9th - Hindi - Grammar

{hÝXr ì`mH$aU Am¡a à`moJ
(Zdt H$jm Ho$ {bE)
àH$meH$
_mÜ`{_H$ {ejm n[afX, Amo{S>em
_mÜ`{_H$ {ejm n[afX, Amo{S>em Ûmam 9dt H$jm Ho$ {bE
AZw_mo{XV Am¡a àH$m{eV
_mÜ`{_H$ {ejm n[afX, Amo{S>em
boIH$-_ÊS>b
S>m°. amYmH$mÝV {_l (nwZarjH$)
S>m°. aKwZmW _hmnmÌ
S>m°. bú_rYa Xme
S>m°. Z{bZr Hw$_mar nmT>r
g§`moOH$
lr amO{H$emoa Mm¡Ywar
àW_ g§ñH$aU :
Q>§H$U : J«m\$ "EZ²' J«m{\$g, H$Q>H$
_wÐU :
_yë` :
^y{_H$m
qhXr ^maV H$s amO^mfm h¡ & `h A§VaàmÝVr` ì`dhma H$s ^mfm ^r h¡ &
Amo{S>Am^mfr ~mbH$-~m{bH$mAm| Ho$ {bE BgH$m kmZ Cn`moJr h¡ & Bgo gab
T>§J go grIZo Ho$ {bE nmR>ç-nwñVHo$§ ~ZmB© Om ahr h¢ &
_¢ Amem H$aVm hÿ±, h_mam `h à`mg g\$b hmoJm & h_ g§nmXH$-_§S>b

Ho$ à{V Am^ma ì`º$ H$aVo h¢ &
g^mn{V
_mÜ`{_H$ {ejm n[afX
Amo{S>em, H$Q>H$
àñVmdZm
qhXr EH$ gab ^mfm h¡ & BgH$m ì`mH$aU ^r gab h¡ & V¥Vr` ^mfm Ho$
ñVa H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIH$a H$jm Zm¡ Am¡a Xg Ho$ {bE Xmo AbJ AbJ nwñVH|$
{bIr JB© h¢ & Bg_| ^mfm Ho$ CmaU, dmMZ, boIZ Am¡a g§àofU H$s g^r
j_VmAm| H$mo {dH${gV H$aZo Ho$ {bE gm_J«r Xr JB© h¡ & H$jm Zm¡ _| ì`mH$aU
Ho$ g^r A§Jm| H$m gå`H$ n[aM` {X`m J`m h¡ & {Z`_m| Am¡a n[a^mfmAm| H$mo
AË`§V gab Am¡a g§{já ê$n _| {X`m J`m h¡ & AZwerb{Z`m± A{YH$ h¡§ & {ejH$m|
go AZwamoY h¡ {H$ do `hm± {Xò Jò àíZm| Ho$ AZwgaU _| Zò àíZ ^r ~ZmH$a
Aä`mg H$am`| &
Amem h¡, `h nwñVH$ Cn`moJr hmoJr &
boIH$-_§S>b
{df`-gyMr
{df` n¥ð>
1. ì`mH$aU `m| 1
2. Üd{Z Am¡a dU© 2
3. AÀN>r {hÝXr H¡$go grI| : 8

boIZ, AZwZm{gH$Vm Am¡a AZwñdma
4. ê$n - {dMma 13
5. g§km 16
6. qbJ 23
7. dMZ 33
8. H$maH$ 40
9. gd©Zm_ 51
{df` n¥ð>
10. {deofU 58
11. {H«$`m 62
12. Aì`` 76
13. An{R>V AZwÀN>oX H$m nR>Z 82
Am¡a AdYmaU
14. AZwdmX 84
====
ì`mH$aU `m|?
^mfm ~mobZo Am¡a {bIZo _| JbVr Z hmo, Cgo gwZH$a Xygao bmoJ Z h±g|,
Bg{bE h_ ì`mH$aU nT>Vo h¢& ì`mH$aU _| Üd{Z, eãX, dm` Am{X Ho$ {Z`_m|
na {dMma {H$`m OmVm h¡&
L ^mfm ~mobr OmVr h¡ :
h_mao _w±h go Omo ~mV| {ZH$bVr h¢ CZHo$ g~go N>moQ>o IÊS> H$mo Üd{Z H$hVo
h¢& Am, J, M, X, n, g Am{X EH$-EH$ Üd{Z h¢& BZH$m CmaU H$aZo go
nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ ò N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o IÊS> h¢& BZH$m CmaU H$aHo$ XoI|&
L ^mfm {bIr ^r OmVr h¡ :
Üd{Z`m| H$mo {bIZo Ho$ {bE {OZ {Mm| H$m à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡, CÝh|
dU© H$hVo h¢& {H$gr ^mfm Ho$ dUm] Ho$ g_yh H$mo dU©_mbm H$hVo h¢& Am, J,
M, X, n, g Am{X Ho$ {b{IV ê$n H$mo dU© H$hVo h¢&
h_ O¡go ~mobVo h¢, d¡go hr {bIZo H$s H$mo{ee H$aVo h¢& bo{H$Z ~mobr ~am~a
~XbVr OmVr h¡ Am¡a boIZ CgHo$ nrN>o-nrN>o MbVm h¡&
L eãX : EH$ `m EH$m{YH$ Üd{Z`m| H$m EH$ gmW CmaU H$aZo na eãX
~ZVo h¢&
ha eãX H$m H$moB© Z H$moB© AW© hmoVm h¡&
L nX : eãX dm` _| AmZo na nX H$hbmVo h¢& nX _| eãX Ho$ gmW
eãXm§e ^r OwS>m hmoVm h¡&
[1]
L dm` : {ZpíMV H«$_ _| EH$m{YH$ nX AmH$a nyao AW© H$mo ì`º$ H$aZo
go dm` ~ZVm h¡&
L ^mfm : Amng _| {dMmam| H$m AmXmZ-àXmZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE h_ ^mfm
_| dm`m| H$m hr à`moJ H$aVo h¢&
Üd{Z Am¡a dU©
Üd{Z`m| H$m CmaU H$aVo g_` h_ _w±h Ho$ {ZåZ A§Jm| H$mo H$m_ _| bmVo
h¢ -
1. Am|R> (XmoZm|) 2. Xm±V (D$na Ho$) 3. dËg© (_gyS>m), 4 H$R>moaVmbw (dËg©

Ho$ nrN>o H$m H${R>Z ^mJ) 5. _yÕm© (H$R>moaVmbw H$mo_b Vmbw H$m {_bZñWb)
6 H$mo_bVmbw (_yÕm© Ho$ nrN>o H$m H$mo_b ^mJ) 7 A{b{Oh²dm `m H$m¡Am (H$mo_b
Vmbw Ho$ A§{V_ N>moa na bQ>H$Vm hþAm _m§g I§S>) 8 {Oh²dm 9. ñda`§ÌmdaU
10 Cnm{b{Oh²dm (Jb{~b) 11 ñda`§Ì 12 H$mH$b (ñda`§Ì_wI)
\o$\$S>m§o go AmZodmbr dm`w Am¡a BZ A§Jm| H$s ghm`Vm go g^r Üd{Z`m| H$m
CmaU hmoVm h¡&
L {hÝXr H$s Üd[Z`m± Am¡a dU©_mbm
CmaU H$s Ñ{ï> go {hÝXr H$s Üd{Z`m± Xmo àH$ma H$s h¢ - ñda Am¡a ì`§OZ
ñda : A, Am, B, B©, C, D$, F$, E, Eo, Amo, Am¡
[2]
ì`§OZ : "H$' dJ© - H$ I J K L>
"M' dJ© - M N> O P Äm
"Q>' dJ© - Q> R> S> T> U (S> T>)
"V' dJ© - V W X Y Z
"n' dJ© - n \$ ~ ^ _
AÝVñW - ` a b d
D$î_ - e f g h
{_l ì`§OZ : j (H²$+f), Ì(V²+a), k (O² + Äm), l (e² + a)
A`moJdmh : " ' (AZwñdma) " :' ({dgJ©)
l
`m|{H$-" ' Am¡a " :' ñda `m ì`§OZ Zhr§ h¢, {\$a ^r CZHo$ gmW AmVo h¢ &
l
BZHo$ A{V[aº$ " ± ' MÝÐ{~ÝXw H$m à`moJ Ho$db ñdam| Ho$ gmW hmoVm h¡,
O¡go- A± Am± B± C± D±$ E±
g^r ìÒ§Z AbJ ê$n _| gmYmaUV AmYm C{aV hmo nmVo h¢& nyU© ê$n
go C[aV hmoZo H$o {bE BZHo$ gmW "A' {_bmZm nS>Vm h¡,
O¡go - H$ = H²$ +A& AmYm ê$n "H²$' hbÝV bJmH$a {XIm`m OmVm h¡&
Aa~r-\$magr-VwH$s© go AmJV eãXm| _| H$ I J O \$ Üd{Z`m± C[aV hmoVr
h¡§& A§J«|Or go AmJV eãXm| _| Am° O \$ H$m ^r CmaU hmoVm h¡&
ñda
"ñda' do Üd{Z`m± h¡§ {OZHo$ CmaU _| _wI {dda go ~mha AmVr hdm H$m
H$ht H$moB© AdamoY Zht hmoVm&
ì`§OZ
ì`§OZ do Üd{Z`m± h¢ {OZHo$ CmaU _| _wI{dda go ~mha AmVr hdm H$m
H$ht Z H$ht nyU© `m Am§{eH$ AdamoY hmoVm h¡ &
[3]
_mÌmE±
ñdaÜd{Z _mÌmê$n CXmhaU ñdaÜd{Z _mÌmê$n CXmhaU
Am m H$m Amo mo H$mo
B [ {H$ Am¡ m¡ H$m¡
B© r H$s AZwñdma 0 H§$
C w Hw$ {dgJ© : H$
D$ y Hy$ MÝÐq~Xw ± Am±, hm±
F$ ¥ H¥$
E o Ho$
Eo ¡ H¡$
"a' Ho$ gmW boIZ _| w Am¡a y _mÌmAm| H$m `moJ H«$_e "é' Am¡a "ê$' Ho$
ê$n _| hmoVm h¡ &
Hw$N> dUm] Ho$ Xmo-Xmo ê$n
`hm± Ü`mZ XoZm h¡ {H$ Hw$N> dU© Am¡a A§H$ Xmo-Xmo ê$nm| _| {bIo OmVo h¢&
Hw$N> Ho$ ê$n gd©_mÝ` h¢& BÝh| _mZH$ ê$n H$hVo h¢& Hw$N> ê$n Eogo àM{bV h¢&
CZH$mo _mZHo$Va ê$n H$hVo h¡§ & g~H$mo _mZH$ ê$nm| H$m hr à`moJ H$aZm Mm{hE&
ZrMo BZHo$ ê$n {Xò OmVo h¡§ -
_mZH$ ê$n _mZHo$Va ê$n _mZH$ ê$n _mZHo$Va ê$n
A U
Am Y
F$ ^
I b
N> e
P j
[4]
AÕ©ì`§OZ dU©
{hÝXr _| AÕ©ì`§OZ dUm] Ho$ ê$n Mma àH$ma go ~ZVo h¢ -
1. Hw$N> dUm] H$m hþH$ hQ>mH$a - â
2. Hw$N> dUm] H$s IS> r nmB© hQ>mH$a - », ½ ¿ À Á Â Ä Ê Ë Ï Ü
Ý ß ã ä å æ ë >0 í î ñ
3. Hw$N> dUm] Ho$ ZrMo hb² {M bJmH$a - L²> N²> Q>² R>² S²> T²> h²
4. "a' Ho$ {deof ê$n - « (H«$), © (H©$), ´> (Q´)>
Üd{Z`m| H$m CmaU

L ñdam| H$m CmaU
ñdam| Ho$ CmaU _| {Oh²dm hr g{H«$` ahVr h¡& H$^r Or^ H$m AJbm
^mJ, H$^r _Ü` ^mJ `m H$^r {nN>bm ^mJ CmaU _| ghm`H$ hmoVm h¡& Bg
àH$ma ñdam| Ho$ VrZ ôX hmoVo h¢ -
1 - AJ« ñda - B, B©, E Eo
2 - _Ü` ñda - A
3 - níM ñda- C D$ Amo Am¡ Am
ñdam| Ho$ CmaU _| bJZodmbo g_` Ho$ AmYma na ñda Xmo àH$ma go C[aV
hmoVo h¡§&
1 - õñd ñda - A B C F$
2 - XrK© ñda - Am B© D$ E Eo Amo Am¡
õñd ñdam| Ho$ CmaU _| H$_ g_` bJVm h¡ & XrK© ñdam| Ho$ CmaU _|
õñd ñdam| H$s VwbZm _| XwJwZm g_` bJVm h¡& "F$' H$m CmaU ñda Z hmoH$a
ì`§OZ "[a' H$s Vah hmoVm h¡& {\$a ^r dU©_mbm _| `h ñda Ho$ ê$n _| J¥hrV
h¡& Bgo õñdñda _mZm OmVm h¡&
[5]
L ì`§OZm| H$m CmaU
ì`§OZm| Ho$ CmaU _| CZHo$ ñWmZ Am¡a CmaU H$s Moï>mE± `m à`ËZ _w»`
hmoVo h¢&
1 - CmaU ñWmZ : Am|R>, Xm±V, dËg©, _yYm©, Vmbw H$ÊR> Am¡a H$mH$b
ñWmZ h¡§& BZHo$ AmYma na ì`§OZ X²d²`mooîR>>²`>, XÝË`mooîR²>`, X§Ë`, dËñ`©, _yY©Ý`,
Vmbì`, H$ÊR²>` Am¡a H$mH$ë` hmoVo h¢&
2 - CmaU à`ËZ : \o$\$S>m| go AmZodmbr hdm H$mo {d{^Þ ê$n XoZo Ho$
{bE CmaU Ad`d Omo à`ËZ H$aVo h¢ CÝh| CmaU à`ËZ H$hVo h¢ &
ñne©, ñne©g§Kfu, Zm{g`, nm{í©dH$, bwpÊR>V, CpËjá, g§Kfu Am¡a AÕ©ñda
à`ËZ h¢ &
(i) ñne© - _wI {dda _| Xmo ñWmZm| H$mo "ñne©' H$hVo h¡&
AVEd H$, V, n, ~ Am{X ñne© Üd{Z`m± h¡§ &
(ii) ñne© g§Kfu - _wI{dda _| hdm Ho$ éH$Zo Ho$ ~mX Kf©U Ho$ gmW ~mha
{ZH$bZo H$mo "ñne©g§Kfu' H$hVo h¡§, O¡go :- M, N>, O, P
(iii) Zm{g` - hdm Ho$ Zm{gH$m _mJ© go {ZH$bZo go "Zm{g`' Üd{Z`m± C[aV
hmoVr h¡§, O¡go - L>, Äm, U, Z, _
(iv) nm[í©dH$ - hdm Ho$ {Om Ho$ {H$Zmao (nmíd©) go hmoH$a {ZH$bZo go "nm{í©dH$'
Üd{Z`m± C[aV hmoVr h¡§, O¡go :- b&
(v) bwpÊR>V - Or^ H$m AJ«^md _gyS>o Ho$ nmg Xmo VrZ ~ma {hbZo go bwpÊR>V
Ü`{Z C[aV hmoVr h¡, O¡go - a
(vi) CpËjá - Or^ H$s Zm|H$ CbQ>H$a H$R>moa Vmbw go Q>H$amH$a AmJo H$s Amoa
\|$H$s OmZo go CpËjá Üd{Z`m± C[aV hmoVr h¢, O¡go :- S> T>&
[6]
(vii) g§Kfu - _wI H$m _mJ© g§H$sU© hmoZo go hdm Kf©U (aJS>) ImH$a {ZH$bZo
go g§Kfu Üd{Z`m± C[aV hmoVr h¢& Eogr pñW{V _| hdm _| CîUVm AmZo
go BÝh| "Cî_' Üd{Z ^r H$hVo h¢& e, f, g Eogr Üd{Z`m± h¢&
(viii) AÕ©ñda - BZHo$ CmaU _| ñda Am¡a ì`§OZ XmoZm| Ho$ bjU {_bVo h¢,
O¡go ` Am¡a d&
ì`§OZm| Ho$ CmaU Ho$ Am¡a Xmo AmYma ^r h¡§
(i) àmUËd Am¡a (ii) ñdaV§{Ì`m| _| H$ånZ
(i) àmUËd `m ídmg àdmh _| e{º$ `m _mÌm Ho$ AmYma na Üd{Z`m± AënàmU
`m _hmàmU hmoVr h¡§& H$ AënàmU h¡& I _hmàmU h¡& h àmU Üd{Z h¡ &
(ii) ñda`§Ì H$s ñdaV§{Ì`m| _| H$ånZ Ho$ AmYma na Üd{Z`m± AKmof `m gKmof
hmoVr h¢& H$ AKmof h¡, J gKmof&
ì`§OZm| H$m dJuH$aU
ñWmZ X²d²`moîR>²>` X§Ë`mooîR²>` XÝË` dËñ`© _yY©Ý` Vmbì` H$ÊR²>` H$mH$ë`
àË`ËZ àmUËd AKmof gKmof AKmof gKmof AKmof gKmof AKmof gKmof AKmof gKmof AKmof gKmof AKmof gKmof AKmof gKmof
ñne© Aën n ~ V X Q> S> H$ J
_hm \$ ^ W Y R> T> I K
ñne© Aën M O
g§Kf© u _hm N> P
Zm{g` Aën _ Z U Äm L>
_hm
nm{í©dH$ Aën b
_hm
bwpÊR>V Aën a
_hm
CpËjá Aën S>
_hm T >
g§Kfu Aën g f e h
_hm $\µ $
AÕ©ñda d `
[7]
AmnH$m H$m_ : Bg MmQ>© Ho$ AmYma na qhXr Üd{Z`m| H$m bjU g{hV {ddaU
{b{IE&
O¡go - "n' ñne©, X²d²`moð²>`, AKmof, AënàmU Üd{Z h¡ &
AÀN>r {hÝXr H¡$go grIo§

