By : Ashok Pawar gm_mÝ` {dkmZ

MPSC / UPSC / PSI / STI / ASO

n
ta m
r r u
a
v e F
o

r itit
B`Îmm : ghmdr
iv
gmam§e
am
p e

P o
g§H$bZC : AemoH$ ndma
VrW©ê$n gmogm`Q>r, n{hbm _Obm, noéJoQ> nmobrg Mm¡H$s-hÎmrJUnVr
amoS>, ^mdo hm`ñHy$bÀ`m g_moa, gXm{ed noR>, nwUo.

9143445858
Telegram : @sciencebyashokpawar
1
Contact : 7875329274
 gm_mÝ` {dkmZ By : Ashok Pawar

B§YZ ÁdbZmVyZ hdoV gmoS>bo OmUmao KmVH$ KQ>H$
Z¡g{J©H$ g§gmYZo
(hdm, nmUr Am{U O_rZ) 1. Zm`Q´>moOZ S>m`Am°ŠgmS> 2. H$m~©Z S>m`Am°ŠgmBS>
3. H$m~©Z _moZm°ŠgmBS> 4. gë\$a S>m`Am°ŠgmBS>

n¥ÏdrÀ`m g^modVmbr dmVmdaUmMm åhUOo hdoMm Wa Amho.
5. H$mOir
n¥ÏdrMm n¥ð>^mJ nmUr Am{U O_rZ åhUOo ObmdaU d
{ebmdaUmZo ~Zbobm Amho. `mn¡H$s ObmdaUmMm ^mJ
AmoPmoZMm Wa : g§ajH$ H$dM
{ebmdaUmÀ`m VwbZoV OmñV Amho.
dmVmdaUmÀ`m pñWVm§~a `m WamÀ`m ImbÀ`m ^mJmV

n
dmVmdaUmMo nmM Wa AmoPmoZ (O2) dm`yMm Wa AmT>iVmo.

AmoPmoa dm`yMm gOrdm§Zm OJÊ`mgmR>r àË`j Cn`moJ Zgbm
hdm :

n¥Ïdrg^modVmbr AgUmè`m dmVmdaUmVrb hdo_Ü`o
Var Iyn C§Mrda n¥Ïdr^modVr AmoPmoZMm Wa AgUo
Zm`Q´>moOZ, Am°pŠgOZ, H$m~©Z S>m`Am°ŠgmBS>, ghm

ta
gOrdm§gmR>r \$ma _hÎdmMo Amho.
{ZpîH« $ ` dm`y , Zm`Q´ > m o O Z S> m `Am° Š gmBS> , gë\$a
gy`m©nmgyZ `oUmar A{VZrb {H$aUo gOrdm§gmR>r hm{ZH$maH$
S>m`Am°ŠgmBS>, nmUrMr dm\$, YybrH$aU `m gdmªMm AgVmV hr {H$aUo AmoPmoZ dm`y emofyZ KoVmo Ë`m_wio
m
r r
g_mdoe hmoVmo. n¥Ïdrdarb gOrdm§Mo ajU hmoVo.
u

Vnm§~am_Ü`o hdoVrb EHy$U dm`y§À`m gw_mao 80% dm`y
dmVmZwHy$bZ `§Ìo, ao{\«$OaoQ>g© `m_Ü`o hdm W§S> H$aÊ`mgmR>r

a
AgVmV, Va pñWVm§~am_Ü`o ho à_mU gw_mao 19% AgVo. dmnabo OmUmao Šbmo a mo â bw w a mo H $m~© Ý g Vgo M H$m~© Z

nwT>o Xbm§~a d Am`Zm§~am_Ü`o dm`yM § o à_mU H$_r hmoV OmVo, o
Q>oQ´>mŠbmoamBS> ho amgm`{ZH$ dm`y hdoV {_gië`mg
~møm§~a d Ë`mnbrH$S>o dm`y AmT>iV ZmhrV.
F
AmoPmoZÀ`m WamMm Zme hmoVmo.

hdoVrb dm`y§Mm Cn`moJ :

i v
1. Zm`Q´>moOZ : gOrdm§Zm Amdí`H$ à{WZo {_idÊ`mg _XV
i
v e
AmoPmoZMo _hÎd gdmªÀ`m bjmV `mdo `mgmR>r 16
gßQ>|~a hm {Xdg OJ^a AmoPmoZ g§ajU {XZ åhUyZ
gmOam Ho$bm OmVmo.

r t
H$aVmo, A_mo{Z`m {Z{_©Vr_Ü`o VgoM ImÚnXmW© hdm~§X
^maVr` CnI§S>mÀ`m hdm_mZmMm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r
R>odÊ`mgmR>r Cn`moJr AgVmo.
ti ^maVr` hdm_mZemñÌ g§ñWm 1875 _Ü`o ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV

e
2. Am°pŠgOZ : gOrdm§Zm ídgZmgmR>r, ÁdbZmgmR>r Cn`moJr Ambr hr g§ ñ Wm hdm_mZmMo {ZarjU H$ê$Z
Amho.

a p
hdm_mZ{df`H$ A§XmO dV©dÊ`mMo _w»` H$m_ H$aVo.
3. H$m~©Z S>m`Am°ŠgmBS> : dZñnVr AÞ V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r
`m{edm` hdm_mZ ~Xbm{df`rMo g§emoYZ, nO©Ý`mMo
m
dmnaVmV, A{¾em_H$ ZiH$m§S>çm§_Ü`o dmnaVmV. A§XmO, OmJ{VH$ Vmn_mZ dmT>r~m~VMo {ZarjU BË`mXr

P C
o
4. AaJm°Z : {dOoÀ`m ~ë~_Ü`o dmna H$aVmV.
5. ho { bA_ : H$_r Vmn_mZ {_idÊ`mgmR> r Vgo M
H$m_o `m g§ñWoV Ho$br OmVmV.

