WNBA 2 Ebtbn

Kbryb F`nibc
‐Mbnpbk
Udkdk  Ebii
Klslcbtba
Ulnbjb„ 

SF NFB 2

Kl`via Ju`ibamb (Kltub)

 Baaisb Nbrmiyb Cbkin

Aul` @ldabrm
D`ivib Britdabai
_ristial Kuraibai
2|
 Mbnpbk Udkdk Ebii Klslcbtba Ulnbjb

@lnebr _lailsbcba

Kbryb i`nibc ‐Mbnpbk Udkdk Ebii Klslcbtba Ulnbjb„ tl`bc misltujui

mba misbckba mi Ebtbn pbmb 58 Hlerubri 5050 d`lc :

Klpb`b Wlkd`bc, _lneineiai,

.... ....

5|
 KB]B _LAIBA]BU

_uji mba syukur plau`is pbajbtkba klpbmb ]ucba Vbai Nbcb Lsb btbs
 elrkbt mba rbcnbt-Ayb`bc slciaiib plau`is mbpbt nlayl`lsbikba kbryb i`nibc
ybai elrjumu` „Mbnpbk Udkdk ebii Klslcbtba Ulnbjb„  tlpbt pbmb wbktuayb.
Mb`bn kbryb tu`is iai, plau`is nlaybmbri bkba klnbnpuba miri
plau`is ybai kirbayb nbsic jbuc mbri klslnpurabba slciaiib plau`is
mieineiai d`lc
 ebaybk picbk mba mbpbt nlayl`lsbikba kbryb tu`is iai mlaiba ebik. D`lc kbrlab
itu, pbmb klslnpbtba iai plau`is clambk nlaiugbpkba tlrinb kbsic klpbmb
 slnub picbk btbs eineiniba, ndtivbsi, mba ebatubaayb ybai sbaibt elrai`bi
tlrsleut.
\gbpba tlrinb kbsic iai plau`is tujukba klpbmb:

2. Klmub drbaitub ybai tl`bc nlnelrikba mukuaiba, ebik ndri` nbupua

nbtlri` mb`bn plau`isba kbryb tu`is iai;
5. Klpb`b slkd`bc, Feu/Ebpbk iuru WNB ALILUF 2 Ebtbn;
7. Feu iuru Ebcbsb Famdalsib sl`bku Iuru _lneineiai;
=. tlnba-tlnba kl`bs SF F_B 2 WNB Alilri 2 Ebtbn.

Nlskipua tl`bc elrusbcb nlayl`lsbikba prdpdsb` pla`itiba iai slebik nuaikia,

 plau`is nlaybmbri ebcwb prdpdsb` plal`itiba iai nbsic bmb klkurbaiba. D`lc
kbrlab itu, plau`is nlaicbrbpkba kritik mba sbrba ybai nlnebaiua mbri pbrb
 plnebgb iuab nlaylnpurabkba slib`b klkurbaiba mb`bn playusuaba prdpdsb`
 plal`itiba iai.
Bkcir kbtb, plau`is elrcbrbp slndib prdpdsb` plal`itiba iai elriuab ebii
 pbrb plnebgb mba picbk-picbk `bia ybai elrklplatiaiba.

Ebtbn, 5< Hlerubri 5050

_lau`is

7
 BEW]UBK

Kleibsbba nlrdkdk mi Famdalsib sbaibt nlnpricbtiakba.

Udkdk nlrupbkba sb`bc sbtu kleutucba slkuamlr ybai nlalnpbti pdsisis
prinlr ebii slebiiba kb`baiba btbupua kl`dnpdk. Wbbt iai, eukba cbayb prib
mlwbsb sbjb ybai nlajbmikba rdkdk slebibi kleutucba, bkba tltbpi kb`baiba
rlnbjb ebckba babk-babk juib sumbc timbk bsiai `bii mlaiba rdkdk. _dpu`bsi
nlrdkdk pbmb usib miai sbaibt`bc tiaiii. Cb` iai mi slebebkba kbrlab kurbaiayb
playu`ucba tlatbai
 ebcbyb rdkdk mi kb`baiba slkd`bc btbu nbsybrkbt, btbu nuaikia juib
kurbaiayb klsbmbrba pbmb miri nlrlkb slciaiib nlrlkb timbk nlnplrcbtikba
ebcbybayb mba juib abati kl mlpbaayb.

Udkdk timbk cbayb nlnebcbybkba pbrb plrdkdk, bsbp rdkdk juib sbaibt
 elrebcbyb bpbei`b mi cirup d`lc drbai-drbai ybai elrbmb mi slkitbrayb (plrdkdk
 pbsih). Ebckba slebiiba plal`itiba nlauajukkba ebcwb pbrb plrdkdk pbsih
nlni`iki rlsikd klslcbtba `leic tiaiii mbri pbmb pbrb prdkdk itu slamiri.
_laybkit-playbkit nu`bi mbri nlamlritb ebtuk ciaiib kbaklr pbru-pbru
nlaibagbn pbrb plrdkdk bktih nbupua pbsih.
]ujuba mbri plal`itiba iai bmb`bc uatuk nlaybmbrkba pbrb rlnbjb
bkba ebcbyb nlrdkdk mba ebcba kinib ybai tlrkbamuai mi mb`bnayb slrtb
uatuk nlneibsbkba pbrb rlnbjb jbuc mbri rdkdk. Bmbpua plal`itiba iai
nlaiiuabkba nltdml kub`itbtih, mlaiba tlkaik plaiunpu`ba mbtb
elrupb wbwbagbrb tlrstruktur.

Cbsi` plal`itiba nlauajukkba ebcwb tiaikbtba klgbamuba mba hbktdr

 playlebe sltibp siswb nlrdkdk tlraybtb elrelmb-elmb, mlaiba plaibruc tlnba
nlajbmi hbktdr playlebe tlrelsbr siswb nlrdkdk.