h_ AÀN>r {hÝXr H¡$go grI|? BgHo$ {bE gab Cnm` h¡& h_ R>rH$ go OmZ
bo§ {H$ _mV¥^mfm Amo{S>Am Am¡a {hÝXr H$hm± - H$hm± g_mZ h¢ Am¡a H$hm± {^Þ
h¢& Cggo {hÝXr H$m ghr CmaU H$aZm Am¡a {bIZm AmgmZ hmo OmEJm&
L nhbr ~mV
{hÝXr Am¡a Amo{S>Am _| ñda Üd{Z`m± Am¡a _mÌmE± bJ^J g_mZ h¢& Hw$N>
\$H©$ h¡ - CZ na Ü`mZ X|&
XmoZmo§ ^mfmAm| _| õñd Am¡a XrK© ñda h¢& XoIZo _| ò ~am~a bJVo h¢& bo{H$Z
BZH$m CmaU {^Þ hmoVm h¡& Amo{S>Am ~mobVo g_` õñd-XrK© CmaU na Ü`mZ
Zht {X`m OmVm, O~{H$ {hÝXr ^mfr BZH$m ñnï> CmaU H$aVo h¢& XrK© ñda
na XwJwZm g_` bJmZm Mm{hE&
{hÝXr A Amo{S>Am H$s VwbZm _| A{YH$ õñd hmoVm h¡&
õñd Am¡a XrK© ñda Ho$ CmaU ôX H$m Aä`mg H$a| !
H$b - H$mb, aO - amO, H$_b - H$_mb
{VZ - VrZ, {H$ - H$s, {XZ - XrZ
Hw$b -Hy$b, ~hþV - ~hÿ, hþ± - hÿ±
Amo{S>Am _| õñd ñda Am¡a XrK© ñda Ho$ CmaU _| g_mZ g_` bJVm
h¡&
[8]
"F$' H$m CmaU {hÝXr _| "[a' O¡gm Am¡a Amo{S>Am _| é O¡gm hmoVm h¡,
O¡go :-
eãX qhXr CmaU Amo{S>Am CmaU
F${f [a{f é{f
F$Vw [aVw éVw
A_¥V A{_«V A_«¥V
"Eo', Am¡a "Am¡' qhXr _| _ybñda h¢ VWm g§`wº$ñda ^r Eo (A+B) VWm
Am¡ (A + C)
L qhXr _ybñda : Eogm, EoZH$, n¡gm, _¡Zm
Am¡aV, nm¡Ym, _m¡V, bm¡Q>Zm
BZH$m {deof Aä`mg H$aZm Oê$ar h¡&
L qhXr g§`wº$mja - "`m' Ho$ nyd© Eo (A + B), (A + E) O¡gm Am¡a
"Am /dm' Ho$ nyd© Am¡ (A + C), (A + Amo) O¡gm C[aV hmoVo h¢,
O¡go - H$Ýh¡`m, X¡`m, Z¡`m, ^¡`m
H$m¡Am, nm¡dm, hm¡dm
Amo{S>Am _| : Eo Am¡a Am¡ _yb ñda Zht h¢& Ho$db BZHo$ g§`wº$ ê$n -
AB, AC hr C[aV hmoVo h¢, `Ú{n Eo Am¡ {bIo OmVo h¡§&
"`' H$m CmaU qhXr _| O Zht hmoVm, O~{H$ Amo{S>Am _| eãX Ho$ Ama§^
_|, CngJ©`wº$ hmoZo na VWm g§`wº$ dU© hmoZo na CmaU O hmoVm h¡, O¡go -
eãX {hÝXr CmaU Amo{S>Am CmaU
`_wZm `_wZm O_wZm
g§`moJ g§`moJ g§OmoJ
gy`© gy`© gyÁ`©
[9]
{H$ÝVw qhXr VWm Amo{S>Am _| eãX H$s _Ü` VWm AÝV pñW{V _| "`' H$m
CmaU hmoVm h¡& Amo{S>Am _| "`' Ho$ {bE AbJ {b{n {M h¡&
H$m`m H$m`m H$m`m
_m`m_` _m`m_` _m`m_`
"b' H$m CmaU qhXr _| "b' hr hmoVm h¡ O~{H$ Amo{S>Am _| "b' Am¡a
"i' Xmo Üd{Z`m± h¢ & Amo{S>Am "i' H$m qhXr _| "b' O¡gm hr hmoVm h¡, O¡go
gab, \$b, hb, Ob, H$bH$b Am{X
"d' H$m CmaU qhXr _| "d' hmoVm h¡ O~{H$ Amo{S >Am _| "~' hmoVm h¡, O¡go
dZ dZ ~Z
dm`w dm`w ~m`w
H${dVm H${dVm H${~Vm
A§J«oOr H$s Üd{Z "d' H$mo {bIZo Ho$ {bE Amo{S>Am _| AbJ {b{n {M
H$m ì`dhma {H$`m OmVm h¡&
BZ eãXm| H$m CmaU H$s{OE Am¡a CmaU ôX nhMm{ZE :
~hZ- dhZ, ~ma - dma, ~mV - dmV, ~OZm - dOZ
qhXr Am¡a Amo{S>Am XmoZm| _| e, f, g, dU© h¢ bo{H$Z BZHo$ CmaU _|
AÝVa h¡& qhXr _| "e' ~mobVo g_` Or^ H$s Zm|H$ H$mo Vmbw Ho$ nmg bo OmZm
nS>Vm h¡& "g' ~mobVo g_` Or^ XÝV_yb Ho$ nmg Mbr OmVr h¡& {ZåZ eãXm|
H$m CmaU H$aHo$ AÝVa H$mo g_P|
am{e, grgm, í_emZ, gñVm, em_, gm_ (doX)
[ 10 ]
"f' H$m CmaU A{YH$Va bmoJ "e' O¡gm H$a XoVo h¢& naÝVw H$mo{ee H$aHo$
BgH$m _yY©Ý` CmaU {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡, O¡go -
YZwf, fð>r, eof, Aï>_
"h' gKmof h¡, na eãX Ho$ AÝV _| gm_mÝ` ê$n go BgH$m AKmof CmaU
hmo OmVm h¡, O¡go-
½`mah, ~mah, amh, ñZoh
"h' Ho$ nhbo AmZodmbo "A' H$m E° (=õñd E) O¡gm CmaU hmoVm h¡;
O¡go - H$hZm, Zha, nhbo, nhMmZ, ~hZ, ahZm H$m H«$_e Ho$hZm, Zoha,
nohbo, nohMmZ, ~ohZ, aohZm, O¡gm hmoVm h¡&
"j' H$m CmaU {hÝXr _| H$²f O¡gm hmoVm h¡, O~ {H$ Amo{S>Am _| BgH$m
CmaU "»`' h¡&
Mjw Mfw M»`w
narjm narfm n[a»`m
"k' H$m CmaU qhXr _| ½` O¡gm hmoVm h¡,
O¡go - `½`, Am½`m, à{V½`m Am{X& Hw$N> bmoJ ½`± `m Á`± ^r CmaU
H$aVo h¢&
AZwñdma ( ) Am¡a {dgJ© (:) H$mo gm_mÝ`V: A§, A: Ho$ ê$n _| {bIm
l
OmVm h¡& BÝho§ Z ñda _mZm OmVm h¡ Am¡a Z ì`§OZ & Bg{bE BÝh| "A`moJdmh'
H$hm OmVm h¡& AZwñdma H$m CmaU BgHo$ ~mX Ho$ ì`§OZ H$s Zm{g` Üd{Z
H$s Vah hmoVm h¡& {dgJ© "h' H$m AKmof ê$n h¡& {dgJ© H$m CmaU eãX Ho$
AÝV _| VWm CngJ© Ho$ AÝV _| "h' hmoVm h¡& O¡go àm` (àm`h²), {deofV
[ 11 ]
({deofVh²), AYnVZ (AYh²nVZ) O~{H$ eãX Ho$ _Ü` _| BgH$m CmaU Zht
hmoVm, O¡go XwI (XwI) &
eãXm| H$m CmaU :
(i) Xmo dUm] dmbo eãXm| Ho$ A§{V_ ì`§OZ H$m CmaU hbÝV hmoVm h¡;
O¡go H$m_², am_², ~mV², H$_², ~mb², N>mb² Am{X
(ii) VrZ dUm] dmbo eãXm| H$m A§{V_ ì`§OZ hbÝV C[aV hmoVm h¡; O¡go
H$_b², H$b_²
(iii) Mma dUm] dmbo eãXm| H$s Xygar Am¡a A§{V_ ì`§OZ Üd{Z hbÝV C[aV
hmoVr h¡;
O¡go PQ²>nQ²>, M_²M_², _b²_b², H$b²H$b² Am{X
(iv) A§{V_ A H$m CmaU Zht hmoVm &
boIZ (dV©Zr)
{b{IV Üd{ZH«$_ H$mo dV©Zr H$hVo h¢& Bgo {hmo `m dU©-pdÝ`mg ^r H$hVo
h¢& qhXr Am¡a Amo{S>Am XmoZm| ^mfmAm| Ho$ A{YH$m§e eãX g§ñH¥$V go Amò h¢&
Eogo eãXm| H$mo VËg_ eãX H$hVo h¢& AVEd CZH$s dV©Zr XmoZm| ^mfmAm| _| bJ^J
g_mZ hmoVr h¡& H$ht-H$ht {^ÞVm ^r nmB© OmVr h¡& CÝh| OmZZm Mm{hE& AZoH$
eãXm| Ho$ ê$n XmoZm| ^mfmAm| _| ~Xb ^r Jò h¢& CÝh| VX²^d eãX H$hVo h¢&
Hw$N> eãX A§J«oOr, Aa~r, \$magr, Am{X ^mfmAm| go Amò h¢& CÝh| {dXoer eãX
H$hVo h¢& Eogo eãXm| H$s dV©Zr {hÝXr Am¡a Amo{S>Am _| H$ht-H$ht AbJ hmo
OmVr h¡&
ha ^mfm H$s AnZr àH¥${V hmoVr h¡& Bg Ñ{ï> go eãX H$s dV©Zr ^s ~XbVr
h¡& Xygar ^mfm Ho$ ê$n _| {hÝXr grIVo g_` AnZr _mV¥^mfm H$s dV©Zr H$m
à^md nS> gH$Vm h¡& Eogo à^md go ~MH$a {hÝXr H$s ewÕ dV©Zr H$m à`moJ
H$aZm Mm{hE &
[ 12 ]
AZwZm{gH$Vm Am¡a AZwñdma
AZwZm{gH$Vm : g^r ñda AZwZm{gH$ hmo gH$Vo h¢& Eogr pñW{V _| hdm
_wI{dda Am¡a Zm{gH$m {dda XmoZm| {ddam| go {ZH$bVr h¡& {bIVo g_`
AZwZm{gH$Vm H$mo Xmo àH$ma go {bIm OmVm h¡- (i) MÝÐq~Xw ( ± ) Ûmam,
(ii) q~Xw ( ) Ûmam
l
(i)MÝÐq~Xw H$m à`moJ {eamoaoIm Ho$ D$na _mÌm Z hmoZo na hmoVm h¡; O¡go
YwAm±, Jm±d, gm±n, Z{X`m±, _mbmE±, OmD$±Jm, Ohm±, H$hm±, hÿ±&
(ii){~ÝXw H$m à`moJ {eamoaoIm Ho$ D$na H$moB© _mÌm hmoZo na hmoVm h¡; O¡go
qgMmB©, BªQ>, ZtX, _¢, h¢, Mm¡§H$Zm, ^m¢h, ~m|, nT>t, `m|{H$ _|&
AZwñdma - Zm{g` ì`§OZ AÕ©ì`§OZ Ho$ ê$n _| dJu` ì`§OZm| Ho$ gmW
g§`wº$ hmoZo na {dH$ën _| AZwñdma H$m à`moJ hmoVm h¡& O¡go - Jm-J§Jm, M#mb-
M§Mb, XÊS>-X§S>, ZÝX- Z§X, H$ånZ - H§$nZ Am{X &
ê$n {dMma
(eãXm| Ho$ ê$n n[adV©Z)
Vy H$b dhm± ~S>m H$_am Adí` bo&
VwPo H$b dhm± ~S>o H$_ao Adí` boZo nS>|Jo&
`hm± Xmo dm` {Xò Jò h¢& nhbo dm` _| gmV nX h¢& ò gmVm| nX
_yb ê$n _| h¢& Xygao dm` _| CZ_| go Mma nX _yb ê$n _| Zht aho & CZ_|
n[adÎm©Z `m {dH$ma hmo J`m h¡, O~{H$ VrZ _| n[adÎm©Z `m {dH$ma Zht hþAm
h¡&
_yb ê$n n[ad{Îm©V ê$n
Vy Vy+ H$mo = VwPo
~S>m ~S>m+E = ~S>o
[ 13 ]
H$_am H$_am + E = H$_ao
bo bo + Zo = boZo (nS>|Jo)
_yb ê$n An[ad{Îm©V ê$n

H$b H$b
dhm± dhm±
Adí` Adí`
dm` _| AmZo na eãXm| Ho$ ê$n ~XbVo OmVo h¢& AVEd eãX Ho$ Xmo ê$n
h¢
1 - _yb ê$n `m A{dH$mar 2 - {dH$mar ê$n `m n[ad{Îm©V ê$n&
eãXm| H$m ê$n-n[adÎm©Z qbJ, dMZ, nwéf, H$maH$, H$mb Ho$ H$maU hmo OmVm
h¡, O¡go
L qbJ Ho$ H$maU - bS>H$m - bS>H$s
AÀN>m - AÀN>r
_oam - _oar
nT>Vm - nT>Vr
L dMZ Ho$ H$maU - bS>H$m - bS>Ho$
AÀN>m - AÀN>o
_oam - _oao
nT>Vm - nT>Vo
L nwéf Ho$ H$maU - _¢ - h_
Vy - Vw_ / Amn
dh - do
`h - ò
[ 14 ]
L H$maH$ Ho$ H$maU - H$_am - H$_ao _|
N>moQ>m bS>H$m - N>moQ>o bS>Ho$ H$mo
dh - CgZo, Cgo
do - CÝhm|Zo, CÝh|
L H$mb Ho$ H$maU OmVm h¡ - J`m - OmEJm
nT>Vm hÿ± - nT>m - nT>ÿ±Jm
n[adÎm©Z `m {dH$ma Mma àH$ma Ho$ eãXm| _o hmoVm h¡& Bg{bE {dH$mar eãX
Mma àH$ma Ho$ hmoVo h¢ g§km, gd©Zm_, {deofU Am¡a {H«$`m&
A{dH$mar eãXm| _| H$moB© {dH$ma `m n[adÎm©Z Zht hmoVm& ò eãX AnZo _yb
ê$n _| hr dm`m| _| à`wº$ hmoVo h¡§& BÝh| "Aì``' H$hVo h¡§&
ò ^r Mma àH$ma Ho$ hmoVo h¡§& {H«$`m{deofU, gå~ÝY~moYH$, g_w`~moYH$,
{dñ_`m{X~moYH$& Bg {d^mOZ H$mo {ZåZ gmaUr Ûmam g_Pm Om gH$Vm h¡&
eãX (nX)
{dH$mar A{dH$mar (Aì``)
g§km gd©Zm_ {deofU {H«$`m {H«$`m {deofU gå~ÝY~moYH$ g_w`~moYH$ {dñ_`m{X~moYH$
~yT>m hmWr Amn hr Yrao-Yrao Om ahm Wm&

D$na Ho$ dm` _| à`wº$ nX {ZåZ{b{IV àH$ma Ho$ h¢ –
{dH$mar 1. g§km : hmWr
2. gd©Zm_ : Amn
3. {deofU : ~yT>m
4. {H«$`m : Om ahm Wm&
A{dH$mar 5. Aì`` : Yrao-Yrao, hr
[ 15 ]
g§km
_mohZ nT>Vm h¡ &
Jm` MaVr h¡&
amoeZ XyY nrVm h¡&
Jmonmb H$jm _| h¡&
H$_bm àmW©Zm H$aVr h¡&
nhbo dm` _| _mohZ EH$ ~mbH$ (ì`{º$) H$m Zm_ h¡&
Xygao dm` _| Jm` EH$ Om{V {deof H$m Zm_ h¡&
Vrgao dm` _| XyY EH$ Ðì` (dñVw) H$m Zm_ h¡&
Mm¡Wo dm` _| H$jm EH$ g_yh H$m Zm_ h¡&
nm±Md| dm` _| àmW©Zm EH$ ^md {deof H$m Zm_ h¡&
ò eãX- _mohZ, Jm`, XyY, H$jm, àmW©Zm H$moB© Z H$moB© Zm_ ~VmVo h¡§& Zm_
H$mo g§km H$hVo h¢&
Omo eãX ì`{º$, Om{V, Ðì`, g_yh `m ^md H$m ~moY H$amVm h¡ Cgo
g§km H$hVo h¢&
g§km Ho$ nm±M àH$ma hmoVo h¢
(i) ì`{º$dmMH$ g§km (ii) Om{VdmMH$ g§km (iii) Ðì`dmMH$ g§km
(iv) g_yhdmMH$ g§km (v) ^mddmMH$ g§km
(i) ì`{º$dmMH$ g§km
Ho$db EH$ hr ì`{º$, àmUr `m ñWmZ H$m Zm_ ~VmZo dmbo eãX H$mo
ì`{º$dmMH$ g§km H$hVo h¡§; O¡go
ì`{º$`m| Ho$ Zm_ - H$_bm, gwZrVm, ahr_, Om°Z
àm{U`m| Ho$ Zm_ - hram_Z (VmoVm), MoVH$ (KmoS>m), EoamdV (hmWr), H${nbm
(Jm`)
[ 16 ]
Jm±d / eha/ Xoe Ho$ Zm_ - am_nwa, H$Q>H$, ^maV, A_o[aH$m, BamZ
ZXr/nhmS> / Prb Ho$ Zm_ - _hmZXr, J§Jm, {h_mb`, J§Y_mX©Z, {M{bH$m
nwñVH$m| Ho$ Zm_ - JrVm, Hw$amZ, ~mB{~b, H$m_m`Zr, am_M[aV_mZg
(ii) Om{VdmMH$ g§km
àmUr, nXmW©, àmH¥${VH$ VËd Am{X H$m gd©gm_mÝ` (Om{VJV) Zm_ ~VmZodmbo
eãX H$mo Om{VdmMH$ g§km H$hVo h¢; O¡go
_Zwî` - nwéf, ñÌr, bS>H$m, bS>H$s, ~m, {eew
_ZwîòVa àmUr - new, njr, KmoS>m, _N>br, gm±n, H$m¡Am, ~mK, _Ir
dñVw - Ka,Hw$gu, XadmOm, ~mOm, H$b_, nhmS>, ZXr
nX - {ejH$, S>m°Q>a, Zg©, AÜ`mnH$, B§Or{Zà, _§Ìr, H${d
(iii) Ðì`dmMH$ g§km
Ðì` `m nXmW© H$m Zm_ ~VmZodmbo eãX H$mo Ðì`dmMH$ g§km H$hVo h¡§&
Ðì`dmMH$ g§km AJUZr` hmoVr h¡ Bgo Zmnm `m Vm¡bm OmVm h¡; O¡go
YmVw - gmoZm, nrVb, Vm±~m, Mm±Xr, bmohm, ñQ>rb
ÐdnXmW© - Vob, XyY, nmZr, ehX, Kr
Ðì`- AmQ>m, bH$S>r, Kmg, Xmb, AÞ
(iv) g_yhdmMH$ g§km
àm{U`m| `m dñVwAm| Ho$ g_yhdmMH$ eãX H$mo g_yhdmMH$ g§km H$hVo h¢;
O¡go
àm{U`m| H$m g_yh - Xb, _ÊS>br, n[adma, goZm, ^rS>, H$jm
dñVwAm| H$m g_yh - JwÀN>m, PwÊS>, e§¥Ibm, T>oa, nw§O, Q>mobr
[ 17 ]
(v)^mddmMH$ g§km
Y_©, JwU, AdñWm, {H«$`m-ì`mnma Am¡a {H«$`mW©H$ g§km H$m Zm_ ~VmZodmbo
eãX H$mo ^mddmMH$ g§km H$hVo h¢&
Y_© - J_u, erVbVm, _YwaVm
JwU - Y¡`©, H«$moY, ~w{Õ_mZr, B©_mZXmar, gmB©, ào_
AdñWm - nrS>m, ZtX, X[aÐVm, COmbm, A§YH$ma, ~MnZ, ~wT>mnm
{H«$`mì`mnma - àmW©Zm, ÔZ, XmZ, ~hmd, Xm¡S>, {bImdQ>, Mmb
{H«$`mW©H$g§km - Q>hbZm, AmZm, nT>Zm, amoZm, XoIZm, h±gZm
O~ {H«$`m g§km Ho$ ê$n _| AmVr h¡ V~ Cgo {H«$`mW©H$ g§km H$hVo h¡§&
^mddmMH$ g§kmE± Xmo àH$ma H$s hmoVr h¢ &
(i) _yb - ào_, K¥Um, CËgmh, gmhg, X`m, j_m
(ii) `m¡{JH$ - ò nm±M àH$ma go ~ZVr h¢
(H$) g§km go - bS>H$m - bS>H$nZ, gmYw -gmYwVm
_w{Z - _m¡Z, _Zwî` - _Zwî`Vm, {eew - e¡ed
(I) {defU go - H$mbm - H$m{b_m, MVwa - MVwamB©, dra - draËd,
_rR>m - {_R>mg, ^bm - ^bmB©
(J) gd©Zm_ go - __ - __Vm / __Ëd, Ah§ - Ah§H$ma,
AnZm - AnZmnZ,
Amn - Amnm, {ZO - {ZOËd
(K) {H«$`m go - _maZm - _ma, H$mQ>Zm - H$Q>mB©, {bIZm - {bImdQ>
(L>) Aì`` go - Xya - Xyar, {ZH$Q> - {ZH$Q>Vm
[ 18 ]
Aä`mg
1. g§km {H$go H$hVo h¡§ ? nm±M CXmhaU Xr{OE&
2. ZrMo "H$' ñV§^ _| ì`{º$dmMH$ g§kmE± h¡§ Am¡a "I' ñV§^ _| g§~§{YV
Om{VdmMH$ g§kmE± h¡§& CZH$m {_bmZ H$s{OE
H$ I
{h_mb` KmoS>m
_mohZ nhmS>
VwbgrXmg ~m{bH$m
arVm ZXr
^maV bS>H$m
MoVH$ gÝV
C¡ldm Xoe
J§Jm KmoS>m
3. ZrMo "H$' ñV§^ _| Ðì`dmMH$ g§kmE± h¢ Am¡a "I' ñV§^ _| g§~§{YV
Om{VdmMH$ g§kmE± h¢& CZH$m {_bmZ H$s{OE
H$ I
bH$S>r ZW
gmoZm MyS>r
Mm±Xr Hw$ëhmS>r
H$m±M _oO
bmohm nm`b
4. nm±M ^mddmMH$ g§kmAm| Ho$ Zm_ {b{IE& CZgo g§~§{YV Om{VdmMH$
g§kmAm| Ho$ Zm_ ^r {b{IE&
5. ZrMo {Xò Jò eãXm| go ^mddmMH$ g§kmE± ~ZmBE
~m, _Zwî`, H$mQ>Zm, gmYw, {ZH$Q>
[ 19 ]
6. ZrMo {Xò Jò eãXm| _| go ì`{º$dmMH$, Om{VdmMH$, Ðì`dmMH$,
g_yhdmMH$ VWm ^mddmMH$ g§kmAm| H$mo N>m±Q>H$a AbJ-AbJ
H$s{OE
am_, ~MnZ, Q>mobr, grVm, bS>H$nZ, nhmS>, {dê$nm, XyY, {dÚmb`,
^º$_Yw{dÚmnrR>, H$U©\y$b, Ah§H$ma, JwÀN>m, e¡ed, ^rS>, Kmg, H${d
7. {ZåZ{b{IV eãX-gyMr H$mo Xo{IE Am¡a g§km eãXm| H$mo aoIm§{H$V
H$s{OE
a_oe, gwJ«rd, Yrao, Hw$gu, nT>mB©, H$mo`b, gwZham, Mm±Xr, ZXr, A_o[aH$m,
_rR>m, H${dËd, nmR>, gwÝXa, Johÿ±, M§Ð_m, hdmB©, bmb, H$m{b_m, nhmS>,
new, AË`mMma, B©_mZXma, ^bmB©, OyVo, {nQ>mB©, bmo^r, V~, bmoJ, gä`Vm,
AZm`©, ZoÌ &
8. A§Xa AmZm _Zm h¡ &
Q>hbZm gohV Ho$ {bE AÀN>m h¡ &
Vwåhmam amoZm _wPo AÀN>m Zht bJVm &
D$na Ho$ dm`m| _| {H«$`m H$m _yb ê$n - ({H«$`m + Zm)
AmZm, Q>hbZm, amoZm g§km H$s Vah à`wº$ hþE h¡§ &
h_ OmZVo h¢ {H$ ò {H«$`mW©H$ g§kmE± h¢ & BÝh| ^mddmMH$ g§km Ho$ A§VJ©V
aIm OmVm h¡ &
Amn {H«$`mW©H$ g§kmAm| H$m à`moJ H$aHo$ nm±M dm` ~ZmBE &
[ 20 ]
9. Amn {ZåZ{b{IV eãXm| go ^mddmMH$ g§km eãX ~ZmBE
bS>H$m - _Zwî` - gwÝXa -

