KHZAPHB ZMBDHL]K]HB DHB HV]LHB IMZMPHSHTHB

CHSHT DHP]PHT ZHDH ZHVNMB BMHP DPASBNBC

AKML

IMKAEZAI 0
@80-H

8. Bn Kul Vuryhbnbcsnl (8>6006:>8)

0. Zutu Mih He`hrhwhtn (8>60068:4)
6. N Shyhb Mddy Snrhwnbhth (8>6006:3:)
4. Zutu Hyu Dlhrehbnbc (8>60068:0)
=. N Cst Hyu Ed Nbdrnyh Vhrn (8>6006:78)
7. Ed Thbtrn Nbdrhswhrn (8>6006:33)
3. Bn Byaehb Vrnhsnl (8>6006:>7)

ZPACPHE HKNL OMBOHBC V8 IMZMPHSHTHB

VTNIMV SNPH EMDNIH @HKN
DMBZHVHP
0:0:

8
 IHTH ZMBCHBTHP

Zuon syuiur pmbukns phbohtihb imphdh Tulhb ^hbc Ehlh Msh hths hbucrhl-Byh

smlnbcch pmbukns dhpht embymkmshnihb ehihkhl yhbc `mrouduk ‛ Khparhb Zmbdhlukuhb

dhb Hsulhb Impmrhwhthb Chwht Dhrurht phdh phsnmb Bmhr Drawbnbc―. Ehihkhl nbn
dnsusub ubtui emembuln tuchs Impmrhwhthb Chdhr.
Dhkhe pmbuknshbbyh pmbukns tndhi kmphs dhrn `hbtuhb `mr`hchn pnlhi, akml ihrmbh
ntu pmbukns embcufhpihb tmrneh ihsnl imphdh smkurul pnlhi yhbc tmkhl `mrphrtnsnphsn
dhkhe imkhbfhrhb pme`uhthb ehihkhl nbn.
Zmbukns embyhdhrn `hlwh pmbuknshb ehihkhl nbn ehsnl ohul dhrn smepurbh. Akml
ihrmbh ntu, pmbukns embclhrhpihb
embclhrhpihb shrhb dhb irntn
irntni
i yhbc `mrsnght dhb eme`hbcub
eme`hbcub dmen
embymepurbhihb ehihkhl nbn. Hilnrbyh, smeach ehihkhl nbn `mrehbghht `hcn pmbukns
.
dhb pme`hfh phdh ueuebyh

Dmbphshr, Hprnk 0:0:

Zmbukns

0
 DHGTHP NVN
Lhkhehb
LHKHEHB O]D]K ……
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
……..
.. 8

IHTH ZMBCHBTHP ……
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…… 0
DHGTHP NVN ……
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
……….
…... 6
@H@ N ZMBDHL]K]HB
8.8Khthr @mkhihbc ……………….…………………………….. =
8.0Pueushb Ehshkhl ………..………………………………… 3
8.6Tuouhb ………….………………….………………...….…. 3
8.6.8 Tuouhb ueue …………………...………………… 3
8.6.0 Tuouhb ilusus …………..………..…………..…… 3
8.4 Emtadm
Emtadm Zmbuknshb
Zmbuknshb ..........
...............
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
.........
.... <

8.= Ehbghht
Ehbghht Zmbuknshb
Zmbuknshb ..........
...............
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.......
.. <
8.7
8.7 Vnst
Vnstme
meht
htni
nihh Zmbu
Zmbukn
knshb
shb ....
......
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
.... >
@H@ NN TNBOH]HB Z]VTHIH
0.8 Iabsmp Bmhr Drawbnbc ..........................................
...........................................................
................. 8:
0.8.8
0.8.8 Dmgnbn
Dmgnbnsn
sn ......
.........
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
... 8:
0.8.0
0.8.0 Mtnaka
Mtnakacn
cn ......
.........
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
... 88
0.8.6
0.8.6 Ikhsngn
Ikhsngnihs
ihsnn ......
.........
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
... 88
0.8.4
0.8.4 Zhtagn
Zhtagnsna
snakac
kacnn ......
.........
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
.. 80
0.8.=
0.8.= Ehbngm
Ehbngmsths
sthsnn Iknbns.....
Iknbns........
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
... 8=

