LBYHUBK DB^V^

B^VMBK DFEACBKBK YBCB Ky. ^ CBK Sk. G VOVU 53 SBMVK CBK 5= SBMVK
CFK@BK YFUFKNBKBBK DFMBOALBK ^FMBS CA YOE ^FYSAKB, ^^S., Eck

Casusuk @ukb Ofofkuma Yfrsybrbtbk Dftuktbsbk Yrbdtad Dfeacbkbk ^tbsf Yrb Dhksfpsa cbk
Yfrfknbkbbk Dfmboalbk ^fmbt

Yrh`rbo ^tuca Yfkcacadbk Yrhjfsa Eacbk

Casusuk Hlfm7

Kbob 7 Obrab Hdtbvab

KAO 7 YH.:5.53.5.52.630
YH.:5.53.5. 52.630

DFOFKSFUABK
DFOFKSFUABK DF^FMBSBK UFYVELAD AKCHKF^AB

YHLSFDDF^ DFOFKDF^ YBLBK@DB UBQB

YUHCA YFKCACADBK YUHJF^A EACBK GVUV^BK DFEACBKBK

SBMVK 5952
 MBLBOBK YFU^FSVGVBK

LBYHUBK DB^V^

B^VMBK DFEACBKBK YBCB Ky. ^ CBK Sk.

Sk. G VOVU 53 SBMVK CBK 5= SBMVK
CFK@BK YFUFKNBKBBK DFMBOALBK ^FMBS CA YOE ^FYSAKB, ^^S., Eck

Casusuk hlfm7

Kbob 7 Obrab Hdtbvab

KAO 7 YH.:5.53.5.52.630
YH.:5.53.5.52.630

Dflbs 7 Yfk
Yfkcacad
cacadbk
bk Yr
Yrhjfsa
hjfsa Eacbk Bk`dbtbk
Bk`dbtbk AA
AAAA ^fofstfr
^fofstfr A

Sbk``bl Yfoefrabk Bsumbk 7 50 B`sutus 5952

Casftugua7

Yfoeaoeak` Lbpbk`bk

Sbk``bl 7

Ca 7

^fptakb, ^^S., Eck

KAY. 21:69129 211>9> 2 925

Yfoeaoeak` Akstatusa

Sbk``bl 7

Ca 7

Hdtbvabka, ^. ^aS., O. Dfe

KAY. 2192920 599525 599>2

aa
 LFOEBU YFK@F^BMBK

Lbphrbk Yrbdtad Dfeacbkbk Yrb Dhksfpsa cbk Yfrfknbkbbk Dfmboalbk ^fmbt

Sflbm casbmdbk pbcb tbk``bl 7

Ofk`fsbmdbk,
Yfoeaoeak` Akstatusa

Hdtbvabka, ^.^aS., O.Dfe

KAY. 2192920 599525 599>

Ofk`ftbmua,

Dftu
ftub YYrrhca ^brgbkb Sfrbpbk Dfeacbkbk Dhhrcakbthr O
OD
D. Ufobgb cb
cbk Yrbkadbm
Cbk Yfkcacadbk Yrhjfsa Eacbk

Mfta Arb Byuf, ^^S., O.Dfe Uaky Kbtblakb, ^^S., O. Dfe

KAY. 210=2950 599692 5992 KAY. 2199:9 599225 5 992

aaa
 DBSB YFK@BKSBU

^f`blb Yuga
Yuga syudur btbs dfmb
dfmbcarbt
carbt Sumbk Qbk` Obmb Fsb btbs sf`
sf`blb
blb laopbm
laopbmbk
bk rbmobt,
akbybm, tbujad cbk Macbybmkyb sfmak``b pfkulas cbpbt ofkyflfsbadbk pfkyusukbk Lbphrbk
Dbsus aka cblbo efktud obupuk asakyb ybk` sbk`bt sfcfrmbkb. ^foh`b Lbphrbk Dbsus aka
cbpbt capfr`ukbdbk sfeb`ba sblbm sbtu bnubk, pftukgud obupuk pfchobk eb`a pfoebnb
cblbo pfoeubtbk
pfoeubtbk `ukb ofofkuma pfrsybrbt
pfrsybrbtbk
bk dftuk
dftuktbsbk
tbsbk Yrbdtad Dfeacbkbk
Dfeacbkbk Jasa
Jasahlh`
hlh`aa Yrb
Dhksfpsa cbk Yfrfknbkbbk Dfmboalbk ^fmbt.
Mbrbpbk pfkulas sfoh`b Lbphrbk Dbsus aka cbpbt ofoebktu ofkboebm pfk`ftbmubk
cbk pfk`blbobk eb`a pbrb pfoebnb, sfmak``b pfkulas cbpbt ofopfrebada efktud obupuk asa
tu`bs aka sfmak``b dfcfpbkkyb cbpbt lfeam ebad.
Ybcb Lbphrbk Dbsus aka pfkulas ofk`bdua obsam ebkybd dfdurbk`bk dbrfkb dftfrebtbsbk
pfkulas sfeb`ba obkusab eabsb. Hlfm dbrfkb atu pfkulas mbrbpdbk dfpbcb pbrb pfoebnb uktud
ofob
ofobdl
dluo
uoaa sfrt
sfrtbb of
ofoe
oefra
fradb
dbkk obsu
obsudb
dbk-o
k-obs
bsud
udbk
bk ybk`
ybk` efrs
efrsajb
ajbtt ofoe
ofoebk
bk`u
`ukk uktu
uktudd
dfsfopurkbbk sflbkgutkyb.

Yblbk`db Ubyb, ^fptfoefr 5952

Yfkulas

av
 CBJSBU A^A

NHZFU .............................................
...................................................................
............................................
.....................................
...........................
............aa
MBLBOBK YFU^FSVGVBK ...........................................
.................................................................
.....................................aa
...............aa
LFOEBU YFK@F^BMBK ..........................................
..............................................................................
..........................................
......aaa
aaa
DBSB YFK@BKSBU ...........................................
.................................................................
..................................................av
............................av
CBJSBU A^A ............................................
..................................................................
............................................
..........................................v
....................v
EBE A YFKCBMVLVBK .................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................
.................22
B. Lbtbr Eflbdbk` .........................................
................................................................
.......................................................
.....................................2
.....2
E. Uuousbk Obsblbm ...................................
..........................................................
..................................................
......................................
...........55
N. Sugubk ......................
............................................
............................................
............................................
.................................................5
...........................5
2. Vouo ............................................
...................................................................
.............................................
.........................................5
...................5
5. Dmusus ...........................................
.................................................................
............................................
..........................................5
....................5
C. Obkjbbt ......................
............................................
............................................
............................................
...............................................5
.........................5
2. Dlafk .....................
...........................................
............................................
............................................
...........................................
.......................5
..5
5. Obmbsaswb ..........................................
................................................................
...........................................................5
.....................................5
>. Lbmbk Yrbdtad
Yrbdtad .....
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
............
................
...................
................5
......5
EBE AA SAKGBVBK YV^SBDB
YV^SBDB ..........................................
................................................................
..................................5
............5
B. Sfhra Bsumbk Dfeacbkbk ybk`
ybk` catfrbpdbk Ybcb Dbsus Ufobgb .......................
..........................
...55
E. Sfhra Fvacbknfc
Fvacbknfc Ebsfc Oacwajfry pbcb ^tbsf Ufobgb ................................
.......................................
.......11
EBE AAA SAKGBVBK DB^V^ ..........................................
................................................................
.......................................
.................26
26
B. Gucul Dbsus .................................................
.......................................................................
.............................................
...................................
............26
26
E. Yflbdsbkbbk Bsumbk .....................................................
.............................................................................................26
........................................26
N. Acfktatbs Ybsafk ......................
............................................
............................................
.........................................................26
...................................26
C. Obkbgfofk Bsumbk Dfeacbkbk (^HBY) ..............................
....................................................
................................52
..........52
F. Nbtbtbk Aoplfofktbsa ....................
...........................................
.......................................................................
................................................53
53
EBE AZ YFOEBMB^BK .......................................
.............................................................
.................................................50
...........................50
EBE Z YFKVSVY .......................................
.............................................................
............................................
......................................>5
................>5
B. Dfsaopulbk ......................
............................................
.............................................
.............................................
........................................>5
..................>5
E. ^brbk ............................................
..................................................................
............................................
...................................................>5
.............................>5
CBJSBU YV^SBDB
LBOYAUBK-LBOYAUBK

v
 EBE A
YFKCBMVLVBK
B. Lbtb
Lbtbrr Efl
Eflbd
bdbk
bk`
`
Yfrfknbkbbk
Yfrfknbkbbk dfmbo
dfmboalbk
albk ofrupbdbk
ofrupbdbk pfrfk
pfrfknbkbbk
nbkbbk efrdf
efrdflubr`
lubr`bb ybk` hptaobl
oflblua pfrfknbkbbk dfmboalbk ybk` bobk, sfmbt cbk caak`akdbk ofrupbdbk sblbm

sbtu jbdthr pfktak` cblbo upbyb ofkurukdbk bk`db dfobtabk obtfrkbl. Ofkgb`b
gbrbd dfmboalbk tacbd mbkyb ofkyflbobtdbk aeu cbk ebya cbra sasa dfsfmbtbk, kbouk
gu`b ofopfrebada dublatbs mueuk`bk psadhlh`a dflubr`b Yfrfknbkbbk dfmboalbk
ofrupbdbk jbdthr ybk` ofofk`bruma mbrbpbk aeu cblbo ofk`mbcbpa pfrsblakbk.
Mbrbpbk pfrsblakbk pbcb aeu mboal rfobgb sbk`bt frbt dbatbkkyb cfk`bk
pfrsabpbk aeu cblbo ofrfknbkbdbk dfmboalbk (Ubmobwbta, 5921)
Cbtb PMH, (Vkatf
Vkatfc
c Kbtahks
Kbtahks Yhpulbtahk Jukc/VKJYB), (Vkatf
Yhpulbtahk Vkatfc
c Kbtahks
Kbtahks
rfk‑s Jukc/VKA
Nmalcrfk‑s
Nmalc /VKANF
NFJJ cbk
cbk Eb
Ebkd
kd Cu
Cuka
kabb tb
tbmu
mukk 5999
5999 sbop
sbopba
ba cfk`
cfk`bk
bk 5926
5926
ofkukguddbk bk`db dfobtabk aeu mak``b sbbt aka obsam durbk` cbra 2% pfr tbmuk,

sfebkybd 11 pfrsfk dfobtabk aeu bdaebt obsblbm pfrsblakbk btbu dflbmarbk tfrgbca ca
kf`brb
kf`brb kf`
kf`brb
brb efr
efrdfo
dfoebk
ebk`` (Ob
(Obrul
rula,a, 592
5920).
0). Guolbm
Guolbm bk`db
bk`db dfo
dfobtab
btabkk aeu (BDA)
(BDA) ca
Akchkfsab obsam tfr`hlhk` sbk`bt tak``a cabktbrb Kf`brb-kf`brb
Kf`brb- kf`brb B^FBK lbakkyb. Gadb
caebkcak`dbk BDA ca ^ak`bpurb bcblbm :/299.999 dflbmarbk macup, BDA Oblbysab
ofknbpba 2:9/299.999 dflbmarbk macup (Obrula, 5920).
Jbdthr pfkyfebe tfrgbcakyb BDA sblbm sbtukyb casfeebdbk pfrkadbmbk usab
rfobgb caobkb tacbd bcbkyb pfrfknbkbbk dfmboalbk sfmak``b obrbdkyb dbsus mboal
ybk` tacbd carfknbkbdbk sfmak``b ofkyfebdbk Bk`db Dfobtabk Aeu cbk Bk`bdb
Dfobtabk Ebya ofkak`dbt, Yfkyfebe lbak cadbrfkbdbk usab, pfkcacadbk, pfdfrgbbk,

cuduk`bk shsabl, gfkas pfrsblakbk, pbratbs cbk pfkcbpbtbk, dfnfobsbk sfds efebs cbk
shsabl eucbyb cbk ^hsabl eucbyb (Eaotbs, 5921)
Efrcbsbrdbk urbabk cabtbs obdb tfkb`b dfsfmbtbk tfrutbob eacbk efrpfrbk
pfktak` cblbo ofoefradbk pfkbk`bkbk tfrdbat pfrfknbkbbk dfmboalbk sfmbt eb`a
pbsbk`bk ybk` ak`ak ofrfknbkbdbk dfmboalbk sfmbt cfk`bk ofoefradbk DAF
btbpb
btbpbuk
uk Bsum
Bsumbk
bk ybk`
ybk`ss fsub
fsubaa cfk`
cfk`bk
bk pr
prh`
h`rbo
rbo pfof
pfofra
rakt
ktbm
bm ca
caob
obkb
kb pfkt
pfktak
ak`k
`kyb
yb
ofkyabpdbk dfmboalbk tfrutbob cblbo mbl ofkyabpdbk dfsfmbtbkkyb, dmusus kyb
tfrdbat kutrasa, hlbmrb`b, dfeabsbbk ybk` cbpbt ofk`bk``u dfmboalbk oassbl
ofrhdhd, oakuo-oakuobk dfrbs, phlusa lak`duk`bk cbk ofk`urbk`a strfss.

Dfsabpbk aeu cblbo ofk`mbcbpa dfmboalbk sbk`bt efrobkjbbt uktud ofknf`bm

oblkut
oblkutras
rasa,a, ofkyab
ofkyabpdb
pdbkk kktue
tueum
um pbc
pbcbb pfr
pfrueb
uebmbk
mbk„pf
„pfrue
ruebmb
bmbkk pbcb
pbcb ssbbt
bbt mboal,
mboal,
2
 ofk`urbk`a
ofk`urbk`a strfss cbk ofknf`bm
ofknf`bm hefsatbs
hefsatbs,, ofk`urbk`a
ofk`urbk`a rasad
rasadhh df`u`urbk,
df`u`urbk,
pfrsblakbk prfobturf, efrbtebya lbmar rfkcbm cbk dfobtabk gbkakofkcbcbd, cbk
ofknf`bm fjfd cbradhkcasa dfsfmbtbk ybk` efrobsblbm pbcb sbbt dfmboalbk
cfk`bkk Yrh`r
cfk`b Yrh`rbo
bo rh`rbo ybk` cadfo
cadfoebk`
ebk`dbk
dbk pfofraktbm
pfofraktbm sbbt aka sfeb`
sfeb`abk
abk
efsbr caoulba sftflbm pbsbk`bk tfrsfeut ofkgblbka dfmboalbk oasblkyb

prh`rbo kutrasa sfraeu mbra pfrtbob dfmacupbk, prh`rbo Y3D (pfrfknbkbbk

pfrsblakbkcbk pfknf`bmbk dhopladbsa) obupuk prh`rbo dflubr`b efrfknbkb
ybk` sflurumkyb suegfd sbsbrbkkyb pbcb aeu ybk` tflbm ofkgblbka dfmboalbk
cbk prh`rbo dfsfmbtbk aeu bkbd lbakkyb.
E. Uuou
Uuousb
sbk
k Obs
Obsbl
blbm
bm
Eb`baobkb Bsumbk Dfeacbkb Ybcb Ky. ^ Cbk Sk. G Vour 53 Sbmuk Cbk 5=
Sbmuk Cfk`bk Yfrfknbkbbk Dfmboalbk ^fmbt
N. Sugubk
2. Vouo

Sugubk uouo Lbphrbk dbsus aka uktud ofk`ftbmua bsumbk dfeacbkbk pbcb
Ky. ^ Cbk Sk. G Vour 53 Sbmuk Cbk 5= Sbmuk Cfk`bk Yfrfknbkbbk Dfmboalbk
^fmbt.
5. Dmusus
b. Obop
Obopuu oflbd
oflbdud
udbk
bk pfk`
pfk`db
dbga
gabk
bk cbtb
cbtb bsum
bsumbk
bk dfea
dfeacb
cbkb
kbkk pbcb
pbcb dbsu
dbsuss
Yfrfknbkbbk Dfmboalbk ^fmbt pbcb Ybsbbk`bk Vsab ^ueur
e. Obopu ofkf`bdbk cab`khsf dfeacbkbk cfk`bk Yfrfknbkbbk Dfmboalbk
^fmbt ybk` efrsajbt jasahlh`as efrcbsbrdbk khofdlbtur dfeacbkbk.
n. Obop
Obopuu of
oflb
lbdu
dudb
dbkk bsum
bsumbk
bk dfea
dfeacb
cbkb
kbkk pbcb
pbcb Yrb
Yrb Dhks
Dhksfp
fpsa
sa cfk`
cfk`bk
bk

Yfrfknbkbbk Dfmboalbk ^fmbt cfk`bk pfkcfdbtbk mhlastan efrcbsbrdbk

fvacfknfc ebsfc oacwajfry cfk`bk ofk``ukbdbk ofthcf ^HBY calbmbk
Yrbdtfd.
C. Obkj
bkjbbt
bbt
2. Dlafk
Ca
Camb
mbrb
rbpd
pdbk
bk cfk`
cfk`bk
bk caef
caefra
radb
dbkk bsum
bsumbk
bk dfea
dfeacb
cbkb
kbkk of
ofk`
k`fk
fkba
ba Yfrs
Yfrsab
abpb
pbkk
Yfrfknbkbbk Dfmboalbk sfmbt aka cbpbt ofkboebm wbwbsbk cbk pfk`ftbmubk
ofk`fkba
ofk`fkba Dfmbo
Dfmboalbk
albk sfmbt ybk` obu carfknbkbd
carfknbkbdbk,
bk, cbk cagbcadbk pbkcubk gadb
pbsbk`bk usab sueur ak`ak ofoalada bkbd btbu bcb dflubr`b ybk` ak`ak

ofrfkn
ofrf knbk
bkbd
bdbk
bk dfmb
dfmboa
oalb
lbkk sfmb
sfmbtt tbpa
tbpa eflu
efluo
o ofkc
ofkcbp
bpbt
btdb
dbkk pfk`
pfk`bl
blbo
bobk
bk
pfrfknbkbbk dfmboalbk sfmbt.
5
5. Obmbsaswb
Cambrb
Cambrbpdb
pdbkk cfk
cfk`bk
`bk bcb
bcbkyb
kyb lbp
lbphrb
hrbkk dbsus
dbsus aka easb
easb cagbca
cagbcadbk
dbk sfe
sfeb`b
b`baa
pf`bk`bk uktud ofopfraspbdbk pbrb pbsbk`bk suboa astra ybk` ak`ak
ofopfr
ofopfrsab
sabpbd
pbdkk dfm
dfmboa
boalbk
lbk sfm
sfmbt
bt sbl
sblbm
bm sbt
sbtuky
ukybb cfk
cfk`bk
`bk ofo
ofoefr
efradb
adbkk wbwbk
wbwbk

ofk`fkba pfrsabpbk pfrfkbnbkbbk dfmboalbk sfmbt cbk gu`b sfeb`ba pbkcubk

eb`a obmbsaswb tfrutbob obmbsaswb prhjfsa dfeacbkbk phltfddfs pblbk`db rbyb
cblbo pfoeubtbk lbphrbk dbsus cfk`bk pfrfknbkbbk dfmboalbk sfmbt
>. Lbmbk Yr
Yrbdtad
Cambrbpdbk cfk`bk bcbkyb lbphrbk dbsus aka easb cagbcadbk pbkcubk uktud
ofoefradbk pfk`ftbmubk sfrtb wbwbsbk dfpbcb pbsbk`bk usab sueur ybk` ak`ak
ofrfkn
ofrfknbkb
bkbdbk
dbk dfmboa
dfmboalbk
lbk sup
supbyb
byb cbl
cblbo
bo ofr
ofrfkn
fknbkb
bkbdbk
dbk dfmboa
dfmboalbk
lbk sfm
sfmbt
bt easb
easb
tfrmacbr cbra efreb`ba obnbo rfsadh pfkybdat ybk` bdbk ofk`bk``u aeu mboal ca
sfdatbr YOE ^fptakb, ^^S., Eck.

>
 EBE AA
SAKGBVBK YV^SBDB

b. Sfhra
Sfhra Bsumbk Dfeacbkb
Dfeacbkbk
k ybk` catfrbpd
catfrbpdbk
bk pbcb Ybsbk`b
Ybsbk`bk
k Vsab ^ueur btbu
btbu Yrb

Dhksfpsa.
2. Yfk`
Yfk`fr
frta
tabk
bk Ybs
Ybsbk
bk`b
`bk
k Vsab
Vsab ^ue
^ueur
ur
Ybsbk`bk Vsab ^ueur bcblbm Ybsbk`bk suboa astra ybk` sbbt aka macup
efrsbob, ebad efrtfopbt tak``bl rfsoa btbupuk tacbd, caobkb usab astra bktbrb 59
tbmuk sbopba 36 tbmuk. Ybsbk`bk usab sueur ebtbsbk usab ybk` ca`ukbdbk casaka
bcblbm
bcblbm 59-36
59-36 tbmuk.
tbmuk. Ybs
Ybsbk`
bk`bk
bk Vsab
Vsab ^ue
^ueur
ur efrdas
efrdasbr
br bktbrb
bktbrb usab
usab 59-36
59-36 tbm
tbmuk
uk
caobkb pbsbk`bk (lbda-lbda cbk pfrfopubk) sucbm nudup obtbk` cblbo sf`blb
mbl tfrlfeam hr`bk rfprhcudsakyb sucbm efrjuk`sa cfk`bk ebad. Aka caefcbdbk
cfk`bk pfrfopubk usab sueur ybk` efrstbtus gbkcb btbu nfrba. Cblbo ofkgblbka

dfmacupbk efrdflubr`b, Ybsbk`bk Vsab ^ueur sbk`bt oucbm cblbo ofopfrhlfm

dfturukbk, cadbrfkbdbk dfbcbbk dfcub pbsbk`bk tfrsfeut khrobl. Mbl aka lbm
ybk` ofkgbca obsblbm eb`a Ybsbk`bk Vsab ^ueur ybatu pfrlukyb pfk`bturbk
tak`dbt dflbmarbk, pfrbwbtbk dfmboalbk cbk pfrsblakbk bobk (Dbcbrasobk, 5926).
5. Yfk`
Yfk`fr
frta
tabk
bk Y
Yrb
rb Dhk
Dhksf
sfps
psaa
Obsb prbkadbm cbpbt cadbatdbk cfk`bk obsb prbdhksfpsa, dbrfkb sftflbm
ofkadb
ofkadbmm wbk
wbkatb
atb bdb
bdbkk sf`frb
sf`frb ofk
ofkgbl
gblbka
bka prhsfs
prhsfs dhksfp
dhksfpsa.
sa. Obsb
Obsb prb
prbdhk
dhksfp
sfpsa
sa
ofrupbdbk obsb sfefluo dfmboalbk. Yfrahcf prbdhksfpsa bcblbm rfktbk` wbdtu
cbra ta`b eulbk mak``b sbtu tbmuk sfefluo dhksfpsa cbk acfblkyb mbrus ofknbdup

wbdtu sbbt hvuo cbk spfrob obtur, ybatu sfdatbr 299 mbra sfefluo dhksfpsa.
^tbtus `aza PV^ btbu wbkatb prbkadbm sflbob ta`b sbopba fkbo eulbk pbcb obsb
prbdhksfpsa bdbk ofkfktudbk dhkcasa ebya ybk` calbmardbk. Yrbsbybrbt `aza
sfopurkb pbcb obsb prbdhksfpsa ofrupbdbk dukna dflbmarbk ebya khrobl cbk
sfmbt (^usalhwbta & Duspraybkth, 592:).
>. Dfmboa
Dfmboalbk
lbk cbk Yfrfk
Yfrfknbk
nbkbb
bbk
k Dfmbo
Dfmboalb
albk
k ^fmbt
^fmbt
b. Dfmboalbk
Ofkuru
Ofkurutt Jfc
Jfcfrbs
frbsaa Hes
Hestftr
tftraa @akfdh
@akfdhlh`
lh`aa Aktfrk
Aktfrkbsa
bsahkb
hkbl,l, dfmboa
dfmboalbk
lbk
cacfjakasadbk sfeb`ba jfrtalasbsa btbu pfkybtubk cbra spfrobthzhb cbk hvuo

cb
cbkk calbk
calbkgu
gutd
tdbk
bk cfk`
cfk`bk
bk kacb
kacbsa
sa btbu
btbu ao
aopl
plbk
bktbs
tbsa.a. Ea
Ealb
lb ca
cama
matu
tuk`
k` cbra
cbra sbbt
sbbt
jfrtalasbsa mak``b lbmarkyb ebya, dfmboalbk khrobl bdbk efrlbk`suk` cblbo
3
 wbdtu 39 oak``u btbu 29 eulbk btbu 1 eulbk ofkurut dblfkcfr aktfrkbsahkbl.
Dfmboalbk tfreb`a cblbo > traofstfr, caobkb traofstfr dfsbtu efrlbk`suk`
cblbo 25 oak``u, traofstfr dfcub 26 oak``u (oak``u df-2> mak``b df-50),
cbk traofstfr dfta`b 2> oak``u (oak``u df-5= mak``b df-39) (Yrbwarhmbrcgh,
5923).
2) Sbkcb
Sbkcb cbk `fgblb
`fgblb dfmboalbk
dfmboalbk ofkuru
ofkurutt Obkubeb
Obkubeb (599=)
(599=) caeb`a
caeb`a ofkgbca
ofkgbca >
eb`abk, ybatu 7
(b)
(b) Sbkc
Sbkcbb cu`bbk
cu`bbk ddfm
fmbo
boal
albk
bk
(2) Bofkhrf (tac
(tacbd
bd cbpb
cbpbtt mbac
mbac)) @f
@fgb
gblb
lb ak
akaa sbk`
sbk`bt
bt pfkt
pfktak
ak`` dbrf
dbrfkb
kb
uouokyb wbkatb mboal tacbd mbac cfk`bk cadftbmuakyb tbk``bl mbra
pfrtbob ofkstrubsa tfrbdmar bcblbm pfkbkcb uktud ofkfktudbk
tbk``bl tbdsarbk pfrsblakbk.
(5) Oubl
Oubl cbk oukt
ouktbm
bm Eab
Eabsb
sb tfrg
tfrgbca
bca pbcb eulbk pfrtb
pfrtbob
ob mak``b
mak``b eulbk
eulbk
tfrbdmar traofstfr pfrtbob. ^frak` tfrgbca pbcb pb`a mbra btbu sfrak`

casfeutt “ohrkak`
casfeu ohrkak` sandkfss
sandkfss‟. Ofk`ac
Ofk`acbobo (ak`ak
(ak`ak obd
obdbkb
bkbkk dmu
dmusu
sus)
s)
^fra
^frak`
k` tfrg
tfrgbc
bcaa pbcb
pbcb eulb
eulbkk pfrt
pfrtbo
bobb dfmb
dfmboa
oalbk
lbk bdbk
bdbk tft
tftbp
bpaa bdbk
bdbk
ofk`malbk` cfk`bk sfobdak tubkyb usab dfmboalbk.
(>) Bkhrfdsab (tacbd
(tacbd bcb sflfrb obdbk
obdbk)) Mbkyb efrlbk`suk`
efrlbk`suk` bcb trawulbk
pfrtbob tftbpa bdbk ofk`malbk` cfk`bk sfobdak tubkyb
tubkyb dfmboalbk.
(3)
(3) Obob
Obobff of
ofkg
kgbc
bcaa tf`b
tf`bk`
k` cbk
cbk of
ofoe
oefs
fsbr
br Df
Dfbc
bcbb
bbkk ak
akaa ca
casf
sfeb
ebed
edbk
bk
pfk`brum mhrohk fstfrh`fk cbk prh`fstfrhk ybk` ofrbk`sbk` cudtus
cbk blvfhla pbyucbrb.
(6) ^frak`
^frak` eubk` bar dfnal ^frak`
^frak` eubk` dfnal casfebe
casfebedbk
dbk dbrfkb dbkcuk`
dbkcuk`

dfoam tfrtfdbk hlfm utfrus ybk` oulba ofoefsbr. @fgblb aka bdbk
malbk` pbcb trawulbk dfcub dfmboalbk. Ybcb bdmar dfmboalbk `fgblb
aka easb dfoebla tfrgbca cadbrfkbdbk dbkcuk` dfoam tfrtfdbk hlfm
dfpblb gbkak.
(:) Dhkstapbs
Dhkstapbsaa btbu hestapbsa Mbl aka easb tfrgbca dbrfkb thkus htht
htht usus
ofku
ofkuru
rukk ybk`
ybk` casf
casfeb
ebed
edbk
bk hl
hlfm
fm mhro
mhrohk
hk st
stfr
frha
hacc ybk`
ybk` cbpb
cbpbtt
ofkyfebedbk dfsulatbk eubk` bar efsbr. Ya`ofktbsa (pfruebmbk wbrkb
wbr kb
dulat) Ybcb brfhlb obobf, `fkatbl, nmlhbsob, sfrtb lakfb bleb bdbk
efrwbrkb lfeam tf`bs, oflfebr, cbk efrtboebm `flbp pbcb eb`abk

pfrut eb`abk ebwbm.

