nata axmeteli, besik lorTqifaniZe

istoriis
mokle kursi
abiturientebisaTvis
nata axmeteli, besik lorTqifaniZe

istoriis mokle kursi abiturientebisaTvis

redaqtori solomon nozaZe, lali baqraZe

© gamomcemloba `diogene~, 2020

yvela ufleba daculia

ISBN 978-9941-11-660-5
www.diogene.ge
 sarCevi

1. qvis xana saqarTveloSi. brinjaos xana saqarTveloSi ..........................................................................7

2. Zveli aRmosavleTi....................................................................................................................................8
egvipte........................................................................................................................................................8
Zveli SuamdinareTis civilizacia...........................................................................................................9
asureTis samefo.........................................................................................................................................10
xeTebis (xaTis) samefo...............................................................................................................................11
urartu........................................................................................................................................................11
diaoxi da kolxa.........................................................................................................................................12
3. aqemenianuri irani......................................................................................................................................12
kirosi..........................................................................................................................................................12
kambise.........................................................................................................................................................13
darios I.......................................................................................................................................................13
qserqse.........................................................................................................................................................14
4. finikiuri qalaq-saxelmwifoebi da kolonizacia...................................................................................15
5. Zveli saberZneTi........................................................................................................................................16
berZnuli kolonizacia..............................................................................................................................16
berZnuli koloniebi saqarTveloSi.........................................................................................................17
aTeni............................................................................................................................................................17
solonis reformebi...................................................................................................................................18
klisTenes mmarTveloba............................................................................................................................18
perikle da aTenis `oqros xana~...............................................................................................................19
sparta..........................................................................................................................................................20
6. berZen-sparselTa omi................................................................................................................................21
7. peloponesis omi.........................................................................................................................................22
8. aleqsandre makedoneli da elinisturi samyaro....................................................................................23
elinisturi epoqis dasawyisi....................................................................................................................25
9. qarTuli saxelmwifoebi elinistur xanaSi.............................................................................................26
qarTlis samefos Seqmna.............................................................................................................................26
10. Zveli romi.................................................................................................................................................28
romis warmoSoba, mefeTa xana. romis respublika.................................................................................28
11. romauli dapyrobebi - punikuri omebi, omi selevkidebTan................................................................29
I punikuri omi............................................................................................................................................29
II punikuri omi...........................................................................................................................................30
omi selevkidebTan....................................................................................................................................31
III punikuri omi..........................................................................................................................................31
12. miTridates omebi da saqarTvelo..........................................................................................................32
miTridates I da II omebi...........................................................................................................................32
miTridates III omi da saqarTvelo...........................................................................................................32
13. respublikuri mmarTvelobis dasasruli romSi
I triumvirati............................................................................................................................................33
im­pe­riis dam­ya­re­ba ...................................................................................................................................34
principati.................................................................................................................................................34
14. diokletianes reformebi. dominati.......................................................................................................35
15. romis imperia da saqarTvelo. urTierToba parTiasa da sasanur iranTan.......................................36
romi da qarTlis samefo I saukuneSi......................................................................................................36
romi da farsman II qveli..........................................................................................................................37
sasanuri iranis Camoyalibeba. saSinao da sagareo politika..............................................................38
sasanuri iranis sagareo politika.........................................................................................................38
16. qristianobis warmoSoba da gavrceleba................................................................................................38
17. konstantine I didi. milanis ediqti. saeklesio krebebi (I _ nikeis, III _ efesos, IV _ qalkedonis)........ 39
III da IV msoflio saeklesio kreba...........................................................................................................40
18. qarTlis gaqristianeba ...........................................................................................................................40
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19. romis imperiis daSla. dasavleT romis imperiis dacema ....................................................................41
bizantiis imperiis Camoyalibeba.............................................................................................................41
xalxTa didi gadasaxleba da evropis politikuri ruka V-VI ss.-Si....................................................41
dasavleT romis imperiis dacema.............................................................................................................42
evropis politikuri ruka.......................................................................................................................42
frankTa samefos Camoyalibeba................................................................................................................43
20. irani da bizantia maxlobel aRmosavleTsa da samxreT kavkasiaSi V- VI ss. I naxevarSi...................43
387 wlis zavi da irani da bizantia V saukuneSi...................................................................................43
qarTlis samefo V saukuneSi. vaxtan gorgasali...................................................................................44
mefobis gauqmeba qarTlSi.......................................................................................................................45
egrisis samefo da bizantia V saukuneSi. `didi omianoba~...................................................................45
didi omianoba............................................................................................................................................45
iustiniane I................................................................................................................................................46
erismTavrobis daweseba qarTlSi............................................................................................................47
21. herakle keisris laSqroba qarTlSi.......................................................................................................48
22. xatmebrZoloba bizantiaSi. VII msoflio saeklesio kreba...................................................................48
23. frankTa samefos saTaveSi karolingebis dinastiis mosvla. ..............................................................49
papoba. papis olqis Camoyalibeba............................................................................................................49
karlos didi. frankTa imperia................................................................................................................50
frankTa imperiis daSla...........................................................................................................................51
24. `saRvTo romis imperia~ da papizmi.........................................................................................................51
grigori VII da hainrix IV..........................................................................................................................52
25. islamis Camoyalibeba...............................................................................................................................53
saxalifo. sunitebi da Siitebi...............................................................................................................53
26. arabebi da maTi dapyrobebi.....................................................................................................................54
arabebi evropaSi........................................................................................................................................55
rekonskista...............................................................................................................................................55
27. araboba saqarTveloSi..............................................................................................................................56
28. arabuli kultura....................................................................................................................................57
29. qarTuli samefo-samTavroebi VIII-X saukuneebSi...................................................................................57
30. saqarTvelo X saukunis bolosa da XI saukuneSi..................................................................................59
daviT III kurapalati. saqarTvelo-bizantiis urTierTobebi...............................................................59
saqarTvelos gaerTianeba.........................................................................................................................60
giorgi I......................................................................................................................................................61
bagrat IV....................................................................................................................................................61
31. Turq-selCukebi........................................................................................................................................62
Turq-selCukebi saqarTveloSi................................................................................................................62
32. daviT aRmaSenebeli..................................................................................................................................63
33. jvarosnuli laSqrobebi..........................................................................................................................66
winapiroba da mizezebi.............................................................................................................................66
I jvarosnuli laSqroba............................................................................................................................67
II, III da IV laSqrobebi................................................................................................................................67
rainduli ordenebi..................................................................................................................................68
34. saqarTvelo daviT aRmaSeneblis memkvidreebis dros..........................................................................69
demetre I da giorgi III..............................................................................................................................69
Tamar mefe.................................................................................................................................................70
sagareo politika.....................................................................................................................................71
35. saxelmwifoebrivi wyoba saqarTveloSi..................................................................................................72
36. evropuli wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi organoebi evropaSi ...........................................................73
parlamenti inglisSi................................................................................................................................73
generaluri Statebi safrangeTSi...........................................................................................................74
kortesi espaneTSi.....................................................................................................................................74
landtagi germaniaSi.................................................................................................................................74
37. monRolTa imperia ...................................................................................................................................74
38. saqarTvelo XIII-XIV saukuneebSi..............................................................................................................75
jalal ed-dinis laSqrobebi. saqarTvelos dapyroba monRolTa mier...............................................75
39. giorgi V brwyinvale da monRolTa batonobis dasasruli..................................................................78
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40. osmaleTis saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba (saSinao da sagareo politika)...............................................79
41. Temur-lengis laSqrobebi.......................................................................................................................80
42. kaTolikuri evropa da bizantiis dacema..............................................................................................81
43. antiosmaluri koalicia. saqarTvelos daSla samefo-samTavroebad.................................................83
44. didi geografiuli aRmoCenebi................................................................................................................83
45. Sua saukuneebidan axali droisken _ evropa.........................................................................................84
universitetebis xana evropasa da aRmosavleTSi..................................................................................84
humanizmi....................................................................................................................................................85
aRorZineba.................................................................................................................................................85
46. reformacia evropaSi...............................................................................................................................87
luTeranoba...............................................................................................................................................88
kalvinizmi..................................................................................................................................................88
anglikanuri eklesia.................................................................................................................................88
47. kontrreformacia. iezuitebis ordeni..................................................................................................89
48. kaTolike misionerebi saqarTveloSi.....................................................................................................89
49. religiuri omebi evropaSi .....................................................................................................................90
religiuri omebi safrangeTSi (1562-1598)..............................................................................................90
50. ocdaaTwliani omi (1618-1648 ww.)............................................................................................................91
51. niderlandebis revolucia .....................................................................................................................92
52. inglisis revolucia................................................................................................................................93
53. absolutizmi safrangeTSi.......................................................................................................................95
54. osmaleTis gaZliereba. sefianTa iranis Camoyalibeba. .......................................................................96
osmaleTis gaZliereba............................................................................................................................96
sefianTa iranis Camoyalibeba................................................................................................................97
iran-osmaleTis pirveli dapirispireba...............................................................................................97
55. saqarTvelo XVI-XVII saukuneebSi. brZola osmaleTisa da sefianTa iranis winaaRmdeg....................98
iran-osmaleTis II omi (1578-1590 ww.) da saqarTvelo................................................................................98
iran-osmaleTis III omi. Sah-abasi da saqarTvelo...................................................................................98
lepantos brZola. osmaleTi XVII saukunis 80-90-ian wlebSi...............................................................99
venis meore alya. `saRvTo liga~............................................................................................................100
56. moskovis samTavros Camoyalibeba...........................................................................................................100
ivane IV mrisxane (1547-1584 ww.)................................................................................................................100
livoniis omi da reC-pospolita.............................................................................................................101
57. petre I (1682-1725 ww.)...............................................................................................................................102
sagareo politika.....................................................................................................................................102
58. vaxtang VI...................................................................................................................................................103
59. erekles epoqa...........................................................................................................................................104
60. aSS-is Camoyalibeba...................................................................................................................................105
61. ganmanaTlebloba......................................................................................................................................106
ganmanaTleblobis xanis ideebis gavlena saqarTveloze......................................................................107
62. safrangeTis revolucia..........................................................................................................................108
63. napoleonis omebi......................................................................................................................................108
venis kongresi...........................................................................................................................................111
64. saqarTvelo ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi.....................................................................................112
ruseTis mier qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmeba. giorgi XII-is mmarTveloba.....................................112
dasavleT saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebis gauqmeba........................................................................113
ajanyebebi saqarTveloSi carizmis winaaRmdeg XIX saukunis pirvel mesamedSi................................114
kaxeTis 1802 da mTiuleTis 1804 wlebis ajanyebebi.............................................................................114
1832 wlis SeTqmuleba..............................................................................................................................115
65. rusuli mmarTveloba da misi reformireba..........................................................................................116
mefisnacval m. voroncovis mmarTveloba..............................................................................................116
66. aleqsandre II-is reformebi.....................................................................................................................117
saglexo reforma......................................................................................................................................117
sasamarTlo, saerobo da saqalaqo reformebi......................................................................................118
67. ruseT-osmaleTis omebi da saqarTvelo ...............................................................................................119
yirimis omi _ 1853-56 ww. .........................................................................................................................120
1877-1878 wlebis omi ...............................................................................................................................120
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68. ilia WavWavaZe da Tergdaleulebis moRvaweoba...................................................................................121
69. revoluciebi evropaSi XIX saukuneSi.....................................................................................................122
1830-31 wlebis revoluciebi...................................................................................................................122
ivlisis revolucia safrangeTSi............................................................................................................122
belgiis revolucia..................................................................................................................................123
poloneTis ajanyeba..................................................................................................................................123
saberZneTis revolucia............................................................................................................................123
1848 wlis revoluciebi............................................................................................................................124
70. germaniis da italiis gaerTianeba..........................................................................................................127
71. samoqalaqo omi aSS-Si..............................................................................................................................129
72. I msoflio omi..........................................................................................................................................130
samxedro blokebis Seqmna da gamomwvevi mizezebi................................................................................130
qarTvelebi I msoflio omSi.....................................................................................................................133
73. ruseTis revolucia.................................................................................................................................133
74. samxreT kavkasia da brestis zavi...........................................................................................................134
75. I msoflio omis dasasruli......................................................................................................................136
parizis sazavo konferencia....................................................................................................................136
76. saqarTvelos pirveli demokratiuli respublika................................................................................138
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis saSinao politika..............................................................139
saqarTvelos sakiTxi versalis sazavo konferenciaze........................................................................141
77. saqarTvelos aneqsia bolSevikuri ruseTis mier.................................................................................141
78. sabWoTa kavSiris Seqmna...........................................................................................................................142
79. 1924 wlis antisabWoTa ajanyeba saqarTveloSi....................................................................................142
sabWoTa kavSiri 20-30-ian wlebSi da saqarTvelo mis SemadgenlobaSi...............................................143
80. evropa I msoflio omis Semdgom. ...........................................................................................................145
italia da germania 20-30-ian wlebSi .....................................................................................................145
81. samoqalaqo omi espaneTSi........................................................................................................................146
82. `didi depresia~ da f. ruzveltis `axali kursi~ ................................................................................147
83. meore msoflio omis winapirobebi.........................................................................................................148
84. meore msoflio omis dasawyisi...............................................................................................................149
ssrk-fineTis omi. ssrk-s mier baltiis respublikebisa da dasavleT ukrainis okupacia...............150
daniisa da norvegiis dapyroba................................................................................................................151
omi dasavleTis frontze.........................................................................................................................151
865. germaniis Tavdasxma ssrk-ze da samxedro operaciebi germania-ssrk-s frontze...........................152
meore msoflio omis meore etapi (1941-1943 ww.)..................................................................................152
iaponiis Tavdasxma perl-harborze.........................................................................................................153
lend-lizis programa...............................................................................................................................153
86. Teiranis, ialtis da potsdamis konferenciebi. operacia `overlordi~..........................................154
87. II msoflio omis dasasruli.....................................................................................................................155
omi iaponiasTan.........................................................................................................................................156
88. qarTvelebi II msoflio omSi....................................................................................................................156
ajanyeba teqselze.....................................................................................................................................157
89. meore msoflio omis Sedegebi................................................................................................................157
gaeros Seqmna.............................................................................................................................................158
90. civi omis dasawyisi..................................................................................................................................158
91. nato da varSavis paqtis qveynebi............................................................................................................160
92. civi omis epoqis omebi: korea, vietnami, karibis krizisi, avRaneTi...................................................160
93. antisabWoTa moZraoba aRmosavleT evropaSi........................................................................................161
antisabWoTa gamosvla ungreTSi. budapeSti _ 1956 weli....................................................................162
`praRis gazafxuli~..................................................................................................................................162
94. 1956 wlis 9 martis gamosvla TbilisSi.................................................................................................163
95. uZraobis epoqa sabWoTa kavSirSi............................................................................................................163
96. erovnuli moZraobebi da ssrk-is daSla................................................................................................164
1989 wlis 9 aprili TbilisSi..................................................................................................................165
97. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena................................................................................................165

