NJXOU]FUN QFMF XOJ]_WF GOWUFIF

IFDFBFL

Mnsusuj ujtud Ioiojuln Ufbfl Uftu ]u`fs Iftf Dubnfl Fdujtfjsn Dcporfsn & _sflf

Doenb Iojoj`fl
Mcsoj Qoj`fipu; Mr. Kfkfj` Gfmruzfifj., U.O., I.Un., Fd., EF.

Mnsusuj Cbol;

Wnsf Mfifyfjtn 6>5=15117

Inbf Ifwfrclifl 6>5=1516?

Fbfi Mowf Ufiumrf 6>5=151>7

QWC@WFI U]_MN FD_J]FJUN

HFD_B]FU ODCJCIN MFJ GNUJNU

_JNXOWUN]FU UNBNPFJ@N

7171
 DF]F QOJ@FJ]FW

Qukn mfj syudur pojubns sfipfndfj ftfs do lfmnrft Fbbfl UP], dfrojf moj`fj
rflift
rflift mfj lnmfyf
lnmfyfl-J
l-Jyf,
yf, sortf
sortf usflf
usflf pojubn
pojubnss mfpft
mfpft iojyob
iojyobosf
osfndf
ndfj
j ifdfbf
ifdfbfl
l njn yfj`
yfj`
gorkumub ‒NJXOU]FUN QFMF XOJ]_WF GOWUFIF’ ifdfbfl njn mnsusuj ujtud

ioiojuln sfbfl sftu tu`fs iftf dubnfl Fdujtfjsn Dcporfsn & _sflf Doenb Iojoj`fl.

Ufyf nj`nj ioj`uefpdfj tornifdfsnl dopfmf Gfpfd Mr. Kfkfj` Gfmruzfifj., U.O.,
I.Un.,, Fd., EF., sobfdu mcsoj iftf dubnfl Fdujtfjsn
I.Un. Fdujtfjsn Dcporfsn
Dcporfsn & _sflf Doenb Ioj`fl
yfj` tobfl torbngft mfj gordcjtrngusn ioigorndfj gfjtufj, jfsnlft mfj gnignj`fj sobfif
pojyusujfj ifdfbfl njn. ]orbopfs mfrn soiuf ntu, sfyf iojyfmfrn sopojuljyf gflwf
ifdfbfl yfj` sfyf tubns njn ifsnl kful mfrn dftf soipurjf. Cbol dfrojf ntu, drntnd mfj
sfrfj yfj` ioigfj`uj fdfj sfyf jfjtndfj moin dosoipurjffj ifdfbfl njn.

]fsndifbfyf, Cdtcgor 7171

Qojubns,

nn
 MFH]FW NUN

_EFQFJ
_EFQFJ ]OWNI
]OWNIFDFUNL
FDFUNL ......................
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MFH]FW
MFH]FW NUN ...................
.........................................
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............................................
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........nn

GFG N ; QOJ
QOJMFL
MFL_B_
_B_FJ
FJ .....
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..............
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............6
...6

6.6 Bftfr Gobfdfj` Ifsfbfl ..........................................

....................................................................
..........................66
6.7 Wuiusfj Ifsfbfl .........................................
...............................................................
.....................................6
...............6
6.5 ]ukufj Ifdfbfl ..........................................
................................................................
.......................................7
.................7
GFG NN ; QOI
QOIGFL
GFLFUF
FUFJ
J .....
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..............
...................5
..........5

7.6 Mohnjnsn Njvostfsn

Njvostfsn Qfmf Xojturf Gorsfif
Gorsfif ..........................................
..........................................55
7.7 Qoj`ojmfbn
Qoj`ojmfbnfj
fj Kcnjt Xojturo .........................................
................................................................5
.......................5
7.5 Qoj`uj`dfpfj mfj Qoj`udurfj Kcnjt Xojturo ...................................=
7.= Qoj`udurfj Fdujtfjsn
Fdujtfjsn Moj`fj Iotcmo Oduntfs
Oduntfs ................................?
................................?
7.? Qrcsomur Iotcmo Oduntfs ..............................................................
...................................................................0
.....0
GFG NNN ; QOJ
QOJ_]_
_]_Q
Q .....
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
...........
.........>
...>

5.6 Dosnipubfj ............................................

.........................................................................................
.............................................>>
5.7 Ufrfj ..........................................
................................................................
............................................
..................................61
............61
MFH]FW
MFH]FW Q_U]FD
Q_U]FDF
F ......................
.............................................
.............................................
......................................................
................................66
66