=
=
 MBH]BU FWF

Cb`bnba Jumu`............................................................................................................................. 2

@lnebr _lailsbcba ............................................................................................................................... 5

Kbtb _laibatbr ........................................................................................................................................ 7

Bestrbk......................................................................................................................................... =

Mbhtbr Fsi................................................................................................................................................................ <

EBE F

_LAMBC\@\BA

@btbr El`bkbai ....................................................................................................................................... 9

Uunusba Nbsb`bc........................................................................................................................... 9

]ujuba _lal`itiba ................................................................................................................................... 9

Nbahbbt _lal`itiba...................................................................................................................... 9

EBE FF

KBJFBA __\W]BKB
_lailrtiba Udkdk .................................................................................................................................. 3

Jlais Udkdk................................................................................................................................. 3

Ebcba Kinib ybai ]lrkbamuai mb`bn Udkdk   .....................................................................................6

_laylebe Wlsldrbai Nlrdkdk   ................................................................................................................................. 6 

Mbnpbk _lri`bku Nlrdkdk   .............................................................................................................................20

EBE FFF

NL]DML

____________
LAL@F]FBA
Ubagbaiba _lal`itiba .......................................................................................................................... 22

_dpu`bsi mba Wbnpl`…….………….  .............................................................................................25

]lkaik _laid`bcba mbtb ..................................................................................................................... 25 

<
Fastrunla _lal`itiba ............................................................................................................................ 25

_rdslmur plal`itiba .............................................................................................................................. 27

<
 EBE FX

_LNEBCBWBA
Cbsi` plal`itiba..................................................................................................................... 27

_lnebcbsba Cbsi` _lal`itiba…….…………..................................................................27

EBE X
_LA\]\_BA
Klsinpu`ba.................................................................................................................................. 2<

Wbrba ......................... ........................................................................................................................... 2<

Mbhtbr _ustbkb............................................................................................................................... 2<

@bnpirba ............................................................................................................................................... 28 

8
 EBE F
_LAMBC\@\BA

B.  @btbr El`bkbai

Udkdk nlrupbkba sb`bc sbtu kleutucba slkuamlr ybai nlalnpbti pdsisis prinlr
ebii slebiiba kb`baiba btbupua kl`dnpdk. Wbbt iai, eukba cbayb prib mlwbsb sbjb ybai
nlajbmikba rdkdk slebibi kleutucba, bkba tltbpi kb`baiba rlnbjb ebckba babk-babk juib
sumbc timbk bsiai
`bii mlaiba rdkdk. Ebii nlrlkb rdkdk eukba sbjb slebibi cdei mba klslabaiba sbjb, tltbpi
rdkdk sumbc nlajbmi gbamu ybai sbbt iai sbaibt su`it uatuk nlnelrbatbsayb.
Wlelabrayb sldrbai pl`bjbr el`un ed`lc nlrdkdk mi kb`baiba slkd`bc, nbsybrbkbt
btbu kb`baiba ybai `biaayb. Kbrlab cb` iai mbpbt elrmbnpbk euruk pbmb klslcbtbaayb,
slkd`bcayb mba `bia-`bia. Eibsbayb cb` iai mi `bkukba d`lc pbrb pl`bjbr kbrlab kdamisi lndsi
nlrlkb ybai timbk stbei` nlnleubt nlrlkb nl`bkukba slib`bc cb` uatuk
nl`bnpibskba lsndsiayb.
_dpu`bsi nlrdkdk pbmb usib miai sbaibt`bc tiaiii. Cb` iai mi slebebkba kbrlab kurbaiayb
 playu`ucba tlatbai ebcbyb rdkdk mi kb`baiba slkd`bc btbu nbsybrkbt, btbu nuaikia
juib kurbaiayb klsbmbrba pbmb miri nlrlkb slciaiib nlrlkb timbk nlnplrcbtikba
ebcbybayb mba
 juib abati klmlpbayb.

Kleibsbba nlrdkdk mi Famdalsib sbaibt nlnpricbtiakba. Wltibp sbbt kitb mbpbt

nlajunpbi nbsybrbkbt mbri elrebibi usib, tlrnbsuk pl`bjbr. _bmbcb , elrebibi plal`itiba mba
kbjiba ybai tl`bc mi `bkukba nlauajukba ebcwb rdkdk sbaibt nlnebcbybkba
klslcbtba. Eukba cbayb nlnebcbybkba pbrb plrdkdk, bsbp rdkdk juib sbaibt elrebcbyb
bpbei`b mi cirup d`lc drbai-drbai ybai elrbmb mi slkitbrayb (plrdkdk pbsih). Ebckba
slebiiba plal`itiba nlauajukkba ebcwb pbrb plrdkdk pbsih nlni`iki rlsikd klslcbtba `leic
tiaiii mbri pbmb pbrb
 prdkdk itu slamiri. _laybkit-playbkit nu`bi mbri nlamlritb ebtuk ciaiib kbaklr pbru-
pbru nlaibagbn pbrb plrdkdk bktih nbupua pbsih.

E.  Uunusba Nbsb`bc

2)  Bpb plailrtiba rdkdk mba ebcba kinib ybai tlrkbamuai mimb`bnayb4
5)  Bpb mbnpbk mbri nlrdkdk4
7)  Bpb hbktdr playlebe plri`bku nlrdkdk pbmb rlnbjb4
=)   Ebibinbab plaibruc rdkdk tlrcbmbp klslcbtba siswb4

G.  ]ujuba _lau`isba

2)  \atuk nlaybmbrkba pbrb rlnbjb bkba ebcbyb nlrdkdk.
5)  Bibr pbrb rlnbjb tbcu tlatbai ebcba kinib ybai bmb mi rdkdk. 7)  \atuk nlneibsbkba pbrb rlnbjb jbuc mbri rd

M.  Nbahbbt _lau`isba

2)  Mbpbt nlailtbcui tlatbai ebcbyb nlrdkdk.
5)  Mbpbt nlailtbcui tlatbai platiaiayb plrba drbai tub mb`bn plaglibcba rdkdk mi kb`baiba rlnbjb.

