afrinda, nacisturi arqiviT iyo savse.
berlinTan Tavmoyrili iyo milionze meti sabWoTa jariskaci da oficeri. Jukovis Cana
fiqriT, berlinis aReba TvalismomWreli speqtakli unda yofiliyo. 16 aprils, dilis xuT
saaTze 140-ma proJeqtorma moulodnelad gaanaTa Cabnelebuli qalaqi. daiwyo masirebuli
dabombva. sabWoTa qveiTi jarebi da satanko diviziebi Setevaze gadavidnen. 2 maiss raixstag
ze sabWoTa jariskacebma mixeil egorovma da meliton qanTariam sabWoTa droSa aRmarTes.
1945 wlis 8 maiss germaniis vermaxtis feldmarSalma kaitelma mokavSireTa sardlobis winaSe
xeli moawera germaniis usityvo kapitulacias. evropaSi omi dasrulda.
omi iaponiasTan
iaponel samxedroebs ar surdaT kapitulacia. potsdamis pirobebi miuRebeli iyo samxedro
elitisTvis. imperatori hirohito, iaponiis mTavroba da samxedro sabWo danebebisaTvis oTx
pirobas moiTxovdnen: erovnuli politikis da saimperio institutebis SenarCunebas, samxedro
Stabis mier ganiaraRebis da demobilizaciis uflebis datovebas, iaponiis teritoriis okupaciis
ardaSvebas da iaponiis mTavrobisaTvis omis damnaSaveebis gasamarTlebis uflebis gadacemas.
potsdamis konferenciis dros aSS prezidents, hari trumens, moaxsenes nevadaSi birTvu
li iaraRis warmatebuli gamocdis Sesaxeb. gadawyda iaponiis winaaRmdegobis gatexa birTvu
li iaraRis gamoyenebiT. samizned SeirCa hirosima, mniSvnelovani samrewvelo da samxedro
centri da erTaderTi qalaqi, sadac aSS dazvervis monacemebiT ar iyo ganlagebuli samxedro
tyveTa banakebi. hirosimis dabombvidan 16 saaTis Semdeg gakeTda TeTri saxlis oficialuri
gancxadeba, romelsac ar mohyolia iaponiis mTavrobis pasuxi.
gadawyda kidev erTi qalaqis _ nagasakis dabombva. 1945 wlis 9 agvistos amerikulma bomdam
Senma nagasakis Tavze dauSva atomuri bombi, metsaxelad `msuqana~. qalaqSi yvelaferi pirwmin
dad ganadgurda. iaponelebma mas `uZeglo sasaflao~ uwodes. hirosimis da nagasakis msxver
plTa raodenobis zustad dadgena gaarTula omis droindelma arazustma monacemebma, saerTo
panikam da ukontrolo migraciam. amasTan, pirvel dRes gadarCenili adamianebi wlebis ganmav
lobaSi ixocebodnen miRebuli radioaqtiuri dasxivebis gamo. zogadi monacemebiT, hirosimisa
da nagasakis afeTqebiT daRupulTa da dasxivebulTa raodenobam aseulobiT aTass miaRwia.
9 agvistos mokavSireTa TxovniT sabWoTa saxmeleTo Zalebma daiwyes saomari moqmedeba
manjuriaSi ganlagebuli iaponelTa kvantunis armiis winaaRmdeg. sabWoTa jarebma gaaTavi
sufles CineTis Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawili, CrdiloeT korea, kunZuli saxalini da kurilis
kunZulebi. 1945 wlis 27 agvistos amerikelebma daiwyes desantis gadasxma iaponiis
arqipelagis oTxive kunZulze. 2 seqtembers iaponiis sardlobam tokios yureSi amerikul
saxazo gem `misurize~ mokavSireTa winaSe usityvo kapitulacia gamoacxada. meore msoflio
omi oficialurad dasrulda.
II msoflio omi sabWoTa ideologiam `samamulo omad~ gamoacxada. igi samamulo iyo ara mar
to rusebis, aramed sabWoTa kavSirSi mcxovrebi yvela xalxisTvis, maT Soris qarTvelebisTvi
sac. daiwyo frontze masobrivi gawveva. saqarTvelodan mTeli omis manZilze 700 000 qarTveli
gaiwvies, romelTa umetesobas 18-dan 45 wlamde asakis mamakacebi iyvnen. ararusi jariskacebis
_156_
sabrZolo suliskveTebis asamaRleblad omis dasawyisSi Seiqmna erovnuli, maT Soris qarTuli
samxedro SenaerTebi. qarTuli diviziebi ibrZodnen moskovTan, leningradTan, kurskTan, ukrai
nasa da belorusiaSi, aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi. gansakuTrebiT mZime iyo qarTuli divizie
bisTvis 1942 wlis mais-ivlisSi qerCTan warmoebuli brZolebi, sadac 70 000 qarTveli daiRupa.