nnn
 6

GFG N

QOJMFL_B_FJ

6.6 Bftfr Gobfdfj

Gobfdfj`
` Ifsfbfl
Ifsfbfl
]nmfd soiuf do`nftfj usflf gnsf mnbfdudfj cbol sojmnrn. Lfb torsogut dfrojf gorgf`fn
fbfsfj, iubfn mfrn fbfsfj todjnd prcmudsn, poj`ufsffj pfsfr lnj``f fbfsfj poricmfbfj yfj`
ifjf fbfsfj poricmfbfj njn pfbnj` sornj` torkfmn. Ifdf gogorfpf crfj` ftfu gogorfpf pnlfd
pfmf orf `bcgfbnsfsn soportn sodfrfj` njn gfjyfd pnlfd mfrn mfbfi jo`orn gfldfj lnj``f bufr
jo`orn sumfl gnfsf iobfdudfj suftu porkfjknfj ftfu suftu dosopfdftfj moj`fj pfrf njvostcr
ujtud iojmfpftdfj icmfb.
_sflf pftuj`fj ftfu yfj` gnfsf dntf sogut moj`fj kcnjt vojturo fmfbfl suftu efrf ujtud
iojmfpftdfj icmfb. Kcnjt vojturo ioj`fjmuj` frtn yfj` bufs. ]nmfd lfjyf iojefdup suftu
dorkfsfif mnifjf ifsnj`-ifsnj` pnlfd iobfdudfj pojyortffj icmfb (oqunt
( oquntyy kcnjt voturos)
voturos)
totfpn ku`f iojefdup gojtud-gojtud dorkfsfif bfnjjyf yfj` bognl bufs. Uobfnj ntu ifsnj`-
ifsnj` pnlfd torifsud poigorn icmfb mfbfi lfb njn njvostcr mfpft iobfdudfj poj`ojmfbnfj
us
usfl
flff kcnjt vojturo.
vojturo. Qoj`ojmfbnfj ntu tormnrn mfrn gorgf`fn ifefi kojns. Bfbu fmf sogufl
do
dolf
lfru
rusf
sfj
j gf
gf`n
`n uj
ujnt
nt us
usfl
flff yf
yfj`
j` iobf
iobfdu
dudf
dfj
j kcnjt vojturo ujtud
ujtud ioj`uj`dfp
ioj`uj`dfpdfj
dfj mfj
ioj`
ioj`ud
udur
ur kcnjt vojturo yfj`
yfj` tormfpf
tormfpftt mfbfi
mfbfi Utfjmf
Utfjmfrr Fdujtf
Fdujtfjsn
jsn Doufj`
Doufj`fj.
fj. Ufbfl
Ufbfl sftu
iotc
iotcmo
mo mf
mfbf
bfi
i po
poj`
j`ud
udur
urfj
fj kcnjt vojturo torsogut
torsogut ioj``ujfd
ioj``ujfdfj
fj iotcmo
iotcmo oduntfs.
oduntfs. Mfbfi
iotcmo oduntfs fdfj mn`figfrdfj gf`fnifjf poj`fdufj fwfb sfft gorgf`fn pnlfd gor`fguj`
mfj
mfj iobf
iobfdu
dudf
dfj
j kcnj vojturo, poj`oeufbn
poj`oeufbnfj
fj iotcmo
iotcmo oduntfs
oduntfs lnj``f
lnj``f poj`lojtnfj
poj`lojtnfj iotcmo
oduntfs. Uoiuf lfb torsogut tojtujyf mnbfdudfj moj`fj iojorfpdfj prcsomur yfj` sosufn
moj`fj porfturfj yfj` fmf mfbfi lfb njn fmfbfl Utfjmfr Fdujtfjsn Doufj`fj, gfnd ntu UFD,
OIDI ifupuj O]FQ.

6.7 Wuiusfj
Wuiusfj Ifsfbfl
Gormfsfrdfj urfnfj bftfr gobfdfj` ifsfbfl mn ftfs ifdf mfpft mnruiusdfj porifsfbflfj
mfbfi ifdfbfl njn sogf`fn gorndut.
6. Fpf ntu
ntu njvo
njvostfs
stfsnn pfmf
pfmf vojtur
vojturff gorsfi
gorsfiff 3
7. Gf`fni
Gf`fnifjf
fjf poj`oj
poj`ojmfb
mfbnfj
nfj pfmf
pfmf kcnjt vojturo 3
5. Gf`fni
Gf`fnifjf
fjf poj`uj
poj`uj`df
`dfpfj
pfj mfj
mfj poj`udu
poj`udurfj
rfj kcnjt vojturo 3
=. Gf`fnifjf
Gf`fnifjf poj`udu
poj`udurfj
rfj fdujtfjsn
fdujtfjsn yfj`
yfj` mnbfdudf
mnbfdudfj
j moj`fj
moj`fj iotcmo
iotcmo oduntfs
oduntfs 3
?. Gf`fni
Gf`fnifjf
fjf prcs
prcsomu
omurr mfrn
mfrn iotcmo
iotcmo odun
oduntfs
tfs
 7

6.5 ]ukufj
]ukufj Ifdfbfl
Ifdfbfl
Uokfbf
Uokfbfj
j moj`fj
moj`fj ruiusf
ruiusfj
j ifsfbf
ifsfbfl
l mn ftfs,
ftfs, ifdfbf
ifdfbfl
l njn mnsusu
mnsusuj
j moj`fj
moj`fj tukufj uj
ujtud
tud
ioj`otflun mfj iojmosdrnpsndfj;
6. Njvostf
Njvostfsn
sn pfmf
pfmf vojt
vojturf
urf gorsfif
gorsfif..
7. Qoj
Qoj`oj
`ojmfbn
mfbnfj
fj kcnjt vojturo.

5. Qoj`uj
Qoj`uj`df
`dfpfj
pfj mfj poj`ud
poj`udurf
urfjj kcnjt vojturo.
=. Qoj`ud
Qoj`udurf
urfj
j fdujtfj
fdujtfjsn
sn moj`fj
moj`fj iotcm
iotcmoo oduntfs.
oduntfs.
?. Qrcs
Qrcsom
omur
ur iot
iotcm
cmoo odun
oduntfs
tfs..
 5

GFG NN

QOIGFLFUFJ

7.6 Mohnjnsn
Mohnjnsn Njvostfsn Qfmf
Qfmf Xojturf Gorsfif
Gorsfif
Xojturf gorsfif (kcnjt vojturo)
vojturo ) fmfbfl porkfjknfj dcjtrfdtufb mnifjf muf pnlfd ftfu bognl