_6_
1. qvis xana saqarTveloSi. brinjaos xana saqarTveloSi

qvis xana. ka­cob­rio­bis is­to­ria­Si uZ­ve­les da yve­la­ze xan­grZliv pe­riods mec­nie­reb­ma

`qvis xa­na~ uwo­des, rad­gan am pe­riod­Si ada­mia­ni ia­raRs Zi­ri­Ta­dad qvis­gan am­za­deb­da. qvis xa­
nas is­to­ri­ko­se­bi sam pe­rio­dad _ pa­leo­li­Tad (Zve­li qvis xa­nad), me­zo­li­Tad (Sua qvis xa­nad)
da neo­li­Tad (a­xa­li qvis xa­nad) yofen. pa­leo­li­Ti daax­loe­biT 2,5 mln. wlis win daiw­yo da
Zv. w. XII aTas­wleu­lam­de gag­rZel­da. is, Ta­vis mxriv, qve­da, Sua da ze­da pa­leo­li­Tad iyo­fa.
pa­leo­li­Tis drois ada­mia­ni ga­moq­va­bul­Si cxov­rob­da. mis saq­mia­no­ba­Si di­di ad­gi­li eWi­ra
qvis ia­ra­Ris dam­za­de­bas, rad­gan igi sak­ve­bis mo­po­ve­bi­sa da Tav­dac­vis Zi­ri­Ta­di sa­Sua­le­ba
iyo, Tum­ca ia­ra­Ri Zvli­sa da xis­ga­nac mzad­de­bo­da. pir­vel­yo­fi­li ada­mia­ni sak­vebs Sem­gro­
veb­lo­bi­Ta da na­di­ro­biT moi­po­veb­da; gar­da ami­sa, me­Tev­zeo­ba­sac mis­dev­da. ze­da pa­leo­li­Tis
pe­riod­Si de­da­mi­wa­ze di­di kli­ma­tu­ri cvli­le­ba, gam­yin­va­re­ba mox­da. gam­yin­va­re­bam ada­mia­ne­bi
ai­Zu­la, ma­Ral­mTian xeo­beb­Si ga­moq­va­bu­le­bi dae­to­ve­bi­naT da Tav­Se­sa­fa­ri dab­lob ad­gi­leb­Si
eZeb­naT, sa­dac sak­ve­bis mo­po­ve­ba Se­da­re­biT io­li iyo. sa­qar­Tve­los te­ri­to­ria­ze, ise­ve, ro­
gorc saer­Tod ka­cob­rio­bis is­to­ria­Si, pa­leo­li­Ti uZ­ve­le­si da yve­la­ze xan­grZli­vi pe­rio­di
iyo (dma­nis­Si aR­mo­Ce­ni­lia ada­mia­nis Con­Cxis na­wi­le­bi _ Ta­vis qa­le­bi, ki­du­re­bis frag­men­te­bi.
va­rau­do­ben, rom isi­ni daax­loe­biT 1,8 mln. wlis win mcxov­reb ada­mia­nebs ekuT­vno­da). Zv. w.
XII aTas­wleul­Si pa­leo­li­Ti me­zo­liT­ma Sec­va­la. me­zo­li­Tis xa­na­Si gam­yin­va­re­ba das­rul­da da
de­da­mi­wa­ze Ta­na­med­ro­ves­Tan miax­loe­bu­li kli­ma­tu­ri pi­ro­be­bi Ca­mo­ya­lib­da. am pe­rio­dis sad­
go­me­bi na­pov­nia ro­gorc mdi­na­re­Ta xeo­beb­Si, sa­dac ada­mia­ni uz­run­vel­yo­fi­li iyo wyli­Ta da
Tev­ziT, ise ma­Ral­mTian ga­moq­va­bu­leb­Si. Zv. w. VIII aTas­wleul­Si daiw­yo neo­li­Ti. sa­zo­ga­doe­bis
gan­vi­Ta­re­bis­Tvis mniS­vne­lo­va­ni cvli­le­be­bi swo­red neo­liT­Si mox­da. dro­Ta gan­mav­lo­ba­Si
ada­mian­ma qvis ukeT da­mu­Sa­ve­ba is­wav­la da mis­gan uf­ro srul­yo­fi­li ia­ra­Ri (xel­cu­le­bi, mi­
wis sa­CiC­qni qve­bi, ka­Jis nam­glis­pi­re­bi da sxv.) daam­za­da; daiw­yo cxo­ve­le­bis (ZaR­lis, Ro­ris,
cxvris...) mo­Si­nau­re­ba, is­wav­la mi­waT­moq­me­de­ba, Ti­xis­gan Wur­Wlis dam­za­de­ba _ me­Tu­neo­ba,
Za­fis dar­Tva da qso­va, Sem­deg ki _ sax­le­bis Se­ne­bac. mo­na­di­re-­Sem­gro­ve­be­li sa­zo­ga­doe­ba
Tan­da­Tan me­sa­qon­le-­mi­waT­moq­med, mwar­moe­bel sa­zo­ga­doe­bad ga­daiq­ca, anu ada­mia­ni sak­vebs
ara mxo­lod na­di­ro­biT, Tev­zWe­riT an Seg­ro­ve­biT moi­po­veb­da, ara­med awar­moeb­da ki­dec mas
_ mi­wis da­mu­Sa­ve­bis Se­de­gad moh­yav­da, mo­Si­nau­re­bu­li cxo­ve­le­bis­gan Re­bu­lob­da (rZes, rZis
pro­duqts, xorcs da a. S.).
brinjaos xana. neo­li­Tis mom­dev­no xa­nas mec­nie­reb­ma brin­jaos xa­na uwo­des. am pe­riod­Si
ada­mian­ma bu­ne­ba­Si pir­ve­li li­To­ni _ spi­len­Zi aR­moa­Ci­na, spi­len­ZTan sxva niv­Tie­re­be­bis Sed­no­
biT brin­jao mii­Ro, Sem­deg ki mis­gan qvis ia­raR­ze uf­ro srul­yo­fi­li ia­ra­Ri daam­za­da. sa­qar­
Tve­los te­ri­to­ria­ze mra­val ad­gi­las aR­mo­Ce­ni­lia Zv. w. V-IV aTas­wleu­le­bis na­mo­sax­la­re­bi. es
aris xa­na, ro­de­sac ada­mian­ma, qvas­Tan er­Tad, TviT­na­ba­di spi­len­Zis ga­mo­ye­ne­ba daiw­yo, Tum­ca
spi­lenZs ci­vi Wed­viT amu­Sa­veb­da, rad­gan li­To­nis ga­mod­no­ba jer ar ico­da. ami­tom mec­nie­re­bi
am pe­riods qvis xa­ni­dan brin­jaos xa­na­ze gar­da­ma­val pe­rio­dad miiC­ne­ven da mas eneo­liTs (spi­
len­Z-qvis xa­nas) uwo­de­ben. eneo­li­Tu­ri so­fe­li Su­la­ve­ri Se­maR­le­bul ad­gi­las mde­ba­reob­da.
aqau­re­bi mrgva­li for­mis sax­leb­Si cxov­rob­dnen, rom­leb­sac ga­mouw­va­vi Ti­xis agu­riT _ ali­
ziT ageb­dnen da gum­ba­To­van ga­da­xur­vas uke­Teb­dnen. sax­le­bis gver­diT 2-3 met­ri dia­met­ris
dam­xma­re na­ge­bo­be­bi da sa­meur­neo or­moe­bi hqon­daT wyli­sa da pro­duq­te­bis Se­sa­na­xad. yve­la
sax­lSi Ti­xis ova­lu­ri ke­ria iyo mow­yo­bi­li. Zv. w. IV­-III aTas­wleu­le­bis mij­na­ze uk­ve brin­jaos
xa­na daiw­yo. ad­reu­li brin­jaos xa­nis da­sax­le­be­bi sam­xreT kav­ka­sia­Si mtkvri­sa da araq­sis auz­Sia
aR­mo­Ce­ni­li da ami­tom am drois kul­tu­ras mec­nie­re­bi mtkvar­-a­raq­sis kul­tu­ras uwo­de­ben. Zv.
w. II aTas­wleu­lis I na­xe­var­Si, ro­mel­sac mec­nie­re­bi Sua brin­jaos xa­nas uwo­de­ben, sa­qar­Tve­los
te­ri­to­ria­ze yor­Ra­nu­li sa­mar­xe­bi gav­rcel­da, rom­leb­sac qvay­ri­liT fa­rav­dnen. ar­qeo­lo­geb­
_7_
ma yor­Ra­ne­bi pir­ve­lad sam­xreT sa­qar­Tve­los te­ri­to­ria­ze, Tria­leT­Si aR­moa­Ci­nes. am kul­tu­
ras Tria­le­Tis kul­tu­rad moix­se­nie­ben. pir­vel­yo­fi­li ada­mia­nis sa­zo­ga­doeb­ri­vi cxov­re­ba ase
gan­vi­Tar­da: jogi-ojaxi-gvari-tomi. pir­vel­yo­fi­li re­li­gie­bia: ani­miz­mi _ usu­lo sag­ne­bis (qva,
xe, wya­li) Tay­va­nis­ce­ma; to­te­miz­mi _ cxo­ve­le­bis Tay­va­nis­ce­ma; fe­ti­Siz­mi _ sa­ga­ni, ro­mel­sac
ma­giu­ri Za­la aqvs (mag. av­ga­ro­zi, Ti­lis­ma); ma­gia _ ja­doq­ro­ba, mkiT­xao­ba, Se­loc­va.

2. Zveli aRmosavleTi

Zve­li msof­lios bev­ri ci­vi­li­za­cia mdi­na­ree­bis sa­na­pi­roeb­ze aR­mo­cen­da: eg­vip­tu­ri _ ni­

lo­sis, Suam­di­na­ru­li _ tig­ro­si­sa da ev­fra­tis, in­du­ri _ in­di­sa da gan­gis, Ci­nu­ri _ xuan­xe­sa
da ian­Zis au­zeb­Si. mdi­na­reebs ise­Ti di­di wvli­li miuZ­RviT am ci­vi­li­za­cie­bis ar­se­bo­ba­sa da
gan­vi­Ta­re­ba­Si, rom xSi­rad maT sam­di­na­ro ci­vi­li­za­cie­ba­dac moix­se­nie­ben. mdi­na­ree­bi xels
uw­yob­da mi­waT­moq­me­de­bis­Tvis var­gi­si mi­we­bis mor­wyvas, maT auz­Si mde­ba­re re­gio­nebs So­ris
ko­mu­ni­ka­cii­sa da vaW­ro­bis gan­vi­Ta­re­bas.