1942 wlis agvistoSi vermaxtis Zalebi kavkasionis uReltexils moadgnen. TavdacviT
brZolebSi gansakuTrebiT gamoiCines Tavi qarTvelebma. kavkasiis dacvis namdvili gmiri iyo
generali konstantine leseliZe. 1943 wlis ianvarSi kavkasiuri SenaerTebi Setevaze gada
vidnen da germanelebi CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTiswineTidan ukuagdes. qarTvelebi aqtiurad
monawileobdnen partizanul brZolebSi ara marto ssrk-s, aramed evropis teritoriazec.
gansakuTrebiT gaiTqva saxeli italiis erovnulma gmirma fore mosuliSvilma. aRsaniSnavia,
rom tyveebi da partizanebi, romlebic sabWoTa teritoriis miRma aRmoCndnen, samSobloSi
dabrunebis Semdeg stalinuri represiebis msxverplni gaxdnen. sabWoTa uSiSroebam maT brali
dasdo qarTul emigraciasTan da imperialistur ZalebTan TanamSromlobaSi da cimbirisa da
Sua aziis gulagebSi gaistumra.
ssrk-germaniis oms qarTuli politikuri emigracia araerTgvarovnad afasebda. social-
-demokratebi (noe Jordania, irakli wereTeli, akaki Cxenkeli, evgeni gegeWkori da sxv.) ar
emxrobodnen hitlerul germaniasTan aSkara Tu farul alianss. erovnul-demokratebis (spi
ridon kedia, revaz gabaSvili, zurab avaliSvili, grigol robaqiZe da sxv.)
azriT, germaniis mier ssrk-s damarcxeba saqarTvelos gaTavisuflebis erTaderTi Sansi
iyo. partia cdilobda hitleris dainteresebas saqarTvelos sakiTxiT, Tumca es ver moa
xerxa. amis miuxedavad, qarTvelebi aRmoCndnen vermaxtis SemadgenlobaSic. isini 1921 wels
saqarTvelodan evropaSi wasuli emigrantebi da omis dros tyved Cavardnili qarTveli ja
riskacebi iyvnen. qarTuli SenaerTebi Sedgeboda 15 batalionisgan, romlebsac qarTuli sa
xelebi erqvaT: `giorgi saakaZe~, `mefe erekle II~, `daviT aRmaSenebeli~, `Tamar mefe~, `SoTa
rusTaveli~, `ilia WavWavaZe~.sabWoTa armiis aRmosavleT evropasa da germaniaSi Sesvlis Sem
deg germanelebis mxares mebrZoli qarTvelebis umetesoba daxvrites.
ajanyeba teqselze
vermaxtis Tamar mefis saxelobis batalioni 1945 wlis zamTarSi germanelebma kunZul
teqselze (niderlandebi) gadasxes da britanuli desantisagan kunZulis dacva daavales. ba
talionSi 800-mde qarTveli jariskaci da 400-mde germaneli oficeri iricxeboda. germanelTa
poziciebis SesustebasTan erTad, qarTvelebisTvis cxadi gaxda, rom mokavSireTa jarebTan
dapirispirebis SemTxvevaSi marcxi gardauvali iqneboda. 1945 wlis 5 aprilis Rames qarTve
lebma ajanyeba daiwyes. male maT TiTqmis mTeli kunZuli daikaves. ajanyebulebs mokavSireTa
jaris daxmarebis imedi hqondaT, magram germanuli damxmare Zala ufro male movida. brZolam
22 maisamde gastana. daiRupa 800-mde germaneli, 500- mde qarTveli da 100-ze meti adgilob
rivi mcxovrebi. teqselis ajanyebas `evropis ukanaskneli omi~ uwodes.
kacobriobam drois mokle periodSi gadaitana 2 msoflio omi (1914-1918 da 1939-1945 wle
bi), romelmac udidesi ngreva da msxverpli moitana. am omebSi daiRupa bevrad meti adamiani,
vidre yvela wina omis dros erTad. I da II msoflio omebis Sedegad msoflio hegemonis roli
dakarges evropis wamyvanma saxelmwifoebma (didi britaneTi, safrangeTi, germania..), asparez
_157_
ze gamovidnen aSS da sabWoTa kavSiri, romelTac mniSvnelovnad gansazRvres XX saukunis is
toriuli procesebi. meore msoflio omSi saomari moqmedebebi mimdinareobda aziaSi, wynari
okeanis auzSi, CrdiloeT afrikaSi, amerikis kontinentze da evropaSi. omSi 72 saxelmwifo
iyo Cabmuli, uSualod samxedro moqmedebebi 40 saxelmwifos teritoriaze mimdinareobda.
6-wliani omis Sedegad sagrZnoblad Seicvala msoflio ruka: warmoiSva damoukidebeli saxel
mwifoebi, germania gaiyo or saxelmwifod, omSi gamarjvebulma ssrk-m aRmosavleT evropis
da balkaneTis didi nawilis damorCileba da Tavisi gavlenis qveS moqceva moaxerxa, daipyro
baltiispireTis qveynebi, aziaSi k. saxalini, kurilis kunZulebi da koreis CrdiloeT nawili.
omSi daaxloebiT 110 milioni adamiani iyo mobilizebuli. sxvadasxva monacemiT 60-dan 75 mi
lionamde adamiani daiRupa, maT Soris daaxloebiT 40 milioni mSvidobiani moqalaqe.
meore msoflio omSi gamarjvebuli ssrk-s, aSS-s, didi britaneTisa da safrangeTis mona
wileobiT germaniis q. niurnbergSi 1945 wlis 20 noembridan 1946 wlis 1 oqtombramde mimdina
reobda `saerTaSoriso samxedro tribunali~. man gaasamarTla nacisti damnaSaveebi. sul am sa
samarTlo procesebze wardga 177 braldebuli. maT bralad wauyenes agresiuli omis momzadeba,
warmoeba da kacobriobis winaaRmdeg Cadenili danaSaulebebi (rasizmi, holokosti da sxv.).