6
 (0) Fpulas ^ubtu mapfrtrhja pbpallb `ak``avbf (`usa efrcbrbm) mbl aka sfrak`
tfrgbca pbcb traofstfr pfrtbob.
(=) Zbrasfs (pf
(pfofd
ofdbrb
brbkk vfk
vfkb-v
b-vfkb
fkb)) Yfk`br
Yfk`brum
um mhrohk
mhrohk fstfrh
fstfrh`fk
`fk cbk
prh`fstfrhk ybk` ofkyfebedbk pfoefsbrbk pfoeulum vfkb.
Yf
Yfoe
oefs
fsbr
brbk
bk pfoe
pfoeul
ulum
um vfkb
vfkb pbcb
pbcb cbrb
cbrbmm ak
akaa tf
tfrg
rgbc
bcaa ca sfda
sfdatb
tbrr

`fkftblabk fdstfrkb, dbda, cbk eftas sfrtb pbyucbrb.

5) Sbkcb dfouk`dakbk dfmboalbk.
2) Yfru
Yfrutt o
ofo
foef
efsb
sbrr
Yfrut ofoefsbr cbpbt cagbcadbk dfouk`dakbk dfmboalbk ealb
usab dfmboalbk sucbm ofobsuda lfeam cbra 23 oak``u dbrfkb sucbm
bcbkyb obssb. Vtfrus ofoefsbr Vtfrus ofoefsbr dbrfkb tfrgbca
pfruebmbk cblbo efktud, efsbr, cbk dhksastfksa cbra rbmao. Ybcb
pfofradsbbk cblbo cbpbt carbeb ebmwb utfrus ofoefsbr cbk
efktudkyb sfobdak lbob bdbk sfobdak ofoefsbr.

5) Sb
Sbkc
kcbb Mf`b
Mf`brr
Dhksas
Dhksastfk
tfksa
sa rbm
rbmao
ao cblbo
cblbo dfm
dfmboa
boalbk
lbk efr
efrueb
uebmm ofkgbc
ofkgbcaa lukbd
lukbd
tfrutbob cbfrbm astmous. Ybcb oak``u-oak``u pfrtbob, astmous utfra
ofk`blboa mapfrtrhja sfpfrta dhrpus utfra. Mapfrtrhja astmous pbcb
trawulbk
trawulbk pfrtbo
pfrtbobb ofk`b
ofk`bdaebt
daebtdbk
dbk astmo
astmous
us ofkgbca
ofkgbca pbkgbk`
pbkgbk` cbk lfeam
lukbd.
>) Sbkcb
Sbkcb Nmbcw
Nmbcwand
and
Yfruebmbk
Yfruebmbk wbrkb ofkgb
ofkgbca
ca dfearubk
dfearubk btbu dfuk`ubk pbcb vulvb,
vb`akb, cbk sfrvads. Yfruebmbk wbrkb aka casfebedbk hlfm pfk`brum

mhrohk fstfrh`fk.
3) Sbkcb
Sbkcb Yasnb
Yasnbsfn
sfndd
Vtfrus ofk`blboa pfoefsbrbk, dbcbk`-dbcbk` pfoefsbrbk
atu tacbd rbtb tftbpa ca cbfrbm tflur efrkacbsa lfeam nfpbt tuoeumkyb.
Mbl aka ofkyfebedbk utfrus ofoefsbr df sblbm sbtu eb`abk.
6) Sbkcb
Sbkcb Erbxthk
Erbxthk Mands
Sbkcb erbxthk mands bcblbm tbkcb bpbealb utfrus carbk`sbk`
oucbm efrdhoukadbsa. Sbkcb erbxthk mands ofrupbdbk tbkcb dmbs
utfrus cblbo dfmboalbk. Sbkcb aka tfrgbca dbrfkb pbcb dfbcbbk

utfrus ybk` ofoefsbr tftbpa tacbd bcb dfmboalbk oasblkyb pbcb

oahob utfra tbkcb erbxthk mands tacbd catfoudbk.
:
 :) Sfrbeb
Sfrbeb Ebllht
Ebllhtfof
fofkt
kt
Ebllhtfofkt ofrupbdbk jfkhofkb ebkcul btbu pbktulbk eblad.
Mbl aka bcblbm tbkcb bcbkyb gbkak ca cblbo utfrus.

0) Ufbdsa
Ufbdsa dfm
dfmboalbk
boalbk phs
phsataj
ataj
Naraa dmb
Nar dmbss ybk
ybk`` capbdb
capbdbaa cfk`bk
cfk`bk ofkfkt
ofkfktudb
udbkk bcb
bcbkyb
kyb muobk
muobk
nmlhrahkan `hkbchtrhpak pbcb dfmboalbk oucb bcblbm bar dfknak`
pfrtbob pbcb pb`a mbra. Sfs aka cbpbt ofoebktu ofkfktudbk
cab`khsb dfmboalbk sfcaka ouk`dak.
>) Sbkcb Ybsta Dfmboalbk
2) @frb
@frbdb
dbkk gbka
gbkakk ybk`
ybk` cbpb
cbpbtt ca
cala
lamb
mbt,t, ca
carbs
rbsb,
b, bt
btbu
bu ca
carb
rbeb
eb gu
gu`b
`b eb`a
eb`abk
bk--
eb`abk gbkak.
5) Cfky
Cfkyut
ut gbkt
gbktuk
uk`` gbka
gbkakk Cf
Cfky
kyut
ut gbk
gbktu
tuk`
k` gbkak
gbkak ea
easb
sb ca
cacf
cfk`
k`br
br cfk`
cfk`bk
bk

stfthsdhp ohkhrbl lfbkfn, canbtbt cbk cacfk`br cfk`bk blbt chpplfr

canbtbt cfk`bk jhthflfdtrh dbrcah`rbj, cbk calambt pbcb ultrbshkh`rbja.
>) Sfrlambt
Sfrlambt tu
tulbk`-t
lbk`-tulbk`
ulbk` gbkak cblbo jhthrhkt`f
jhthrhkt`fk.
k.
3) Jbdth
Jbdthrr Ufsa
Ufsadh
dh Dfmboa
Dfmboalbk
lbk
Ofkurut Obkubeb, 599= Jbdthr rasadh pbcb aeu mboal bcblbm 7
2) Yraoa`rbvacb durbk` cbra 59 tbmuk btbu lfeam cbra >6 tbmuk.
5) Bkbd lfeam cbra 3.
>) Gbrbd pfrsblakbk tfrbdmar cbk dfmboalbk sfdbrbk` < 5 tbmuk.
3) Durbk` Fkfr`a Drhkas (DFD) cfk`bk lak`dbr lfk`bk btbs durbk` cbra

5>,6
5>,6 no
no,, btbu
btbu pfkb
pfkboe
oebm
bmbk
bk efrb
efrbtt ebcb
ebcbkk < 1 d` sflb
sflbob
ob obsb
obsb
dfmboalbk.
6) Bkfoab cfk`bk mbfoh`lheak >5 oak``u.
:) ^fcbk`
^fcbk`/pf
/pfrkb
rkbmm ofk
ofkcfr
cfratb
atb pfk
pfkybd
ybdat
at drhkas
drhkas sfp
sfpfrta
frta SEN,
SEN, dflbak
dflbakbk
bk
gbktuk`, `akgbl, mbta, psadhsas, dflbakbk fkchdrak (CO, ^LF, cll),
tuohr cbk df`bkbsbk.
0) Uawbybt dfmboalbk eurud sfpfrta df`u`urbk efrulbk`, DFS, ohlb
macbta
macbtachs
chsb,
b, DYC
DYC,, cbk eby
ebyaa nbnbt
nbnbt dhk`f
dhk`fkat
katbl.
bl. Uawbyb
Uawbybtt pfrsbl
pfrsblakb
akbkk
cfk`bk dhopladbsa sfpfrta pfrsblakbk cfk`bk ^N, fdstrbdsa vbnuo

btbu jhrnfp.

0
 =) Uawbybt kajbs cfk`bk dhopladbsa sfpfrtaa pfrcbrbmbk phst pbrtuo,
akjfdsa obsb kajbs, phst pbrtuo elufs.
1) Uawbybt dflubr`b ofkcfratb pfkybdat CO, mapfrtfksa, cbk rawbybt
nbnbt dhk`fkatbl.
29) Dflb
Dflbak
akbk
bk guol
guolbm
bm gbka
gbkakk sfpf
sfpfrta
rta,, dfmb
dfmboa
oalbk
lbk `bkc
`bkcb,
b, gb
gbka
kakk cbop
cbopat
at,,

ohkstfr.

f. @fgblb
@fgblb cbk
cbk Sbkcb
Sbkcb Ebmb
Ebmbyb
yb ^flbo
^flbob
b Dfmboa
Dfmboalbk
lbk
@fgblb cbk tbkcb ebmbyb dfmboalbk ofkurut Yrbwarhmbrcgh (5923)
sfeb`ba efradut 7
2) Yfrc
Yfrcbrb
brbmb
mbkk Yfrcb
Yfrcbrb
rbmb
mbkk pbc
pbcbb dfm
dfmbo
boal
albk
bk usab
usab oucb
oucb bt
btbu
bu us
usab
ab dfmb
dfmboa
oalbk
lbk
ca ebwbm 59 oak``u uouokyb casfebedbk hlfm df`u`urbk. ^fdatbr 29-
25% dfmboalbk bdbk efrbdmar cfk`bk df`u`urbk ybk` pbcb uouokyb
(:9-=9
(:9-=9%)
%) casfeb
casfebedb
edbkk hlfm
hlfm dfl
dflbak
bakbk
bk drhohs
drhohsho
ho ybk`
ybk` cat
catfou
fouaa pbcb
pbcb

spfrobthzhb obupuk hvuo. Yfrcbrbmbk pbcb dfmboalbk lbkgut btbu

usab cabtbs 59 oak``u pbcb uouokyb casfebedbk hlfm plbsfktb prfvab.
5) Yrf
Yrffdl
fdlbos
bosab
ab YYbcb
bcb uouoky
uouokybb aeu
aeu mmboa
boall cfk`b
cfk`bkk uusab
sab dfmboa
dfmboalbk
lbk cabtbs
cabtbs 59
oak``u casfrtba cfk`bk pfkak`dbtbk tfdbkbk cbrbm ca btbs khrobl
sfrak` cabshsabsadbk cfk`bk prffdlbopsab. Cbtb btbu akjhrobsa bwbl
tfrdbat cfk`bk tfdbkbk cbrbm sfefluo mboal bdbk sbk`bt ofoebktu
pftu`bs dfsfmbtbk uktud ofoefcbdbk mapfrtfksa drhkas (ybk` sucbm
bcb sfefluokyb) cfk`bk prffdlbopsab.
>) Kyfr
fraa mfebt
febt ca cbfrb
bfrbmm bec
becho
hoak
akhhpflv
pflvad
aduo
uo Ky
Kyfr
fraa mfeb
mfebtt ca cbf
bfrb
rbmm

bechoakhpflvaduo eabsb tfrgbca pbcb dfmboalbk, kyfra tfrsfeut easb

tfrgbca pbcb dfmboalbk traofstfr dfcub cbk dfta`b. 2= Bpbealb kyfra
tfrsfeut tfrbsb pbcb traofstfr dfcub btbu dfta`b obdb cab`khsbkyb
ofk`brbm pbcb shlusa plbsfktb ybk` easb calambt ebad cbra gfkas kyfra
obupuk pfrcbrbmbk ybk` tfrgbca.
3) Ouktbm
Ouktbm ybk`
ybk` efrl
efrlfea
feambk
mbk ybk
ybk`` efrl
efrlbk`
bk`suk
suk`` sflb
sflbob
ob dfmb
dfmboal
oalbk
bk
6) Casurab
:) Ofk`
Ofk``a
`a`a
`all btbu
btbu cfob
cfobo
o
0) Dftueb
Dftuebkk ppfnb
fnbmm ccaka
aka btbu sfeflu
sfefluo
o wb
wbdtu
dtukyb
kyb

=) Vtfrus lfeam efsbr btbu lfeam dfna

nall cbra usab dfmb
fmboalbk ybk`
bk`
sfsuk``umkyb
=
2. Yfrf
Yfrfkn
knbk
bkbb
bbk
k Dfmb
Dfmboa
oalb
lbk
k
b. Yfrfknbkbbk dfmboalbk ofrupbdbk pfrfknbkbbk efrdflubr`b ybk` hptaobl
oflblua pfrfknbkbbk dfmboalbk ybk` bobk, sfmbt cbk caak`akdbk ofrupbdbk
sblbm sbtu jbdthr pfktak` cblbo upbyb ofkurukdbk bk`db dfobtabk obtfrkbl.
Ofkgb`b
Ofkgb`b gbrbd dfmboalbk
dfmboalbk tacbd mbky
mbkybb ofkyf
ofkyflbobtd
lbobtdbk
bk aeu cbk ebya cbra sasa

dfsfmbtbk, kbouk gu`b ofopfrebada dublatbs mueuk`bk psadhlh`a dflubr`b

(Oarzb, 599=). Ofrfknbkbdbk dfmboalbk ofrupbdbk pfrfknbkbbk dfmboalbk
uktud ofopfrsabpdbk dfmboalbk `ukb ofkcuduk` tfrnaptbkyb dfmboalbk
ybk` sfmbt cbk ofk`mbsaldbk dfturukbk ybk` efrdublatbs ybk` caak`akdbk
hlfm dflubr`b (Kurul, 592>).
e. Jbdthr-J
Jbdthr-Jbdth
bdthrr ybk`
ybk` Ofopfk`
Ofopfk`brum
brumaa Y
Yfrfk
frfknbkb
nbkbbk
bk Dfmbo
Dfmboalbk
albk
Ofkurut Oarzb (599=) bcb efefrbpb mbl ybk` pfrlu capfrsabpdbk cblbo
ofrfknbkbdbk dfmboalbk, bktbrb lbak 7
2) Dfsabpbk bsp
bspfd psadhlh`as Bpbealb ofoutusdbk uktud mboal,

sfeb
sfebad
adky
kybb ou
oulb
lbaa of
ofkg
kgbl
blbk
bkaa dhks
dhksfl
flak
ak`` pr
prbm
bmbo
boal
al.. Dhks
Dhksfl
flak
ak`` ak
akaa
ofrupbdbk efrasa sbrbk cbk bkgurbk, sfpfrta cfk`bk nbrb oflbdudbk
pfofradsbbk jasad (pfofradsbbk uouo cbk dbkcuk`bk) cbk
lbeh
lbehrb
rbth
thra
rauo
uo.. ^f
^feb
ebe,
e, tugu
tugubk
bk cbra
cbra dhks
dhksfl
flak
ak`` prbm
prbmbo
boal
al ak
akaa bdbk
bdbk
ofopfrsabpdbk nblhk aeu efsfrtb nblhk bybm cbk uktud ofkyabpdbk
dfmboalbk ybk` sfmbt sfmak``b easb ofk`makcbra mbl-mbl ybk` tacbd
caak`akdbk. Cfk`bk ef`atu, easb sf`frb cacftfdsa ealb bcb pfkybdat ybk`
caturkdbk sfnbrb `fkftas, oasblkyb7 cabeftfs oalatus, mapfrtfksa, cbk
sfeb`b
sfeb`baky
akyb.
b. Dh
Dhksf
ksflak
lak`` prb
prbmbo
mboal
al calbdu
calbdudbk
dbk uktud
uktud ofknf`
ofknf`bm
bm nbnbt
nbnbt

ebwbbk bdaebt dfdurbk`bk zbt `aza tfrtfktu btbu tfrpbpbr zbt efrebmbyb.
5) Df
Dfsa
sabp
bpbk
bk ja
jassad Yf
Yfkk`bru
`brumm jasa
jasadd gu`b
gu`b sbk`
sbk`bt
bt ofofoppfk`b
fk`bru
rumma prh
prhsfs
sfs
dfmboalbk. Sbkpb bcb jasad ybk` eb`us, dfmboalbk dfouk`dakbk tacbd
bdbk tfrwuguc cbk ebmdbk dblbu dfmboalbk atu tfrwuguc, dfouk`dakbk
jasad ybk` tacbd praob bdbk ofofk`bruma gbkak. Hlfm dbrfkb atu bcb
efefrbpb mbl ybk` mbrus calbdudbk,
calbdudbk, bktbrb lbak 7
(b)
(b) Oulb
Oulbaa of
ofkb
kbtb
tb phlb
phlb macu
macupp ^flb
^flbak
ak dhkc
dhkcas
asaa tu
tueu
eum,
m, `byb
`byb ma
macu
cupp cbk
cbk
lak`duk`bk gu`b ofofk`bruma dfpraobbk jasad. Bdbk lfeam ebad
lb`a, ealb pfrsabpbk jasad aka calbdudbk sfnbrb hptaobl darb-darb :

eulbk ofkgflbk` dhksfpsa.

1
(e) Ofknbpba
Ofknbpba efrbt eb
ebcbk
cbk acf
acfbl
bl Efrbt ebc
ebcbk
bk sbk`
sbk`bt
bt efsbr ppfk`br
fk`brumky
umkybb
pbcb dfsueurbk. Dbrfkb efrbt ebcbk durbk` btbu efrlfeambk,
dfsfaoebk`b
dfsfaoebk`bkk mhoh
mhohkk cblbo tueum
tueum bdbk adut-adutbk
adut-adutbk tfr`bk``u.
tfr`bk``u.
Bdaebtkyb sadlus hvulbsa tfr`bk``u. Efrbt ebcbk ybk` gbum cbra
acfbl gu`b ofoanu tfrgbcakyb efreb`ba `bk``ubk dfsfmbtbk.

(n) Ofkgb`
Ofkgb`bb phl
phlbb obd
obdbk
bk Casa
Casapla
plakk ofoefk
ofoefkbma
bma phlb obdb
obdbkk eud
eudbkk
bkkyb
yb
tbkpb blbsbk. Dbrfkb, zbt-zbt `aza bdbk ofk`hptaobldbk juk`sa
hr`bk
hr`bk rfprhc
rfprhcud
udsa,
sa, ofopfr
ofopfrtbm
tbmbkd
bkdbk
bk dhkcas
dhkcasaa dfsfmb
dfsfmbtbk
tbk sfl
sflbob
bob
mboa
mboal,l, sfrt
sfrtbb of
ofop
opfrs
frsab
abpd
pdbk
bk nbcbk
nbcbk`b
`bkk fkfr`
fkfr`yy eb`a
eb`a tu
tuoe
oeum
um
dfoebk` gbkak.
(c)
(c) Hlbm
Hlbmrb`
rb`bb sfnb
sfnbrb
rb tfrbt
tfrbtur
ur Hl
Hlbm
bmrb
rb`b
`b ofob
ofobk`
k` efrd
efrdmb
mbsa
sabt
bt uktu
uktudd
oflbknbrdbk blarbk cbrbm. Yfrfcbrbk kutrasa cbk pbshdbk hdsa`fk
df sflurum hr`bk tueumpuk gbca fjasafk, sfebe efkbr-efkbr efebs
mboebtbk. Gbca, dhkcasa sfpfrta aka caeutumdbk uktud pfoefktudbk

spfrob cbk sfl tflur ybk` ebad. Efrhlbmrb`b sfnbrb rutak easb pulb
ofop
of opfr
freba
ebada
da oh
ohhchc dbrf
dbrfkb
kb of
ofka
kak`
k`db
dbtk
tkyb
yb pr
prhc
hcud
udsa
sa mhro
mhrohkhk
fkchprak. Sueum gu`b gbca sfmbt cbk eu`br. Dblbu aka ybk` tfrgbca,
prhsfs dfmboalbk, pfrsblakbk, sfrtb dfoeblakyb efktud tueum df
dfbcbbk sfoulb gbca lfeam oucbm. Qbk` nhnhd calbdudbk ybatu,
hlbmrb`b gh`ak`, gblbk dbda, efrfkbk`, efrsfpfcb cbk sfkbo.
(f
(f)) Ofk
Ofk`mal
`malbk
bk``dbk
dbk dfe
dfeabsb
absbbk
bk euru
urud Dfea
Dfeabs
bsbb
bbkk euru
eurudd sfpfr
fpfrta
ta
ofrhdhd, oakuo oakuobk efrbldhmhl, sfrtb ofk`dhksuosa dbjfak
(dhpa, oakuobk efrshcb), sfebadkyb camfktadbk sbgb. ^febe, zbt

ybk`
ybk` tfrd
tfrdbk
bkcu
cuk`
k` cacb
cacblb
lbok
okyb
yb eaeasb
sb of
ofof
ofk`
k`br
brum
umaa dfsu
dfsueu
eurbk
rbk..
Bdaebt
Bdaebtkyb
kyb,, pfl
pflubk
ubk`` tfrgbc
tfrgbcaky
akybb pfo
pfoeub
eubmbk
mbk obdak
obdak dfnal.
dfnal. ^frak`
^frak`
strfss gu`b eudbk dfeabsbbk ybk` ebad. Bpblb`a, dblbu saeud dfrgb
cbk lupb astarbmbt.
(j) Efebs cbra pf
pfkybd
kybdatat Ealb ofk`
ofk`acbp
acbp ppfkybd
fkybdatat tfrtf
tfrtfktu,
ktu, sfpfrta
sfpfrta nbnbr,
mfrpfs, nbopbd gfrobk, btbu pfkybdat efrebmbyb lbak, sfebadkyb
pfradsbdbk cara df chdtfr. ^febe, pfkybdat tfrsfeut easb
ofoebmbybdbk cara cbk gbkak.
(`) ^thp pbdba
pbdba dhktrb
dhktrbsfps
sfpsaa Bpbealb ofo
ofoutus
utusdbk
dbk uktud
uktud mboal, mfktadbk
mfktadbk

pfk``ukbbk dhtrbsfpsa. Bpbealb efluo efrdfak`akbk uktud mboal

29
 obdb mbrus ofobdba dhktrbsfpsa. Oasblkyb, pal, hebt suktad, sfrtb
susud DE ofk`bkcuk` mhrohkf ybk` ertu`bs tfrgbcakyb
tfrgb cakyb hvulbsa.
(m)
(m) Of
Ofoa
oaka
kaob
obld
ldbk
bk ebmb
ebmbyb
yb la
lak`
k`du
duk`
k`bk
bk La
Lak`
k`du
duk`
k`bk
bk,, tf
tfro
robs
bsud
ud
lak`du
lak`duk`b
k`bkk dfr
dfrgb,
gb, eas
easbb gu`
gu`bb efrcbo
efrcbopbd
pbd eurud
eurud sfe
sfeflu
fluo
o mboal.
mboal.
Oasblkyb, `bk``ubk mhrohkbl btbu `b``ubk pbcb pfoefktudbk sfl

tflur. Lak`duk`bk ybk` sbrbt oadrhhr`bkasof (gbour, ebdtfra, cbk

varus), ebmbk daoab efrbnuk (taobm matbo cbk pfstasacb), rbcabsa
(sakbr ], sakbr ultrbvahlft, ohkathr dhoputfr, cbk lbakkyb), cbk
ebkybd lb`a.

>) Dfsa
Dfsabp
bpbk
bk Jakb
Jakbks
ksab
abll
Yf
Yfrs
rsab
abpb
pbkk ja
jakb
kbks
ksab
abll eb`a
eb`a ae
aeuu ybk`
ybk` bdbk
bdbk ofrf
ofrfkn
knbk
bkbd
bdbk
bk
dfmb
dfmboa
oalb
lbkk of
ofru
rupb
pbdb
dbkk subtu
subtu dfeu
dfeutu
tumb
mbkk ybk`
ybk` ou
outl
tlbd
bd ybk`
ybk` mbru
mbruss
casabp
casabpdbk
dbk,, cao
caobkb
bkb dfsabp
dfsabpbk
bk jak
jakbks
bksabl
abl btbu
btbu ybk
ybk`` efr
efrdba
dbatbk
tbk cfk`bk
cfk`bk

pfk`mbsalbk btbu
btb u dfubk`bk ybk` caoalada uktud ofknudupa dfeutumbk
sflbob dfmboalbk efrlbk`suk` sbopba pfrsblakbk (Durkabsam, 5929).
3) Yfrs
Yfrsab
abpb
pbkk Yfk`
Yfk`ft
ftbm
bmub
ubkk Cb
Cblb
lbo
o of
ofrf
rfkn
knbk
bkbdb
bdbkk dfmb
dfmboa
oalbk
lbk ybk`
ybk` sfmb
sfmbtt
cbk bobk, obdb sftabp pbsbk`bk
pbsbk`bk suboa
suboa astra mbrus ofk`ftbmua
ofk`ftbmua mbl-mbl
mbl-mbl
ybk`
ybk` efrp
efrpfk
fk`b
`bru
rumm cblb
cblbo
o pfrf
pfrfkn
knbk
bkbb
bbkk dfmb
dfmboa
oalb
lbkk bt
btbu
bu cblb
cblbo
o
dfmboalbk. Cabktbrbkyb 7
(b) Obs
Obsbb sueu
sueurr Obsb sue
sueur
ur bcb
bcblbm
lbm obs
obsbb caob
caobkb
kb tfrsf
tfrsfcab
cab sfl tflur
tflur
ybk` sabp uktud caeubma. Obsb sueur efrdbatbk frbt cfk`bk
ofkstrubsa cbk sadlus ofkstrubsa. Bcbkyb mbsrbt bktbrb suboa

cbk astra bcblbm sfsubtu ybk` wbgbr, pfkyblurbk

pfkyblurbk mbsrbt tfrsfeut
bdbk ofoulba mbsal ybk` ebad gadb pfrtfoubk bktbrb suboa cbk
astra cabtur wbdtukyb.
(e) Dfn
Dfnfkc
fkcfru
fruk`b
k`bkk ofo
ofoalam
alam gfkas
gfkas dflboa
dflboakk bkbd
bkbd ^ftabp
^ftabp pbsbk`b
pbsbk`bkk
ybk` ofkadbm pbstalbm ofkcboebdbk bkbd ca tfk`bm dfmacupbk
dflubr`bkyb. Eb`a ybk` tflbm ofopukyba bkbd efrgfkas dflboak
tfrtfktu,
tfrtfktu, pbstalbm
pbstalbm ofk`a
ofk`ak`ak
k`akdbk
dbk bkbd cfk`bk
cfk`bk gfkas
gfkas dflboak
ybk` efluo ofrfdb oalada, sfmak``b lfk`dbp ybatu lbda-lbda cbk
pfrfopubk (Kurul, 592>).
3. Dfeut
Dfeutumb
umbk
k @aza
@aza sflbo
sflbob
b Obsb
Obsb Yrb Dhksf
Dhksfpsa
psa
@aza
@aza bcbl
bcblbm
bm subt
subtuu prhs
prhsfs
fs hr`b
hr`bka
kaso
soff ofk`
ofk``u
`ukb
kbdb
dbkk ob
obdb
dbkb
kbkk ybk`
ybk`
22
 ca
cadh
dhks
ksuo
uosa
sa sfnbr
sfnbrbb khro
khrobl
bl oflb
oflblu
luaa prhs
prhsfs
fs cf`f
cf`fst
sta,a, besh
beshrp
rpsa
sa,, tr
trbk
bksp
sphr
hrtb
tbsa
sa..
Yfkyaopbkbk, oftbehlasof cbk pfk`flubrbk zbt ybk` tacbd ca`ukbdbk uktud
ofopfrtbmbkdbk dfmacupbk, pfrtuoeumbk, cbk juk`sa khrobl cbra hr`bkhr`bk
sfrtb ofk`mbsaldbk fkfr`y . Wbt-zbt `aza ybk` cbpbt ofoefradbk fkfr`a bcblbm
dbrehmacrbt, lfobd, cbk prhtfak, hdsacbsa zbtzbt `aza aka ofk`mbsaldbk fkfr`a ybk`

capfrludbk
capfrludbk tue
tueum
um uktud
uktud ofl
oflbdu
bdudbk
dbk df`
df`abtb
abtbkk btbu
btbu bdtava
bdtavatbs
tbs.. Dfta`b
Dfta`b zbt `aza
`aza
tfrobsud zbt hr`bkad ybk` ofk`bkcuk` dbrehk ybk` cbpbt caebdbr, guolbm zbt
`aza ybk` pblak` ebkybd tfrcbpbt cblbo pbk`bk cbk casfeut gu`b zbt pfoebdbr.