0.8.7
0.8.7 Iaepknihsn.....
Iaepknihsn.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
.........
.... 87
0.8.3
0.8.3 Zracba
Zracbasns
sns ......
.........
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
... 83
0.8.<
0.8.< Zmemrni
Zmemrnishhb
shhb Dnhcbas
Dnhcbastni
tni ......
.........
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
..... 83
0.0
0.0 Zmbh
Zmbhthk
thkhi
hishb
shbhhb
hhb ....
......
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
.... 8>
0.0.8
0.0.8 Zmrtak
Zmrtakabc
abchb
hb Zrhlas
Zrhlaspnt
pnthk
hk ......
.........
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
..... 8>
0.0.0
0.0.0 Zmrtak
Zmrtakabc
abchb
hb Nbtrh
Nbtrhlas
laspnt
pnthk
hk ......
.........
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
.. 8>
0.6 Iabs
Iabsmp
mp Hsi
simp
mp Ch
Chdh
dhrr phdh
phdh Zhs
hsnm
nmb
b Bmhr Drawbnbc ......
.........
......
......
..... 0=
0.6.8
0.6.8 Zmbcih
Zmbcihonh
onhb
b Chwht
Chwht Dhrurh
Dhrurhtt ......
.........
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
... 0=
0.6.0
0.6.0 Dnhcba
Dnhcbash
sh Impmrhw
Impmrhwhth
hthb
b ......
.........
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
... 0=

0.6.6
0.6.6 Nbtmrv
Nbtmrvmbs
mbsnn Impmrh
Impmrhwht
whthb
hb ......
.........
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
.. 07

6
@H@ NN
NNNN IHV]V
IHV]V IMCH
IMCHSH
SHTHB
THB ZHDH
ZHDH BMHP DPASBNBC
DPASBNBC
6.8 Zmbcih
Zmbcihonh
onhb
b ......
.........
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
..... 66
6.0 Dnhcba
Dnhcbash
sh ......
.........
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
..... 6=
6.6 Nbtmrv
Nbtmrvmbs
mbsnn ......
.........
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
... 6=
6.4 Nepkme
Nepkmembt
mbthsn
hsn ......
.........
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
.. 6<
6.= Mvhkuh
Mvhkuhsn
sn ......
.........
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
.. 6>
@H@ NW ZMB]T]Z
6.8 Vnepukhb ……….......…………………………….....…….... 4:
6.0 Vhrhb
Vhrhb ......
.........
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
.. 4:
DHGTHP Z]VTHIH

4
 @H@ N
ZMBDHL]K]HB

8.8 Khthr @mkhihbc

Drawbn
Draw bnbc
bc hthu
hthu dn
dnsm
sm`u
`utt ouch
ouch tmtmbc
bccm
cmkh
khe
e hdhdhk
hkhl
hl susuht
htuu pr
pras
asms
ms yhyhbc
bc
embchin`htihb chbccuhb rmspnrhsn ihrmbh fhnrhb (vhb `mfi mt hk, 0::=). Lhsnk hilnr
dh
dhrn
rn im
imohd
ohdnh
nhb
b tmbc
tmbccm
cmkh
khe
e hd
hdhk
hkhl
hl ia
iar`
r`hb
hb dn
dnby
byhth
hthih
ihb
b smkhe
smkheht
ht ht
hthu
hu embn
embnbc
bcch
chk.
k.
Zmbym`h`
Zmbym`h` imehtnhb
imehtnhb hin`ht
hin`ht tmbccmkhe
tmbccmkhe dnhbthrhbyh
dnhbthrhbyh hdhkhl imehtnhb
imehtnhb athi ihrmbh
lnpaisnh hthu nsimenh athi phrhl, HPDV, imchchkhb euktn archb, snbdrae smpsns
ihrmbh pbmueabnh hspnrhsn (Vhbtasa, 0:8:).
Vmtnhp ohe smtnhp lhrn km`nl dhrn 4: arhbc imlnkhbchb byhwh emrmih hin`ht
tmbccm
tmbccmkhe
khe.. Vmpmrt
Vmpmrtnn hbhi
hbhi imfnk
imfnk tmrcmk
tmrcmknbf
nbfnr
nr dn iakhe
iakhe rmbhbc
rmbhbc,, rmehoh
rmehoh `mrmbh
`mrmbhbc
bc dn
`hwhl pmbchrul hkialak hthu a`ht-a`hthb, pmbuephbc ihphk yhbc tmr`hkni dhb