gaeros Seqmna
II msoflio omis dawyebis win erTa liga veRar asrulebda masze dakisrebul funqciebs. omis
dawyebis Semdeg gamoikveTa azri, rom unda Seqmniliyo axali, efeqturi saerTaSoriso organiza
cia. 1942 wlis 1 ianvars vaSingtonis deklaraciis miRebiT, romelsac xeli moawera 26-ma saxel
mwifom, xolo SemdgomSi mas SeuerTda kidev 21 saxelmwifo, Seiqmna `gaerTianebuli erebis~ sam
xedro kavSiri. kavSiris wevri yvela saxelmwifo valdebulebas iRebda, ebrZola `RerZis blokis~
winaaRmdeg da ar daedo masTan separatuli xelSekrulebebi. 1945 wlis 25 ivniss, san-franciskos
saopero Teatris darbazSi sazeimo viTarebaSi miiRes `gaerTianebuli erebis~ wesdeba. 51 saxel
mwifos mier dafuZnebuli `gaeros~ Stabbina mdebareobs niu-iorkSi. gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi
upiratesi mniSvneloba mieniWa gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos, romlis mudmivmoqmedi wevrebi, vetos
uflebiT, gaxdnen: aSS, didi britaneTi, safrangeTi, ssrk (1991 wlidan _ ruseTi), CineTi.
gaeros miznebia: msoflio mSvidobisa da uSiSroebis SenarCuneba, efeqturi koleqtiuri
zomebisa da RonisZiebebis miReba mSvidobis safrTxisa da agresiis aRsakveTad; saerTaSoriso
davebis mSvidobianad gadawyveta; adamianis uflebebis pativiscema; saerTaSoriso TanamSrom
loba ekonomikuri, socialuri, kulturuli, humanitaruli sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad. 1948
wels gaerom miiRo `adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia~. dRes organizaciaSi 200-mde
qveyanaa gawevrianebuli. saqarTvelo am organizaciis 179-e wevria 1992 wlidan.
II msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg sabWoTa kavSirma aRmosavleT evropis qveynebze kon
trolis daweseba moaxerxa, rac ramdenime mizeziT iyo ganpirobebuli: 1. omis damamTavrebel
etapze mTeli aRmosavleT evropis teritoria sabWoTa jarebs hqondaT dakavebuli; 2. sabWo
Ta jarebis didi warmatebebis fonze, mTel msoflioSi sabWoTa kavSirisa da zogadad komu
nizmis mimarT simpaTiebi gaizarda; 3. 1945 wlis TebervalSi ialtis konferenciaze stalini
daTanxmda, rom aRmosavleT evropis axlad gaTavisuflebul qveynebSi mokavSireTa meTvalyu
reobiT Catarebuliyo demokratiuli arCevnebi da xelisuflebaSi xalxis mier arCeuli mTav
robebi mosuliyvnen. sanacvlod ruzvelti da CerCili dahpirdnen stalins, rom ssrk-s saz
_158_
RvarTan arsebuli qveynebi megobrulad iqnebodnen ganwyobili sabWoTa reJimisadmi. am fonze
omis dasrulebisTanave sabWoTa kavSirma moaxerxa, rom aRmosavleT germaniaSi, poloneTSi,
bulgareTSi, ungreTSi, rumineTSi, albaneTsa da CexoslovakiaSi xelisuflebis saTaveSi so
cialisturi (komunisturi) Zalebi mosuliyvnen. Seiqmna e. w. `socialisturi banaki~, romlis
SemadgenlobaSic, saberZneTis garda, mTeli balkaneTic Sevida. sabWoTa kavSiris aqtiur moq
medebebs didi aRSfoTeba mohyva dasavleT evropasa da aSS-Si. 1946 wels aSS-Si vizitis dros,
u. CerCilma warmoTqva sityva, romliTac faqtobrivad daiwyo msoflioSi `civi omi~ _ dapi
rispireba erTi mxriv, aSSsa da mis mokavSireebs, meore mxriv, sabWoTa kavSirs Soris.
1946-1990 wlebis civi omi uaxlesi istoriis mTavari ganmsazRvreli faqtori gaxda. or
_ kapitalistur da socialistur _ banakad gayofili da atomuri iaraRiT aRWurvili msof
lio Riad dapirispirebas ver bedavda. istoriis es epoqa lokaluri omebiT da birTvuli
katastrofis gamudmebuli molodinis SiSiT iyo aRsavse. 1946-1949 wlebSi stalinis brZane
biT uSiSroebis samsaxurebma daiwyes aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis konservatiuli da libe
raluri mimarTulebis politikur partiebis Seviwroveba. am partiaTa liderebi daapatimres,
mokles an gaaZeves qveynidan. presaze damyarda cenzura. memarcxene da socialisturi mimar
Tulebis partiebi SeuerTdnen komunistur partiebs da, amdenad, arCevnebis Sedegad aRmosav
leT evropis TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi xelisuflebaSi komunistebi movidnen.