9
10
 EBE FF
KBJFBA _\W]BKB

B. _lailrtiba Udkdk
Udkdk btbu siibrlt bmb`bc si`iamlr mbri klrtbs elrukurba pbajbai batbrb 90 ciaiib 250
nn (elrvbribsi tlribatuai alibrb) mlaiba mibnltlr slkitbr 20 nn ybai elrisi mbua-
mbua tlnebkbu klriai ybai tl`bc migbgbc. Udkdk miebkbr pbmb sb`bc sbtu ujuaiayb mba
mieibrkba nlnebrb bibr bsbpayb mbpbt micirup `lwbt nu`ut pbmb ujuai ybai `biaayb.
Udkdk eibsbayb mijub` mb`bn euaikusba elrelatuk kdtbk btbu klnbsba klrtbs ybai
mbpbt minbsukkba mlaiba numbc kl mb`bn sbku. Wljbk elelrbpb tbcua tlrbkcir, euaikusba-
 euaikusba tlrsleut juib ununayb mislrtbi plsba klslcbtba ybai nlnlriaibtkba plrdkdk bkba
 ebcbyb klslcbtba ybai mbpbt mitineu`kba mbri nlrdkdk, nisb`ayb kbaklr pbru-pbru
btbu slrbaiba jbatuai (wb`bupua pbmb klaybtbbaayb plsba tlrsleut slriai mibebikba).
Udkdk juib tlrnbsuk zbt bmiktih kbrlab mbpbt nlaylebekba bmiksi (kltbiicba)
mba mlplamlasi (kltlribatuaiba) ebii drbai ybai nlaicisbpayb. Mlaiba kbtb `bia,
rdkdk tlrnbsuk id`daiba AB_ZB (Abrkdtikb, _sikdtrdpikb, B`kdcd`, mba Zbt Bmiktih).

E. Jlais Udkdk
2.  Elrmbsbrkba ebcba plneuaikus 
b)  K`dedt: rdkdk ybai ebcba plneuaikusayb elrupb ku`it jbiuai.
 e)  Kbwuai: rdkdk ybai ebcba plneuaikusayb elrupb mbua brla.
g)  Wiibrlt: rdkdk ybai ebcba plneuaikusayb elrupb klrtbs.
m)  Glrutu: rdkdk ybai ebcba plneuaikusayb elrupb mbua tlnebkbu.
l)  Udkdk mbua aipbc

5.  Elrmbsbrkba ebcba ebku btbu isi

b)  Udkdk putic: rdkdk ybai ebcba ebku btbu isiayb cbayb mbua tlnebkbu ybai
mielri sbus uatuk nlambpbtkba lhlk rbsb mba brdnb tlrtlatu.
 e)  Udkdk krltlk: rdkdk ybai ebcba ebku btbu isiayb elrupb mbua tlnebkbu
mba glaikic ybai mielri sbus uatuk nlambpbtkba lhlk rbsb mba brdnb tlrtlatu.
g)  Udkdk k`lnebk: rdkdk ybai ebcba ebku btbu isiayb elrupb mbua tlnebkbu,
glaikic, mba klnlayba ybai mielri sbus uatuk nlambpbtkba lhlk rbsb mba brdnb
tlrtlatu.

7.  Elrmbsbrkba prdsls plneubtbaayb

b)  Wiibrlt Krltlk ]baiba (WK]): rdkdk ybai prdsls plneubtbaayb mlaiba
gbrb miii`iai btbu mi`iatiai mlaiba nlaiiuabkba tbaiba mba btbu b`bt ebatu
slmlrcbab.
 e)  Wiibrlt Krltlk Nlsia (WKN): rdkdk ybai prdsls plneubtbaayb
nlaiiuabkba nlsia. Wlmlrcbabayb, nbtlrib` rdkdk minbsukkba kl mb`bn nlsia
plneubt rdkdk. Kl`ubrba ybai micbsi`kba nlsia plneubt rdkdk elrupb rdkdk
ebtbaiba

=.  Elrmbsbrkba plaiiuabba hi`tlr

b)  Udkdk Hi`tlr (UH): rdkdk ybai pbmb ebiiba pbaikb`ayb tlrmbpbt ibeus.
 e)  Udkdk Ada Hi`tlr (UAH): rdkdk ybai pbmb ebiiba pbaikb`ayb timbk tlrmbpbt ibeus