iojkfbfjdf
iojkfbfjdfj
j fdtnvn
fdtnvntfs
tfs odcjc
odcjcin
in yfj`
yfj` iojkfm
iojkfmnn sugyod
sugyod mfrn
mfrn poj`oj
poj`ojmfb
mfbnfj
nfj gorsfi
gorsfif.
f. Kcnjt
vojturo mfpft gorgojtud
gorgojtud poj`ojmfbn
poj`ojmfbnfj
fj gorsfif
gorsfif cporfsn,
cporfsn, poj`ojmfbn
poj`ojmfbnfj
fj gorsfif
gorsfif fsot, mfj
poj`ojmfbnfj gorsfif ojtntfs.
Njvostcr mfbfi vojturf gorsfif fmfbfl pnlfd mfbfi vojturf gorsfif mfj tnmfd ioinbndn
poj`ojmfbnfj gorsfif torlfmfp vojturf gorsfif torsogut.
Qoj`ojmfbn
Qoj`ojmfbnfj
fj gorsfif
gorsfif fmfbfl dosopfdftfj
dosopfdftfj dcjtrfdtuf
dcjtrfdtufbb gorgf`n
gorgf`n poj`ojmfbn
poj`ojmfbnfj
fj ftfs suftu
fdtnvn
fdtnvntfs
tfs odcjci
odcjcin,
n, mfj fmf lfjyf
lfjyf kndf
kndf doputu
doputusfj
sfj strfto`
strfto`ns
ns doufj`
doufj`fj
fj mfj cporfsn
cporfsn tordfnt
tordfnt
moj`fj fdtnvntfs torsogut iojsyfrftdfj porsotukufj pnlfd-pnlfd yfj` gorgf`n poj`ojmfbnfj
(vojtu
(vojturor
ror).
). Xojtur
Xojturor
or fmfbfl
fmfbfl pnlfd
pnlfd mfbfi
mfbfi vojtur
vojturff gorsfif
gorsfif mfj ioinbn
ioinbndn
dn poj`oj
poj`ojmfb
mfbnfj
nfj

gorsfif ftfs vojturf gorsfif torsogut.

7.7 Qoj`ojmfbn
Qoj`ojmfbnfj
fj Kcnjt Xojturo
F. Qoj`oj
Qoj`ojmfb
mfbnfj
nfj Gorsfi
Gorsfiff Cporfsn
Cporfsn
Mfbfi poj`ojmfbnfj
poj`ojmfbnfj gorsfif cporfsn
cporfsn do`nftfj
do`nftfj kcnjt vojturo iobnputn poifjhfftfj
fsot mfj suigor mfyf bfnjjyf mfrn pfrf vojturor mfj tnmfd ioiorbudfj poigojtudfj
suftu porsorcfj torgftfs, hnrif, ftfu gfmfj usflf bfnj ftfu suftu poj`obcbffj doufj`fj
yfj`
yfj` torbopf
torbopfss mfrn
mfrn vojtur
vojturos.
os. Ifsnj`
Ifsnj`-if
-ifsnj
snj`
` vojtur
vojturor
or ioj``u
ioj``ujfd
jfdfj
fj fsot tot
totfp
fp mfj
ioj
ioj`obc
`obcbf
bf soj
ojm
mnr
nrnn pors
porsom
omnf
nffj
fjj
jyf.
yf. Ifsn
Ifsnj`
j`-i
-ifs
fsnj
nj`
` vo
voj
jtu
turo
rorr ku
ku`f
`f ioi
ioind
ndu
ub

poj`obufrfjjyf, iojyobosfndfj dowfkngfj sortf iojefrn suigor pojmfjffj ujtud

fdtnvntfsjyf sojmnrn. Fdtnvntfs kcnjt vojturo mfpft mnbfdudfj cbol dfryfwfj vojturo yfj`
ku`f iobfdudfj fdtnvntfs bfnjjyf mfrn vojturor sojmnrn. Qorkfjknfj kcnjt vojturo gnfsfjyf
ioj`ftur efrf poigf`nfj pojmfpftfj mfrn pojkufbfj prcmud gorsfif (kcnjt prcmuet ) mfj
poigf`nfj gogfj gorsfif bfnjjyf yfj` torkfmn. Uoluguj`fj moj`fj gf`nfj pfrtnsnpfsn
vo
vojt
jtur
uror
or pf
pfmf
mf po
poj`
j`oj
ojmf
mfbn
bnfj
fj go
gorsf
rsfif
if fs
fsot
ot cp
cpor
orfsn
fsn,, sotnf
sotnfp
p vo
vojt
jtur
uror
or ioj`
ioj`fd
fdun
un mf
mfj
j
iojyfkndfj mfbfi bfpcrfj doufj`fjjyf ifsnj`-ifsnj`;
f) fsot yfj` mndojmfbnd
mndojmfbndfj
fj mfj dowfkng
dowfkngfj
fj yfj` tnigu
tnigubb ftfs fdtnvntfsjy
fdtnvntfsjyff sojmnrn4
sojmnrn4
g) gogfj yfj` torkfmn ftfs fdtnvntfsjyf sojmnrn mfj gf`nfjjyf ftfs pojmfpftfj gorsfif

mfrn pojkufbfj gfrfj` mfj kfsf cbol kcnjt vojturo torsogut.

 =

G. Qoj
Qoj`oj
`ojmfb
mfbnfj
nfj Gorsfi
Gorsfiff Fsot
Fsot
Gogorfpf kcnjt vojturo iobnputu poj`ojmfbnfj gorsfif, mfj sornj`dfbn dopoinbndfj
gorsfif, cbol vojturor ftfs sftu fsot ftfu bognl yfj` mndcjtrngusndfj ftfu mnporcbol ujtud
ujtud
kcnjt vojturo sortf
sortf mnmomn
mnmomndfs
dfsndf
ndfj
j ujtud
ujtud tukufj
tukufj kcnjt vojturo torsogut.
torsogut. Uosufn moj`fj
moj`fj
lf
lfdj
djyf
yf ftfs
ftfs po
poj`
j`oj
ojmf
mfbn
bnfj
fj go
gorsf
rsfif
if fsot,
fsot, vo
vojt
jtur
uror
or lf
lfru
russ ioj`
ioj`fd
fdun
un mf
mfbfi
bfi bf
bfpc
pcrf
rfj
j