1946 wlis seqtemberSi sabWoTa kavSirSi aSS saelCos diplomatma jorj kenanma saxelmwi
fo departaments gaugzavna depeSa, romelsac mkvlevarebi miiCneven civi omis araoficialur
dasawyisad: `sabWoTa reJimi aris veluri da araprognozirebadi. igi mowodebulia daangrios
kapitalisturi samyaro. mogiwodebT SevimuSaoT axali globaluri xangrZlivmoqmedi stra
tegia sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg~.
omis Semdeg germania oTx (amerikul, inglisur, frangul da sabWoTa) zonad iyo da
yofili. sabolood gaerTianda dasavleT evropis mokavSireebis mier kontrolirebadi sami
zona, ramac axali Zlieri germanuli saxelmwifos Seqmnas Cauyara safuZveli. rac Seexeba
sabWoTa zonas, aq komunisturi germaniis demokratiuli respublika (gdr) Seiqmna. 1947 wels
aSS-is prezidentma h. trumenma kongress warudgina proeqti, romelic istoriaSi `trumenis
Sekavebis doqtrinis~ saxeliT Sevida. masSi Camoyalibda aSS-is axali sagareo politikuri kur
si, romelic gulisxmobda Tavisufali erebisaTvis sxvadasxva tipis (ekonomikur, samxedro)
daxmarebis gawevas, raTa am qveynebSi totalitaruli an komunisturi reJimi ar Seqmniliyo
(konkretul SemTxvevaSi trumeni moiTxovda 400 mln. dolars saberZneTisa da TurqeTis da
saxmareblad). `trumenis Sekavebis doqtrina~ iyo `civi omis~ oficialuri gamocxadeba. 1947
wlidan daiwyo moqmedeba `marSalis gegmamac~, romelic aSS-is saxelmwifo mdivanma, jorj
marSalma Camoayaliba. oficialurad gegmas `evropis rekonstruqciis programa~ ewoda da igi
omis Sedegad ekonomikurad dasustebuli dasavleT evropis qveynebis finansur mxardaWeras
gulisxmobda. programis Tanaxmad, 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi aSS-s finansuri daxmareba (16 mlrd.
dolari) 17-ma evropulma saxelmwifom miiRo. gansakuTrebiT didi daxmareba gaewia dasavleT
germanias. 1947 welsve das. germanias germaniis federaciuli respublika (gfr) ewoda. mas sa
TaveSi konrad adenaueri Caudga. misma mTavrobam, pirvel rigSi, ekonomikis ministris ludvig
erxardis ZalisxmeviT da aSS-s finansuri daxmarebiT moaxerxa, rom 1950 wlisTvis gfr-is
warmoeba omamde arsebul niSnuls gautolda, 1956-Si igi gaormagda, xolo 1962-Si gasam
magda. yovelive amas ssrk-ma `saTanado~ politika daupirispira. 1947 wlis miwuruls Seiqmna
gdr. 1949 wels moskovSi sabWoTa kavSirma, bulgareTma, ungreTma, rumineTma, poloneTma da
Cexoslovakiam xeli moaweres `ekonomikuri urTierTdaxmarebis kavSiris~ xelSekrulebas; es
kavSiri upirispirdeboda dasavleT evropis qveynebs da komunisturi reJimis qveynebs Soris
ekonomikur TanamSromlobas gulisxmobda.
_159_
92. nato da varSavis paqtis qveynebi
1949 wlis 4 aprils vaSingtonSi aSS-ma, kanadam, didma britaneTma, safrangeTma, italiam,
niderlandebma, portugaliam, luqsemburgma, belgiam, norvegiam, daniam da islandiam xeli
moaweres Crdilo-atlantikuri TanamSromlobis organizaciis, natos Seqmnas (NATO - The North
Atlantic Treaty Organization). organizaciis Stabbina belgiis dedaqalaq briuselSi mdebareobs.
mogvianebiT alianss SeuerTdnen saberZneTi, TurqeTi, germaniis federaciuli respublika,
espaneTi, socialisturi banakis daSlis Semdeg ki _ CexeTi, poloneTi, ungreTi, estoneTi,
litva, latvia, rumineTi, slovakeTi, slovenia da bulgareTi, xorvatia, albaneTi. natos
Tavdapirveli mizani iyo erTiani ZalebiT ssrk-sgan mosalodneli samxedro agresiis Tavidan
acileba. natos xelSekrulebis me-5 muxlis Tanaxmad, mxareebi Tanxmdebian, rom organizaciis
nebismier wevr qveyanaze Tavdasxma ganixileba, rogorc yvelaze Tavdasxma.
1955 wels, natos sapasuxod, socialisturi banakis qveynebma _ ssrk-m, albaneTma, bulga
reTma, Cexoslovakiam, gdr-m, ungreTma, poloneTma da rumineTma _ xeli moaweres varSavis
paqts. mogvianebiT, ssrk-sTan urTierTobis gauaresebis gamo, paqtidan gamovida albaneTi. am
paqtis ZiriTadi mizani iyo natos aliansidan mosalodneli safrTxis Tavidan acileba. ase
Seiqmna evropaSi ori urTierTdapirispirebuli samxedro bloki, Tumca omamde saqme ar misu
la. komunisturi banakis daSlis Semdeg, 1991 wels, varSavis paqtma arseboba Sewyvita da misi
wevrebis didi nawili natos SeuerTda.