{dZmn§ » `mÀ`m B§ { OZmda MmbUmè`m {d_mZm§ _ Ü`o àOZZ qH$dm nwZéËnmXZ :

dmnaÊ`mV `oVmo.
gOrd g¥ï>r

gOrd ñdV:gmaIm Xwgam Ord {Z_m©U H$aVmV. H$mhr

6. {ZAm°Z : Om{hamVtgmR>r VgoM añË`m§daÀ`m {Xì`m§V dmna
Ho$bm OmVmo.
7. {H«$ßQ>m°Z : âbmoamogoÝQ> nmB©n_Ü`o dmna hmoVmo.
8. PoZm°Z : âb°e \$moQ>moJ«m{\$_Ü`o Cn`moJ hmoVmo.
gOrd {nbm§Zm OÝ_ XoVmV, Va H$mhr A§S>r KmbVmV. Ë`mVyZ
{nbm§Mm OÝ_ hmoVmo.

dZñnVtÀ`m {~`m, ImoS>o, nmZo `m§nmgyZ dZñnVtMr ZdrZ
amono V`ma hmoVmV. àOZZ ho gOrdm§Mo bj` Amho.

gOrdm§À`m ñdV:gmaIm Xwgam Ord {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mÀ`m

2
Contact : 7875329274 Telegram : @sciencebyashokpawar
 By : Ashok Pawar
{H«$`obm àOZZ qH$dm nwZéËnmXZ åhUVmV.
R>am{dH$ Am`w_m©Z

OrdZH$mbmÀ`m R>am{dH$ Q>ßß`mda gOrd àOZZj_
hmoVmV. H$mhr H$mimZ§Va nwT>o Ë`m§Mo Ad`d jrU hmoV
OmVmV Am{U H$mbm§VamZo Ë`m§Mm OrdZH$mb g§nVmo
åhUOoM gOrd _¥Ë`y nmdVmV.

{d{dY àmUr Am{U dZñnVtMo Am`w_m©Z åhUOoM
gm_mÝ` {dkmZ

amonQ>o : amonQ>r gw_mao 1 Vo 1.5 _rQ>an`ªV C§M dmT>VmV.
amonQ>çm§Mr ImoS>o hr d¥j d PwSy>nm§À`m VwbZoV A{Ve`
bd{MH$ d {hadr AgVmV, amonQ>r H$mhr _{hZo Vo XmoZ
df} OJVmV.

Ádmar, gy`©\w$b `m§gma»`m dZñnVrMo OrdZMH«$ EH$mM
dfm©V nyU© hmoVo, Ë`m§Zm dm{f©H$ dZñnVr åhUVmV.

JmOa, ~rQ> `m§gma»`m dZñnVtMm OrdZH$mb nyU©

n
hmoÊ`mg XmoZ df} bmJVmV, Ë`m§Zm {Ûdm{f©H$ dZñnVr
OrdZH$mb doJdoJio Amho. CXmhaUmW© Hw$Ìm `m àmÊ`mMo åhUVmV.
Am`w_m©Z gmYmaUnUo 12 Vo 18 df} AgVo Va ehm_¥J

Omñd§X, H$Êhoa hr PwS>no Va Am§~m, Jwb_moha Ago d¥j

a
hm njr gw_mao 50 df} OJVmo.
AZoH$ df} OJVmV. Ë`m§Zm AZoH$ df} \w$bo-\$io `oVmV.

t

^maVmVrb {d{dY ^mJmVrb dZñnVr Am{U

OrdZH«$_ H$mbmdYrZwgma dZñnVtMo dm{f©H$, {Ûdm{f©H$
àmÊ`m§Mo gd}jU, g§dY©ZmMo H$m`© ^maVr` dZñnVr
d ~hþdm{f©H$ Ago àH$ma nS>VmV.
m
r r
gd}jU g§ñWm (1890) Am{U ^maVr` àmUr

Á`m dZñnVtZm \w$bo `oVmV, Ë`m§Zm gnwîn dZñnVr, Va


gd}jU g§ñWm (1916) ñdV§ÌnUo H$aVmV.
n[agamV EImXr AZmoiIr dZñnVr AWdm àmUr u
Á`m dZñnVtZm H$YrM \w$bo `oV ZmhrV Ë`m§Zm Anwîn

a
dZñnVr åhUVmV, Anwîn dZñnVtZm _yi, ImoS>, nmZo
AmT>ië`mg `m g§ñWm§er g§nH©$ H$ê$Z Amnë`mbm Ë`m§Mr
_m{hVr {_idVm `oVo. o
Ago Ad`d AgVmVM Ago Zmhr.


F
v e
OJmV gdm©V _moR>o \y$b B§S>moZo{e`m_Ü`o AmT>iVo.
dZñnVtMr {d{dYVm : amâbo{e`m AaZmoëS>r dZñnVtÀ`m \w$bmMm ì`mg hm gw_mao

S>mqi~, gXm\w$br BË`mXr)

t
i
dZñnVr gy`©àH$memV ñdV:Mo AÞ ñdV: V`ma H$aVmV.

itiv
Ë`m§Zm ñd`§nmofr dZñßVr åhUVmV. (CXm. Omñd§X,

r
Va H$mhr dZñnVr Ogo ~waer, ~m§S>Jyi, A_adob _mÌ

EH$ _rQ>a AgVmo, `mCbQ> OJmVrb gdm©V bhmZ \y$b d
dw p ë\$`m `m dZñnVtMo Agy Z Ë`mMm ì`mg 0.5
{_br_rQ>a EdT>m bhmZ AgVmo.
nmR>rMm H$Um Agboë`m d Zgboë`m àmÊ`m§Mo n¥ð>d§er`
e
a
BVa dZñnVtMm AÞmgmR>r Cn`moJ H$aVmV Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm d An¥ï>d§er` àmUr Ago XmoZ JQ> nS>VmV.