doufj`fjjyf;
f) gf`nfj ftfs
ftfs poj`ojmfb
poj`ojmfbnfj
nfj gorsfif
gorsfif fsot, yfj`
yfj` mndbfsnhndf
mndbfsnhndfsndfj
sndfj sosufn
sosufn moj`fj
moj`fj snhft mfrn
mfrn
fsot torsogut4
g) dowfkngfj yfj` torkfmn4
e) gf`n
gf`nfj
fjjy
jyff ftfs
ftfs dowf
dowfkn
kngf
gfj
j yfj`
yfj` tnig
tnigub
ub go
gors
rsfi
fiff mo
moj`
j`fj
fj vo
vojt
jtur
uror
or bf
bfnj
nj mf
mfbf
bfi
i
luguj`fjjyf moj`fj kcnjt vojturo4
vojturo4
m) pojm
pojmfp
fpft
ftfj
fj mfrn
mfrn pojk
pojkuf
ufbf
bfj
j ftfu
ftfu poif
poifdf
dfnf
nfj
j ft
ftfs
fs gf
gf`n
`nfj
fj do
dobu
bufr
frfj
fj kcnjt vojturo,
vojturo,
gorsfif moj`fj gf`nfjjyf ftfs gogfj yfj` torkfmn4
o) gogfj bfnj yfj` torkfmn
torkfmn tordfnt
tordfnt moj`fj
moj`fj gf`nfjjyf
gf`nfjjyf mn kcnjt vojturo.
vojturo.

E. Qoi
Qoi`oj
`ojmfb
mfbnfj
nfj Gorsf
Gorsfif
if Ojtnt
Ojtntfs
fs
Qoj`ojmfbnfj gorsfif ojtntfs fmfbfl kcnjt vojturo yfj` iobngftdfj pojmnrnfj suftu
porusflffj, porsodutufj ftfu ojtntfs bfnj mnifjf sotnfp vojturor ioinbndn gf`nfj. Ojtntfs
gorcporfsn moj`fj efrf yfj` sfif moj`fj ojtntfs bfnj, doeufbn fmfjyf porkfjknfj
dcjtrfdtufb fjtfr vojturor ujtud ioiguft poj`ojmfbnfj gorsfif ftfs fdtnvntfs odcjcin
ojtntfs torsogut.

7.5 Qoj`uj`d
Qoj`uj`dfpfj
fpfj mfj Qoj`udurfj
Qoj`udurfj Kcnjt Xojturo
Xojt
Xojtur
uror
or lf
lfru
russ ioj`
ioj`ud
udur
ur nj
njvo
vost
stfsn
fsn pf
pfmf
mf po
poj`
j`oj
ojmf
mfbnf
bnfj
j go
gors
rsfi
fiff oj
ojtn
tntf
tfss pf
pfmf
mf gn
gnfy
fyff

porcbolfj mndurfj`n fduiubfsn doru`nfj pojurujfj jnbfn sosufn moj`fj UFD-O]FQ pfmf
Gfg 77 tojtfj`
tojtfj` Qojurujfj
Qojurujfj Jnbfn Fsot. Njvostcr
Njvostcr lfrus ioj`fdun
ioj`fdun pojorniffj
pojorniffj mnstrngusn
mnstrngusn mfrn
njvost
njvostfsn
fsn torsog
torsogut
ut sogf`f
sogf`fnn poj`lf
poj`lfsnb
snbfj
fj torbop
torbopfs
fs fpfdfl
fpfdfl mnstrn
mnstrngus
gusnn torsog
torsogut
ut gorfsfb
gorfsfb mfrn
mfrn
fduiubfsn bfgf poj`ojmfbnfj gorsfif ojtntfs yfj` tnigub sogobui ftfu sosumfl tfj``fb
porcbolfj. Bfbu Njvostcr pfmf suftu kcnjt vojturo lfrus ioj`uj`dfpdfj;
f) Dognkf
Dognkfdfj
dfj fdujtfjs
fdujtfjsnn yfj`
yfj` mn`uj
mn`ujfdf
fdfj
j ujtud
ujtud poj`fduf
poj`fdufj
j gf`nfj
gf`nfj pfrtnsnpf
pfrtnsnpfsnj
snjyf
yf mfbfi
mfbfi
poj`ojmfbnfj gorsfif ojtntfs.
g) Kuibfl toreftft njvostfsn pfmf poj`ojmfbnfj gorsfif ojtntfs.
e) Ku
Kuib
ibfl
fl f`r
f`ro`
o`ft
ft dcint
dcintio
iojj
jjyf
yf tordfn
tordfntt mo
moj`
j`fj
fj kcnjt vojturo,
vojturo, torifsud gf`nfjjyf mfbfi

dcintioj
dcinti oj icmfb
icmfb yfj`
yfj` tobfl
tobfl torkfm
torkfmnn soefrf
soefrf gorsfi
gorsfif-sf
f-sfif
if moj`fj
moj`fj vojtur
vojturor
or bfn
bfnjjy
jjyf,
f,
sogf`fnifjf gf`nfjjyf ftfs dcintioj icmfb kcnjt vojturo.
vojturo.
 ?

7.= Qoj`udurfj Fdujtfjsn Moj`fj

Moj`fj Iotcmo Oduntfs
Iotcmo oduntfs fmfbfl iotcmo fdujtfjsn mnifjf njvostfsn pfmf fwfbjyf mnfdun sogosfr
gnfyf porcbolfj mfj sobfjkutjyf mnsosufndfj ujtud porugflfj pfsef porcbolfj mfbfi gf`nfj
njvostcr ftfs fsot jotc njvostoo. Bfgf ru`n njvostcr iojefdup gf`nfj ftfs bfgf ftfu ru`n
njvostoo mfj poj`lfsnbfj dciprolojsnh bfnj.