egvipte
Zve­li eg­vip­tis ci­vi­li­za­ciis Ca­mo­ya­li­be­ba­Si udi­de­si ro­li Seas­ru­la mdi­na­re nilosma.
pir­ve­li da­sax­le­be­bi uSua­lod mdi­na­ris gas­wvriv Seiq­mna. swo­red ami­tom uwo­da ber­Zen­ma is­to­
ri­kos­ma herodotem eg­vip­tes `nilosis nobaTi~. eg­vip­tel­Ta sa­meur­neo yo­fa mTlia­nad mdi­na­re
ni­lo­sis yo­vel­wliur adi­de­ba­ze iyo da­mo­ki­de­bu­li. adi­de­bis Se­de­gad ni­lo­si aTa­so­biT kvad­
ra­tul ki­lo­metrs tbo­rav­da. wylis do­nis dak­le­bis Sem­deg ki mdi­na­re uam­rav Slams to­veb­da.
mo­sax­leo­ba iw­yeb­da am Sla­mia­ni mi­wis da­mu­Sa­ve­bas, ro­me­lic sau­ke­Te­so iyo sax­nav­-sa­Te­sad. im
ad­gi­leb­Si, sa­dac adi­de­bu­li mdi­na­re ver aR­wev­da, eg­vip­te­lebs wya­li ar­xe­biT gah­yav­daT.
Zv. w. IV aTas­wleul­Si eg­vip­te­Si ori sa­me­fo Ca­mo­ya­lib­da. ni­lo­sis sa­Ta­veeb­Tan samxreT, anu
zemo, egvipte mde­ba­reob­da, ni­lo­sis del­ta­Si ki _ CrdiloeT, anu qvemo, sa­me­fo. daax­loe­biT
Zv. w. 3000 wels ze­mo sa­me­fos me­fem menesma qve­mo sa­me­fo daip­yro. er­Tia­ni eg­vip­tis mmar­Tvels
faraoni (`di­di sax­li~) ewo­da. am sa­xel­mwi­fom yve­la­ze did­xans, sa­mi aTas wels, iar­se­ba. am xnis
man­Zil­ze eg­vip­te­Si mmar­Tve­le­bis, fa­rao­ne­bis 33 dinastia Seic­va­la. is­to­ri­ko­se­bi di­nas­tiebs
ro­mau­li cif­re­biT aR­niS­na­ven da eg­vip­tis is­to­rias Zvel, Sua da axal sa­me­fod yo­fen.
III­-IV di­nas­tie­bis mmar­Tve­lo­bis pe­rio­di, daax­loe­biT Zv. w. 2600-2150 ww., Zve­li eg­vip­tis
gan­sa­kuT­re­bu­li Zlie­re­bis, `ay­va­ve­bis xa­na~ iyo, ro­mel­sac `piramidebis epoqas~ uwo­de­ben.
swo­red am epo­qis fa­rao­neb­ma daiw­yes pi­ra­mi­de­bis mSe­neb­lo­ba. pir­ve­li iyo fa­raon joseris
pi­ra­mi­da, ro­me­lic pir­ve­li ve­zi­ri­sa da ar­qi­teq­to­ris im­ho­te­pis geg­miT ai­go. man mSe­neb­lo­
ba­Si xi­sa da Ti­xis nac­vlad pir­ve­lad ga­moi­ye­na qva. IV di­nas­tiis xa­na­Si ai­go sa­yo­vel­Taod
cno­bi­li _ fa­rao­ne­bis xeofsis, xefrenisa da mikerinis piramidebi (ad­gil­mde­ba­reo­bis mi­xed­viT
maT gi­zas pi­ra­mi­debs uwo­de­ben). Tum­ca sa­xel­mwi­fos xa­zi­na ve­Rar afi­nan­seb­da gran­dio­zul
mSe­neb­lo­bebs, ami­tom mog­via­no xa­nis pi­ra­mi­de­bi Se­da­re­biT mom­cro zo­mi­saa. daax­loe­biT Zv. w.
III aTas­wleu­lis da­sas­ruls daiw­yo Zve­li sa­me­fos da­ce­ma. daiw­yo Si­nao­me­bi, ro­me­lic TiT­qmis
2 sau­ku­ne gag­rZel­da. Zv. w. XX-XVIII ss.-Si kvlav aR­dga er­Tia­ni, Zlie­ri sa­me­fo. am pe­riods Sua
samefos xa­nas eZa­xian. fa­rao­neb­ma de­da­qa­la­qi memfisidan TebeSi ga­dai­ta­nes, mim­de­ba­re ve­le­bi
ki sa­ku­Ta­ri ak­lda­me­bis asa­Se­neb­lad ga­moy­ves. Te­bes max­lob­lad aSen­da luq­so­ri­sa da kar­na­kis
STam­beW­da­vi taZ­re­bi. Sua sa­me­fos da­ce­ma Zv. w. XVII-­XVI ss.-Si aR­mo­sav­le­Ti­dan eg­vip­te­Si aziu­
ri mom­Ta­ba­re se­mi­tu­ri mod­gmis to­me­bis hiqsosebis Se­moW­ram ga­na­pi­ro­ba. ma­Ti sam­xed­ro gan­
vi­Ta­re­ba eg­vip­te­le­bi­sas aRe­ma­te­bo­da. cxe­ni, swra­fi sab­rZo­lo et­le­bi da mSvil­d-i­sa­ri eg­
vip­tis­Tvis ma­nam­de uc­no­bi iyo. Crdi­loeT eg­vip­tis dam­pyro­be­li hiq­so­se­bi swra­fad moer­gnen
_8_
eg­vip­tis yo­fas, SeiT­vi­ses mi­si kul­tu­ra. Tu­ki eg­vip­tes ma­nam­de ur­Tier­To­ba mxo­lod li­bia­sa
da nu­bias­Tan hqon­da, amie­ri­dan aziis qvey­neb­Ta­nac daam­ya­ra ur­Tier­To­ba. Zv. w. XVI sau­ku­ne­Si
Te­bes eg­vip­te­leb­ma gan­dev­nes hiq­so­se­bi. eg­vip­tis er­Tia­no­ba aR­dga. am pe­riods axali samefos
xa­nas uwo­de­ben. eg­vip­te ax­lo aR­mo­sav­le­Tis uZ­lie­res im­pe­riad ga­daiq­ca. Tutmos III-is (Zv. w.
1390-1353) ar­mia da flo­ti yo­vel­wliu­rad aw­yob­da did laS­qro­bebs azia­Si. eg­vip­tel­Ta sam­
xed­ro na­wi­leb­ma mdi­na­re ev­fra­tam­de miaR­wies.
eg­vip­te­Si mra­val­Rmer­Tia­no­ba iyo. maT­Tvis age­bu­li iyo uam­ra­vi ta­Za­ri. am taZ­re­bis
qurumebma dro­Ta gan­mav­lo­ba­Si di­di gav­le­na moi­po­ves. isi­ni fa­rao­neb­sac ki aRar epue­bod­
nen. qu­ru­mebs dau­pi­ris­pir­da fa­rao­ni amenhotep IV (Zv. w. 1353-1336). man da mis­ma meuR­lem ne­
fer­ti­tim ga­daw­yvi­tes, er­Ti Rmer­Tis Tay­va­nis­ce­ma dae­we­se­bi­naT. er­Ta­derT Rmer­Tad RvTae­ba
atoni ga­moac­xad­da, ro­mel­sac mzis dis­kos sa­xiT ga­mo­sa­xav­dnen. axa­li Rmer­Tis pa­tiv­sa­ce­mad
fa­raon­ma sa­xe­li Seic­va­la da exnatoni dair­qva, aa­Se­na axa­li de­da­qa­la­qi (axetatoni). fa­raon­
ma uar­yo yve­la sxva eg­vip­tu­ri Rmer­Ti da ma­Ti sa­xe­lis xse­ne­bac ki ak­rZa­la. es re­for­me­bi
droe­bi­Ti aR­moC­nda, ex­na­to­nis gar­dac­va­le­bis Sem­deg qu­ru­meb­ma aRad­gi­nes Zve­li Rmer­Te­bis
kul­ti. ma­Ti brZa­ne­biT ex­na­to­ni­sa da ne­fer­ti­tis sa­xe­le­bi eg­vip­te­Si ise­ve idev­ne­bo­da, ro­
gorc ma­nam­de Ta­vad isi­ni dev­nid­nen eg­vip­tur Rmer­Tebs.
ex­na­to­nis re­for­ma monoTeizmis (er­TRmer­Tia­no­bis) Se­mo­Re­bis pir­ve­li wa­ru­ma­te­be­li mcde­
lo­ba iyo. Zvel eg­vip­te­lebs swam­daT, rom bu­ne­ba­sa da ada­mia­ne­bis cxov­re­bas Rmer­Te­bi ga­na­geb­
dnen. Rmer­Te­bi maT ada­mia­ne­bis sa­xiT hyav­daT war­mod­ge­ni­li, rom­leb­sac cxo­ve­lis Ta­ve­bi hqon­
daT. Rmer­Te­bi ciur sxeu­leb­Tan, ni­los­Tan, rai­me mniS­vne­lo­van saq­mia­no­bas­Tan iy­vnen gai­gi­ve­bu­
li. eg­vip­te­le­bis rwme­niT, Tu mic­va­le­bu­lis sxeuls kar­gad Sei­na­xav­dnen, mi­si su­li icoc­xleb­da,
ami­tom gar­dac­va­le­bis Sem­deg mdi­da­ri eg­vip­te­le­bis gva­me­bis mumificireba xde­bo­da. eg­vip­te­le­
bis az­riT, sai­qio­Si yve­la ver mox­vde­bo­da. gar­dac­vlil­Ta su­lebs Rmer­Ti osirisi asa­mar­Tleb­da.
we­sie­ri ada­mia­nis su­li sai­qio­Si xvde­bo­da. Zv. w. XI sau­ku­ni­dan eg­vip­te Tan­da­Ta­no­biT da­sus­tda,
ris Se­de­ga­dac Zv. w. VII s.-Si is jer asu­re­leb­ma, xo­lo Zv. w. VI s.-Si ira­ne­leb­ma daip­yres.

gar­da­ma­va­li pe­rio­di gar­da­ma­va­li pe­rio­di da­sus­te­ba

Sinaomebi hiqsosebis Semoseva

Zv.w. III da­saw­yi­si _ III bo­lo Zv.w. XX-XVIII ss.  Zv.w. XVI-­XI ss. Zv.w.VII Zv.w.VI
Zveli samefo Sua samefo axali samefo daipyres daipyres
`piramidebis xana~ asurelebma iranelebma

Zveli SuamdinareTis civilizacia

Zvel­Ta­gan­ve mdi­na­reebs ev­frat­sa da tig­ross So­ris ar­se­bul te­ri­to­rias SuamdinareTs,
anu mesopotamias, uwo­deb­dnen. me­so­po­ta­mia ber­Znu­li sit­yvaa da qar­Tu­lad or mdi­na­res So­
ris ar­se­bul qve­ya­nas niS­navs. Suam­di­na­re­Ti uZ­ve­le­si droi­dan iyo da­sax­le­bu­li.
me­so­po­ta­mia­Si ori sxva­das­xva xal­xi mo­sax­leob­da: sam­xre­TiT _ Sumerebi da Crdi­loe­TiT
_ se­mi­te­bi (a­qa­de­le­bi), rom­le­bic aq si­rii­dan mo­vid­nen.
Su­me­rebs er­Tia­ni sa­xel­mwi­fo ar hqo­niaT. Su­me­re­bis qa­la­qe­bi _ uri, uruqi, lagaSi, uma
da sxve­bi, rom­le­bic ad­gi­lob­ri­vi RvTae­be­bis pa­tiv­sa­ce­mad age­bu­li taZ­re­bis ir­gvliv iyo
ga­Se­ne­bu­li, gar­Se­mo ar­se­bu­li ol­qiT pa­tar­-pa­ta­ra sa­xel­mwi­foebs war­moad­gen­dnen. Su­me­reb­
ma er­T-erT did ci­vi­li­za­cias dau­des sa­fuZ­ve­li. ga­moi­go­nes borbali, etli, sameTuneo Carxi
da guTani. Su­me­reb­ma Seq­mnes pir­ve­li ka­non­Ta kre­bu­li, ma­Te­ma­ti­kis sa­fuZ­vle­bi, ro­mel­sac
sko­leb­Sic as­wav­lid­nen. maT icod­nen Tvlis aTo­bi­Ti sis­te­ma, wi­la­de­bi, ag­reT­ve kvad­ra­tu­
li fes­vis amo­Re­ba da oruc­no­bia­ni gan­to­le­bis amox­sna. Su­me­re­bis udi­des miR­we­vad iT­vle­ba

_9_
dam­wer­lo­bis ga­mo­go­ne­ba. Zv.w. IV aTas­wleu­lis bo­lo­Ti Ta­riR­de­ba piqtografiuli (xa­to­va­ni)
dam­wer­lo­bis pir­ve­li ni­mu­Se­bi. Su­me­re­bi sa­wer ma­sa­lad Ti­xas iye­neb­dnen. svel Ti­xis fir­fi­
ta­ze wer­dnen da aS­rob­dnen. Zv. w. IV aTas­wleu­lis da­sas­rul­sa da III aTas­wleu­lis da­saw­yis­Si
Suam­di­na­reT­Si Crdi­loe­Ti­dan se­mi­tu­ri to­me­bi Se­moiW­rnen. isi­ni Crdi­loeT Suam­di­na­reT­Si
ga­ba­ton­dnen da iq aqadis qa­laq­-sa­xel­mwi­fo Ca­moa­ya­li­bes. Zv. w. XXIII s.-Si Crdi­loeT Suam­di­
na­reT­Si, aqa­dis sa­me­fo­Si, axal­gaz­rda me­fe sargoni ga­mef­da. man SeZ­lo Zlie­ri ar­miis Seq­mna,
Sem­deg ki sam­xre­TiT Su­me­re­bis wi­naaR­mdeg gai­laS­qra. sar­gon­ma Su­mer­Ta qa­la­qe­bi daip­yro da
spar­se­Tis yu­rem­de miaR­wia. Suam­di­na­re­Ti amie­ri­dan er­Tian sa­xel­mwi­fod Ca­mo­ya­lib­da, ro­mel­
sac sa­Ta­ve­Si se­mi­tu­ri war­mo­So­bis aqa­du­ri di­nas­tia ed­ga.
Zv. w. XVIII sau­ku­ne­Si am brZo­la­Si aq­tiu­rad Cae­ba qa­la­qi babiloni. ma­le gaer­Tia­ne­bu­li
sa­me­fos cen­tri swo­red ba­bi­lo­ni gax­da. igi me­so­po­ta­miis sa­vaW­ro, re­li­giur da sa­mec­nie­ro
cen­trad iq­ca. ba­bi­lon­ma SeiT­vi­sa Su­me­rul­-a­qa­du­ri kul­tu­ra, qa­la­qis mfar­ve­li RvTae­ba
marduqi me­so­po­ta­miis wam­yvan kul­tad Ca­mo­ya­lib­da. ba­bi­lo­nis sa­me­fo gan­sa­kuT­re­biT gaZ­
lier­da me­fe xamurabis pe­riod­Si (Zv. w. 1792-1750 ww.). man daip­yro me­zo­be­li qvey­ne­bi da xelT
ig­do im droi­saT­vis Suam­di­na­reT­ze ga­ma­va­li mTa­va­ri sa­vaW­ro gze­bi. xa­mu­rab­ma Ta­vis sa­me­fo­Si
mra­va­li re­for­ma Caa­ta­ra. msof­lio is­to­ria­Si igi Se­vi­da, ro­gorc er­T-er­Ti udi­de­si ka­non­
mde­be­li. man Seq­mna 282 mux­li­sa­gan Sem­dga­ri ka­non­Ta kre­bu­li. xa­mu­ra­bis sik­vdi­lis Sem­deg
ba­bi­lo­nis sa­me­fo da­sus­tda. Zv. w. X s.-Si ki asu­re­Tis sa­xel­mwi­fom ram­den­jer­me da­laS­qra
ba­bi­lo­ni da Ta­vis saz­Rvreb­Si moaq­cia is. Zv. w. VII s.-is da­saw­yis­Si asu­re­leb­ma ba­bi­lo­ni dai­
mor­Ci­les. ima­ve sau­ku­nis bo­los ba­bi­lo­nis Zli­re­ba ki­dev er­Txel aR­dga. is gan­sa­kuT­re­biT
gaZ­lier­da nabuqodonosoris (Zv. w. 604-562) dros, ro­de­sac ba­bi­lo­nis sa­me­fos saz­Rvre­bi
xmel­Ta­Sua zRva­sa da spar­se­Tis yu­res So­ris ga­dai­Wi­ma. man ga­naax­la RvTae­ba mar­du­qis ta­Za­ri
da qa­la­qis ga­la­va­ni, aa­go babilonis koSki (go­do­li) da da­ki­de­bu­li ba­Re­bi, ro­me­lic Zvel­ma
ber­Zneb­ma msof­lios er­TerT saoc­re­bad miiC­nies. mi­si me­fo­bis dros ba­bi­lo­ni msof­lios udi­
des qa­la­qad da vaW­ro­bis cen­trad iq­ca. Sem­deg ba­bi­lo­nis sa­me­fo kvlav da­sus­tda da Zv.w. VI
sau­ku­ne­Si spar­se­Tis aqe­me­nian­ma me­fe ki­ros­ma daip­yro.