whrch ehsyhrhiht yhbc dn khbdh `hbonr. Imohdnhb nbn emruphihb pme`ubul cka`hk
yh
yhbc
bc tmrim
tmrimeu
euih
ih dh
dhb
b tmru
tmruss embn
embnbc
bcih
iht.
t. Khparhb Cka`hk Drawbnbcs Archbnshsn
Imsmlhthb Dubnh 0:84 dn dmdnihsnihb ilusus ubtui tmbccmkhe yhbc emruphihb
thbthbchb imsmlhthb yhbc shbcht dn fmchl dhb `mkue dn thrcmtihb ubtui uphyh
pmbfmchlhbbyh. Khparhb nbn dn `uht `mrtuouhb ubtui embcu`hl hbcih imohdnhb
tmbccmkhe.
tmbccmkhe. Dmbchb hdhbyh
hdhbyh khparhb
khparhb hihb embmthpihb pmbcmthluhb
pmbcmthluhb tmrinbn
tmrinbn tmbthbc
tmbthbc
tmbcc
tmbccmk
mkhe
he dh
dhb
b pm
pmbf
bfmc
mchl
hlhb
hb tmbc
tmbccm
cmkh
khe
e yh
yhbc
bc embc
embchi
hin`
n`ht
htihb
ihb ia
iar`
r`hb
hb tmwhs
tmwhs
ilususb
ilususbyh
yh dn ihkhbc
ihkhbchb
hb hbhi-h
hbhi-hbhi
bhi dhb rmehoh.
rmehoh. Zmbfmc
Zmbfmchlh
hlhb
b dn tuboui
tubouiihb
ihb dhrn
dhrn
`mr`hchn nbvmbthrns yhbc mgmitng hbthrh khnb, pmbccubhhb lhe`hthb ubtui

embcabtrak hisms im hnr, pmbymdnhhb tmepht yhbc hehb smpmrtn pusht pmbntnphb hbhi
prh-smiakhl dhb pmbchohrhb hbhi usnh smiakhl imtrhepnkhb dhshr (SLA, 0:84).
0:84).
Zmbym`h` tnbccnbyh hbcih imehtnhb hin`ht tmbccmkhe shkhl shtubyh hdhkhl
snstme
snstme pmrtak
pmrtakabc
abchb
hb dhb pmbcmt
pmbcmthlu
hluhb
hb pmbhbc
pmbhbchbh
hbhb
b ia
iar`h
r`hb
b yhbc
yhbc tndhi
tndhi tmpht
tmpht dhb
prnbsnp pmrtakabchb hwhk yhbc tndhi smsuhn. Zmbcmthluhb pmbhbccukhbchb pmbdmrnth
chwht dhrurht emehbc pasnsn `mshr dhkhe embmbtuihb im`mrlhsnkhb pmrtakabchb.
@hbyhi imohdnhb pmbdmrnth pmrtakabchb pmrtheh yhbc oustruembnbcchk dubnh hthu
embchkhen imfhfhthb hin`ht imshkhlhb dhkhe eme`mrnihb pmrtakabchb hwhk. lhk nbn
tmrohdnn ihrmbh iurhbcbyh
tmrohd iurhbcbyh pmehlhehb
pmehlhehb ehsyhrhiht
ehsyhrhiht tmbthbc
tmbthbc ihsus imchwhtdhrurhthb
imchwhtdhrurhthb

(Hzlhrn, 0:88).