Mfbfi iotcmo
Mfbfi iotcmo oduntf
oduntfs,
s, poj`fd
poj`fdufj
ufj fwfb
fwfb njvost
njvostfsn
fsn pfmf
pfmf ojtntf
ojtntfss fscsnfs
fscsnfsnn ftfu
ftfu vojtur
vojturff
gorsfif mnfdun sogosfr
sogos fr gnfyf porcbolfj, mfj kuibfl toreftft torsogut mntfigfl ftfu
f tfu mndurfj`
ujtud ioj`fdun gf`nfj njvostcr ftfs bfgf ru`n njvostoo sotobfl tfj``fb porcbolfj. Gf`nfj
njvostcr ftfs bfgf ru`n njvostoo mnfdun mfbfi bfgf ru`n.
Qoj`fdufj poj`lfsnbfj yfj` mnmfsfrdfj pfmf mnstrngusn yfj` mntornif tnmfd mfpft iojkfmn
udurfj yfj` eudup ftfs poj`lfsnbfj yfj` mnporcbol cbol njvostcr ftfs njvostfsn pfmf ojtntfs
vojturf gorsfif dfrojf mnstrngusn yfj` mntornif ioipujyfn luguj`fj yfj` somndnt moj`fj
dnjork
dnjorkff ojtntf
ojtntfss fscsnf
fscsnfsn
sn ftfu vojtur
vojturff gorsfi
gorsfif.
f. Dfrojf
Dfrojf njvost
njvostcr
cr ioinbn
ioinbndn
dn poj`oj
poj`ojmfb
mfbnfj
nfj
gorsfif ftfu poj`frul sn`jnhndfj ftfs njvostoo, ifdf njvostcr ioipujyfn fjmnb mfbfi

dnjorkff vojtur
dnjork vojturff gorsfi
gorsfif.
f. Uogf`f
Uogf`fnn lfsnbj
lfsnbjyf,
yf, ioipor
ioiporcbo
cbol
l nigfb
nigfb lfsnb
lfsnb ftfs
ftfs njvost
njvostfsnj
fsnjyf.
yf.
Njvostcr
Njvost cr iojeftft
iojeftft gf`nfjjyf
gf`nfjjyf moj`fj
moj`fj ioiporbufs
ioiporbufs bnj`dup
bnj`dup bfpcrfj
bfpcrfj doufj`fjj
doufj`fjjyfyf moj`fj
moj`fj
iojefdup gf`nfjjyf ftfs bfgf ru`n njvostoo.
Mfbfi gogorfpf dofmffj, soefrf sugstfjsn dopoinbndfj yfj` fmf sfft njn sogf`fn lfsnb mfrn
suftu trfjsfdsn yfj` sfft njn ioigornjyf fdsos dopfmf nigfb lfsnb yfj` gorluguj`fj moj`fj
gf`nfj dopoinbndfj. Mfbfi dofmffj torsogut, prcpcrsn yfj` mnfbcdfsndfj dopfmf ojtntfs
mntojtudfj moj`fj ioiporlntuj`dfj pobfdsfjffj fdlnr lfd sufrf pctojsnfb mfj njstruioj
mornvftnh bfnj yfj` sfft njn ioigorndfj ojtntfs fdsos tolfmfp nigfb lfsnb.
QUFD
QUFD ??; Njstru
Njstruioj
ioj Doufj`
Doufj`fj;
fj; Qoj`fd
Qoj`fdufj
ufj mfj Qoj`ud
Qoj`udurf
urfj
j tnmfd
tnmfd mntorf
mntorfpdf
pdfj
j pfmf
pfmf

dopojtnj`fj ojtntfs fscsnfsn mfj vojturf gorsfif yfj` mneftft moj`fj ioj``ujfdfj iotcmo
oduntfs. Dotndf njstruioj ioj`fjmuj` lfd sufrf pctojsnfb yfj` soefrf sugstfjsn sfft njn
ioigorndfj fdsos dopfmf nigfb lfsnb moj`fj gf`nfj dopoinbndfj pfmf ojtntfs fscsnfsn ftfu
vojtur
vojturff gorsfi
gorsfif,
f, njstru
njstruioj
ioj torsog
torsogut
ut tnmfd
tnmfd mfbfi
mfbfi bnj`du
bnj`dup
p QUFD
QUFD ??. Mfbfi
Mfbfi dfsus
dfsus bfn
bfnj,
j,
njstruiojt yfj` ioj`fjmuj` lfd sufrf pctojsnfb mfbfi ojtntfs fscsnfsn ftfu vojturf gorsfif
mneftft sosufn moj`fj QUFD ??. Doeufbn njvostfsn, ftfu gf`nfj mfrn njvostfsn, pfmf ojtntfs
fscsnfsn ftfu vojturf gorsfif mndbfsnhndfsndfj sogf`fn mninbndn ujtud mnkufb sosufn moj`fj
QUFD ?<; Fsot ]nmfd Bfjefr yfj` mninbndn ujtud mnkufb mfj cporfsn yfj` mnlojtndfj ftfu
snsf dopojtnj`f
dopojtnj`fj
j fpfpuj
fpfpuj mfbfi njvostfsn yfj` tnmfd mndbfsnhnd
mndbfsnhndfsndfj
fsndfj sogf`fn mninbndn
mninbndn ujtud
ujtud

mnkufb mndbfsnhndfsndfj sogf`fn fsot tnmfd bfjefr.

 8

Ojtntfs
Ojtntfs moj`fj
moj`fj poj`ojmfbn
poj`ojmfbnfj
fj gorsfif
gorsfif ftfu poj`frul
poj`frul sn`jnhndfj ftfs njvostoo
njvostoo iojeftft
iojeftft
njvostfsn pfmf ojtntfs fscsnfsn ftfu vojturf gorsfif moj`fj ioj``ujfdfj iotcmo oduntfs,
doeufbn dotndf njvostfsn torsogut ioiojuln syfrft poj`oeufbnfj pojorfpfj iotcmo oduntfs
sosufn moj`fj UFD-O]FQ pfmf Gfg 77 tojtfj` Qojurujfj Jnbfn Fsot mfbfi pfrf`rfh 60-6<.
Qfrf`rfh 60; Qfmf sotnfp tfj``fb pobfpcrfj, ojtntfs lfrus iojnbfn fpfdfl tormfpft njmndfnsn