asureTis samefo
Zv. w. III aTas­wleu­lis II na­xe­var­Si ara­be­Tis n./k.-i­dan wi­na azia­Si Se­moW­ri­li se­mi­tu­ri to­
me­bis STa­mo­mav­le­bi iy­vnen asu­re­le­bi, anu asi­rie­le­bi. ma­Ti da­sax­le­bis centrs war­moad­gen­da
qa­la­qi asuri (berZn. for­ma `a­si­ria~). asu­re­Ti md. tig­ro­sis Sua da ze­mo wel­ze mde­ba­reob­
da. Crdi­loeT ma­Ral­mTia­neT­Si Ta­vi­dan­ve gan­vi­Tar­da me­sa­qon­leo­ba, sam­xreT Suam­di­na­re­Tis
dab­lo­beb­Si ki _ mi­waT­moq­me­de­ba. bu­neb­ri­vi saz­Rvre­bis (zRve­bi­sa da qe­de­bis) ar­qo­nis ga­mo
asu­re­lebs ar­se­bu­li te­ri­to­riis Se­sa­nar­Cu­neb­lad ga­mud­me­bu­li brZo­la uwev­daT. asu­re­Tis
mde­ba­reo­bis ga­mo mis te­ri­to­ria­ze ga­dio­da Zi­ri­Ta­di sa­vaW­ro mar­Sru­te­bi. te­ri­to­riis da sa­
vaW­ro gze­bis da­sa­ca­vad asu­re­le­bi meo­mar xal­xad Ca­mo­ya­lib­dnen. Tav­da­pir­ve­lad asu­re­le­bi
ba­bi­lon­sa da mi­Tans emor­Ci­le­bod­nen. Zv. w. XV-XIV ss.-i­dan asu­re­Ti da­mou­ki­de­be­li sa­me­foa.
asu­re­Tis me­feeb­ma Tan­da­Tan daip­yres me­zo­be­li qve­ya­na _ mi­Ta­nis sa­me­fo da xe­Tu­ri ol­qe­bi.
asu­re­Tis te­ri­to­ria gan­sa­kuT­re­biT gai­zar­da me­fe tiglaTfileser I-is (1115-1077 ww.)
dros. Crdi­loe­TiT man `nairis~ qvey­ne­bi da­laS­qra. sam­xre­TiT ki qa­la­qi ba­bi­lo­ni daip­yro da
fi­ni­kiis qa­la­qe­bi da­xar­ka. asu­re­Tis Zlie­re­bas dro­dad­ro saf­rTxes uq­mnid­nen da­sav­le­Ti­dan
Se­moW­ri­li ara­meu­li to­me­bi, Crdi­loe­Ti­dan ki _ urar­tus sa­me­fo.
asu­re­Tis xe­la­xa­li gaZ­lie­re­ba (e. w. `axalasuruli xana~) da­kav­Si­re­bu­lia Zv. w. VIII s.-Si
tiglaTfileser III-is re­for­meb­Tan ad­mi­nis­tra­ciul da sam­xed­ro sfe­ro­Si. man Seq­mna sam­xed­
ro aris­tok­ra­tiis pri­vi­le­gi­re­bu­li fe­na, brin­jaos ia­ra­Ri Sec­va­la rki­nis ia­ra­RiT, ar­mia­Si
Seq­mna ka­va­le­ria da dax­ve­wa sao­ma­ri et­le­bis for­ma. qvei­Ti ja­ris wam­yvan Za­las rki­nis jav­
SniT Se­Wur­vi­li da xis di­di fa­riT da­cu­li mSvil­dos­ne­bi war­moad­gen­dnen.
_10_
 mi­si mem­kvid­ris sar­gon II­-is (Zv.w. 722-705) dros asu­re­Ti ki­dev uf­ro gaZ­lier­da. sar­gon­ma
da­laS­qra urar­tu, ba­bi­lo­ni. mis­ma vaJ­ma si­na­qe­rib­ma axal de­da­qa­la­qad q. ninevia air­Cia.
ga­reg­nu­li Zle­va­mo­si­le­bi­sa da di­de­bis miu­xe­da­vad, asu­re­Ti Si­na­gan­ma kri­zis­ma moic­va. xan­
grZliv­ma dap­yro­biT­ma omeb­ma qvey­nis re­sur­se­bi gaa­Ca­na­ga, sa­me­fo sag­va­reu­los Sig­niT tax­tis­
Tvis brZo­la xSi­rad sa­xel­mwi­fo ga­dat­ria­le­biT mTav­rde­bo­da. Si­naur qaoss ga­re­Se saf­rTxec
dae­ma­ta. asu­re­Tis wi­naaR­mdeg gaer­Tian­dnen ba­bi­lo­ni da mi­dia. ba­bi­lo­nis me­fe na­bo­fa­la­sar­ma
sam­xre­Ti­dan Seu­tia asu­reTs, xo­lo mi­diis me­fe kiaq­sar­ma _ Crdi­loe­Ti­dan. ma­Ti ja­re­bi q. asur­
Tan Sex­vdnen er­Tma­neTs. 612 wels mo­kav­Si­reeb­ma ni­ne­via ai­Res. 605 wels qar­xe­miS­Tan ba­bi­lo­nis
me­fe na­bu­qo­do­no­sor­ma sa­bo­lood daa­mar­cxa asu­re­Tis uka­nas­kne­li me­fe asu­ru­ba­li­ti.

Zv.w. IV XXIII s. XVIII s. XIV s. VIII s. VII s.

aTasw. sargon didi xamurabi XII-XI ss. tiglaT­ tiglaTfileser III nabuqodonosori
fileser I
Su­me­ri aqa­di ba­bi­lo­ni asu­re­Ti axa­la­su­ru­li xa­na axa­li ba­bi­lo­ni

xeTebis (xaTis) samefo

Zv. w. II aTas­wleul­Si ax­lo aR­mo­sav­leT­Si axa­li sa­xel­mwi­foe­bi war­moiS­va. zo­gier­Ti is­to­
ri­ko­si maT `sam­xed­ro sa­xel­mwi­foeb­sac~ uwo­debs, rad­gan isi­ni mud­mi­vad omebs awar­moeb­dnen.
ase­Te­bi iyo: xe­Te­bis sa­me­fo (xa­Ti), mi­Ta­ni, asu­re­Ti. xe­Tu­ri to­me­bi mci­re aziis te­ri­to­ria­ze
da­sax­ldnen. maT Ta­vi­dan­ve ar Seuq­mniaT Zlie­ri sa­xel­mwi­fo. xe­Teb­ma jer pa­ta­ra qa­laq­-sa­
xel­mwi­foe­bi Ca­moa­ya­li­bes. Zv. w. XVIII sau­ku­ne­Si am qa­laq­-sa­xel­mwi­foe­bi­dan da­wi­naur­da qa­la­qi
qusara. mis­ma mmar­Tve­leb­ma SeZ­les xe­Te­biT da­sax­le­bu­li te­ri­to­riis gaer­Tia­ne­ba. qu­sa­ris
me­fe xaTusilim de­da­qa­la­qi ax­lad daar­se­bul xaTusaSi ga­dai­ta­na. xa­Tu­si­li I-­ma SeZ­lo Crdi­
loeT si­riis dap­yro­ba. mis­ma mem­kvid­rem ki qa­la­qi ba­bi­lo­nic ai­Ro da sas­ti­kad ga­Zar­cva. xe­
Teb­ma sak­maod Zlie­ri sa­me­fo Seq­mnes. maT ma­le miaR­wies se­rio­zul sam­xed­ro war­ma­te­bas. amis
mi­ze­zi iyo xe­Te­bis sa­me­fo­Si sam­xed­ro saq­mis ma­Ral do­ne­ze or­ga­ni­ze­ba. sao­ma­ri moq­me­de­be­
bis dros xe­Teb­ma er­T-er­Tma pir­ve­leb­ma ga­moi­ye­nes sab­rZo­lo et­li. xe­Te­bis sa­me­fos `a­Ta­si
RvTae­bis qve­ya­nas~ uwo­de­ben, rad­gan yve­la toms da da­sax­le­bas Ta­vi­si RvTae­ba hyav­da. mTa­var
Rmer­Tad iT­vle­bo­da mzis qal­Rmer­Ti aria­na.
xe­Te­bis sa­me­fos is­to­rias mec­nie­re­bi sam na­wi­lad yo­fen: Zve­li sa­me­fo (Zv. w. 1650-1500), Sua
sa­me­fo (Zv. w. 1500-1450) da axa­li sa­me­fo (Zv.w. 1450-1200). xa­Ti gan­sa­kuT­re­biT gaZ­lier­da axa­li
sa­me­fos xa­na­Si, ro­me­lic xmel­Ta­Sua zRvi­dan Sav zRvam­de iyo ga­da­Wi­mu­li. xe­Te­bis sa­me­fom ram­
den­jer­me ga­ni­ca­da aR­mav­lo­ba da da­ce­ma. wi­na azia­sa da ax­lo aR­mo­sav­leT­Si he­ge­mo­niis­Tvis xe­
Te­bis sa­me­fos ga­mud­me­bu­li ome­bi uwev­da ara mar­to me­zo­bel qvey­neb­Tan, ara­med eg­vip­tes­Ta­nac
ki. Zv. w. 1200 wels xe­Te­bis sa­me­fo da­sav­le­Ti­dan Se­moW­ril­ma to­meb­ma gaa­nad­gu­res.

urartu
Zv. w. IX s.-Si sam­xreT kav­ka­sia­Si, va­ni­sa da ur­miis tbe­bis mi­da­moeb­Si Ca­mo­ya­lib­da urar­tus
sa­xel­mwi­fo. mi­si de­da­qa­la­qi iyo tuSfa. urar­tu gan­sa­kuT­re­biT gaZ­lier­da me­fee­bis argiSTi
I-isa da sarduri II-is dros. am dros urar­tus me­feeb­ma da­laS­qres sam­xreT kav­ka­siis qvey­ne­bic,
maT So­ris pir­ve­li qar­Tu­li sa­xel­mwi­foeb­ri­vi gaer­Tia­ne­be­bi _ diaoxi da kolxa. urar­tus
is­to­riis Se­sa­xeb upir­ve­le­si wya­roa asu­ru­li da Ta­vad urar­tu­li lur­smu­li war­we­re­bi, rom­
le­bic Zi­ri­Ta­dad asu­re­leb­Tan da sxva me­zo­bel xal­xeb­Tan brZo­le­bis, sam­Se­neb­lo da sa­kul­
to saq­mia­no­bis aR­we­ras moi­cavs.

_11_
 urar­tus sa­me­fo Zlier daa­sus­ta Zv. w. VIII s.-Si Crdi­loe­Ti­dan mom­Ta­ba­re to­me­bis:
skviTebisa da kimerielebis Se­mo­se­vam. Zv. w. VII sau­ku­ne­Si dRe­van­de­li ira­nis te­ri­to­ria­ze mi­
diis sa­me­fos gaZ­lie­re­bam saf­rTxe Seuq­mna urar­tus sa­xel­mwi­fos. mi­die­leb­ma jer asu­re­Tis
sa­me­fo daip­yres, Sem­deg ki, daax­loe­biT 590 w., urar­tus sa­me­foc. urar­tu gan­Tqmu­li iyo
li­To­nis (rki­na, brin­jao) war­moe­biT. urar­te­leb­ma Zv. w. IX s.-Si asu­re­le­bis­gan SeiT­vi­ses da
uf­ro gaa­mar­ti­ves lur­smu­li dam­wer­lo­ba.

diaoxi da kolxa
Zv. w. II aTas­wleu­lis bo­los qar­Tve­lur­ma to­meb­ma Seq­mnes pir­ve­li sa­xel­mwi­foeb­ri­vi
gaer­Tia­ne­be­bi _ diao­xi da kol­xa. asu­re­Tis me­fe tig­laT­fi­le­ser I Ta­vis war­we­ra­Si mog­viT­
xrobs asu­rel­Ta ga­laS­qre­ba­ze `nairis qveynebis~ wi­naaR­mdeg. asu­re­le­bi `nai­ris~ ma­Ti qvey­nis
Crdi­loe­TiT mde­ba­re vrcel mi­wa-­wyals eZax­dnen. sxva dat­yve­ve­bul me­fe­Ta So­ris am war­we­
ra­Si ix­se­nie­ba daie­nis (diao­xis, tao­xis) me­fe sie­ni. Sem­dgom­Si diaoxs ix­se­nie­ben urar­tu­li
war­we­re­bi. urar­tus me­fee­bi menua (Zv. w. 819-786 ww.) da mi­ si Ze argiSTi (Zv. w. 786-764 ww.)
mog­viT­xro­ben Ta­vianT Zle­va­mo­sil laS­qro­ba­ze diao­xis wi­naaR­mdeg. mi­si te­ri­to­ria Wo­ro­xis
auzs da Sa­vi zRvis sam­xreT sa­na­pi­roebs moi­cav­da.
diao­xi Zv. w. XII-­VIII ss. ar­se­bob­da. ar­giS­Tis Sem­deg es qve­ya­na aRar Cans. sa­ma­gie­rod urar­
tus me­fe sar­du­ri II­-is war­we­ra­Si ix­se­nie­ba sam­xreT­-da­sav­leT sa­qar­Tve­los meo­re di­di gaer­
Tia­ne­ba _ kol­xa (kul­xa). ro­gorc Cans, diao­xis mi­we­bi urar­tum da kol­xam gai­na­wi­les da da­
me­zob­le­bis Sem­deg maT So­ris ome­bi daiw­yo. Zv. w. VIII s. bo­los Crdi­loeT kav­ka­sii­dan daiw­yo
mom­Ta­ba­re skvi­Te­bi­sa da ki­me­rie­le­bis Se­mo­se­ve­bi; isi­ni jer sam­xreT kav­ka­sia­Si Se­moiW­rnen,
aqe­dan ki _ ax­lo aR­mo­sav­leT­Si. am Se­mo­se­ve­bis Se­de­gad urar­tu Za­lian da­sus­tda, xo­lo kol­
xa saer­Tod ga­nad­gur­da.