bS>Zm - ~wZZm- Jwé -
{ZH$Q> - CXma - AÀN>m -
_mVm - H$mbm - ^maV -
^bm - _Ywa - {bIZm -
{deof - H${d - J_© -
naoemZ - gm - {eew -
10. {ZåZ{b{IV JÚm§e _| Amò ì`{º$dmMH$, Om{VdmMH$, Ðì`dmMH$,
g_yhdmMH$ Am¡a ^mddmMH$ g§kmAm| H$mo N>m±Q>H$a AbJ-AbJ
{b{IE
Jm±d Ho$ ~mha EH$ A_amB© Wr & Cg_| EH$ H$m¡Am Am¡a EH$ {haZ ahVo
Wo & XmoZm| _| ~S>r XmoñVr Wr & XmoZm| gw~h O§Jb _| OmVo Wo & dhm± newAm|
Ho$ Xb Am¡a n{j`m| Ho$ PwÊS> XoIVo Wo & CÝh| Ky_Zm AÀN>m bJVm Wm &
do nhmS> H$s MT>mB© _| MT>Vo Wo & h[a`mbr XoI H$a IobVo ^r Wo & CZH$mo
ImZo H$mo \$b {_b OmVo Wo & Am_, A_ê$X, ~oa O¡go \$b & bo{H$Z CZ
XmoZm| H$mo \$b AÀN>o Zht bJVo Wo & H$m¡Am _m§g Ho$ Qw>H$S>o `m _ar Om|H$
nH$S>Vm Wm & {haZ har har Kmg ImVm Wm & XmoZm| H$s {_ÌVm ~T>Vr OmVr
Wr &
11. {ZåZ{b{IV ì`{º$, Ðì` `m Om{VdmMH$ g§kmAm| H$mo CZgo g§~§{YV
Om{VdmMH$ g§kmAm| go Omo{S>E
am_ YmVw
{h_mb` H${d
KmoS>m ñÌr
[ 21 ]
H$mo`b new
grVm nhmS>
H$m{bXmg ZXr
gmoZm Xod
_hmZXr njr
BÝÐ AmX_r
am_mÙ nwñVH$
[ 22 ]
g§km H$m n[adÎm©Z `m {dH$ma
g§kmAm| _| n[adÎm©Z VrZ H$maUm| go hmoVm h¡
(i) qbJ Ho$ H$maU
(ii) dMZ Ho$ H$maU
(iii) H$maH$ Ho$ H$maU
qbJ
qbJ H$m AW© h¡ {Mh²Z & {Og {Mh²Z go Om{V H$o hmoZo H$m ~moY hmoVm
h¡, Cgo qbJ H$hVo h¢& H$moB© eãX ñÌr Om{V AWdm nwéf Om{V Ho$ hmoVo h¡§ &
qhXr _| Xmo hr qbJ h¢ - nw§{b§J Am¡a ñÌrqbJ & {hÝXr _| MoVZ (_mZd `m
_mZdoVa), AMoVZ (dñVw `m ^md) g^r H$mo Xmo dJm] _| ~m±Q> {X`m OmVm h¡,
AWm©V² CÝh| nw§qbJ `m ñÌrqbJ _| aIm OmVm h¡&
_mZd dJ© Ho$ qbJ {ZU©` _| H${R>ZmB© Zht hmoVr, O¡go
L nw§qbJ - nwéf, Ymo~r, ~mn, ~oQ>m, ZmZm, \y$\$m, ZoVm, XmVm
L ñÌrqbJ - ñÌr, Ymo{~Z, _m±, ~oQ>r, ZmZr, \y$\$s, ZoÌr, XmÌr
Hw$N> _mZdoVa àm{U`m| H$m qbJ-{ZU©` H$aZm ^r AmgmZ h¡, O¡go
L nw§qbJ - hmWr, ~H$am, eoa, ~mK, ~¡b, gm±S> , ^¢gm, ôS>m, D±$Q>
L ñÌrqbJ - h{WZr, ~H$ar, eoaZr, ~m{KZ, Jm`, ^¢g, ôS>, D±$Q>Zr
_mZdoVa àm{U`m| _| Hw$N> Eogo àmUr h¢, Omo Ho$db nw§qbJ `m Ho$db ñÌrqbJ
_| hr à`wº$ hmoVo h¢, O¡go
L nw§qbJ - H$m¡Am, _ÀN>S>, njr, VmoVm, Zodbm, ~mO, H|$MwAm
L ñÌrqbJ - H$mo`b, _Ir, {M{S>`m, _¡Zm, {Jbhar, Mrb, Om|H$
BZ eãXm| H$m qbJ ñnï> H$aZo Ho$ {bE Za `m _mXm eãX OmoS>m OmVm h¡,
O¡go- Za H$m¡Am - _mXm H$m¡Am& Za H$mo`b - _mXm H$mo`b&
AVEd {hÝXr Ho$ àËòH$ eãX H$m qbJ OmZZm Oê$ar h¡ & h_ eãX OmZ|
Vmo CgH$m qbJ ^r OmZ b| &
[ 23 ]
qbJ {ZU©` Ho$ {d{dY AmYma hmoVo h¢
(i) eãX dJ© Ho$ AmYma na
(ii) eãXmÝV _mÌm Ho$ AmYma na
eãX dJ© Ho$ AmYma na nw§qbJ
(H$) eara dJ© - Am|R>, H$mZ, ~mb, ZmIyZ, IyZ, hmW, nm±d, Xm±V,
AndmX - Am±I, ZmH$, Or^, nrR>, Om±K, Zg, H$mohZr, hS²>S>r
(I) ^moOZ dJ© - bS²>Sy>, g_mogm, nH$m¡S>m, noR>m, noS>m, agJwm, ^mV
AndmX - Xmb, amoQ>r, nwS>r, MnmVr, gãOr, Ira, H$Mm¡S>r, Obo~r,
ag_bmB©, {IMS>r, VaH$mar
(J) \$b dJ© - Am_, nnrVm, Ia~yOm, god, g§Vam, Ho$bm, A§Jya
AndmX - brMr, Zma§Jr, H$H$S>r, ZmenmVr
(K) aËZ dJ© - _moVr, _m{UH$, nÞm, hram, Odm[ha, _y±Jm, Zrb_, nwIamO
AndmX - _{U
(L>) YmVw dJ© - Vm±~m, bmohm, gmoZm, grgm, H$m±gm, nrVb, Q>rZ, am±Jm
AndmX - Mm±Xr
(M) eñ` dJ© - Om¡, Mmdb, Johÿ±, ~mOam, YmZ, MZm, {Vb
AndmX - _H$B©, OwAma, _y±J, Aaha, Iogmar
(N>) J«h dJ© - gy`©, MÝÐ_m, ewH«$, _§Jb, e{Z, d¥hñn{V
AndmX - n¥Ïdr
(O) dU© dJ© - A, Am, C, D$
AndmX - B, B©, F$
(P) Ob-ñWb dJ©- nhmS>, nd©V, ao{JñWmZ, Ûrn, g_wÐ, gamoda, {h_mb`
AndmX - VamB©, KmQ>r, ZXr, nhmS>r, Prb
(Äm) Ðd nXmW© dJ© - ea~V, Kr, Vob, Ob, nmZr, XyY, Xhr, _Q²>R>m
AndmX - Mm`, H$m°\$s, N>mN>, ñ`mhr, eam~
(Q>) d¥j dJ© - Am_, H$Q>hb, XodXma, ~aJX, MrS>, ere_, gmJm¡Z, AemoH$
AndmX - {IaZr, B>_br, _m¡b{gar
[ 24 ]
eãX dJ© Ho$ AmYma na ñÌrqbJ
(H$) ZXr dJ© - J§Jm, `_wZm, _hmZXr, F${fHw$ë`m, Pob_, am~r
AndmX - gmoZ, qgYw, ~«÷nwÌ
(I) ZjÌ dJ© - ApídZr, amo{hUr, {demIm, nydm©fmT>m
(J) ^mfm dJ© - Amo{S>Am, {hÝXr, g§ñH¥$V, CXy©, A§J«oOr
(K) {V{W dJ© - V¥Vr`m, A_mdmñ`m, ny{U©_m
(L>) XwH$mZ-gm_J«r dJ© - Bbm`Mr, bm¢J, gwnmar, hëXr, htJ
AndmX - VoOnmV, H$nya, _gmbm, Y{Z`m, Oram, Z_H$
eãXmÝV _mÌm Ho$ AmYma na nw§qbJ
L A, AZ, Amg, Ama, Am`, I, O V, Ë`, Ëd, Ì, Z d, `, go
AÝV hmoZodmbo VËg_ eãX; O¡go
Ë`mJ, H«$moY, Xmof, dMZ, gmYZ, {dH$mg, õmg, {dH$ma, g§gma, Cnm`,
AÜ`m`, _wI, e§I, gamoO, n§H$O, JrV, ñdmJV, Z¥Ë`, gm{hË`, gVrËd, _hÎd,
ZoÌ, n{dÌ, àíZ, nmbZ, Jm¡ad, bmKd, H$m`©, Y¡`©
AndmX {dO`, {dÚwV, Am`
L Am, AmZ, Amd, Amdm, Ama, Zm ({H«$`mW©H$ gkmE±), Am~, ImZm,
Z, XmZ, nZ, nm, go AÝV hmoZo dmbo {hÝXr / CXy© eãX; O¡go
PJS>m, bJmZ, {_bmZ, ~hmd, MT>md, ~T>mdm, ^wbmdm, BZH$ma, nT>Zm,
AmZm, {hgm~, Jwbm~, S>mH$ImZm, OobImZm, IV, \y$bXmZ, nrH$XmZ, ~MnZ,
H$mbmnZ, ~wT>mnm, nwOmnm
AndmX - CS>mZ, nhMmZ, {H$Vm~, eam~, XwH$mZ, gaH$ma
eãXmÝV_mÌm Ho$ AmYma na ñÌrqbJ
L Am, B, B_m, C, Vm, {V, Zm, {Z, `m, gm go AÝV hmoZodmbo VËg_
eãX; O¡go
nyOm, à{V_m, N>{d, {d{Y, J[a_m, _{h_m, _¥Ë`w, F$Vw, ñdV§ÌVm, gmYwVm,
J{V, ar{V, aMZm, àmW©Zm, hm{Z, ½bm{Z, {dÚm, {H«$`m, _r_m§gm, {Okmgm
[ 25 ]
L AZ, Am, B©a, B©b, AmB©, B©, B`m, D$, I, V, e, g, dQ>, hQ>,
h go AÝV hmoZodmbo {hÝXr / CXy© eãX; O¡go
ObZ, gyOZ, Xdm, Xw{Z`m, OmJra, Vñdra, Vm_rb, Vhgrb, nT>mB©, H$Q>mB©,
Jar~r, ~r_mar, I{Q>`m, Jw{S>`m, PmS>ÿ, ~mby, MrI, ^yI, BmV, H$s_V, H$mo{ee,
~m[ae, ß`mg, gOmdQ>, {bImdQ>, {MH$ZmhQ>, {MmhQ>, gbmh, gw~h
AndmX - hmoe, MmbMbZ, Vme, XñVIV, dº$, _mh, JwZmh
qbJ n[adÎm©Z Ho$ {Z`_

nw§qbJ eãXm| H$mo ñÌrqbJ _| n[adV©Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE Omo àË`` bJVo h¢,
CÝh| ñÌr àË`` H$hVo h¢& Eogo ^r Hw$N> eãX h¡§ {OZHo$ nw§qbJ ê$n VWm ñÌr[b§J
ê$n nyar Vah AbJ AbJ hmoVo h¢& ZrMo qbJ n[adÎm©Z Ho$ Hw$N> {Z`_ {Xò
Om aho h¢
1. AH$mam§V eãXm| _| "Am' OmoS>H$a
nw§qbJ ñÌrqbJ nw§qbJ ñÌrqbJ
d¥Õ d¥Õm gwV gwVm
{à` {à`m {à`V_ {à`V_m
{eî` {eî`m VZ` VZ`m
H${Zð> H${Zð>m N>mÌ N>mÌm
2. AH$mam§V eãXm| _| "B©' OmoS>H$a
Xod Xodr h§g h§gr
nwÌ nwÌr {haZ {haZr
Hw$_ma Hw$_mar ~«m÷U ~«m÷Ur
Xmg Xmgr _|T>H$ _|T>H$s
[ 26 ]
3. AmH$ma§V eãXm| _| "B©' OmoS>H$a
bS>H$m bS>H$s ~H$am ~H$ar
XmXm XmXr ^VrOm ^VrOr
~oQ>m ~oQ>r ~yT>m ~yT>r
KmoS>m KmoS>r _m_m _m_r
4. AH$mam§V eãXmo§ _| "B`m' OmoS>H$a
Hw$Îmm Hw${V`m JwS²>S>m Jw{S>`m
~yT>m ~w{T>`m ~ÝXa ~ÝX[a`m
~oQ>m {~{Q>`m ~mN>m ~{N>`m
Myhm Mw{h`m bmoQ>m bw{Q>`m
5. Hw$N> àm{UdmMH$ Am¡a ì`dgm`dmMH$ eãXm| _| "BZ' OmoS>H$a

~mK ~m{KZ ZmB© ZmBZ
gm±n gm±{nZ Vobr Vo{bZ
ZmJ Zm{JZ Ymo~r Ymo{~Z
gwZma gwZm[aZ ZmVr Zm{VZ
6. Hw$N> àm{UdmMH$ eãXm| _| "Zr' OmoS>H$a