H$sQ>H$^jr Amho. p
nanmofr dZñnVr åhUVmV. KQ>nUugmaIr dZñnVr Va
gmn, _mZd, njr, _mgm, H$m§Jmê$ ho n¥ð>d§er` àmUr
AmhoV, JmoJbJm`, Pwai, Jm§S>yi Aem àmÊ`m§Zm nmR>rMm
m
P

H°$amobg {bZr`g `m emñÌkmZo àW_ dZñnVtMo H$Um Zgë`mZo Vo An¥ð>d§er` àmUr AmhoV.
o
emñÌr` dJuH$aU Ho$bo, gwédmVrg Ë`m§Zr Ho$boë`m
àOZZ àH$mamZwgma àmÊ`m§Mo A§S>O d Oam`wO àmUr Ago

C
dJuH$aUmMr nÕV gd©Ì dmnabr OmV Ago.
d¥j : d¥j ho C§M d AmH$mamZo _moR>o Am{U ~hþdm{f©H$
AgVmV.

PwSy>n : H$mhr dZñnVr `m O{_ZrbJV dmT>VmV.
O{_ZrbJVM Ë`m§Zm AZoH$ \$m§Úm \w$Q>VmV. d¥jm§À`m
VwbZoV Ë`m§Mr C§Mr d AmH$ma bhmZ AgVmo, _mÌ Ë`m§Mo
ImoS> OmS> d Q>UH$ AgVo. H$Êhoa, Omñd§X, KmUoar,
H$moam§Q>r, Jwbm~ hr PwSy>no XmoZ Vo VrZ _rQ>an`ªV dmT>VmV.


XmoZ àH$ma AmhoV.
àmÊ`m§À`m amhÊ`mÀ`m {R>H$mUm§dê$Z Ë`m§Mo ^yMa Am{U
ObMa Ago gd©gmYmaUnUo dJuH$aU Ho$bo OmVo. na§Vw
~oSy>H$, g°bo_|S>a, Q>moS> ho àmUr O_rZ d nmUr `m XmoÝhr
{R>H$mUr amhVmV åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm C^`Ma åhUVmV.

Kma, JéS>, H$mdim, \w$bnmIao, _Y_mer ho {d{dY
{R>H$mUr amhV Agbo Var hdo_Ü`o g§Mma H$aVmV Ë`m§Zm
IoMa Ago åhUVmV.

3
Telegram : @sciencebyashokpawar Contact : 7875329274
 gm_mÝ` {dkmZ
nXmW© g^modVmbMo - AdñWm Am{U JwUY_©

nXmWm©Mr EH$ AdñWm ~XbyZ Ooìhm Vmo Xwgè`m AdñWoV
OmVmo, Ë`m {H«$`og nXmWm©Mo AdñWm§Va åhUVmV.

nXmWm©g CîUVm {Xë`mZo qH$dm Ë`mVrb CîUVm H$mTy>Z
Ko V ë`mZo nXmWmª M o AdñWm§ V a hmo V o . Amnë`m
g^modVmbMm àË`oH$ nXmW© hm ñZm`y, Ðd, dm`y `mn¡H$s
H$moUË`m Zm H$moUË`m AdñWoV AmT>iVmo.
By : Ashok Pawar
JmoR>U :

\«$rO_Ü`o qH$dm ~\$m©da R>odbobo nmUr W§S> hmoV OmVo
åhUOo Ë`mMo Vmn_mZ H$_r H$_r hmoVo. EH$m R>am{dH$
Vmn_mZmda nmUr AmUIr W§S> Z hmoVm Ë`mMm ~\©$ ~Zy
bmJVmo åhUOoM Vo JmoRy> bmJVo, Á`m Vmn_mZmda ho KS>Vo
Ë`mbm nmÊ`mMm JmoR>U q~Xy åhUVmV

nXmWm©Mo Vmn_mZ 00C hÿZ H$_r hmoD$ eH$Vo. CXmhaUmW©

n
\«$sOÀ`m \«$sOa_Yrb hdoMo Vmn_mZ gw_mao -180C AgVo.

19 ì`m eVH$mV Oo {dbmS>© {JãO `m emñÌkmZo nXmWm©Mr 0 0C no j m H$_r Vmn_mZ Agë`mg Vo CUo A§ e
d¡{eîQ>ço hr Ë`m§À`m AdñWm§da Am{U H$Um§À`m g§aMZoda gopëgAg_Ü`o gm§JVmV.
Adb§~yZ AgVmV ho XmIdyZ {Xbo.
AdñWm§_Yrb ~Xb
CîUVm {Xbr CîUVm {Xbr a
nXmWm©bm CîUVm {_iV AgVmZm

t CËH$bZ
m
{db`Z

ñWm`y
W§S> Ho$bo
Ðd
W§S> Ho$bo
dm`y
dm`y

r r u
g§KZZ
Ðd
JmoR>U
dm`y

H$mhr CXmhaUo
CH$iVo nmUr
JmoR>Umao nmUr
Vmn_mZ gw_mao
1000C
00C
a
v e


nXmWm©Vrb CîUVm H$_r hmoV AgVmZm

F
o
~\$m©bm CîUVm {_imbr H$s Vmo {dViy bmJVmo, åhUOo
Ë`mMo nwÝhm ÐdmV ê$nm§Va hmoVo. `mbm {db`Z åhUVmV.
hdm ({hdmù`mV amÌrÀ`m doir)
hdm (CÝhmù`mV ^a Xwnmar)
\«$rO_Yrb Vmn_mZ i
<150C
>350C