=
 Embu
Emburu
rutt Sa
Sarkd
rkd Lmhktl
Lmhktl Archbn
Archbnzht
zhtnab
nab (SL
(SLA)
A) :,3%
:,3% dhrn
dhrn smkurul
smkurul imehtn
imehtnhb
hb
dndu
dndubn
bnhh hthu
hthu km`nl
km`nl dh
dhrn
rn =:
=::.
:.::
:::
: im
imeh
ehtn
tnhb
hb smtnh
smtnhp
p thlub
thlub dn
dnsm`
sm`h`
h`ih
ihb
b ih
ihrm
rmbh
bh
tmbccmkhe. Zhdh thlub 0::4 dnsmkurul dubnh tmrdhpht 6<<.::: arhbc embnbcchk
ihrmbh tmbccmkhe, hbcih nbn embmephtn uruthb im-6 imehtnhb dndubnh hin`ht fmdmrh
tndhi dnsmbchoh (Pngnba dii, 0:88). Vmfhrh ueue >:% ihsus tmbccmkhe tmrohdn dn
hnr thwhr (dhbhu, subchn, iakhe) dhb 8:% tmrohdn dn hnr khut. Vmkhnb ntu nbdnvndu
dmbchb
dmbchb pmimroh
pmimrohhb
hb smpmrt
smpmrtnn pmbhbc
pmbhbcihp
ihp nihb
nihb iaemrsn
iaemrsnhk
hk hthu emehbf
emehbfnbc
nbc dmbchb
dmbchb
embccubhihb pmrhlu imfnk km`nl rmbthb tmrlhdhp tmbccmkhe (SLA, 0:80). Dhth
yh
yhbc
bc dniu
dniuep
epuk
ukih
ihb
b dh
dhrn
rn Hemrnfhb Gaubdhtnab gar Hquhtnf Nboury Zrmvmbtnab
smphboh
smphbohbc
bc thlub
thlub 0::=,
0::=, embym`
embym`uti
utihb
hb `hlwh
`hlwh 3:% iar`hb
iar`hb tmbccm
tmbccmkhe
khe imeudn
imeudnhb
hb
embnbcchk, ihrmbh tndhi hdhbyh pmbchwhshb (kngm
( kngm cuhrd) dhb whitu tmbccmkhe
yhbc emkm`nln = embnt (Zhkemr, 0::=). Tmbccmkhe (drawbnbc
( drawbnbc) emruphihb fmdmrh
akml
akml ih
ihrm
rmbh
bh pm
pmrm
rmbd
bdhe
hehb
hb (su`emrsnab/neemrsnab
su`emrsnab/neemrsnab)) yh
yhbc
bc dh
dhph
phtt embc
embchi
hin`
n`hti
htihb
hb
imehtnhb dhkhe whitu iurhbc dhrn 04 ohe. Hph`nkh iar`hb ehepu smkheht dhkhe
whitu
whitu iurhbc
iurhbc dhrn 04 ohe ehih dnsm`u
dnsm`utt dmbchb
dmbchb nstnkhl
nstnkhl Bmhr Dwarbnbc. Dhkhe
smpukul thlub tmrhilnr, km`nl dhrn =:.::: arhbc embnbcchk hin`ht tmbccmkhe dn
Hemr
Hemrni
nihh Vmrn
Vmrnih
iht,
t, dh
dhb