_moa _moaZr hmWr h{WZr
eoa eoaZr qgh qghZr
D±$Q> D±$Q>Zr OmQ> OmQ>Zr
ñ`ma ñ`maZr Jar~ Jar~Zr
[ 27 ]
7. Hw$N> àm{UdmMH$ eãXm| _| "AmZr' OmoS>H$a
Xoda XodamZr Zm¡H$a Zm¡H$amZr
OoR> OoR>mZr goR> goR>mZr
Mm¡Yar Mm¡YamZr _ohVa _ohVamZr
8. eãXmÝV "AH$' H$mo "BH$m' ~ZmH$a
nmR>H$ nm{R>H$m godH$ go{dH$m
~mbH$ ~m{bH$m AÜ`mnH$ AÜ`m{nH$m
boIH$ bo{IH$m Zm`H$ Zm{`H$m
H$maH$ H$m[aH$m nmMH$ nm{MH$m
9. eãXmÝV "B©' H$mo "BZr' ~ZmH$a
Vnñdr VnpñdZr ñdm_r ñdm{_Zr
10. eãXmÝV _| "AmBZ' OmoS>H$a
bmbm bbmBZ R>mHw$a R>Hw$amBZ
11. eãXmÝV dmZ/_mZ H$mo dVr/_Vr ~ZmH$a
YZdmZ YZdVr lr_mZ lr_Vr
kmZdmZ kmZdVr e{º$_mZ e{º$_Vr
~bdmZ ~bdVr Am`wî_mZ Am`wî_Vr
^m½`dmZ ^m½`dVr ~w{Õ_mZ ~w{Õ_Vr
12. nw§qbJ ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE Hw$N> ñÌrqbJ eãXm| _| àË`` bJ>mH$a
ZZXmoB© ZZX ôS>m ôS>
~hZmoB© ~hZ ^¢gm ^¢g
[ 28 ]
13. Hw$N> eãXm| _| "Za' Am¡a "_mXm' eãX OmoS>H$a
Za H$mo`b _mXm H$mo`b Za H$m¡Am _mXm H$m¡Am
Za {Jbhar _mXm {Jbhar Za IaJmoe _mXm IaJmoe
14. nw§qbJ Am¡a ñÌrqbJ Ho$ {bE AbJ AbJ eãXm| H$m ì`dhma
{nVm _mVm `wdH$ `wdVr
^mB© ~hZ / ^m^r da dYy
_X©/AmX_r Am¡aV ~¡b/gm±S> Jm`
amOm amZr gmh~ _o_
~mn _m± Za _mXm
ggwa gmg nwÌ H$Ý`m
n{V nËZr ~mXemh ~oJ_
nwéf ñÌr XmVm XmÌr
{dÛmZ {dXwfr H${d H$d{`Ìr
g_«mQ> g_«mkr ^«mVm ^{¾
{dYwa {dYdm OZH$ OZZr
Aä`mg
1. ZrMo {bIo dm`m| H$s aoIm§{H$V g§kmAm| Ho$ qbJ ~VmBE
(i) Amg_mZ _| ~mXb {Ka Amò&
(ii) Xya H$m nhmS> gwÝXa bJVm h¡&
(iii) _oar narjm nÝÐh {XZ gaH$ J`r h¡&
(iv) AmnHo$ Ka H$s N>V go nmZr [agVm h¡&
(v) _¢Zo CgH$s gwÝXaVm H$s gamhZm H$s&
(vi) h_ Xoe H$s BmV H$s ajm H$a|Jo&
[ 29 ]
(vii) AmO Xmb WmoS>r gr nVbr hmo J`r h¡&
(viii) AmnH$mo eam~ Zht nrZr Mm{hE&
(ix) Cgo bmm Zht AmVr&
(x) XyY go Xhr ~ZVm h¡&
2. Ü`mZ Xr{OE {H$ {H«$`m nXm| H$m qbJ H$_© Ho$ ñWmZ na AmB© g§km Ho$ AZwgma
h¡ & {ZåZ gmaUr Ho$ eãXm| go ghr dm` ~ZmBE
_mohZ Zo gm~wZ IarXm &
~ho{bE Zo ~mU Mbm`m &
amOy Zo {H$Vm~ IarXr &
Jmonmb Zo gmB{H$b Mbm`r &
CgZo _oO ~Zm`r &
AmnZo {MÌ ~Zm`m &
grVm Zo H$b_ Imo Xr &
JrVm Zo a~S> Imo {X`m &
Cg_| Y¡`© Zht Wm &
Cg_| e{º$ Zht Wr &
3. ZrMo {bIr J`r g§kmAm| Ho$ nhbo {deofU AÀN>m `m AÀN>r H$m C{MV à`moJ
H$s{OE :
{hÝXr, KS>r, B_maV, Zm¡H$ar, X`m, naXm, JmS>r, PmS>ÿ, àWm, ZVrOm, XwH$mZ
4. {ZåZ{b{IV eãXm| Ho$ qbJ ~X{bE
~oQ>r, ^JdmZ, ñÌr, nwÌ, KmoS>m, _Zwî`, gm±n, ~m, `wdH$, N>mÌ
5. {ZåZ{b{IV eãXm| Ho$ qbJ ~VmBE
Am±I, eara, BmV, H$hmZr, ~mV, PJS>m, ^rI, Vbdma, IoV, Zm¡H$ar
6. Amn AnZr nmR²>`nwñVH$ go Hw$N> Aàm{UdmMH$ eãX Mw{ZE Am¡a CZHo$
qbJ ^r Om{ZE &
[ 30 ]
7. Xo{IE _Om -
J«ÝW - nw§{b§J nwñVH$ - ñÌr qbJ
{H$Vm~ - ñÌr qbJ
Ob - nw§qbJ
_oK - nw§{b§J
nmZr - nw§{bJ YmZr - ñÌr qbJ
ndZ - nw§qbJ hdm - ñÌr qbJ
eha - nw§qbJ Zha - ñÌr qbJ
Wmb - nw§qbJ Xmb - ñÌr qbJ
{~Obr - ñÌr qbJ
B_br - ñÌr qbJ
gam¡Vm - nw§qbJ g[aVm - ñÌr qbJ
ZXr - ñÌr qbJ
Amam - nw§qbJ Ymam - ñÌr qbJ
nd©V - nw§{b§J
nhmS> - nw§{b§J
dZ - nw§qbJ
Jm|X - nw§qbJ J|X - ñÌr qbJ
~m - nw§qbJ
Om¡ - nw§qbJ Jm¡ - ñÌr qbJ
H$m¡Am - nw§qbJ H$mo`b - ñÌr qbJ
Hw$Vm© - nw§qbJ, H$_rO - ñÌr qbJ
bh§Jm - nw§{b§J gmS>r - ñÌr qbJ
na_mË_m - nw§qbJ AmË_m - ñÌr qbJ
^mV - nw§qbJ ~mV - ñÌr qbJ
nmR>ç {df`m| go Eogo eãX N>m±{Q>E Am¡a CZH$m qbJ Om{ZE &
[ 31 ]
8. Ü`mZ Xr{OE {H$ g§km Ho$ qbJ Ho$ AZwgma {H«$`m ^r ~XbVr h¡
KmoS>m Xm¡S>Vm h¡ & KmoS>r Kmg ImVr h¡ &
bS>H$m ImVm h¡ & bS>H$s ImVr h¡ &
ndZ MbVm h¡ & hdm MbVr h¡ &
~S>r J_u bJVr h¡ & {Xg§~a _| OmS>m ~T> OmVm h¡ &
CgHo$ hmW b§~o h¢ & CgH$s _y±N> b§~r h¡ &
BZ dm`m| H$mo nT>Zo go gm\$ Om{ha hmoVm h¡ {H$ qhXr _| ha g§km nX H$m
qbJ hmoVm h¡ & àm{UdmMH$ eãXm| _| qbJ OmZ boZm AmgmZ h¡, _Ja Aàm{UdmMH$
dñVwAm| H$m qbJ ^r OmZZm Oê$ar h¡ & ^mfm Ho$ à`moJ _| Aä`mg H$aZo na `h
_mby_ nS> OmVm h¡ & bo{H$Z ewê$ _| àËòH$ eãX H$m qbJ OmZ boZm Oê$ar hmoVm
h¡ & Amn Eogo eãXm| H$m à`moJ H$aHo$ Xg dm` ~ZmBE &
{ZåZ{b{IV eãXm| Ho$ nw§qbJ ê$n {b{IE :
Ymo{~Z _m{bZ Zm¡H$amZr
S>mQ>amZr _mñQ>amZr XodamZr
~m{bH$m Am¡aV gmg
ZmZr XmXr nwÌr
{eî`m ~r _mVm
eoaZr _moaZr ^¢g
ôS> ~H$ar _wJu
MmMr ~{hZ ^mZOr
D±$Q>Zr _mb{H$Z g_«mkr
goR>mZr _ohVamZr h{WZr
lr_Vr {dXwfr VnpñdZr
~oJ_ nËZr ^m^r
dYy JwUdVr ñdm{_Zr
go{dH$m bo{IH$m Jm{`H$m
AÜ`m{nH$m nm{R>H$m Zm{`H$m
ZZX H$d{`Ìr ~m{KZ
{Îm[aZ ^JdVr `wdVr
Xodr _mZdr amjgr
[ 32 ]
(ii) dMZ
{H$gr eãX Ho$ {Og ê$n go Cg H$s g§»`m (EH$ `m AZoH$) H$mo ~moY hmoVm
h¡, Cgo dMZ H$hVo h¢ & g§km eãXm| Ho$ AmYma na {deofU, gd©Zm_ Am¡a {H«$`m
Ho$ dMZ ~XbVo h¢&
dMZ Xmo àH$ma Ho$ h¡§ (i) EH$dMZ (ii) ~hþdMZ
(i) EH$dMZ - {Og g§km eãX go EH$ àmUr `m EH$ dñVw H$m ~moY hmoVm
h¡, Cgo EH$dMZ H$hVo h¢; O¡go KmoS>m, nwÌ, nwñVH$, _mbm
(ii) ~hþdMZ - {Og g§km eãX go EH$ go A{YH$ àm{U`m| `m dñVwAm| H$m
~moY hmoVm h¡ Cgo ~hþdMZ H$hVo h¢; O¡go KmoS>o, nwÌ, nwñVH|$, _mbmE±&
àËòH$ g§km Ho$ VrZ-VrZ ê$n CnbãY hmoVo h¢
(H$) _yb ê$n (nagJ© a[hV); O¡go bS>H$m, ~m{bH$m Am{X
(I) nagJ©`wº$ ê$n; O¡go bS>Ho$ H$mo, ~m{bH$mAm| H$m Am{X
(J) gå~moYZ ê$n; O¡go ho bmoJmo, Aar ~hZmo Am{X
eãXmÝV _mÌm H$s Ñ{ï> go nw§qbJ eãXm| Ho$ ~hþdMZ _| Xmo dJ© nmò OmVo
h¢
(i) AmH$mam§V eãX ("bS>H$m' dJ©) (nw§qbJ AmH$maÝV)
(ii) AÝ`_mÌm Ho$ eãX ("~mbH$' dJ©) (nw§qbJ AÝ` g^r _mÌmÝV)
ñÌrqbJ ~hþdMZ _| ^r Xmo dJ© nmò OmVo h¢
(i) B/ B© H$mamÝV VWm "`m' _| A§V hmoZo dmbo eãX (bS>H$s dJ©)
(ii) AÝ` _mÌm Ho$ eãX (~m{bH$m dJ©)
dMZ n[adÎm©Z Ho$ {Z`_
{Z`_- 1 (bS>H$m dJ©)
nagJ© a{hV g§km ê$n
EH$dMZ ~hþdMZ EH$dMZ ~hþdMZ
bS>H$m bS>Ho$ KmoS>m KmoS>o
~m ~o n§Im n§Io
[ 33 ]
~H$am ~H$ao H$_am H$_ao
(Xo{IE - EH$dMZ H$s "Am' _mÌm ~hþdMZ _| "E' hmo OmVr h¡)
A{^ZoVm, H$Îmm©, XmVm, XodVm, {nVm, `moÕm, amOm, {dH«o$Vm, gIm, H$mH$m,
OrOm, XmXm, ZmZm, nmnm, \y$\$m, _m_m, Aã~m, Am Am{X eãX XmoZm| dMZm|
_o g_mZ ahVo h¢ &
nagJ© g{hV g§km ê$n
bS>Ho$ Zo bS>H$m| Zo KmoS>o H$m KmoS>mo§ H$m
~o H$s ~m| H$s n§Io _| n§Im| _|
~H$ao go ~H$am| go H$_ao Ho$ {bE H$_am| Ho$ {bE
`hm± EH$dMZ _| "E' Am¡a ~hwdMZ _| "Am| bJmZo Ho$ ~mX nagJ© OwS>Vm
h¡& O¡go - bS>H$m + E + Zo = bS>Ho$ Zo
KmoS>m + Am| + go = KmoS>m| go Am{X
gå~moYZ ê$n
EH$dMZ ~hþdMZ
bS>Ho$ ! bS>H$mo !
~o ! ~mo !
bS>H$s ! bS>{H$`mo ! (`hm± "E' OmoS>H$a g§~moYZ ê$n ~Zm`m OmVm h¡&)
{Z`_ - 2 (~mbH$ dJ©)
~mbH$ ~mbH$ Jwé Jwé
Ka Ka ^mby ^mby
_w{Z _w{Z ao{S>`mo ao{S>`mo
hmWr hmWr \$moQ>mo \$moQ>mo
(`hm± EH$dMZ Am¡a dhþdMZ {H$gr _| H$moB© n[adÎm©Z Zht hmoVm) &
[ 34 ]
`mX a{IE {H$ nw§qbJ AmH$mamÝV eãX EH$mamÝV hmoVo h¢ & AÝ` ñdamÝV eãXm|
_| H$moB© n[adÎm©Z Zht hmoVm &
~mbH$ Zo ~mbH$m| Zo Jwé Zo JwéAm| Zo
Ka H$m Kam| H$m ^mby H$mo ^mbwAm| H$mo
_w{Z go _w{Z`m| go ao{S>`mo na ao{S>`m| na
hmWr na hm{W`m| na \$moQ>mo _| \$moQ>mo§ _|
(`hm± ~hþdMZ _| B/B© _mÌm "`m|' _| Am¡a AÝ` _mÌmE± "Am|' _| ~Xb OmVr
h¢& eãXm§V XrK©_mÌm õñd_mÌm hmo OmVr h¡)
gå~moYZ ê$n
~mbH$ ~mbH$mo gmWr gm{W`mo
{_Ì {_Ìmo Jwé JwéAmo
(`hm± EH$ dMZ _| H$moB© n[adV©Z Zht hmoVm& ~hþdMZ _| B/B© _mÌmÝV eãXm|
Ho$ gmW "`mo' OwS>Vm h¡& AÝ` _mÌm§V eãXm| _| "Amo' OwS>Vm h¡& g^m _| g§~mo{YV
H$aVo g_` gmZmo Am¡a Xo{d`mo ! H${hE & gmZm| Am¡a Xo{d`m| Zht &
{Z`_ 3 (bS>H$s dJ©)
bS>H$s bS>{H$`m± ZXr Z{X`m±
Om{V Om{V`m± {V{W {V{W`m±
~w{T>`m ~w{T>`m± I{Q>`m I{Q>`m±
Jw{S>`m Jw{S>`m± ñÌr {ñÌ`m±
(~hþdMZ _| B/B©/`m H$m `m± hmo OmVm h¡ Am¡a eãXmÝV XrK© _mÌm õñd _mÌm
hmo OmVr h¡)
[ 35 ]
bS>H$s Zo bS>{H$`m| Zo ZXr H$mo Z{X`m| H$mo
Om{V go Om{V`m| go {V{W _| {V{W`m| _|
~w{T>`m H$m ~w{T>`m| H$m I{Q>`m na I{Q>`m| na
Jw{S>`m Ho$ {bE Jw{S>`m| Ho$ {bE ñÌr H$m [ñÌ`m| H$m
(~hþdMZ _| B/B©/`m H$m "`m|' hmo OmVm h¡ Am¡a eãXmÝV XrK© _mÌm õñd
_mÌm hmo OmVr h¡)
gå~moYZ ê$n
bS>H$s bS>{H$`mo Xodr Xo{d`mo
~w{T>`m ~w{T>`mo ZXr Z{X`mo
(`hm± EH$dMZ _| H$moB© n[adV©Z Zht hmoVm& ~hþdMZ _| "`mo' OwS >Vm h¡& `m| Zht &
eãXm§V XrK©_mÌm õñd hmo OmVr h¡)
{Z`_ 4 (~m{bH$m dJ©)
~m{bH$m ~m{bH$mE± _mbm _mbmE±
amV amV| ~mV ~mV|
dñVw dñVwE± ~hÿ ~hþE±
PmS>ÿ PmS>þE± Jm¡ Jm¡E±
(`hm± EH$dMZ _| H$moB© n[adÎm©Z Zht hmoVm& ~hþdMZ _| "E±' OwS>Vm h¡& eãXm§V
H$s XrK©_mÌm õñd hmo OmVr h¡ &)
Ü`mZ Xr{OE {H$ ñÌrqbJ eãXm| Ho$ ~hþdMZ _| ò n[adÎm©Z hmoVo h¢
1. AH$mamÝV - ~mV, bmV, Vñdra, Cå_rX, Mmb, Am{X Ho$ gmW - E±
( $|) bJVm h¡ &
[ 36 ]
2. B/ B© - ZXr, {V{W, Zmbr, {_R>mB©, Am{X eãXm| _| `m± OwS>Vm h¡ &
3. Am/C>/D / Am¡ - Zm{`H$m, Zm{gH$m, bVm, F$Vw, YoZw, PmSy, Jm¡ Am{X
eãXm| Ho$ gmW E± bJVm h¡ &$
dm{bH$m Zo ~m{bH$mAm| Zo _mVm H$mo _mVmAm| H$mo
amV _| amVm| _| ~mV Ho$ {bE ~mVm| Ho$ {bE
dñVw _| dñVwAm| _| ~hy H$m ~hþAm| H$m
PmSy> go PmSw>Am| go Jm¡ na Jm¡Am| na
(`hm± EH$dMZ _| H$moB© n[adÎm©Z Zht hmoVm& ~hþdMZ _| "Am|' OwS>Vm h¡& eãXm§V
XrK© _mÌm õñd hmo OmVr h¡&)
gå~moYZ ê$n
~m{bH$m ~m{bH$mAmo _mVm _mVmAmo
~hÿ ~hþAmo Jm¡ Jm¡Amo
(`hm± EH$dMZ _| H$moB© n[adÎm©Z Zhr hmoVm& ~hþdMZ _| "Amo' OwS >Vm h¡& eãXm§V
XrK©_mÌm õñd hmo OmVr h¡&)
Aä`mg
1. H$moð>H$ _| {Xò Jò eãXm| _| go C{MV eãX MwZH$a Imbr ñWmZ ^[aE
(i) _oao nmg Mma ....... h¢& ({H$Vm~, {H$Vm~|, {H$Vm~m|)
(ii) H$b _oao ...... Am`|Jo& (MmMm, MmMo, MmMmAm|)
(iii) nm±M ........ Om aho h¢& (~mbH$, ~mbH|$, ~mbH$m|)
(iv) Xmo ....... AmO àdMZ X|Jo& (gmYw, gmYwE±, gmYwAm|)
(v) g^r ..... g^m _| ~¡R>r h¢& (AÜ`m{nH$m, AÜ`m{nH$mE±, AÜ`m{nH$mAm|)
(vi) _oar .......~hþV nwamZr h¡& (K{S>`m±, KS>r, K{S>`m|)
(vii) _¢Zo CZH$s g^r ....... H$mo _§{Xa _| XoIm& (~hwE±, ~hþAm|, ~hÿ)
[ 37 ]
(viii) _m± Ho$ nmg Xmo ...... h¢& (_mbm, _mbmE±, _mbmAm|)
(ix) Xmo....... H$mo VmH$ na aI Xmo& (PmSy>, PmSw>E±, PmSw>Am|)
(x) h_ ......... H$s gwajm H$a|& (Jm¡, Jm¡Amo, Jm¡E±)
2. H$moð>H$ _| go ghr eãX MwZH$a ZrMo {bIo dm`m| Ho$ Imbr ñWmZmo§
H$mo ^[aE
(i) A~ ........ Ho$ nmg g_` Zht h¡ & (ZoVm, ZoVmE±, ZoVmAmo)
(ii) ....... H$mo Xmo-Xmo ^mfmE± _mby_ h¡§& (~o, ~m|, ~m)
(iii) g^r....... H$mo ~mS>o Ho$ AÝXa bo AmAmo (Jm¡, Jm¡Am|, Jm¡E±)
(iv) ....... ! Vw_bmoJ Iwe ahmo& (~hÿ, ~hþAm|, ~hþAmo)
(v) ho .......! dhm± `m H$aVo hmo& (~m, ~o, ~m|)
(vi) H$mbmnmhmS> Zo _§{Xa H$s gmar .....H$mo VmoS> {X`m Wm& (_y{Îm©, _y{Îm©`m±, _y{Îm©`m|)
(vii) Vw_Zo AÀN>r-AÀN>r ....... H$mo N>m±Q> {b`m h¡ (Vñdra, Vñdram|, Vñdra|)
(viii) _oao ....... na hmW aImo& (H§$Ym, H§$Yo, H§$Ym|)
(ix) ........ H$mo nmZr _| Sy>~mo XoZm& (Vm¡{b`m, Vm¡{b`mo, Vm¡{b`m|)
(x) g^r ....... H$mo ~¡R>Zo Ho$ {bE AmgZ Xmo& (A{V{W, A{V{W`m|, A{V{WAm|)
3. {ZåZ{b{IV dm`m| Ho$ dMZ ~X{bE
(Ü`mZ a{IE {H$ g^r nXm| Ho$ dMZ ~Xb Om`± &)
(i) `h EH$ AmX_r H$m H$m_ h¡&
(ii) _wJu AÊS>m XoVr h¡&
(iii) Hw$gu QyQ> J`r&
(iv) ho gmYw! _wPo Amerdm©X Xs{OE&
(v) Jm` XyY XoVr h¡&
(vi) _oam nwÌ nT> ahm h¡&
(vii) Mma Xoem| Ho$ àYmZ_§Ìr {Xr _| nhþ±M Jò h¡§&
(viii) EH$ Ho$bo H$m {N>bH$m CVma Xmo&
(ix) ò g^r hmWr _oao gmWr h¢&
(x) CgHo$ EH$ _m_m A_o[aH$m _| ah aho h¢&
[ 38 ]
4. {ZåZ{b{IV dm`m| H$mo ewÕ H$aHo$ {b{IE
(i) _obm _| gH©$g bJm h¡&
(ii) dfm© F$Vw _| g^r ZXr _| ~mT> AmVr h¡&
(iii) bS>{H$`m± _| Y¡`© hmoVm h¡&
(iv) ao{S>Am| Ho$ Xm_ ~T> Jò h¢&
(v) `m[a`m± _| nmZr Xo Xmo&
(vi) Yyn _| g^r nm¡Ym Ho$ nVm| PS> Jò h¢&
(vii) VrZm| n§Im| Zht Mb aho h¢&
(viii) AmOH$b A§J«oOr _mÜ`_ nmR>embm YS>mYS> Iwb aho h¢&
(ix) gmar dñVw H$mo g§^mbH$a aImo&
(x) {M{S>`m Ho$ Km|gbm _| Xmo AÊS>m h¢&
5. {ZåZ dm`m| _| go ghr dm` Ho$ {bE (3) {Mh²Z Am¡a JbV dm`
Ho$ {bE (7) {Mh²Z bJmBE&
(i) ò njr g\o$X h¢& (ii) ò Mm^r Z`r h¢&
(iii) _oao g^r gmWr Iob aho h¢ & (iv) A{V{W`m| H$m AmXa H$amo&
(v) XmVm| H$m H$ë`mU hmo& (vi) ho bS>{H$`m|! H$hm± Om ahr hmo?
(vii) Ka Ho$ XadmOm Iwbo h¢& (viii) Hw$e Am¡a bd Xmo ^mB`m± Wo&
(ix) Xmo ^mbwE± ZmM aho h¢& (x) VrZ Am_m| gS> Jò h¢&
6. {ZåZ{b{IV eãXm| Ho$ dMZ ~X{bE :
~mV, Nw>Å>r, Vbdma, ~oQ>r, {^jw, Xrdma, {Jbhar, H$rS>m, aoIm, [~Ny,
{M{S>`m, AmX_r, ^mby, ^¢g, ~H$am, ~m, MtQ>r, Myhm, ôS>, _moa, H$m¡dm,
Om{V, ^mfm, PmSy>, ^mby, bÅ>z>, Am¡aV, ñÌr, Vmam, JmS>r
(AmnH$mo `mX h¡ Z {H$ nw§qbJ AmH$mamÝV eãXm| H$m EH$mamÝV _| n[adÎm©Z hmoVm
h¡ & AÝ` nw§{b§J eãXm| _| H$moB© n[adÎm©Z Zht hmoVm !)
g^r órqbJ eãXm| H$m n[adV©Z hmoVm h¡ &
[ 39 ]
(iii) H$maH$
dm` _| Amò nX Ho$ gmW AÝ` nXm| H$m Omo g§~§Y hmoVm h¡, `m {^Þ-
{^Þ nXm| Ho$ ~rM Omo Amngr g§~§Y hmoVm h¡ - Cg g§~§Y H$mo H$maH$ H$hVo h¢&
H$maH$ H$mo nhMmZZo Ho$ {bE {OZ eãXm§em| H$m à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡ CÝh| H$maH$-
{Mh²Z `m nagJ© H$hVo h¢& Eogo g§~§Ym| H$s Ñ{ï> go {hÝXr _| AmR> H$maH$ _mZo
OmVo h¢; do h¢ – H$Îmm©, H$_©, H$aU, g§àXmZ, AnmXmZ, gå~ÝY, A{YH$aU Am¡a
gå~moYZ& àËòH$ H$maH$ Ho$ AbJ-AbJ H$maH$ {Mh²Z h¢& ò {Mh²Z g§km `m
gd©Zm_ eãXm| Ho$ ~mX AmVo h¢ & AV: BÝh| nagJ© ^r H$hVo h¢& H$odb gå~moYZ
H$maH$ _| ò {Mh²Z eãX Ho$ nhbo AmVo h¢ &
H$maH$m| Ho$ Zm_ H$maH$-{M
1.H$Îmm© - Zo,go,H$mo,Ho$
2.H$_© - H$mo,go
3.H$aU - go
4.gåàXmZ - H$mo, Ho$ [bE, Ho$ {Z{_Îm
5.AnmXmZ - go,
6.gå~ÝK - H$m,Ho$,H$s / am,ao,ar / Zm,Zo,Zr
7.A{KH$aU - _o§, na, H$mo
8.gå~moKZ - ho, Aao, Amo, Or, E, hbmo
1.H$Îmm© H$maH$ : dm` _| {Og nX Ho$ Ûmam {H«$`m H$m gånmXZ hmoVm h¡,
Cgo H$Îmm© H$hVo h¢; O¡go -
brbm nT>Vr h¡& (nagJ© a{hV)
Jmonmb Zo H$m°nr IarXr& (nagJ© g{hV)
_wPgo Mbm Zht OmVm& (nagJ© g{hV)
AmnH$mo OmZm nS>oJm& (nagJ© g{hV)
gwYm Ho$ EH$ ~oQ>m h¡& (nagJ© g{hV)
[ 40 ]
2. H$_© H$maH$ : {Og g§km `m gd©Zm_ na {H«$`m-ì`mnma H$m \$b `m
à^md nS>Vm h¡, dh H$_© H$maH$ hmoVm h¡; O¡go –
bS>H$m \$b ImVm h¡& (nagJ© a{hV)
_m± ~oQ>o H$mo ~wbmVr h¡& (nagJ© g{hV)
N>mÌ {ejH$ go nyN>Vm h¡& (nagJ© g{hV)
(H$_© Xmo àH$ma Ho$ hmoVo h¢ - (i) _w»` H$_© (Aàm{UdmMH$ H$_©)
(ii) Jm¡U H$_© (àm{UdmMH$ H$_©)
3. H$aU H$maH$ : {Og g§km `m gd©Zm_ nX go {H«$`m Ho$ gmYZ H$m ~moY
hmoVm h¡, Cgo H$aU H$maH$ H$hVo h¢; O¡go –
_¢ H$b_ go {bIVm hÿ±&
Vw_ nÌ Ho$ Ûmam `h ~mV ~Vm Xmo&
4. gåàXmZ H$maH$ : {Ogo Hw$N> {X`m Om` `m {OgHo$ {bE Hw$N> {H$`m
Om`, Cgo gåàXmZ H$maH$ H$hVo h¢; O¡go –
{Îmar H$mo ^rI Xmo&
{nVmOr ~oQ>r Ho$ {bE H$b_ bmò&
bmoJ gwI empÝV Ho$ {Z{_Îm H$m_ H$aVo h¢&
5. AnmXmZ H$maH$ : {Og g§km `m gd©Zm_ go {H«$`m ì`mnma Ho$ AbJ
hmoZo H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡, Cgo AnmXmZ H$maH$ H$hVo h¢; O¡go –
{h_mb` go J§Jm {ZH$br h¡&
noS> go nÎmm {Jam&
6. gå~ÝY H$maH$ : {Og g§km `m gd©Zm_ go CgH$m g§~§Y {H«$`m go {^Þ
{H$gr Xygao eãX (g§km / gd©Zm_) Ho$ gmW gy{MV hmoVm h¡, Cgo g§~§Y H$maH$
H$hVo h¢; O¡go –
L Jmonmb H$m ^mB© Om ahm h¡&
arVm H$s ~hZ nT> ahr h¡&
_H$mZ Ho$ H$_ao Iwbo h¢&
[ 41 ]
L _oam Zm_ brbm h¡&
_oar ~hZ erbm h¡&
_oao g^r _m_m Am`|Jo&
L dh AnZm H$m_ H$aVm h¡&
_¢ AnZr {H$Vm~ nT>Vm hÿ±&
g~ AnZo-AnZo H$m_ _| bJ Jò&
7.A{YH$aU H$maH$ : {Og g§km `m gd©Zm_ go {H«$`m-ì`mnma Ho$ AmYma
H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡, Cgo A{YH$aU H$maH$ H$hVo h¢; O¡go –
½bmg _| nmZr h¡&
_oO na H$mJO h¡&
Vw_ em_ H$mo AmAmo &
8. gå~moYZ H$maH$ : {Og g§km go {H$gr H$mo nwH$maZo H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡,
Cgo gå~moYZ H$maH$ H$hVo h¢; O¡go –
Eo bS>Ho$! BYa Am&
Aao _Yw! _oar ~mV gwZ &
E / Amo ^mB©! Oam gwZmo Vmo&
hbmo `ma! _oao nmg Am OmAmo&
[ 42 ]
Aä`mg
1. {ZåZ{b{IV Vm{bH$m go ghr dm` ~ZmBE -
bS>Ho$ EH$ Am_ Im`m &
{eew XyK {n`m Wm &
~yT >o ~moP CR>m`m&
{nVmOr nÌ {bIm&
_m± nnrVo IarXo&
Vw_ Zo gmao Ho$bo Imò hm|Jo&
_¢ H$B© boI nT>o h¢ &
àgmX Or H$B© ZmQ>H$ {bIo h¢&
bS>{H$`m| {H$Vm~ ~oMr Wr&
h_ EH$ Obo~r Im`r h¡&
S>m°Q>a _arO H$s [anmoQ>© {bI Xr&
Zm¡H$a {MQ²>R>r br&
~m| Obo{~`m± Im`t&
_{hbmAm| H$B© {\$ë_| XoIr Wr§ &
bS>H$m| H$hm{Z`m± nT>r hm|Jr&
CÝhm| nwñVH|$ nT> bt&
2. {ZåZ{b{IV Vm{bH$m go ghr dm` ~ZmBE –

~o Im`m&
~m| Zo Im`m&
bS>H$s nT>m&
bS>{H$`m| nT>m&
bS>H$m J`m&
bS>Ho$ Jò&
bS>H$s J`r&
bS>{H$`m± J`t&
[ 43 ]
3. {ZåZ{b{IV {H«$`mAm| _| go AH$_©H$ Am¡a gH$_©H$ {H«$`mAm| H$mo N>m±Q>H$a
gm_mÝ` ^yVH$mb _| EH$ EH$ dm` ~ZmBE
ImZm, nT>Zm, Xm¡S>Zm, {bIZm, Hy$XZm, AmZm, XoIZm, nrZm, gwZZm, V¡aZm
CXmhaU - Jmonmb Zo {MÌ ~Zm`m&
Jmonmb Zo Vñdra ~Zm`r &
Jmonmb Xm¡S>m&
_mbVr Xm¡S>r&
4. ZrMo Xr J`r Vm{bH$m go ghr dm` ~ZmBE
(H$) H$Îmm© H$_© nagJ© {H«$`m
{nVmOr ~oQ>r ~wbm aho h¢&
_¢Zo _mohZ XoIm&
_m± {eew H$mo gwbmVr h¡&
{gnmhr Zo Mmoa nH$S>m&
CgZo OyVm| M_H$m`m&
(I) H$Îmm© gåàXmZ nagJ© {H«$`m
amOm Zo Jar~m| XmZ {X`m &
goR> {Îmar H$mo dñÌ X|Jo&
~o JwéOZm| àUm_ H$aVo h¢&
(J) H$Îmm© A{YH$aU nagJ© {H«$`m

dh Xmonha AmEJm&
bS>H$s gmo_dma H$mo OmEJr&
h_ Mm¡Xh Zdå~a (~mb{Xdg) _ZmVo h¢&
[ 44 ]
(H$) Vw_ MmHy$ Am_ H$mQ>mo&
dh H$b_ nÌ {bIVm h¡&
M_obr h¡Oo go H$b Mb ~gr &
YraoZ hmW ImZm nH$mVm h¡ &
(I) narjm gmo_dma ewê$ hmoJr&

bS>H$s N>V {Ja nS>r&
{nVmOr Ka go {ZH$b Jò&
_Yw {dYw VoO Xm¡S>Vm h¡&
~hÿ gmg bOmVr h¡&
Vw_ {N>nH$br S>aVo hmo&

(H$) am_ _H$mZ
Jmonmb bS>H$m
`h gwae o H$m Zm¡H$a h¡ &
H$_bm ^mB©
Amn n§Im
(I) CZ _moOo
Ka Ho$bo
ò _H$mZ Ho$ XadmOo h¢&
{XZoe ^mB©
Amn OyVo
[ 45 ]
(J) Amn Hw$gu
_mohZ ~hZ
dh Jmonmb H$s H$m°nr h¡&
Amo{S>em ZXr
(K) am_ Hw${g©`m±

Jmonmb ~hZ|
do Cg H$s H$°m{n`m± h¢&
Xoe Z{X`m±

(H$) {H$Vm~| Amb_mar h¢&
H$nS>o ~go h¢&
gamoO Ka _| h¡&
amOy {MÝVm h¡&
H$b_ Oo~ h¡&
(I) {H$Vm~ _oO h¡ &