93. civi omis epoqis omebi: korea, vietnami, karibis krizisi, avRaneTi
koreis omi. 1945 wlis agvistoSi ssrk-ma da aSS-ma korea iaponelebisgan gawmindes. maTi
SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, qveyana or nawilad _ CrdiloeT da samxreT koread gaiyo. 1950 wels ko
munisturi CrdiloeT koreis jarebma, qveynis gaerTianebis sababiT, samxreT koreis winaaRmdeg
omi wamoiwyes. imave dRes gaerom miiRo rezolucia samxreT koreisTvis daxmarebis gawevis Sesa
xeb. omSi mas daxmarebas natos wevri qveynebi uwevdnen, CrdiloeTs ki _ CineTi da ssrk (Seiara
RebiT). or weliwadSi, orive mxridan didi msxverplis miuxedavad (2 mln. daRupuli da daWri
li), omi uSedegod dasrulda da korea dRemde or saxelmwifodaa gayofili (38-e paralelze).
vietnamis omi. safrangeTis yofili kolonia vietnami 1954 wlis Semdeg or nawilad _ Crdi
loeT (komunistur) da samxreT vietnamad _ gaiyo. 1959 wlidan CrdiloeT vietnamis jarebma,
maTi lideris, xo Si minis meTaurobiT, partizanebis daxmarebis sababiT omi wamoiwyes. samxreT
vietnamis mTavrobas aSS exmareboda, romelmac 1965 wlidan vietnamSi didi raodenobiT jarebi
gadaisrola. CrdiloeT vietnams ki CineTi (samxedro ZaliT) da ssrk (SeiaraRebiTa da samxed
ro mrCevlebiT) exmarebodnen. aSS-ma am omSi qimiuri iaraRi _ defoliantebi (e.w. narinjisferi
agenti) gamoiyena. es qimiuri nivTiereba foTolcvenas iwvevda da tyeebs Sefarebuli mowi
naaRmdegis Zalebis aRmosaCenad gamoiyeneboda. sabolood es omi aSS-is damarcxebiT dasrul
da, romlis jarebma 1973 wels datoves qveyana. amiT isargebles CrdiloeT vietnamis jarebma,
daarRvies samSvidobo xelSekruleba da 1975 wlis maisSi aiRes samxreT vietnamis dedaqalaqi
saigoni. vietnami gaerTianda. omi dasrulda masSi monawile qveynebisTvis didi zaraliT (aSS-m
dakarga 58 aTasi, samxreT vietnamma _ 250 aTasi, xolo CrdiloeT vietnamma _ 1 mln. adamiani).
karibis krizisi. `civi omis~ kulminacia iyo e. w. `karibis krizisi~. 1959 wels kubaSi saxel
mwifo gadatrialeba moxda da qveynis saTaveSi revoluciis lideri fidel kastro movida. man
kubaSi aSS-is kompaniebis qonebis nacionalizacia (saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi gadacema) daiwyo. am
faqtma aSS-is gaRizianeba gamoiwvia da 1962 wels kuba amerikuli saxelmwifoebis organizaciidan
_160_
garicxes. amis sapasuxod kastrom ssrk-sTan daaxloeba daiwyo. 1962 wlisTvis natos wevr Tur
qeTSi, romelic ssrk-is mezobeli iyo, didi raodenobiT atomuri raketebi iyo ganlagebuli. amis
sapasuxod ssrk-s saxelmwifos liderma nikita xruSCovma 1962 wlis agvistoSi kubaSi saidumlod
daiwyo sabWoTa atomuri raketebis ganlageba da samxedro danayofebis gadasxma. imave wels oq
tomberSi es raketebi amerikulma sadazvervo TviTmfrinavma daafiqsira. amoqmedebis SemTxvevaSi
isini amerikis mTel teritorias dafaravdnen. prezidentma jon kenedim gadawyvita kubis sam
xedro blokadis dawyeba. 200-mde amerikulma gemma kubas alya Semoartya. paralelurad kenedim
xruSCovs raketebis demontaJi mosTxova. ssrk-is mxridan Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi aSS atomuri
omis dawyebiT daimuqra. atomuri omi yovel wuTs SeiZleboda dawyebuliyo. 10-dRiani molapara
kebebis Semdeg aSS da ssrk SeTanxmdnen, rom sabWoTa kavSiri dauyovnebliv daiwyebda raketebis
demontaJs da kubidan gatanas, aSS ki sazRvao alyas moxsnida da ar ecdeboda fidel kastros
reJimis damxobas. garda amisa, aSS-ma atomuri raketebi TurqeTidanac gaitana.
avRaneTis omi. 1973 wels avRaneTSi monarqia daemxo. saxelmwifos saTaveSi generali daud
xani movida. 1978 wels aprilSi, ssrk-is daxmarebiT, avRaneTSi saxelmwifo gadatrialeba mox
da da saTaveSi socialisturi mTavroba movida. Tumca socialisturma gardaqmnebma mosax
leobis ukmayofileba gamoiwvia da samoqalaqo omi daiwyo, romelsac avRaneli mojahidebi
(arab. `wminda saqmisTvis mebrZoli~ _ muslimuri sarwmunoebisTvis mebrZolebi) xelmZRvane
lobdnen. sabWoTa kavSirs ar awyobda avRaneTSi movlenebis amgvari ganviTareba; garda amisa,
ssrk-Si Tvlidnen, rom saxelmwifo meTauri hazifula amini aSS-Tan daaxloebas cdilobda.