r
<50C
tit
<-180C
iv

~\$m©Mo {db`Zhr 00C bm hmoVo åhUOo nmÊ`mMm JmoR>U
q~Xy d {db` q~Xy EH$M Amho.
àË`oH$ nXmWm©Mm {d{eï> CËH$bZ q~Xy AgVmo VmoM Ë`mMm
g§KZZ q~Xyhr AgVmo. àË`oH$ nXmWm©Mm {d{eï> JmoR>U
\«$sOa_Yrb Vmn_mZ
e
a
q~Xy AgVmo VmoM Ë`mMm {db` q~Xyhr AgVmo.
gw_mao 370C
earamMo Vmn_mZ
CËH$bZ :
p
ñWm`yê$n nXmWm©Mo Ðd Z hmoVm WoQ> dm`y AdñWoV ê$nm§Va
hmoUo `m AdñWm§Vambm g§ßbdZ åhUVmV.
m

P
CËH$bZ åhUVmV.
C
o
dm\o$Mo ~wS>~Sw >o ^am^a n¥ð>^mJmn`ªV `oVmZm {XgVmV Am{U
Vr dm\$ hdoV {_giVo. `mbmM nmÊ`mMo CH$iUo qH$dm

ewÕ nmÊ`mMo g_wÐgnmQ>rbm CËH$bZ 1000C Vmn_mZmbm

hmoVo. hm nmÊ`mM CËH$bm§H$ hmo`.
nXmWm©Mr {Z{_©Vr :

nmÊ`mMr dm\$ W§S> Pmbr, Va EH$ Vmn_mZmbm dm\o$Mo
nwÝhm nmUr hmoVo. `m {H«$`obm g§KZZ åhUVmV.

dm\o$Mo g§KZZhr 1000C bmM hmoVo, åhUOo nmÊ`mMm
CËH$bZm§H$ d g§KZZ q~Xy hm EH$M Amho.
4
Contact : 7875329274


a~a ho Z¡g{J©H$ d H¥${Ì_ Aem XmoZ àH$maMo AgVo.
Z¡g{J©H$ a~a ho a~amÀ`m PmS>mÀ`m {MH$mnmgyZ {_iVo.
`m {MH$mbm b°Q>oŠg Ago åhUVmV. a~ambm {d{eï> J§Y
d nm§T>am a§J AgVmo.
ìhëH$Zm`PoeZ à{H«$`m :

`m nÕVr_Ü`o a~a J§YH$m~amo~a VrZ-Mma Vmg Vmndbo
OmVo. a~Xmbm H$R>rUnUm AmUÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m_Ü`o J§YH$
{_gimdo bmJVo.
Telegram : @sciencebyashokpawar
 By : Ashok Pawar

Mmby©g JwS>B©Aa À`m hmVyZ a~a Am{U J§YH$ `m§Mo
{_lU MwHy$Z noQ>ë`mda ñQ>moìhda nS>bo. ñQ>moìh
{dPë`mZ§Va a~amMo A{YH$ Q>UH$ d H$_r VnmUbo
OmUmao Ago ñdê$n Pmë`mMo Ë`mÀ`m bjmV Ambo.
hmM à`mo J nÕVeranUo H$ê$Z Ë`mZo
ìhëH$Zm`PoeZMm emoY bmdbm. a~amÀ`m Q>UH$
Q>m`g©_wio XiUdiUmV H«$m§Vr Pmbr.

ao`m°Z
gm_mÝ` {dkmZ
Zm`bm°Z :

`m Ym½`mMm emoY Ý`y`m°H©$ d b§S>Z `oWo EH$mM H$mimV
bmJbm åhUyZ Ý`y`m°H©$Mo Ny b§S>ZMo Lon hr AmÚmjao
EH${ÌV H$ê$Z Ë`mbm Zm`bm°Z Ago Zmd XoÊ`mV Ambo.

Zm`bm°ZMo YmJo M_H$Xma, _O~yV, nmaXeu Am{U
ObamoYr AgVmV.

n
a~amMo PmS> ~«mPrb `m XoemV _moR>çm à_mUmda AmT>iVo.
Z§Va `m PmS>mMr bmJdS> BVa XoemV H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
H$mnyg d bmJS>mMm bJXm gmo{S>A_ hm`S´>m°ŠgmB©S>

`m PmS>mMo dZñnVremñÌr` Zmd ho{d`m ~«mPr{b`m{gg ZmdmÀ`m agm`Zm_Ü`o {daKidyZ EH$ ÐmdU V`ma Ho$bo
Ago Amho. ^maVmV a~amMo gdm©V OmñV CËnmXZ Ho$ai
amÁ`mV hmoVmo.
H$mJX :


OmVo.

ta
`m ÐmdUmnmgyZ `§ÌmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo ho YmJo {_dVmV. `m§Zm
_O~yVr Am{U MH$mH$s AgVo åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm H¥${Ì_ aoer_
m
r r
Ago åhUVmV. gy`{© H$aUm§gmaIo M_H$Xma `m AWm©Zo ao`m°Z

H$mJX ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r gy{MnUu d¥jm§Mm Cn`moJ hmoVmo.
`m d¥jm§À`m bmH$S>m§À`m Am|S>Š`mMr gmb H$mTy>Z Ë`mMo u
hm eãX dmnaVmV.

a
S>oH«$m°Z, Q>oao{bZ, Q>o[aZ


~marH$ VwH$S>o H$aVmV.
ho VwH$S>o Am{U {d{eï> agm`Zo `m§Mo {_iU ~amM H$mi
o
{Za{Zamir agm`Zo dmnê$Z {Za{Zamù`m JwUY_m©Mo YmJo
F
v e
{^OV R>odbo OmVo Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mm bJXm V`ma hmoVmo ~ZdVmV.