~ÝXa noS> ~¡R>m h¡&
h_ gË` na A{S>J h¢&
Vw_ Ordm| X`m H$amo&
dh ao{S>`mo (g_mMma) gwZVm h¡&
[ 46 ]
8. ghr nagJ© bJmH$a dm`m| Ho$ [aº$ ñWmZ ^[aE
(i) ~JrMo ........~hþV \y$b {Ibo h¢&
(ii) _wP ........ âmogm aImo&
(iii) _m± ...... {eew ... XyY {nbm`m&
(iv) Jmonmb .... VoOr .... H$m_ H$aZm nS>oJm&
(v) amoJr ....... Mbm Zht OmVm&
(vi) Vw_ ....... Cg ..... `m| nrQ>m ?
(vii) dh Q´>oZ ...... bmoJm| ....... XoI ahm h¡&
(viii) Vmbm~ ........ _N>{b`m± V¡aVr h¡§&
(ix) ehrXm| ....... gbm_r Xr J`r&
(x) _mohZ ...... ~hZ ZmMVr h¡&
(xi) hare ....... ^mB© Zdt H$jm ....... nT>Vm h¡&
(xii) Amn ....... H$_ao ~ÝX h¢&
9. Imbr OJhm| na H$m / H$o / H$s H$m à`moJ H$s{OE —
(i) aOZr .... M§{ÐH$m

(ii) na_ {nVm .... BÀN>m
(iii) Bg .... M_H$
(iv) aº$ .... ß`mg
(v) _{hbmAm| .... H$_ao
(vi) àmUm| .... ajm
(vii) S>mo{b`m| .... Vm±Vm
(viii) CZ .... h¥X`
(ix) X`m .... nmÌ
(x) Jwé .... CnXoe
[ 47 ]
meb%eeDeeW keÀer ªHeeJeueer
efuebie, Je®eve, keÀejkeÀ kesÀ DeeOeej Hej meb%ee MeyoeW kesÀ ®eej Jeie& yeveles nQb DekeÀejeble
Hegbefuebie, DeekeÀejeble Hegbefueie, DekeÀejeble m$eerefuebie, FkeÀejeble m$eerefuebie ~ veer®es meb%eeDeeW keÀer
ªHeeJeeueer kesÀ kegÀí GoenjCe efo³es ie³es nQ
DekeÀejeble Hegbefuebie `yeeuekeÀ'

keÀejkeÀ SkeÀJe®eve yengJe®eve
keÀÊee& yeeuekeÀ / yeeuekeÀ ves yeeuekeÀ / yeeuekeÀeW ves
keÀce& yeeuekeÀ keÀes yeeuekeÀeW keÀes
keÀjCe yeeuekeÀ mes/kesÀ Üeje yeeuekeÀeW mes / keÀs Üeje
mebÒeoeve yeeuekeÀ keÀes/kesÀ efueS yeeuekeÀeW keÀes / kesÀ efueS
DeHeeoeve yeeuekeÀ mes yeeuekeÀeW mes
mecyevOe yeeuekeÀ keÀe/kesÀ/keÀer yeeuekeÀeW keÀe / kesÀ / keÀer
DeefOekeÀjCe yeeuekeÀ ceW / Hej yeeuekeÀeW ceW / Hej
mecyeesOeve ns yeeuekeÀ ! ns yeeuekeÀes !
- FkeÀejeble (cegefve, DeefleefLe), F&keÀejeble (YeeF&, Deeoceer), GkeÀejeble (efMeMeg, ieg©),
TkeÀejeble ([eketÀ, Yeeuet), DeeskeÀejeble (keÀesoeW), DeewkeÀejeble (peew), DeekeÀejeble lelmece
Meyo (DeefYeveslee, keÀÊee&, oelee, efHelee, jepee, efJe¬esÀlee), efjMlesmet®ekeÀ Meyo (keÀekeÀe,
peerpee, oeoe, veevee, ceecee, yeeyee, cegefKe³ee) pewmes Meyo Hegbefuebie MeyoeW keÀer ªHeeJeueer
`yeeuekeÀ' keÀer lejn nesleer nw ~
(O³eeve osves keÀer yeele ³en nw efkeÀ oerIe& F& / T keÀejeble Meyo keÀes yengJe®eve yeveeles
mece³e oerIe& mJej ÛmJe F/G ceW yeoue peeles nQ ~ F/F& keÀejeble keÀe yengJe®eveeble Òel³e³e
`DeeW' keÀer peien `³eesb' nes peelee nw; pewmes neLeer ves - neefLe³eeW ves, Yeeuet ves -
YeeuegDeeW ves)
[ 48 ]
DeekeÀejeble Hegbefuebie ùe[keÀe'
keÀÊee& ue[keÀe / ue[kesÀ ves ue[kesÀ/ue[keÀeW ves
keÀce& ue[kesÀ keÀes ue[keÀeW keÀes
keÀjCe ue[kesÀ mes/ue[kesÀ kesÀ Üeje ue[keÀeW mes/ue[keÀeW kesÀ Üeje
mebÒeoeve ue[kesÀ keÀes/ue[kesÀ kesÀ efueS ue[keÀeW keÀesb / ue[keÀeW kesÀ efueS
DeHeeoeve ue[kesÀ mes ue[keÀesb mes
mecyevOe ue[keÀs keÀe / keÀs / keÀer ue[keÀeW keÀe / kesÀ / keÀer
DeefOekeÀjCe ue[kesÀ ceW/ue[kesÀ Hej ue[keÀeW ceW / ue[keÀeW Hej
mecyeesOeve ns ue[kesÀ! ns ue[keÀes !
DekeÀejeble m$eerefuebie `yenve'

keÀÊee& yenve/ yenve ves yenveW / yenveeW ves
keÀce& yenve keÀes yenveeW keÀes
keÀjCe yenve mes / kesÀ Üeje yenveeW mes / kesÀ Üeje
mebÒeoeve yenve keÀes / kesÀ efueS yenveeW keÀes / kesÀ efueS
DeHeeoeve yenve mes yenveeW mes
mecyevOe yenve keÀe / kesÀ / keÀer yenveeW keÀe / kesÀ / keÀer
DeefOekeÀjCe yenve ceW / Hej yenveeW ceW / Hej
mecyeesOeve ns yenve ! ns yenvees !
DeekeÀejeble (yeeefuekeÀe, ceelee), GkeÀejble (Oesveg, Oeeleg), TkeÀejeble (yent), DeewkeÀejeble

(ieew) pewmes m$eerefuebie MeyoeW keÀer ªHeeJeueer `yenve` keÀer ªHeeJeueer keÀer lejn nesleer nw ~
oerIe& TkeÀejeble m$eerefuebie MeyoeW keÀes yengJe®eve yeveeles mece³e oerIe& TkeÀej ÛmJe G keÀej
ceW yeoue peelee nw ~
[ 49 ]
FkeÀejeble m$eerefuebie `peeefle'
keÀÊee& peeefle / peeefle ves peeefle³eeB / peeefle³eeW ves
keÀce& peeefle keÀes peeefle³eeW keÀes
keÀjCe peeefle mes / kesÀ Üeje peeefle³eeW mes / kesÀ Üeje
mebÒeoeve peeefle keÀes / kesÀ efueS peeefle³eeW keÀes / kesÀ efueS
DeHeeoeve peeefle mes peeefle³eeW mes
mecyevOe peeefle keÀe / kesÀ / keÀer peeefle³eeW keÀe / kesÀ / keÀer
DeefOekeÀjCe peeefle ceW / Hej peeefle³eeW ceW / Hej
mecyeesOeve ns peeefle! ns peeefle³ees!
F&keÀejeble (veoer, ue[keÀer) leLee `³ee' ceW Deble nesves Jeeues (yege{f ³ee, iegef[³ee) m$eerefuebie
MeyoeW keÀer ªHeeJeueer `peeefle' keÀer ªHeeJeueer keÀer lejn ner nesleer nw ~ oerIe& F&keÀejeble
m$eerefuebie MeyoeW keÀes yengJe®eve yeveeles mece³e oerIe& F&keÀej ÛmJe `F' keÀej ceW yeoue peelee
nw ~
DeY³eeme
1. efvecveefueefKele Meyoes keÀer ªHeeJeueer meYeer keÀejkeÀeW Deewj oesveeW ye®eveeW ceW efueefKeS–
veewkeÀj, HegmlekeÀ, yeeefuekeÀe, Iees[e, Heefle, YeeF&, veoer, efMeMeg, yent, ieew
2. efvecveefueefKele Meyo efkeÀme keÀejkeÀ Deewj efkeÀme Je®eve ceW nQ, efueefKeS –
ceeueer mes, yenveeW keÀer, [eketÀ kesÀ Üeje, ceecee keÀes, oeoeDeeW keÀe, ns ue[keÀes! ns
yeeuekeÀ ! ns yeeefuekeÀeDees! Heg$eer Hej, keÀefJe³eeW ves, cegefKe³ee keÀe ~
[ 50 ]
meJe&veece
meJe&veece keÀe DeLe& nw - meYeer meb%eeDeeW kesÀ efueS Òe³egkeÌle nesvesJeeuee veece;
pewmes –
ceesnve peelee nw ~ Jen SkeÀ De®íe ue[keÀe nw ~
meJe&veece JeekeÌ³e ceW keÀÊee&, keÀce& Deewj HetjkeÀ kesÀ mLeeve Hej Dee mekeÀles nQ; pewmes–
keÀÊee& - Jen peelee nw ~
keÀce& - GmekeÀes yegueeDees ~
HetjkeÀ - Jen keÀewve nw ?
efuebie kesÀ keÀejCe meJe&veece ceW keÀesF& HeefjJeÊe&ve veneR neslee; pewmes –
Jen peelee nw ~ Jen peeleer nw ~
Je®eve kesÀ keÀejCe meJe&veece ceW HeefjJeÊe&ve neslee nw; pewmes –
Jen He{lee nw ~ Jes He{les nQ ~
Hejmeie& kesÀ keÀejCe meJe&veece ceW HeefjJeÊe&ve neslee nw; pewmes –
(Jen) Gmeves Kee³ee ~ (Jes) GvnW yegueeDees ~
(ceQ ) cegPemes kegÀí ve Hetíes ~
`DeeHe' Deewj `kegÀí' ceW HeefjJeÊe&ve veneR neslee; pewmes –
DeeHekeÀe meeceeve lew³eej nw ~ kegÀí Kee uees ~
meJe&veece ín ÒekeÀej kesÀ nesles nQ –
1. Heg©<eJee®ekeÀ (cesQ, legce Deeefo)
2. efve½e³eJee®ekeÀ (³en, Jen Deeefo)
3. Deefve½e³eJee®ekeÀ (keÀesF&, kegÀí Deeefo)
[ 51 ]
4. mecyevOeJee®ekeÀ (pees)
5. ÒeMveJee®ekeÀ (keÀewve, keÌ³ee)
6. efvepeJee®ekeÀ (DeeHe)
Fve Hej veer®es efJe®eej efkeÀ³ee pee jne nw ~
1. Heg©<eJee®ekeÀ meJe&veece
efkeÀmeer Heg©<e ³ee m$eer kesÀ veece kesÀ yeoues DeevesJeeues Meyo keÀes Heg©<eJee®ekeÀ meJe&veece
keÀnles nQ ~ FvekesÀ leerve ÒekeÀej nQ –
- GÊece Heg©<e : ceQ, nce
- ceO³ece Heg©<e : let legce, DeeHe
- Dev³e Heg©<e : Jen, ³en, Jes, ³es
2. efve½e³eJee®ekeÀ meJe&veece
Heeme kesÀ DeLeJee otj kesÀ J³eefkeÌle ³ee Jemleg keÀe efveefM®ele yeesOe keÀjevesJeeues Meyo
keÀes efve½e³eJee®ekeÀ meJe&veece keÀnles nQ –
Heeme : ³en, ³es
otj : Jen, Jes
3. Deefve½e³eJee®ekeÀ meJe&veece
efkeÀmeer J³eefkeÌle, ÒeeCeer ³ee Jemleg keÀe efveefM®ele yeesOe ve keÀjevesJeeues Meyo keÀes
Deefve½e³eJee®ekeÀ meJe&veece keÀnles nQ –
ÒeeCeer : keÀesF&
DeÒeeCeer (Jemleg) : kegÀí
4. mecyevOeJee®ekeÀ meJe&veece
efkeÀmeer otmejer meb%ee ³ee meJe&veece mes mebyebOe efoKeeves kesÀ efueS DeevesJeeues Meyo keÀes
mebyebOeJee®ekeÀ meJe&veece keÀnles nQ –
pees (Jen), pees (Jes)
[ 52 ]
5. ÒeMveJee®ekeÀ meJe&veeve
ÒeMve Hetíves kesÀ efueS Òe³egkeÌle Meyo keÀes ÒeMveJee®ekeÀ meJe&veece keÀnles nQ –
- De%eele J³eefkeÌle / ÒeeCeer : keÀewve, keÀewve-keÀewve
- De%eele Jemleg : keÌ³ee, keÌ³ee-keÌ³ee
6. efvepeJee®ekeÀ meJe&veece
pees Meyo keÀÊee& kesÀ efJe<e³e ceW kegÀí yeleelee nw Gmes efvepeJee®ekeÀ meJe&veece keÀnles
nQ; pewmes -
DeeHe / mJe³eb/ Kego
DeY³eeme
1. meJe&veece efkeÀmes keÀnles nQ ? FmekesÀ YesoeW kesÀ veece efueefKeS ~
2. `keÀesF&' keÀe ceW meYeer keÀejkeÀeW ceW SkeÀJe®eve ªHe efueefKeS ~
3. efvecveefueefKele meJe&veeceeW keÀe JeekeÌ³eeW ceW Òe³eesie keÀerefpeS
nceves, efpemekeÀes, DeHeveer, Gmemes, let, legcneje, efkeÀmeer ceW, keÀesF&, keÀewve, keÌ³ee
4. JeekeÌ³eeW kesÀ Keeueer mLeeveeW keÀes keÀesÿkeÀ kesÀ meJe&veeceeW kesÀ Gef®ele ªHeeW mes YeefjS
(i) DeeHeves ........ yeguee³ee (Jen)
(ii) Deepe .......ieeBJe peevee nw ~ (ceQ)
(iii) .......cespe Hej efieueeme jKee ? (keÀewve)
(iv) ........ keÀes ³en mevleje os oes ~ (keÀesF&)
(v) ........ DeeHekeÀer yeele ceeve ueer ~ (nce)
[ 53 ]
(vi) ...... ves nceeje mecceeve efkeÀ³ee nw ~ (DeeHe)
(vii) Deye lees ceQ ........ Hej Yejesmee veneR keÀj mekeÀlee ~ (Jes)
(viii) .......... veece keÌ³ee nw ? (let)
(ix) ....... YeeF& yeepeej ie³es nQ ~ (legce)
(x) otOe ceW ........ He[e nw ~ (kegÀí)
(xi) ............. keÀece Hetje keÀj efo³ee ~ (Jes)
(xii) ................ keÀes legceves ít efue³ee ~ (keÌ³ee)
(xiii) .......... Hej meYeer keÀe efJeéeeme nw ~ (DeeHe)
5. `keÀ' mlecYe kesÀ cetue ªHeeW kesÀ meeLe `Ke' mlebYe kesÀ efle³e&keÀ ªHe peese[f S –
`keÀ' `Ke'
ceQ efkeÀmeer
nce Gmes
let FvnW
legce efkeÀvneWves
Jen efkeÀme Hej
Jes efpemekeÀer
³en legPekeÀes
³es GvneWves
keÀewve FmekeÀe
keÌ³ee legcnW
keÀesF& nceejer
pees cegPes
[ 54 ]
gd©Zm_m| H$s ê$nmdbr
nwéfdmMH$ CÎm_ nwéf _¢
H$maH$ EH$dMZ ~hþdMZ
H$Îmm© _¢, _¢Zo h_, h_Zo
H$_© _wPo, _wPH$mo h_|, h_H$mo
H$aU _wPgo, _oao Ûmam h_go, h_mao Ûmam
gåàXmZ _wPo, _wPH$mo, _oao {bE h_| h_H$mo, h_mao {bE
AnmXmZ _wPgo h_go
gÝ~ÝY _oam, _oao, _oar h_mam, h_mao, h_mar
A{YH$aU _wP_|, _wP na h__|, h_ na
nwéfdmMH$ _Ü`_ nwéf "Vy'

H$Îmm© Vy, VyZo Vw_, Vw_Zo
H$_© VwPo, VwPH$mo Vwåh|, Vw_H$mo
H$aU VwPgo, Voao Ûmam Vw_go, Vwåhmao Ûmam
gåàXmZ VwPo, VwPH$mo, Voao {bE Vwåh|, Vw_H$mo, Vwåhmao {bE
AnmXmZ VwPgo Vw_go
gå~ÝY Voam, Voao, Voar Vwåhmam, Vwåhmao, Vwåhmar
A{YH$aU VwP_|, VwP na Vw__|, Vw_ na
ZmoQ> : "Vw_' H$m à`moJ EH$dMZ _| ^r hmoVm h¡ &
AÝ`nwéfdmMH$ VWm {ZíM`dmMH$ "`h'

H$Îmm© `h, BgZo ò, BÝhm|Zo
H$_© Bgo, BgH$mo BÝh|, BZH$mo
[ 55 ]
H$aU Bggo, BgHo$ Ûmam BZgo, BZHo$ Ûmam
gåàXmZ Bgo, BgH$mo, BgHo$ {bE BÝh|, BZH$mo, BZHo$ {bE
AnmXmZ Bggo BZgo
gå~ÝY BgH$m, BgHo$, BgH$s BZH$m, BZHo$, BZH$s
A{YH$aU Bg_|, Bg na BZ_|, BZ na
AÝ`nwéfdmMH$ VWm {ZíM`dmMH$ "dh'

H$Îmm© dh, CgZo do, CÝhm|Zo
H$_© Cgo, CgH$mo CÝh|, CZH$mo
H$aU Cggo, CgHo$ Ûmam CZgo, CZHo$ Ûmam
gåàXmZ Cgo, CgH$mo,CgHo$ {bE CÝh|, CZH$mo, CZHo$ {bE
AnmXmZ Cggo CZgo
gå~ÝY CgH$m, CgHo$, CgH$s CZH$m, CZHo$, CZH$s
A{YH$aU Cg_|, Cg na CZ_|, CZ na
àíZdmMH$ "H$m¡Z'
H$Îmm© H$m¡Z, {H$gZo H$m¡Z, {H$Ýhm|Zo
H$_© {H$go, {H$gH$mo {H$Ýh|, {H$ZH$mo
H$aU {H$ggo, {H$gHo$ Ûmam {H$Zgo, {H$ZHo$ Ûmam
gåàXmZ {H$go,{H$gH$mo, {H$gHo$ {bE {H$Ýh|, {H$ZH$mo, [H$ZHo$ {bE
AnmXmZ {H$ggo {H$Zgo
gå~ÝY {H$gH$m,{H$gHo$, {H$gH$s {H$ZH$m, {H$ZH$o, {H$ZH$s
A{YH$aU {H$g_|, {H$g na {H$Z_|, {H$Z na
[ 56 ]
A{ZíM`dmMH$ "H$moB©'
H$Îmm© H$moB©, {H$grZo H$moB©, {H$Ýht Zo
H$_© {H$grH$mo pH$Ýhr¨ H$mo
H$aU {H$gr go, {H$gr Ho$ Ûmam {H$Ýht go, {H$Ýht Ho$ Ûmam
gåàXmZ {H$gr H$mo, {H$gr Ho$ {bE {H$Ýht H$mo, {H$Ýht Ho$ {bE
AnmXmZ {H$gr go {H$Ýht go
gå~ÝY {H$gr H$m,{H$gr Ho$, {H$gr H$s {H$Ýht H$m, {H$Ýht Ho$,
{H$Ýht H$s
A{YH$aU {H$gr _|, {H$gr na {H$Ýht _|, {H$Ýht na
gå~YdmMH$ "Omo'
H$Îmm© Omo, {OgZo, Omo, {OÝhm|Zo
H$_© {Ogo, {OgH$mo {OÝh|, {OZH$mo
H$maU {Oggo, {OgHo$ Ûmam {OZgo, {OZHo$ Ûmam
gåàXmZ {Ogo, {OgH$mo, {OgHo$ {bE {OÝh|,{OZH$mo, {OZHo$ {bE
AnmXmZ {Oggo {OZgo
gå~ÝY {OgH$m, {OgHo$, {OgH$s {OZH$m, {OZHo$, {OZH$s
A{YH$aU {Og_|, {Og na {OZ_|, {OZ na
[ 57 ]
{deofU
JwU - _rR>m Am_, gwÝXa \y$b
a§J - H$mbm KmoS>m, {Va§Jm PÊS>m
AdñWm - _ohZVr {H$gmZ, X`mbw ^JdmZ
n[a_mU - EH$ {H$bmo AmQ>m, Xmo [bQ>a Vob
g§»`m - Mma ~o, nhbr ~mV
H$B© AmX_r, H$m\$s {H$Vm~o§
D$na Ho$ CXmhaUm| _| Hw$N> eãX AÝ` eãXm| Ho$ JwU, a§J, AdñWm, n[a_mU,
g§»`m Am{X {deofVmE± ~VmVo h¢& Eogo eãXm| H$mo "{deofU' H$hVo h¢& {OZ eãXm|
H$s {deofVm ~VmB© OmVr h¡, CZH$mo {deoî` `m "g§km' H$hVo h¢& _rR>m Am_
_| _rR>m {deofU h¡ Am¡a Am_ g§km ({deoî`)& Bgr àH$ma AÝ` {deofVmAm|
H$mo nhMm{ZE&
{deofU Ho$ _w»` Mma ôX hmoVo h¢
1. JwUdmMH$ {deofU
2. g§»`mdmMH$ {deofU
3. n[a_mUdmMH$ {deofU
4. gmd©Zm{_H$ {deofU
1. JwUdmMH$ {deofU : eãX-`w½_ _| nhbo AmZo dmbm eãX, O~ g§km
({deoî`) Ho$ JwU, ñd^md, ñWmZ, AmH$ma, a§J, AdñWm, H$mb Am{X ~VmVm
h¡, Cgo "JwUdmMH$ {deofU' H$hVo h¢;
O¡go – JwU - IQ²>Q>m A§Jya, MVwa bS>H$s
ñd^md - B©_mZXma bS>H$m, S>anmoH$ AmX_r
ñWmZ - gå~bnwar gmS>r, ^maVr` {H$gmZ
~Zmagr nmZ, J«m_rU ì`{º$
[ 58 ]
AmH$ma - nVbr N>S>r, grYm amñVm
a§J - g\o$X ~mb, har Kmg
AdñWm - gyIr S>mbr, ~mgr amoQ>r
H$mb - AmJm_r A{YdoeZ, nwamZr ~mV
(2) g§»`mdmMH$ {deofU
eãX-`w½_ _| nhbo AmZo dmbm eãX, O~ Xygao eãX H$s g§»`m ~VmVm
h¡, Cgo "g§»`mdmMH$ {deofU' H$hVo h¢; Eogo {deofU Xmo àH$ma Ho$ hmoVo h¢ &
(i) {ZpíMV g§»`mdmMH$ Am¡a (ii) A{ZpíMV g§»`mdmMH$
O¡go –
(i) {ZpíMV g§»`mdmMH$ :
VrZ {XZ, nhbm H$m_, {VJwZr \$gb, àËòH$ bS>H$m
(ii) A{ZpíMV g§»`mdmMH$ :
~hþV ~o, H$B© AmX_r, H$_ H$m°{n`m±, H$m\$s {H$Vm~|
(3) n[a_mUdmMH$ {deofU
eãX-`w½_ _| nhbo AmZodmbm eãX O~ Xygao eãX H$m n[a_mU ~VmVm h¡,
Cgo "n[a_mUdmMH$ {deofU' H$hVo h¢ & BgHo$ ^r Xmo àH$ma h¡§ &
(i) {ZpíMV n[a_mUdmMH$ Am¡a (ii) A{ZpíMV n[a_mUdmMH$
O¡go –
{ZpíMV n[a_mUdmMH$ A{ZpíMV n[a_mUdmMH$
Xmo _rQ>a H$nS>m AYyam H$m_
EH$ {H$bmo AmQ>m WmoS>m Mmdb
VrZ {bQ>a Vob Oam-gr ~mV
[ 59 ]
4. gmd©Zm{_H$ {deofU
eãX-`w½_ _| nhbo AmZo dmbm gd©Zm_ eãX O~ ~mX _| AmZodmbo g§km
eãX H$s {deofVm ~VmVm h¡, Cgo gmd©Zm{_H$ {deofU' H$hVo h¢; O¡go -
`h {H$Vm~ Eogr KQ>Zm H$m¡Z-gr nwñVH$
_oar H$b_ AnZr KS>r H$moB©-gr bS>H$s
CgH$m _H$mZ AmnHo$ OyVo Omo ~o
gmd©Zm{_H$ {defoU VrZ àH$ma go AmVo h¢ –
(i) _yb ê$n _| {~Zm nagJ© Ho$ - O¡go - `h, dh, do, H$m¡Z, H$moB©, Omo&
(ii) {V`©H$ ê$n _| nagJ© Ho$ gmW - O¡go - _oam, _oao, _oar, AnZm, AnZo,
AnZr, CZH$m, CZHo$, CZH$s&
(iii) AnZo ì`wËnÞ ê$n _|, O¡go - Eogm, d¡gm, O¡gm, BVZm, CVZm, {OVZm&
- gmd©Zm{_H$ {deofU Ho$ ê$n _| H$moB©, Hw$N>, àmUr Am¡a AàmUr XmoZm| Ho$
{bE AmVo h¢&
- {ZOdmMH$ gd©Zm_ Zm /Zo/ Zr `wº$ hmoZo na gmd©Zm[_H$ {deofU ~Z
OmVm h¡&
[ 60 ]
Aä`mg
1. {deofU {H$go H$hVo h¢? BgHo$ ôXm| H$mo gmoXmhaU ~VmBE&
2. ZrMo {bIo dm`m| _| go {deofU eãXmo§ H$mo N>m±{Q>E
(i) Vwåhmar nwamZr nwñVH$ H$ht Imo J`r&
(ii) ò Am_ ~hþV _rR>o h¢&
(iii) Cg bS>Ho$ H$mo ~wbmAmo&
(iv) ~yT>m AmX_r MbVo-MbVo ~¡R> J`m&
(v) _¢Zo EH$ nVbr N>S>r IarXr&
(vi) WmoS>r-gr Mm` nr bmo&
3. {ZåZ{b{IV {deofUm| _| go JwUdmMH$, g§»`mdmMH$, n[a_mUdmMH$ {deofUm|
H$mo AbJ-AbJ H$s{OE –
YZdmZ, _rR>m, XmoZm|, Jar~, ~yT>m, _oam, nm±M, WmoS>m, ~hþV, VrZm|, nydu,
H$m\$s, Á`mXm, H$mà, R>ÊS>m, Xmo {H$bmo, VrZ _rQ>a, Mma {bQ>a, Xmo XO©Z&
4. "H$' ñVå^ Ho$ {deofUmo§ Ho$ gmW "I' ñVå^ Ho$ {deoî`m| (g§kmAm|) H$m {_bmZ
H$s{OE –
(H$) (I) (H$) (I)
KmVH$ g§H$ën Ym{_©H$ Xrdma
ÑT> hË`m {X_mJr AmX_r
{Z_©_ Odm~ Qy>Q>r nÎmb
AWmh MmoQ> OyR>r H$m_
_w±hVmoS> Ob XohmVr ì`{º$
5. ZrMo Hw$N> {deofU {Xò Jò h¢ & CZHo$ gm_Zo CZH$m ghr g§km eãX {b{IE
{deofU - g§km {deofU - g§km {deofU - g§km
nmnr - nmn à{V{ð>V - kmZr -
{Zðw>a - nyÁ` - AÀN>m -
K¥{UV - ~wam - A{YH$mar -
[ 61 ]
{H«$`m
{Og nX go {H$gr H$m`© H$m H$aZo `m hmoZo H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡, Cgo {H«$`mnX
H$hVo h¢; O¡go - nT>Zm, {bIZm Am{X&
{H«$`m Ho$ _yb ê$n H$mo YmVw H$hVo h¢; O¡go- nT>, {bI & BZHo$ gmW "Zm'
OmoS> Zo go {H«$`m ~ZVr h¡& YmVw Ho$ Xmo àH$ma h¢&
1. _yb YmVw - Om, nT>, Am{X&
2. `m¡{JH$ YmVw - _ybYmVw Ho$ gmW Xygao eãX (àË``) Am{X OmoSZo go>
`m¡{JH$ YmVw ~ZVr h¡& O¡go - "Im' Ho$ gmW àoaUmW©H$ àË`` "bm' OmoS>Zo go
"{IbmZm' {H«$`m ~ZVr h¡ & Xmo `m Xmo go A{YH$ YmVwAm| H$mo OmoS>Zo go g§`wº$
YmVw ~ZVr h¡&
{H«$`m Ho$ ôX
{H«$`m Ho$ AZoH$ ôX hmoVo h¢& CZ_| go Hw$N> à_wI ôXm| na `hm± {dMma {H$`m
Om ahm h¡
1. aMZm Ho$ AmYma na
(i) _yb {H«$`m : O¡go nT>Zm, {bIZm Am{X
(ii) `m¡{JH$ {H«$`m : O¡go nT> gH$Zm, {bI XoZm Am{X&
2. H$_© Ho$ AmYma na