<.  Elrmbsbrkba kdnpdsisiayb

3
3
 b)  Eimis : ]lnebkbu ybai miiu`uai mlaiba mbua tlneurai klriai mba miikbt mlaiba
 elabai. ]br mba kbreda ndadksimbayb `leic tiaiii mbripbmb rdkdk eubtba pberik.
Eibsbayb mitlnukba mi Bsib ]laiibrb mba Famib.
 e)  Giibr : Mbri hlrnlatbsi tlnebkbu ybai mibsbpi, miiu`uai mlaiba mbua tlnebkbu.
Bmbelrebibi jlais ybai elrelmb mi tibp alibrb. Vbai tlrklab` mbri Cbvbab, Kueb.
g)  Krltlk : Gbnpurba tlnebkbu mlaiba glaikic btbu brdnb glaikic elrlhlk nbti
rbsb mba sbkit sb`urba plrabpbsba. Jlais iai pb`iai elrklnebai mba ebaybk
mi Famdalsib.
m)  ]lnebkbu `baisuai kl nu`ut btbu tlnebkbu kuaybc juib eibsb miiuabkba
mi Bsib]laiibrb mba Famib. Ebckba <8 plrsla plrlnpuba Famib nlaiiuabkba
jlais kuaybc. Bmb`bii jlais ybai mi`ltbkkba batbrb pipi mba iusi, mba tlnebkbu
klriai ybai miisbp mlaiba cimuai btbu nu`ut.
l)  Wciscb btbu cuee`y euee`y: Jlais tlnebkbu mbri eubc-eubcba btbu rbsb eubc-
 eubcba ybai mislmdt mlaiba pipb mbri tbeuai. Eibsbayb miiuabkba mi Bhrikb \tbrb,
]inur ]laibc, mba elelrbpb tlnpbt mi Bsib. Mi Famdalsib, sciscb
slmbai nlajbnur slplrti mikbhl-kbhl.

G.  . Ebcba Kinib ybai ]lrkbamuai mb`bn Udkdk  

b)   Aikdtia, kbamuaiba ybai nlaylebekba plrdkdk nlrbsb ri`lks, zbt iai juib mbpbt
nlneubt plrdkdk nlajbmi klgbamuba. Aikdtia elrbsb` mbri mbua tlnebkbu.
 e)  ]br, ybai tlrmiri mbri `leic mbri =.000 ebcba kinib ybai nbab 80 ebcba kinib mi
batbrbayb elrsihbt kbrsiadilaik.
g)  Wibaimb, slaybwb kinib ybai nlaibamuai kl`dnpdk gybad.
m)  Elazlal, juib miklab` slebibi elasd`, slaybwb kinib dribaik ybai numbc
tlrebkbr mba timbk elrwbrab.
l)  Gbmniun, sleubc `dibn ybai sbaibt elrbgua mba rbmidbktih.
h)   Nltbad` (b`kdcd` kbyu), b`kdcd` ybai pb`iai slmlrcbab ybai juib miklab`
slebibi nlti` b`kdcd`.
i)   Bslti`lab, nlrupbkba slaybwb kinib tbk jlauc ybai juib nlrupbkba
cimrdkbreda b`kuab ybai pb`iai slmlrcbab.
c)  Bndaib, mbpbt mitlnukba mi nbab-nbab, tltbpi sbaibt elrbgua mb`bn kdneiabsi
mlaiba uasur-uasur tlrtlatu.
i)  Hdrnb`mlcimb, gbirba ybai sbaibt elrbgua ybai miiuabkba uatuk nlaibwltkba

 j)  nbybt.
Cimrdila sibaimb, rbgua ybai miiuabkba slebibi huniiba uatuk nlneuauc slnut.
Zbt iai juib miiuabkba slebibi zbt plneubt p`bstik mba plstisimb.
k)  Brslaik, ebcba ybai tlrmbpbt mb`bn rbgua tikus.
`)  Kbreda ndadksimb, ebcba kinib elrbgua ybai mitlnukba mb`bn bsbp
eubaiba ndei` mba ndtdr.

M.  . _laylebe slsldrbai nlrdkdk  

_lri`bku nlrdkdk mislebekba miri slamiri mba hbktdr `iaikuaiba.

Bmbpua hbktdr-hbktdr ybai nlaylebekba sldrbai nlrdkdk ybitu :
b.  _laibruc kl`ubrib
Wldrbai ybai elrbsb` mbri kl`ubrib ybai kdaslrvbtih (kl`ubrib ybai nlajbib
mba nlnplrcbtikba babk-babkayb) `leic su`it uatuk tlr`iebt mlaiba rdkdk. Wlmbaikba drbai
ybai
 elrbsb` mbri kl`ubrib ybai plrnisih ( kl`ubrib ybai timbk tlr`b`u nlajbib babkayb mba
nlalrinb plri`bku babk) glamlruai bkba numbc uatuk tlr`iebt mlaiba rdkdk.

6
6
 Mb`bn Jdurab` dh Gdasunlr Bhhbir s (B`iybc, 5022) nlayleutkba ebcwb drbai tub
 plrdkdk bkba elrplaibruc mb`bn nlamdrdai babk nlrlkb nlajbmi plrdkdk plnu`b mi usib
miai. Wlgbrb psikd`diis, td`lrbasi drbai tub tlrcbmbp bsbp rdkdk mi runbc bkba nlnelatuk
ai`bi
 ebii babk ebcwb nlrdkdk bmb`bc cb` ybai ed`lc mi`bkukba mba nlrlkb nlrbsb elebs uatuk
nlrdkdk kbrlab timbk bmb sbaisi ndrb` ybai mielrikba d`lc drbai tub (Nu‖tbmia, 5005). 
Gdatdc `bia bmb`bc bmbayb plrnbsb`bcba iatlrab` kl`ubrib. Nisb`ayb, sldrbai babk
 elrbsb` mbri kl`ubrib ybai erdkla cdnl, mibatbrbayb mipigu mlaiba plrglrbiba drbai tub.
Babk tlrsleut nl`bkukba bktivitbs nlrdkdk slebibi elatuk prdtls mba plr`bwbaba tlrcbmbp
klmub drbai tubayb kbrlab timbk nlnplrcbtikbaayb (Wurybaiairbt, 5009).