3. aqemenianuri irani

Zv. w. VI sau­ku­ne­Si wi­na azia­Si Ca­mo­ya­lib­da msof­lios udi­de­si sax­me­le­To im­pe­ria, aqe­me­
nia­nu­ri ira­ni. im­pe­riis sa­Ta­ve­Si id­ga wi­na azia­Si mcxov­re­bi er­T-er­Ti ira­nu­le­no­va­ni to­mis,
spar­se­le­bis, mmar­Tve­li aqe­me­nian­Ta sag­va­reu­lo. Zv. w. VII sau­ku­ne­Si spar­se­le­bi ase­ve ira­nu­
le­no­va­ni to­me­bis mier Seq­mni­li sa­xel­mwi­fos _ midiis Se­mad­gen­lo­ba­Si Se­diod­nen da xarks
ix­did­nen.

kirosi
Zv. w. 553 wels mi­diis wi­naaR­mdeg ajan­ye­ba daiw­yo spar­se­Tis me­fe kiros II-m (Zv. w. 558-530).
brZo­lam sam we­li­wads gas­ta­na da spar­sel­Ta ga­mar­jve­biT das­rul­da. Zv.w. 550 wels ki­ros­ma ai­Ro
mi­diis de­da­qa­la­qi ekbatana da Ta­vi spar­se­Ti­sa da mi­diis me­fed ga­moac­xa­da. ki­ros­ma gaag­rZe­
la dap­yro­be­bi da mom­dev­no ori wlis gan­mav­lo­ba­Si dai­ka­va par­Tia da hir­ka­nia _ ma­nam­de mi­diis
Se­mad­gen­lo­ba­Si myo­fi ira­nu­li ol­qe­bi. Sem­deg ki­ros­ma mci­re aziis­ken ilaS­qra. mas miem­xro
mci­re aziis er­T-er­Ti sa­me­fo _ ki­li­kia da sam­xed­ro dax­ma­re­bac ki Ses­Ta­va­za. amis ga­mo ki­ross
aras­dros gaug­zav­nia ki­li­kia­Si spar­se­li mmar­Tve­le­bi, gan­sxva­ve­biT sxva qvey­ne­bis­gan, rom­le­bic
wi­naaR­mde­go­bas uwev­dnen. ki­li­kiis spar­se­le­bis mxa­re­ze ga­das­vlis Sem­deg ki­ro­si uk­ve lidiis
sa­me­fo­sac miuax­lov­da. im dros li­diis sa­me­fos mci­re azia­Si ga­mor­Ceu­li ad­gi­li eWi­ra. mi­si
mfar­ve­lo­bis qveS iy­vnen sa­na­pi­ro­ze mde­ba­re ber­Znu­li qa­la­qe­bi. ki­ro­si li­diis­ken daiZ­ra. gza­
_12_
dag­za is Ta­vis ar­mias im qvey­nis meom­re­bi­Tac av­seb­da, ro­mel­Ta te­ri­to­ria­zec ga­dio­da. ki­ros­ma
el­Ce­bi mci­re aziis sa­na­pi­ros ber­Znul qa­laq­-sa­xel­mwi­foeb­Sic gag­zav­na da mou­wo­da, mis mxa­re­ze
ga­da­su­liy­vnen. mag­ram mci­rea­ziel­ma ber­Zneb­ma dac­da am­jo­bi­nes. li­diis de­da­qa­la­qis _ sar­des
aRe­bis Sem­deg ki­ros­ma iq spar­se­li mmar­Tve­li da­niS­na da mci­re aziis ber­Znu­li qa­la­qe­bis­ken gae­
mar­Ta. ber­Zneb­ma ki­ross el­Ce­bi gaug­zav­nes da mfar­ve­lo­ba sTxo­ves im pi­ro­biT, ra pi­ro­bi­Tac
ma­nam­de li­diis me­fis mfar­ve­lo­bis qveS im­yo­fe­bod­nen. mag­ram ki­ros­ma el­Cebs upa­su­xa, mas Sem­
deg, rac li­diis be­di ga­daw­yda, ber­Znul qa­la­qeb­sac Ta­vad gan­vu­saz­Rvrav pi­ro­beb­so. qa­la­qe­bis
na­wi­li spar­se­lebs sa­ku­Ta­ri ne­ba-­sur­vi­liT da­mor­Cil­da, na­wi­li ki brZo­lis Se­de­gad daip­yres.
ki­ros­ma laS­qro­be­bi aR­mo­sav­le­TiT gaag­rZe­la da Sua aziis na­wi­li daip­yro. Sem­deg ki ba­
bi­lo­nic dai­ka­va. qa­la­qis mcxov­reb­lebs ki­ro­sis ar­miis­Tvis wi­naaR­mde­go­ba ar gau­we­viaT, rad­
gan ki­ros­ma isi­ni usa­mar­Tlo me­fis ba­to­no­bi­sa­gan ix­sna. ki­ros­ma ba­bi­lo­nis mTa­var RvTae­bas
_ mar­duqs ta­Zar­Si msxver­pli Ses­wi­ra da qa­la­qis mcxov­reb­lebs mSvi­do­bas da xel­Seu­xeb­lo­bas
Seh­pir­da. ase­ve, im mo­sax­leo­bas, ro­me­lic ba­bi­lo­nis me­fee­bis mier iZu­le­biT iy­vnen Suam­di­
na­reT­Si gad­mo­sax­le­bu­li, man ne­ba dar­To, sa­ku­Tar sam­Sob­lo­Si dab­ru­ne­bu­liy­vnen. ki­ros­ma
for­ma­lu­rad Sei­nar­Cu­na ba­bi­lo­nis sa­me­fo da so­cia­lur struq­tu­ra­Si ara­fe­ri Seuc­vlia.
ba­bi­lo­ni me­fis er­T-er­Ti re­zi­den­cia gax­da. qve­ya­na­Si, er­Ti Se­xed­viT, yve­la­fe­ri uc­vle­li
dar­Ca. amas gar­da, ki­ro­sis mmar­Tve­lo­ba ba­bi­lon­Si uc­xoel­Ta ba­to­no­bad ar miu­RiaT, rad­gan
man me­fo­ba `mar­du­qis xe­li­dan~ mii­Ro da yve­la ri­tua­li Seas­ru­la, mag­ram si­nam­dvi­le­Si ba­bi­
lo­nis da­mou­ki­de­be­li sa­xel­mwi­fo aqe­me­nian­Ta er­T-erT ol­qad ga­daiq­ca.
ba­bi­lo­nis da­mor­Ci­le­bis Sem­deg da­sav­le­TiT mde­ba­re qve­ya­ne­bi _ si­ria, pa­les­ti­na da fi­
ni­kia _ eg­vip­tis saz­Rvram­de spar­se­lebs daeq­vem­de­ba­ra. aqe­me­nian­Ta sa­xel­mwi­fo vrcel te­
ri­to­ria­ze ga­dai­Wi­ma da amis Sem­deg ki­ros­ma ga­daw­yvi­ta, saz­Rvre­bi uk­ve sa­xel­mwi­fos Crdi­
lo­-aR­mo­sav­le­Tis mxri­dan gae­mag­re­bi­na, ra­Ta Sua azii­dan mom­Ta­ba­re to­me­bi _ ma­sa­ge­te­bi ar
Se­moW­ri­liy­vnen. ami­saT­vis man Zv. w. 530 Sua azia­Si ilaS­qra, mag­ram mdi­na­re amu­da­riis sa­na­pi­
ro­ze mom­Ta­ba­reeb­Tan brZo­la­Si dai­Ru­pa.

kambise
Zv. w. 530 wels tax­tze avi­da ki­ro­sis mem­kvid­re kambise. man eg­vip­te­ze gai­laS­qra. Zv. w. 525
wels eg­vip­tel­Ta ar­mia spar­se­leb­Tan brZo­la­Si da­mar­cxda da eg­vip­tec aqe­me­nian­Ta sa­xel­mwi­
fos Se­mad­gen­lo­ba­Si Se­vi­da. kambise­m fa­rao­nis ti­tu­li mii­Ro da eg­vip­tis me­fed yve­la we­sis
dac­viT ekur­Txa. Zv. w. 522 wels spar­seT­Si ajan­ye­ba daiw­yo da kam­bi­sec sam­Sob­los­ken gae­Su­ra,
Tum­ca gza­Si SeT­qmu­leb­ma mok­les.

darios I
aqe­me­nian­Ta ira­nis Sem­de­gi me­fe gax­da da­rios I (Zv. w. 522-486). me­fo­bis pir­vel or wels
da­rio­si mTel im­pe­ria­ze mo­de­bu­li ajan­ye­be­bis Caq­ro­bas moun­da. sa­xel­mwi­fo­Si wes­ri­gis dam­
ya­re­bis Sem­deg da­rios­ma re­for­me­bis ga­ta­re­ba daiw­yo. man sa­xel­mwi­fo teritoriul-adminis­
traciul erTeulebad _ 20 satrapiad da­yo. ro­gor­cwe­si, sat­ra­piis saz­Rvre­bi em­Txveo­da Zve­li
qvey­ne­bis sa­xel­mwi­fo da eT­nog­ra­fiul saz­Rvrebs. sat­ra­piis far­gleb­Si daS­ve­bu­li iyo ise­Ti
Sem­Txve­ve­bic, ro­ca esa Tu is qa­la­qi TviT­mmar­Tve­lo­bas, av­to­no­mias inar­Cu­neb­da (mag., fi­ni­
kiu­ri qa­la­qe­bi, ber­Znu­li qa­la­qe­bis na­wi­li). sat­ra­piis sa­Ta­ve­Si me­fis mo­xe­lee­bi _ satrapebi
id­gnen. sat­ra­pis Ta­nam­de­bo­ba ki­ro­si­sa da kambises dro­sac ar­se­bob­da da is ad­gi­lob­ri­vi
mmar­Tve­lis fun­qcias as­ru­leb­da, ro­me­lic er­Tdrou­lad ol­qSi umaR­le­si sa­mo­qa­la­qo da sam­
xed­ro pi­ri iyo. Zi­ri­Ta­dad sat­ra­pe­bi ad­gi­lob­ri­vi war­Ci­ne­bu­le­bi­dan iniS­ne­bod­nen. da­rio­sis
re­for­mis Se­de­gad ki sat­ra­pe­bad ume­te­sad spar­se­lebs niS­nav­dnen; maT ad­gi­leb­ze umaR­le­si
sa­mo­qa­la­qo da sa­sa­mar­Tlo xe­li­suf­le­ba hqon­daT, kreb­dnen ga­da­sa­xa­debs, rom­le­bic oq­ros,
_13_
ver­cxlis, xet­yis, sxva­das­xva pro­duq­te­bi­sa da sa­qon­lis­gan Sed­ge­bo­da. sat­ra­piis ja­ris mTa­
var­sar­dals me­fe pi­ra­dad niS­nav­da. sat­ra­pe­bi da mxe­dar­TmTav­re­bi uSua­lod da­mo­ki­de­bu­li
iy­vnen cen­tra­lur xe­li­suf­le­ba­ze, maT mud­mi­vad amow­meb­da sai­dum­lo po­li­cia. da­rio­sis re­
for­mis Se­de­gad Seiq­mna di­di biu­rok­ra­tiu­li apa­ra­ti, ro­me­lic sa­me­fo kan­ce­la­rii­dan imar­
Te­bo­da.
me­fis re­zi­den­cia persepolisSi iyo, mag­ram sa­xel­mwi­fos ad­mi­nis­tra­ciul centrs qa­la­qi
suza war­moad­gen­da. su­zis gar­da sxva did qa­la­qeb­Sic _ ba­bi­lon­Si, ek­ba­ta­na­Si, mem­fis­sa da sxva
sat­ra­pie­bis de­da­qa­la­qeb­Sic ar­se­bob­da kan­ce­la­rie­bi. yve­la mo­xe­les Tval­yurs adev­neb­da umaR­
le­si mo­xe­le _ xazarapeti, ro­mel­sac imav­drou­lad me­fis pi­ra­di gvar­dia `aTi aTasi ukvdavic~
emor­Ci­le­bo­da (gvar­dias am­gva­rad imi­tom iwo­de­bo­da, rom ma­Ti rao­de­no­ba mu­dam uc­vle­li iyo.
ro­me­li­me meom­ris da­Rup­vis Sem­Txve­va­Si, mis ad­gil­ze swra­fad aye­neb­dnen sxva ga­moc­dil meo­
mars).
da­rios­ma eko­no­mi­ku­ri re­for­me­bic gaa­ta­ra. man im­pe­ria­Si fu­lis saer­To er­Teu­li Se­moi­
Ro. es iyo oq­ros `dariki~. ase­ve iW­re­bo­da ver­cxlis `sikli~. `da­ri­kis~ moW­ra mxo­lod me­fes
SeeZ­lo, sikls ki sat­ra­pieb­Si (Zi­ri­Ta­dad mci­re azia­Si) Wrid­nen. vaW­ro­bi­sa da ko­mu­ni­ka­ciis
gan­sa­vi­Ta­reb­lad da­rios­ma moa­wes­ri­ga gze­bi, Seq­mna mud­mi­vi sa­fos­to sad­gu­re­bi, rom­le­bic
in­for­ma­ciis swra­fi gav­rce­le­bis sa­Sua­le­bas iZ­leo­da. axal­ma sa­mo­ne­to da ad­mi­nis­tra­ciul­ma
po­li­ti­kam xe­li Seuw­yo sa­ga­da­sa­xa­do sis­te­mis mo­wes­ri­ge­bas.
mkac­rad iyo dad­ge­ni­li sat­ra­pieb­Si mo­sax­leo­bis Se­mad­gen­lo­ba (Tu ro­me­li xal­xi iyo ama
Tu im sat­ra­pia­Si gaer­Tia­ne­bu­li) da ga­da­sa­xa­de­bi. Ta­vad spar­se­le­bi ga­da­sa­xa­de­bis­gan ga­Ta­
vi­suf­le­bu­li iy­vnen. isi­ni sa­xel­mwi­fo apa­rat­Si, me­fis `uk­vdav­Ta gvar­dia­sa~ da ar­mia­Si msa­
xu­rob­dnen.
aqe­me­nian­Ta im­pe­riis Se­mad­gen­lo­ba­Si qar­Tu­li to­me­bis na­wi­lic moeq­ca. Ta­na­med­ro­ve sa­
qar­Tve­los sam­xreT­-da­sav­le­TiT mcxov­re­bi sas­pe­re­bi, mos­xe­bi, ti­ba­re­ne­bi, mo­si­ni­ke­bi, mak­
ro­ne­bi, ma­re­bi spar­se­Tis XVIII da XIX satrapiebSi iy­vnen gaer­Tia­ne­bu­li. he­ro­do­tes Ta­nax­mad,
qar­Tu­li to­me­bi­dan _ kol­xe­bi sat­ra­piis Se­mad­gen­lo­ba­Si ar Se­diod­nen, mag­ram sa­ku­Ta­ri ne­ba-­
sur­vi­liT ix­did­nen yo­vel me­xu­Te wels xarks: 100 yrma­sa da 100 qal­wuls.
da­rios­ma im­pe­ria­Si saer­Ta­So­ri­so enad arameuli SemoiRo (a­ra­meu­li ena Zv.w. I aTas­wleul­
Si ax­lo aR­mo­sav­leT­Si yve­la­ze gav­rce­le­bu­li ena iyo). mTe­li im­pe­riis te­ri­to­ria­ze ofi­cia­
lu­ri do­ku­men­te­bi ara­meul ena­ze ig­zav­ne­bo­da.
aqe­me­nia­ni me­fee­bi, ise­ve ro­gorc Zve­li sam­ya­ros sxva mo­nar­qe­bi, xSi­rad sa­ku­Tar war­
we­rebs sa­sax­le­Ta ked­leb­ze, klde­ze ak­ve­Ti­neb­dnen, ra­Ta ma­Ti wa­kiT­xva yve­las Ses­Zle­bo­da.
dRem­de Se­mor­Ce­ni­lia qa­laq su­zis da­rio­sis war­we­ra, ro­me­lic aq sa­sax­lis age­bis Se­sa­xeb mog­
viT­xrobs.