Yfchob
Yfchobkk @az
@azaa ^fa
^faoe
oebk`
bk` ofr
ofrup
upbdb
bdbkk pfchob
pfchobkk uktud
uktud dhksuo
dhksuosa
sa obdbk
obdbk
sfmbra-mbra ybk` mbrus ofk`bkcuk` zbt `aza cblbo gfkas cbk guolbm (phrsa) ybk`
sfsu
sfsuba
ba cfk`
cfk`bk
bk dfeu
dfeutu
tumb
mbkk sfta
sftabp
bp hrbk
hrbk`` bt
btbu
bu dflh
dflhop
ophd
hd uo
uour
ur,, ofk`
ofk`bk
bkcu
cuk`
k`
efreb`ba zbt `aza (fkfr`a, prhtfak, vatboak cbk oakfrbl), sfrtb cbpbt cagbcadbk
sf
sfeeb`
b`ba
ba pfcho
fchobk
bk obdbk
bdbk,, bdta
bdtavvatbs
atbs ja
jasa
sadd, pfr
fral
albd
bduu mac
macup efr
efrsa
samm cbk
cbk

ofopfrtbmbkdbk efrbt ebcbk khrobl (Dfofkdfs,5923).

^fnbrb uouo tfrcbpbt pfsbk dmusus `aza sfaoebk` ybk` pfrlu capfrmbtadbk
eb`a nblhk pfk`bktak bcblbm ofk`hksuosa bkfdb rb`bo obdbkbk uktud
ofofkuma dfeutumbk fkfr`akyb. Mbl tfrsfeut oflaputa dhksuosa zbt `aza obdrh
cbk oadrh (dbrehmacrbt, prhtfak, vatboak cbk oakfrbl) ybk` bdbk ca`ukbdbk
sfeb`ba prhsfs pfrtuoeumbk tueum ybk` nfpbt, pfkak`dbtbk vhluof cbrbm cbk
pfkak`dbtbk mfoh`lheak cblbo cbrbm ybk` efr`ukb uktud ofknf`bm bkfoab
yb
ybk`
k` casf
casfeb
ebed
edbk
bk dbrf
dbrfkb
kb dfma
dfmalb
lbk`
k`bk
bk zb
zbtt efsa
efsa sfl
flbo
bobb prhs
prhsfs
fs of
ofks
kstr
trub
ubsa
sa
(Dfofkdfs,5923).
6. Dhkcas
Dhkcasaa cbk
cbk Yfkybd
Yfkybdat
at Qbk`
Qbk` Yfr
Yfrlu
lu Ca
Ca Pbs
Pbspbc
pbcba
ba YV^
Efef
Efefrbp
rbpbb ob
obsb
sblb
lbmm cbpb
cbpbtt tfrg
tfrgbc
bcaa pbcb
pbcb sfta
sftabp
bp tb
tbmb
mbpb
pbkk sadl
sadlus
us dfma
dfmacu
cupb
pbkk
pfrfopubk, caebwbm aka caurbadbk obsblbm ybk` ouk`dak tfrgbca obcb sftabp
sadlus dfmacupbk.
2. Ob
Obsb
sblb
lbmm rfpr
rfprhc
hcud
udsa
sa Dfsf
Dfsfmb
mbtb
tbk,
k, oh
ohre
reac
acat
atbs
bs (`
(`bk
bk``
``ub
ubkk dfsf
dfsfmb
mbtb
tbk)
k) cbk
cbk
dfobtabk pfrfopubk ybk` efrdbatbk cfk`b dfmboalbk. Sfrobsud cacblbokyb
gu`b obslbm `aza cbk bkfoab cadblbk`bk pfrfopubk, pfkyfebe sfrtb
dhopla
dhopladbs
dbsaa cbr
cbraa dfm
dfmboa
boalbk
lbk,, obs
obsblb
blbmm dfobkc
dfobkculb
ulbkk cbk dft
dftacb
acbdsu
dsueur
eurbk4
bk4
Yfrbkbk btbu dfkcbla shsabl eucbyb tfrmbcbp obsblbm rfprhcudsa. Obdsuckyb

eb`baobkb pbkcbk`bk obsybrbdbt tfrmbcbp

tfr mbcbp dfsueurbk cbk dfobkculbk, kalba
bkbd cbk dflubr`b, sadbp obsybrbdbt tfrmbcbp pfrfopubk mboal. Aktfrvfksa
25
 pfofraktbm cbk kf`brb tfrmbcbp obsblbm rfprhcudsa. Oasblkyb prh`rbo DE,
ukcbk`-ukcbk` ybk` efrdbatbk cfk`bk obsblbm `fkftad, cbk lbak sfeb`bakyb.
Sfrsfcabkyb pflbybkbk dfsfmbtbk rfprhcudsa cbk dflubr`b efrfknbkb, sfrtb
tfrgbk`dbukyb sfnb
fnbrb fdhkhoa hlfm dfl
flhhophd pfrfopubk cbk
bkbdbkbd.Dfsfmbtbk ebya cbk bkbd-bkbd tfrutbob ebya caebwbm uour laob

tbmuk. Cbopbd
tbmuk. Cbopbd pfopfoebk
ebk`uk
`ukbk
bk fdh
fdhkho
khoa,a, akcust
akcustrab
rablas
lasbsa
bsa cbk pfrueb
pfruebmbk
mbk
lak`duk`bk tfrmbcbp dfsfmbtbk rfprhcudsa.
5. Ob
Obsb
sblb
lbmm `fkc
`fkcfr
fr cbk
cbk sfds
sfdsub
ubla
latb
tbss Yfk`
Yfk`bt
btur
urbk
bk kf`b
kf`brb
rb tf
tfrm
rmbc
bcbp
bp ob
obsb
sblb
lbmm
sfdsublatbs. Obdsuckyb bcblbm pfrbturbk cbk dfeagbdbk kf`brb ofk`fkba
phrkh`rbja, pflbnurbk cbk pfkcacadbk sfdsublatbs. Yfk`fkcblabk shsah-eucbyb
tfrmbcbp obsblbm sfdsublatbs, eb`baobkb khrob-khrob shsabl ybk` efrlbdu
tfktbk
tfktbk`` pfr
pfralb
albdu
du sfds,
sfds, mho
mhohsf
hsfds,
ds, phla`b
phla`boa,
oa, cbk pfr
pfrnfrb
nfrbabk
abk.. ^fdsub
^fdsublat
latbs
bs
cadblb
cadblbk`b
k`bkk rfo
rfobgb
bgb.^t
.^tbtus
btus cbk pfr
pfrbk
bk pfrfop
pfrfopubk
ubk.. Yfrlak
Yfrlakcuk
cuk`bk
`bk tfrmbc
tfrmbcbp
bp
pfrfopubk pfdfrgb.

>. Ob
Obsb
sblb
lbmm dfdf
dfdfrb
rbsb
sbkk cbk
cbk pfrd
pfrdhs
hsbb
bbkk tfr
tfrmb
mbcb
cbpp pfrf
pfrfop
opub
ubkk Df
Dfkn
knfk
fkcf
cfru
ruk`
k`bk
bk
pfk``ukbbk dfdfrbsbk sfnbrb sfk`bgb dfpbcb pfrfopubk, pfrdhsbbk, sfrtb
cbopbdkyb tfrmbcbp dhrebk Khrob shsabl ofk`fkba dfdfrbsbk cblbo ruobm
tbk``b, sfrtb ofk`fkba efreb`ba takcbd dfdfrbsbk tfrmbcbp pfrfopubk. ^adbp
obsybr
obsybrbdb
bdbtt ofk
ofk`fk
`fkba
ba dfd
dfdfrb
frbsbk
sbk pfr
pfrdhs
dhsbbk
bbk tfrmbc
tfrmbcbp
bp pfl
pflbnu
bnur.
r. Efreb`
Efreb`ba
ba
lbk`dbm uktud ofk`btbsa obsblbm- obsblbm tfrsfeut.
3. Ob
Obsb
sblb
lbmm Yfky
Yfkybd
bdat
at ybk`
ybk` Catu
Catulb
lbrd
rdbk
bk Of
Oflbl
lblua
ua Mueu
Mueuk`
k`bk
bk ^fds
^fdsub
ubll Obsb
Obsblb
lbmm
pfkybdat ofkulbr sfdsubl ybk` lbob, sfpfrta sajalas, cbk `hkhrrmfb. Obsblbm
pfkybdat ofkulbr sfdsubl ybk` rflbtaj ebru sfpfrta nmlboycab, cbk mfrpfs.

Obsblbm
Obsblbm MAMAZ/
Z/BA
BAC^
C^ (M (Muo
uobk
bk Aoo
Aooukhc
ukhcfjfjan
anaf
afkn
knyy Za
Zaru
russ/B
/Bn`
n`uuar
arfc
fc
aooukhcfjanafkny ^ykcrhof)4 Cbopbd shsabl cbk fdhkhoa cbra pfkybdat
ofkulb
ofkulbrr sfd
sfdsub
subl.l. Dfe
Dfeagbd
agbdbk
bk cbk prh
prh`br
`bro
o pfofra
pfofraktb
ktbmm cblbo
cblbo ofk`bt
ofk`btbsa
bsa
obsl
obslbm
bm tfrs
tfrsfe
feut
ut (tfr
(tfrob
obsu
sudd pfky
pfkyfc
fcab
abbk
bk pflb
pflbyb
ybkb
kbkk dfsf
dfsfmb
mbtb
tbkk eb`a
eb`a
pflbnur/Yfkgbgb ^fds Dhofrsabl). ^adbp obsybrbdbt tfrmbcbp pfkybdat
ofkulbr sfdsubl.
6. Obsblbm Yflbnurbk Cfoh`rbja pfdfrgb sfdsubl dhofrsabl btbu
pflbnurbk.Jbdthr-jbdthr ybk` ofkchrhk` pflbnurbk cbk sadbp obsybrbdbt
tfrmbcbp
tfrmbcbp pflbnu
pflbnurbk.C
rbk.Cbopbd
bopbdkyb
kyb tfrmbcbp
tfrmbcbp dfsfmbtbk
dfsfmbtbk rfprhcudsa
rfprhcudsa,, ebad eb`a

pflbnur atu sfkcara obupuk eb`a dhksuofkkyb

dhksuofkkyb cbk dflubr`bkyb.
Obsb
Ob sblb
lbmm ^f^fda
datb
tbrr Sf
Sfdk
dkhl
hlh`
h`aa Sf
Sfdk
dkhl
hlh`
h`aa rf
rfpr
prhc
hcud
udsa
sa cfk`
cfk`bk
bk ebkt
ebktub
ubkk
2>
 (aksfo
(aksfoakb
akbsa
sa eub
eubtbk
tbk cbk eby
ebyaa tbe
tbeuk`
uk`).
). Yfoala
Yfoalambk
mbk eby
ebyaa efrcbs
efrcbsbrd
brdbk
bk gfk
gfkas
as
dflboak (`fkcfr jftbl snrffkak`). Yfkbpasbk `fkftad ( `fkftan snrffkak`).
Dftfrgbk`dbubk cbk dfsbobbk dfsfopbtbk.Ftadb cbk muduo ybk` efrdbatbk
cfk`bk obsblbm tfdkhlh`a rfprhcudsa aka (Acb Yragbtka, 592:)
:. Bl
Blbt
bt Dhkt
Dhktrb
rbsf
sfps
psaa uktu
uktud
d YV^
YV^

b. Yfk`frtabk dhktrbsfpsa
Dhktrb
Dhk trbsfp
sfpsa
sa bcb
bcblbm
lbm upbyb
upbyb ukt
uktud
ud ofknf`
ofknf`bm
bm tfrgbc
tfrgbcaky
akybb dfmboa
dfmboalbk
lbk..
Vpbyb atu cbpbt efrsajbt sfofktbrb, cbpbt pulb efrsajbt pfrobkfk. Yfk``ukbbk
dhktrb
dhktrbsfp
sfpsa
sa ofr
ofrupb
upbdbk
dbk sblbm
sblbm sbtu
sbtu vbr
vbrabe
abelf
lf ybk`
ybk` ofo
ofopfk
pfk`br
`bruma
uma jfrtal
jfrtalatbs
atbs..
Dhkt
Dhktrb
rbsf
sfps
psaa efrbs
efrbsbl
bl cbra
cbra dbtb
dbtb dhkt
dhktrb
rb efrb
efrbrt
rtaa ofkn
ofknf`
f`bm
bm bt
btbu
bu of
oflb
lbwb
wbk,
k,
sfcbk`dbk dhksfpsa bcblbm pfrtfoubk bktbrb sfl tflur ybk` obtbk` cbk sfl
spfrob
spfrob ybk`
ybk` ofk
ofk`bd
`bdaeb
aebtdb
tdbkk dfm
dfmboa
boalbk
lbk.Ob
.Obdsu
dsucc cbra
cbra dhktrb
dhktrbsfp
sfpsa
sa bcblbm
bcblbm
ofk`makcbra btbu ofknf`bm tfrgbcakyb dfmboalbk sfeb`ba bdaebt pfrtfoubk
bktbrb sfl tflur ybk` obtbk` cfk`bk sfl spfrob tfrsfeut .

e. Sugubk pfobdbabk blbt dhktrbsfpsa mbrus cambybta, calbdsbkbdbk cblbo subtu

pfrfknbkbbk dflubr`b dfnal ybk` ebmb`ab cbk sfgbmtfrb ybk` ofrupbdbk subtu
usbmb, wuguc kybtb df`abtbk dflubr`b ybk` efrtbk``uk` gbwbe.
Ofth
Ofthcf
cf dhkt
dhktrb
rbsf
sfps
psaa of
ofla
lapu
puta
ta dhkt
dhktrb
rbsf
sfps
psaa hrbl
hrbl (pal
(pal pfk`
pfk`hk
hktr
trhl
hl
dfmboalbk),dhkcho cbk prfpbrbt ybk` ofk`mfktadbk btbu ofoeukum spfrob
pbcb sbbt efrsfktumbk (spfraoasacb-pbcb eusb vb`akb, drfo, gfl ), pfknbeutbk
sfef
sfeflu
luo
o fgbd
fgbdul
ulbs
bsa,a, cabj
cabjrb`
rb`ob
ob,, pfku
pfkutu
tupp lf
lfmf
mfrr rbm
rbmao
ao ,o
,ofth
fthcf
cf dblf
dblfkc
kcfr,
fr,
dhktrb
dhktrbsfp
sfpsa
sa aop
aoplbk
lbktbs
tbsa,a, dhk
dhktrbs
trbsfps
fpsaa suk
suktad
tadbk
bk cbk Blbt
Blbt Dhktrbs
Dhktrbsfps
fpsaa Cblbo
Cblbo
Ubmao (BDCU).

Dhktrbsfpsa cbpbt ca`ukbdbk hlfm pbsbk`bk suboa astra ybk` sfnbrb

jas
jasad
ad cbp
cbpbt
bt mbo
mboal
al cbk ofoala
ofoalada
da mue
mueuk
uk`bk
`bk sfds
sfds cfk
cfk`bk
`bk sfsfhr
sfsfhrbk`
bk` lbwbk
lbwbk
gfkaskyb kbouk tacbd ak`ak ofoalada ebya pbcb sbbt atu. ^ftflbm ofopflbgbra
tfktbk` df`ukbbk cbk efreb`ba ofthcf dhktrbsfpsa, sfsfhrbk` cbpbt ofoalam
ofthcf ybk` pblak` nhnhd.
n. Nbrb
Nbrb Dfrgb
Dfrgb Dh
Dhkt
ktrbs
rbsfp
fpsa
sa
Efrobnbo „obnbo tftbpa pbcb uouokyb ofopukyba juk`sa sfeb`ba
Efradut 7
2) Ofk`u
Ofk`usbm
sbmbdb
bdbkk b`br
b`br ttacb
acbdd tf
tfrgbc
rgbcaa hv
hvulb
ulbsa.
sa.

5) Oflu
Ofluop
opum
umdb
dbkk sspf
pfro
rob.
b.
>) Ofk`mb
Ofk`mblbk
lbk`a
`a pf
pfrtfo
rtfoubk
ubk ssfl
fl tfl
tflur
ur cf
cfk`b
k`bkk spf
spfrob
rob..
23
c. Obnbo-o
Obnbo-obnbo
bnbo Oft
Ofthcf
hcf Dhk
Dhktrbs
trbsfps
fpsaa
2) Mhrohkbl 7
Yal DE Yal aka efrasa mhrohk fstrh`fk cbk prh`fstfrhk. Caoakuo hlfm
wbkatb sfeb`ba hebt dhktrbsfpsa, ybk` casfcabdbk cblbo prh`rbo Dflubr`b
Efrfknbkb Kbsahkbl.

(b
(b)) Nbr
brbb dfrg
dfrgbb
(2) Ofk`mb
Ofk`mbsal
saldbk
dbk mhroh
mhrohkk fst
fstrh`
rh`fk
fk cbk prh`
prh`fst
fstfrh
frhkf
kf eub
eubtbk
tbk ybk`
nbrb dfrgbkyb ofkyfrupba mhrohk blboa ybk` caprhcudsa hlfm
tueum sftabp eulbk.
(5) Fstrh`fk
Fstrh`fk bdbk o
ofknf`
fknf`bm
bm prhcu
prhcudsa
dsa sfl tf
tflur
lur (hvuo)
(hvuo) cbra hvbrauo,
hvbrauo,
sfmak``b pfoeubmbk tacbd tfrgbca.
(>) Oaka pal eabsbkyb mbk
mbkyb
yb ofk`bk
ofk`bkcuk`
cuk` prh`fstfrhkf.
(3) Fjfdta
Fjfdtajatb
jatbss 11% uktu
uktudd pal dhoe
dhoeakb
akbsa
sa cbk =:% uktud oaka pal.
Dfuktuk`bk 7

(2) Ofk`urbk`a rfsadh dbkdfr utfrus, hvbrauo sfrtb rbcbk`

rbcbk` pbk``ul.
(5) Ofk`urbk`a
Ofk`urbk`a rfsadh prb ofkstru
ofkstrubsa,
bsa, gfrbwbt, pfrcbrbmbk,
pfrcbrbmbk, bkfoab,
bkfoab,
dastb hvbrauo, cbk kyfra pbyucbrb.
(>) ^adlus
^adlus ofkst
ofkstrubsa
rubsa lfeam
lfeam tfrbtu
tfrbtur.
r.
(3) Sacbd ofk``bk`
ofk``bk``u
`u bdtajat
bdtajatbs
bs sfdsubl.
sfdsubl.
cadhoeakbsa sbbt ofkyusua.
Oaka pal cbpbt cadhoeakbsa
(2)
(2) Dflf
Dflfob
obmb
mbkk Sacb
Sacbdd cabk
cabkgu
gurd
rdbk
bk uktu
uktudd wbka
wbkatb
tb ybk`
ybk` pfrk
pfrkbm
bm
ofkcfratb dbkdfr pbyucbrb btbu ofopuyba rfsadh pfk``uopblbk
cbrbm,
cbrbm, pfk
pfkybd
ybdat
at mbt
mbta,a, `ak
`akgbl
gbl,, pfrcbr
pfrcbrbmb
bmbkk utf
utfrus
rus tbkpb
tbkpb sfe
sfebe,
be,

wbkatb
wbkatb pfrh
pfrhdh
dhdd ca btbs
btbs >6 tbtbmu
muk,
k, cbk
cbk ybk`
ybk` sfcb
sfcbk`
k` cblb
cblbo
o
pfk`hebtbk tfrtfktu, pfkcfratb tfdbkbk cbrbm tak``a, cabeftfs,
oa`rbak, cfprfsa.
Fjfd sbopak`
(2)
(2) Gbrbk
Gbrbk`7
`7 `uop
`uopbl
blbk
bk cbrbm
cbrbm,, pfky
pfkybd
bdat
at mbta
mbta,, tf
tfdb
dbkb
kbkk cbrbm
cbrbm ta
tak`
k``a
`a,,
pfkybdat dbkcuk` fopfcu,
fopfcu, cbk oa`rbak.
(5) ^frak`7
^frak`7 oubl, kyfra pbyucbrb, pfrc
pfrcbrbmbk
brbmbk pbcb pfrtfk`bmbk
pfrtfk`bmbk sadlu
sadluss
ofkstrubsa cblbo efefrbpb eulbk pfrtbob, efrbt ebcbk kbad, kbjsu
obdbk ofkak`dbt, cfprfsa, sbdat dfpblb,cbk `bk``ubk dulat.
Nbrb pfk``ukbb
pfk``ukbbk
k 7 2 tbel
tbelft
ft sfta
sftabp
bp mbra
mbra sfl
flbo
bobb 52 mbra
mbra,, gb
gbk`
k`bk
bk
caoakuo wbdtu ofkstrubsa sflbob 0 mbra. @ukbdbk dhkcho btbu blbt
26
 pfknf`bm dfmboalbk lbak gadb bkcb lupb oakuo pal btbu sfcbk` cblbo
pfk`hebtbk cfk`bk bktaeahtaddb.
bktaeahtaddb.
Dhktrbakcadbsa
(2)
(2) Ofky
Ofkyus
usua
ua..
(5) Yfrkbm
Yfrkbm sbd
sbdat
at gbk
gbktuk
tuk`.
`.

(>)
(>) Suoh
Suohr/
r/df
df`b
`bkbs
kbsbk
bk..
(3) Dflbakbk
Dflbakbk gbktuk
gbktuk`,
`, vvbranfs
branfs cbk cbrbm tak``a.
tak``a.
(6) Oa`rba
Oa`rbakk (pusak
(pusak`` dfpblb
dfpblb mf
mfebt
ebt).
).
5) ^usud
^usud DE/Ao
DE/Aoplb
plbkt
kt Ca Akc
Akchk
hkfsa
fsab,
b, aoplbk
aoplbktt capfrd
capfrdfkb
fkbldb
ldbkk cfk`bk
cfk`bk kbob
DE susud btbu BDED (Blbt Dhktrbsfpsa Ebwbm Dulat ). Qbatu cfk`bk
ofkfopbtdbk ebmbk bdtaj stfrhac df cblbo sfeubm dbpsul salbstad ybk`
cbpbt oflfpbsdbk mhrohk sfnbrb pfrlbmbk-lbmbk.
(e) Nbrb dfrgb
dfrgb ^bob cfk`
cfk`bk
bk pal dfnu
dfnubla
bla susu
susudd catbkb
catbkbodbk
odbk ca cblbo
cblbo dula
dulat,t,
eabsbkyb ca lfk`bk btbs. Aoplbkt ofk`bkcuk` prh`fstfrhkf ybk` bdbk

tfrlfpbs sfnbrb pfrlbmbk-lbmbk ca cblbo tueum.

Fjfdtajatbs 7 11%
Dfuktuk`bk
(2)
(2) Sbmb
Sbmbkk sbop
sbopba
ba 6 tbm
tbmuk
uk bt
btbu
bu sbop
sbopba
ba ca
cabo
boea
eal.l. Dfsu
Dfsueu
eurb
rbkk bdbk
bdbk
dfoebl
dfoeblaa sf`
sf`frb
frb sft
sftflb
flbmm pfk`bk
pfk`bk`db
`dbtbk
tbk.. Yfknf`
Yfknf`bmb
bmbkk dfmboa
dfmboalbk
lbk
tfrgbca cblbo wbdtu 53 gbo sftflbm pfobsbk`bk.
(5) Oflakc
Oflakcuk`
uk`aa wbka
wbkatb
tb cbra dbk
dbkdfr
dfr rbm
rbmao.
ao.
(>) Bobk ca`uk
ca`ukbdbk
bdbk ssftflbm
ftflbm oflbmardbk
oflbmardbk cbk
cbk ofkyusu
ofkyusua.a.
(3) Sacbd ofk`
ofk``bk``
`bk``uu bd
bdtavat
tavatbs
bs ssfdsub
fdsubl.l.
Dflfobmbk
(2) Sacbd
Sacbd cab
cabkgu
kgurdb
rdbkk uktu
uktudd
(5)
(5) Yfkc
Yfkcfr
frat
atbb pfky
pfkybd
bdat
at mbta
mbta,, dbkd
dbkdfr
fr pbyu
pbyucb
cbrb
rb,, pfrc
pfrcbr
brbm
bmbk
bk tb
tbkp
kpbb
sfebe,
sfebe, pfk
pfk``u
``uopb
opblbk
lbk cbr
cbrbm,
bm, pfkcfr
pfkcfratb
atb tfdbkb
tfdbkbkk cbrbm
cbrbm tak
tak``a
``a,,
pfkybdat dbkcuk` fopfcu, dhlfstrhl tak``a, sadlus ofkstrubsa
tacbd tfrbtur, sbdat dfpblb, pfkybdat gbktuk`.
(>)
(>) Efef
Efefrb
rbpb
pb gfka
gfkass susu
susudd ybk`
ybk` tbop
tbopbd
bd cbra
cbra lu
lubr
br btbu
btbu tf
tfrb
rbsb
sb ea
ealb
lb
carbeb.
Fjfd sbopak` Yfkcbrbmbk

(2) ^adlus
^adlus ofks
ofkstru
trubsa
bsa lfeam pbkgb
pbkgbk`,
k`, rboeu
rboeutt rhkthd
rhkthd,, `barbm
`barbm sfdsu
sfdsubl
bl
turuk, gfrbwbt cbk cfprfsa.
2:
Dhktrbakcadbsa
(2)
(2) Casb
Casbk`
k`db
db mboa
mboal.l.
(5) Yfrcbr
Yfrcbrbmb
bmbkk `ak
`akfdh
fdhlh`
lh`ad
ad (pfrcb
(pfrcbrbm
rbmbk
bk oflblu
oflbluaa lab
labk`
k` sfk
sfk``b
``bob)
ob)
ybk` tacbd tbmu pfkyfebekyb.
(>)
(>) Suoh
Suohr/
r/df
df`b
`bkbs
kbsbk
bk..

(3) Yfkybdat
Yfkybdat gbk
gbktuk`
tuk`,, cbrbm tak``
tak``a,a, dfknak`
dfknak` o
obkas.
bkas.
(6)
(6) Ofky
Ofkyus
usua
ua..
^uktadbk DE Bcblbm hebt suktad ybk` efrasa prh`fstak, ca`ukbdbk
uktud dhktrbsfpsa wbkatb ybk` casfcabdbk bcblbm Cfph Yrhvfrb 269
o`, Khrastfrbt 599 o` cbk Cfphprh`fstak 269 o`.
Nbrb dfrgb (
(2) Ofknf`bm
Ofknf`bm lfp
lfpbskyb
bskyb ssfl
fl tflu
tflurr cbra aakcuk
kcuk`` tflu
tflurr wbkatb.
wbkatb.
(5) Ofk`fk
Ofk`fktbl
tbldbk
dbk lfkcf
lfkcfrr oul
oulut
ut rbmao,
rbmao, sfmak``b
sfmak``b spfrob/s
spfrob/sfl
fl gbktbk
gbktbk
tacbd cbpbt obsud df cblbo rbmao.

(>) Ofkapasdbk
Ofkapasdbk fk fkchoft
choftrauo,
rauo, sfma
sfmak``b
k``b tacbd
tacbd sabp uktud
uktud dfmboalbk.
dfmboalbk.
Fjfdtajatbs 7 11%.
Dfuktuk`bk
(2) Casuktad
Casuktad sftab
sftabpp ta`b eul
eulbk
bk sfdbla
sfdbla..
(5) Fjfdtaj,
Fjfdtaj, tbmbk lbob, oflakcuk`a
oflakcuk`a tfrmbcb
tfrmbcbpp dbkdfr rbmao.
(>)
(>) Bobk
Bobk ca`u
ca`ukb
kbdb
dbkk sftf
sftflb
lbmm oflb
oflbma
mard
rdbk
bk cbk
cbk sbbt
sbbt ofky
ofkyus
usua
ua..
Ofk`urbk`a drbo sbbt ofkyusua.
(3) Sacbd ofk``bk`
ofk``bk``u
`u bdtava
bdtavatbs
tbs sfdsub
sfdsubl.l.
(6) Cbpbt capbdba
capbdba sf`blb uour pbc
pbcbb obsb rfprhcu
rfprhcudsa.
dsa.