i
agm`Zm§Mr {H«$`m Pmë`mda bmH$S>mÀ`m bmÚmVrb V§V_w `
`mM Ym½`m§Zm S>oH«$m°Z, Q>oao{bZ, Q>o[aZ Aer {d{dY Zmdo

iv
nXmW© doJio hmoVmV Ë`m_Ü`o H$mhr a§JÐì`o {_gibr {_imbr Amho.

r
OmVmV d amobg©_YyZ bmQ>bobm bJXm nwT>o `oD$Z H$moaS>m

it
Pmë`mda H$mJXmÀ`m ê$nmV Jw§S>mibm OmVmo. _hÎdmMo :

t
^maVmV dV©_mZnÌmgmR>r H$mJX V`ma H$aUmam n{hbm
e
1.hm`S´>moH$m~©Z : I{ZO Vobm§nmgyZ {_iUmam KQ>H$

Pmbm.
a
H$maImZm 1955 _Ü`o ZonmZJa (_Ü`àXoe) `oWo ñWmnZ

m
p
gmoZJT> (JwOamV) `oWohr H$mJX V`ma hmoVmo, _hmamï´>mV
2. ~hþdm[aH$ e¥§Ibm : bhmZ KQ>H$m§Mr EH$Ì Jw§\$U
hmodyZ V`ma hmoUmar AI§S> gmIir.

P o nmofU Am{U Amhma
M§ÐnyaOdi ~ëbmanya `oWo H$mJX H$maImZm Amho.
aoer_ :
C
aoer_ hm Z¡g{J©H$ YmJm aoer_ H$sQ>H$mÀ`m H$moemnmgyZ
{_idVmV. EH$m H$moemnmgyZ 500 Vo 1300 _rQ>an`ªV
D$Om©Xm`r nmofH$VËdo - H$~m}XHo$ :

H$~m}XH$m§_wio Amnbr _w»` D$O}Mr JaO ^mJVo. Ë`m_wio
Amnë`m AmhmamV ^mV, nmoù`m, ^mH$ar Aem nXmWmªMm
bm§~rMm YmJm {_iVmo. àm_w»`mZo g_mdoe AgVmo åhUyZ OmñV à_mUmV H$~m}XHo$

aoe_mMo _moR>çm à_mUmda CËnmXZ àW_ MrZ_Ü`o gwé XoUmar V¥UYmÝ`o Amnë`m AÞmVrb à_wI KQ>H$ AmhoV.
Pmbo Ago åhUVmV. pñZ½Y nXmW© :

Vob, Vyn, bmoUr Aem pñZ½Y nXmWmªnmgyZhr Amnbr
D$O}Mr Ja WmoS>çm à_mUmV AgVo.

5
Telegram : @sciencebyashokpawar Contact : 7875329274
 gm_mÝ` {dkmZ

AmnU Imëboë`m AÞnXmWmªnmgyZ Amnë`mbm CîUVoÀ`m
ñdê$nmV D$Om© {_iVo. CîUVm _moOÊ`mgmR>r {H$bmoH$° bar
`m EH$H$mMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. åhUyZ AÞnXmWmªnmgyZ
{_iUmè`m D$O}gmR>rhr {H$bmoH°$bar ho EH$H$ dmnabo
OmVo.

dmT>Ë`m d`mVrb _wbm-_wbtZm amoO gmYmaUnUo 2000-
2500 {H$bmoH°$bar D$Om© AÞmVyZ {_iÊ`mMr JaO
By : Ashok Pawar
Ajr` gm§JmS>m
H$dQ>r :

S>moŠ`mMr d Mohè`mMr hmS>o {_iyZ H$dQ>r ~ZVo. `mVrb
hmS>o AmH$mamZo gnmQ> d _O~yV AgVmV.

S>moŠ`mV 8 Am{U Mohè`m_Ü`o 14 Aer EHy$U 22 hmS>o
H$dQ>r_Ü`o AgVmV. H$dQ>r_Yrb ImbMm O~S>m gmoSy>Z

n
AgVo. BVa hmS>m§Mr hmbMmb hmoV Zmhr.

H°${g_ra \§$H$ ho `wamon_Yrb nmobS§ > `m XoemVrb d¡km{ZH$,
N>mVrMm qnOam :
~o a r~o a r hm {dH$ma gS> b o b m ({eVm§ d aMo AmdaU

H$mT>bobm) Vm§Xyi ImUmè`m§Zm hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo,
Ago Ë`m§Zr EH$m d¡km{ZH$ boImV dmMbo.
Á`m nmofH$VËdm§À`m H$_VaVo_i w o hm AmOma hmoVmo Vmo nXmW©

ta
N>mVr_Yrb qnOè`mgmaIr aMZm AgUmè`m ^mJmbm
N>mVrMm qnOam Ago åhUVmV. N>mVrV EH$ C^o MnQ>o
hmS> AgVo Ë`mbm CamoñWr åhUVmV.

m
r r
emoYyZ doJim H$aÊ`mV Ë`m§Zm `e {_imbo. Ë`mbm Ë`m§Zr
Ë`mbm AmS>ì`m MnQ>çm ~aJS>çm§À`m 12 OmoS>çm

OrdZgËd (pìhQ>°_rZ) ho Zmd {Xbo.
ñH$ìhu, no b ° J « m , _w S > X y g ho {dH$mahr {d{dY
u
OmoS>bëo `m AgVmV. `m 25 hmS>mM § m {_iyZ N>mVrMm qnOam
V`ma hmoVmo, Vmo _mJyZ nmR>rÀ`m H$Ê`mbm OmoS>bbo m AgVmo.
OrdZgËdm§À`m A^mdm_wio hmoV Agë`mMo Ë`m§ZrM
_m§S>bo.
àmo~m`m°{Q>H$ :
a
v e
nmR>rMm H$Um :