 e. _laibruc ]lnba 

Wlsldrbai ybai nlnpuaybi tlnba plrdkdk bkba `leic nuaikia nlrdkdk
miebamiai drbai ybai timbk puayb tlnba plrdkdk. Ebaybk drbai tlrmdrdai nlajbmi
plrdkdk plnu`b uatuk nlayusbikba miri pbmb kdnuaitbs plribu`ba. Udkdk nlneubt
nlrlkb nlrbsb `leic mitlrinb d`lc ebaybk drbai (Nu‖tbmia, 5005). Mbri hbktb tlrsleut bmb
mub klnuaikiaba ybai tlrjbmi :
2) Drbai tlrsleut tlrplaibruc d`lc tlnba-tlnbaayb.
5) ]lnba-tlnbaayb miplaibruci d`lcayb

g. Hbktdr Klpriebmiba
Drbai nlagdeb nlrdkdk kbrlab b`bsba iaiia tbcu, btbu iaiia nl`lpbskba miri mbri rbsb
sbkit mba kledsbaba. Wlgbrb klpriebmiba, kdamisi nlatb` ybai slmbai nlaurua slplrti strls,
il`isbc, tbkut, klglwb mba putus bsb slriai nlamdrdai drbai nlaicisbp rdkdk. Nlrlkb
nlrbsb
`leic tlabai mba `leic numbc nl`lwbti nbsb-nbsb su`it sltl`bc nlrdkdk. (Wurybaiairbt,
5009).

m. _laibruc Fk`ba
Mb`bn nlmib visub` slplrti tl`lvisi, eb`icd mba nbjb`bc tbnpbk tbnpi`ba-
tbnpi`ba rlk`bnl ybai sbaibt prdhdkbtih mlaiba nlnplr`icbtkba ebcwb mlaiba nlrdkdk
slsldrbai bkba `leic nbgcd. Fk`ba nlrupbkba nlmib iahdrnbsi ybai mieubt slmlnikiba
rupb slciaiib mbpbt nlabrik pbrb kdasunla btbu kcb`bybk slgbrb sukbrl`b tlrmdrdai uatuk
nl`bkukba subtu tiambkba slsubi ybai miiaiiakba plaiik`ba.
Ebaybk ik`ba rdkdk mi nlmib gltbk, mba l`lktrdaik tl`bc nlamdrdai rbsb iaiia tbcu
 pue`ik tlatbai prdmuk rdkdk. _laiibnebrba tdkdc slrtb bmliba-bmliba nlabatbai
mb`bn ik`ba nlneubt nbsybrbkbt nlairuayb. Fkb`ba-ik`ba ybai bmb nlrbaisbai nlrlkb
uatuk
nlrdkdk mlaiba eujukba ybai elrelmb. Nlskipua mb`bn ik`ba timbk miibnebrkba
drbai nlrdkdk bkba tltbpi bmliba-bmliba ybai imlatik mlaiba klplrkbsbbba mba plauc
inbjiabsi
nlnplaibruci nlrlkb nlaidasunsi rdkdk.
]lnb ik`ba rdkdk sl`b`u nlabnpi`kba plsba pdsitih slplrti nbgcd, elribyb, plmu`i,
sltib kbwba, mba iaspirbtih. Elrmbsbrkba plal`itiba \aivlrsitbs _rdh. Mr. Cbnkb (\
cbnkb) mba kdnisi absidab` plr`iamuaiba babk (5009), ik`ba rdkdk nlrupbkba sb`bc
sbtu playlebe nlaiaikbtayb jun`bc plrdkdk mi Famdalsib ( Gbamrb, 5003).

L.  . Mbnpbk _lri`bku Nlrdkdk

_lri`bku nlrdkdk nlnpuaybi mbnpbk elrnbgbn-nbgbn ebii plrdkdk. Nlaurut
Dimla (5000), plri`bku nlnpuaybi mub mbnpbk, ybitu pdsitih mba mbnpbk alibtih.

b. Mbnpbk _dsitih
Nlrdkdk nlni`iki mbnpbk pdsitih ybai sbaibt slmikit ebii klslcbtba. Irbcbn mb`bn

20
dimla (5000) nlaybtbkba ebcwb plrdkdk mlaiba nlrdkdk mbpbt nlaicbsi`kba nddm pdsitih
mba mbpbt nlnebatu iamivimu nlaicbmbpi klbmbba-klbmbba ybai su`it. Wnlt
(266=)

20
nlayleutkba kluatuaiba nlrdkdk (tlrutbnb ebii plrdkdk) ybitu nlaiurbaii
kltlibaiba, nlnebatu kdaslatrbsi, mukuaiba sdsib` mba nlaylabaikba.

e. Mbnpbk Alibtih
Nlrdkdk mbpbt nlaylebekba mbnpbk alibtih ybai sbaibt elrplaibruc
tlrcbmbp klslcbtba (Wunbrtdad, 5006). _lrdkdk eukba playlebe playbkit tltbpi mbpbt
nlnigu subtu
 jlais playbkit. Udkdk juib timbk nlaylebekba klnbtiba slgbrb `baisuai tltbpi
mbpbt nlamdrdai nuagu`ayb playbkit ybai mbpbt nlaylebekba klnbtiba. Elrebibi
playbkit ybai
 pigu kbrlab nlrdkdk minu`bi mbri playbkit klpb`b sbnpbi mlaiba playbkit mi tl`bpbk kbki.
_laybkit tlrsleut batbrb `bia : playbkit jbatuai, kbaklr, playbkit sb`urba plrabpbsba,
 plaiikbtba tlkbaba mbrbc, ibaiiuba plneu`uc mbrbc, plail`icbtba kbeur, mba `bia-`bia slplrti
 plsba plriaibtba ybai tlrtlrb pbmb euaikusba rdkdk. (Wurybaiairbt, 5009)

Gdatdc ebcbyb rdkdk ebii klslcbtba

: b)  Kbaklr

@leic mbri 80 ebcba kinib ybai tlrkbamuai mb`bn rdkdk elrsihbt kbrsiadila btbu
nlaylebekba kbaklr. Bsbp rdkdk mbpbt nlaiaikbtkba rbmikb` elebs mb`bn tueuc ybai
nlnigu plrtuneucba sl` timbk adrnb`. Nu`bi mbri kbaklr pbru, kbaklr usus, kbaklr nu`ut,
ciaiib kbaklr pitb subrb mikbitkba mlaiba kleibsbba nlrdkdk.

 e)  _laybkit pbru destruktih krdaik

_laybkit pbru destruktih krdaik (__DK) nlrupbkba ibaiiuba plrabpbsba krdaik.