yovelive amis gamo 1979 wlis bolos sabWoTa jarebi avRaneTSi SeiWrnen. amini Camoagdes da
ssrk-sTvis misaRebi pirovneba _ babraq qarmali daniSnes. omi 10 wels gagrZelda. erT mxares
ibrZodnen avRaneTis socialisturi mTavrobisa da ssrk-is jarebi, xolo meore mxares _ avRa
neli mojahidebi, romlebsac samxedro da finansur daxmarebas aSS, saudis arabeTi, pakistani,
CineTi da irani uwevdnen. es omi 1989 wlis Tebervlamde gagrZelda. omSi monawileoba miiRo
500 000-mde sabWoTa da 300 000-ze metma avRanelma jariskacma da 200 000-mde mojahidma. omi
sabolood sabWoTa jarebis mier avRaneTis datovebiT dasrulda. 1992 wels ki mojahidebma
daamarcxes avRaneTis mTavrobis jarebi. avRaneTis omiT `civi omi~ dasrulda.
ioseb stalini 1953 wlis 5 marts gardaicvala. saxelmwifos saTaveSi nikita xruSCovi mo
vida. misi mmarTvelobis periods ssrk-s istoriaSi `daTbobis xana~ ewodeba. periodi grZel
deboda 1950-iani wlebis Sua xanebidan 1960 wlebis dasawyisamde, rodesac sabWoTa kavSirSi
represiebi da cenzura sagrZnoblad Serbilda. daTbobis dasawyisad iTvleba xruSCovis mier
partiis XX yrilobaze, 1956 wlis 25 Tebervals warmoTqmuli sityva: `pirovnebis kultsa da
mis Sedegebze~. am gamosvlaSi xruSCovma dagmo stalini da mis mier sabWoTa kavSirSi ganxor
cielebuli represiebi. sityvis dasrulebisa da 1956 wlis 5 marts misi saxalxod gamoqvey
nebis Semdeg qveyanaSi daiwyo stalinis didi wmendis Sedegad gadasaxlebulTa da moklulTa
oficialuri reabilitaciis talRa. aseve Serbilda cenzura sityvis Tavisuflebaze. sabWoTa
kavSiris istoriis am periods sxvadasxvagvarad afasebdnen. mas jer `gadamwyveti Semobrune
bis“, `didi gardaqmnebis sazRvari“, Semdeg ki `ganuxorcielebeli SesaZleblobebisa da met-
naklebad gacruebuli imedebis epoqa“ uwodes, radgan 50-60-ian wlebSi dawyebuli reformebi
srulad ver ganxorcielda da saboloo jamSi _ `gaiyina“.
_161_
antisabWoTa gamosvla ungreTSi. budapeSti _ 1956 weli
XX saukunis II naxevarSi sabWoTa kavSiris daqvemdebarebaSi myofi aRmosavleT evropis
qveynebi revoluciuri gamosvlebiT Seecadnen, Tavidan moeSorebinaT sabWoTa reJimi.
aRmosavleT germaniaSi, poloneTSi, ungreTsa da CexoslovakiaSi antisabWoTa moZraobam
mTeli epoqa Seqmna. moskovSi, komunisturi partiis XX yrilobaze dawyebulma destaliniza
ciam didi rezonansi gamoiwvia, gansakuTrebiT aRmosavleT evropaSi. xruSCovis `daTbobis~
politikis realurad zedapiruloba yvelaze kargad aCvena ungreTis movlenebma.
1956 wlis 22 oqtombers budapeStSi parlamentis win Sekrebili 200 000 demonstran
ti moiTxovda mravalpartiul arCevnebs, politpatimrebis gaTavisuflebas, sabWoTa jarebis
gayvanas da budapeStis mTavari parkidan stalinis Zeglis aRebas. manifestantebma scades
saxelmwifo radiosadguris aReba, gaisma pirveli gasrolac. mTavrobam dakarga kontroli
dedaqalaqze. protestis talRa provinciebsac gadaeca. xelisufleba iZulebuli gaxda, pre
mier-ministris postze reformatori imre nadi daeniSna. nadim Camoayaliba mravalpartiuli
mTavroba da daiwyo molaparakeba sabWoTa kavSirTan. 24 oqtombers budapeStis quCebSi gamoC
nda pirveli sabWoTa tankebi. aman ufro gaaRiziana momitingeni.
daiwyo `TavisuflebisTvis mebrZolTa~ SeiaraRebuli jgufebis Camoyalibeba. moskovSi
politbiuros TaTbirze gadawyda ufro seriozuli nabijis gadadgma. ungreTSi gaigzavna
armiis nawilebi. es namdvili okupacia iyo. moskovi aucileblad miiCnevda pasuxismgeblobis
gadanawilebas. operacia ara ssrk-is, aramed mTeli socialisturi banakis saxeliT unda Cata
rebuliyo. ungreTSi intervenciis Taobaze Tanxmoba miiRes CineTis, poloneTis, rumineTisa
da iugoslaviisgan. 3 000 sabWoTa tanki ukrainisa da rumineTis mxridan SeiWra ungreTSi.
sabWoTa jarebma alya Semoartyes budapeSts. 1 noembers imre nadim radioTi mimarTa mosax
leobas. man ganacxada, rom protestis niSnad ungreTi tovebs varSavis paqts, radgan misi
Tanxmobis gareSe Seiyvanes jarebi qveyanaSi da amiT dairRva paqtis piroba. ungreTi acxadebs
neitralitets da mimarTavs gaeros da msoflio sazogadoebas daxmarebis mowodebiT. 4 noem
bers wiTelma armiam daikava budapeSti. Zalebi uTanasworo iyo. qalaqis quCebSi brZolebi
mimdinareobda, romlis dasrulebis Semdeg represiebi daiwyo. budapeStis darbeviT sabWo
Ta kavSirma aSkarad ganucxada dasavleTs, rom aRmosavleT evropaSi komunisturi reJimebis
xelyofas ar dauSvebda.