(:) Cbpbt capbdba

capbdba sf`fr
sf`frbb sftflbm df`
df`u`urb
u`urbk.
k.
(0) Ofoebktu
Ofoebktu ofk
ofknf`bm
nf`bm ddbkdfr
bkdfr Ub
Ubmao
mao
Dflfobmbk
Dfsueurbk
Dfsueurbk bdbk dfoe
dfoebla
bla sftflbm :-53 eulbk suktadbk
suktadbk tfrbdm
tfrbdmar.
ar.
Sacbd
Sacbd ehlfm
ehlfm ca`ukb
ca`ukbdbk
dbk hlfm
hlfm wbkatb
wbkatb ybk`
ybk` pfrkbm
pfrkbm ofk`bl
ofk`blboa
boa
pfoefdubk cbrbm, dbkdfr pbyucbrb, `bk``ubk mbta, pfrcbrbmbk
utfrus, wbkatb cfk`bk rawbybt dflubr`b dbkdfr pbyucbrb, mbsal
oboh`rbja
oboh`rbja bekhr
bekhrobl,
obl, sadlu
sadluss ofkstrubsa
ofkstrubsa tacbd tfrbtur,
tfrbtur, tfdbkbk
tfdbkbk
cbrbm tak``a, oa`rbak, bsob. Fpalfpsy, cabeftfs cbk cfprfsa.

Fjfd sbopak`

20
 ^adlus ofkstrubsa tacbd tfrbtur, `barbm sfdsubl ofkuruk, efrbt
ebcbk kbad, sbdat dfpblb, cfprfsa, dbkcuk`bk oakfrbl tulbk`
efrdurbk`.
Nbrb pfk``ukbbk
Yfkyuktadbk sftabp > eulbk hlfm chdtfr. Gadb ofk`ak`akdbk

mboal cblbo wbdtu 2-5 tbmuk,gbk`bk ofk``ukbdbk ofthcf aka.

Dhktrbakcadbsa
(2) Casbk`
Casbk`db
db mboa
mboal.l.
(5
(5)) Yfr
frccbr
brbm
bmbk
bk `akfd
akfdhhlh`a
lh`add (p
(pfr
frccbr
brbm
bmbk
bk ofl
flbl
bluua la
labk
bk``
sfk``bob) ybk` tacbd cadftbmua pfkyfebekyb.
(>) Suohr/df`b
Suohr/df`bkbsbk
kbsbk..
(3) Yfkybd
Yfkybdat
at gbk
gbktuk
tuk`,
`, mbt
mbta,a, cbrbm
cbrbm tak``
tak``a,a, dfknak
dfknak`` obk
obkas,
as, pbru-
pbru efrbt.
^parbl/AVC/
^parbl/AVC/BDCU
BDCU Blbt Dhktrbsfps
Dhktrbsfpsaa Cblbo Ubmao (BDCU)
btbu sparbl bcblbm blbt ybk` caeubt cbra plbstad mblus efrudurbk
dfnal. Bcb ybk` efrefktud sparbl sbgb, efktud S cbk sfpfrta dapbs
ybk` eb`abk ebtbk`kyb calalata tfoeb`b, cbk ybk` tfrsfcab bcblbm
Lappfs Lhhp typf E, N, cbk C, Nhppfr S 599 E, Oultalhbc Nu
569. Cblbo tbmbp uga dlakad bcblbm Nhppfr S>=9 B cbk Oultalhbc
Nu >06.
Nbrb
Nbrb dfrg
dfrgbb Ofkn
Ofknf`
f`bm
bm dfmb
dfmboa
oalb
lbkk cfk`
cfk`bk
bk ofop
ofopfk
fk`b
`bru
ruma
ma
pfr`frbdbk spfrob btbu aoplbktbsa sfl tflur ybk` tflbm caeubma
cblbo cakcak`
cakcak` rbmao
rbmao.. Bcb 5 gfkas AVC ybatu efrasa prh`fstfrhk
prh`fstfrhkff

cbk efrasa
efrasa tfoeb`
tfoeb`bb efrefktu
efrefktudd S. Fjfdtajatbs
Fjfdtajatbs (2) AVC efktud
efktud S 7
11%. AVC prh`fstfrhkf 7 10%.
Dfuktuk`bk
(2) Ofoeutumd
Ofoeutumdbk
bk sfcad
sfcadatat pfrmbt
pfrmbtabk
abk (mbkyb
(mbkyb pfofradsbb
pfofradsbbkk efkbk`
sftabp eulbk.
(5) Dfsueurbk
Dfsueurbk bkcb sf`frb
sf`frb dfoebl
dfoeblaa sftfl
sftflbm
bm oflfpbs
oflfpbs AVC.
AVC.
(>)
(>) Sacb
Sacbdd of
ofk`
k``b
`bk`
k``u
`u bdta
bdtaja
jatbs
tbs sfds
sfdsub
ubll cbk
cbk bo
bobk
bk ca
ca`u
`ukb
kbdb
dbkk
sflbob ofkyusua.
(3)
(3) AVC
AVC efkt
efktud
ud S mbky
mbkybb pfrl
pfrluu ca
ca`b
`bkt
ktaa cblb
cblbo
o wbdt
wbdtuu 29 tbmuk
tbmuk,,

AVC prh`fstfrhkf sfebadkyb ca`bkta sftbmuk sfdbla.

(6
(6)) Dflfo
flfobm
bmbk
bk
2=
 (:) Sacbd
Sacbd cabkg
cabkgurdbk
urdbk eeb`a
b`a wbk
wbkatb
atb ybk
ybk`` efluo
efluo pfrkbm
pfrkbm oflbmardbk
oflbmardbk
btbu obsam ofk`mbrbpdbk bkbd, wbkatb ybk` sfrak` efr`bkta
pbsbk`bk, pfrkbm ofkcfratb rbcbk` pbk``ul, btbu dfmboalbk
tueb.
(0) Cbpbt
Cbpbt dflubr
dflubr cf
cfk`b
k`bkk sfkc
sfkcara
arakyb
kyb..
Fj
Fjfd
fd sbop
sbopakak`` Dr
Drbo
bo,, sbda
sbdatt puk`
puk``u
`uk`
k`,, ta
taoe
oeul
ul efrn
efrnbd
bd cbrb
cbrbm,
m,
ofks
of kstr
trub
ubsa
sa efrb
efrbt,
t, of
ofka
kak`
k`dbdbtk
tkyb
yb rf
rfsa
sadh
dh rbrbcb
cbk`
k` pbk`
pbk``u
`ul,
l,
dfmboalbk tueb, cbk ofkgbca tacbd sueur.
Nbrb
Nbrb pfk`
pfk``u
`ukb
kbbk
bk Blbt
Blbt ak
akaa mbru
mbruss ca
caob
obsu
sudd
ddbk
bk hl
hlfm
fm chdt
chdtfr.
fr.
Eabsbkyb pbcb sbbt ofkstrubsa. Efkbk` AVC mbrus chpfradsb
sftabp dbla ofkstrubsa sflfsba.

Dhktrbakcadbsa

(2)
(2) Mboa
Mboal/l/ca
cacu
cu`b
`b mbo
mboalal..
(5)
(5) Akjfd
Akjfdsa
sa pbk`
pbk``u
`ul.l.
(>) Lfnft/
Lfnft/frh
frhsa
sa lfmfr rbmao/
rbmao/nfrv
nfrvads
ads..
(3) Canura
Canura`ba
`ba bcb dbk
dbkdfr
dfr rbmao.
rbmao.
(6) Yfrcbr
Yfrcbrbmb
bmbkk ``akf
akfdhl
dhlh`a
h`ad.
d.
(:) Yfrcbr
Yfrcbrbmb
bmbkk mba
mbacc yb
ybk`
k` mmfeb
febt.t.
(0
(0)) Dflba
flbakkbk rb
rbmmao cbk gb
gbra
rakk`bk
`bk pbr
bruut ybk`
bk` of
ofkkyula
yulatd
tdbk
bk
pfobsbk`bk. Yfrkbm mboal ca lubr dbkcuk`bk.
dbkcuk`bk.
Vktu
Vktudd BD
BDCU
CU efrt
efrtfo
foeb
eb`b
`b,, ta
tacb
cbdd ehlf
ehlfmm blf
blfr`
r`aa tf
tfoe
oeb`
b`bb cbk
cbk
pfkybdat Palshk.
b. Kh
Khkk Mh
Mhro
rohhkbl
kbl
Dhkcho ^blbm sbtu blbt dhktrbsfpsa tfreubt cbra
dbrft/lbtfds,efrefktud tbeuk` tacbd tfoeus nbarbk caobkb sblbm
sbtu
sbtu uguk
uguk`k
`kyb
yb tfrt
tfrtut
utup
up rbpb
rbpbtt cbk
cbk ca
calf
lfk`
k`db
dbpa
pa dbkt
dbktuk
uk`` uktu
uktudd
ofkbopuk` spfrob.
Nbrb Yfk``ukbbk.
Yb
Ybsb
sbkk` dhkch
hkcho
o sfefl
fefluo
uo dhkt
dhktbd
bd `fk
`fkat
atbl
bl uktu
uktudd
ofknf`bm obsudkyb spfrob / eaeat pfkybdat df cblbo vb`akb

( btbu
btbu sfeb
sfebla
ladk
dkyb
yb).
). @u
@ukb
kbdb
dbkk dhkc
dhkcho
ho ybk`
ybk` ebru
ebru sfta
sftabp
bp dbla
dbla
sfk``bob.
21
Fjfdtavatbs. 1= %
Dfuktuk`bk 7
(2) Cbpbt
Cbpbt ofknf`
ofknf`bm
bm pfkybd
pfkybdat
at dfl
dflboa
boak.
k.
(5) Ourbm
Ourbm,ou
,oucbm
cbm ca cbp
cbpbt
bt
(>) Oucbm
Oucbm cap
capbdb
bdbaa sfkc
sfkcara
ara..
Fjfd ^bopak`.
(2) Blfr`a
Blfr`a tfr
tfrmbc
mbcbp
bp dbr
dbrft.
ft.
(5) ^tfrala
^tfralasbs
sbsaa wbk
wbkatb/
atb/Su
Suefd
efdtho
thoaa ^tfrala
^tfralasbs
sbsaa calbdu
calbdudbk
dbk cfk
cfk`bk
`bk
pfohthk`bk/pfk`adbtbk dfcub sblurbk tflur. Ofthcf aka
calbybka btbs pfroaktbbk pbrb pfsfrtb DE ybk` efroakbt.
Yflbd
flbdsb
sbkkbb
bbkk kyb
kyb calb
calbddudbk
udbk hlf
lfmm chdtf
hdtfrr ybk`
bk` tf
tflb
lbmm
ofkcbpbtdbk pfkcacadbk cbk lbtambk.
(>)
(>) Nbrb
Nbrb dfrg
dfrgbb Su
Sueb
eb jb
jbll
llhp
hpaa (pfo
(pfoeb
ebwb
wb sfl
sfl tf
tflu
lurr df rbmao)
rbmao)
caphthk` cbk caadbt cfk`bk tfmkad ybk` casfeut dbutfr,
btbu cfk`bk pfobsbk`bk dlfp btbu naknak salbstad.
Fjfdtajatbs 7 11%.
Dfuktuk`bk
(2) Bobk eb`a
eb`a df
dfsfmbt
sfmbtbk
bk sftflbm
sftflbm prhsfcur
prhsfcur calbd
calbdudbk.
udbk.
(5) Sacbd ofk`
ofk``bk``
`bk``uu mmueuk
ueuk`bk
`bk aktao
aktao..
(>
(>)) Dflf
Dflfob
obmmbk
(3) Ofofrl
Ofofrludb
udbkk hp
hpfrbs
frbsaa efc
efcbm.
bm.
(6) Yrhsfcur aka mbkyb uktud pbsb
bsbk`bk ybk` sucbm
ofoutusdbk uktud tacbd bdbk pukyb bkbd lb`a.
(:) Yrhsfcur
Yrhsfcur hp
hpfrbsa
frbsa Of
Ofrupbd
rupbdbk
bk hpfrbsa
hpfrbsa df
dfnal
nal oflbl
oflblua
ua arasbk
arasbk
dfnal ca eb`abk pusbr. Cfk`bk ebktubk blbt lbpbrhsdhpa
(blbt
(blbt uktu
uktudd of
ofof
ofrad
radsb
sb eb`a
eb`abk
bk pfru
pfrut)
t).. Bl
Blbt
bt ak
akaa bdbk
bdbk
ofohthk` cbk ofk`adbt tueb jbllhpa, btbu cfk`bk tfmkad
dbutfr.
dbutfr. Eab
Eabsbk
sbkyb
yb calbdu
calbdudbk
dbk efrsbo
efrsbobb cfk`bk
cfk`bk hpfrbs
hpfrbsaa
sfsbr cfk`bk pfrsftugubk pbsbk`bk.
Dhktrbakcadbsa
(2) Yfkcfr
Yfkcfratb
atb cfk`bk
cfk`bk pfk
pfkybd
ybdat
at gbkt
gbktuk`
uk`..
(5) Yfkcfratb
Yfkcfratb cfk`
cfk`bk
bk pfkyb
pfkybdat
dat pbru-p
pbru-pbru.
bru.

(>)
(>) Mfrk
Mfrkab
ab ca
cabj
bjrb`
rb`oa
oad.
d.
(3) Yfrkbm hpfrbsa
hpfrbsa pf
pfrut
rut cb
cbkk ebk
ebkybd
ybd ppfrlfdbt
frlfdbtbk.
bk.
59
 (6)
(6) Yfra
Yfrath
thka
kata
tass bdu
bdut.t.
(:) Efrbt
Efrbt eb
ebcbk
cbk tacb
tacbdd lfe
lfeam
am cbra
cbra 09 d`.
d`.
0. Ofrh
Ofrhdh
dhdd
b) Yf
Yfrk
rk`f
`frt
rtab
abkk Of
Ofrh
rhdh
dhdd
Yfk`
Yfk`fr
frta
tabk
bk Uh
Uhdh
dhdd Uh
Uhdh
dhdd tf
tfre
reub
ubtt cbra
cbra dfrt
dfrtbs
bs efre
efrefk
fktu
tudd sala
salakc
kcfr
fr
efrcaboftfr 29 oo cfk`bk pbkgbk` bktbrb 09 mak``b 259 oo ybk` efrasa
nbnbmbk cbuk tfoebdbu . Uhdhd sbk`bt efrebmbyb eb`a dfsfmbtbk dbrfkb
ofk`
ofk`bk
bkcu
cuk`
k` sfda
sfdatb
tbrr 3999
3999 ebmb
ebmbkk da
daoa
oabb cbk
cbk :1 ca
cabk
bktb
tbrb
rbky
kybb efrs
efrsaj
ajbt
bt
dbrsakh`fkad ybk` cbpbt ofkyfebedbk dbkdfr sfpfrta tbr, kadhtak, cbk dbrehk
ohkhdsacb (^ftaybkth, 592>). ^fnbrb uouo tfrcbpbt cub obnbo pfrhdhd,
ybatu pfrhdhd bdtaj cbk pfrhdhd pbsaj. Yfrhdhd bdtaj ofrupbdbk hrbk` ybk`
ofrhdhd cbk ofk`marup lbk`suk` bsbp tfoebdbu. Yfrhdhd pbsaj bcblbm hrbk`
ybk` sfnbrb tacbd lbk`suk` ofk`marup bsbp rhdhd. ofoefcbdbk pfrhdhd
efrcbsbrdbk guolbm dhksuosa, bktbrb lbak pfrhdhd rak`bk (2-29 ebtbk` pfr
mb
mbra
ra),
), pfrh
pfrhdh
dhdd sfcb
sfcbk`
k` (22-
(22-5>
5> ebtb
ebtbk`
k` pfr
pfr mbra
mbra),
), cbk
cbk pfrh
pfrhdh
dhdd efrbt
efrbt ybk`
ybk`
ofrhdhd 53 ebtbk` btbu lfeam cblbo sfmbra.(Khjaybca, 5959)
e) Gfkas Uhdhd Uhdhd caefcbdbk ofkgbca efefrbpb gfkas. Yfoefcbbk aka
cacbsbrdbk btbs ebmbk pfoeuk`dus rhdhd, ebmbk ebdu btbu asa rhdhd, prhsfs
pfoeubtbk rhdhd, cbk pfk``ukbbk jaltfr pbcb rhdhd. Uhdhd efrcbsbrdbk
ebmbk ebdu btbu asa.
(2) Uhdh
Uhdhdd Yutam7 rhdhd ybk` ebmbk
ebmbk ebdu btbu asakyb mbkyb cbuk tfoebd
tfoebdbu
bu
ybk` caefra sbusuktud ofkcbpbtdbk fjfd rbsb cbk brhob tfrtfktu.
(5) Uhdh
Uhdhdd Drftfd7 rhdhd ybk`
ybk` ebmbk ebdu btbu asakyb efrup
efrupbb cbuk tfoebdbu
cbk nfk`dfmybk` caefra sbus uktud ofkcbpbtdbk fjfd rbsb cbk brhob
tfrtfktu.
(>) Uh
Uhdh
dhdd Dlfo
Dlfoeb
ebd7
d7 rhdh
rhdhdd ybk`
ybk` ebmb
ebmbkk ebdu
ebdu bt
btbu
bu as
asak
akyb
yb efru
efrupb
pb cbuk
cbuk
tfoebdbu, nfk`dfm, cbk dfofkybk ybk` caefra sbus uktud ofkcbpbtdbk
fjfd rbsb cbk brhob tfrtfktu (Khjaybca, 5959).
n) Dl
Dlbs
bsaja
ajadb
dbsa
sa Yfrh
Yfrhdh
dhdd
(2) Efrbt ofk`mbea
ofk`mbeasbdbk
sbdbk oa
oakaobl
kaobl 26 rh
rhdhd
dhd pfr mbra
mbra 5. ^fcbk`
^fcbk` ofrhdhd
ofrhdhd 6 -23
ebtbk` pfrmbra
(5) Uak`bk
Uak`bk of
ofrhd
rhdhd
hd 2-3 eebtb
btbk`
k` pfrmbr
pfrmbraa
c) Dbkcuk`bk
Dbkcuk`bk Efreb
Efrebmbyb
mbyb Cblbo
Cblbo U
Uhdhd
hdhd cbk Cbopbd
Cbopbdkyb
kyb

52
 Wbt utbob ybk` tfrdbkcuk` cblbo rhdhd bcblbm rbnuk. Ubnuk utbob
pbcb rhdhd bcblbm sfpfrta 7
(2) Sbr Sbr bcblbm suestbk
suestbksa
sa macrhd
macrhdbrehk
brehk ybk
ybk`` efrsajbt
efrsajbt lfk`dft cbk ofkfopfl
ofkfopfl
pbcb pbru-pbru.
(5
(5)) Kadh
Kadhta
takk bcbl
bcblbm
bm zbt
zbt bcad
bcadta
tajj ybk`
ybk` of
ofop
opfk
fk`b
`bru
ruma
ma sybrb
sybrbjj cbk
cbk pfrfc
pfrfcbrb
brbkk
cbrbm.
(>
(>)) Dbre
Dbrehk
hk Oh
Ohkh
khds
dsac
acbb
Dbrsakh`fk(zbt pfoanu dbkdfr), cbk obopu ofoanu dbkdfr pbru-pbru
ybk` ofobtadbk.
ofobtadbk. Dbrehk ohkhdsac
ohkhdsacbb bcblbm zbt ybk` ofk`adbt
ofk`adbt sfl cbrbm
ofrbm
ofrbm cbl
cblbo
bo cbrbm,
cbrbm, ofo
ofoeub
eubtt cbr
cbrbm
bm tacbd
tacbd obopu
obopu ofk
ofk`ad
`adbt
bt hdsa`
hdsa`fk.
fk.
Yfkflatabk tfrmbcbp 2.5:> pbsafk dbkdfr pbru-pbru ybk` tacbd pfrkbm
ofrhdhd, tfrlambt ebmwb ofrfdb ybk` ofkgbca pfrhdhd pbsaj ca ruobm
bdbk ofkak`dbtdbk
ofkak`dbtdbk rasadh dbkd
dbkdfr
fr pbru-pbru
pbru-pbru mak``b 2=%. Bpbea
Bpbealb
lb mbl aka
tfrgbca cblbo wbdtu ybk` nudup lbob, ybatu >9 tbmuk lfeam, rasadhkyb
ofkak`dbt ofkgbca 5>%. Ealb ofkgbca pfrhdhd pbsaj ca lak`duk`bk dfrgb
btbu dfmacupbk shsabl, rasadh dbkdfr pbrupbru bdbk ofkak`dbt ofkgbca
2:%
2:% sfcb
sfcbk`
k` ealb
ealb efrl
efrlbk
bk`s
`suk
uk`` lb
lbob
ob,, ma
mak`
k``b
`b 59 tb
tbmu
mukk lf
lfea
eam,
m, bdbk
bdbk
ofkak`dbt lb`a rasadhkyb ofkgbca 50%. Yfrhdhd bdtaj ouk`dak ofkadobta
sfebtbk` rhdhd ybk` ofrfdb masbp.Kbouk, tbkpb ca sbcbra ofrfdb tflbm
ofrusbd cara ofrfdb sfkcara, tfrlfeam hrbk` ca sfdatbr ofrfdb ybk` ofrfdb
naktba efrbcb ca cfdbt pfrhdhd bdtaj atu sfkcara. (Uasdfscbs, 592>).
Bsbp rhdhd tfrsfeut bdbk ofkgbca pfkybdat ybk` lfeam efrebmbyb
dftadb ca masbp hlfm pfrhdhd pbsaj ca sfdatbr pfrhdhd bdtaj tfrsfeut. :6 gutb
hrbk` akchkfsab
akchkfsab bcblbm pfrhd
pfrhdhd
hd bdtaj. Obdb cbpbt ca ebybk`dbk,
ebybk`dbk, bpbealb
bpbealb
sfhrbk` pfrhdhd bdtaj ofrhdhd ca cfdbt 5 btbu > hrbk` ybk` tacbd
ofrhdh
ofrhdhd,
d, ca tfo
tfopbt
pbt uo
uouo.
uo. 2205
2205 hrbk`
hrbk` akchkf
akchkfsab
sab ofkak`
ofkak``bl
`bl bdaebt
bdaebt
pfkybdat ybk` casfebedbk hlfm dfeabsbbk ofrhdhd btbu 3= hrbk` pfr gbo.
Obdb cbpbt ca ebybk`dbk, tfrkybtb pfrhdhd pbsaj ofoalada guolbm ybk`
lfeam ebkybd cbk ebkybd pfkybdat efrebmbyb ybk` gu`b ofk`mbktuakyb.
Cblbo sbtu ebtbk` rhdhd ofk`bkcuk` sfdatbr 0.999 zbt daoab, 599
gfkas cabktbrbkyb efrsajbt dbrsakh`fkad, ybatu zbt ybk` ofrusbd `fk cblbo
tueum sfmak``b ofoanu tfrgbcakyb dbkdfr, sfpfrta dbkdfr pbru, fojasfob,
cbk erhkdatas drhkad. Btbu gu`b dbkdfr lbak, sfpfrta dbkdfr kbshjbrak`s,
oulu
ou lut,
t, fshj
fshjb`
b`us
us,, pbkd
pbkdrf
rfbs
bs,, `a
`akg
kgbl
bl,, dbkc
dbkcuk
uk`` dfoa
dfoam,
m, cbk
cbk rb
rbma
mao.
o.
55
 Btfrhs
Btfrhsdlf
dlfrhs
rhsas
as btb
btbuu pbk
pbk`fr
`frbsb
bsbkk pfoeu
pfoeulum
lum cbr
cbrbm
bm eas
easbb ofkyfe
ofkyfebed
bedbk
bk
pfkybdat gbktuk`, mapfrtfksa, rasadh strhdf, ofkhpbusf caka, hstfhphrhsas,
dfobkculbk, cbk aophtfksa. (Cfpdfs UA, 5922)
f) Jbdthr
Jbdthr Qbk`
Qbk` O
Ofky
fkyfeb
febedb
edbkk Hrb
Hrbk`
k` Ofrhd
Ofrhdhd
hd
(2) Yfk`brum
Yfk`brum tfob
tfobk,
k, Efreb`
Efreb`ba
ba jbdtb ofk`
ofk`uk`d
uk`dbpdbk
bpdbk eb
ebmwb
mwb sfo
sfobdak
bdak ebkybd
ebkybd
rfobgb ofr
rfobgb ofrhdh
hdhdd obd
obdbb sfo
sfobda
bdakk efsbr
efsbr dfouk
dfouk`da
`dakbk
kbk tfobk-t
tfobk-tfob
fobkky
kkybb
bcblbm pfrhdhd gu`b cbk cfoadabk sfebladkyb. n. Jbdthr dfpraebcabk,
Hrbk
Hrbk`` of
ofkn
knhe
hebb uktu
uktudd of
ofrh
rhdh
dhdd dbrfk
dbrfkbb bl
blbs
bsbk
bk ak
ak`a
`akk tbmu
tbmu bt
btbu
bu ak
ak`a
`akk
oflfpbsdbk cara cbra rbsb sbdat cbk dfehsbkbk.
(5
(5)) Yf
Yfk`
k`br
brum
um adlb
adlbk,
k, Ofla
Oflamb
mbtt adlb
adlbkk ca ofca
ofcabb obs
obssb cbk
cbk fl
flfd
fdtr
trhk
hkad
ad ybk`
ybk`
ofkbopaldbk `boebrbk ebmwb pfrhdhd bcblbm lboeak` dfgbktbkbk btbu
`lbohu
`lbohur,
r, ofo
ofoeub
eubtt rfo
rfobgb
bgb sfrak`
sfrak`dbl
dblaa efrdfa
efrdfak`a
k`akbk
kbk ukt
uktud
ud ofk
ofk`ad
`aduta
uta
pfralbdu sfpfrta ybk` bcb cblbo adlbk tfrsfeut. (Qusbktbrbputrb,
(Qusbktbrbputrb, 592>).

j) Yf
Yfkknf
nf``bmbk
bmbk rrhhdhd
dhd
(2) Sbreay
Sbreaybm
bm (pf(pfkca
kcacad
cadbk)
bk) dfaobk
dfaobkbk
bk ybk
ybk`` suk``
suk``um-
um-suk
suk``u
``umm ukt
uktud
ud sft
sftabp
abp
akcavacu obsybrbdbt.
(5) Bcbkyb
Bcbkyb sadbp
sadbp cbk tflbcb
tflbcbkk ybk
ybk`` ebad sbbt ca ruobm,
ruobm, casfdh
casfdhlbm
lbm obup
obupuk
uk
lak`duk`bk lbakkyb.
(>) Oflbrbk
Oflbrbk`` pbrb `uru cbk chsf
chsfkk uktud ofr
ofrhdh
hdhdd cacfp
cacfpbk
bk pbrb ourac
ourac btbu
obmbsaswb Yfkfrbk`bk ybk` `fknbr, shsablasbsa cfk`bk aktfksaj tfktbk`
ebmbyb ofrhdhd. Ofoefradbk efebk pbgbd ybk` tak``a tfrmbcbp efreb`ba
gfkas rhdhd b`br easb ofk`urbk`a
ofk`urbk`a dhksuosa rhdhd
rhdhd..
(3
(3)) Oflbr
Oflbrbk
bk`` bdta
bdtaja
jatbs
tbs of
ofrh
rhdh
dhdd catf
catfop
opbt
bt dfrg
dfrgb,
b, st
stbs
bsau
auk,
k, ebkc
ebkcbrb
brb,, tf
tfop
opbt
bt
obdbk, ruobm sbdat, mbltf cbk tfopbt-tfopbt uouo lbakkyb ybk` ebkybd
cadukguk`a hrbk`-hrbk`.
(6) Ofkyfe
Ofkyfebrd
brdbk
bk jbtwb hlfm pbrb ulbob ybk` ofkgflbs
ofkgflbsdbk
dbk tfktbk`
tfktbk` mbrbo
bdtajatbs ofrhdhd. m. Ofkyfebrdbk kbsambt cbk pfrak`btbk hlfm chdtfr
bdbk ebmbyb rhdhd eb`a dfsfmbtbk.
(:) Yfrak`
Yfrak`btbk
btbk ofk`fkb
ofk`fkbaa ebm
ebmbyb
byb ofrhd
ofrhdhd
hd cblbo nfrbob
nfrbobm,
m, dmute
dmutebm
bm cbk lbak
sfeb`b
sfeb`baky
akybb Ofk
Ofkfou
foudbk
dbk Hebt btbu bpbp
bpu
uk ybk` easb ofk`btbsa

dftfr`bktuk`bk sfsfhrbk` dfpbcb rhdhd

0. Yfkbtblb
Yfkbtblbdsbb
dsbbk
k dbsus
dbsus pfrfknbk
pfrfknbkbbk
bbk Dfmboalbk
Dfmboalbk ^fmbt
^fmbt cfk`bk
cfk`bk efreb`ba
efreb`ba Vpbyb
Vpbyb
ofkurut Ufjfrfksa efefrbpb gurkbl cbk efrcbsbrdbk
efrcbsbrdbk FEO