Elrmbsbrkba plal`itiba ybai mi`bkukba Uunbc Wbkit _lrsbcbebtba Jbkbrtb, 65 plrsla pbsila
__DK nlni`iki riwbybt nlrdkdk. Ebik nlrdkdk nbupua plrdkdk pbsih juib elrisikd
nlaib`bni ibaiiuba plrabpbsba `bia, slplrti bsnb, erdakitis, ciaiib tuelrku`dsis.

g)  Jbatuai

Wlebiiba elsbr pbsila playbkit jbatuai kdrdalr btbu ybai plrabc tlrklab slrbaiba
jbatuai bmb`bc plrdkdk. Udkdk nlaibamuai zbt elrbgua ybai nlaylebekba klrusbkba
struktur dtdt
 jbatuai mba plneu`uc mbrbc jbatuai. Aikdtia pbmb rdkdk bmb`bc "bktdr" utbnb
tlrjbmiayb
 plaunpukba p`bk pbmb plneu`uc mbrbc ybai eisb nlaylebekba playbkit jbatuai kdrdalr.

m)  Wtrdkl

Kbamuaiba bsbp rdkdk, sb`bc sbtuayb aikdtia, eisb nlrusbk plneu`uc mbrbc, tlrnbsuk mi
dtbk. B`irba mbrbc kl dtbk tlribaiiu bkiebt sunebtba plneu`uc mbrbc mi dtbk. _bmb plrdkdk,
risikd tlrjbmiayb strdkl `leic tiaiii miebamiai ybai timbk nlrdkdk.

l)  Ku`it klriput

Kleibsbba nlrdkdk juib eisb nlaineu`kba nbsb`bc klslcbtba ku`it. Kbamuaiba rbmikb`
 elebs mbpbt nlneubt ku`it klriput, kusbn, mba klriai. Mlaiba kbtb `bia, nlrdkdk eisb
nlnplrglpbt plaubba.

h)  Ciplrtlasi

Kbamuaiba aikdtia mb`bn rdkdk eisb nlaylebekba plneu`uc mbrbc nlaylnpit mba
klrbs kbrlab plaunpukba p`bk. Kdamisi iai nlneubt jbatuai cbrus nlndnpb `leic
elrbt mba nlnigu ciplrtlasi btbu tlkbaba mbrbc tiaiii. Elrbwb` mbri ciplrtlasi, eisb
nlaineu`kba

22
 elrebibi playbkit `bia jikb tlkbaba mbrbc slriai timbk tlrkdatrd`.
i)  Mibeltls

22
 Bsbp rdkdk ybai nlaibamuai rbmikb` elebs eisb nlaiibaiiu kialrjb iasu`ia ybai
micbsi`kba pbakrlbs. _bmbcb`, iasu`ia mieutuckba tueuc uatuk nlaiuebc i`ukdsb
nlajbmi lalrii. ]bapb iasu`ia, iu`b tltbp elrbmb mb`bn mbrbc ybai nlaylebekba iu`b
mbrbc tiaiii.
_lrdkdk nlni`iki risikd `leic tiaiii tlrklab mibeltls tipl

mub. c)  Ibaiiuba klcbni`ba mba jbaia

Nlrdkdk sbaibt elrebcbyb ebii klslcbtba ieu cbni` mba jbaia ybai mikbamuaiayb. Feu
cbni` ybai nlrdkdk btbu slriai tlrpbpbr bsbp rdkdk mbpbt nlaicbnebt plrtuneucba ebyi
kbrlab kbamuaiba aikdtia eisb nlaicb`baii bsupba autrisi mba dksiila kl ebyi nl`b`ui

  p `b s l a t b . Fe u c b n i ` p l r d k d k j ui b e l r i si k d
m b a i b a i i u ba p la y b k i t ` b ia . W l` b i a it u , w
n l` bc i r k b a e b y i m l a i ba e lr bt e b m b a `l e i c
b ai t b p l r d k d k j u i b e l r i si k d n l a i b `b n i i a h
rla m c
l r t i` itb s btbu kltimbksueurba.

EBE FFF
NL]DML _LAL@F]FBA

B.  Jlais mba Ubagbaiba _lal`itiba

_lal`itiba iai nlrupbkba plal`itiba mlaiba nltdml kub`itbtih, ybitu plal`itiba
ybai glamlruai nlaiibnebrkba subtu hladnlab bpb bmbayb mlaiba gbrb nlal`bbc slgbrb
tlrbtur, nlaiutbnkbba deylktivitbs, mba mi`bkukba slgbrb glrnb. Wb`bc sbtu elatuk
plal`itiba mlskriptih bmb`bc nltdml survli ( baiklt), elatuk plal`itiba plaiunpu`ba mbtb
ybai rl`btivl tlrebtbs mbri kbsus-kbsus ybai rl`btivl elsbr jun`bcayb. Nlajb`bakba nltdml
survli elrupb
 playlebrba baiklt, ybai elrtujuba uatuk nlaiunpu`kba iahdrnbsi tlatbai vbribel`. Baiklt
 elrisi plrtbaybba-plrtbaybba tlatbai runusba nbsb`bc ybai mibaikbt mb`bn plal`itiba.
_lamlkbtba ybai miiuabkba mb`bn plau`isba kbryb tu`is i`nibc iai bmb`bc plrba siswb, ybitu
nlal`bbc plrnbsb`bcba elrmbsbrkba mbnpbk rdkdk ebii klslcbtba rlnbjb.