`praRis gazafxuli~
1968 wlis ianvarSi CexoslovakiaSi xelisufleba Seicvala. saTaveSi movida reformator
Ta jgufi aleqsandr dubCekis meTaurobiT. daiwyo saubari ekonomikur da sistemur refor
mebze, `adamianuri socializmis~ aRorZinebaze, Serbilda cenzura, gaCnda upartioTa klube
bi. reformatorebs surdaT, iniciativa xalxisgan wamosuliyo da ara zemodan da amiT partiis
SigniT reformebis mowinaaRmdegenic gaeCumebina. aprilis arCevnebSi dubCekis momxreebma
umravlesoba moipoves komunisturi partiis xelmZRvanelobaSi. 1968 wlis 21 agvistos Ce
xoslovakiaSi Sevidnen varSavis xelSekrulebis 5 saxelmwifos (sabWoTa kavSiri, bulgareTi,
ungreTi, poloneTi, germaniis demokratiuli respublika) jarebi. daiwyo samxedro operacia
`dunai~. 36 saaTSi tankebma mTel Cexoslovakiaze daamyares kontroli. 27 agvistos moskovSi
gamarTul molaparakebebze Cexoslovakiis axalma xelisuflebam sabWoeTis liderebs aRuTqva
`WeSmariti socializmis~ aRdgena. 1968 wels CexoslovakiaSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi isto
riaSi darCa `praRis gazafxulis~ saxeliT.
_162_
95. 1956 wlis 9 martis gamosvla TbilisSi
1964-1982 wlebSi sabWoTa kavSirs leonid breJnevi marTavda. misi mmarTvelobis periods
`uZraobis xana~ ewoda, radgan realurad cxovrebis arc erTi sfero ar ganviTarebula. piri
qiT, breJnevis mmarTvelobis bolo periodSi qveyanaSi daRmavloba daiwyo.
ssrk ganagrZobda agresiul sagareo politikas, rac `breJnevis doqtrinaSi~ gamoixata.
am doqtrinis mixedviT, moskovs ar unda daeSva aRmosavleT evropis socialisturi qveynebis
demokratizacia, rac faqtobrvad imas niSnavda, rom is unda Careuliyo am qveynebis saSinao
saqmeebSi. (mag., 1968 wlis `praRis gazafxuli~) miuxedavad aseTi politikisa, aSS Seecada,
molaparakebebi daewyo ssrk-sTan. 1972 wels aSS-is prezidentma riCard niqsonma da leonid
breJnevma moskovSi xeli moaweres raketsawinaaRmdego da sxva strategiuli SeiaraRebis war
moebis SezRudvis xelSekrulebas. maTi Sexvedris erTgvar gagrZelebas warmoadgenda 1973
wels helsinkSi `evropis uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizaciis~ _ euTos (OSCE) Seqmna.
1975 wels 35 saxelmwifos (evropis qveynebi, ssrk, aSS da kanada) meTaurma xeli moawera das
kvniT aqts, romlis Tanaxmad, es saxelmwifoebi aRiarebdnen erTmaneTis teritoriul mTlia
nobas da adamianis uflebebs. gadawyda agreTve, rom samxedro, ekonomikur, samecniero da
teqnologiur sferoebSi maT Soris TanamSromloba unda ganmtkicebuliyo.
XX saukunis 70-iani wlebis bolodan sabWoTa kavSirma dasavleT sazRvarze, aRmosavleT
germaniasa da CexoslovakiaSi raketebis ganlageba daiwyo, romlebic dasavleT evropis qvey
nebisken iyo mimarTuli. amis sapasuxod, aSS-is prezidentis, ronald reiganis iniciativiT,
_163_
aSS-ma msgavsi raketebi evropaSi ganalaga. isini ssrk-ken iyo mimarTuli. amas garda, ronald
reiganma akrZala ssrk-sTvis amerikuli marcvleulisa da maRali teqnologiebis miyidva. swo
red reiganma uwoda ssrk-s `borotebis imperia~ (1983 w.). 1983 wlidan aSS-Si axali programa _
`strategiuli TavdacviTi sistema~ SeimuSaves. misi mizani iyo iseTi saraketo da kosmosuri
danadgarebis warmoeba, romlebic nebismier saraketo Tavdasxmas moigeriebda. am programas
masmediam `varskvlavuri omebis~ programa Searqva. aSS-s mTavari mokavSire am dros didi bri
taneTi iyo, romlis premier-ministri, `rkinis ledad~ wodebuli margaret tetCeri gaxldaT.
am programis sapasuxod ssrk iZulebuli gaxda, Tavadac daewyo axal programebze muSaoba
da dasavleTs `gamalebul SeiaraRebaSi~ ahyoloda. Tumca amas Zlieri ekonomika sWirdeboda,
rac ssrk-s ar gaaCnda. faqtobrivad, am dros, ssrk-Si daiwyo mwvave ekonomikuri da politi
kuri krizisi, ramac sabolood misi dangreva gamoiwvia.