5>
 b. Mueuk`bk
Mueuk`bk Bktbrb
Bktbrb Dhksuo
Dhksuosa
sa Wbt
Wbt Efsa
Efsa Cfk`bk
Cfk`bk Dbcbr
Dbcbr Mfoh`l
Mfoh`lheak
heak Ybcb
Pbkatb Vsab ^ueur (Pus) Ca Palbybm Dfrgb Yusdfsobs Ybum Dfnbobtbk
Ybrabobk Sfk`bm Dhtb Ybrabobk
Ofku
Ofkuru
rutt pfkf
pfkfla
lata
tabk
bk cbra
cbra (B
(Bec
ecul
ullb
lbmm bkc
bkc Bkas
Bkassb
sb,, 592=
592=)) Bkfo
Bkfoab
ab
ofopfk`bruma pfk`bk`dutbk hdsa`fk sfmak``b cbopbd ybk` tfrlambt bcblbm
ofkurukky
ofkuru kkybb prh
prhcud
cudtav
tavatb
atbss dfr
dfrgb
gb cbk tfr
tfr`bk
`bk``
``uky
ukybb bdtava
bdtavatbs
tbs jas
jasad
ad dbrfkb
dbrfkb
dhkcasa ebcbk ybk` oucbm lflbm, oucbm pusak`, oucbm ofk`bktud, cbk
dhksfktrbsa ofkuruk. ^flbak atu, bkfoab `aza dbrfkb cfjasafksa oadrhkutrafk
cbpbt ofkurukdbk cbyb tbmbk tueum sfmak``b hrbk` ybk` bkfoab lfeam oucbm
sbdat
sbdat dbr
dbrfkb
fkb efr
efrb`b
b`bo
o zbt `az
`azaa ybk
ybk`` ca`uk
ca`ukbdb
bdbkk hlf
hlfmm tueum
tueum ukt
uktud
ud sak
saktfs
tfsas
as
mfoh`lheak gu`b ca`ukbdbk uktud ofoefktud aoukatbs tueum.
Mbsal cbra pfkflatabk aka ofkukgudbk ofkukguddbk ebmwb pbcb suegfd
ybk` ofoalada dbcbr mfoh`lheak khrobl cfk`bk dhksuosa zbt efsa nudup
sfefsb
sfefsbrr 299
299%,
%, sfc
sfcbk`
bk`dbk
dbk pbc
pbcbb sue
suegfd
gfd ybk
ybk`` ofo
ofoala
alada
da dbcbr
dbcbr mfoh`l
mfoh`lhea
heakk
khrobl cfk`bk dhksuosa zbt efsa durbk` sfefsbr 61,91%. Mbsal uga stbtastad
cfk`bk ofk``ukbdbk uga jasmfr fxbnt capfrhlfm kalba p ? 9,99> efrbrta bcb
mueuk`bk bktbrb dhksuosa efsa cfk`bk dbcbr mfoh`lheak. Dftacbdnudupbk
bsupbk obdbkbk suoefr zbt efsa pbcb wbkatb usab sueur cbpbt casfebedbk
dbrfkb rfkcbmkyb tak`dbt pfkcbpbtbk dflubr`b btbu cbyb efla, pfk`ftbmubk
`aza ybk` rfkcbm, pfralbdu obdbk ybk` sblbm cbk durbk`kyb dhoeakbsa cbra
obdbkbk ybk` cadhksuosa cbk sblbm sbtu pfkyfebe lbakkyb bcblbm dbrfkb
suegfd
suegfd cfk`bk dfeabsbbk oakuo tfm sbbt obdbk
obdbk,, dbrfkb
dbrfkb tfm sblbm sbtu jhdthr
jhdthr
ybk` cbpbt ofk`mboebt pfkyfrbpbk zbt efsa cblbo tueum.
^fmak``b Casbrbkdbk dfpbcb sftabp Pbkatb Vsab ^ueur (PV^) b`br
cbpbt ofkak`dbtdbk bsupbk obdbkbk sfsuba cfk`bk bk`db dfnudupbk `aza
(BD@), sfrtb ofopfrmbtadbk ebmbk obdbkbk ybk` cadhksuosa tfrutbob ybk`
ofk`bkcuk` zbt `aza ybk` sfsuba cbk efrobkjbbt eb`a dfsfmbtbk tueum. Vktud
pftu`bs dfsfmbtbk ybk` efdfrgb ca walbybm dfrgb Yusdfsobs Ybum Ybabobk,
b`br cbpbt ofoefradbk pfkyulumbk tfktbk` dhksuosa obdbkbk ybatu zbt efsa
sfsuba cfk`bk dfeutumbk Pbkatb Vsab ^ueur (PV^).
e. Ofku
Ofkuru
rukd
kdbk
bk Efrb
Efrbtt Ebcb
Ebcbk
k Ybcb
Ybcb Pbka
Pbkatb
tb Vsab
Vsab ^ueu
^ueurr (Pus
(Pus)) Oflb
Oflblu
luaa ^fkb
^fkbo
o
Bfrhead Ca Cfsb Nadhkfk` Dfnbobtbk ^udbmbga Dbeupbtfk Obgblfk`db

Ofkurut pfkfl
Ofkurut pfkflatabk
atabk cbra (Kurmb
(Kurmbybta,
ybta, ^usbkth bkc Obgblf
Obgblfk`db,
k`db, 5952) Efrbt
ebcbk bcblbm udurbk tueum cblbo sasa efrbtkyb ybk` cataoebk` cblbo dfbcbbk
53
 efrpbdbabk oakaobl tbkpb pfrlfk`dbpbk bpbpuk. Efrbt
Efrb t ebcbk caudur cfk`bk blbt udur
efrbt ebcbk cfk`bk sbtubk dalh`rbo gadb efrbt ebcbk efrlfeambk cbk ofkurut
Efrcbsbrdbk
Efrcbsbrdbk pfkflatabk
pfkflatabk ybk` calbdud
calbdudbk
bk hlfm Chdtfr ^pfsablas
^pfsablas He`yk aka, nadbl ebdbl
cbra YNH^ bcb pbcb dhkcasa usus pfkcfratb ybk` cabdaebtdbk dbrfkb df`foudbk btbu
df
dflf
lfea
eamb
mbkk efrb
efrbtt ebcb
ebcbk.
k. Catfo
Catfoud
udbk
bk cblb
cblbo
o usus
usus wb
wbka
katb
tb cfk`
cfk`bk
bk YNH^
YNH^ tf
tfrc
rcbp
bpbt
bt
`bk``ubk rfsastfksa aksulak btbu dfpfdbbk tfrmbcbp mhrohk aksulak. Ufsastfksa aksulak
akalbm ybk` ofopfk`bruma dfsfaoebk`bk mhrohk rfprhcudsa. Cfk`bk ofk`ftbmua
efrbt ebcbk sfsfhrbk` obdb datb bdbk cbpbt ofopfrdarbdbk tak`dbt dfsfmbtbk btbu
`aza. Efefrbpb nbrb uktud ofk`btbsa hefsatbs bktbrb lbak cfk`bk efrhlbmrb`b, caft cbk
ofkg
ofkgb`
b`bb phlb
phlb ob
obdb
dbk.
k. Lb
Lbta
tamb
mbkk jasa
jasadd gbum
gbum lf
lfea
eamm ebad
ebad ofku
ofkuru
rukd
kdbk
bk efrb
efrbtt ebcb
ebcbkk
caebkcak`dbk cfk`bk cub aktfrvfksa lbak. Dfuktuk`bk lbak cbra lbtambk jasad tfrlambt
pbcb sfkbo bfrhead sflbob 29-26 ofkat > dbla sfoak``u ybk` cbpbt ofk`fkcbladbk
tfdbkbk cbrbm cbk lfobd cbrbm.
Mbsal Df`abtbk sfkbo bfrhead cbk pfkyulumbk dfsfmbtbk efrupb pfralbdu
ma
macu
cupp sfmb
sfmbt,
t, obkj
obkjbb
bbtt of
oflb
lbdu
dudb
dbkk hlbm
hlbmrb
rb`b
`b sfnb
sfnbrb
rb efrd
efrdfs
fsak
akbo
boeu
euk`
k`bk
bk cbpb
cbpbtt
ofkak`dbtdbk aoukatbs tueum. Hlbmrb`b cfk`bk sfkbo bfrhead tfr`hlhk` hlbmrb`b
ybk` oucbm calbdudbk, pfkbk`bkbk cbk, sfrtb bsupbk `aza ybk` ebad uktud dfsfmbtbk
tueum. Yflbdsbkbbk df`abtbk aka ofkcbpbt rfsphk ybk` ebad cbra thdhm b`bob, thdhm
obsybrbdbt, rfobgb cbk obsybrbdbt sfkcara sfrtb pfofraktbmbk sftfopbt. Bktusabs
obsybrbdbt tfreudta cfk`bk dfmbcarbk obsybrbdbt ofk`aduta df`abtbk pfk`becabk
obsybrbdbt, cbra 299% ukcbk`bk ybk` casfebr lubsdbk bcb :9 sbopba cfk`bk 09%
obsybrbdbt ybk` ofk`mbcara df`abtbk tfrsfeut.
n. Vpbyb
Vpbyb Yfkak`
Yfkak`dbt
dbtbk
bk Yfk`f
Yfk`ftb
tbmub
mubk
k Oflbl
Oflblua
ua Dflbs
Dflbs Yrbkadbm
Yrbkadbm Vktud
Vktud Ofkya
Ofkyabpd
bpdbk
bk

Dfmboalbk Qbk` ^fmbt Ca Cfsb Pbtu`fcf ^ak`hsbra Dbeupbtfk Oblbk`.

Ofkurut Yfkflatabk cbra (Sbrsadbm, 5959) Vpbyb uktud ofkurukdbk BDA cbpbt
calbdudbk cfk`bk upbyb prhohtaj cbk prfvfktaj cfk`bk oflaebtdbk sfoub uksur
cblbo
cblbo obsybr
obsybrbdb
bdbtt cbk cal
calbdu
bdudbk
dbk dhksas
dhksastfk
tfk.. Cfk`bk
Cfk`bk obdak
obdak ofkak`
ofkak`dbt
dbtkyb
kyb bk`db
bk`db
pfrkadbmbmbk ca usab caka ca pfcfsbbk cbk tak``akyb dfgbcabk dfsbdadbk pbcb aeu cbk
ebya, capfrludbk upbyb prhohtaj sfgbd caka ybatu pbcb sbbt usab rfobgb usab
pfrtfk`bmbk sbopba cfk`bk usab bdmar (26-52 tbmuk) ybk` efluo ofkadbm, cfk`bk
mbrbpbk pfoefrabk akjhrobsa sfgbd caka easb ofoebktu ofkak`dbtdbk dfobopubk
ofrfdb cblbo adut efrpfrbk sfrtb ofkak`dbtdbk stbtus dfsfmbtbk rfprhcudsakyb.
Efrcbsbrdbk mbsal wbwbknbrb pbcb eacbk dhhrcakbthr ca Yusdfsobs ^ak`hsbra,
pflbdsbkbbk prh`rbo dfsfmbtbk rfprhcudsa sucbm calbdudbk, pflbdsbkbbkyb efluo
56
 tfrlbdsbkb sfnbrb dhktakuf, sfcbk`dbk ca walbybm Yhkdfscfs Pbtu`fcf, df`abtbk
dfsprh rfobgb pfrkbm bcb oflblua df`abtbk phsybkcu rfobgb, kbouk tacbd efrgblbk
cfk`bk ebad. Ybcb tbmuk 5921 ca walbybm Pbt`fcf tfrcbpbt 2 bk`db dfobtabk aeu
cf
cfk`
k`bk
bk db
dbsu
suss prf
prf fdlb
fdlbos
osab
ab pbcb
pbcb sfhr
sfhrbk
bk`` pw
pwbk
bkat
atbb usab
usab sueu
sueurr usab
usab 23 tb
tbmu
muk.
k.
Efrcbsbrdbk pfrobsblbmbk cbk dbgabk satubsa tfrsfeut, obdb pflbdsbkb tfrtbrad uktud
oflbdudbk df`abtbk pfk`becabk obsybrbdbt efrupb cfk`bk tfob Vpbyb Yrhohtaj
Oflblua Df`abtbk Dflbs Yrbkadbm Vktud Ofkyabpdbk Dfmboalbk Qbk` ^fmbt Ca
Yhkdfs
Yhkdfscfs
cfs Pbt
Pbtu`f
u`fcf
cf ^ak
^ak`hs
`hsbra
bra Dbe
Dbeupb
upbtfk
tfk Obl
Oblbk`
bk`.. Sugubk
Sugubk df`
df`abt
abtbk
bk aka bcblbm
bcblbm
ofkak`dbtdbk pfobmbobk nblhk pfk`bktak cblbo ofkyabpdbk dfsfmbtbk jasad, `aza
cbk psadhlh`as cblbo ofkgblbkdbk juk`sa rfprhcudsakyb cbk oflbdudbk sdrffkak`
bkfoab ofk``ukbdbk Me ^bmla.
Mbsal cbra pfkflatabk aka bcblbm pfkak`dbtdbk pfk`ftbmubk rfobgb tfktbk`
dfsabp
dfsabpbk
bk ofk
ofkgblb
gblbka
ka juk
juk`sa
`sa rfp
rfprhc
rhcuds
udsaa dmu
dmusus
suskyb
kyb dfm
dfmboa
boalbk
lbk ybk`
ybk` cat
catukg
ukgudd
uddbk
bk
pfkak`dbtbk sdhr kalba pfk`ftbmubk sfefluo cbk sfsucbm caefradbk pfkcacadbk
dfsfmbtbk
dfsfmbtbk tfktbk
tfktbk`` dfsabp
dfsabpbk
bk ofkgbl
ofkgblbka
bka dfmboa
dfmboalbk
lbk.. Yfkak`
Yfkak`dbt
dbtbk
bk pfk`ft
pfk`ftbmu
bmubk
bk aka
cacuduk` bcbkyb casdusa aktfrbdtaj sflbob pflbdsbkbbk df`abtbk. Obsam catfoudbkkyb
tak`dbt pfk`ftbmubk ybk` durbk` pbcb akcadbthr dfsabpbk jasad cbk psadhlh`as, easb
catakcbdlbkguta cfk`bk pfoefktudbk cbk pflbdsbkbbk dflbs prbkadbm pbcb dfsfopbtbk
ybk` lbak. Df`abtbk aka easb calbdudbk sfeb`ba sblbm sbtu pfrwugucbk df`abtbk tra
cmbrob
cmbrob pfr`ur
pfr`urubk
ubk tak``a
tak``a ybk
ybk`` eas
easbb cal
calbdu
bdudbk
dbk sfnbrb
sfnbrb efr
efrdfs
dfsakb
akboeu
oeuk`b
k`bkk sfeb`b
sfeb`baa
df`abt
df`abtbk
bk pfk`be
pfk`becab
cabkk obs
obsybr
ybrbdb
bdbtt sfn
sfnbrb
brb obkcar
obkcaraa cbk tfrprh
tfrprh`rb
`rbo
o sfmak`
sfmak``b
`b easb
easb
ofkak`dbtdbk dakfrgb chsfk. Pbcbm df`abtbk easb calbdudbk sfnbrb tfrpasbm, obupuk
ofk`aduta df`abtbk pfoefrcbybbk ca tak`dbt obsybrbdbt ybk` sucbm bcb oasblkyb
phsybkcu rfobgb obupuk dbrbk` tbrukb.
tbrukb.
c. La
Latf
tfrb
rbtu
turf
rf Ufva
Ufvafw
fw 7 Yfk`
Yfk`br
brum
um Bsbo
Bsbo Jhlb
Jhlbtt Ybcb
Ybcb Dbcb
Dbcbrr Mfoh
Mfoh`l
`lhe
heak
ak Vktu
Vktud
d
Pbkatb Yrbdhksfpsa Cfk`bk Bkfoab
Ofkurutt Yfkfl
Ofkuru Yfkflatabk
atabk cbra (Yutr
(Yutra,a, 5959
5959)) Bsbo jhlbt ofrupbdbk
ofrupbdbk uksur pfktak`
cblbo saktfsas CKB (cfhxyraeh kunlfan bnac) ybk` capfrludbk sfeb`ba dhfkzao cblbo
saktfsas paraoacak. Cfjasafksa bsbo jhlbt ofkaoeuldbk bkfoab of`blhelbstad sfeb`ba
obkajfstbsa pblak` dmbs. Bkfoab casfebedbk uouokyb dbrfkb dfdurbk`bk zbt efsa,
dfdurbk`bk bsbo jhlbt, vatboak E25 cbk vatboak B, sfrtb pfrbcbk`bk bdut cbk drhkas,
akjfdsa pbrbsat, dflbakbk ebwbbk ybk` gu`b ofopfk`bruma saktfsas mfoh`lheak cbk
efrdurbk`kyb prhcudsa
prhcudsa sfl cbrbm ofrbm

5:
 Mbsal
Mbsal cbr
cbraa pfk
pfkfla
flatabk
tabk aka bcblbm
bcblbm cad
cadftb
ftbmua
mua bsbo
bsbo jhlbt
jhlbt ofoala
ofoalada
da pfk`br
pfk`brum
um
tfrmbc
tfrmbcbp
bp dbc
dbcbr
br mfo
mfoh`l
h`lhea
heakk wbk
wbkatb
atb prbdhk
prbdhksfp
sfpsa.
sa. Bsbo
Bsbo jhlbt
jhlbt cagflb
cagflbsdb
sdbkk oflblu
oflbluaa
dfnudupbk dhksuosa bsbo jhlbt wbkatb prbdhksfpsa cbk cakalba bpbdbm tfrobsud
dbtf`hra durbk`, nudup cbk efrlfeam sfrtb cabkblasas cbk camueuk`dbk cfk`bk mbsal
pfofradsbbk dbcbr mfoh`lheak wbkatb prbdhksfpsa ybk` sucbm cadbtf`hradbk cblbo
bkfoab cbk tacbd bkfoab.
^fmak``b tfrcbpbt pfk`brum bsbo jhlbt cfk`bk dbcbr mfoh`lheak pbcb wbkatb
prbdhksfpsa (rfobgb putra, wbkatb usab sueur cbk wbkatb usab rfprhcudtaj). Pbkatb
prbdhksfpsa ybk` ofoalada bsupbk bsbo jhlbt caebwbm stbkcbr Bk`db Dfnudupbk
@aza (BD@), capfk`bruma hlfm phlb dhksuosa suoefr obdbkbk ybk` ofk`bkcuk`
bsbo jhlbt cblbo dbtf`hra durbk` (cfjasat). Ebkybd wbkatb prbdhksfpsa ybk` ofoalada
dbcbr mfoh`lheak caebwbm khrobl btbu tfrobsud cblbo dbtf`hra bkfoab, ebad bkfoab
rak`bk, sfcbk` cbk efrbt.

f. Bkbl
Bkblas
asas
as Dbkc
Dbkcuk
uk`b
`bk
k Ebtb
Ebtbk`
k` Bdbr
Bdbr Obka
Obkass (L
(Lan
anhr
hran
anf)
f) ^feb
^feb`b
`baa Vpby
Vpbyb
b Vktu
Vktud
d
Ofk`btbsa Dftfr`bktuk`bk ^fsfhrbk` Ybcb Uhdhd.
Ofkuru
Ofkurutt pfk
pfkflat
flatabk
abk cbr
cbraa (Kh
(Khjay
jaybca
bca,, 5959)
5959) Bdbr
Bdbr obkas
obkas btb
btbuu 'La
'Lanhr
nhranf
anf'' btbu
btbu
'Laquh
'Laquhran
ranf'
f' bcb
bcblbm
lbm bdbr
bdbr @ly
@lynyr
nyrrma
rmazb
zb `lb
`lberb
erb.. Sbkbob
Sbkbobkk bdbr
bdbr obkas
obkas aka ofrupb
ofrupbdbk
dbk
tbkbobk sfgfkas phlhk`-phlhk`bk ybk` efrbsbl cbra Frhpb ^flbtbk cbk efefrbpb
eb`abk walbybm Bsab. Kbob laquhranf efrbsbl cbra ebmbsb Qukbka dukh ybk` brtakyb
"bdbr obkas". Bdbr obkas tfrobsud tbkbobk tbmukbk efrefktud tfrkb cbk cbpbt
tuoeum sbopba sbtu oftfr cfk`bk cbuk ybk` tuoeum sfpfrta sbybp (pakkbtf) ybk`
pbkgbk`kyb 0 sbopba 26 no. Cbuk-cbukkyb cbpbt efrguolbm 1-20 mflba cblbo sbtu
nbebk`. Euk`b bdbr obkas tfrsusuk sfnbrb akjlhrfsnfks (efrdflhophd cblbo sbtu
nbebk`),wbrkbkyb efrdasbr cbra dfuk`ubk sbopba putam dfearuearubk sfrtb efrudurbk
pbkgbk` 9,=-2,5 no. Eubm bdbr obkas efrphlhk` cbk efrefktud pbkgbk` sfdatbr 5->
no, cbk ofk`bkcuk` eaga. Ofkurut brtadfl ybk` cadutaj ca lbobk mfllhsfmbt.nho
ebmwb ebtbk` bdbr obkas (lanhranf) ofrupbdbk ebmbk blboa ybk` easb ca`ukbdbk
sfeb`ba pfk``bkta rhdhd ybk` ebad kbouk pfrlu calbdudbk pfkflatabk ybk` lfeam lbkgut
cbk sa`kajadbk.
Mbsal pfkflatabk Cbra 299 hrbk` rfsphkcfk ybk` ca efradbk phthk`bk-phthk`
phthk`bk-phthk`bk
bk
dfnal bdbr obkas, caobkb ca oaktb sftabp rfsphkcfk ybk` ak`ak ofrhdhd tfrlfeam
cbmulu ofk`a`at btbu ofk`ukybm phthk`bk bdbr obkas ybk` tflbm ca efradbk. Bcbpuk
mbsalkyb bcblbm =3 hrbk` btbu =3% cbra 299 hrbk` ofrbsbdbk cbopbd bcbkyb
50
 pfkurukbk mbsrbt ak`ak ofrhdhd cbk sasbkyb sfguolbm 2: hrbk` btbu 2: % tacbd
ofrbsbdbk fjfd bpbpuk. Ofkurut rfsphkcfk fjfd gadb tacbd ofrhdhd ybdka lacbm
tfrbsb tacbd fkbd, oubl cbk ebtud-ebtud tfrbsb efrdurbk` gadb ofk`a`at bdbr obkas.

EBE AAA
SAKGBVBK DB^V^

B^VMBK DFEACBKBK YBCB Ky. ^ CBK Sk. G VOVU 53 SBMVK CBK 5= SBMVK
CFK@BK YFUFKNBKBBK DFMBOALBK ^FMBS CA YOE ^FYSAKB, ^^S., Eck
B. Gucul Dbsus
Bsumbk Dfeacbkbk, Ybcb Ky. ^ Cbk Sk. G Vour 53 Sbmuk Cbk 5= Sbmuk Cfk`bk
Yfrfknbkbbk Dfmboalbk ^fmbt Ca Yrbdtad Obkcara Eacbk ^fptakb, ^^S., Eck
E. Yflbdsbkbbk Bsumbk
Mbra / Sbk``bl 7 26 ^fptfoefr 5952
Gbo 7 21.>9 PAE
Sfop
Sfopbt
bt Yfk
Yfk`d
`dbga
bgabk
bk 7 YYOE
OE ^fpt
^fptak
akb,
b, ^^
^^S.
S.,, E
Eck
ck
Yfoefra B
Bssumbk 7O
Obbrab H
Hddtbvab
N. Acfktatbs Ybsafk
Kbob Aeu 7 Ky. ^ Kbob ^uboa 7 Sk. G
Vour 7 53 tmk Vour 7 5= tmk
^udu/Ebk`sb 7 Cbybd/Akchkfsab ^udu/Ebk`sb 7 Cbybd/Akchkfsab
B`bob 7 Drastfk B`bob 7 Drastfk
Yfkcacadbk 7 C> Yfkcacadbk 7 ^OB

5=
 Yfdfrgbbk 7 ^wbstb Yfdfrgbbk 7 Nlfbkak` ^
Blbobt Uuobm 7 USB. Oalhkh Blbobt ruobm 7 Gl. USB.
Oalhkh
Sflfphk/ Mp 7 9=5>xxxxxxxx Sflfphk/ Mp 7 9=2>xxxxxxxx
E. Blbsbk dukguk`bk & Dflumbk

Ak`ak ofrfknbkbdbk dfmboalbk tftbpa suboa sfhrbk` pfrhdhd bdtaj cbk ak`ak
ofk`ftbmua ofk`bkba DE
N. Cbtb Dfeacbkbk
2:. Uawbybt Ofkstrubsa
b. Ofkbrnmf 7 2> Sbmuk
e. Ebkybdkyb 7 5-> x `bkta pfoeblut
n. Lbobkyb 7 3-6 mbra
c. Pbrkb 7 Ofrbm
f. Bofkhrmbf 7 tacbd
j. Kyfra sbbt mbac 7 tacbd
`. Dflumbk lbak sbbt mbac 7 Sacbd bcb
m. Dfeabsbbk pbcb sbbt ofk`blboa kyfra mbac
Oakuo hebt 7 tacbd
Oakuo gbou 7 tacbd
Lbak-lbak, sfeutdbk 7 Sacbd bcb
20. ^tbtus Yfrdbwakbk
b. Dbwak
e. Vsab Dbwak 7 5 eulbk
n. Lbob dbwak 7 5 eulbk
c. Yfrdbwakbk df 72
2=. Uawbybt Ysadhshsabl
b. Yfrbsbbk tfktbk` dfbcbbk aeu sbbt aka 7 ^tbeal
e. Fohsahkbl dlafk pbcb sbbt pfk`dbgabk
pfk`dbgabk 7 ^bteal

21. Uawbybt dfmboalbk, pfrsblakbk, cbk kajbse ybk` lblu

Kh DFMBOALBK YFU^BLAKBK KAJB^ EEL
Dho Dho
Dfmboalbk VD Yfkhlhk` Gfkas Dhop Lbtdtbsa GD EE ^dr`
p p

51
2.
Mboal
^fdbrbk`

59. Uawbybt Dflur`b Efrfknbkb

Kh
Gfkas Oulba Efrmfkta Dflubmbk Blbsbk Efrmfkta
.
5. Efluo Efr DE

C. Uawbybt Ofrhdhd, Bldhmhl cbk Kbpzb

=. Bpbdbm aeu pfrkbm ofrhdhd 7 Sacbd
1. Bpbdbm suboa pfrkbm ofrhdhd 7 Qb
29. Bpbdbm aeu pfrhdhd bdtaj 7 Sacbd

22. Bpbdbm suboa pfrhdhd bdtaj 7 Qb

25. Bpbdbm aeu pfrkbm oakuo oakuobk efrbldhmhl 7 Sacbd
2>. Bpbdbm suboa pfrkbm oakuo oakuobk efrbldhmhl 7 Sacbd

23. Bpbdbm aeu pfrkbm ofk`dhksuosa Kbrdheb ( Kbrdhtadb cbk ebmbk/ hebt
efrebmbyb ) 8 Sacbd

26. Bpbdbm suboa pfrkbm ofk`dhksuosa Kbrdheb ( Kbrdhtadb cbk ebmbk/ hebt
efrebmbyb ) 8 Sacbd

F. Uawbybt dfsfmbtbk
2. Yfkybdat ybk` pfrkbm cacfratb
Yfkybdat Dlafk ^uboa
Gbktuk` Sacbd Bcb Sacbd Bcb
Sfdbkbk Cbrbm Sak``a Sacbd Bcb Sacbd Bcb
Mfpbr Sacbd Bcb Sacbd Bcb
Cabeftfs Oflatus Sacbd Bcb Sacbd Bcb
AO^ Sacbd Bcb Sacbd Bcb
Nbopbd Sacbd Bcb Sacbd Bcb
Oblbrab Sacbd Bcb Sacbd Bcb
SEN Sacbd Bcb Sacbd Bcb
M
AoAZ
ph/B
tfAkC^ S
Saaccbbdd B
Bccbb S
Saaccbbdd B
Bccbb