E.  ]lkaik _laiunpu`ba Mbtb

]lkaik plaiunpu`ba mbtb ybai miiuabkba bmb`bc, wbwbagbrb tlrstruktur.Ybwbagbrb bmb`bc subtu plrgbkbpb
 jbwbe ybai tlrlagbab, uatuk nlaiunpu`kba mbtb-mbtb ybai elrcueuaiba mlaiba kl`laikbpba iahdrnbsi. 

G.  _dpu`bsi mba Wbnpl`

2.  _dpu`bsi
Mb`bn plal`itiba iai pdpu`bsiayb bmb`bc siswb-siswi mbri elelrbpb WNB mi Kdtb Ebtbn.
5.  Wbnpl`
Jun`bc sbnpl` pbmb plal`itiba iai bmb`bc elelrbpb drbai siswb mbri elelrbpb slkd`bc mi
Kdtb Ebtbn,mlaiba dejlk plal`itibaayb bmb`bc `btbr el`bkbai mbnpbk rdkdk ebii
klslcbtba rlnbjb.

M.  Fastrunla _lal`itiba

B`bt ybai miplriuabkba mb`bn plaiunpu`ba mbtb plal`itiba iai bmb`bc kulsidalr.
Kulsidalr bmb`bc mbhtbr plrtbaybba btbu plraybtbba ybai sumbc tlrsusua mlaiba
ebiksu mbc nbtbai, minbab rlspdamla tiaiib` nlnelrikba jbwbeba btbu mlaiba
25
nlnelrikba tbamb-tbamb tlrtlatu.

25
 L.  _rdslmur _lal`itiba 

_rdslmur mb`bn plal`itiba iai nlaiiuabkba vbribel` tuaiib` ybitu tiaikbt plailtbcuba
rlnbjb putrb tlatbai mbnpbk rdkdk ebii klslcbtba rlnbjb.

EBE FX
_LNEBCBWBA

B.  Cbsi` _lal`itiba

Mlaiba nltdml wbwbagbrb klpbmb abrbsunelr slebaybk 20 drbai siswb tiaikbt WNB,
 plal`iti elrcbsi` nlaiunpu`kba mbtb mi ebwbc iai.

2.  Wljbk kbpba

nlrdkdk: 80%
slnlajbk WN_
=0% slnlajbk WNB
5.  Elrbpb ebaybk ebtbai rdkdk ybai micbeiskba mb`bn slcbri 4
70% 7-< ebtbai
50% <-3 ebtbai
=0% 3-20 ebtbai
20% ˇ20 ebtbai 
7.   B`bsba siswb nlrdkdk : 30% siswb nlni`ic nlrdkdk mislebekba bkiebt plaibruc
mbri tlnba mba sisbayb mislebekba hbktdr klpriebmiba ybitu rbsb plabsbrba mba gbrb
uatuk
nlaici`baikba strlss. 
=.  Mbnpbk pdsitih nlrdkdk: slnub siswb nlajbwbe bmbayb lhlk nlalabaikba sltl`bc
nlrdkdk. Nlrdkdk mbpbt nlalabaikba sybrbh slciaiib nbnpu nlaiurbaii strlss. 
<.  Mbnpbk alibtih nlrdkdk: Jbwbeba tlrebaybk bmb`bc tineu`ayb rbsb slsbk abhbs
slplrti abhbs plamlk slrtb nlaineu`kba klgbamuba slplrti `imbc ybai bkba tlrbsb
pbcit jikb timbk nlrdkdk. 
8.   Mbnpbk rdkdk ebii prdsls plnel`bjbrba mi slkd`bc : 80% siswb su`it elrkdaslatrbsi ,
slnlatbrb sisbayb timbk elrmbnpbk pbmb prdsls plnel`bjbrba. 
9.   Bpbkbc drbai tub nlailtbcui: 90% drbai tub siswb timbk nlailtbcui,
slnlatbrb sisbayb nlailtbcui. 

E.  _lnebcbsba Cbsi` _lal`itiba

Mbri cbsi` plal`itiba, kitb mbpbt nlailtbcui ebcwb tiaikbtba klgbamuba mba hbktdr
 playlebe sltibp siswb nlrdkdk tlraybtb elrelmb-elmb, plr`u usbcb ybai `leic slrius mbri
 picbk kl`ubrib mba slkd`bc mb`bn upbyb nlaiaikbtkba klsbmbrba siswb tlrcbmbp ebcbyb
rdkdk.

Ndtivbsi uatuk nlaiclatikba plri`bku nlrdkdk platiai uatuk miplrtinebaikba mba mi

klnebaikba. Mb`bn 25 jbn sltl`bc timbk nlayu`ut rdkdk, tueuc bkba nu`bi
nlaylneuckba miriayb slamiri, kbmbr kbreda midksimb mba aikdtia mb`bn sistln tueuc
bkba nlaurua slgbrb glpbt, pbru  ‗ pbru nu`bi nlnplrebiki klrusbkba bkiebt ebcba
‗ ebcba kinib ybai tlrkbamuai mb`bn bsbp rdkdk

Elrikut bmb`bc strbtlii uatuk elrclati nlrdkdk :