b em
emru
ruph
phih
ihb
b pm
pmby
bym`
m`h`
h` im
imeh
ehtn
tnhb
hb tm
tmr`
r`hb
hbyh
yhi
i im
im-4
-4 hi
hin`
n`ht
ht
imfmkhi
imfmkhihhb
hhb smfhrh
smfhrh ueue.
ueue. Vm`hch
Vm`hchnn the`hl
the`hlhb,
hb, dnpmri
dnpmrinrh
nrhihb
ihb tmrdhp
tmrdhpht
ht km`nl
km`nl dhrn
dhrn
=::.::
=::.:::
: imohdn
imohdnhb
hb tmbccm
tmbccmkhe
khe smtnhp
smtnhp thlubb
thlubbyh
yh dn Hemrni
Hemrnihh Vmrnih
Vmrniht.
t. Dn Nbdabm
Nbdabmsnh
snh
smbdnrn hbcih imohdnhb tmbccmkhe `mkue dnimthlun. Bheub, emruoui phdh iabdnsn
cmacrhgns wnkhyhl Nbdabmsnh yhbc tmrdnrn dhrn `mr`hchn pukhu dmbchb chrns phbthn
yhbc fuiup phbohbc yhbc emeubcinbihb tmrohdnbyh tmbccmkhe. Tmrkm`nl Nbdabmsnh
ouch emruphihb dhmrhl wnshth dn ehbh pmrhnrhb ouch emruphihb shkhl shtu dhyh
thrni wnshth yhbc dnenknin. Tmrutheh @hkn yhbc tmrimbhk dmbchb Zhbthn Iuth-byh
yhbc
yhbc nbdhl
nbdhl yhbc
yhbc embcca
embccadh
dh arhbc
arhbc ubtui
ubtui smimdh
smimdhrr `mrmbh
`mrmbhbc
bc shephn
shephn embnie
embniehtn
htn
akhlrh
akhlrhch
ch hnr enshkb
enshkbyh
yh smkhbfh
smkhbfhrr dhb omtsin
omtsin smrth
smrth `mr`hc
`mr`hchn
hn pmrehn
pmrehnbhb
bhb hnr khn
khnbby
bbyh.
h.
Tmbtu shoh tndhi hihb hdh smarhbc pub yhbc `mrlhrhp lhk tmrsm`ut tmrohdn phdh
snhph
snhphpu
pub.
b. Bheu
Bheub,
b, hp
hph`
h`nk
nkhe
he inth
inth embm
embmeu
euih
ihb
b im
imoh
ohdn
dnhb
hb tm
tmrsm
rsm`u
`utt tm
tmbt
btu
u lh
lhru
russ
embcmthlun
embcmthlun khbcihl-khbc
khbcihl-khbcihl
ihl yhbc lhrus dnkhiuihb hchr dhpht embymkhehtihb
embymkhehtihb
iar`hb. Tmbccmkhe dhpht tmrohdn phdh hnr thwhr ehupub hnr khut dhb emruphihb
shkhl shtu imfmkhihhb yhbc dhpht `mruoubc phdh imehtnhb onih tmrkhe`ht embdhpht
pmrtakabchb. Nbnsnhbsn pme`mrnhb pmrtakabchb pmrtheh shbcht pmbtnbc ubtui smcmrh