gflwf doru`nfj pojurujfj jnbfn yfj` tobfl mnfdun pfmf porncmo sogobuijyf ujtud fsot ifsnl
fmf ftfu gordurfj`. Kndf tormfpft njmndfsn torsogut, ifdf ojtntfs lfrus ioj`ostnifsn jnbfn
wfkfr mndurfj`n gnfyf ujtud iojkufb fsot torsogut. Njmndfsn jflwf doru`nfj pojurujfj jnbfn
gordurfj` ftfu tnmfd fmf bf`n soefrf uiui iorupfdfj dogfbndfj ftfs njmndfsn yfj`
mnsogutdfj mfbfi pfrf`rfh <. Qfrf`rfh 6<; Kndf ostnifsn jnbfn wfkfr mndurfj`n gnfyf ujtud
iojkufb iobognln kuibfl toreftft fsot, ifdf ojtntfs lfrus iojfnddfj kuibfl toreftft fsot
torsogut
torsogut do jnbfn wfkfr mndurfj`n
mndurfj`n gnfyf ujtud
ujtud iojkufb,
iojkufb, tor`fjtuj`
tor`fjtuj` moj`fj poigftfsfj
poigftfsfj yfj`
mnkobfsdfj
mnkobfsdfj mfbfi pfrf`rfh
pfrf`rfh 6>. Dojfnddfj torsogut fmfbfl poiubnlfj
poiubnlfj doru`nfj pojurujfj
jnbfn.

6) Qoj`oe
Qoj`oeufb
ufbnfj
nfj Iotcmo
Iotcmo Odunt
Oduntfs
fs
Dotndf
Dotndf ojtntf
ojtntfss ioinbn
ioinbndn
dn njvost
njvostfsn
fsn pfmf
pfmf ojtntf
ojtntfss fscsnf
fscsnfsn,
sn, yfj`
yfj` sogf`nf
sogf`nfjjy
jjyf
f
mninbndn soefrf tnmfd bfj`suj` iobfbun cr`fjnsfsn icmfb vojturf, ftfu rodsf mfjf,
ujnt porwfbnfj mfj ojtntfs sokojns torifsud mfjf fsurfjsn tordfnt njvostfsn, ojtntfs
torsog
torsogut
ut mfpft
mfpft ioinbn
ioinbnl
l ujtud
ujtud ioj`ud
ioj`udur
ur gf`nfj mfrn njvostfsn pfmf ojtntfs
fscsnfsn torsogut pfmf jnbfn wfkfr iobfbun bfgf ru`n sosufn moj`fj QUFD ??;
Njstruioj Doufj`fj;Qoj`fdufj mfj Qoj`udurfj torbopfs mfrn fpfdfl cr`fjnsfsn
icmfb vojturf, ftfu rodsf mfjf, ujnt porwfbnfj mfj ojtntfs sokojns torifsud mfjf
fsurfjsn tordfnt njvostfsn, ioinbndn poj`frul sn`jnhndfj ftfs gf`nfj mfrn njvostfsn

torsogut. Kndf ojtntfs ioiguft pnbnlfj torsogut,ifdf ojtntfs iojorfpdfj iotcmo

oduntfs ujtud sotnfp gf`nfj yfj` torsnsf mfrn njvostfsn pfmf ojtntfs fscsnfsn yfj`
tnmfd mninbndn iobfbun cr`fjnsfsn icmfb vojturf ftfu rodsf mfjf, ujnt porwfbnfj
mfj ojtntfs sokojns torifsud mfjf fsurfjsn tordfnt njvostfsn.
7) Qoj`lo
Qoj`lojtn
jtnfj
fj Qoj`
Qoj``uj
`ujffj
ffj Iotcmo
Iotcmo Odunt
Oduntfs
fs
Ojtn
Ojtntfs
tfs ioj`
ioj`loj
lojtn
tndf
dfj
j poj`
poj``u
`ujf
jffj
fj iotcm
iotcmo
o odunt
oduntfs
fs sokf
sokfd
d tfj``
tfj``fb
fb dotn
dotndf
df
njvostfsnjyf gorlojtn iojkfmn njvostfsn pfmf ojtntfs fscsnfsn ftfu vojturf
gorsfif sogf`fn gorndut;
f) Kn
Kndf
df njvo
njvost
stfs
fsnn iojk
iojkfm
fmnn njvo
njvost
stfs
fsnn ojtn
ojtntf
tfss fjfd,
fjfd, ifdf
ifdf ojtn
ojtntf
tfss ioje
iojeft
ftft
ft

njvostf
njvostfsn
snjy
jyf
f sosu
sosufn
fn moj`
moj`fj
fj QUFD
QUFD 77;
77; Dcig
Dcignj
njfsn
fsn Gn
Gnsj
sjns
ns mfj
mfj QUFD
QUFD 8?;
8?;
Bfpcrfj Doufj`fj Dcjscbnmfsnfj.
 0

g) Kndf snsf dopojtnj`fj mfbfi ojtntfs fscsnfsn ftfu vojturf gorsfif iorupfdfj
fsot doufj`fj, ifdf ojtntfs ioj`udur snsf dopojtnj`fj torsogut pfmf jnbfn
wfkfr. Jnbfn wfkfr mfrn snsf dopojtnj`fj mnfj``fp sogf`fn jnbfn wfkfr pfmf
sfftt poj`fd
sff poj`fduf
ufj
j fwfb
fwfb sogf`
sogf`fn
fn fsot
fsot doufj`
doufj`fj
fj sosu
sosufn
fn moj`
moj`fj
fj QUFD
QUFD ??;
??;
Njstruioj
Njstruioj Doufj`fj; Qoj`fdufj
Qoj`fdufj mfj Qoj`udurfj.
Qoj`udurfj. Ojtntfs
Ojtntfs ioj`fdun
ioj`fdun mfbfi

bfgf ru`n sobnsnl fpfpuj fjtfrf;