>9
 Dastb/Oahob Sacbd Bcb Sacbd Bcb
Suohr Ybyucbrb Sacbd Bcb Sacbd Bcb
SHUNM Sacbd Bcb Sacbd Bcb
@bk``ubk Mbac Sacbd Bcb Sacbd Bcb

5. Yfkybdat lbak ybk` efrdbatbk cfk`bk sastfo rfprhcudsa , ^feutdbk 7 Sacbd bcb

>. Dblbu aeu/suboa ofkcfratb sblbm sbtu pfkybdat tfrsfeut cabtbs, bpbdbm sucbm
Yfk`hebtbk 7 Sacbd
Efrbpb lbob pfk`hebtbk 7 Sacbd bcb
Efrhebt cfk`bk 7 Sacbd bcb
3. Yfk`ftbmubk tfktbk` pfkybdat ybk` cacfratb aeu/suboa
J. Yhlb dfeabsbbk sfmbra-mbra
2. Yhlb kutrasa
b. Efrbpb dbla obdbk cblbo sfmbra 7 > x sfmbra
e. Yhrsa obdbk 7 sftbk`bk parak`/sfcbk`
parak`/sfcbk`

n. Gfkas obdbkbk
Kh Gfkas Obdbkbk Qb Sacbd
2. Kbsa ∗
5. Lbud mfwbka / kbebta ∗
>. ^byur ∗
3. Eubm ∗
6. Bar Yutam ∗
: ^usu ∗
0. Obdbkbk nfpbt sbga/ gbgbkbk/ oakuobk dhtbdbk ∗

c. Dflumbk Obdbk 7 Sacbd bcb

f. Bpbdbm bcb pbktbk`bk obdbkbk 7, Sacbd , ealb Qb sfeutdbk gfkas obdbkbkkyb 7
j. ^uplfofk 7 Zatboak N
`. Gbou 7 Sacbd
5. Yhlb flaoakbsa
Yhlb EBE 7 Sfrbtur
Yhlb EBD 7 6-0 x / mbra
>. Yhlb astarbmbt cbk tacur astra
Astarbmbt sabk` 7 Qb , efrbpb lbob 7 3 gbo
Sacur oblbo 7 Qb, efrbpb lbob 7 :-0 gbo sfmbra
3. Yhlb astarbmbt cbk tacur suboa
Astarbmbt sabk` 7 Qb , efrbpb lbob 7 5 gbo

>2
Sacur oblbo 0-= gbo sfmbra
6. Yhlb pfrshkbl my`afkf
Obkca 7 > x / mbra
^adbt `a`a 7 > x / mbra
Dfrbobs 7 > x / cblbo sfoak``u
@bkta pfoeblut sbbt mbac 7 5-> x / mbra
@bkta pbdbabk cblbo 7.5-> x / mbra
:. Yhlb lbtambk cbk bdtavatbs
^feutdbk bdtavatbs ca ruobm ybk` rutak cadfrgbdbk sftabp mbra 7 Sacbd
Bpbdbm oflbdudbk hlbmrb`b rutak 8 Sacbd
^feutdbk gfkas hlbmrb`b ybk` calbdudbk rutak 8 Sacbd bcb
0. ^fdsublatbs
Bpbdbm bdtaj oflbdudbk mueuk`bk sfdsubl8 Qb
Jrfdufksa 7 5x sfoak``u
=. Uawbybt aoukasbsa SS
SS7 (∗ ) pfrkbm ( ) efluo pfrkbm efrbpb dbla 7 2 dbla
Sbk``bl Yfoefrabk SS 7 29 B`ustus 5952
1. Uawbybt Zbdsak N21
(∗) pfrkbm ( ) efluo pfrkbm efrbpb dbla 7 .......dbla
Sbk``bl Yfoefrabk Zbdsak N21 7
A 7 96 Jferubra 5952 AA 7 55 Jferubra 5952
29. Eakbtbk` pflambrbbk 7 Sacbd

@. CBSB HEGFDSAJ
YFOFUAD^BBK JA^AD
2. Dfsbcbrbk uouo
5. Sbkcb-tbkcb Zatbl
Ufsparbsa 7 59 x/ofkat
Kbca 7 == x/ofkat
Sfdbkbk cbrbm 7 259/09 ooM`
^umu 7 >:,0 ¹N
>. EE sfdbrbk`7 >5 d`
SE 7 266 no
AOS 7 52,: Khrobl
>5
 3. Ubo
Uboeu
eutt 7 Matbo
Matbo pfkcfd
pfkcfd,, dula
dulatt rboeu
rboeutt efrs
efrsam,
am, tacbd
tacbd bbcb
cb dft
dfthoe
hoef,
f, tacb
tacbdd bc
bcbb
efghlbk cbk lfsa castraeusa ofrbtb
6. Oudb 7 ^aoftras tacbd bcb nmlhbsob `rbvacbruo, tacbd bcb ludb cbk tacbd bcb
pfoefk`dbdbk
:. Obtb 7 Dhkguk`tavb ofrbm oucb, sdflfrb putam, dflhopbd obtb khrobl,
pfk`lambtbk khrobl
0. Sflak`b 7 ^aoftfras, tacbd bcb sfnrft btbpuk nbarbk ybk` dflubr, pfkcfk`brbk
ebad
=. Oulut 7 Eaear khrobl, wbrkb ofrbm oucb, dfbcbbk `a`a eb`us, `usa tacbd
tbopbd efk`dbd, cbk tacbd bcb efrnbd putam
1. Lfmfr 7 Dfbcbbk lfmfr khrobl, tacbd bcb dflfkgbr tarhac, laojf, cbk vfkb
gu`ulbras
29. Cbcb 7 Cbcb tbopbd saotfra, eukya gbktuk` khrobl, cbk tacbd bcb
obssb/efkghlbk
22. Oboobf 7 ^afoftras, pbyucbrb
pbyucbrb khrobl, puttak`
puttak` dflubr cbk efluo bcb nbarbk ybk`
dflubr, cbk tacbd tbopbd efkghlbk
25. Bechofk 7 Sacbd bcb kyfra
kyfra tfdbk, saotfras, easak` usus khrobl, tacbd bcb
pfoefsbrbk laojb, tacbd bcb obsbb btbupuk efdbs ludb.
2>. @fkftblab
@fkftblab 7 (Sacbd capfradsb ddbrfkb
brfkb tacbd bcb akcadbs
akcadbsa)
a)
23. Aktf`uofk 7 Sacbd bcb rubo, efkghlbk, rbsb sbdat, `btbl-`btbl, tacbd bcb
dhkcalhob, `btbl/rbsb tfrkbd
tfrkbdbr
br
26. Bkus 7 Sacbd calbdudbk pfofradsbbk

M. YFOFUAD^BBK YFKVKGBK@
Yfofradsbbk Lbehrbthrauo 7 calbdudbk pfofradsbbk/ tacbd capfradsb
Sbk``bl 7 23 B`tus 5952
Cbrbm 7 ME 7 25,> `r/cl
@hlhk`bk cbrbm 7E
Umfsus 7 (+)
Vrakf 7 Yrhtfak 7-
Ufcudsa 7-

UCS Oblbrab 7 -
^ajalas 7 -
>>
MAZ BAC^ 7 -
MEs B` 7 -
Smblbsfoab 7 -
SHUNM 7 -

5. Yfofradsbbk Yfkukgbk` lbakkyb (Sacbd calbudbk pfofradsb)

^BCBKA^ 7
AZB tfst 7

C. OBKBGFOFK B^VMBK CFK@BK ^HBY

Bsumbk Dfeacbkbk Ybcb Ky. ^ Cbk Sk. G Vour 53 Sbmuk Cbk 5= Sbmuk Cfk`bk
Yfrfknbkbbk Dfmboalbk ^fmbt Ca Yoe ^fptakb, ^st., Eck


Ak`ak Ofrkfnkbdbk Dfmboalbk ^fmbt
 ^uboa Yfrhdhd Bdtaj
^
 Ak`ak Ofk`ftbmua DE

H  Dfbcbbk uouo Ebad

 Dfsbcbrbk Dhophsofktas
 Sbkcb-tbkcb vatbl 7
- SC 7 259/09 ooM`
- ^ 7 >:,0 hN

- U 4 59 x/ofkat
- K 7 == x/ofkat
- SE 7 266 no
- EE ^f
^fdb
dbrk
rk`b
`b 7 65
65 nno,
o, AOS
AOS 7 52,6
52,6
- Lalb 7 53 no
 Sacbd bcb rawbybt pfkybdat ybk` cacfratb
 Uboeut 7 Matbo pfkcfd, dulat rboeut efrsam, tacbd bcb dfthoef, tacbd bcb
efghlbk cbk lfsa castraeusa ofrbtb
 Oudb 7 ^aoftras tacbd bcb nmlhbsob `rbvacbruo, tacbd bcb ludb cbk tacbd bcb

pfoefk`dbdbk.
 Obtb 7 Dhkguk`tavb ofrbm oucb, sdflfrb putam, dflhopbd obtb khrobl,

>3
 pfk`lambtbk khrobl
 Sflak`b 7 ^aoftfras, tacbd bcb sfnrft btbpuk nbarbk ybk` dflubr, pfkcfk`brbk
ebad
 Oulut 7 Eaear khrobl, wbrkb ofrbm oucb, dfbcbbk `a`a eb`us, `usa tacbd
tbopbd efk`dbd, cbk tacbd bcb efrnbd putam

 Lfmfr 7 Dfbcbbk lfmfr khrobl, tacbd bcb dflfkgbr tarhac, laojf, cbk vfkb
gu`ulbras
 Cbcb 7 Cbcb tbopbd saotfra, eukya gbktuk` khrobl, cbk tacbd bcb

 obssb/efkghlbk
 Oboobf 7 ^afoftras, pbyucbrb khrobl, puttak` dflubr cbk efluo bcb nbarbk
ybk` dflubr, cbk tacbd tbopbd efkghlbk
 Bechofk 7 Sacbd bcb kyfra tfdbk, saotfras, easak` usus khrobl, tacbd bcb
pfoefsbrbk laojb, tacbd bcb obsbb btbupuk efdbs ludb.
ludb.
 @fkftblab 7 (Sacbd capfradsb dbrfkb tacbd bcb akcadbsa)

 Aktf`uofk 7 Sacbd bcb rubo, efkghlbk, rbsb sbdat, `btbl-`btbl, tacbd bcb
dhkcalhob, `btbl/rbsb tfrkbdbr
 Bkus 7 Sacbd calbdudbk pfofradsbbk
Yfofradsbbk Lbehrbthrauo 7 calbdudbk pfofradsbbk/ tacbd capfradsb
Sbk``bl 7 23 B`tus 5952
Cbrbm 7 ME 7 25,> `r/cl
@hlhk`bk cbrbm 7E
Umfsus 7 (+)
Vrakf 7 Yrhtfak 7 (-) Kf`
Ufcudsa 7

UCS Oblbrab 7 (-) Kf`

^ajalas 7 (-) Kf`
MAZ BAC^ 7 (-) Kf`
MEs B` 7 (-) Kf`
Smblbsfoab 7 (-) Kf`
SHUNM 7 (-) Kf`

>6
  Cab`khsb 7 Bsumbk Dfeacbkbk Ybcb Ybsbk`bk Vsab ^ueur Ky. ^ cbk Sk. G
Vour 53 Sbmuk cbk 5= Sbmuk, pfrfknbkbbk dfmboalbk sfmbt.
 Obsblbm 7 ^uboa Yfrhdhd Bdtaj, cbk Sacbd Ofk`ftbmua ofk`fkba Blbt
B Dhktrbsfpsa
 Dfeutumbk 7 Ofo
Ofoefradbk
efradbk DAF
DAF o
ofk`fkba
fk`fkba Yfrs
Yfrsabpbk
abpbk YYfrfknbkbbk
frfknbkbbk Dfmboalbk
^fmbt, DAF ofk`fkba Efrebmbyb Ofrhdhd, cbk DAF Ofk`fkbla obnbo-obnbo
blbt Dhktrbsfpsa.
Y  Oflbdudbk dhoukadbsa tfrbpfutad dfpbcb pbsafk. Ybsafk ofrfsphk cfk`bk
ebad.
Ubsahkblasbsa 7 Df
Dfob
obop
opub
ubkk dhou
dhouka
kadb
dbsa
sa tf
tfrb
rbpf
pfut
utad
ad cblb
cblbo
o pfoe
pfoefr
frab
abkk
akjhrobsa mbrus ca`ukbdbk cblbo ofk`mbcbpa efreb`ba obnbo rfbdsa cblbo
ak
aktf
tfrbd
rbdsa
sa tfrs
tfrsfe
feut
ut sblbm
sblbm sbtu
sbtuky
kybb bcbl
bcblbm
bm dfob
dfobop
opub
ubkk ofkc
ofkcfk
fk`b
`brd
rdbk
bk sbbt
sbbt
efraktfrbdsa cbk tfrlaebt cblbo pfrnbdbpbk ( ^ata Brajbm & Acb Kurablb, 5959)
 Ofkgflbsdbk mbsal pfofradsbbk dfpbcb pbsafk ebmwb dfbbbk uouo ebad,
dfsbcbrbk dhophsofktas, SC 4 259.09 ooM`, ^ 4 >:,0 hN, U 4 59x/ofkat, K 4
== x/ofkat, EE 4 65 d`, AOS 4 52,: (Khrobl), lalsb 7 53 no, tacbd bcb rawbybt
pfkybdat ybk` cacfratb, pbcb pfofradsbbk jasad cbk pfkuk`kgbk` cblbo
dfbcbbk khrobl. Ybsafk ofk`frta ofk`fkba mbsal pfofradsbbkyb.
Ubsahkblasbsa 7 mbd cbk dfwbgaebk pbsafk ofopfrhlfm akjhrobsa tfktbk` tbtb
tfrt
tfrtae
ae cbk
cbk pfrt
pfrtur
urbk
bk ybk`
ybk` efrl
efrlbd
bduu , of
ofop
opfr
frhl
hlfm
fm lb
lbyb
ybkb
kbkk dfsf
dfsfmb
mbtb
tbkk ybk`
ybk`
obkusabwa, bcal, gugur, cbk tbkpb casdraoakbsa, efroutu sfsuba stbkcbr prhjfsa
cbk stbkcbr prhsfcur hpfrbsahkbl fjfdtaj cbk fjasafk sfmak``b pbsafk tfrmakcbr
cbra dfru`abk jasad cbk obtfra. Ofkcbpbt akjhrobsa ybk` oflapu ta cab`khsb
tbtb nbrb takcbdbk ofcas, tugubk takcbdbk ofcas, bltfrkbtaj takcbdbk, rfsadh cbk
dhopladbsa ybk` cabtur cblbo (V.V U.^. Kh.33 Sbmuk 5991 pbsbl >5 tfktbk`
mbd cbk dfwbgaebk pbsafk).
 Ofkgflbsdbk dfpbcb pbsafk ebwbm dfmboalbk bcblbm prhsfs ybk` blboa ybk`
cablboa sftabp wbkatb cblbo sadlus rfprhcudsa, caobkb tfrgbca sbbt sfhrbk`
pfrfopubk cbk lbda-lbda efrmueuk`bk sfdsubl, sfmak``b tfrgbcalbm prhsfs
pfroeubmbk, gadb efrmbsal obdb bdbk ofkgbca foerah ybk` efrdfobek`
ofkgbca gbkak, sflbob dfmboalbk tfrgbca pfruebmbk-pfruebmbk jasad, obupuk
psadhlh`as aeu. Ybsafk
Ybsafk ofk`frta ofk`fkba dfmboalbk.
Ubsahkblasbsa 7
Dfmboa
Dfmboalbk
lbk bcblbm subtu prhsfs ybk` blboabm
blboabm tfrgbca pbcb sbbt
sfsfhrbk` wbkatb cbk lbda-lbda ybk` tflbm ofkadbm cbk sucbm oflbdudbk
>:
 mu
mueuk
euk`bk
`bk sfd
sfdsub
subl,l, cao
caobkb
bkb pfr
pfrtfo
tfoubk
ubk tfrsfe
tfrsfeut
ut casfeu
casfeutt cfk`bk
cfk`bk jfrtala
jfrtalasbs
sbsaa
dfoucab calbkgutdbk cfk`bk prhsfs kacbsa cbk aoplbktbsa sbopba cfk`bk gbkak
ma
macu
cupp cbk
cbk efrd
efrdfo
foeb
ebk`
k` calu
calubr
br cbk
cbk bcbp
bcbpuk
uk pfru
pfrueb
ebmb
mbk-
k-pf
pfru
rueb
ebmb
mbkk ybk`
ybk`
ofky
ofkyfr
frtb
tbaa sbbt
sbbt prhs
prhsfs
fs dfmb
dfmboa
oalb
lbkk sfpf
sfpfrt
rtaa 4 ofrb
ofrbsb
sb lf
lflb
lbm,
m, sfra
sfrak`
k` EBD,
EBD,
pfoefsbrbk pbyucbrb, oulb-oubl, cbk sbdat dfpblb, Yfruebmbk psadhlh`as ybk`
ybk` cbalboa sfprta 7 aeu sfrak` ofrbsb nfobs, strfss, tacbd ofkfraob dfbcbbk
sbbt boal. (Lakb cbk yfta, 5921).
 Ofkg
Ofkgfl
flbs
bsdb
dbkk of
ofk`
k`fk
fkba
ba pfrfk
pfrfknb
nbkb
kbbk
bk dfmb
dfmboa
oalb
lbk,
k, ca
caob
obkb
kb pfrf
pfrfkn
knbk
bkbbk
bbk
df
dfmb
mboa
oalbk
lbk atu
atu pfkt
pfktak
ak`` uktu
uktudd calb
calbdu
dudb
dbkk pbcb
pbcb sfta
sftabp
bp pbsb
pbsbk`
k`bk
bk,, ca
caob
obkb
kb
ofrfk
ofrfknb
nbkb
kbdb
dbkk dfmb
dfmboa
oalbk
lbk bcblb
bcblbmm uktu
uktudd ofop
ofopfr
fras
aspb
pbdb
dbkk dfmb
dfmboa
oalb
lb `ukb
`ukb
ofkcuduk` tfrnaptbkyb dfmboalbk ybk` sfmbt cbk ofk`mbsaldbk dfuturkbk
ybk` sfmbt, caobkb sfefluo mboal bcb efefrbpb mbl ybk` pfrlu capfrsabpdbk
sfpfrta 7 Ysadhlh`as aeu, dfsabpbk jasad, dfsabpbk jakbksabl, sfrtb pfrsabpbk
pfk`ftbmubk. Ybsafk ofk`frta ofk`fkba pfrsabpbk pfrfknbkbbk dfmboalbk
sfmbt.
Ubsahkblasbsa 7 Yfrfnbkbbk dfmboalbk ofrupbdbk pfrfknbkbbk efrdflubr`b
yb
ybk`
k` hpta
hptaob
obll of
oflb
lblu
luaa pfrf
pfrfkn
knbk
bkbb
bbkk dfmb
dfmboa
oalb
lbkk ybk`
ybk` sfmb
sfmbtt cbk
cbk bobk
bobk,,
pfrfknbkbbk dfmboalbk sfmbt pfktak` uktud calbdudbk sftabp pbsbk`bk suboa
ast
astra
ra caobkb
caobkb pfr
pfrfkn
fknbkb
bkbbk
bk dfmboa
dfmboalbk
lbk sfm
sfmbt
bt `ukb
`ukb ofkcud
ofkcuduk`
uk` tfrn
tfrnapb
apbtky
tkybb
dfmboalbk ybk` sfmbt cbk ofk`mbsaldbk dfturukbk ybk` efrdublatbs ybk`
caak`akdbk hlfm dflubr`b, ebad atu sfnbrb psadhlh`as, ofktbl, jasad, jakbksabl cbk
pfk`ftbmubk aeu ybk` tacb ehlfm
ehlfm cabebadbk. (Kada, Ubtam, Sarth, 595
5952)
2)
 Ofkgflbsdbk dfpbcb aeu ofk`fkba blbt dhktrbsfpsa/DE, blbt dhktrbsfpsa bcblbm
nbrb btbu blbt
nbrb blbt ybk`
ybk` ca`
ca`ukb
ukbdbk
dbk cfk
cfk`bk
`bk tug
tugubk
ubk ofk
ofknf`
nf`bm
bm dfm
dfmboa
boalbk
lbk sfrtb
sfrtb
ca`ukb
ca`ukbdbk
dbk ukt
uktud
ud ofkgbrb
ofkgbrbk`d
k`dbk
bk dfm
dfmboa
boalbk
lbk btbu
btbu ofk
ofkbg`
bg`bb gbrbd
gbrbd dfl
dflbma
bmarbk
rbk,,
bcbpuk efreb`ba gfkas-gfkas blbt dhktrbsfpsa ybk` cbpbt ca`ukbdbk oflaputa 7
Yal DE, dhkcho, ^uktad DE bcb ybk` 2 eulbk cbk > eulbk, Aoplbkt, AVC,
Zbsfdthoa cbk Suefdthoa caobkb sfoub df`ukbbk DE sbob-sbob ca`ukbdbk
uktud ofknf`bm dfmboalbk, mbkyb sbgb fothcf pfk`ukkbk ybk` efrefcb-efcb.
Ybsafk ofk`frta ofk`fkba obnbo-obnbo blbt dhktrbsfpsa.
Ubsahkblasbsa 7 Dflubr`b efrfknbkb ofrupbdbk usbmb uktud ofk`btur guolbm
bkbdd cbk gbrbd
bkb gbrbd dfmboa
dfmboalbk/
lbk/dfl
dflbma
bmarbk
rbk bkbd
bkbd ybk
ybk`` caak`a
caak`akdb
kdbk,
k, obdb
obdb cbra
cbra atu
pfofraktbm ofrbknbk`dbk prh`rbo uktud ofknf`bm
ofknf`bm btbu ofkukcb dfmboalbk.

>0
 - Obnbo-o
Obnbo-obnb
bnbo
o dhkt
dhktrbs
rbsfps
fpsaa sfpf
sfpfrta
rta dh
dhktr
ktrbsf
bsfpsa
psa mhroh
mhrohkbl
kbl pbc
pbcbb cbsb
cbsbrky
rkybb
caeb`a ofkgbca 5 ybatu dhoeakbsa (ofk`bkcuk` mhrohkf prh`fstfrhkf
cbk fstfrh`fk cbk bcb mbkyb prh`fstfrhkf sbgb sfpfrta 7 Yal DE, ^uktad
2 cbk > eulbk, sfrtb aoplbkt.
- Ofth
Ofthcf
cf dhk
dhktr
trbs
bsfp
fpsa
sa cfk
cfk`b
`bkk blbt
blbt dhk
dhktrb
trbsf
sfps
psaa cblbo
cblbo Ub
Ubma
mao
o btbu DCU
ofthcf dhktrbs
ofthcf dhktrbsfps
fpsaa aka sfn
sfnbrb
brb `bsras
`bsras efsbr
efsbr cae
caeb`a
b`a ofkgbc
ofkgbcaa 5 ybatu
ybatu
BDCU ybk` ofk`bkcuk` mhrohkf prh`fstfrhkf cbk fstfrh`fk cbk
ybk` tacbd ofk`bkcuk` mhrohkf.
- Ofthcf
Ofthcf ddhkt
hktrbs
rbsfps
fpsaa obk
obktbp
tbp tf
tfrca
rcara
ra cbra
cbra 5 obnbo
obnbo ybatu
ybatu Ofthcf
Ofthcf hhpfr
pfrbta
btajj
wbkatb (OHP) cbk ofhtcf hpfrbtaj prab (OHY) OHP sfrak` cadfkbl
cfk`bk
cfk`bk tue
tuedft
dfthoa
hoa (of
(ofoht
ohthk
hk`` btb
btbuu ofk`ad
ofk`adbt
bt sblurb
sblurbkk tueb
tueb jblhpa)
jblhpa),,
sfcbk`dbk Zbsfdthoa ( ofohthk` btbu ofk`adbt sblurbk vbs cfjfrfks
sfmak``b nbarbk spfrob tacbd cbpbt dflubr btbu fgbdulbsa (^usbkta cbk
^ugabkta, 5952).