H$_© Ho$ AmYma na {H«$`m Ho$ VrZ ôX hmo gH$Vo h¢ (i) gH$_©H$ (ii) {ÛH$_©H$
(iii) AH$_©H$ &
(i) gH$_©H$ {H«$`m : "am_ \$b ImVm h¡' & Bg dm` _| "ImZm' {H«$`m gH$_©H$
h¡, `m|{H$ "\$b' H$_© h¡& Bg àH$ma ImZm, {bIZm, nT>Zm, nrZm, H$mQ>Zm Am{X
[ 62 ]
{H«$`mE± gH$_©H$ hmoVr h¢& dm` _| H$_© Z AmZo na ^r H$_© H$s g§^mdZm ~Zr
ahVr h¡& Bg{bE ò {H«$`mE± gd©Xm gH$_©H$ h¢&
(ii) {ÛH$_©H$ {H«$`m : _mohZ gmohZ H$mo nwñVH$ XoVm h¡ &
Bg dm` _| {H«$`m "XoZm' h¡& BgHo$ Xmo H$_© h¢ & gmohZ Am¡a nwñVH$&
Bg{bE `h {ÛH$_©H$ {H«$`m h¡& H$hZm, nyN>Zm, nT>mZm, Am{X {ÛH$_©H$ {H«$`mE±
h¢&
(iii) AH$_©H$ {H«$`m : "KmoS>m Xm¡S>Vm h¡&' Bg dm` _| Xm¡S>Zm {H«$`m {H$gr
H$_© H$s Anojm Zht aIVr& àíZ H$a| - `m Xm¡S>m? {H$gH$mo Xm¡S>m? CÎma _|
Hw$N> Zht AmVm& AVEd Xm¡S>Zm AH$_©H$ {H«$`m h¡& Bgr àH$ma OmZm, AmZm,
Hy$XZm, CS>Zm, V¡aZm Am{X AH$_©H$ {H«$`mE± h¢&
3. g_m{á Ho$ AmYma na
H$m`© Ho$ g_má hmoZo `m Z hmoZo Ho$ AmYma na {H«$`m Ho$ Xmo ôX hmoVo h¢&
(i) g_m{nH$m {H«$`m - KmoS>m Xm¡S>Vm Wm&
am_ Ka OmEJm&
D$na Ho$ dm`m| Ho$ A§V _| AmZo dmbr {H«$`mE± H$m`m] VWm dm`m| H$s g_m{á
H$m ~moY H$amVr h¢, AVEd BZH$mo g_m{nH$m {H«$`m H$hVo h¢&
(ii) Ag_m{nH$m {H«$`m : a_oe amoO ImH$a XâVa OmVm h¡&
JmS>r A~ AmZodmbr h¡&
D$na Ho$ dm`m| _| "ImH$a' "AmZodmbr' Eogr {H«$`mE± h¢ {OZH$s g_m{á `m
nyU©Vm Zht hmo nm`r h¡& AVEd Eogr {H«$`mE± Ag_m{nH$m {H«$`mE± h¢& BÝh| "H¥$XÝV'
^r H$hVo h¢&
4. H$m`© ì`mnma H$s àYmZVm Ho$ AmYma na
H$m`©-ì`mnma H$s àYmZVm Ho$ AmYma na {H«$`m Ho$ Xmo ôX hmoVo h¢
(i) _w»` {H«$`m (ii) ghm`H$ {H«$`m
[ 63 ]
(i) _w»` {H«$`m : {Og {H«$`m go EH$ _mÌ _w»` H$m`© ì`mnma H$m ~moY
hmoVm h¡, Cgo _w»` {H«$`m H$hVo h¢; O¡go –
"dh ñHy$b J`m'& Bg dm` _| "OmZm' _w»` {H«$`m h¡&
(ii) ghm`H$ {H«$`m :
{Og {H«$`m Ho$ Ûmam _w»` {H«$`m _| AW©ôX CËnÞ H$aZo _| ghm`Vm {_bVr
h¡, Cgo ghm`H$ {H«$`m H$hVo h¢; O¡go –
H$_bm H$m nÌ nT>m J`m&
Bg dm` _| "J`m' _w»` {H«$`m "nT>Zm' _| AW© ôX CËnÞ H$aZo _| ghm`Vm
H$a ahr h¡&
{hÝXr _| ghm`H$ {H«$`mE± AZoH$ àH$ma H$s hmoVr h¡§& `m|{H$ ò _w»` {H«$`m
H$s H$B© Vah go ghm`Vm H$aHo$ AW©ôX CËnÞ H$a gH$Vr h¢; O¡go -
(i) H$mbgyMH$ ghm`H$ {H«$`m - ~m amo ahm h¡& ({H«$`m Mb ahr h¡)
(ii) dmÀ` gyMH$ ghm`H$ {H«$`m - {MÆ>r ôOr J`r& (dmÀ` H$s gyMZm)
(iii) d¥{Îm gyMH$ ghm`H$ {H«$`m - em`X CgZo nT>m hmoJm &
(g§^mdZm d¥{Îm H$s gyMZm)
(iv) g§på_l {H«$`m gyMH$ ghm`H$ {H«$`m - Cgo gmS>r ng§X Am`r &
("ng§X' Ho$ gmW "AmZm' H$m {_lU)
(v) nj gyMH$ ghm`H$ {H«$`m - h_ B{Vhmg nT> aho h¢ (AnyU©Vm ~moYH$)
(vi) a§OH$ ghm`H$ {H«$`m - ~r H$m±n CR>r&
(_w»` {H«$`m "H$m±nZm' H$mo {d{eï>Vm àXmZ H$aVr h¡ "CR>r' {H«$`m& `h a§OH$Vm
`m {deofVm ÚmoVZ H$aVr h¡& )
[ 64 ]
5. g§`wº$ {H«$`mE±
O~ EH$ go A{YH$ {H«$`mAm| H$m à`moJ hmo Am¡a {H«$`m ì`mnma H$r ZB© {deofVm
H$m ~moY hmo Vmo CZ {H«$`mAm| H$mo g§`wº$ {H«$`m H$hVo h¢; O¡go – amo CR>Zm, Mb
nS>Zm, {bI S>mbZm Am{X& BZ_| EH$ _w»` {H«$`m h¡, Omo YmVw ê$n _| h¡; O¡g–o
amo, Mb, Am{X& Xygar {H«$`m _w»` H$m`©ì`mnma _| H$moB© Img d¡{eîQ>²` bmZo _|
ghm`Vm H$aVr h¡; O¡g–o CR>Zm `m nS>Zm Am{X& BZH$mo ghm`H$ {H«$`m H$hVo
h¢&
6. àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`mE±
H$Îmm© H$s àoaUm go hmoZodmbo H$m`© H$r {H«$`m H$mo "àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m' H$hm OmVm
h¡& AH$_©H$ Am¡a gH$_©H$ XmoZm| àH$ma H$s {H«$`mAm| go àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`mE± ~ZVr
h¡§& Omo H$Îmm© H$m`© H$aZo H$s àoaUm XoVm h¡, dh "àoaH$ H$Îmm©' H$hbmVm h¡ Am¡a
Omo H$m`© H$aZo Ho$ {bE ào[aV hmoVm h¡ Cgo "ào[aV H$Îmm©' H$hVo h¢& Bg_| ào[aV
H$Îmm© ñd`§ H$Îmm© hmoZo na ^r ì`mH$a{UH$ Ñ{ï> go "H$mo' `m "go' nagJ©`wº$ hmoZo
go H«$_e "H$_©' `m "H$aU' ~Z OmVm h¡;
O¡go – _m± Zo ~o H$mo XyY {nbm`m&
_m± Zo Am`m go ~o H$mo XyY {nbdm`m
(Cº$ XmoZm| dm`m§o _| _m± "àoaH$ H$Îmm©' h¡& nhbo dm` _| "~o H$mo' ào[aV
H$Îmm© h¡ Omo H$_© Ho$ ñWmZ na Am`m h¡& Xygao dm` _| "Am`m go' "H$aU' Ho$
ñWmZ na Am`m h¡&)
àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`mE± Xmo àH$ma H$s hmoVr h¢ àW_ àoaUmW©H$ Am¡a {ÛVr`
àoaUmW©H$&
(i) àW_ àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m : H$m`© ì`mnma _| H$Îmm© àË`j ^mJ boVm h¡ &
(àW_ dm`)
[ 65 ]
(ii){ÛVr` àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m : H$m`©ì`mnma _| H$Îmm© àË`j ê$n go ^mJ
Zht boVm& na CgH$s àoaUm go H$moB© Xygam H$m`©ì`mnma H$m g§nmXZ H$aVm h¡&
({ÛVr` dm`)
àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`mAm| Ho$ ê$n-n[adÎm©Z Ho$ {Z`_
1. _yb YmVw _| "AmZm' OmoS>H$a àW_ àoaUmW©H$ Am¡a "dmZm' OmoS>H$a {ÛVr`
àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m ê$n ~Zm`m OmVm h¡; O¡go
_yb YmVw àW_ àoaUmW©H$ {ÛVr` àoaUmW©H$
CJ CJmZm CJdmZm
{Ib {IbmZm {IbdmZm
Xm¡S> Xm¡S>mZm Xm¡S>dmZm
nT> nT>mZm nT>dmZm
{bI {bImZm {bIdmZm
gwZ gwZmZm gwZdmZm
h±g h±gmZm h±gdmZm
2. Hw$N> _ybYmVw _| nhob _mÌm n[adÎm©Z H$a {X`m OmVm h¡ (Am H$m A)
(B© / E H$m B) (D$/ Amo H$m C) & {\$a AmZm OmoS>H$a àW_ àoaUmW©H$ Am¡a
"dmZm' OmoS>H$a {ÛVr` àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`mê$n ~Zm`m OmVm h¡; O¡go –
_ybYmVw àW_ àoaUmW©H$ {ÛVr` àoaUmW©H$
H$mQ> H$Q>mZm H$Q>dmZm
Iob [IbmZm [IbdmZm
Ky_ Kw_mZm Kw_dmZm
N>moS> Nw>S>mZm Nw>S>dmZm
OmJ OJmZm OJdmZm
[ 66 ]
Sy>~ Sw>~mZm / Sw>~moZm Sw>~dmZm
ZmM ZMmZm ZMdmZm
~mob ~wbmZm ~wbdmZm
3. ñdam§V YmVw _| nhbo _mÌm n[adÎm©Z H$aHo$ (Am/B©/E H$m B) (D$/Amo
H$m C), {\$a "bmZm' OmoS>H$a àW_ àoaUmW©H$ VWm "bdmZm' OmoS>H$a {ÛVr`
àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`mê$n ~Zm`m OmVm h¡; O¡go –
Im {IbmZm {IbdmZm
Ny> Nw>bmZm Nw>bdmZm
Or {ObmZm {ObdmZm
Xo {XbmZm {XbdmZm
nr {nbmZm {nbdmZm
amo ébmZm ébdmZm
gmo gwbmZm gwbdmZm
4. Hw$N> YmVwAm| Ho$ Xmo-Xmo ê$n ~ZVo h¢; O¡go –
H$h H$hmZm, H$hbmZm H$hdmZm / H$hbdmZm
XoI {XImZm/{XIbmZm {XIdmZm/{XIbdmZm
~¡R> {~R>mZm/{~R>bmZm {~R>dmZm/{~R>bdmZm
grI {gImZm/{gIbmZm {gIdmZm/{gIbdmZm
(5) Hw$P {H«$`mAm| Ho$ "àW_ àoaUmW©H$' ê$n Zht ~ZVo, O¡go - IoZm, ImoZm,
JmZm, T>moZm, nrQ>Zm, ôOZm, boZm&
(6) Hw$N> {H«$`mAm| Ho$ H$moB© ^r àoaUmW©H$ ê$n Zht ~ZVo, O¡go - AmZm, J±dmZm,
MmhZm, O±MZm, OmZZm, OmZm, nmZm, {_bZm, gmoMZm, hmoZm&
[ 67 ]
H$mb
H$m`© H$o g_`, H$m`© H$s nyU©Vm, `m AnyU©Vm H$m ~moY H$aZo Ho$ {bE {H«$`m
_| hmoZodmbo n[adÎm©Z H$mo "H$mb' H$hVo h¢ & ò VrZ àH$ma Ho$ h¢ - ^yVH$mb,
dÎm©_mZH$mb, ^{dî`V² H$mb&
1. ^yVH$mb
{Oggo H$m`© Ho$ ~rVo hþE g_` _| hmoZo H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡, Cgo ^yVH$mb H$hVo
h¢& BgHo$ N>h ôX hmoVo h¢; –
gm_mÝ`, AmgÞ, nyU©, AnyU©, g§{X½Y, hoVwhoVw_X²
(i) gm_mÝ` ^yVH$mb : Bggo ~rVo hþE g_` H$m Vmo ~moY hmoVm h¡, na
{deof g_` H$m ~moY Zht hmoVm; O¡go –
_¢Zo {bIm& _¢ J`m& Vy J`r&
h_Zo {bIm& h_ Jò& do J`t&
(ii) AmgÞ ^yVH$mb : Bggo nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ H$m`© ^yVH$mb _| Ama§^ hþAm
Wm, Hw$N> g_` nhbo g_má hmo J`m h¡; O¡go –
CgZo amoQ>r Im`r h¡ & Amn Jò h¢&
Jmonmb Zo Ho$bo Imò h¢& h_ Xm¡S>r h¢&
(iii) nyU© ^yVH$mb : Bggo nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ H$m`© ~hþV nhbo g_má hmo
MwH$m h¡; O¡go –
_¢Zo Ho$bm Im`m Wm& CgZo H$hm Wm&
amOy Am`m Wm& do V¡ao Wo&
[ 68 ]
(iv) AnyU© ^yVH$mb : Bggo nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ H$m`© ^yVH$mb _| hmo ahm
Wm, na CgHo$ g_má hmoZo H$m nVm Zht MbVm; O¡go –
h_ nT> aho Wo& _¢ Om ahr Wr&
h_ nT>Vo Wo& _¢ OmVr Wr&
(v) g§{X½Y ^yVH$mb : Bg_| H$m`© Ho$ ^yVH$mb _| hmoZo _| gÝXoh àH$Q> {H$`m
OmVm h¡& AV `h ñnï> Zht hmoVm {H$ H$m`© nyam hþAm `m Zht; O¡go –
Mmoa A~ VH$ ^mJ J`m hmoJm& CgZo bS>Sy> Im`m hmoJm&
do A~ VH$ nhþ±M Jò hm|Jo& CgZo Xmo bS²>Sy> Imò hmo§Jo&
(vi) hoVwhoVw_X² ^yVH$mb
Bggo nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ ^yVH$mb _| H$m`© hmoZodmbm Wm, na {H$gr H$maU
Zht hmo nm`m, `m|{H$ eV© nyar Z hmo gH$s; O¡go –
am_ AmVm Vmo JrV JmVm& dfm© hmoVr Vmo ñHy$b ~ÝX hmoVm&
h_ OmVo Vmo dh AmVr & CgZo nÌ {bIm hmoVm Vmo _¢Zo Cgo ~wbm`m hmoVm &
2. dÎm©_mZ H$mb :
{Oggo H$m`© Ho$ dÎm©_mZ g_` _| hmoZo H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡, Cgo dÎm©_mZ H$mb
H$hVo h¢& BgHo$ Mma ôX hmoVo h¢ :– gm_mÝ`, VmËH$m{bH$, g§{X½Y, g§^mì`&
(i) gm_mÝ` dÎm©_mZ H$mb : Bggo H$m`© Ho$ dÎm©_mZ g_` _| hmoZo H$m nVm
Vmo MbVm h¡, na {ZpíMV g_` H$m ~moY Zht hmo nmVm; O¡go –
h_ amoQ>r ImVo h¢& _wPo {hÝXr AmVr h¡&
_N>br nmZr _| ahVr h¡& bS>Ho$ _¡XmZ _| IobVo h¢&
(ii) VmËH$m{bH$ dÎm©_mZH$mb : Bggo nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ H$m`© dÎm©_mZH$mb
_| hmo ahm h¡, na nyam Zht hþAm h¡; O¡go –
{nVmOr {MQ²>R>r {bI aho h¢&
[ 69 ]
~m Mm±X XoI ahm h¡&
{M{S>`m Amg_mZ _| CS> ahr h¡&
(iii) g§{X½Y dÎm©_mZH$mb : Bggo dÎm©_mZH$mb _| H$m`© Ho$ hmoZo _| gÝXoh
àH$Q> hmoVm h¡; O¡go –
bS>Ho$ nT>Vo hm|Jo& bS>H$s nT> ahr hmoJr&
_XZ AmVm hr hmoJm& dh Om ahm hmoJm&
(iv) g§^mì` dÎm©_mZH$mb : Bggo dÎm©_mZH$mb _| H$m`© hmoZo H$s g§^mdZm
H$m nVm MbVm h¡; O¡go –
g§^dV dh ImVm hmo&
g§^dV dh nT>Vm hmo&
3. ^{dî`V² H$mb
Bg H$mb H$s {H«$`m go AmZodmbo `m ^{dî` Ho$ g_` H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡&
BgHo$ VrZ ôX hmoVo h¢; O¡go – gm_mÝ`, g§^mì`, hoVwhoVw_X²&
(i) gm_mÝ` ^{dî`V²H$mb : Bggo ~moY hmoVm h¡ {H$ AmZodmbo g_` _|
H$m`© gm_mÝ`V gånÞ hmoJm; O¡go –
_¢ JrV JmD±$Jr& dh ^wdZoída OmEJm&
(ii) g§^mì` ^{dî`V² H$mb : Bggo ~moY hmoVm h¡ {H$ ^{dî` _| H$m`© hmoZo
H$s g§^mdZm h¡; O¡go –
g§^dV C_oe H$b AmE&
hmo gH$Vm h¡, Xmo {XZm| _| ~m[ae hmo&
(iii) hoVwhoVw_X² ^{dî`V² H$mb : Bgg| ~moY hmoVm h¡ {H$ ^{dî` _| Bg
H$m`© H$m hmoZm, {H$gr Xygao H$m`© Ho$ hmoZo na {Z^©a H$aVm h¡; O¡go –
dh AmE Vmo _¢ OmD±$&
do h_mar ~mV _mZ| Vo h_ g^m _| OmE±&
[ 70 ]
Aä`mg
1. "{H«$`m' {H$go H$hVo h¡§?
2. {H«$`m Ho$ _ybê$n H$mo `m H$hVo h¢? Cggo {H«$`m H¡$go ~Zm`r OmVr h¡?
3. "`m¡{JH$ YmVw' {H$go H$hVo h¡§? CgHo$ ôXm| Ho$ Zm_ {b{IE&
4. {ZåZ{b{IV {H«$`mAm| Ho$ àW_ Am¡a {ÛVr` àoaUmW©H$ ê$n {b{IE –
Xm¡S>Zm, {bIZm, gwZZm, MbZm, nT>Zm, amoZm
5. {ZåZ{b{IV YmVwAm| Ho$ àW_ Am¡a {ÛVr` àoaUmW©H$ ê$n ~ZmBE –
H$mQ>, Iob, Ky_, OmJ, boQ>, Sy>~, ZmM
6. AH$_©H$ Am¡a gH$_©H$ {H«$`m _| `m AÝVa h¡? CXmhaU XoH$a g_PmBE&
7. "H$' ñV§^ _| Hw$N> dm` Am¡a "I' ñV§^ _| H$mbm| Ho$ Zm_ {Xò Jò h¢&
dm`m| Ho$ gmW H$mbm| H$m {_bmZ H$aHo$ {b{IE –
"H$' ñV§^ "I' ñV§^
_¢Zo ImZm Im {b`m h¡& g§^mì` ^{dî`V²
Vw_ H$hmZr {bImoJr& gm_mÝ` ^yV
dh Zdt H$jm _| nT>Vm hmoJm& gm_mÝ` ^{dî`V²
ZmZr nwamU nT> ahr Wr& hoVwhoVw_X² ^yV
_¢ nT> ahm hmoD±$& hoVwhoVw_X² ^{dî`V²
g§^dV do nT>|& gm_mÝ` dÎm©_mZ
Amn H$h| Vmo _¢ OmD±$& g§{X½Y dÎm©_mZ
Yyn hmoVr Vmo H$nS>o gyI OmVo& AmgÞ ^yV
dh nmR> nT> MwH$m h¡& g§^mì` dÎm©_mZ
CgZo H$hm Wm & AmgÞ ^yV
a_oe Zo Am_ Imò h¢ & nyU© ^yV
[ 71 ]
8. {ZåZ{b{IV dm`m| H$mo {H«$`mAm| H$r {d{^Þ H$mbm| _| ~XbH$a {b{IE –
dÎm©_mZ ^yV ^{dî`
h_ amoO ñHy$b OmVo h¢& h_ amoO ñHy$b OmVo Wo& h_ amoO ñHy$b Om`|Jo&
-------------- dh J`m& --------------
-------------- CgZo ImZm Im`m h¡ & --------------
amZr nwñVH$ nT> ahr h¡& -------------- --------------
_§Ow amoQ>r ImVr h¡& -------------- --------------
-------------- CgZo H$hm Wm& --------------
-------------- g~ bmoJ nT> aho Wo& --------------
em`X dh AmVm hmoJm& -------------- --------------
-------------- -------------- dh {Xr OmEJm&
-------------- aobJmS>r Mb ahr Wr& --------------
bS>Ho$ _¡XmZ _| IobVo h¢& -------------- --------------
bS>{H$`m± JrV JmVr h¢& -------------- --------------
-------------- dfm© hmoVr Wr& --------------
-------------- H$m¡Am CS> ahm Wm& --------------
-------------- -------------- h_ nÌ {bI|Jo&
Vmbm Imobm OmVm h¡& -------------- --------------
-------------- -------------- g§^dV dh H$b OmE &
amoOr go Mbm Zht OmVm& -------------- --------------
KmoS>o Xm¡S>Vo h¢& -------------- --------------
nÌ ôO XoZm h¡& -------------- --------------
[ 72 ]
9. {ZåZ[b{IV {H«$`mAm| Ho$ àW_ Am¡a {ÛVr` àoaUmW©H$ ê$n {b{IE:-
_w»`{H«$`m àW_ àoaUmW©H$ {ÛVr` àoaUmW©H$
h±gZm .... ....
IobZm .... ....
ImZm .... ....
nT>Zm .... ....
{bIZm .... ....
XoIZm .... ....
gmoZm .... ....
grIZm .... ....
amoZm .... ....
MbZm .... ....
gwZZm .... ....
CJZm .... ....
H$mQ>Zm .... ....
ZmMZm .... ....
~mobZm .... ....
Xm¡S>Zm .... ....
XoZm .... ....
nrZm .... ....
H$hZm .... ....
OmJZm .... ....
[ 73 ]
10. {ZåZ{b{IV {H«$`m nXm| Ho$ gm_Zo gH$_©H$ `m AH$_©H$ {b{IE& BZH$mo
bJmH$a EH$-EH$ dm` ^r ~ZmBE&
ImZm ------------- --------------------------
OmZm ------------- --------------------------
h±gZm ------------- --------------------------
{bIZm ------------- --------------------------
nT>Zm ------------- --------------------------
amoZm ------------- --------------------------
AmZm ------------- --------------------------
bmZm ------------- --------------------------
H$hZm ------------- --------------------------
V¡aZm ------------- --------------------------
Xm¡S>Zm ------------- --------------------------
XoZm ------------- --------------------------
nrZm ------------- --------------------------
grIZm ------------- --------------------------
H$mQ>Zm ------------- --------------------------
\$Q>Zm ------------- --------------------------
{nbmZm ------------- --------------------------
CS>Zm ------------- --------------------------
ZmMZm ------------- --------------------------
JmZm ------------- --------------------------
[ 74 ]
{JaZm ------------- --------------------------
ôOZm ------------- --------------------------
H$m±nZm ------------- --------------------------
Hy$XZm ------------- --------------------------
XwhZm ------------- --------------------------
{IbmZm ------------- --------------------------
11. {ZåZ{b{IV {H«$`mAm| Ho$ nm±M-nm±M CXmhaU Xr{OE&
(1) _w»` {H«$`m : .....................................
.....................................
.....................................
(2) ghm`H$ {H«$`m : .....................................
.....................................
.....................................
(3) g§`ºw $ {H«$`m : .....................................
.....................................
.....................................
(4) {ÛH$_©H$ {H«$`m : .....................................
.....................................
.....................................
[ 75 ]
Aì``
dm` _| à`wº$ hmoVo g_` Omo eãX _yb ê$n _| hr AmVo h¢ Am¡a CZH$m
H$moB© ê$n-n[adÎm©Z Zht hmoVm, CÝh| Aì`` H$hVo h¢& Bg{bE Aì`` H$mo A{dH$mar
eãX H$hVo h¢; O¡go – Am¡a, Ho$ nhbo, dhm± , em~me, hm±, {N>: Am{X &
Aì`` Mma àH$ma Ho$ h¢; O¡go –
(i) {H«$`m {deofU : ò {H«$`m H$s {defVm ~VmVo h¢; O¡go – Yrao-Yrao,
AMmZH$, Bg{bE, em`X, `m|{H$, AmOH$b, Vwa§V, `hm±, dhm±, Bg Va\$, AmJo,
nrN>o, bJmVma, ~ma~ma, ~hþV, H$m\$s, H«$_-H«$_ go, MwnMmn, ~mha, Oam-gm,
Ü`mZ-go, {~Zm {hbo-Sw>bo Am{X&
(ii) g§~§Y~moYH$ : ò dm` _| EH$ nX (g§km `m gd©Zm_) go Xygao nX
H$m g§~§Y ~VmVo h¢; O¡go – Ho$ ~mX, Ho$ níMmV², Ho$ AmJo, Ho$ nrN>o, H$s Va\$,
Ho$ {Z{_Îm, Ho$ ZrMo, Ho$ Ûmam, Ho$ AYrZ, Ho$ {gdm, Ho$ {~Zm, H$s Vah, Ho$
gmW, H$s Anojm, Ho$ Amgnmg, H$s Amoa Am{X&
g_w`~moYH$ : ò Xmo eãXm| `m dm`m| H$mo OmoS>Vo h¢; O¡go – Am¡a,
(iii)
VWm, Ed§, `m, AWdm, `m-`m, Z-Z, Mmho-`m, naÝVw, A{nVw, {H$ÝVw, hr
Zht - ~pëH$- ^r, ~pëH$, _Ja, {\$a ^r, Bg{bE AVEd, `m|{H$, Vm{H$,
{Oggo {H$, `Ú{n - VWm{n, _mZmo, hmbm±{H$, bo{H$Z, _Ja, Vmo, {H$ Am{X &
(iv) {dñ_`m{X~moYH$ : ò dº$m Ho$ {dñ_`, AmZÝX, Am{X ^mdm| H$mo ì`º$
H$aVo h¢; O¡go – dmh! em~me, ho am_, ~mn ao!, C\²$, Aao, hm±, {YH$, {N>-
{N>, Aar, am_-am_, YÝ`dmX, ew{H«$`m, hm`, AOr, Amhm, YÝ`-YÝ` Am{X&
[ 76 ]
Aä`mg - 2 (1)
1. Aì`` H$m AW© `m h¡?
2. Aì`` {H$VZo àH$ma Ho$ h¡§ ? do H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z go h¢?
3. {H«$`m{deofU {H$go H$hVo h¢ ?
4. ZrMo Ho$ dm`m| _| go {H«$`m{deofU N>m±{Q>E
(i) _wPo WmoS>r-gr Mm` Xr{OE&
(ii) Xrdma ~m[ae Ho$ H$maU EH$mEH$ T>h J`r&
(iii) ~oMmam H$m_ H$s Vbme _| {XZ â Ky_Vm ahm&
(iv) Agb _| dh PyR> Zht ~mobr Wr&
5. gå~ÝYgyMH$ Aì`` {H$go H$hVo h¡§? gmoXmhaU ~VmBE&