qserqse
da­rios I-is gar­dac­va­le­bis Sem­deg sa­xel­mwi­fos sa­Ta­ve­Si mi­si mem­kvid­re qser­qse I (Zv. w.
486-465 w.) Caud­ga. sa­ga­reo po­li­ti­ka­Si man aqe­me­nian­Ta tra­di­ciu­li kur­si gaag­rZe­la. da­rio­sis
dros daiw­yo da Sem­deg qser­qses me­fo­bi­sas gag­rZel­da ira­ne­le­bi­sa da ber­Zne­bis da­pi­ris­pi­re­
ba, ro­me­lic is­to­ria­Si ber­Znul­-spar­su­li ome­bis sa­xe­li­Taa cno­bi­li. qser­qsem sa­xel­mwi­fo­Si
er­T-er­Ti um­niS­vne­lo­va­ne­si _ re­li­giu­ri re­for­ma Caa­ta­ra da ira­nel­Ta saer­To re­li­giad
zoroastrizmi ga­moac­xa­da. man ak­rZa­la im­pe­ria­Si mcxov­re­bi sxva­das­xva xal­xis ad­gi­lob­ri­vi
RvTae­be­bi da kul­te­bi da ahu­ra­maz­das sa­val­de­bu­lo Tay­va­nis­ce­ma daa­we­sa.
uZ­ve­les dro­Si spar­se­le­bi sxva­das­xva RmerTs scem­dnen Tay­vans. Zv.w. VII-­VI ss-Si zaraTuStram
(ber­Znu­lad zoroastrma) Ca­moa­ya­li­ba moZ­Rvre­ba, ro­mel­sac Sem­deg zo­roas­triz­mi ewo­da. zo­
roas­triz­mi dua­lis­tu­ri re­li­giaa, rom­lis mi­xed­viT, sam­ya­ro­Si ori ur­Tier­Tsa­pi­ris­pi­ro
saw­yi­sis _ si­ke­Ti­sa da bo­ro­te­bis, si­naT­li­sa da sib­ne­lis, si­coc­xli­sa da sik­vdi­lis mud­mi­vi
_14_
brZo­la mim­di­na­reobs. da­de­biT saw­yiss na­Te­li RvTae­ba ahura mazda ga­na­sa­xie­rebs. am re­li­gias
ag­reT­ve uwo­de­ben mazdeanobas (a­hu­ra maz­das sa­xe­lis mi­xed­viT) an cecxlTayvanismcemlobas
(ma­Ti mTa­va­ri sa­lo­ca­vi wmin­da cec­xlia).

ki­ros II di­di kambise da­rios I qser­qse I

sa­xel­mwi­fos Seq­mna eg­vip­tis re­for­me­bi re­li­giu­ri re­for­ma _ zo­roas­triz­mi
di­di dap­yro­be­bi dap­yro­ba
ber­Zen­-spar­sel­Ta omi

4. finikiuri qalaq-saxelmwifoebi da kolonizacia

xmel­Ta­Sua zRvis aR­mo­sav­leT sa­na­pi­ros viw­ro zo­li uZ­ve­les droi­dan­ve da­sax­le­bu­li iyo
se­mi­tu­ri mod­gmis qa­naa­nel­Ta to­me­biT. am mdi­dar, na­yo­fier, sa­mi­waT­moq­me­do kul­tu­ri­Ta da
me­Tev­zeo­ba-­zRvaos­no­biT gan­Tqmul qve­ya­nas Zve­li ber­Zne­bi uwo­deb­dnen `fi­ni­kias~, rac ber­
Znu­li­dan iTar­gmne­ba ro­gorc `me­wa­mu­li~. am re­gion­Si ar iyo di­di mdi­na­ree­bi, ad­gi­lob­ri­vi
mas­Sta­be­biT yve­la­ze mniS­vne­lo­va­ni iyo ior­da­ne pa­les­ti­na­Si da oron­ti si­ria­sa da fi­ni­kia­Si.
amis ga­mo iri­ga­cia sus­tad iyo gan­vi­Ta­re­bu­li. mTis ma­si­ve­bi aR­mo­sav­leT xmel­Ta­Suaz­Rvis­pi­
reTs ram­de­ni­me na­wi­lad yof­da. es ori faq­to­ri xels uS­li­da re­gio­nis erT sa­meur­neo er­
Teu­lad Ca­mo­ya­li­be­bas.
III aTas­wleu­lis Sua­xa­neb­Si fi­ni­kiis te­ri­to­ria­ze Ca­mo­ya­lib­da ram­de­ni­me Zlie­ri qa­laq-sa­
xel­mwi­fo, maT So­ris gan­sa­kuT­re­biT gaZ­lier­dnen biblosi, sidoni, ugariTi da tvirosi. qa­la­
qe­bis Zi­ri­Tad mo­sax­leo­bas xe­los­ne­bi da vaW­re­bi Sead­gen­dnen.
fi­ni­kia mdi­da­ri iyo bu­neb­ri­vi re­sur­se­biT _ spi­len­Zi­sa da rki­nis mad­niT, tyee­biT, maT So­
ris sa­xel­gan­Tqmu­li ked­riT. es sim­did­re eg­vip­te­le­bi­sa da Suam­di­na­re­Tis sa­xel­mwi­foe­bis in­
te­ress iw­vev­da. sa­mi­waT­moq­me­do mi­we­bis sim­ci­rem da zRvas­Tan siax­lo­vem gan­saz­Rvra am re­gio­nis
eko­no­mi­kis gan­vi­Ta­re­bis Ta­vi­se­bu­re­ba: sax­me­le­To vaW­ro­ba gan­vi­Tar­da Suam­di­na­reT­Tan da saz­
Rvao eg­vip­tes­Tan. Zv. w-is II aTas­wleu­li­dan fi­ni­kiis qa­laq­-sa­xel­mwi­foeb­ma saz­Rvao vaW­ro­ba­Si
pir­ve­lo­ba moi­po­ves. maT So­ris ga­moir­Ceod­nen tvi­ro­si da si­do­ni. xet­yis si­War­bem xe­li Seuw­yo
gem­TmSe­neb­lo­bis gan­vi­Ta­re­bas. maT did niC­bian ge­mebs, rom­leb­sac brtye­li gem­ba­ni da ial­qne­
bi hqon­daT, So­reul qvey­neb­Si mog­zau­ro­ba SeeZ­loT. sa­qon­liT dat­vir­Tu­li fi­ni­kiu­ri ge­me­bi
im­droin­de­li msof­lios yve­la wer­til­Si aR­wev­dnen. ber­Ze­ni is­to­ri­ko­sis, he­ro­do­tes cno­biT,
Zv. w-is VII-­VI ss. mij­na­ze fi­ni­kie­leb­ma af­ri­ka­sac ki Se­moua­res. fi­ni­kiur qa­laq­-sa­xel­mwi­foeb­ze
did ze­gav­le­nas ax­den­dnen me­zo­be­li di­di ci­vi­li­za­cie­bi da qvey­ne­bi: asu­re­Ti, eg­vip­te, xa­Ti.
Zv. w. XI s-Si gan­sa­kuT­re­biT da­wi­naur­da q. tvi­ro­si, ro­mel­mac daiw­yo mTe­li xmel­Ta­Suaz­
Rvis­pi­re­Tis ma­sob­ri­vi kolonizacia. fi­ni­kie­le­bi So­reul mxa­reeb­Si aar­seb­dnen axal da­sax­
le­bebs _ ko­lo­niebs. da­maar­se­be­li qa­la­qe­bi ko­lo­nieb­ze ara mxo­lod eko­no­mi­kur gav­le­nas
ax­den­dnen, ara­med Ta­vis kul­tu­ra­sac av­rce­leb­dnen ko­lo­niis mim­de­ba­re ad­gi­lob­riv mo­sax­
leo­ba­Si. ko­lo­ni­za­ciis pro­ce­si ram­de­ni­me mi­ze­ziT iyo ga­mow­veu­li. qa­la­qe­bi arc ise di­di
iyo da sof­lis meur­neo­bi­saT­vis ga­mo­sa­de­gi mi­we­bis sim­ci­re ver uz­run­vel­yof­da maT yve­la
mo­qa­la­qes. am­de­nad, mo­qa­la­qe­Ta na­wi­li cdi­lob­da axal mi­web­ze da­sax­le­bas da iq sa­ku­Ta­
ri meur­neo­bis gan­vi­Ta­re­bas. meo­re mi­ze­zi iyo saz­Rvao vaW­ro­bis gan­vi­Ta­re­ba. fi­ni­kie­lebs
sxva­das­xva qvey­ni­dan Seh­qon­daT maT­Tvis sa­Wi­ro sa­qo­ne­li, xo­lo sa­ku­Tar na­warms xel­say­rel
fa­sad yid­dnen. xmel­Ta­Suaz­Rvis­pi­reT­Si qa­la­qe­bis daar­se­ba am pro­cess aad­vi­leb­da. Zv. w-is

_15_
XI sau­ku­ne­Si tvi­ro­se­leb­ma Crdi­loeT af­ri­ka­Si daaar­ses qa­la­qi uti­ka, xo­lo pi­re­nes na­xe­var­
kun­Zul­ze _ ga­de­si. Tan­da­Ta­no­biT fi­ni­kie­leb­ma aiT­vi­ses da­sav­leT si­ci­lia, mal­ta da ba­lea­
ris kun­Zu­le­bi. maT mier daar­se­bul qa­la­qebs So­ris yve­la­ze mniS­vne­lo­va­ni iyo Zv. w. 825 w.
Crdi­loeT af­ri­ka­Si daar­se­bu­li qa­la­qi karTageni.
fi­ni­kiis mTa­va­ri qa­la­qe­bi _ tvi­ro­si, si­do­ni da bib­lo­si _ sat­ran­zi­to vaW­ro­bis Se­de­gad
mdid­rde­bod­nen. tvi­ro­si cno­bi­li iyo sam­Reb­ro sa­xe­los­noe­biT, sa­dac Se­mo­ta­nil qso­vils
Re­bav­dnen me­wa­mu­li sa­Re­ba­viT, ro­mel­sac mo­lus­ke­bis­gan am­za­deb­dnen. ase­ve Za­lian fa­sob­da
fi­ni­kie­li os­ta­te­bis mier dam­za­de­bu­li na­ke­To­be­bi _ oq­ro­sa da ver­cxlis Ta­se­bi, saiu­ve­li­ro
na­war­mi. vaW­ro­bas­Tan er­Tad fi­ni­kie­le­bi me­kob­reo­ba­sac ar Ta­ki­lob­dnen.
Zv. w. IX­-VII ss-Si fi­ni­kiis qa­la­qe­bi asu­re­Tis daq­vem­de­ba­re­ba­Si moeq­cnen. asu­rel­Ta xar­kis
sim­Zi­mis ga­mo fi­ni­kie­li me­fee­bi ga­mud­me­biT jan­yde­bod­nen, mag­ram war­ma­te­bas ver aR­wev­dnen,
rad­gan qa­laq­-sa­xel­mwi­foebs So­ris ar­se­bu­li sa­vaW­ro kon­ku­ren­ciis ga­mo gaer­Tia­ne­bas ver
axer­xeb­dnen. Zv. w. VI s-is Sua­xa­neb­Si fi­ni­kia daip­yro spar­se­Tis aqe­me­nian­ma me­fe ki­ros­ma. Zv.
w. VIII-­VII sau­ku­nee­bi­dan fi­ni­kie­le­bis kon­ku­ren­te­bi xmel­Ta­Suaz­Rvis­pi­reT­Si gax­dnen ber­Znu­li
qa­laq­-sa­xel­mwi­foe­bi (po­li­se­bi). ber­Zneb­ma di­di sa­ko­lo­ni­za­cio moZ­rao­ba wa­moiw­yes. ber­Zneb­
ma Tan­da­Ta­no­biT SeZ­les fi­ni­kie­le­bis Ca­nac­vle­ba. maT ga­moi­go­nes axa­li, uf­ro swraf­ma­va­li
sam­xed­ro ge­me­bi _ trierebi da mTel xmel­Ta­Suaz­Rvis­pi­reT­Si ga­ba­ton­dnen. Zv. w. 332 w. fi­ni­kia
daip­yro aleq­san­dre ma­ke­do­nel­ma. aq dam­kvid­rda eli­nis­tu­ri kul­tu­ra, ga­ba­to­ne­bul ene­bad
iq­ca ber­Znu­li da ara­meu­li. ax. w. III s-Si fi­ni­kiis qa­la­qeb­ma sa­bo­lood daas­ru­les ar­se­bo­ba.
fi­ni­kie­le­bis sa­xel­Tan aris da­kav­Si­re­bu­li ka­cob­rio­bis udi­de­si miR­we­va _ anbanis ga­mo­
go­ne­ba. fi­ni­kiel vaW­rebs Ta­vi­si far­To kon­taq­te­bis ga­mo sWir­de­bo­daT dam­wer­lo­bis mar­ti­
vi we­si (da ara aqa­du­ri lur­smu­li an eg­vip­tu­ri ie­rog­li­fe­bi). am Zie­bam sam­xreT fi­ni­kia­Si
war­moS­va pir­ve­li xa­zo­va­ni dam­wer­lo­ba, ro­mel­Sic Ti­Toeu­li ni­Sa­ni uk­ve wi­nas­war dad­ge­nil
mar­cvals ki aRar aR­niS­nav­da, ara­med Tan­xmo­vans, ro­mel­sac, SeiZ­le­bo­da, ne­bis­mie­ri xmo­va­ni
dar­Tvo­da an ar dar­Tvo­da. fi­ni­kiur an­ban­Si Ca­mo­ya­lib­da 22 aso-­ni­Sa­ni. Sem­dgom­Si am dam­wer­
lo­bas gaec­nnen ber­Zne­bi, ga­dai­Res da Ta­vis mxriv dau­ma­tes xmo­va­ni niS­ne­bi, ri­Tac an­ba­nur­ma
sis­te­mam sa­bo­lood Ca­mo­ya­li­be­bu­li sa­xe mii­Ro.