f) jnbfn wfkfr snsf dopojtnj`fj fpfpuj mfj lfsnb fpfpuj mfrn pobopfsfj
sogf`nfj dopojtnj`fj pfmf ojtntfs fscsnfsn
fscsnfsn ftfuvojturf gorsfif4 mfj
g) kuibfl toreftft njvostfsn pfmf tfj``fb poj``ujffj iotcmo oduntfs
mnlojtndfj.
e) Dotndf ojtntfs ioj`lojtndfj poj``ujffj iotcmo oduntfs, ojtntfs iojeftft
sobur
soburul
ul kuib
kuibfl
fl yfj`
yfj` sogob
sogobui
uijy
jyf
f tobfl
tobfl mn
mnfd
fdun
un mfbfi
mfbfi poj`
poj`lf
lfsn
snbf
bfj
j
dciprolojsnh bfnj yfj` tordfnt moj`fj njvostfsn torsogut ioj``ujfdfj
mfsfr porbfdufj yfj` sfif moj`fj yfj` mnnsyfrftdfj kndf njvostoo tobfl

iobopfsdfj soefrf bfj`suj` fsot mfj bnfgnbntfs tordfnt.

Cbol dfrojf ntu, kndf doujtuj`fj
do ujtuj`fj ftfu doru`nfj yfj` sogobuijyf tobfl
mnfdun mfbfi poj`lfsnbfj dciprolojsnh bfnj cbol njvostoo fdfj mnrodbfsnhndfsn do
bfgf
fgf ru
ru`n
`n ftfs
ftfs pob
pobopfs
opfsfj
fj fsot
fsot ftfu
ftfu bnfg
nfgnb
nbnntfs
tfs yfj`
fj` tordf
ordfnt
nt,, ifdf
ifdf ojt
ojtnt
ntfs
fs
iorodb
iorodbfsn
fsnhnd
hndfsn
fsn doujtuj
doujtuj`fj
`fj ftfu doru`n
doru`nfj
fj mfrn oduntf
oduntfss do bfgf ru`n
ru`n (sogf`f
(sogf`fnn
pojyosufnfj rodbfsnhndfsn) dotndf poj``ujffj iotcmo oduntfs mnlojtndfj. Uogf`fn
ecjtcl, kndf ojtntfs fscsnfsn ftfu vojturf gorsfif ioinbndn kuibfl duiubftnh mfrn
so
sobn
bnsn
snl
l durs
durs yfj`
yfj` tord
tordfn
fntt moj`
moj`fj
fj do`n
do`nft
ftfj
fj usfl
usflf
f bu
bufr
fr jo`o
jo`orn
rn mfj
mfj ojtn
ojtnttfs
ioj`l
oj`loj
ojtn
tndf
dfj
j poj`
poj``u
`ujf
jffj
fj iotc
iotcmo
mo odun
odunttfs
fs,, ifdf
fdf ojt
ojtnt
ntfs
fs ioro
iorodb
dbfs
fsnh
nhnd
ndfs
fsnn

doujtuj`fj
doujtuj`fj ftfu doru`n
doru`nfj
fj yfj`
yfj` tobfl
tobfl mnfdun
mnfdun sogobu
sogobuijy
ijyf f mfbfi
mfbfi poj`lf
poj`lfsnb
snbfj
fj
dciprolojsn
dcip rolojsnhh bfnj yfj` tordfnt
tordfnt dccrmnjfsn
dccrmnjfsn moj`fj
moj`fj do`nftfj
do`nftfj usflf bufr jo`orn
torsogut do bfgf ru`n.

7.? Qrcsomur
Qrcsomur Iotcmo Oduntfs
Oduntfs
Uobfjkutjyf, dcjsop yfj` iojmfsfrn prcsomur yfj` mn`ujfdfj mfbfi pojeftftfj
ujtud porcbolfj ojtntfs fjfd mn`ujfdfj mfbfi pojeftftfj ujtud porcbolfj njvostfsn
pfmf ojtntfs fscsnfsn ftfu vojturf gorsfif. Kndf ojtntfs fscsnfsn ftfu vojturf gorsfif
ioipuj
ioipujyfn
yfn ojtntf
ojtntfss fjfd,
fjfd, ojtntf
ojtntfss fscsnfs
fscsnfsnn ftfu vojturf
vojturf gorsfi
gorsfif,
f, ifd
ifdf
f bfgf
bfgf ru`n,
ru`n,

poj`lfsnbfj dciprolojsnh bfnj mfj fsot jotc yfj` mneftft moj`fj iojorfpdfj
iotcmo
iotcmo oduntf
oduntfss iorupf
iorupfdfj
dfj kuibfl
kuibfl yfj`
yfj` mnfdun
mnfdun mfbfi
mfbfi bfpcrf
bfpcrfj
j doufj`f
doufj`fj
j ojtntfs
ojtntfs
 <

fscsnfsn ftfu vojturf gorsfif (torifsud gf`nfj ojtntfs fscsnfsn ftfu vojturf gorsfif
ftfs bfgf ru`n, poj`lfsnbfj dciprolojsnh bfnj, mfj fsot jotc mfrn ojtntfs fscsnfsn mfj
vojt
vojtur
urf
f gors
gorsfi
fif)
f),, sot
otob
obfl
fl pojy
pojyos
osuf
ufnf
nfj
j yfj`
yfj` mn
mnpo
porb
rbud
udfj
fj torl
torlfm
fmfp
fp mfip
mfipfd
fd
pojyorf`fifj dognkfdfj fdujtfjsn.
Doujtuj`fj
Doujtuj`fj mfj doru`nfj yfj` mnlfsnbdfj
mnlfsnbdfj mfrn trfjsfdsn ‒lnbnr’ mfj ‒lubu’ fjtfrf