60-ia ni wle bidan ssrk-Si daiw yo e. w. `disidenturi~ anu sxvagvarad moazrovneTa moZ
raoba. am moZraobaSi gaerTianebulni iyvnen sxvadasxva mrwamsis adamianebi _ komunistebidan
dawyebuli, liberalebiT damTavrebuli. yvela maTgans aerTianebda erTi ram _ swrafva ssr
kavSiris demokratizaciisken. disidenturi moZraobis gaZlierebas xels uwyobdnen radio
sadgurebi `Tavisufleba~, `amerikis xma~, `bi-bi-si~, `germanuli talRa~ da sxv., romlebic
ucxour da sabWoTa kavSiris xalxTa enebze mauwyeblobdnen da sabWoTa xalxs obieqtur
informacias awvdidnen. amave dros daiwyo e. w. `samizdatis~ xana. farulad ibeWdeboda da
xalxSi vrceldeboda akrZaluli literatura. disidenturi moZraobis liderTa Soris iyvnen
akademikosi a. saxarovi, mwerali a. solJenicini, k. bukovski da sxvebi. am moZraobis gaaqtiu
rebaSi didi roli iTamaSa helsinkis Sekrebam, sadac ssrk-m aiRo adamianTa uflebebis dacvis
valdebuleba. `helsinkis jgufebi~ Camoyalibda ruseTSi, ukrainaSi, saqarTveloSi, somxeTSi
da baltiispireTis respublikebSi.
qarTuli erovnuli moZraobis gamorCeuli figurebi iyvnen zviad gamsaxurdia da merab
kostava. 1974 wels maTi TaosnobiT Seiqmna adamianTa da eris uflebaTa damcavi organiza
cia `adamianis uflebaTa sainiciativo jgufi~. 1975 wels TbilisSi `samizdatis~ literatu
rul- publicisturi Jurnali `oqros sawmisi~ (red.zviad gamsaxurdia) gamovida. am JurnalSi
ibeWdeboda akrZaluli literaturuli nawarmoebebi, publicisturi werilebi qarTuli enisa
da kulturis devnis sakiTxebze. 1976 wlidan z. gamsaxurdias da m. kostavas redaqtoro
biT gamovida kidev erTi Jurnali `saqarTvelos moambe~, romelSic sabWoTa mTavrobisTvis
arasasurveli informacia ibeWdeboda. imave wels am adamianebis iniciativiT Camoyalibda
helsinkis jgufi, magram male z. gamsaxurdia da m. kostava daapatimres da sxvadasxva vadiT
Tavisuflebis aRkveTa miusajes.
1978 wels gamoqveynda saqarTvelos ssr konstituciis proeqti, romelic saqarTvelos
ssr uzenaes sabWos unda daemtkicebina. adrindeli konstituciisgan gansxvavebiT, proeq
tSi aRar iyo muxli, romlis Tanaxmadac qarTuli ena saqarTvelos ssr saxelmwifo enad iyo
aRiarebuli. am faqtma qarTuli sazogadoebis, gansakuTrebiT, studentebis, aRSfoTeba ga
moiwvia. 14 aprils, uzenaesi sabWos mimdinareobis dRes, rusTavelis gamzirze grandiozuli
saprotesto demonstracia gaimarTa. viTareba ganimuxta mas Semdeg, rac saqarTvelos kompar
tiis ck-is I-ma mdivanma eduard SevardnaZem daarwmuna moskovis centraluri xelisuflebis
warmomadgenlebi, rom am muxlis aRdgena aucilebeli iyo.
_164_
1985 wels ssrk kompartiis generalur mdivnad mixail gorbaCovi air Cies. misi da mi si
gundis lozungebi iyo: `axali politikuri azrovneba~, `gardaqmna~, `sajarooba~ da `politi
kuri sistemis demokratizacia~. maT aRiares, rom qveyanaSi uamravi problema iyo, maT Soris,
adamianTa uflebebis dacvis mxrivac. m. gorbaCovma naxevari milioni jariskaciT Seamcira
sabWoTa armia da ganacxada, rom saxelmwifo militaristuli ekonomikidan ganiaraRebaze ga
davidoda. is dahpirda aRmosavleT evropis mokavSire qveynebis liderebs, rom sabWoTa kav
Siri aRarasodes Caereoda maT saqmeebSi da maT miecemodaT saSualeba, Tavad aerCiaT qveynis
ganviTarebis gza. amiT aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi demokratiuli gardaqmnis xana daiwyo.
bevr maTganSi Seicvala komunisturi reJimi. am procesis kulminacia iyo 1989 wels berlinis
kedlis dangreva da germaniis gaerTianeba.
`gardaqmnis~ politikam sabWoTa kavSirSi erovnuli moZraobis gaaqtiureba gamoiwvia. da
moukideblobis moTxovniT daiwyo gamosvlebi saqarTveloSi, estoneTSi, litvaSi, latviaSi,
azerbaijanSi da sxv.
_165_
_166_