6. g_w`~moYH$ Aì`` {H$go H$hVo h¡§ ? gmoXmhaU ~VmBE&
7. ZrMo {Xò Jò dm`m| go g_w`~moYH$ Aì`` N>m±{Q>E
(i) bS>Ho$ Am¡a bS>{H$`m± _¡XmZ _| Iob aho h¢&
(ii) Hw$N> bmoJ H$_ao Ho$ ~mha Am¡a Hw$N> bmoJ H$_ao Ho$ ^rVa ~¡R>o Wo&
(iii) dh VoO Xm¡S>Vm h¡, na Á`mXm g_` VH$ Zht Xm¡S> gH$Vm&
(iv) `{X Vy R>rH$ go nT>m hmoVm, Vmo AmO VwPo amoZm Z nS>Vm&
(v) Vw_ `hm± go OmAmoJo {H$ _¢ OmD±$Jm?
8. {dñ_`m{X~moYH$ Aì``m| H$m à`moJ H$aHo$ nm±M dm` ~ZmBE&

9. {ZåZ{b{IV dm`m| Ho$ aoIm§{H$V Aì``m| Ho$ Zm_ ~VmBE
(i) dh MwnMmn Am`m &
(ii) do bm¡Q>H$a ~mha Mbo Jò &
[ 77 ]
(iii) _¢ Oam-gm {hbVm Wm &
(iv) hm` ! ò _a Z OmE± &
(v) h_ H$sS>m| H$mo Ü`mZ go XoIVo Wo &
(vi) dh ~mha Mbr Am`r Am¡a ~mobr &
(vii) naÝVw Vw_ Vmo H«y$a hmo &
(viii) do {H$g N>ßna Ho$ ZrMo ~¡R>o Wo ?
(ix) Cg Ho$ nrN>o godH$ IS>m Wm &
(x) _¢ {~Zm {hbo-Sw>bo ~¡R>m ahm &
10. ghr H$WZ Ho$ AmJo 3 {M bJmBE :

CZ nX `m nXm| H$mo Aì`` H$hm OmVm h¡
(1) {OZH$m ê$n dm` _| à`wº$ hmoVo hr ~Xb OmVm h¡ &
(2) {OZH$m ê$n Am§{eH$ ~XbVm h¡ &
(3) {OZHo$ ê$n _| H$moB© n[adV©Z Zht hmoVm &
(4) {OZHo$ ê$n _| H$^r-H$^r n[adV©Z hmo OmVm h¡ &
11. BZ _| go Omo Aì`` nX h¢, CZH$mo aoIm§{H$V H$s{OE

Vwa§V, í`m_Z§XZ, {H$, Yrao-Yrao, AÀN>m, YÝ`dmX, Ho$ ZrMo, Am¡a, nT>mB©, bo{H$Z,
nhmS>, em~me, bJmVma, Vm{H$, My±{H$, hmbm±{H$, C\²$, H$s Vah, Ho$ {gdm, ~hþV,
~S>m, H$m\$s, N>moQ>m, _§X-_§X, Ho$ ~mX, AmJo, AJwdm, AMmZH$, YraVm, Adí`,
AmX_r, _mZdVm, dhm±, AmOH$b, Mmoa, do, {H$ÝVw, AVEd&
[ 78 ]
12. ZrMo Ho$ dm`m| _| go {H«$`m-{deofUm| H$mo N>m±{Q>E
(i) Oam _oar Va\$ Ü`mZ Xr{OE&
(ii) AmO hdm Yrao-Yrao ~h ahr h¡&
(iii) ~m[ae go `h Xrdma EH$mEH$ T>h J`r &
(iv) OoQ> {d_mZ ~hþV VoO CS>Vm h¡&
(v) bmoJm| Zo Mmoa na XZmXZ _w¸o$ ~agmò&
(vi) \o$ardmbm {XZ â Ky_Vm ahVm h¡&
(vii) _Vdmbm hmWr hm¡bo-hm¡bo MbVm h¡&
13. Hw$N> àM{bV Aì`` ZrMo {Xò Jò h¢ & AnZr- nmR>ç-nwñVH$ go BZHo$
à`moJ Ty>±{T>E Am¡a H$m°nr _| {b{IE
`{X, A~, V^r, Vmo, VoO, Á`mXm, Oam, VH$, ~{ëH$, _mZmo, Á`m|-Ë`m|, Mmho,
Zht Vmo, `m, AWdm, Ed§, daZm, hr, ^r, â, Z, Zht, O¡go, hm±, _V, {g\©$, Ho$
AZwgma, A^r, H$~, AmO, H$b, `hm±, dhm±, Ohm±, Vhm±, Eogo, d¡go, ~hþV, H$_,
WmoS>m, {H$VZm, {OVZm, H¥$n`m, gd©Wm, AZm`mg, `Ì-VÌ&
14. ghr {H«$`m [deofU bJmH$a dm`mo§ H$mo nyam H$s{OE
(i) ~m~yOr XâVa Ho$ {bE ------ {ZH$bo&
(OëX, gmW, `m|{H$)
(ii) Aa~r KmoS >o ------- Xm¡S >Vo h¢&
(VoµO, ^rVa, Hw$N>)
(iii) do ------- hm|, AmO Am Om`|Jo&
({dXoem|, Ohm± ^r, O~ VH$)
(iv) brbm H$mo ------ h±gr Am JB©&
(bJmVma>, AMmZH$, `XmH$Xm)
[ 79 ]
(v) CgZo ----- H$hm&
(amoVo-amoVo, h±gVo-JmVo, MbVo-{\$aVo)
(vi) Eogm ------- MboJm?
(H$~ VH$, O~ VH$, n`©ÝV)
(vii) _Zw nhmS> na ------- MT>Vm J`m&
(BYa, Yrao-Yrao, Mmam| Amoa)
(viii) ~odHy$\$ bmoJ ----- h±gVo h¢&
(Ü`mZnyd©H$, `m| hr, e_© go)
15. Aì`` Ho$ Mma àH$ma h¢& {ZåZ {dH$ënm| _| go CÝh| N>m±Q>H$a {b{IE
{H«$`m {deofU, {dYo` {deofU, g_w`~moYH$, gå_mZ~moYH$, AmXamW©H$,
{dñ_`m{X~moYH$, hoVwhoVw_X²^yV, g§~§Y~moYH$
16. {ZåZ{b{IV g_w`~moYH$ Aì`` bJmH$a AbJ AbJ dm` ~ZmBE
Am¡a, AWdm, naÝVw, A{nVw, Bg{bE, Vm{H$
17. {dñ_`m{XdmoYH$ Aì``m| go `m ì`º$-hmoVm h¡? Mma CXmhaU Xr{OE&
18. ghr Aì`` nX bJmH$a dm`m| H$mo nyU© [H${OE
(i) Vw_ amoO nT>mB© H$amo ---- narjm _| nmg hmo OmAmo&
(Vm{H$, AWdm, A{nVw)
(ii) dh AÀN>m IobVm h¡ ------ g^r go PJS>Vm h¡&
(Ed§, bo{H$Z, nwZíM)
(iii) am_, bú_U ------ grVm dZ _| Jò& (`m, Am¡a, qH$Vw)
(iv) XeaW Zo ------- àmU Ë`mJo&
(VS>n-VS>n H$a, h±g-h±g H$a, _a _a H$a)
[ 80 ]
(v) hZw_mZ ----- nhmS>r na MT> Jò&
(Y_ go, _mZmo, BYa-CYa)
(vi) Y¥Vamï´> R>rH$ go Mb Zht nmVo Wo ------ do A§Yo Wo&
(Vm{H$, `m|{H$, hmbm±{H$)
(vii) AmO ~m[ae hmoJr ------- nm¡Yo bJmZm&
(Am¡a, My±{H$, Vmo, {H$)
(viii) dh Eogr ~mV| H$aVm h¡ ------- dh g~H$m _m{bH$ hmo&
(_mZmo, D$na, AWm©V)
19. BZ dm`m| _| ghr Aì`` H$m à`moJ H$s{OE&
(i) {haZ Xm¡S>Vm h¡& (VoO, ghgm, Yrao-Yrao)
(ii) eoa {eH$ma na PnQ>Vm h¡& (Yrao go, AMmZH$, `m|{H$)
(iii) hdmB© OhmO Amg_mZ _| CS>Vm h¡& (\$am©Q>o go, Yrao go, H$Xm{MV²)
(iv) noS> bJmE±, OrdZ ~MmE±& (V~, Am¡a, {\$a go)
(v) CZH$mo {XbH$m Xm¡am nS>m, AñnVmb JE h¢& (O~, Bg{bE, Adí`)
(vi) `h JmS>r Mma K§Q>o Am`r& (Xoa go, A{YH$, gm_Zo)
[ 81 ]
An{R>V AZwÀN>oX H$m nR>Z Am¡a AdYmaU
V¥Vr` ^mfm H$m {dÚmWu {H$gr An{R>V AZwÀN>oX H$mo nT>H$a g_P gH$Vm h¡,
`m|{H$ dh {hÝXr ^mfm go n[a{MV h¡ Am¡a AnZr ~w{Õ go {dMma Ho$ {gb{gbo H$mo g_P
gH$Vm h¡& AV: {H$gr An{R>V AZwÀN>oX H$mo nT>H$a dh Cg_| go àíZmo§ Ho$ CÎma Xo gH$Vm
h¡&
Bg H$m`© Ho$ {bE Cgo {ZåZ{b{IV {df`m| na Ü`mZ XoZm hmoJm

(1) An{R>V AZwÀN>oX H$mo EH$m{YH$ ~ma nT> boZm Mm{hE&
(2) Cg_| Amò _w»` {dMmam| Am¡a ^mdm| H$mo g_PH$a aoIm§{H$V H$a boZm Mm{hE&
(3) AZwÀN>oX Ho$ ~mX Amò àíZmo§ Ho$ CÎma Cgr _| ImoOZo H$m à`ËZ H$aZm Mm{hE&
(4) CÎma {bIVo g_` `Wmg§^d AnZo eãXm| H$m à`moJ H$a boZm Mm{hE &
(5) {H«$`m Ho$ H$mb H$m Ü`mZ aIZm Mm{hE& {Og H$mb _| àíZ hmo, Cgr H$mb
_| hr CVa XoZm Mm{hE&
ZmoQ> : àíZ Xmo àH$ma Ho$ hm|Jo& Hw$N> àíZm| Ho$ CÎma nyao dm`m| _| XoZm nS>oJm Am¡a Hw$N>
àíZm| Ho$ CVa Xmo-EH$ eãXm| _|&
CXmhaU : O~ ny{U©_m H$m Mm±X AmH$me _| CX` hmoVm h¡, Vmo CgH$m Ñí` XoIVo
hr ~ZVm h¡& AJa Amg_mZ gm\$ hmo, Vmo JmobmH$ma MÝÐ_m g~H$m _Z _moh boVm h¡&
dh _Z _| BVZm bmo^ OJmVm h¡ {H$ Cgo hmW _| bo boZo H$s BÀN>m hmoVr h¡& Bg{bE ê$R>o
hþE {eewAm| H$mo g_PmZo Ho$ {bE _m± Mm±X H$mo {XIbmVr h¡& Cgo _m_m H$hH$a ~wbmVr
h¡& {eew Mm±X H$mo XoIVo hr Iwe hmo OmVm h¡ Am¡a amoZm ~§X H$a XoVm h¡& AmO h_ OmZVo
h¢ {H$ MÝÐ_m H$s AnZr {H$aU Zht hmoVr& O~ gy`© H$s {H$aU| Cg na nS>Vr h¡§, Vmo dh
OJ_Jm CR>Vm h¡& MÝÐ_m YaVr Ho$ A{V {ZH$Q> h¡, Bg{bE Cgo OmZZo Ho$ {bE {dkmZ
~hþV-gr H$mo{ee H$aVm h¡& BgH$m ZVrOm `h hþAm {H$ AmO AmX_r Mm±X na Om nhþ±Mm
h¡&
[ 82 ]
àíZ : 1. D$na {bIo Jò JÚm§e H$mo nT>H$a {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma nyao dm`m|
_| Xr{OE
(1) JmobmH$ma MÝÐ_m H$~ g~H$m _Z _moh boVm h¡?
(2) ê$R>o hþE {eewAm| H$mo g_PmZo Ho$ {bE _m± `m H$aVr h¡?
(3) {dkmZ H$s H$mo{ee H$m ZVrOm `m hþAm?
àíZ : 2. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CVa H$moð>H$m| _| go MwZH$a Xr{OE -

(1) Amg_mZ H$m AW© h¡ -------- (nmVmb, AmH$me, AmíM`©)
(2) _m_m H$m AW© h¡ --------(XmXm H$m ~oQ>m, ZmZm H$m ~oQ>m, _m¡gm H$m ~oQ>m)
(3) Mm±X OJ_Jm CR>Vm h¡, `m|{H$ --------
(CgH$m AnZm àH$me h¡, gyaO H$s {H$aU| Cg na nS>Vr h¢, dh n¥Ïdr Ho$ nmg h¡&)
(4) ZVrOm -------- eãX h¡& (nw§qbJ, ñÌrqbJ)
[ 83 ]
AZwdmX
AZwdmX `m h¡?
EH$ ^mfm _| {b{IV dm` `m dm`m| H$mo Xygar ^mfm _| {bIZm AZwdmX H$hbmVm
h¡& Om{ha h¡ {H$ AZwdmX H$m`© _| AZwdmXH$ H$mo XmoZm| ^mfmAm| H$m ghr kmZ hmoZm
Amdí`H$ h¡&
_mV¥^mfm Amo{S>Am go amï´>^mfm {hÝXr _| VWm {hÝXr go Amo{S>Am _| AZwdmX H$aZo
Ho$ {bE BZ XmoZm| ^mfmAm| H$mo OmZZm Oê$ar h¡&
AZwdmX H¡$go {H$`m OmVm h¡?