]ltbpkba cbti uatuk elrclati nlrdkdk, pl`bjbri mba tltbpkba ndtivbsi tlrtlatu mba
kliaiiaba uatuk elrclati.
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27
  Eigbrb mlaiba sldrbai k`iaisi, ebcbs gbrb plaidebtba mba strbtlii uatuk nlaibtbsi
kliaiiaba nlrdkdk klneb`i, nbksinb`kba klslnpbtba uatuk elrcbsi`.
]ltbpkba cbri uatuk elrclati nlrdkdk, jbaiba elrusbcb nlaiurbaii rdkdk slgbrb
elrtbcbp, tltbpi elrclati tdtb` sltl`bc tbaiib` ybai tl`bc mitltbpkba.
Wiaikirkba slnub plrb`btba ybai elrkbitba mlaiba tlnebkbu mba elrsickba slnub
 pbkbiba mba ndei` slel`un tbaiib` ybai mitltbpkba, slilrb`bc elrclati nlrdkdk mi runbc
mba mi mb`bn ndei`, jbaiba plrii kl tlnpbt-tlnpbt ybai nlaineu`kba idmbba uatuk
nlrdkdk.
 Jbaiba kubtir milt sbnpbi slplaucayb elrclati nlrdkdk.
 _bstikba mba niatb mukuaiba mbri rlkba slklrjb, tlnba mba kl`ubrib
uatuk nlamdrdai upbyb elrclati nlrdkdk mba tlrus elrclati.
Wlebibi drbai tub, sbmbri`bc gdatdc ybai Bamb elrikba klpbmb babk-babk.
 _l`bjbri ebibinbab nlaiciambri btbu nlaibtbsi klbmbba mba plri`bku ybai nlneubt
 Bamb elrclati nlrdkdk. 
Wubtu ibeuaiba batbrb sljun`bc iatlrvlasi nlaicbpus kleibsbba nlrdkdk
mbpbt nlnebwb cbsi` ybai ebik.]lrbpi plri`bku rbsb
slriaikb`i timbk mbpbt nlamdrdai plrclatiba kleibsbba nlrdkdk,
slciaiib plnbkbiba debt plaiibati aikdtia btbu tlrbpi plnbkbiba debt-debtba ada-
aikdtia bkba `leic nlnebatu ebii si plrdkdk. Kbrlab plrdkdk sumbc kltbiicba
aikdtia, debt plaiibati aikdtia elrelatuk pi`, "kdyd" btbu plrnla kbrlt, bkba
nlnubskba kleutucba plrdkdk btbu aikdtia. ]lrbpi mlaiba plaiibati aikdtia tl`bc
tlreukti mub kb`i `leic elrcbsi`-iuab mb`bn
nlaiclatikba kleibsbba nlrdkdk misebamiai mlaiba upbyb tbapb gbrb itu. Ebii
klebaybkba drbai ybai elrcbsi` elrclati nlrdkdk, tlrbpi mlaiba plaiibati aikdtia
nlneubt nlrlkb nbnpu nlaibtbsi iljb`b putus debt (iljb`b putus
aikdtia) mba nlneubt b`bt ebatu psikd`diis nbupua

hisid`diis mb`bn upbyb nlaiclatikba kleibsbba nlrdkdk. ]lrbpi

hbrnbkd`diis ada-aikdtia slplrti euprdpia, elrhuaisi nl`b`ui elrebibi gbrb
misebamiai mlaiba
 plaiibati aikdtia mba juib
tl`bc tlreukti mub kb`i `leic elrcbsi` mb`bn nlnebatu plrdkdk elrclati
nlrdkdk. ]lrbpi plri`bku mbpbt nlnebatu plrdkdk nlaibtbsi ndtivbsi sdsib` uatuk
nlrdkdk. Wlel`un nlajb`bai
upbyb elrclati nlrdkdk, sldrbai plrdkdk cbrus nlaybmbri tlatbai klnuaikiab
a tineu`ayb iljb`b putus debt, elrupb sihbt `lkbs nbrbc, kltimbk-sbebrba,
sikbp elrnusucba, klglnbsba, rbsb tlrtlkba, klsu`itba elrkdaslatrbsi, su`it timur mba
 elrtbnebcayb abhsu nbkba mba klabikba elrbt ebmba.

2=
2=
 EBE X
_LA\]\_BA

Klsinpu`ba
Kleibsbba nlrdkdk mikb`baiba rlnbjb bnbt nlnebcbybkba ebik mitiajbu mbri slii
 plamimikba nbupua klslcbtba slrtb sdsib` lkdadni. Mipbambai mbri slii plamimikba sumbc
 jl`bs ebcwb cb` iai bkba nlaiibaiiu stumiayb, slmbaikba mbri slii klslcbtba bkiebt kleibsbba

nreib inbli rpulpabykbbkai t p(sllaribla`uibbrab ajb abtauiaiib, ribbaa iyibauib at pimlbrka bphblsrb`ua , bmtbbua

Wbrba
Wltl`bc nlnebgb kbryb tu`is i`nibc iai, slndib nbsybrbkbt mbpbt tlrsbmbrkba bkba
 ebcbyb rdkdk ebii klslcbtba nlrlkb mba slilrb nlaiaiib`kba kleibsbba nlrdkdk, bibr klslcbtba nlrlkb timbk

MBH]BU _\W]BKB
cttp://eacayanlrdkdkeldi.eldispdt.gdn/
cttps://im.wikiplmib.dri/wiki/Udkdk
cttps://`ihlsty`l.kdnpbs.gdn/rlbm/5028/0</
72/0670=7057/3.nbsb`bc.klslcbtba.bkiebt.nlr  dkdk4pbil>b``

cttps://www.agadlnia.ldu/75293830/NBKB@BCTEacayaTNlrdkdkTMikalaaiaaT_llajar
cttp://paaji2==9.eldispdt.gdn/5027/0</karya-ilniac-danpak-nlrdkdk-di-

2<
 @BN_FUBA

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