5. Zveli saberZneTi

berZnuli kolonizacia
an­ti­ku­ri epo­qis sa­ber­Zne­Ti ar iyo po­li­ti­ku­rad er­Tia­ni. Zv. w. VIII s-Si TiT­qmis yve­la
ber­Znul qa­laq­Si war­moiq­mna da­mou­ki­de­be­li sa­xel­mwi­fo. maT ber­Zne­bi polisebs uwo­deb­dnen.
Tav­da­pir­ve­lad `po­li­si~ mxo­lod geog­ra­fiul te­ri­to­rias aR­niS­nav­da. mxo­lod mog­via­ne­
biT gax­da is qa­laq­-sa­xel­mwi­fos si­no­ni­mi. yo­vel po­liss hyav­da sa­ku­Ta­ri ja­ri, hqon­da xa­zi­na,
Wri­da sa­ku­Tar mo­ne­tas. mom­dev­no ori sau­ku­nis gan­mav­lo­ba­Si ber­Zneb­ma sa­ku­Ta­ri po­li­se­bis
ga­reT daiw­yes sac­xov­re­be­li ad­gi­lis Zie­ba. po­li­sis eko­no­mi­kis sa­fuZ­ve­li mi­waT­moq­me­de­ba,
xe­los­no­ba da sam­Ta­mad­no saq­me iyo. sa­ber­Zne­Tis yve­la qa­laqs mi­wi­sa da li­To­nis sa­ba­doe­bis
sim­ci­re zRu­dav­da. qa­la­qe­bi er­Tma­neTs xSi­rad eo­me­bod­nen. po­li­se­bis Sig­ni­Tac xSi­ri iyo
da­pi­ris­pi­re­ba mi­wis­mflo­be­leb­sa da Ra­ri­bebs So­ris. Zv. w. VIII s-dan po­li­se­bis mo­sax­leo­bam
axa­li te­ri­to­rie­bis aT­vi­se­ba daiw­yo. amis Zi­ri­Ta­di mi­ze­zi swo­red mi­wis sim­ci­re iyo. meo­re
mi­ze­zi qa­la­qeb­Si ar­se­bu­li uTan­xmoe­be­bi da, xSi­rad, sa­mo­qa­la­qo ome­bic iyo. aseT Sem­Txve­va­Si
po­li­si­dan mi­diod­nen axa­li, uke­Te­si qa­la­qis daar­se­bis sur­vi­liT. ama­ve mi­ze­ziT mra­va­li ga­
Ra­ri­be­bu­li da va­leb­Si Caf­lu­li ber­Ze­nic to­veb­da sam­Sob­los.
_16_
 ko­lo­niis daar­se­ba me­tad sa­pa­su­xis­mgeb­lo saq­me iyo. mas­Si qu­ru­me­bi da wi­nas­war­met­yve­
le­bi ereod­nen. da­sax­le­bis ad­gi­lis Ser­Ce­vi­sas Sem­deg pi­ro­bebs iT­va­lis­wi­neb­dnen: a) qa­la­qi
zRviT ad­vi­lad un­da yo­fi­li­yo mi­sad­go­mi; b) qa­la­qis dac­va io­li un­da yo­fi­li­yo; g) axa­li
da­sax­le­ba na­yo­fie­ri mi­we­biT un­da yo­fi­li­yo gar­Se­mor­tymu­li; d) qa­laqs mud­mi­vad un­da hqo­
no­da sas­me­li wya­li.
ko­lo­nie­bi iq­ca ber­Znu­li sa­qon­lis ga­sa­Re­bis axal baz­rad. Ta­vis mxriv, ko­lo­nie­bi­dan
sa­ber­ZneT­Si Se­dio­da da­ma­te­bi­Ti ned­leu­li, rac met­ro­po­liis mzard eko­no­mi­kas Zlier sWir­
de­bo­da. Tan­da­Tan ber­Znu­li ko­lo­nie­bi msof­lio sa­vaW­ro cen­tre­bad iq­ca. xmel­Ta­Sua zRvis
auz­Si ar­se­bul­ma zo­gier­Tma ber­Znul­ma ko­lo­niam ad­gi­lob­ri­vi mo­sax­leo­ba Ta­vi­si gav­le­nis
sfe­ro­Si moaq­cia da da­mou­ki­de­bel sa­xel­mwi­fod Ca­mo­ya­lib­da. ko­lo­nii­sa da metropoliis anu
`de­da qa­la­qis~ er­Tma­neT­Tan da­mo­ki­de­bu­le­ba gan­sxva­ve­bu­li iyo. zog­jer ko­lo­nia sru­liad
da­mou­ki­de­bel qa­la­qad ya­lib­de­bo­da, zog Sem­Txve­va­Si ki met­ro­po­liis gav­le­nis qveS rCe­bo­da.

berZnuli koloniebi saqarTveloSi

skvi­Te­bi­sa da ki­me­rie­le­bis Se­mo­se­vis Se­de­gad ga­nad­gu­re­bu­li kol­xas sa­me­fos mo­sax­leo­ba
Zv. w. VIII-­VII ss-Si uf­ro Crdi­loe­TiT ga­da­sax­lda. maT mdi­na­re rio­nis auz­Si axa­li sa­xel­mwi­
fo Ca­moa­ya­li­bes. am sa­xel­mwi­fos eko­no­mi­ku­ri ur­Tier­To­be­bi hqon­da ber­Znul po­li­seb­Tan.
am ur­Tier­To­bebs daem­Txva ber­Znu­li ko­lo­ni­za­cia xmel­Ta­Suaz­Rvis­pi­reT­sa da Sa­viz­Rvis­pi­
reT­Si. Zv. w. VIII sau­ku­ni­dan ber­Zneb­ma aq­tiu­rad daiw­yes Sa­viz­Rvis­pi­re­Tis aT­vi­se­ba. da­saw­yis­Si
ko­lo­nie­bi Sa­vi zRvis sam­xreT sa­na­pi­ro­ze gaC­nda. ber­Zneb­ma aq daaar­ses ke­ra­sun­ti, ko­tio­ra,
tra­pe­zun­ti. Sem­dgom­Si ber­Znu­li axal­Se­ne­bi gaC­nda kol­xe­Tis te­ri­to­ria­ze: fazisi (fo­Ti),
gienosi (o­Cam­Ci­re), dioskuria (so­xu­mi), pitiunti (biW­vin­Ta); axal­Se­ni iyo ase­ve qo­bu­leT­-fiW­
vna­ris te­ri­to­ria­ze. sa­qar­Tve­lo­Si pir­ve­li axal­Se­ne­bi qa­laq miletidan Ca­mo­sul­ma vaW­reb­ma
daaar­ses. sa­qar­Tve­los te­ri­to­ria­ze Ca­mo­ya­li­be­bu­li ber­Znu­li axal­Se­ne­bi sa­vaW­ro saq­mia­no­
bas eweod­nen da aras­dros ukis­riaT po­li­ti­ku­ri cen­tris fun­qcia.
kol­xe­Ti­dan ber­Znebs gah­qon­daT xet­ye, cvi­li, fi­si, se­li da se­lis na­war­mi (gem­TmSe­neb­
lo­ba­Si ga­mo­sa­ye­neb­lad), Taf­li, oq­ro, ro­me­lic mdi­na­reebs Ca­moh­qon­da da mo­sax­leo­ba var­
cle­bi­Ta da tya­ve­biT ag­ro­veb­da (a­qe­dan mo­dis ki­dec mi­Ti oq­ros saw­mis­ze da ar­go­nav­teb­ze).
kol­xe­Ti­dan gah­yav­daT mo­ne­bic. sa­ber­Zne­Ti­dan kol­xeT­Si Se­mo­dio­da ma­Ra­li xa­ris­xis Rvi­no,
zei­Tu­nis ze­Ti, ma­Ra­li xa­ris­xis ke­ra­mi­ku­li da mi­nis na­war­mi, saiu­ve­li­ro na­war­mi. kol­xeT­Si
aq­tiur vaW­ro­ba­ze met­yve­lebs ad­gi­lob­ri­vi ver­cxlis fu­li _ kolxuri TeTri, ro­me­lic Zv.
w. VI s-dan iW­re­bo­da.

aTeni
Sua sa­ber­ZneT­Si mde­ba­re ati­kis ol­qi Zvel­Ta­gan­ve sa­ber­Zne­Tis centrs war­moad­gen­da. ati­
kis mTa­var­ma qa­laq­ma, aTen­ma, Tan­da­Tan mTel ati­ka­ze moi­po­va gav­le­na. aTen­Si Cai­sa­xa mmar­Tve­
lo­bis for­ma, ro­mel­sac demokratia ewo­de­ba. ka­cob­rio­bis is­to­ria­Si aq pir­ve­lad Se­moi­Res
`moqalaqis~ cne­ba.
aTe­ni sa­ber­Zne­Tis 750 po­liss So­ris er­T-er­Ti qa­laq­-sa­xel­mwi­fo­Ta­ga­ni da far­To­bis
si­di­diT meo­re qa­la­qi iyo spar­tis Sem­deg. igi Sed­ge­bo­da sa­kuT­riv qa­la­qis, mi­si nav­sad­
gu­ris (pi­reo­sis) da gar­Se­mo mde­ba­re te­ri­to­riis­gan (sof­le­bi, pa­ta­ra da­sax­le­be­bi, zRvis
sa­na­pi­ro zo­li). po­li­sis Ca­moT­vli­li na­wi­le­bi er­Tma­neTs av­seb­dnen eko­no­mi­ku­ri Tval­saz­
ri­siT. ber­Znu­li wya­roe­bi aTens `a­Te­nel­Ta qa­la­qad, aTe­nel­Ta sa­xel­mwi­fod~ moix­se­nie­ben.
qa­laq­-sa­xel­mwi­fo­Ta sim­rav­lis miu­xe­da­vad, ber­Zne­bi Tavs er­Tia­ni ber­Znu­li sam­ya­ros wev­re­
bad miiC­nev­dnen, rad­gan hqon­daT er­Ti ena, Tay­vans scem­dnen er­Tsa da ima­ve Rmer­Tebs, ik­ri­
be­bod­nen saer­To­ber­Znul re­li­giur dRe­sas­wau­leb­ze. Tav­da­pir­ve­lad aTen­Si Za­lauf­le­bas
_17_
aris­tok­ra­tia flob­da. po­liss sa­Ta­ve­Si ba­si­lev­si, anu me­fe ed­ga. aR­mas­ru­le­bel xe­li­suf­
le­bas war­moad­gen­da arqontTa 9-ka­cia­ni ko­le­gia, ro­mel­sac areopagi, anu aris­tok­rat­Ta
sab­Wo ir­Cev­da.
Zv. w. VII sau­ku­ne­Si aTen­Si mci­re­mi­wia­no­bis ga­mo Za­lian bev­ri ga­Ra­rib­da. maT Se­mo­sa­va­li ar
hqon­daT da vals iReb­dnen. va­lis ga­dax­da um­rav­le­so­bas aRar SeeZ­lo da aris­tok­ra­tis mo­na
xde­bo­da. amas dae­ma­ta sas­ti­ki ka­no­ne­bi, rom­le­bic aris­tok­ra­teb­ma xalxs dau­we­ses.

solonis reformebi
Zv. w. 594 wels pir­vel ar­qon­tad air­Cies so­lo­ni, ro­mel­mac re­for­me­bis gziT Sec­va­la
sa­zo­ga­doe­ba. man daam­kvid­ra:
• Tavisufali adamianis, anu moqalaqis cne­ba. so­lon­ma ak­rZa­la va­lis ga­mo Ta­vi­su­fa­li ada­
mia­nis ga­yid­va da mi­si mo­nad qce­va. mci­re azia­Si ga­yi­du­li ada­mia­ne­bi sam­Sob­lo­Si daab­ru­
nes. amie­ri­dan mo­na mxo­lod uc­xoe­li, ara­ber­Ze­ni SeiZ­le­bo­da yo­fi­li­yo: aTen­Si mo­na ara
ada­mia­nad, ara­med im su­lier ia­ra­Rad iT­le­bo­da, ro­me­lic au­ci­le­be­lia sao­ja­xo meur­neo­
bis war­mar­Tvi­sa da fun­qcio­ni­re­bis­Tvis.
• did­gva­ro­vanT Ca­moer­TvaT uka­no­nod miT­vi­se­bu­li mi­we­bi da mflo­be­lebs daub­ru­nes.
• so­lo­nis dros ga­ni­saz­Rvra mi­wis­mflo­be­lo­bis maq­si­mu­mi.
• so­lo­nis re­for­meb­ma ga­zar­da demosis _ Ta­vi­su­fa­li mo­qa­la­qee­bis uf­le­be­bi. Tum­ca, Ta­
nam­de­bo­bis mi­Re­bi­sa da po­li­ti­ku­ri uf­le­be­bis mo­cu­lo­bis gan­msaz­Rvre­li pi­rov­ne­bis
qo­neb­ri­vi mdgo­ma­reo­ba iyo.
• saxalxo kreba po­li­sis mar­Tvis umaR­les or­ga­nos war­moad­gen­da da xmis mi­ce­mis uf­le­ba
aTe­nis yve­la mo­qa­la­qes Ta­nab­rad hqon­da. gar­da ami­sa, maT SeeZ­loT na­fic msa­ju­lebad
gax­do­ma.
• sa­xal­xo sab­Wo ir­Cev­da umaR­les mo­xe­leebs _ cxra ar­qonts ori ze­da qo­neb­ri­vi kla­si­dan.
maT­gan yve­la­ze me­ti Za­lauf­le­ba pir­vel ar­qonts hqon­da.
• sa­xal­xo kre­bis sxdo­mas am­za­deb­da da mim­di­na­re sa­kiT­xebs ag­va­reb­da oT­xi­ve qo­neb­ri­vi
kla­si­dan ar­Ceu­li 100-100 ada­mia­nis­gan Sem­dga­ri sab­Wo, anu bule.

klisTenes mmarTveloba
aTen­Si de­mok­ra­tiu­li prin­ci­pe­bis dam­kvid­re­ba gag­rZel­da klis­Te­nes dro­sac. Zv. w. 509
wels klis­Te­nem:
• gaauq­ma aTe­nis mo­qa­la­qe­Ta da­yo­fa qo­ne­bis mi­xed­viT. de­mos­ze did­gva­ro­van­Ta gav­le­na rom
See­sus­te­bi­na da gva­re­bi gae­Ti­Sa, klis­Te­nem mTe­li ati­ka sam te­ri­to­riul ol­qad da­yo: 1)
sa­na­pi­ro, 2) qa­la­qi aTe­ni da mi­si Se­mo­ga­re­ni, 3) Si­da mxa­re. am­gva­rad bu­le te­ri­to­riu­li
prin­ci­piT kom­pleq­tde­bo­da. klis­Te­nes dros kvlav yve­la mo­qa­la­qe mo­na­wi­leob­da sa­xal­
xo kre­ba­sa da sa­sa­mar­Tlos mu­Sao­ba­Si. mxo­lod 400-Ta sab­Wo Sec­va­la 500-Ta sab­Wom.
• qo­neb­ri­vi cen­zis mi­xed­viT mxo­lod umaR­le­si sa­xel­mwi­fo mo­xe­lee­bis ar­Ce­va xde­bo­da ze­
da ori fe­ni­dan.
• aTe­nu­ri mmar­Tve­lo­ba tiraniisgan (er­Tpi­rov­nu­li mmar­Tve­lo­bis­gan) rom daec­va, klis­
Te­nem Se­moi­Ro ostrakismosi, anu `natexTa sasamarTlo~. yo­vel­wliu­rad sa­xal­xo kre­ba­ze
ga­ni­xi­lav­dnen sa­kiTxs: xom ar iy­vnen qa­laq­Si ada­mia­ne­bi, rom­le­bic saf­rTxes uq­mnid­nen
ar­se­bul sa­xel­mwi­fo wyo­bas. kre­bis mo­na­wi­lee­bi Ti­xis na­te­xeb­ze anu os­tra­ko­neb­ze wer­
dnen aseT pir­Ta sa­xe­lebs. ken­Wis­yra­Si sul mci­re, 6000 mo­qa­la­qes un­da mie­Ro mo­na­wi­leo­
ba. vi­si sa­xe­lic yve­la­ze me­tad ga­meor­de­bo­da, mas ati­ki­dan 10 wlis va­diT aZe­veb­dnen.