- nhbo _yb ^mfm Ho$ dm` H$mo nT>Zm Am¡a R>rH$ go g_P boZm Mm{hE, {Oggo _yb
{dMma H$mo nH$S>m Om gHo$&
- {\$a _yb ^mfm Ho$ dm` Ho$ {d[^Þ A§Jm| H$mo g_PZm Oê$ar h¡& `m|{H$ àËòH$
^mfm H$s dm`-g§aMZm H$s e¡br AbJ-AbJ hmoVr h¡& _yb ^mfm Ho$ dm` Ho$ A§Jm|
H$m Amng _| H¡$gm g§~§Y h¡, Cgo ^r g_PZm Amdí`H$ h¡&
- dm` Ho$ Xmo _w»` A§e hmoVo h¢ - CÔoí` AWdm H$Îmm© H$m A§e Am¡a CgHo$ AZwgma
MbZo dmbr {H«$`m `m {dYo` H$m A§e&
H$Îmm© Ho$ qbJ, dMZ Am¡a nwéf Ho$ AZwê$n {H«$`m hmoVr h¡& `h {hÝXr
^mfm H$s {deofVm h¡& Amo{S>Am _| {H«$`m na H$Îmm© Ho$ qbJ H$m à^md Zht
nS>Vm& AVEd Amo{S>Am dm` {bIVo g_` H$Îmm© nX Ho$ qbJ H$mo OmZZm
Amdí`H$ Zht h¡& BgHo$ {dnarV qhXr Ho$ ha g§kmnX H$m qbJ OmZZm
Oê$ar h¡&
[ 84 ]
1. {ZåZ CXmhaUm| H$mo Xo{IE :
qbJ (nw§) - bS>H$m OmVm h¡ = ¨çàÿæsç ¾æF / ¾æDdç<>
(ñÌr) - bS>H$s OmVr h¡ = lçAsç ¾æF / ¾æDdç<>
nwéf (CÎm_)- _| Jmd± _| ahVm hÿ±& = þëô SæAæô{Àÿ Àÿ{Üÿ<>
(_Ü`_)- Vw_ `m H$aVo hmo? = ëÿ{þ LÿA~ LÿÀÿ / LÿÀëÿd<?
(AÝ`)- {H$gmZ IoVr H$aVo h¢& LõÿÌLÿþæ{ÿ `ÿæÌ LÿÀÿ;ÿç<>
dMZ (EH$)- bS>H$s H$m_ H$aVr h¡ = lçAsç Lÿæþ Lÿ{Àÿ / LÿÀëÿAdç<>
(~hþ) - bS>{H$`m± H$m_ H$aVr h¡§& = lçAþæ{ÿ Lÿæþ LÿÀÿ;ÿç / LÿÀëÿd;ÿç<>
2. {hÝXr _| g§~§Y (H$maH$) Ho$ ~mX dmbo eãX Ho$ qbJ Am¡a dMZ Ho$ AZwgma
g§~§Y - {M bJVo h¢; O¡go
am_ H$m ^mB© (^mB© - nw§, EH$ dMZ h¡ Vmo - H$m)
am_ Ho$ bS>Ho$ (bS>Ho$ - nw§, ~hþ dMZ h¡ Vmo - Ho$)
am_ H$s ~hZ (~hZ - ñÌr , EH$ dMZ h¡ Vmo - H$s)
am_ H$s ~hZ| (~hZ| - ñÌr, ~hþdMZ h¡ Vmo ^r - H$s)
3. {hÝXr _| H$_© Ho$ AZwgma ^r {H«$`m MbVr h¡& dm` ^yV H$mb _| hmoZo na Am¡a
{H«$`m gH$_©H$ VWm - Am / E/ B© àË`` `wº$ hmoZo na H$Îmm© Ho$ gmW "Zo' nagJ©
bJVm h¡ & Eogr pñW{V _| {H«$`m H$Îmm© Ho$ AZwgma Zht MbVr & dm` _| H$_© hmoZo
na {H«$`m H$_© Ho$ qbJ -dMZ Ho$ AZwgma ~XbVr h¡, AÝ`Wm ñdV§Ì ahVr h¡ &
`h {deofVm Amo{S>Am ^mfm _| Zht h¡ & O¡go -
bS>Ho$ Zo \$b Im`m&
bS>H$s Zo \$b Im`m&
bS>Ho$ Zo amoQ>r Im`r&
[ 85 ]
bS>H$s Zo amoQ>r Im`r&
bS>Ho$ Zo Mma Am_ Imò&
bS>H$s Zo Mma Am_ Imò&
bS>Ho$ Zo Xmo amo{Q>`m± Im`t&
bS>H$s Zo Xmo amo{Q>`m± Im`t&
ZmoQ> - D$na Ho$ dm`m| _| H$Îmm© Ho$ gmW - Zo nagJ© AmZo na H$_© Ho$ qbJ-dMZ Ho$
AZwgma {H«$`m H$m ê$n ~Xbm h¡&
4. {H«$`m Ho$ ê$n :
Amo{S>Am VWm {hÝXr _| {H«$`m Ho$ VrZ H$mb hmoVo h¢
^yV, dÎm©_mZ Am¡a ^{dî`V² &
{hÝXr _| H$Îmm© Ho$ qbJ, dMZ Am¡a nwéf VrZm| Ho$ AZwgma {H«$`m ~XbVr h¡, O~ {H$
Amo{S>Am _| Ho$db dMZ Am¡a nwéf Ho$ AZwgma& {ZåZ{b{IV dm`m| H$mo XoI| Am¡a XmoZm|
^mfmAm| Ho$ {H«$`m -ê$nm| H$mo g_P|
^yV H$mb
1. CÎm_ nwéf - _¢ J`m / J`r = þëô Sàÿç<>
h_ Jò / J`r§ = Aæ{»þæ{ÿ Sàëÿô<>
2. _Ü`_ nwéf - Vy J`m / J`r - ëÿ Sàëÿ<>
Vw_ Jò / J`t - ëÿ{þ Sàÿ<>
Amn Jò / J`r§ - Aæ¨~ S{àÿ<>
3. AÝ` nwéf - dh J`m / J`r - {Ó Sàÿæ<>
do Jò / J`r§ - {Óþæ{ÿ S{àÿ<>
[ 86 ]
H$Îmm© Ho$ gmW "Zo' AmZo na Am¡a H$_© Z ahZo na {H«$`m ê$n ñdV§Ì ~ZVo h¢, Xo{IE &
CÎm_ nwéf - _¡§Zo Im`m& h_Zo Im`m&
_Ü`_ nwéf - VyZo Im`m& Vw_Zo Im`m & AmnZo Im`m&
AÝ` nwéf - CgZo Im`m & CÝhm|Zo Im`m&
am_ Zo Im`m& brbm Zo Im`m&
am_ Am¡a brbm Zo Im`m&
dÎm©_mZ H$mb
1. CÎm_ nwéf - _¢ H$m_ H$aVm hÿ± / H$aVr hÿ± - þëô Lÿæþ LÿÀëÿdç &
h_ H$m_ H$aVo h¢ / H$aVr h¢ - Aæ{»þæ{ÿ Lÿæþ LÿÀëÿdë<>
2. _Ü`_ nwéf - Vy H$m_ H$aVm h¡ / H$aVr h¡ - ëÿ Lÿæþ LÿÀëÿdë<>
Vw_ H$m_ H$aVo hmo / H$aVr hmo - ëÿ{þ Lÿæþ LÿÀëÿd<>
3. AÝ` nwéf - h[a H$m_ H$aVm h¡ / grVm H$m_ H$aVr h¡ &
ÜÿÀÿç Lÿæþ LÿÀëÿdç / Óêÿæ Lÿæþ LÿÀëÿdç<>
h[a Am¡a a_oe H$m_ H$aVo h¢ / _mbVr Am¡a bVm H$m_ H$aVr h¢ &
ÜÿÀÿç H Àÿ{þÉ Lÿæþ LÿÀëÿd;ÿç / þæÁÿÿê H àÿÿæ Lÿæþ LÿÀëÿd;ÿç<>
^{dî`V² H$mb
1. CÎm_ - _¢ nTy>±Jm / nTy>±Jr - þëô ¨Þç¯ÿç >
h_ nT>|Jo / nT>|Jr - Aæ{»þæ{ÿ ¨Þç¯ëÿ >
2. _Ü`_ - Vy nT>oJm / nT>oJr - ëÿ ¨Þç¯ëÿ >
Vw_ nT>moJo / nT>moJr - ëÿ{þ ¨Þç¯ÿ >
[ 87 ]
3. AÝ` - am_ nT>oJm /grVm nT>oJr - Àÿæþ / Óêÿæ ¨Þç¯ÿ<>
am_ Am¡a í`m_ nT>|Jo - Àÿæþ H É¿æþ ¨Þç{¯ÿ >
grVm Am¡a _rVm nT>o§Jr - Óêÿæ H þêÿæ ¨Þç{¯ ÿ>
{hÝXr _| nXg_yh (AZoH$ nXm| H$m EH$ gmW Jw§\$Z) ~ZmVo g_` {d^{º$ / nagJ©
_| n[adÎm©Z hmoVm h¡& Eogm Amo{S>Am _| Zht h¡, O¡go
(i) CgH$m Ka nmg _| hr h¡ - ÿæ'Àÿ WÀÿ FB ¨æQ{Àÿ<>
CgHo$ Ka _| Mma AmX_r h¢ - ÿæ'Àÿ W{Àÿ `ÿæÀÿçf~ {àÿæLÿ Ad;ÿç<>
(ii) H$mbm KmoS>m MaVm h¡ - LÿÁÿæ {WæÝæ `ÿÀëÿAdç
H$mbo KmoS>o H$mo Kmg Xmo - LÿÁÿæ {WæÝæLëÿ WæÓ ÿçA<>
Bg àH$ma AZwdmX H$aZo Ho$ AZoH$ VarHo$ OmZZo H$s Oê$aV h¡& CÝh| Yrao - Yrao
grI|& AZwdmX H$a| Vmo AmgmZr hmoJr&
{ZåZ{b{IV dm`m| H$m qhXr _| AZwdmX H$s{OE
1 Aæfç ¯ÿÌæö {ÜÿDdç > AmO dfm© hmo ahr h¡&
2 AæLÿæÉLëÿ {þW |ÿæZÿç ÀÿQçdç<> ----------------
3 FÜÿæ É÷æ¯ÿ~ þæÓ<> ----------------
4 FÜÿæ `ÿæÌÀÿ Óþß<> ----------------
5 `ÿæÌêþæ{ÿ ¯ÿçàÿLëÿ ¾æAæ;ÿç<> ----------------
6 {Óþæ{ÿ ÿçÿ ¾æLÿ ÜÿÁÿ LÿÀÿ;ÿç<> ----------------
7 ¯ÿçÜÿÿ ¯ëÿ~ç {ÿ{àÿ `ÿæÀÿæ D{vÿ<> ----------------
8 ¯ÿÌæö ÿ {Üÿ{àÿ `ÿæÌ {Üÿ¯ÿ ÿæÜÿ]<> ----------------
[ 88 ]
9 ¯ÿæÁÿLÿþæ{ÿ Ôëÿà ¾æDd;ÿç<> ----------------
10 ¯ÿæÁÿçLÿæþæ{ÿ Sêÿ SæB{¯ÿ<> ----------------
11 {ÿQ, Óí{¾ö¿æÿß {Üÿàÿæ~ç<> ----------------
12 `ÿæàÿ, ¯ÿæÜÿæ{Àÿ sçLÿçF ¯ëÿàÿç¯ÿæ<> ----------------
13 $æ ¨¯ÿÿ {¯ÿæÜëÿdç<> ----------------
14 ÓLÿæÁëÿ Dvÿç ¯ÿ¿æßæþ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ D`ÿçÿ<> ----------------
15 ÓÜÿÀÿ{Àÿ ¯ÿÜëÿÿ {àÿæLÿ ÀÿÜÿ;ÿç<> ----------------
16 {Óþæ{ÿ Àÿæÿç{Àÿ {xÿÀÿç{Àÿ ÉëA;ÿç<> ----------------
17 ëÿ{þ {Óþçÿç LÿÀÿç¯ÿ ÿæÜÿ]<> ----------------
18 ÉêW÷ {ÉæB¯ÿ F¯ÿó ÉêW÷ Dvÿç¯ÿ<> ----------------
19 µÿàÿ Ó´æ×¿ ¨æBô µÿàÿ {µÿæfÿ ÿÀÿLÿæÀÿ<>----------------
20 Aæ{þ Óþ{Ö µÿàÿ ¨çàÿæ<> ----------------
{ZåZ{b{IV dm`m| H$m Amo{S>Am _| AZwdmX H$s{OE
1 h_mao Xoe H$m Zm_ ^maVdf© h¡&
2 `hm± g~go D±$Mm nhmS> h¡&
3 gmJa _oao Xoe H$m nm±d nImaVm h¡&
4 _oao Xoe _| H$amoS>mo§ bmoJ ~gVo h¢&
5 _oao _who _| Xg ~o h¢&
6 do Mma ~Oo IobVo h¢&
7 bS>{H$`m± gmB{H$b MbmVr h¢&
8 h_mao Ka Ho$ nmg EH$ nmH©$ h¡&
[ 89 ]
9 dhm± ~hþV-go noS>-nm¡Yo h¢&
10 em_ H$mo bmoJ dhm± Q>hbZo OmVo h¢&
11 ~o, ~wOwJ© IobVo h¢&
12 nwar g_wÐ Ho$ {H$Zmao ~gm h¡&
13 H$Q>H$ Amo{S>em H$m nwamZm eha h¡&
14 AH$~a EH$ CXma emgH$ Wo&
15 {Xr ^maV H$s amOYmZr h¡&
16 OJÞmW H$m ^mV OJV ngmao hmW&
17 hmobr ^maV H$m ~S>m Ë`mohma h¡&
18 bmoJ EH$ Xygao na a§J S>mbVo h¡§&
19 B©X _| bmoJ ^moO XoVo h¢&
20 AmOH$b ~S>r J_u nS> ahr h¡&
21 {~Zm N>mVo Am¡a OyVm| Ho$ ~mha Z OmE± &
22 am_y Ho$ nmg EH$ H$b_ Wr&
23 dh AÀN>m ZmMVm-JmVm h¡&
24 _oam ^maV EH$ _hmZ Xoe h¡&
25 _¢ AnZo Xoe go ß`ma H$aVm hÿ±&
[ 90 ]

9th - Hindi - Grammar

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9th - Hindi - Grammar

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{hÝXr ì`mH$aU Am¡a à`moJ

(Zdt H$jm Ho$ {bE)

_mÜ`{_H$ {ejm n[afX, Amo{S>em

Q>§H$U : J«m\$ "EZ²' J«m{\$g, H$Q>H$

_¢ Amem H$aVm hÿ±, h_mam `h à`mg g\$b hmoJm & h_ g§nmXH$-_§S>b

2. Üd{Z Am¡a dU© 2

3. AÀN>r {hÝXr H¡$go grI| : 8

1. Am|R> (XmoZm|) 2. Xm±V (D$na Ho$) 3. dËg© (_gyS>m), 4 H$R>moaVmbw (dËg©

Üd{Z`m| H$m CmaU

AÀN>r {hÝXr H¡$go grIo§

_yb ê$n An[ad{Îm©V ê$n

~yT>m hmWr Amn hr Yrao-Yrao Om ahm Wm&

bS>H$m - _Zwî` - gwÝXa -

qbJ n[adÎm©Z Ho$ {Z`_

5. Hw$N> àm{UdmMH$ Am¡a ì`dgm`dmMH$ eãXm| _| "BZ' OmoS>H$a 

6. Hw$N> àm{UdmMH$ eãXm| _| "Zr' OmoS>H$a 

2. {ZåZ{b{IV Vm{bH$m go ghr dm` ~ZmBE –

(J) H$Îmm© A{YH$aU nagJ© {H«$`m

(I) narjm gmo_dma ewê$ hmoJr&

6. ZrMo Xr J`r Vm{bH$m go ghr dm` ~ZmBE

(K) am_ Hw${g©`m±

7. ZrMo Xr J`r Vm{bH$m go ghr dm` ~ZmBE 

(I) {H$Vm~ _oO h¡ &

(i) aOZr .... M§{ÐH$m

DekeÀejeble Hegbefuebie `yeeuekeÀ'

DekeÀejeble m$eerefuebie `yenve'

DeekeÀejeble (yeeefuekeÀe, ceelee), GkeÀejble (Oesveg, Oeeleg), TkeÀejeble (yent), DeewkeÀejeble

(ii) Deepe .......ieeBJe peevee nw ~ (ceQ)

(iii) .......cespe Hej efieueeme jKee ? (keÀewve)

(iv) ........ keÀes ³en mevleje os oes ~ (keÀesF&)

(v) ........ DeeHekeÀer yeele ceeve ueer ~ (nce)

(viii) .......... veece keÌ³ee nw ? (let)

(ix) ....... YeeF& yeepeej ie³es nQ ~ (legce)

(x) otOe ceW ........ He[e nw ~ (kegÀí)

(xi) ............. keÀece Hetje keÀj efo³ee ~ (Jes)

(xii) ................ keÀes legceves ít efue³ee ~ (keÌ³ee)

(xiii) .......... Hej meYeer keÀe efJeéeeme nw ~ (DeeHe)

nwéfdmMH$ _Ü`_ nwéf "Vy'

AÝ`nwéfdmMH$ VWm {ZíM`dmMH$ "`h'

AÝ`nwéfdmMH$ VWm {ZíM`dmMH$ "dh'

2. H$_© Ho$ AmYma na

(i) _w»` {H«$`m (ii) ghm`H$ {H«$`m

(ii) Xrdma ~m[ae Ho$ H$maU EH$mEH$ T>h J`r&

(iii) ~oMmam H$m_ H$s Vbme _| {XZ ^a Ky_Vm ahm&

(iv) Agb _| dh PyR> Zht ~mobr Wr&

5. gå~ÝYgyMH$ Aì`` {H$go H$hVo h¡§? gmoXmhaU ~VmBE&

(v) Vw_ `hm± go OmAmoJo {H$ _¢ OmD±$Jm?

8. {dñ_`m{X~moYH$ Aì``m| H$m à`moJ H$aHo$ nm±M dm` ~ZmBE&

(ii) do bm¡Q>H$a ~mha Mbo J`o &

(v) h_ H$sS>m| H$mo Ü`mZ go XoIVo Wo &

(vi) dh ~mha Mbr Am`r Am¡a ~mobr &

(vii) naÝVw Vw_ Vmo H«y$a hmo &

(viii) do {H$g N>ßna Ho$ ZrMo ~¡R>o Wo ?

(ix) Cg Ho$ nrN>o godH$ IS>m Wm &

(x) _¢ {~Zm {hbo-Sw>bo ~¡R>m ahm &

10. ghr H$WZ Ho$ AmJo 3 {M bJmBE :

11. BZ _| go Omo Aì`` nX h¢, CZH$mo aoIm§{H$V H$s{OE 

Bg H$m`© Ho$ {bE Cgo {ZåZ{b{IV {df`m| na Ü`mZ XoZm hmoJm

àíZ : 2. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CVa H$moð>H$m| _| go MwZH$a Xr{OE -

AZwdmX H¡$go {H$`m OmVm h¡?

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen

_mÜ`{_H$ {ejm n[afX, Amo{S>em

Q>§H$U : J«m\$ "EZ²' J«m{\$g, H$Q>H$

_¢ Amem H$aVm hÿ±, h_mam `h à`mg g\$b hmoJm & h_ g§nmXH$-_§S>b

1. Am|R> (XmoZm|) 2. Xm±V (D$na Ho$) 3. dËg© (_gyS>m), 4 H$R>moaVmbw (dËg©

Üd{Z`m| H$m CmaU

~yT>m hmWr Amn hr Yrao-Yrao Om ahm Wm&

bS>H$m - _Zwî` - gwÝXa -

5. Hw$N> àm{UdmMH$ Am¡a ì`dgm`dmMH$ eãXm| _| "BZ' OmoS>H$a

6. Hw$N> àm{UdmMH$ eãXm| _| "Zr' OmoS>H$a

2. {ZåZ{b{IV Vm{bH$m go ghr dm` ~ZmBE –

(I) narjm gmo_dma ewê$ hmoJr&

6. ZrMo Xr J`r Vm{bH$m go ghr dm` ~ZmBE

7. ZrMo Xr J`r Vm{bH$m go ghr dm` ~ZmBE

(I) {H$Vm~ _oO h¡ &

(x) otOe ceW ........ He[e nw ~ (kegÀí)

(ii) Xrdma ~m[ae Ho$ H$maU EH$mEH$ T>h J`r&

(iii) ~oMmam H$m_ H$s Vbme _| {XZ ^a Ky_Vm ahm&

(iv) Agb _| dh PyR> Zht ~mobr Wr&

5. gå~ÝYgyMH$ Aì`` {H$go H$hVo h¡§? gmoXmhaU ~VmBE&

(v) Vw_ `hm± go OmAmoJo {H$ _¢ OmD±$Jm?

8. {dñ_`m{X~moYH$ Aì``m| H$m à`moJ H$aHo$ nm±M dm` ~ZmBE&

(ii) do bm¡Q>H$a ~mha Mbo J`o &

(v) h_ H$sS>m| H$mo Ü`mZ go XoIVo Wo &

(vi) dh ~mha Mbr Am`r Am¡a ~mobr &

(vii) naÝVw Vw_ Vmo H«y$a hmo &

(ix) Cg Ho$ nrN>o godH$ IS>m Wm &

(x) _¢ {~Zm {hbo-Sw>bo ~¡R>m ahm &

10. ghr H$WZ Ho$ AmJo 3 {M bJmBE :

11. BZ _| go Omo Aì`` nX h¢, CZH$mo aoIm§{H$V H$s{OE

Bg H$m`© Ho$ {bE Cgo {ZåZ{b{IV {df`m| na Ü`mZ XoZm hmoJm

AZwdmX H¡$go {H$`m OmVm h¡?