Ofoefratb
Ofoefr atbmu
mu aeu nbrb ofo
ofoalamalam dhk
dhktrb
trbsfp
sfpsa
sa ybatu
ybatu sfeflu
sfefluo
o ofk``u
ofk``ukbd
kbdbk
bk
dh
dhktr
ktrbsf
bsfpsa
psa,, dhs
dhsuld
uldbk
bk tfrl
tfrlfea
feamm cbm
cbmulu
ulu dfp
dfpbcb
bcb eac
eacbk
bk btbu chdtfr
chdtfr ofk`fk
ofk`fkba
ba
obnbo-obnbo dhktrbsfpsao nbrb pfobsbk`bk, dfdubrbk`bk cbk dflfeambk
blbt dhktrbsfpsa
dhktrbsfpsa ybk` pbstaky
pbstakybb mbrus bobk cbk kybobk cfk`bk pfobdbabkyb
pfobdbabkyb..
Ybsafk ofk`frta ofk`fkba nbrb ofoalam dhktrbsfpsa ybk` bobk.
Ubsahkblasbsa 7
- ^feflu
^fefluo
o ofk
ofk``u
``ukbd
kbdbk
bk blb
blbtt DE sfe
sfebad
badkyb
kyb,, dfs
dfsfpb
fpbdbt
dbtbk
bk tfr
tfrlbe
lbeam
am cbm
cbmulu
ulu
cfk`bk pbsbk`bk sfrtb ofoalam gfkas blbt dhktrbsfpsa ybk` pblak` bobk
cbk
cbk nhnh
nhnhdd uktu
uktudd pfrfo
pfrfopu
pubk
bk,, Ea
Eanb
nbrbd
rbdbk
bklbm
lbm dfpb
dfpbcb
cb ea
eacb
cbkk uktu
uktudd
ofk`ftbmu sfoub palambk dhktrbsfpsa ybk` tfrsfcab.
- Lbd
Lbdudbk
udbk pfo
fofr
frad
adsb
sbbk
bk sfnbr
fnbrbb efrd
efrdbl
blbb cap
capft
ftuu`bs dfsfm
fsfmbt
btbk
bk uktud
tud
ofobstadbk dhktrbsfpsa obsam efdfrgb cfk`bk ebad, tftbpa ofkbkcba
sudlus
sudlus ofs
ofsktr
ktrubs
ubsaa sfm
sfmak`
ak``b
`b ealb
ealb tfrgbca
tfrgbca dfm
dfmboa
boalbk
lbk bda
bdaebt
ebt f`b
f`b`bl
`blbk
bk
dhktrbsfpsa easb sf`frb cadftbmua. (FU. Ohkbyb, 5959)
 Ofoefratbmu aeu gadb aeu ofk`blboa tbkcb-tbkcb dfmboalbk sfpfrta 7
- Ofkstru
rubbsa ef
efrm
rmffkta
- Ybyucbrb o
offoefsbr
- Yutt
Yuttak
ak`` ssus
usuu o
ofk
fkgb
gbca
ca llfe
feam
am sfks
sfksat
atav
avff
- ^frak` EBD

>=
 - Drbo hfurt
- Oubl cbk ouktbm
Sftbpa uktud ofobstadbk tbkcb-tbkcbk dfmboalbk tfrsfeut blbk`dbm
ebadkyb mbrus tftbp calbdudbk tfs pbnd uktud ofkf`tbmua bpbdbm efkbr
tfrgbca dfmboalbk.
Ubsahkblasbsa 7 Sbkcb-tbkcb dfmoalbk oflaebt dbk pfraebmbk jasad cbk subsbkb
mbta ybk` easb tfrgbca cabwbl dfmboalbk sfpfrta 7
- Yf
Yfrc
rcbr
brbm
bm ra
rak`
k`bk
bk cbk
cbk ddfr
frbo
bo pfru
pfrutt
- Sfrlboebt ofs
ofsktrubsa
- Yf
Yfru
rueebmbk
bmbk pbcb
bcb ppby
byuucbrb
cbrb
- Dflflbmb
- ^frak` EBD
- Oubl cbk ouktbm
- Yfru
Yfrueb
ebmb
mbkk hs
hsad
adhl
hlh`
h`aa sf
sfpf
pfrt
rtaa 7 su
subs
bsbk
bkbb mbt
mbtaa
Gadb tfrb
Gadb tfrbcbp
cbpbt
bt tbk
tbkcb-
cb-tbk
tbkcb
cb dfm
dfmoal
oalbk
bk sfe
sfebad
badbky
bkybb dhksul
dhksultbs
tbsaa dfpbcb
dfpbcb
eacbk btbu chdtfr cbk sf`frb oflbdudbk bdtavatbs tfs pbnd, gadb
cadbtbd
cadbtbdbk
bk (+), obd
obdbb oublba
oublbalbm
lbm ofk
ofkgb`
gb`bb dfsfmb
dfsfmbtbk
tbk cbk dfmboa
dfmboalbk
lbk..
(Dbebk cbk ^wacbybkta, 5952)
 Ofkgflbsdbk dfpbcb pbsafk ebmbyb ofrhdhd rhdhd ofoefradbk efefrbpb fjfd
pbcb pfrhdhd sbtukyb cbpbt ofkurukdbk dfdfeblbk tueum sfmak``b ofoeubt
tueum ofkgbca rfktbk tfrdfkb pfkybdat pfrkbpbsbk gadb ofk`dhksuosa rhdhd
sftabp mbra cbk efrdfpbkgbk`bk cbpbt ofkyfebedbk pfkybdat akjfdsa pbru-
pbru ,dbkdfr oulut, dbkdfr tfk``hrhdbk, dbkdfr pbru-pbru, sfrbk`bk gbktuk`,
strhdf, caofksab. Ybsafk ok`frta ofk`fkba ebmbyb ofrhdhd.
Ubsahkblasbsa 7 Uhdhd ofrupbdbk sblbm sbtu pfkyfebe dfobtabk ybk` nudup
ebkybd rhdhd gu`b tacbd mbkyb ofoefradbk fjfd kf`btaj eb`a hrbk` ybk`
ofk`dhksuosa gu`b tftbpa ofoefradbk fjfd ybk` ebmbyb eb`a hrbk` casfdatbr
pfrhdhd pfrhdhd cbpbt ofoefradbk Fjfd btbu cbopbd sblbm sbtukyb
ofkuru
ofkurukdb
kdbkk sastfo
sastfo dfd
dfdfeb
feblbk
lbk tue
tueum
um pfk
pfkuru
urukbk
kbk dfdfeb
dfdfeblbk
lbk tue
tueum
um cat
catbkc
bkcba
ba
cfk`bk dfdurbk`bk dfobopubk tueum cblbo oflbwbk eaeat pfkyfebe akjfdsa
df
dfta
tadb
db.. Hrbk
Hrbk`` of
ofrh
rhdh
dhdd tbkp
tbkpbb casb
casbcb
cbra
ra hr
hr`b
`bkk cbk
cbk dhop
dhophk
hkfk
fk ofk`
ofk`bl
blbo
boaa
dfrusbdbk efreb`ba pfkflatabk ofoeudtadbk bcb ebkybd ebmbyb rhdhd sfpfrta
akjfds
akjfdsaa pbr
pbru-p
u-pbru
bru,, dbk
dbkdfr
dfr oul
oulu,t
u,t dbk
dbkdfr
dfr tfk``h
tfk``hrhd
rhdbk,
bk, dbkdfr
dbkdfr pbru-p
pbru-pbru
bru,,

>1
 sfrbk`bk gbktuk` ebmdbk strhdf. (Sratas Kurobalb, 5921).
 Ofkgfl
Ofkgflbsd
bsdbk
bk dfp
dfpbcb
bcb pbs
pbsafk
afk dbkcuk
dbkcuk`bk
`bk efrebm
efrebmbyb
byb ybk
ybk`` tfrdbk
tfrdbkcuk
cuk`` cbl
cblbo
bo
eudu ybatu
- Dbre
Dbrehk
hk ohkh
ohkhds
dsac
acbb `bs
`bs ybk`
ybk` tac
tacbd
bd efr
efreb
ebuu ybk` cb
cbpb
pbtt ofky
ofkyfe
febe
bedb
dbkk
sfsfhrbk` dfdurbk`bk hdsa`fk.
- Kadh
Kadhta
takk nba
nbarb
rbkk efro
efroak
akyb
ybdd tacb
tacbdd efrw
efrwbr
brkb
kb ybk
ybk`` cbpb
cbpbtt ofk`
ofk`mb
mboe
oebt
bt
rbsb lbpbr tbr ybk` cbpbt ofkyfebedbk dbkdfr pbru-pbru macrh`fk
sabkacb cbpbt ofkyfebedbk dflflbmbk pusak` cbk oubl efkzfkb ybk`
cbpbt ofrusbd sfl cbrbm putam cbk pfkyfebe lfudfoab
- Jhro
Jhrobl
blcf
cfma
macb
cb rrfs
fsad
adhh db
dbkd
kdfr
fr kkbs
bshj
hjbra
brak`
k`
- Brsf
Brsfka
kadd cb
cbpb
pbtt of
ofky
kyfe
febe
bedb
dbkk db
dbkd
kdfr
fr ``ak
akgb
gbll
- Dbcoau
Dbcoauo
o cbpbt
cbpbt o
ofky
fkyfeb
febedb
edbkk db
dbnbk
nbk`` cabrf
cabrf sfrt
sfrtbb `b`bl
`b`bl `akgb
`akgbll
- Bohk
Bohkab
ab cbpb
cbpbtt of
ofky
kyfe
febe
bedb
dbkk pkfu
pkfuoh
ohka
kabb cbk
cbk dbkd
dbkdfr
fr tf
tfk`
k``h
`hrh
rhdb
dbkk
Ybsafk ofk`frta dbkcuk`bk efrebmbyb cblbo rhdhd.
Ubsahkblasbsa 7 Ebmbk ebdu utbob rhdhd bcblbm tfoebdbu ca obkb dbkcuk`bk
tfrsfeut efrsajbt rbnuk ybk` efrphtfksa ofrusbd sfl-sfl tueum cbk sfkybwb
cblbo bsbp rhdhd efrsajbt dbrsakh`fkad blabs ofoanu dbkdfr fjfd eurud rhdhd
btbu ofk`masbp rhdhd easb efrebmbyb tfrobsud pbcb aeu mboal caebwbm aka
efefrbpb sfkybwb cbk dbkcuk`bk
dbkcuk`bk cblbo rhdhd, ybatu 7
2. Dbre
Dbrehk
hk oh
ohkh
khds
dsac
acbb juk`
juk`sa
sa htht
htht gb
gbkt
ktuk
uk`` bdbk
bdbk ofku
ofkuru
rukk ga
gadb
db ca
cama
maru
rupp
tfrlblu ebkybd sfl-sfl cbrbm ofrbm bdbk lfeam ebkybd efrdbatbk cfk`bk
dbrehk
dbrehk ohk
ohkhds
hdsacb
acb sfmak`
sfmak``b
`b ofk
ofk`bd
`bdaeb
aebtdb
tdbkk sfsfhr
sfsfhrbk`
bk` dfdurb
dfdurbk`b
k`bkk
hdsa`fk
5. Kadh
Kadhta
takk efrj
efrjuk
uk`s
`saa sfeb
sfeb`b
`baa pfrbk
pfrbktb
tbrb
rb cblb
cblbo
o sa
sast
stfo
fo sbrb
sbrbjj ht
htbd
bd ybk`
ybk`
ofkyfebedbk efreb`ba rfbdsa tfrobsud fjfd ofkyfkbk`dbk sfmak``b
ofkyfebedbk pfkak`dbtbk tfdbkbk cbrbm cfkyut gbktuk`
>. Sbr sfeb`ba
sfeb`ba pfky
pfkyfeb
febee pfkybdat
pfkybdat dbkd
dbkdfr
fr pbru-pbr
pbru-pbruu sfpfrta
sfpfrta dbkd
dbkdfr
fr pbru-
pbru cbk fojasfob
3. Macrh`
Macrh`fk
fk sabk
sabkacb
acb fjfd cbra sfk
sfkybw
ybwbb aka cbpbt
cbpbt oflfo
oflfobmd
bmdbk
bk pbru-
pbru-pbr
pbru,
u,
dflflbmbk sbdat dfpbl, cbk oubl
6. Efkz
Efkzbk
bkbb pbpb
pbpbrbk
rbk efkz
efkzbk
bkbb cblb
cblbo
o gbk
gbk`d
`dbb pbkg
pbkgbk
bk`` cbpb
cbpbtt ofku
ofkuru
rukd
kdbk
bk
guolbm sfl cbrbm ofrbm ybk` ofrusbd suosuo tulbk` sfmak``b
ofkak`dbtdbk rfsadh bkfoab.

39
 :. Jhroblcfma
Jhroblcfmacb
cb cblbo ggbk`d
bk`dbb pbkgb
pbkgbk`
k` cbpb
cbpbtt ofkak
ofkak`dbtd
`dbtdbk
bk rasad
rasadhh dbkdfr
dbkdfr
kbshjbrak`.
0. Brsfka
Brsfkadd ybk` cbpb
cbpbtt ofk
ofkak`
ak`dbt
dbtdbk
dbk dbkd
dbkdfr
fr dulat dbk
dbkdfr
dfr pbru-pb
pbru-pbru
ru cbk
dbkdfr sblurbk dfoam
=. Dbcoauo
Dbcoauo cbp
cbpbt
bt ofk
ofkaoeul
aoeuldbk
dbk `b
`bk``u
k``ubk
bk sfk
sfkshrad
shrad cbk `b`bl
`b`bl `akgbl
`akgbl
1. Bohkab cbpbt ofkyfeb febedbk pkfuohkab cbjt
jtbbr tfk``hrhdbk
(Yrambtakak`sam, 5959)
 Ofkgflbsdbk dfpbcb pbsafk uktud efrmfkta ofrhdhd cbk oulba cbra cara sfkcara
cfk`bk kabt cbk ohtavbsa ofrhdhd bcblbm mbl efrebmbyb bpblb`a eb`a dfsfmbtbk
datb.
datb. Ybs
Ybsafk
afk Ofk
Ofk`fr
`frta
ta eb`
eb`bao
baobkb
bkb ofo
ofohta
htavbs
vbsaa cara
cara b`br
b`br efrmfk
efrmfkta
ta ofrhd
ofrhdhd
hd
Ubsahkblasbsa 7 Nbrb ofk`malbk`dbk nbkcu ofrhdhd bcblbm mbrus tfoudbk
tfdbc cbk efrpadar phsataj cbk eubtlbm rfknbkb eb`abokbcbopbd rhdhd eb`a
dfsfmbtbk (Ofadbwbta, 5959).
 Oflbdudbk Chduofktbsa Bsumbk
Chduofktbsa tflbm cabldudbk.
Ubsahkblasbsa 7 Cblbo alou dfeacbkbk pfkchduofktbsabk ofrupbdbk subtu
eudta pfknbtbtbk cbk lbphrbk ybk` caoalada hlfm eacbk cblbo oflbdudbk
nbtbtbk dfeacbkbk ybk` efr`ukb uktud fdfpktak`bk dlafk ( Srab cbk Obyb
5959)

32
 EBE AZ
YFOEBMB^BK

Yfrfknbkbbk dfmbo
Yfrfknbkbbk dfmboalbk
albk ofrupbdbk
ofrupbdbk pfrfk
pfrfknbkbbk
nbkbbk efrdf
efrdflubr`
lubr`bb ybk` hptaobl
oflblua pfrfknbkbbk dfmboalbk ybk` bobk, sfmbt cbk caak`akdbk ofrupbdbk sblbm
sbtu jbdthr pfktak` cblbo upbyb ofkurukdbk bk`db dfobtabk obtfrkbl. Ofkgb`b
gbrbd dfmboalbk tacbd mbkyb ofkyflbobtdbk aeu cbk ebya cbra sasa dfsfmbtbk, kbouk
gu`b ofopfrebada dublatbs mueuk`bk psadhlh`a dflubr`b Yfrfknbkbbk dfmboalbk
ofrupbdbk jbdthr ybk` ofofk`bruma mbrbpbk aeu cblbo ofk`mbcbpa pfrsblakbk.
Mbrbpbk pfrsblakbk pbcb aeu mboal rfobgb sbk`bt frbt dbatbkkyb cfk`bk
pfrsabpbk aeu cblbo ofrfknbkbdbk dfmboalbk (Ubmobwbta, 5921). Okfuru
(Dbcbrasobk, 5926) Ybsbk`bk Vsab ^ueur bcblbm Ybsbk`bk suboa astra ybk` sbbt aka
macup efrsbob, ebad efrtfopbt tak``bl rfsoa btbupuk tacbd, caobkb usab astra bktbrb 59
tbmuk
tbmuk sbopba
sbopba 36 tbmuk.
tbmuk. Ofkuru
Ofkurutt (Yr
(Yrbwa
bwarhm
rhmbrc
brcgh,
gh, 5923)
5923) Dfmboa
Dfmboalbk
lbk cacfjak
cacfjakasa
asadbk
dbk
sfeb`ba jfrtalasbsa btbu pfkybtubk cbra spfrobthzhb cbk hvuo cbk calbkgutdbk cfk`bk
kacbsa
kacbsa btbu aop
aoplbk
lbktbs
tbsa.a. Eal
Ealbb camatu
camatuk`
k` cbra
cbra sbbt
sbbt jfrtala
jfrtalasbs
sbsaa mak``b
mak``b lbm
lbmark
arkyb
yb eby
ebya,a,
dfmboalbk khrobl bdbk efrlbk`suk` cblbo wbdtu 39 oak``u btbu 29 eulbk btbu 1
eulbk ofkurut dblfkcfr aktfrkbsahkbl. Ofkurut Dfofkdfs, 5923. @aza bcblbm subtu
prhsfs hr`bkasof ofk``ukbdbk obdbkbk ybk` cadhksuosa sfnbrb khrobl oflblua
prhsfs cf`fsta, beshrpsa, trbksphrtbsa. Yfkyaopbkbk, oftbehlasof cbk pfk`flubrbk zbt
ybk` tacbd ca`ukbdbk uktud ofopfrtbmbkdbk dfmacupbk, pfrtuoeumbk, cbk juk`sa
khrobl cbra
khrobl cbra hr`
hr`bkh
bkhr`b
r`bkk sfrtb
sfrtb ofk
ofk`mb
`mbsal
saldbk
dbk fkf
fkfr`y
r`y.. Ofkuru
Ofkurutt (Acb
(Acb Yragbtk
Yragbtka,a, 592:)
592:)
Efefrbpb obsblbm cbpbt tfrgbca pbcb sftabp tbmbpbk sadlus dfmacupbk pfrfopubk
ohreacatbs (`bk``ubk dfsfmbtbk) cbk dfobtabk pfrfopubk ybk` efrdbatbk cfk`b
dfmboalbk. Ofkurut (Broak, Srambraka, Oarb4 Kbstata, 5959) Dhktrbsfpsa bcblbm upbyb
uktud ofknf`bm tfrgbcakyb dfmboalbk. Vpbyb atu cbpbt efrsajbt sfofktbrb, cbpbt pulb
efrsajbt pfrobkfk. Yfk``ukbbk dhktrbsfpsa ofrupbdbk sblbm sbtu vbrabelf ybk`
ofopfk`bruma jfrtalatbs.
^fmak``b pbcb dbsus Ky. ^ cbk Sk. G Ebmwb pbcb mbsal pfk`dbgabk Ky. ^ cbk
Sk. G tfrobsud
tfrobsud cblbo Ybsbk`bk Vsab sueur caobkb usab Ky. ^ cbk Sk. 53 tbmuk cbk
5= tbmuk, cblbo mbsal pfk`dbgabk Ky. ^ cbk Sk. G ak`ak ofrfknbkbdbk dfmboalbk pbcb
sbbt pfk`dbgabk fohsahkbl dfcub pbsbk`bk sbk`bt stbeal cbk ofrfsphk cfk`bk ebad
35
cbk lbob pfrdwbkakbk sucbm ofk`akgbd 5 eulbk cfk`bk ofrfknbkbdbk dfmboalbk
sfmbt, pbcb mbsal pfk`bdbgabk cacbpbtdbk cblbo Lalb cbk gu`b EE Ky. ^ sfoub cblbo
dfbcbbk khrobl caobkb Lalb Ky. ^ 7 53 no cfk`bk EE7 65 uktud `aza, sfrtb Me 7 25,2
`r\cl caobkb stbtus `aza Ky. ^ cblbo dfbcbbk ybk` sfsuba ef`atu gu`b cfk`bk phlb
obdbk caobkb obdbk >x sfmbra sfrtb phlb obdbk ybk` tfrbtur cfk`bk ofknbdup
sfoub obdbkbk 3 sfmbt 6 sfopurkb, cbk pbcb pfofradsbbk jasad lfk`dbp tacbd
catfoudbk dflbakbk ebwbbk, tftbpa bcb 2 obsblbm ybk` cadflumbk ablbm suboa ybk`
pfrhdhd bdtaj caobkb cbra mbsal pfk`dbgabk embwb suboa ofkgbca pfrhdhd bdtaj sfgbd
cbra ^OB caobkb capfk`bruma rbsb dfak`aktbmubk cbk pfr`bulbk ybk` sblbm obdb
bktbrb dbsus cfk`bk
cfk`bk tfrh bcb dftfrdbatb
dftfrdbatb sfmak``b sblbm sbtu gurkbl ofk`foudbdbdk
ofk`foudbdbdk
mbsal pfkflatabk cbra (Khjaybca, 5959) ebmwb tbkbobk aka obopu ofoefradbk cbopbd
pkfurukbk mbsrbt efhrdhd caobkb mbsal kyb bcblbm Cbra 299 hrbk` rfsphkcfk ybk` ca
efradbk phthk`bk-phthk`
phthk`bk-phthk`bk
bk dfnal bdbr obkas, caobkb ca oaktb sftabp rfsphkcfk ybk`
ak`ak ofrhdhd
ofrhdhd tfrlfe
tfrlfeam
am cbmu
cbmulu
lu ofk`a
ofk`a`at
`at btbu ofk`u
ofk`ukybm
kybm phthk`b
phthk`bkk bdbr obkas ybk`
tfl
tflbm
bm ca ef
efra
radb
dbk.
k. Bc
Bcbp
bpuk
uk mbsa
mbsalk
lkyb
yb bcbl
bcblbm
bm =3 hrbk
hrbk`` bt
btbu
bu =3%
=3% cbra
cbra 299
299 hr
hrbk
bk``
ofrbsbdbk cbopbd bcbkyb pfkurukbk mbsrbt ak`ak ofrhdhd, bcbpuk pfknf`bmbk ybk`
easb ca`ukbdbk uktud ofk`fruk`a rhdhd aflbm cfk`bk ofoefradbk DAF cbopbd cbk
dbkcuk`bk ybk` efrebmby cblbo rhdhd pbcb Sk. G.
^f
^fma
mak`
k``b
`b bktb
bktbrb
rb tfhr
tfhraa cbk
cbk dbsu
dbsuss ofoa
ofoala
lada
da dftf
dftfrd
rdba
batb
tbkk ca
caob
obkb
kb cblb
cblbo
o
ofrfknbkb dfmboalbk sfmbt mbrus ebad sfnbrb jasad, psadhlh`as obupuk jakbkbsabl.
^fmak``b cbpbt casaopuldbk ebmbwb dfsfmbtbk Ky. ^ tfrobsud ebad caobkb sbk`bt
eb`us uktud ofrfknbkbdbk dfmboalbk, cbk Sk. G tflbm caefradbk DAF cbk
ofkybrbkbdbk uktud ofknheb ofk`dhksuosa bdbr obkas sfmak``b cfk`bk upbyb
tfrsfeut cbpbt ofk`malbk`dbt mbsrbt uktud tacbd efrhdhd dfoebla sfmak``b ofofalada
dflubr`b ybk` bobk cbk gu`b sfmtb.

3>
 EBE Z
YFKVSVY

B. Dfsa
Dfsaop
opul
ulbk
bk
Efrcbsbrdbk
Efrcbsbrdbk mbsal
mbsal Dbsus Bsu
Bsumbk
mbk Dfea
Dfeacbkbk
cbkbk pbcb
pbcb Ky. ^ cbk Sk. G ca YOE
^fptakb, ^^S., Eck, ybk` tflbm pfkulas lbdudbk, obdb cbpbt casaopuldbk ebmwb
Bsumbk Dfeacbkbk pbcb Yrb Dhksfpsa cbk Yfrfknbkbbk Dfmboalbk pbcb Ky. ^ cbk
Sk. G ybk` tflbm calbdudbk oflaputa bsumbk Yfrsabpbk Yfrfknbkbbk Dfmboalbk ^fmbt
caobkbb Ky. ^ cbk Sk. G lfeam ofobmboa cbk ofk`frta bpb sbgb ybk` gbca jbdthr gadb
caobk
tacbd ofopfrsapbdbk dfmboalbk cbra caka.

E. ^brbk
2. Eb`a Dlafk
Cambrb
Cambrbpdb
pdbkk lbp
lbphrb
hrbkk aka cbp
cbpbt
bt ca`
ca`ukb
ukbdbk
dbk sfe
sfeb`b
b`baa ebmbk
ebmbk ebn
ebnbbk
bbk uktud
uktud
pfrfknbkbbk cbk pfrsabpbk dfmoalbk sfmbt eb`a pbsbk`bk usab sueur ybk` tflbm
ofkadbm.
5. Eb`a
Eb`a ak
akst
stat
atus
usaa pf
pfkc
kcac
acad
adbk
bk
Vktud
Vktud lbp
lbphrb
hrbkk aka sfe
sfeb`b
b`baa ebm
ebmbk
bk fvblub
fvblubsa
sa cblbo
cblbo ofkalba
ofkalba dftfrb
dftfrbopa
opalbk
lbk
obmbsa
obmbsaswb
swb cbl
cblbo
bo ofo
ofoefr
efradb
adbkk bsu
bsumbk
mbk dfe
dfeacb
acbkbk
kbk sfn
sfnbrb
brb dhoprf
dhoprfmfk
mfksaj
saj b`br
b`br
akstatusa pfkcacadbk cbpbt ofk`foebk`dbk dftfrbopalbk obmbsaswb dfeacbkbk
b`br cbpbt ofk`bpladbsadbk takcbdbk sfnbrb hptaobl cbk lfeam tfrbrbm sfsuba
cfk`bk stbkcbr hpfrbsahkbl.
>. Eb`a
Eb`a YOE
YOE ^fp
^fpta
takb
kb,, ^^S
^^S.,
., Eck
Eck
Cambrbpdbk sfoh`b lbphrbk aka cbpbt ca`ukbdbk sfeb`ba ebmbk fvblubsa
tfrmbcbp bsumbk ybk` caefradbk pbcb pbsbk`bk usab sueur ybk` sucbm ofkadbm
casfdatbr YOE ^fptakb, ^^S., Eck caobkb sblbm sbtu pfrfknbkbbk dfmboalbk
mbrus casapbdbk sfnbrb obtbk` oulba cbra bwbl btbu obsb 2999 mbra sfelfuo
mboal cbk tfrbpa ofk``ukbdbk bdbr o
obkas
bkas sfrtb DAF uktud suboa ybk` pfrhdhd
pfrhdhd
easb calbdudbk sfnbrb obkcara eb`a pbrb YV^ , sfmak``b aka easb ofkgbca sblbm
sbtu pflbybkbk ybk` ebad uktud pbrb YV^ ybk` ak`ak ofrfknkbdbk dfmboalbk
sfmbt cbk Yfk`urbk`bk eb`a Yfrhdhd Bdtaj.
33
3. Eb`a
Eb`a Yfk
fkul
ulas
as
Cambrbpdbk cbpbt ofkfrbpdbk bsumbk dfeacbkbk pbcb rfobgb ybk` easb
calbdudbk cbra traofstfr pfrtbob b`br lfeam ebad lb`a cbk ofkboebm wbwbsbk,
ofkboebm pfk`blbobk kybtb pbcb dbsus kyfra mbac pbcb rfobgb cbk ofkgbca
ebmbk rfjfrfksa btbu rugudbk eb`a pfkulas sflbkgutkyb.
sflbkgutkyb.

36
 CBJSBU YV^SBDB

Becullbm, C. bkc Bkassb, O. (592=) ”Gurkbl Dfsfmbtbk ^baktadb Ofcathry Gurkbl Dfsfmbtbk
^baktadb Ofcathry‑, Gurkbl Dfsfmbtbk ^baktadb Ofcathry, 5(3:60), pp. :5„05.

Broa
Broak,
k, Sram
Srambra
braka
ka,, Oa
Oarb
rb44 Kb
Kbst
stat
ata,a, B. B. (595
(5959)
9) ”F
”Fop
ophw
hwfro
frofk
fktt hj Yh
Yhsy
sybk
bkcu
cu Nbcr
Nbcrfs
fs ak
Yrhohtahk
Yrhohtahk hj Jboaly
Jboaly‑,
‑, Gurkbl Lbybkbk Obsybrbdbt (Ghurkbl hj Yuelan ^frvanf),
3(2), pp. 291„226.

Eaotbs, G. (5921) ”CFK@BK DFGBCABK YH^SYBUSVO ELVF^ YBCB AEV UFOBGB

^fdhlbm Sak``a Alou Dfsfmbtbk Basyaybm Ebkcuk` Fobal 7 rabkakfrsI`obal.nho‑, >,
khohr 5, pp. 33„62.

Acb Yragbt
Yragbtka,
ka, ^. rbm
rbmbyu
byu (59
(592:)
2:) ”Df
”Dfsfm
sfmbtb
btbkk Ufprhc
Ufprhcuds
udsaa Cbk Dflubr
Dflubr`b
`b Efr
Efrfkn
fknbkb
bkb‑,
‑, Ohcul
Dfeacbkbk, 23=, pp. 23=„2:5.
Ebmbk Bgbr Nftbd Dfeacbkbk
Obrula
Obrula,, F. U. (5920)
(5920) ”Yf
”Yfref
refcbb
cbbkk Sak
Sak`db
`dbtt Yfk
Yfk`ft
`ftbmu
bmubk
bk Ybc
Ybcbb Nbl
Nblhk
hk Yfk
Yfk`bk
`bktak
tak tfk
tfktbk
tbk``
Yfof
Yfofra
rads
dsbbk
bbk Df
Dfmb
mboa
oalb
lbkk ^fef
^feflu
luo
o cbk
cbk ^fsu
^fsucb
cbmm Of
Ofkc
kcbp
bpbt
btdb
dbkk Dh
Dhks
ksfl
flak
ak`` ca
Yusdfsobs
Yusdfsobs ^fcbyu A cbk AA Dbeupbtfk
Dbeupbtfk Ebktul Qh`ybdbrtb‑,
Qh`ybdbrtb‑, Vkavfrsatbs Kusbktbrb
Y@UA Dfcara, 92, pp. 2„0. Bvbalbelf bt7 mttp7//www.blebybk.bf.

Khjaybca (5959) ”Bkblasas Dbkcuk`bk Ebtbk` Bdbr Obkas (Lanhranf) ^feb`ba Vpbyb Vktud
Ofk`btbsa
Ofk`bt bsa Dftfr`bktu
Dftfr`bktuk`bk
k`bk ^fsfhrbk` Ybcb Uhdhd‑, ^blob
^blob,, Bdbcfoa Dfeacbkbk,
Bdbcfoa Dfeacbkbk
]AZ(95), pp. 29>„222.

Kurmbybta, O., ^usbkth, B. bkc Obgblfk`db, V. (5952) ”OFLBLVA ^FKBO BFUHEAD CA

CF^B NADHKFK@ DFNBOBSBK ^VDBMBGA DBEVYBSFK OBGBLFK@DB‑,
2(3), pp. 059„05>.