F
o
Hw$bnmgma»`m AmH$mamMr hmS>o EH$_oH$m§er C^r gai
OmoSy>Z nmR>rMm H$Um V`ma hmoVmo.

gyú_Ordm§Zm àmo~m`m°{Q>H$ åhUVmV.

r i
AgVmV Vw å hmbm _mhrV Amho , Aem bm^Xm`H$

tit
v
XwYmMo Xhr H$aUmao bm^Xm`H$ gyú_Ord XømV, VmH$mV
i

nmR>rÀ`m H$Ê`mV EHy$U 33 hmS>o AgVmV. Ë`mVrb
àË`oH$mbm _UH$m åhUVmV. Vr gd© hmS>o bdMrH$ AgyZ
EH$mda EH$ Aer aMbobr AgVmV.
nmR>rMm H$Um _|XVy Zy {ZKUmè`m MoVmaÁOyMo g§ajU H$aVmo.
g§VwbrV Amhma :
e

a p
AmnU {Xdg^amV Oo AÞnXmW© ImVmo Ë`m§Zm EH${ÌVnUo
Amhma åhUVmV.
m

Amnë`m XmoZ H$mZm§_Ü`o VrZ-VrZ hmS>o AgVmV, Ë`mn¡H$s
H$S>r (Stirrup) ho H$mZmVrb hmS> Amnë`m earamVrb
gdm©V bhmZ hmS> Amho. Vo Vm§XimÀ`m XmÊ`mEdT>o d

P

gd© nmofH$VËdm§Mm nwaoem à_mUmV g_mdoe H$aUmè`m nmoH$i AgVo Ë`mMm AmH$ma H$S>rgmaIm AgVmo.
Amhmambm g§Vw{bV Amhma åhUVmV. o
_mZdr earamVrb gdm©V bm§~ Am{U _O~yV hmS>
AÞnXmWm©Vrb ^ogi
AÞnXmW© ^ogi
C _m§S>çm§_Ü`o AgVo Ë`mbm C{d©H$m Ago åhUVmV.
gm§Ym :
XyY nmUr, `w[a`m, ñQ>mM©

Á`m {R>H$mUr XmoZ qH$dm XmoZnojm OmñV hmS>o OmoS>bobr
bmb {VIQ> {dQ>¡Mr nyS>, bmb ^monù`mMr ^yH$Q>r
AgVmV, Ë`m OmoS>Urbm gm§Ym åhUVmV gm§Yo XmoZ àH$maMo
H$mir {_ar nnB©À`m {~`m
AgVmV.
AmB©ñH«$s_ YwÊ`mMm gmoS>m, H$mJXmMm bJXm
1. Mb gm§Ym : hmS>m§Mr hmbMmb hmoVo. CXm. hmV, nm`,
Vm§Xyi ~marH$ nm§T>ao IS>o
`mVrb hmS>o.
e|JXmUm bmbga JmaJmoQ>çm, IS>o
6
Contact : 7875329274 Telegram : @sciencebyashokpawar
 By : Ashok Pawar
2. AMb gm§Ym : hmS>m§Mr hmbMmb hmoV Zmhr. CXm.
H$dQ>rMr hmS>o (ImbMm OdS>m gmoSy>Z)
gm§Ü`m§Mo àH$ma :
Mb gm§Ü`mMo Imbrbà_mUo àH$ma nS>VmV.
1. {~Om{JarMm gm§Ym : `m àH$maÀ`m gm§Ü`m§_Ü`o hmS>m§Mr
hmbMmb EH$m {XeoZo eŠ` hmoVo, `m gm§Ü`m§Mr hmbMmb
1800 H$moZmV hmoVo. CXm. H$mona d JwS>Km.
2. CIirMm gm§Ym : `m àH$maÀ`m gm§Ü`m_Ü`o hmS>m§Mr
hmbMmb XmoZ qH$dm A{YH$ {Xem§Zr hmoVo, `m gm§Ü`m§Mr
gm_mÝ` {dkmZ
H$m`© Am{U D$Om©

Ooìhm ~b bmdyZ EImÚm dñVyMo {dñWmnZ hmoVo Voìhm
H$m`© ~b Pmbo Ago åhUVmV.

gma»`mM A§VamMo {dñWmnZ Pmbo, Var Á`m H$m`m©g
OmñV ~b bmJVo Vo H$m`© A{YH$ AgVo, gmaIoM ~b
bmdyZ OmñV {dñWmnZ Pmbo Va Vo H$m`©hr A{YH$ AgVo.

gmaIoM ~b dmnabo AgVm§Zm OmñV {dñWmnZ Pmbobo
n
H$m`© A{YH$ AgVo, åhUOoM H$m`© _moOÊ`mgmR>r ~b
Am{U Pmbobo {dñWmnZ XmoÝhtMm {dMma H$amdm bmJVmo.

a
hmbMmb 3600 H$moZmV hmoVo. CXm. Im§Xm, Iw~m.
H$m`© H$aÊ`mÀ`m j_VobmM D$Om© Ago åhUVmV.

t
3. gaH$Vm gm§Ym : `m àH$maÀ`m gm§Ü`m_Ü`o hmS>o \$ŠV
H$m`© Am{U D$Om© `m§Mr EH$Ho$ gmaIrM AmhoV, Eg.Am`.
EH$_oH$m§da gaHy$ eH$VmV. CXm. _ZJQ>, nm`mMm KmoQ>m (System International) EH$H$ nÕVrV H$m`© Am{U

m
r r
`m_Yrb gm§Y.o D$Om© Á`yb (Joule) `m EH$H$mV _moOVmV.