7
 dnkhiuihb hchr iar`hb dhpht tmrlnbdhr dhrn imehtnhb hthu imfhfhthb yhbc km`nl
phrhl. Akml ihrmbh ntu, pmbcmthluhb embcmbhn tmibni pme`mrnhb `hbtuhb lndup
dhshr dhb pmbhbchbhb
pmbhbchbhb iar`hbtmbccmkhe
iar`hbtmbccmkhe.. shbcht dnpmrkuihb dhkhe embclhdhp
embclhdhpnn
sntuhsn smpmrtn nbn smlnbcch pmrtakabchb yhbc dn`mrnihb hihb km`nl tmpht.
Imchwh
Imchwhtdh
tdhrur
rurhth
hthb
b phdh
phdh ia
iar`h
r`hb
b tmbccm
tmbccmkhe
khe tmrihn
tmrihntt mrht
mrht dmbchb
dmbchb ehshkhl
ehshkhl
pmrbhghshb dhb ihrdnavhsiukmr yhbc pmbhchbhbbyh ememrkuihb pmbyaiabc
imlnduphb ohbtubc dhshr dmbchb embubohbc rmspnrhsn dhb snriukhsn iar`hb dhrn kuhr
emkhku
emkhkunn rmsusnt
rmsusnthsn,
hsn, dhb embfmc
embfmchl
hl nbsugn
nbsugnsnm
snmbsn
bsn (Bavnt
(Bavnth,
h, 0::>).
0::>). Akml
Akml sm`h`
sm`h` ntu,
ntu,
pmbhbchbhb dnbn shbcht dnpmrkuihb ihrmbh drawbnbc dhpht
dhpht embym`
embym`h`i
h`ihb
hb phru
phru
smsma
smsmarhb
rhbc
c tmrm
tmrmbd
bdhe
he fhnrh
fhnrhb,
b, yh
yhbc
bc dh
dhph
phtt emby
embym`
m`h`
h`ih
ihb
b ia
iabd
bdns
nsnn yh
yhbc
bc dh
dhph
phtt
embchbfhe
embchbfhe onwh, smpmrtn pbmueabn
pbmueabnhh hspnrhsn dhb hsgnisnh. Zmrhb pmrhwht
pmrhwht dn snbn
ouch shbcht dnpmrkuihb embcnbcht im`utulhb aisncmbhsn hdhkhl im`utulhb dhshr
ehbusnh. Zhsnmb dmbchb drawbnbc embchkhen imsuknthb `mrbhghs, smlnbcch lhk nbn
ouch dhpht embchbccu imbyhehbhb dhb byhwh phsnmb, ehih dhrn ntu hsulhb
impmrhw
impmrhwhth
hthb
b yhbc
yhbc tmpht
tmpht dhb fmpht imphdh
imphdh iknmb
iknmb dmbchb
dmbchb bmhr drawbnbc
drawbnbc shbcht
dnpmrkuihb. @mrdhshrihb khthr `mkhihbc dn hths, ehih pmbukns tmrthrni embyusub
ehihkhl
ehihkhl yhbc `mrouduk
`mrouduk ‛Khparhb
‛Khparhb Zmbdhluku
Zmbdhlukuhb
hb dhb Hsulhb
Hsulhb Impmrhwhthb
Impmrhwhthb Chwht
Dhrurht phdh phsnmb Bmhr Drawbnbc―.
8.0 Pueush
Pueushb
b Ehshk
Ehshkhl
hl
@mrdhs
@mrdhshri
hrihb
hb khthr
khthr `mkhih
`mkhihbc
bc dn hths ehih
ehih rueush
rueushb
b ehshkh
ehshkhl
l yhbc
yhbc embohd
embohdnn
gaiuss dhkhe pmbmkntnhb
gaiu pmbmkntnhb nbn hdhkhl?
hdhkhl? ‛@hchnehbh
‛@hchnehbh hsulhb impmrhwhthb
impmrhwhthb chwht dhrurht
dhrurht
phdh phsnmb Bmhr Dwarbnbc1―
8.6 Tuouhb Zmbnkushb
8.6.8 Tuouhb ]eue
]btui
]btui embcmt
embcmthlu
hlunn hsulhb
hsulhb impmrhw
impmrhwthb
thb chwht
chwht dhrurh
dhrurhtt phdh
phdh phsnmb
phsnmb
dmbchb Bmhr Drawbnbc.
8.6
8.6.0 Tuou
ouhb
hb Ilusus
usus
8. ]btu
]btui
i embc
embcmth
mthlu
lunn pmb
pmbcm
cmrt
rtnh
nhb
b Bmhr Drawbnbc.
0. ]btui embcmthlun mtnakacn Bmhr Drawbnbc.
6. ]btu
]btui
i embc
embcmth
mthlu
lunn ikh
ikhsng
sngni
nihs
hsnn Bmhr Drawbnbc.
4. ]btu
]btui
i emb
embcm
cmth
thlu
lunn phta
phtagn
gnsna
snaka
kacn
cn Bmhr Drawbnbc.
=. ]btu
]btui
i embcm
embcmth
thlu
lunn ehbng
ehbngmst
msthsn
hsn ikn
iknbn
bni
i Bmhr Drawbnbc.