_18_
 perikle da aTenis `oqros xana~
de­mok­ra­tiis sa­bo­lood Ca­mo­ya­li­be­ba aTen­Si da­kav­Si­re­bu­lia pe­rik­les sa­xel­Tan. igi 15
wels (444-429) uc­vle­lad iyo aTe­nis stra­te­go­si (mTa­var­sar­da­li), mar­Tav­da prin­ci­piT: `Cven
vqmniT drois mci­re mo­nak­veT­Si, mag­ram ara drois mci­re mo­nak­ve­Ti­saT­vis~.
pe­rik­les dros:
• aTe­nis umaR­le­si mmar­Tve­li or­ga­no iyo saxalxo kreba _ eklesia. kre­ba­Si 20 wels ze­moT
yve­la aTe­ne­li ma­ma­ka­ci mo­na­wi­leob­da. kre­ba yo­vel mea­Te dRes ik­ri­be­bo­da ak­ro­po­li­sis
max­lob­lad, mog­via­ne­biT ki aTe­nis Teat­rSi. aTe­nel­Ta az­riT, aTe­nis ne­bis­mier mo­qa­la­qes
SeeZ­lo gas­ZRo­lo­da kre­bas, ami­tom kre­bis Tav­mjdo­ma­res wi­lis­yriT niS­nav­dnen.
wi­lis­yra­Si yve­la mo­qa­la­qe mo­na­wi­leob­da. sa­xal­xo kre­ba wyvet­da aTe­nis po­li­ti­kis,
fi­nan­se­bis, omisa da za­vis sa­kiT­xebs, us­men­da uc­xoel el­Cebs. kre­ba­ze yve­la aTe­nels
SeeZ­lo ne­bis­mie­ri, Tun­dac yo­fi­Ti sa­kiT­xis wa­moW­ra. sa­kiT­xis ga­daw­yve­ta xde­bo­da Ria an
fa­ru­li ken­Wis­yriT.
sa­xal­xo kre­ba­ze gan­sa­xil­vel ka­no­nebs am­za­deb­da xu­Tas­Ta sab­Wo _ bu­le. igi ga­ni­xi­
lav­da ag­reT­ve Ta­nam­de­bo­bis pir­Ta saq­meeb­sac. sa­xal­xo kre­ba er­Ti wlis va­diT ir­Cev­da
sa­xel­mwi­fo mo­xe­leebs, rom­leb­sac or­jer ze­di­zed Ta­nam­de­bo­bis da­ka­ve­bis uf­le­ba ar
hqon­daT. ga­mo­nak­li­si iyo pir­ve­li stra­te­go­sis, anu mTa­var­sar­dlis Ta­nam­de­bo­ba.
sa­sa­mar­Tlos, anu na­fic­Ta sab­Wos mTe­li aTe­ni ir­Cev­da. mo­sa­mar­Tle­ni ara mar­to aTen­
Si, ara­med aTe­nis mo­kav­Si­re qa­la­qeb­Sic iy­vnen. arc er­Tma bral­de­bul­ma ar ico­da wi­nas­
war, Tu ro­me­li mo­sa­mar­Tle ga­ni­xi­lav­da mis saq­mes, rac qrTa­mis aRe­bas ga­mo­ric­xav­da.
ve­qi­li, anu bral­de­bu­lis dam­cve­li ma­Sin ar ar­se­bob­da. sa­sa­mar­Tlo­ze Tavs TviT bral­
de­bu­li an mi­si na­Te­sa­vi icav­da.
• aTe­nis Tav­dac­va da sam­xed­ro sa­kiT­xe­bi exe­bo­da stra­te­gos­Ta ko­le­gias. mas­Si 10 stra­te­
go­si, anu sar­da­li mo­na­wi­leob­da, ro­mel­Ta­gan er­Ti mTa­va­ri iyo. pe­rik­les droi­dan stra­
te­gos­Ta ko­le­gia ga­na­geb­da dip­lo­ma­tiur da yo­vel­gvar sa­xel­mwi­fo saq­meebs.

Zvel aTe­ne­lebs swam­daT, rom po­liss ada­mia­ne­bi qmnian da ara dam­ca­vi ga­lav­ne­bi an meom­
re­bis ga­re­Se dar­Ce­ni­li sab­rZo­lo xo­mal­de­bi.
• 451 wels pe­rik­lem ga­mos­ca ka­no­ni `wminda moqalaqeoba~, rom­lis mi­xed­vi­Tac ga­ni­saz­Rvra,
vin iyo aTe­nis mo­qa­la­qe: yve­la ma­ma­ka­ci, ro­mel­sac ma­ma aTe­ne­li hyav­da, xo­lo de­da ase­ve
aTe­ne­lis Svi­li iyo. bav­Svis ma­mo­bis aRia­re­ba mi­si da­ba­de­bis­Ta­na­ve un­da mom­xda­ri­yo, rom
mas mo­qa­la­qeo­ba mie­Ro. aTe­ne­li mo­qa­la­qeo­bas kar­gav­da brZo­la­Si ga­mo­Ce­ni­li laC­ro­bis,
qur­do­bis, va­le­bis ga­daux­de­lo­bis, Rmer­Te­bis upa­tiv­ce­mu­lo­bis ga­mo.
pe­rik­lem gaauq­ma aTe­ne­le­bis­Tvis yve­la­nai­ri saar­Cev­no Sez­Rud­va. igi Tvli­da, rom Ra­
ri­bi ada­mia­ni ver iq­ne­bo­da kar­gi sa­xel­mwi­fo mo­xe­le. ami­tom man Zv. w. 451 wels pir­ve­lad
Se­moi­Ro xel­fa­si Ta­nam­de­bo­bis pi­ri­saT­vis. xel­fa­si da­wes­da ara mxo­lod Ta­nam­de­bo­ba­ze,
ara­med sxdo­ma­Si mo­na­wi­leo­bis­Tvi­sac. es zrdi­da de­mo­sis mo­va­leo­bebs. aTe­nis mdi­da­ri
mo­qa­la­qee­bi val­de­bu­li iy­vnen, er­Ti wlis gan­mav­lo­ba­Si Ta­vis Tav­ze ae­RoT er­Ti sab­rZo­
lo xo­mal­dis aR­Wur­vis an Teat­ra­lu­ri war­mod­ge­ne­bis xar­je­bi.
aTe­nis mo­qa­la­qeo­bas da, Se­sa­ba­mi­sad, po­li­ti­kur uf­le­bebs mok­le­bu­li iy­vnen qa­le­bi,
bav­Sve­bi, mo­ne­bi da uc­xoe­li Ta­vi­su­fa­li mo­qa­la­qee­bi _ metoikebi. am­gva­rad, 400 000 aTe­
ne­li­dan aTe­nis mo­qa­la­qed mxo­lod 40 000 ka­ci iT­vle­bo­da.

so­lo­ni klis­Te­ne pe­rik­le

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

_19_
 sparta
aTe­nis­gan gan­sxva­ve­bu­li iyo sam­xreT sa­ber­Zne­Tis po­li­su­ri sa­zo­ga­doe­ba. Zv. w. XII s.-Si
do­riel­Ta to­meb­ma pe­lo­po­ne­sis sam­xre­TiT la­ko­niis mi­we­bi daip­yres. aq Ca­mo­ya­li­be­bu­li sa­
xel­mwi­fos cen­tri iyo spar­ta. mog­via­ne­biT spar­te­leb­ma mi­we­bis sim­ci­ris ga­mo me­zo­be­li me­se­
niis mi­we­bi daip­yres. spar­ta­Si aTe­nis­gan gan­sxva­ve­bu­li mmar­Tve­lo­ba ar­se­bob­da.
spar­tas nam­dvi­li po­li­sis­Tvis da­ma­xa­sia­Te­be­li cen­tra­li­ze­bu­li mmar­Tve­lo­ba hqon­da,
Tum­ca mis te­ri­to­ria­ze ar iyo arc er­Ti ga­la­van­Se­mov­le­bu­li qa­la­qi. spar­te­le­bi da­na­wi­le­
bu­li iy­vnen xuT da­sax­le­ba­Si, rom­le­bic uf­ro sof­lebs war­moad­gen­da, vid­re qa­la­qebs.
spar­tis sa­zo­ga­doe­ba sa­mi di­di jgu­fis­gan Sed­ge­bo­da: 1) daax­loe­biT 10 000 spar­te­li
sru­luf­le­bia­ni mo­qa­la­qe iyo. maT `Tanasworebs~ uwo­deb­dnen, rad­gan yve­las er­Ti si­di­dis mi­
wis nak­ve­Ti hqon­da; 2) hilotebi _ dap­yro­bi­li me­se­nie­le­bi spar­te­leb­ma Ta­vianT sa­sar­geb­lod
mo­mu­Sa­ve hi­lo­te­bad, anu mi­wis mu­Se­bad, aq­cies, Tum­ca sa­ku­Ta­ri sac­xov­re­be­li ad­gi­li­dan ar
auy­riaT. ma­Ti ric­xvi 200 aTass Sead­gen­da. hi­lo­te­bi sa­ku­Tar mi­wis nak­ve­Tebs amu­Sa­veb­dnen
da `Ta­nas­wo­rebs~ mo­sav­lis na­xe­vars ux­did­nen. 3) periekebi _ qa­la­qis ga­na­pi­ras mcxov­re­bi
va­War­-xe­los­ne­bi, rom­le­bic Ta­vi­su­fal­ni iy­vnen, mag­ram po­li­ti­ku­ri uf­le­be­bi ar hqon­daT.
spar­te­le­bi maT da­cin­vi­Ta da ziz­RiT ep­yro­bod­nen. sul spar­ta­Si daax­loe­biT 60 aTa­si pe­
rie­ki cxov­rob­da. yve­la spar­te­li Se­dio­da `Ta­nas­wor­Ta Tem­Si~. isi­ni mxo­lod sam­xed­ro da
sa­xel­mwi­fo saq­mee­biT iy­vnen da­ka­ve­bu­li, xo­lo saar­se­bo wya­ros hi­lo­te­bis Sro­mis wya­lo­biT
iReb­dnen.
spar­ta samxedro-oligarqiul sa­xel­mwi­fod Ca­mo­ya­lib­da. mi­si pir­ve­li ka­no­ne­bis Sem­dgen­
lad le­gen­da­ru­li pi­rov­ne­ba, likurge iT­vle­ba. spar­tas ori ba­si­lev­si (me­fe) mar­Tav­da. isi­
ni mem­kvid­reo­biT iReb­dnen me­fis ti­tuls. 30 wlis ze­moT spar­te­li ma­ma­ka­ce­bi es­wre­bod­nen
sa­xal­xo kre­bas, anu apelas. ape­la­ze das­wre­bis uf­le­ba mxo­lod sru­luf­le­bian mo­qa­la­qeebs
hqon­daT. kre­ba uxu­ces­Ta sab­Wos (he­ru­siis) wev­rebs _ 28 heronts aris­tok­ra­tiis wri­dan mTe­
li si­coc­xlis man­Zil­ze ir­Cev­da. Tum­ca sa­xel­mwi­fos mmar­Tve­lo­bis sa­kiT­xeb­Si ape­las ini­cia­
ti­vis ga­mo­Ce­nis uf­le­ba ar hqon­da. kre­bas SeeZ­lo an mie­Ro, an ua­re­yo me­fi­sa da he­ron­te­bis
mier Se­Ta­va­ze­bu­li sa­kiT­xe­bi. spar­tis sa­xal­xo kre­ba­ze yo­vel­wliu­rad ir­Cev­dnen 5 efors
(ze­dam­xed­vels). isi­ni meT­val­yu­reob­dnen me­fi­sa da he­ron­te­bis saq­mia­no­bas. maT TviT me­fis
da­pa­tim­re­bis uf­le­bac ki hqon­daT. he­ron­te­bi­sa da efo­re­bis ar­Ce­vas kre­ba­ze xal­xis yvi­ri­
lis mi­xed­viT ad­gen­dnen _ vi­si da­sa­xe­le­bi­sa­sac uf­ro xma­maR­la iy­vi­reb­dnen, ar­Ceu­lic is iyo.
msof­lios mra­val ena­Si dam­kvid­re­bu­li ter­mi­ni `la­ko­niz­mi~ az­ris mok­led da mka­fiod
ga­moT­qmas niS­navs. spar­te­lebs bav­Svo­bi­dan­ve sit­yva­Zun­wo­bas aC­vev­dnen. sa­ma­ris qveb­ze spar­
te­le­bi mxo­lod gar­dac­vli­lis sa­xels awer­dnen, xo­lo brZo­la­Si da­Ru­pu­lis saf­la­vis qvas
mok­le gan­mar­te­bas ur­Tav­dnen _ `en po­le­mo~, anu `brZo­la­Si~. aTe­nis­gan gan­sxva­ve­biT, sa­dac
qa­lebs ara­vi­Ta­ri po­li­ti­ku­ri uf­le­be­bi ar gaaC­ndaT da Ca­ke­til, oja­xur cxov­re­bas eweod­
nen, spar­ta­Si maT Se­da­re­biT me­ti pa­ti­vis­ce­miT ep­yro­bod­nen, vi­nai­dan isi­ni sam­Sob­los mo­ma­
val meom­rebs uz­rdid­nen. sa­ber­Zne­Tis sxva po­li­se­bis­gan gan­sxva­ve­biT spartaSi, sa­xel­mwi­fo
im­de­nad akon­tro­leb­da mo­qa­la­qis pi­rad qo­ne­bas, rom az­ri da­kar­ga gam­did­re­bis­ken mis­wra­fe­
bam. di­di xnis gan­mav­lo­ba­Si spar­ta­Si fu­lic ki ar iW­re­bo­da da mis nac­vlad kve­ris for­mis
rki­nis zo­debs iye­neb­dnen. uc­xoel­Ta ze­gav­le­nis Si­SiT spar­te­le­bi krZa­lav­dnen yo­vel­gvar
sa­ga­reo vaW­ro­bas; ik­rZa­le­bo­da uc­xoe­lis spar­ta­Si cxov­re­ba, arc spar­tels ar un­da ec­xov­ra
sam­Sob­los ga­reT.

_20_