Yutra, B. (5959) ”LASFUBSVUF UFZAFP YFK@BUVM B^BO JHLBS YBCB Brtadfl

efrgucul 7 LASFUBSVUF UFZAFP B^BO JHLBS YBCB‑, Brtadfl.
UFZAFP YFK@BUVM B^BO

3:
Ubmobwbta, Z. Q. (5921) ”Yfrfknbkbbk Dfmboalbk cbk Mbrbpbk Yfrsblakbk pbcb Aeu Mboal
Ufobgb‑, DH^BLB 7 Gurkbl Alou Dfsfmbtbk, 0(2), pp. 30„6>. cha7
29.>0=>2/gad.v0a2.2::.
Sbrsad
Sbrsadbm,
bm, S. (5959)
(5959) ”Vpbyb
”Vpbyb Yfkak`
Yfkak`dbt
dbtbk
bk Yfk
Yfk`ft
`ftbmu
bmubk
bk Ofl
Oflblu
bluaa Dflbs
Dflbs Yrbkad
Yrbkadbm
bm Vkt
Vktud
ud
Ofkyab
Ofkyabpdb
pdbkk Dfm
Dfmboa
boalbk
lbk Qbk
Qbk`` ^fm
^fmbt
bt Ca Cfsb
Cfsb Pbtu`f
Pbtu`fcf
cf ^ak
^ak`h
`hsbr
sbraa Dbeupb
Dbeupbtfk
tfk
Oblbk`‑, Gurkbl Yfk`becabk Obsybrbdbt ^bsboeh, 2(5), p. =:. cha7
29.>5=90/gpos.v2a5.3=2.

Bskajbtaob, B. (5959) ”Mueuk`bk Akjfrtalatbs cfk`bk Shdshplbsohsas pbcb Pbkatb ^ucbm

Ofkadbm‑, Yrhsacak` Lppo Vadb Eh`hr, pp. 15„1=. Bvbalbelf bt7 mttp7//pdo.uadb-
eh`hr.bn.ac/akcfx.pmp/prhsacak`/brtanlf/vafw/:>5.
eh`hr.bn.ac/akcfx.pmp/prhsacak`/brtanlf/vafw/:>5.

Bu`ustakf, O. K., ^ulbkcgbra, ^. bkc Saour, G. (5952) ”^BDV EFUEB^A^ BKCUHAC

CBLBO YFOEAKBBK YUBKADBM CA DVB @UF^AD Aoprhvak` Yrfnhknfptahk
Kutratahk Dkhwlfc`f watm bk Bkcrhac-Ebsfc Yhndftehhd Vsfc ak Yrf-Obrrab`f
@uacbknf bt DVB @rfsad Yrh`rbo ^tuca ^2 @aza , Gurusbk Yfkcacadbk Dfsfgbmtfrbbk
Dflubr`b , Vkavf‑, 2(Bpral), pp. >=„30.

Eftty
Eftty Qhsfpm
Qhsfpmak
ak ^ao
^aobkg
bkgukt
uktbd,
bd, B. P. (5952)
(5952) ”Yf
”Yfkak
kak`db
`dbtbk
tbk Yfk
Yfk`ft
`ftbmu
bmubk
bk cbk ^adbp
^adbp Aeu
Yrbd
Yrbdhk
hksf
sfps
psaa Of
Oflb
lblu
luaa Fc
Fcud
udbs
bsaa ^fra
^fraeu
eu Mb
Mbra
ra Yfrt
Yfrtbo
bobb Dfma
Dfmacu
cupb
pbk‑
k‑,, Ofcab @aza
Ghurkbl), 2:(5), pp. 1:„296.
Akchkfsab (Kbtahkbl Kutratahk Ghurkbl)

Acb Yragbt
Yragbtka,
ka, ^. rbm
rbmbyu
byu (59
(592:)
2:) ”Df
”Dfsfm
sfmbtb
btbkk Ufprhc
Ufprhcuds
udsaa Cbk Dflubr
Dflubr`b
`b Efr
Efrfkn
fknbkb
bkb‑,
‑, Ohcul
Dfeacbkbk, 23=, pp. 23=„2:5.
Ebmbk Bgbr Nftbd Dfeacbkbk

Obyssbrb B. Beh Mbssbkak ^upfrvasfc, B. (5923) ”Ohcul Dfdfrbsbk cblbo Uuobm Sbk``b‑,
Shwbrc b Ofcab Masthry hj Chnuofkts, pp. =„>6.
Ybpfr Dkhwlfc`f . Shwbrc

Sbrsad
Sbrsadbm,
bm, S. (5959)
(5959) ”Vpbyb
”Vpbyb Yfkak`
Yfkak`dbt
dbtbk
bk Yfk
Yfk`ft
`ftbmu
bmubk
bk Ofl
Oflblu
bluaa Dflbs
Dflbs Yrbkad
Yrbkadbm
bm Vkt
Vktud
ud
Ofky
Ofkyab
abpd
pdbk
bk Dfmb
Dfmboa
oalb
lbkk Qb
Qbk`
k` ^fmb
^fmbtt Ca Cf
Cfsb
sb Pbtu
Pbtu`f
`fcf
cf ^ak`
^ak`hs
hsbr
braa Db
Dbeu
eupb
pbtf
tfkk
Oblbk`‑, Gurkbl Yfk`becabk

30
 LBOAUBK-LBOYAUBK

Lboparbk 2 Gurkbl-Gurkbl
Gurkbl-Gurkbl

Gurkbl 2 7 Yfkak`dbtbk Yfk`ftbmubk @aza Yrbdhksfpsa Cfk`bk Eudu ^bdu Efrebsas Bkcrhac
Cblbo Yfoeakbbk Yrbkadbmca Dub @rfsad

Gurkbl 5 7 Yfkak`dbtbk Yfk`ftbmubk cbk ^adbp Aeu Yrbdhksfpsa Oflblua Fcudbsa ^fraeu Mbra
Yfrtbob Dfmacupbk

Gurkbl > 7 Vpbyb Yfkak`dbtbk Yfk`ftbmubk Oflblua Dflbs Yrbkadbm Vktud Ofkyabpdbk

Dfmboalbk Qbk` ^fmbt Ca Cfsb Pbtu`fcf ^ak`hsbra Dbeupbtfk Oblbk`.

Gurkbl 3 7 Yfk`brum Yrhohsa Dfsfmbtbk Sfrmbcbp Yfkak`dbtbk Yfk`ftbmubk Cbk Dbcbr

Mfoh`lheak Ybcb Pbkatb Vsab ^ueur Ca Cfsb Yblum Dfoara Dfnbobtbk Lueud Ybdbo

Gu
Gurk
rkbl
bl 6 7 b. Bkbla
Bkblasa
sass Db
Dbkc
kcuk
uk`b
`bkk Eb
Ebtb
tbk`
k` Bd
Bdbr
br Obka
Obkass (L
(Lan
anhr
hran
anf)
f) ^feb
^feb`b
`baa Vpby
Vpbybb Vktu
Vktudd
Ofk`btbsa Dftfr`bktuk`bk ^fsfhrbk` Ybcb Uhdhd.

3=
Lboparbk 5 7 Ufjlfdsa Gurkbl Dbsus

GVUKBL UFJLFD^A DUASA^

YFOEFLBGBUBK
YFOEFLBGBUBK YUBDSAD DFEACBKBK MHLA^SAD
YBCB DHK^FY^A CBK YFUFKNBKBBK DFMBOALBK ^FMBS

Kbob Obmbsaswb 7 Obrab Hdtbvab

Sfopbt Yrbdtad 7 YOE ^fptabk, ^^S., Eck
Yfrahcf 7 5952
Yfoeaoeak` Yrhca 7 Hdtbvabka, ^.^aS., O. Dfe

B. Mbrbpbk
Mbrbpbk bdbk
bdbk Yrhsfs
Yrhsfs Yfoeflb
Yfoeflbgbrb
gbrbk
k Dlakad

Dfkbpb sbyb ofopflbgbra obtfra aka8

Vktud ofk`ftbmua eb`baobkb obkjbbt sfrtb dfefrmbsalbk/dfefkbrbk pfkflatabk ybk`
calbdudbk sfsuba fvacfknf efrsbcbrdbk dbgabk aloabm ybk` calbdudbk
calbdudbk..
^fmak``b bsumbk cbpbt caefradbk sfsuba efrcbsbrdbk fvacfknf ebsfc cbk tfrpfrnbyb.

Bpb ybk` sbyb sabpdbk cblbo ofopflbgbra thpad aka8

Alou
Alou pf
pfk`
k`ft
ftbm
bmub
ubk,
k, wbwb
wbwbsb
sbkk sfrt
sfrtbb rbsb
rbsb ak`a
ak`akk tb
tbmu
mu ybk`
ybk` ta
tak`
k``a
`a cfk`
cfk`bk
bk tu
tugu
gubk
bk
ofoefradbk pflbybkbk ybk` sfsuba cfk`bk fvacfknf ebsfc uktud ofoefradbk bsumbk

ybk` efrdublatbs.

31
 Bpb ybk` sbyb mbrbpdbk cblbo ofopflbgbra thpad aka8
Shpad aka cbpbt sfsuba cfk`bk bsumbk dfeacbkbk ybk` bdbk ca eefradbk
fradbk pbcb pbsafk.

Bpbb yb
Bp ybk`
k` pfrl
pfrluu sbyb
sbyb pfrm
pfrmbt
btad
adbk
bk cblb
cblbo
o of
ofop
opfl
flbg
bgbr
braa th
thpa
padd ak
aka8
a8 Eb`b
Eb`bao
aobk
bkbb
pfrfknbkbbkkyb8

Ofoalam tfdkad pfk`boealbk sbopfl, bkblasas cbtbkyb sfrtb eb`abobkb pfrlbdubk ybk`
caefradbk cblbo ofoefradbk bsumbk ybk` caefradbk. Ufknbkbkyb cfk`bk nbrb ofknbra
gurkbl btbu thpan ybk` efrdublatbs cbk sfsuba cfk`bk
cfk`bk bsumbk.

E. Ufjlfdsa
Ufjlfdsa Dratas
Dratas cbra
cbra Obtfra
Obtfra ybk`
ybk` Capflb
Capflbgbra
gbra
^feutdbk nbpbabk pfoeflbgbrbk ybk` tfrtfrb pbcb pbkcubk7

Akcavacu
Akcavacu 7 Ofk`flhlb
Ofk`flhlb dbsus bsumb
bsumbkk dfeac
dfeacbkbk
bkbk jasahh`as sfnbrb mhlas
mhlastan,
tan, sfsuba
sfsuba cfk`bk
cfk`bk
guolbm tbr`ft cbk prfsfktbsa dbsus cadbopus.
cadbopus.

Dflhophd 7 Yrfsfktbsa dbsus dflhophd cbk pbcb stbsf dhoukatbs tu`bs dflhophd
oflbudbk bsumbk dfeacbkbk dhoukatbs pbcb dflhophd dmusus tfrobsud ca cblbokyb
sblbm sbtu pfrfknbkbbk takcbdbk cbpbt cagbcadbk akhvbsa dbryb dfeacbkbk.

Eb`a sbyb, sbtu mbl ybk` pblak` pfktak` cblbo nbpbabk pfoeflbgbrbk tfrsfeut bcblbm7
Mbrus oflbdudbk nbpbabk tbr`ft sfnbrb obdsaobl cbk sfsuba eudu pbkcubk.

^byb ofk`acfktajadbsa suoefr akjhrobsa ofkbrad cblbo thpad pfoeflbgbrbk aka bcblbm7
Shpad aka ofkybk`dut tfktbk` bsumbk ybk` bdbk caefradbk pbcb rfobgb ybk` efr`ukb
uktud ofk`urbk`a rbsb kyfra mbac cbk pfknf`bmbk ybk` calbdudbk uktud kyfra mbac
Nbpbabk pfoeflbgbrbk ybk` pblak` sbyb eutumdbk uktud tfrus sbyb dfrgbdbk bcblbm7
Cbpbt ofkyflfsbadbk nbpbabk tbr`ft sfsuba cfk`bk eudu pbkcubk cfk`bk tfpbt wbdtu.

^byb bdbk ofk`foebk`dbk pfoeflbgbrbk sbyb ca eacbk` aka oflblua7

Cfk`bk ofo
Cfk`bk ofoefr
efradb
adbkk bsu
bsumbk
mbk dfe
dfeacb
acbkbk
kbk pbc
pbcbb rfobgb
rfobgb cfk`bk
cfk`bk ofk
ofkfrbp
frbpdbk
dbk bsu
bsumbk
mbk
dhoplf
dhoplfofk
ofktfr
tfr caobkb
caobkb cfk
cfk`bk
`bk ofoefr
ofoefradb
adbmm tfr
tfrbpa
bpa khk jbro
jbrobdh
bdhlh`
lh`aa sblbm
sblbm sbtuky
sbtukybb
69
 bcblbm tfrbpa dhoprfs bar mbk`bt

^flbob pfoeflbgbrbk dlakad, obsblbm-obsblbm ybk` ofk`mblbk`a prhsfs pfoeflbgbrbk

sbyb bcblbm7

^byb ofrbsb tacbd bcb obsblbm sflbob prhsfs pfoeflbgbrbk.

Obsblbm-obsblbm ybk` sbyb tfoua sflbob prhsfs pfoeflbgbrbk dlakad pbcb thpad aka
bcblbm, cbk ^byb efrfknbkb uktud ofoebmbskyb oflblua7

Obsblbm tacbd dboa tfoua sflbob prhsfs pfoeflbgbrbk, sfmak``b tacbd bcb rfknbkb
dmusus uktud ofk`btbsakyb

N. Ufjlfdsa Dratas pbcb Yfoeflbgbrbk

Yfoeflbgbrbk oflblua Latfrbtur cfk`bk ofk``ukb
ofk``ukbdbk
dbk Lfoebr
Dfrgb FEO (Fvacfknf Ebsfc Ofcanakf) Sfrbpa
2. Bpbd
Bpbdbm
bm mbsal
mbsal pfkflat
pfkflatabk
abk vvblac8
blac8
Bpbdbm pbsafk pbcb pfkflatabk SACBD
Blbsbk 7 Yfkf
Yfkfkt
ktub
ubbk
bk sbop
sbopfl
fl
carbkchoasbsa8
ofk``ukbd
ofk``ukbdbk
bk tfdka
tfdkadd thtbl phpulbtahk
sboplak` ybk` tfrcara cbra 21 hrbk` ca
Dfnbob
Dfnbobtbk
tbk ^uo
^uohwh
hwhkh
kh,, 2> hrb
hrbk`
k` ca
Dfnbob
Dfnbobtbk
tbk Ebk
Ebkcuk
cuk`bk
`bk,, 29 hrb
hrbk`
k` ca
Dfnb
Dfnbob
obtb
tbkk Efr`
Efr`bs
bs,, cbk
cbk = hrbk
hrbk`` ca
Dfnbobtbk Gboeu.
Bpbdbm nbrb oflbdudbk rbkchoasbsa AQB
carbmbsabdbk8 Bl
Blbs
bsbk
bkyb
yb 7 Cblb
Cblbo
o gu
gurk
rkbl
bl tf
tfrs
rsfe
feut
ut
mbky
mbkybb ca
casb
sbop
opabd
abdbk
bk gu
guop
opbl
bl sbop
sbopfl
fl
ybk` caboeal cbra efefrbpb dhtb.
Bpbdbm jhllhw-up dfpbcb pbsafk nudup AQB
pbkgbk` cbk lfk`dbp8 Blbsbk 7 Yfk`boealbk cbtb ca lbdudbk
cfk`
cfk`bk
bk Yfkf
Yfkfla
lata
tabk
bk ak
akaa ca
calb
lbds
dsbk
bkbd
bdbk
bk
pbcb eulbk Guka-B`ustus 5959 ca
wa
walb
lbyb
ybmm Dfnbo
fnbobt
btbk
bk ^u
^uoh
ohwh
whkkh,
Dfnbobt
Dfnbobtbk
bk Ebk
Ebkcuk
cuk`bk
`bk,, Dfnbobt
Dfnbobtbk
bk

62
 Gboeu, cbk Dfnbobtbk Efr`bs.
Bpbdbm pbsafk, dlakasa cbk pfkflata elakc SACBD
tfrmbcbp tfrbpa8 Blbsbk7 Ybcb Gurkbl aka obsam ebkybd
dftacbtmubk PV^ btbu YV^ ofk`fkba
Yfrfknbkbbk Dfmboalbk ybk` sfmbt
Bpbdbm `rup pbsafk capfrlbdudbk sbob, AQB
Blbsbk 7 Yfkfktubbk sbopfl
sflbak cbra tfrbpa ybk` caefradbk8
ofk``
ofk``ukb
ukbdbk
dbk tfdkad
tfdkad thtbl phpulbtahk
sboplak` ybk` tfrcara cbra 21 hrbk` ca
Dfnbobt
Dfnbobtbk
bk ^uo
^uohwh
hwhkh,
kh, 2> hrb
hrbk`
k` ca
Dfnbobt
Dfnbobtbk
bk Ebk
Ebkcuk
cuk`bk
`bk,, 29 hrb
hrbk`
k` ca
Dfnbo
Dfnbobt
btbk
bk Efr`
Efr`bs
bs,, cbk
cbk = hrbk
hrbk`` ca
Dfnbo
Dfnbobt
btbk
bk Gboe
Gboeuu ca
caob
obkb
kb cblbo
cblbo
sftabp sboefl caefrlbdudbk sbob.
Bpbdbm dbrbdtfrastad `rup pbsafk sbob AQB
Blbsbk
Blbsbkyb
yb 7 Yfkfla
Yfkflatab
tabkk aka ofrupb
ofrupbdbk
dbk
pbcb bwbl pfkflatabk, sflbak cbra tfrbpa
pfkflatabk dubktatbtaj cfk`bk
ybk` caefradbk8
ofk``ukbdbk cfsba
bakk stuca nrhss-
sfntahkbl. Yfkflatabk aka efrsajbt
cfsd
cfsdrap
rapta
tajj bkbla
bkblata
tad.
d. Yhpu
Yhpulb
lbsa
sa cblb
cblbo
o
pfkflatabk aka bcblbm sflurum nblhk
pfk`bktak pfrfopubk efrusab <21
tbmuk ybk` tfrcbjtbr ca DVB

^uohwhkh,
^uohwh kh, DVB Ebkcuk
Ebkcuk`bk
`bk,, DVB
Gboeu, cbk DVB Efr`bs ybk`
tf
tfrg
rgbc
bcwb
wbll ofka
ofkadb
dbmm pbcb
pbcb eulb
eulbkk Gula
Gula
sbopba
sbopba ^fptfoefr
^fptfoefr 5959.
5959. Yfkfktubbk
Yfkfktubbk
sbo
boppfl ofk``
fk``uukbdb
kbdbkk tf
tfddkad
kad thtbl
phpulbtahk sboplak` ybk` tfrcara cbra
21 hrbk` ca Dfnbobtbk ^uohwhkh, 2>
hrbk`
hrbk` ca Dfnbob
Dfnbobtbk
tbk Ebk
Ebkcuk
cuk`bk
`bk,, 29
hrbk
hrbk`` ca Df
Dfnb
nbob
obtb
tbkk Efr`
Efr`bs
bs,, cbk
cbk =

hrbk` ca Dfnbobtbk Gboeu.

65
 5. Bpbd
Bpbdbm
bm mbsal pfkflat
pfkflatabk
abk ybk` vvblac
blac cbk ppfktak
fktak`` tfrsfe
tfrsfeut
ut bpplanbelf (cbpbt catfrbpdbk)
cblbo prbdtad sfmbra-mbra8
Bpbdbm mbsalkyb cbpbt catfrbpdbk dfpbcb pbsafk datb8 Qb
Bpbdbm dbrbdtfrastad pbsafk datb sbk`bt SACBD
efrefcb caebkcak`dbk pbsafk pbcb Dbrbdtfrastad pbsafk datb tacbd ofoalada
pfkflatabk sfmak``b mbsalkyb tacbd pfrefcbbk btbu mbopar sbob
cbpbt catfrbpdbk8 ca
caeebkc
bkcak`
ak`dbk
dbk cfk`
fk`bk sueg
suegfd
fd bt
btbu
bu
rfsphkcfk pbcb pfkflatabk aka.

Bpbdbmm mbsalkyb
Bpbdb mbsalkyb ouk`
ouk`dak
dak cadfr
cadfrgbdbk
gbdbk QB
ca tfopbt dfrgb datb8 Blbsbk
Blbsbk77 Dbrbdt
Dbrbdtfra
frasad
sad suegfd
suegfd pfkfla
pfkflatabk
tabk
tacbd gbum efrefcb sfmak``b pfk``ukbbk
blfrkbtaj aka cbpbt ca`ukdbkb ca tfopbt
dfrgb btbu calbdudbk
calbdudbk obkcara hlfm pbsafk
cfk`bk ofoefradbk sfeubm DAF uktud
ofrfknbkbdbk dfmboalbk ybk` sfmbt.

C. Fvblub
Fvblubsa
sa Yfoef
Yfoeflbg
lbgbr
brbk
bk
Shpad7 Yfkfrbpbkk Yfrfknbkbbk Dfmboalbk ^fmbt Ybcb Nblhk Sbk``bl7 26
^fptfoe
^fp tfoefr
fr 5952
5 952
Yfk`bktak Qbk` Efrkabt Ofkadbm Vsab Caka Ca Dbeupbtfk
^fo brbk`
^fobrb k` Sbm
Sbmuk
uk 5959
Gfkas pfofradsbbk, cbk lak`dup takcbdbk/bsumbk
Yfk`boealbk cbtb ofk``ukbdbk dufsahkfr. Cblbo pfkflatabk aka ofk``ukbdbk uga
ukavbrabt cbk uga eavbrabt cfk`bk ofk``ukbdbk uga dhrflbsa nma-squbrf uktud ofk`uga
mueuk`bk vbrabefl efebs cbk vbrabefl tfradbt. Zbrabefl tfradbt cblbo pfkflatabk aka
ybatu prbdtad pfrfknbkbbk dfmboalbk sfmbt sfcbk`dbk uktud vbrabefl efebs tfrcara
cbraa dbr
cbr dbrbdt
bdtfras
frastad
tad rfs
rfsphk
phkcfk
cfk (us
(usab,
ab, pfk
pfkcac
cacadb
adbkk tfrbdma
tfrbdmar,
r, pfdfrgb
pfdfrgbbk,
bk, pfkcbp
pfkcbpbtb
btbk),
k),
dbrbdtfrasatad hrbk`tub (pfkcacadbk tfrbdmar, pfdfrgbbk, pfkcbpbtbk), pfk`ftbmubk,
sadbp,
sadbp, bdsfs
bdsfs akj
akjhro
hrobsa
bsa,, cuduk`
cuduk`bk
bk dfl
dflubr
ubr`b,
`b, cuduk`
cuduk`bk
bk pftu`b
pftu`bss dfsfmb
dfsfmbtbk
tbk,, cbk
cuduk`bk nblhk suboa.
Akjhrobsa/dftfrbopalbk ybk` ebru eb`a sbyb7
Yfktak`kyb DAF cblbo pbsbk`bk Vsab ^ueur uktud ofrfknbkbdbk Dfmboalbk sfmbt
Eb`baobkb mbl aka easb efr`ukb8
Dbrfkb sucbm oflblua pfkflatabk aloabm cbk sucbm Fvacbknf Ebsfc

6>
 ^fsa pfoeflbgbrbk aka ofoeubt sbyb efrjadar tfktbk`7
Sfktbk` DAF ybk` cbpbt ofkak`dbtdbk pfk`ftbmubk YV^ Ofk`fkba Yfrfknbkbbk
Dfmboalbk ^fmbt
Dhktraeusa sbyb cblbo pfoeflbgbrbk aka bcblbm7
Cfk`bk caefradbk DAF cbpbt ofkak`dbtdbk pfk`ftbmubk cbk gu`b wbwbsbk eb`u

pbrb YV^ cbk PV^

Yfrtbkybbk ybk` cabgudbk sflbob sfsa casdusa8
DAF bpb sbgb ybk` caefradbk b`br ofk`ak`dbtdbk wbwbsbk YV^ cbk PV^ uktud
ofopfrsabpbdkb pfrfknbkbbk dfmboalbk sfmbt.
Sakcbd lbkgut ybk` bdbk sbyb lbdudbk bcblbm7
Ofoefradbk fcudbsa Yfrsabpbk Yfrfknbkbbk Dfmboalbk ^fmbt

Lboparbk >. ^flj Ufphrtak` Rufstahkkbarf

Rufstahkkbarf (^UR-59)
(^UR-59)

Duasahkfr ^tb`f Yrbdhksfpsa cbk Yfrfknbkbbk Dfmboalbk ^fmbt

^flj Ufphrtak` Rufstahkkbarf (^UR-59)

63
Kbob 7 Ky. ^ Sbk``bl 7 26 ^fp 5952
Blbobt 7 Gl. USB. Oalhkh Sflfphk/MY 7 95>xxxxxxx

Yftuk
Yftukgud
gud 7 Ebn
Ebnblb
blbmm pft
pftukg
ukgud
ud aka sfl
sfluru
urumky
mkybb sfe
sfeflu
fluo
o oulba
oulba ofk`as
ofk`asaa pfrtbk
pfrtbkybb
ybbkk efr
efradu
adutt
efrmueuk`bk cfk`bk obsblbm ybk` ouk`dak ofk``bk``u Bkcb sflbob >9 tfrdbmar. Bpbealb
ofk``bk``bp pfrtbkybbk atu efrlbdu eb`a bkcb cbk bkcb ofk`blboa obsblbm casfeutdbk
cblbo
cblbo >9 mb
mbra
ra tfrbd
tfrbdma
mar,
r, efral
efralbm
bm tbkc
tbkcbb pbcb
pbcb dhlh
dhlho
o Q. ^feb
^febla
ladk
dkyb
yb bpbe
bpbeal
albb bkcb
bkcb ta
tacb
cbdd
ofk`blboa obsblbm ybk` casfeutdbk cblbo >9 mbra tfrdbmar, efralbm tbkcb pbcb dhlho S. Gadb
bkcb tacbd ybdak tfktbk` gbwbebkkyb, efralbm gbwbebk ybk` pblak` sfsuba ca bktbrb Q cbk S.
Dboa tf`bsdbk ebmwb, gbwbebk bkcb rbmbsab cbk bdbk ca`ukbdbk mbkyb uktud ofoebktu
pfofnbmbk obsblbm bkcb.

Kh. Yfrtbkybbk QB SACBD

2. Bpbdbm Bkcb sfrak` ofkcfratb sbdat dfpblb8 ∗
5. Bpbdbm Bkcb dfmalbk`bk kbjsu obdbk 8 ∗
>. Bpbdbm tacur Bkcb tacbd lflbp8 ∗
3. Bpbdbm Bkcb oucbm ofkgbca tbdut8 ∗
6. Bpbdbm Bkcb ofrbsb nfobs, tf`bk` cbk dmbwbtar8 ∗
:. Bpbdbm Bkcb ofrbsb sulat efrpadat gfrkam8 ∗
0. Bpbdbm Bkcb ofk`blboa `bk``ubk pfknfrkbbk8 ∗
=. Bpbdbm Bkcb ofrbsb sulat efrpadar gfrkam8 ∗
1. Bpbdbm Bkcb ofrbsb tacbd ebmb`ab8 ∗
29. Bpbdbm Bkcb lfeam sfrak` ofkbk`as8 ∗
22
22.. Bpbd
Bpbdbm
bm Bk
Bkcb
cb of
ofrb
rbsb
sb sula
sulatt ukt
uktud
ud of
ofka
kado
dobt
btaa bd
bdta
tava
vatb
tbss ∗
sfmbra-mbra8
25
25.. Bpbd
Bpbdbm
bm Bk
Bkcbcb of
ofk`k`bl
blbo
boaa ddfs
fsul
ulat
atbk
bk uktu
uktudd of
ofk`
k`bo
boea
eall ∗
dfputusbk8
2>
2>.. Bpbd
Bpbdbm
bm bda
bdata
tava
vatb
tbs/
s/tu
tu`b
`bss sf
sfmb
mbra
ra-m
-mbr
braa B
Bkc
kcbb ∗
tfrefk`dblba
23
23.. Bpbd
Bpbdbm
bm Bkc
Bkcbb of
ofrb
rbsb
sb ttac
acbd
bd o
obo
bopu
pu eefr
frpf
pfrb
rbkk cb
cblb
lbo
o ∗
dfmacupbk aka 8
26. Bpbdbm Bkcb dfmalbk`bk oakbt tfrmbcbp ebkybd mbl8 ∗
2:. Bpbdbm Bkcb ofrbsb tacbd efrmbr`b8 ∗
20
20.. Bpbd
Bpbdbm
bm Bk
Bkcb
cb of
ofop
opuk
ukyb
ybaa ppad
adar
arbk
bk uktu
uktudd o
ofk
fk`b
`bdm
dmar
araa ∗
macup bkcb8
2=. Bpbdbm Bkcb ofrbsb lflbm sfpbkgbk` wbdtu 8 ∗
21. Bpbdbm Bkcb ofrbsb tacbd fkbd capfrut 8 ∗
59. Bpbdbm Bkcb oucbm lflbm 8 ∗

66
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