Amnë`m Ho$gm§Mm a§J _ob°{ZZ_wioM R>aVmo. H$mio JS>X
Ho $ g ho ew Õ _o b ° { ZZ_w i o , Va ^w a o / nm§ T > a Q> Ho $ g


u
`m§{ÌH$ H$m`© H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmnaë`m OmUmè`m D$O}bm
`m§{ÌH$ D$Om© Ago åhUVmV. pñW{VO D$Om© d J{VO D$Om©
_ob{° ZZ_Yrb J§YH$m_wio Am{U Vm§~S>o Ho$g ho _ob{° ZZ_Ü`o
bmoh Agë`mZo Amnë`mbm nmhmd`mg {_iVmV.
~bmMo àH$ma
a
v e D$Om© ñÌmoV : F
o
Ago `m§{ÌH$ D$O}Mo XmoZ àH$ma Amho. pñW{VO D$Om©
pñWVr_wio, Va J{VO D$Om© JVr_wo àmßV hmoVo.

ñZm`y ~b : ñZm`y§À`m ghmæ`mZo bmdboë`m ~bmg
ñZm`y~b Ago åhUVmV.

ri
`m§{ÌH$ ~b : `§Ìm_m\©$V bmdë`m Joboë`m ~bmbm
t
i
ti
`m§{ÌH$ ~b Ago åhUVmV. (CXm. {dÚwV n§n, dm°qeJ
v
1. nma§nm[aH$ D$Om© ñÌmoV/AZdrH$aUr` COm© ñÌmoV

eVH$mZweVHo$ _mZd D$Om© ñÌmoVm§Mm dmna H$aVmo Amho
Ë`m D$Om© ñÌmoVm§Zm nma§nm[aH$ D$Om© ñÌmoV åhUVmV.

nma§nm[aH$ D$Om© ñÌmoVm§_Ü`o JmB©-åhetÀ`m eoUmnmgyZ

e
a
_erZ, {_Šga {ebmB© _erZ BË`mXr.) ~Zdboë`m Jmodè`m, dZñnVtMm nmbmnmMmoim VgoM

p
JwéËdr` ~b : n¥Ïdr Oo ~b bmdyZ dñVyZ§ m Amnë`mH$S>o bmHy$S>, H$moigm d AbrH$S>rb H$mimVrb Ordmí_ B§YZo
Ogo, noQ´>mob, {S>Pob, Z¡g{J©H$ dm`y `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
m
IoMVo Ë`mg JwéËdrg ~b Ago åhUVmV. (CXm. EImXr

P
Vr naV Imbr `oUo.)
C
o
dñVy ~b bmdyZ da \o$H$br AgVm WmoS>çm C§Mrda OmD$Z

JwéËdmH$f©UmMm emoY ga Am`P°H$ Ý`yQ>Z `m§Zr 17 ì`m

eVH$mV bmdbm. n¥ÏdrMo JwéËdr` ~b ho Zoh_r da
OmUmè`m dñVyÀ`m {déÕ {XeoZo AgVo Ë`m_wio da
2. Anma§nm[aH$ D$OmñÌmoV qH$dm ZdrH$aUr` D$Om©ñÌmoV

`m D$Om© òmoVm§Mm dmna nyd©na§naoZo H$aÊ`mV `oV ZìhmV ho
D$Om© òmoV Aj` d AI§S> AmhoV d {d{dY ñdê$nm§V Vo
nwÝhm nwÝhm dmnabo OmVmV.
Ë`mMo àH$ma nwT>rb à_mUo
\o$H$boë`m dñVyMr JVr H$_r H$_r hmoV OmVo d eodQ>r Vr
A. gm¡a D$Om© Am. ndZ D$Om©
eyÝ` hmoVo.
B. gmJar D$Om© B©. Ob{dÚwV D$Om©

_J Vr dñVy AmUIr da Z OmVm Imbr nS>m`bm bmJVo.
Imbr nS>Vm§Zm VrÀ`m JVrV JwéËdr` ~bm_wioM gVV C. g_wÐmVrb bhatnmgyZ {_iUmar D$Om©
dmT> hmoV OmVo. D$. AUy D$Om©

7
Telegram : @sciencebyashokpawar Contact : 7875329274
 gm_mÝ` {dkmZ

J«rH$ d¡km{ZH$ Am{H©$_rS>rO `m§Zr eoOmarb {MÌmV
{XgUmè`m `§ÌmMm emoY bmdbm åhUyZ ho `§Ì Am{H©$_rS>rO
ñH«$y Ago AmoiIbo OmVo. _moR>çm OhmOmÀ`m AmVyZ nmUr
H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr AmVyZ Xm§S>m ~gdboë`m EH$m
JmobmH$ma ZirMm dmna Ho$bm.

Vr Zir 450 H$moZmV nmÊ`mV R>do Zy Xm§S>m gnmQ> n¥ï>^mJmda
`oB©b Ago R>odbo. Ooìhm Xm§S>m {\$adVmV Voìhm nmUr da
By : Ashok Pawar

Vr V~H$S>r ñQ>±S>da ~gdbr d OmoamV {\$adbr Ë`mdoir
gmV a§J Z {XgVm EH$M nm§T>am a§J {Xgbm.