ojtntfs (torifsud ojtntfs fjfd yfj` mndcjscbnmfsn) mfj ojtntfs fscsnfsnjyf ftfu
vojturf gorsfifjyf mnfdun mfbfi bfpcrfj doufj`fj ojtntfs torsogut lfjyf sogosfr
gf`nfj njvostcr bfnj mfbfi ojtntfs fscsnfsn ftfu vojturf gorsfif. ]rfjsfdsn ‒lnbnr’
fmfbfl, sogf`fn ecjtcl pojkufbfj fsot mfrn ojtntfs
ojtntfs fscsnfsn ftfu vojturf gorsfif
dopfmf njvostcr. ]rfjsfdsn ‒lubu’ fmfbfl, sogf`fn ecjtcl pojkufbfj ftfu dc
dcjtrngusn
jtrngusn
fsott mfrn
fso mfrn njvost
njvostcr
cr dopfmf
dopfmf ojtntfs
ojtntfs fscsnf
fscsnfsnj
snjyf
yf ftfu vojtur
vojturf
f gorsfi
gorsfifjy
fjyf.
f. Gf`nfj
Gf`nfj
njvostcr ftfs doujtuj`fj ftfu doru`nfj ojtntfs fscsnfsn ftfu vojturf gorsfif yfj`
mnlfsnbdfj mfrn trfjsfdsn torsogut mnobninjfsn. Dotndf trfjsfdsn ‒lubu’ ioigorndfj
gudtn pojurujfj
pojurujf j jnbfn rofbnsfsn jotc mfrn fsot
f sot yfj` fdfj mnkufb ftfu mndcjtrngusndfj,

ftfu doru`nfj pojurujfj jnbfn fsot torsogut, ifdf doru`nfj torsogut mnfdun soefrf
pojul cbol njvostcr. Dotndf trfjsfdsn ‒lnbnr’ ioigorndfj gudtn doru`nfj pojurujfj
jnbfn rofbnsfsn jotc mfrn fsot yfj` fdfj mngobn ftfu pojurujfj jnbfn fsot torsogut,
njvostcr ioj`fdun sogosfr gf`nfjjyf mfbfi doru`nfj torsogut. Bfpcrfj doufj`fj
ojtntfs mnsusuj moj`fj ioj``ujfdfj dognkfdfj fdujtfjsn yfj` sfif ujtud trfjsfdsn
mfj pornst
pornstnwf
nwf mfbfi
mfbfi dofmffj
dofmffj sorupf
sorupf.. Kndf
Kndf ojtntfs
ojtntfs fscsnf
fscsnfsn
sn ftfu vojtur
vojturf
f gorsfi
gorsfif
f
ioj``ujfdfj dognkfdfj fdujtfjsn yfj` gorgomf moj`fj ojtntfs ujtud trfjsfdsn mfj
pornstnwf mfbfi dofmffj sorupf, ifdf pojyosufnfj mnbfdudfj ujtud iojyfifdfj
dognk
dognkfd
fdfj
fj fduj
fdujtfj
tfjsn
sn ojtn
ojtntf
tfss fscs
fscsnfs
nfsnn ft
ftfu
fu vojt
vojtur
urf
f gors
gorsfi
fif
f moj`
moj`fj
fj dogn
dognkf
kfdf
dfj
j

fdujtfjsn ojtntfs dotndf bfpcrfj doufj`fj ojtntfs fscsnfsn ftfu vojturf

fdujtfjsn vojturf gorsfif
gorsfif
torsogutt mn`ujfdfj
torsogu mn`ujfdfj cbol ojtntfs
ojtntfs mfbfi iojorfpdfj iotcmo oduntfs. Kndf ojtntfs
ojtntfs
fscsnfsn
fscsnfsn ftfu vojturf
vojturf gorsfif
gorsfif iojorgntdfj
iojorgntdfj sflfi prohoroj duiubftnh
duiubftnh yfj` mninbndn
mninbndn
cbol
cbol pn
pnlfd
lfd sobfn
sobfnj
j ojtn
ojtntfs
tfs mfj
mfj mndbf
mndbfsn
snhn
hndfs
dfsnd
ndfj
fj sogf`
sogf`fn
fn odunt
oduntfs
fs,, ifdf
ifdf ojtn
ojtntfs
tfs
ioj`l
ioj`lnt
ntuj
uj`
` gf`nf
gf`nfjj
jjyf
yf ftfs
ftfs bf
bfgf
gf ru`n
ru`n soto
sotobfl
bfl pojyo
pojyosu
sufn
fnfj
fj mn
mnvn
vnmo
moj
j ftfs
ftfs sflfi
sflfi
torsogut torbopfs fpfdfl mnvnmoj torsogut tobfl ftfu gobui
gobui mnuiuidfj.
 >

GFG NX

QOJ_]_Q

5.6 Dosnip
Dosnipubf
ubfj
j
Xojturf gorsfif (kcnjt vojturo)
vojturo ) fmfbfl porkfjknfj dcjtrfdtufb mnifjf muf pnlfd ftfu bognl

iojkfbf
iojkfbfjd
jdfj
fj fd
fdtn
tnvn
vntf
tfss od
odcj
cjci
cinn yf
yfj`
j` iojk
iojkfm
fmnn sugy
sugyod
od mf
mfrn
rn po
poj`
j`oj
ojmf
mfbn
bnfj
fj go
gors
rsfi
fif.
f.
Qoj`oj
Qoj`ojmfb
mfbnfj
nfj Kcnjt vojturo mfpft gorgojtud poj`ojmfbnfj
poj`ojmfbnfj gorsfif
gorsfif cporfsn,
cporfsn, poj`ojmfbn
poj`ojmfbnfj
fj
gorsfif fsot, mfj poj`ojmfbnfj gorsfif ojtntfs. Xojturor lfrus ioj`udur njvostfsn sosufn
mo
moj`
j`fj
fj UFD
UFD O]FQ
O]FQ Gfg
Gfg 77
77.. Nj
Njvo
vost
stcr
cr pf
pfmf
mf suft
suftu
u kcnjt vojturo lfrus ioj`uj`d
ioj`uj`dfpdfj
fpdfj;;
do
dogn
gnkf
kfdf
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