`mdê$Z gy`©àH$me gmV a§JmMm ~Zbm Agë`mMo {gÕ
Pmbo Ë`m_wio Ë`mg Ý`yQ>Z V~H$S>r Ago åhUmVmV. Ý`yQ>ZZo
àH$m{e{df`r Am°pßQ>Šg hm J«§W {b{hbm.
Mw§~H$Ëd

MTy> bmJVo.
ÜdZr

ÜdZr {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mgmR>r EImÚm dñVwMo H§$nZ hmoUo JaOoMo
AgVo, dñVyMo H§$nZ hmoV AgVo, Vmon`ªV Amnë`mbm
ÜdZr EoHy$ `oVmo. H§$nZ Wm§~bo H$s ÜdZrhr ~§X hmoVmo. Á`m
dñVy_wio ÜdZr {Z_m©U hmoVmo, {Vbm ÜdZr ñÌmoV åhUVmV.
ÜdZremñÌ :

ÜdZr, ZmX, AmdmOmMr {Z{_©Vr àgmaU Am{U Ë`m§Mo
n
Mw§~H$mMo d¡{eîQ>ço :

Mw§~H$mMo Oo Q>moH$ CÎma {Xeobm pñWa amhVo, Ë`mbm CÎma
Y«wd Ago åhUVmV Va X{jU {XeoÀ`m Q>moH$mbm X{jU
ta
Y«wd åhUVmV. CÎma Y«wd - Zo Xe©dVmV Va X{jU Yw«d -
Zo Xe©dVmV. Mw§~H$ àË`oH$doir CÎma-X{jU {XeoV
pñWa hmoVmo. Mw§~H$s` ~b Mw§~H$mÀ`m XmoÝhr Q>moH$m§H$S>o
m

r r
åhUOoM Y«wdm§H$S>o EH$dQ>bobo AgVo.
u
EH$m Mw§~H$mMo XmoZ ^mJ Ho$ë`mg XmoZ ñdV§Ì Mw§~H$ V`ma

a
n[aUm_ `m~ÔbMo {dkmZ åhUOo ÜdZremñÌ, ÜdZrMr hmoVmV åhUOoM Mw§~H$mMo XmoZ Y«wd EH$_oH$m§nmgyZ doJio
Vrd«Vm S>o{g~b (dB) _Ü`o _moOVmV. H$aVm `oV Zmhr. o


F
Mw§~H$mÀ`m gm{ÞÜ`mV Mw§~H$s` nXmW© Zoë`mg Ë`mbmhr

v e

Amnë`m KemVrb ñda`§Ìm_Ü`o AgUmè`m ÜdZrV§VÀ y `m
H§$nZm_wio ÜdZr {Z_m©U hmoVmo. ñda`§ÌmVyZ {ZKUmè`m Mw§~H$Ëd àmßV hmoVo. `m Mw§~H$Ëdmbm àd{V©V Mw§~H$Ëd

ii
ÜdZrMm XOm© Üd{ZV§VÀy `m VmR>anUmda Adb§~Zy AgVmo.

tiv

ÜdZrbhatMo àgmaU doJdoJù`m _mÜ`_mVyZ doJdoJù`m

r
doJmZo hmoVo. ÜdZr àgmaU dm`ynojm ÐdmVyZ VX Ðdmnojm
ñWm`yVyZ A{YH$ doJmZo hmoVo.
t


åhUVmV. Mw§~H$mÀ`m gOmVr` Y«wdm§_Ü`o à{VH$f©UmMm,
Va {dOmVr` Y«wdm§_Ü`o AmH$f©U AgVo.
_m`Ho$b \°$aoS> `m {~«{Q>e emñÌkmZo Mw§~H$mÀ`m ghmæ`mZo
{dO{Z{_©VrMo V§Ì {dH${gV Ho$bo.

e
a

Jar~ Hw$Qy>§~mV OÝ_ë`m_wio EH$m nwñVH$ {dHo«$Ë`mH$S>o
gnmQ> AmaemVrb à{V_m


p
AmaemVrb à{V_o_Ü`o _yi dñVyÀ`m S>mì`m d COì`m
_m`Ho$b \°$aoS> `m§Zm H$m_ H$amdo bmJbo. VoWo {dkmZ
{df`mMr AZoH$ nwñVHo$ dmMë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr {dkmZmVrb
m
P
~mOy§Mr AXbm~Xb Pmbobr {XgVo. éMr dmT>V Jobr. nwT>o b§S>ZÀ`m am°`b BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ>_Ü`o


o
dñVy {OVŠ`m A§Vamda Amaemg_moa AgVo, {VVŠ`mM Ë`m§Zr ho g§emoYZ Ho$bo. \°$aoS>Ào `m g§emoYZm_wio Amnë`mbm
X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmVrb Ag§»` CnH$aUm§_Ü`o {dOoMm d


C
A§Vamda {VMr à{V_m AmaemÀ`m _mJo Agë`mMo {XgVo.
dñVyÀ`m à{__oMm AmH$ma _yi dñVyEdT>mM AgVmo.


{dÚwVMw§~H$mMm dmna H$aUo eŠ` Pmbo.
_°Jboìh Q>>´Zo _Ü`o {dÚwVMw~§ H$Ëd Am{U Mw~§ H$mMo à{VH$f©U
àH$me
`m JwUY_m©Mm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmVmo.

ga Am`P°H$ Ý`yQ>Z `m {~«{Q>e emñÌkmZo EH$ V~H$S>r

Mw§~H$mÀ`m à{VH$f©Um_wio Q´>oZ Am{U ê$i `m§_Yrb Kf©U
~Zdbr. {VMr EH$ ~mOy Vm§~S>m, Zm[a¨Jr, {ndim, {hadm,
~b H$m`© H$aV Zmhr, Ë`m_wio Q´>oZ gdm©{YH$ doJmZo
{Zim, nmadm Am{U Om§^im `m gmV a§JmÀ`m g_mZ
ê$im§dê$Z nwT>o gaH$V OmVo. {VÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOyg ~gdbobo
nmH$ù`m§_Ü`o {d^mJbr.
Mw§~H$ {Vbm nwT>o OmÊ`mg _XV H$aVmV.

8
Contact : 7875329274 Telegram : @sciencebyashokpawar