3
 7. ]btu
]btui
i embc
embcmth
mthlu
lunn iae
iaepk
pkni
nihsn
hsn Bmhr Drawbnbc.
3. ]btu
]btui
i embc
embcmth
mthlu
lunn pr
prac
acba
basn
snss Bmhr Drawbnbc.
<. ]btui
]btui embcmt
embcmthlu
hlunn pmem
pmemrni
rnishhb
shhb dnhcba
dnhcbastn
stni
i Bmhr Drawbnbc.
>. ]btu
]btui
i embc
embcmth
mthlu
lunn pmbht
pmbhthk
hkhi
hishb
shbhh
hhb
b Bmhr Drawbnbc.
8:. ]btui
]btui embcmthlun
embcmthlun hsulhb
hsulhb impmrhwhthb
impmrhwhthb chwht
chwht dhrurht
dhrurht Bmhr Drawbnbc.
88
88.. ]btui
]btui embc
embcmt
mthl
hlun
un nepk
nepkme
memb
mbth
thsn
sn ph
phdh
dh ih
ihsu
suss ph
phdh
dh ph
phsnm
snmb
b dm
dmbc
bchb
hb
imchwhthb Bmhr Drawbnbc.
8.4 Emtadm Zmbuknshb
Emtadm yhbc dncubhihb dhkhe pmbuknshb khparhb ihsus nbn hdhkhl emtadm
dmsirnp
dmsirnptng.
tng. Hdhpu
Hdhpub
b tmibni
tmibni pmbcue
pmbcuepuk
pukhb
hb dhth
dhth dhkhe
dhkhe pmbyus
pmbyusubh
ubhb
b studn
studn ihsus
ihsus nbn
hdhkhl Vtudn impusthihhb yhntu embcchkn nbgarehsn emkhkun shrhbh `mr`hchn `uiu
ehupub
ehupub kntmrht
kntmrhtur
ur yhbc
yhbc `mrihn
`mrihnthb
thb dmbchb
dmbchb tmarn
tmarn yhbc
yhbc `mrlu`
`mrlu`ubc
ubchb
hb dmbchb
dmbchb bmhr
drawbnbc.
8.= Ehbghht Zmbuknshb
8.=.8 Ehbghht Tmarntns
8. @hcn Zmbukns
]btu
]btui
i embh
embhe`
e`hl
hl dh
dhb
b eme`
eme`mrn
mrnih
ihb
b pm
pmbc
bcmt
mthl
hluh
uhb
b hc
hchr
hr tmrwu
tmrwuou
oud
d
pmbcmthluhb `hni tmbthbc pmrtakabchb pmrtheh phdh imohdnhb tmbccmkhe
tmbccmkhe
smlnbc
smlnbcch
ch embcur
embcurhbc
hbcnn hbcih
hbcih imohdn
imohdnhb
hb imehtn
imehtnhb
hb dhb fmdmrh
fmdmrh hin`ht
hin`ht
tmbccmkhe.
0. @hcn NZTMI
Eme`mrnihb
Eme`mrnihb sue`hbchb
sue`hbchb ilususbyh
ilususbyh dhkhe `ndhbc impusthihhb
impusthihhb yhbc
tmrihnt dmbchb imchwht dhrurhthb tmbccmkhe.
6. @hcn Nbstrntusn Zmbdndnihb
Dhpht
Dhpht embohd
embohdnn rmgm
rmgmrmb
rmbsn
sn dhb `hlhb `hfhhb dn pmrpusthihhbdn VTNIMs
Snrh Emdnih dhb ubtui emembuln ehth iuknhl hsimp chwht dhrurht.
8.=.0 Ehbghht Zrhitns
8. @hcn Zmbukns Vmkhboutbyh
Vm`hch
Vm`hchnn rmgmrmb
rmgmrmbsn
sn pmbukn
pmbuknss smkhbou
smkhboutby
tbyhh ubtui
ubtui emehph
emehphrih
rihb
b tmbthb
tmbthbc
c
pmrtakabchb pmrtheh phdh imohdnhb tmbccmkhe.

<
8.7 Vnstmehtnih Zmbuknshb

]btu
]btui
i emep
emepmra
mrakml
kml ch
che`
e`hr
hrhb
hb embc
embcmb
mbhn
hn stud
studnn ih
ihsu
suss nb
nbn,
n, pmbu
pmbukn
knss
embccubhihb snhtmehtnih pmbuknshb yhbc tmrdnrn dhrn mepht `h` yhntu ?
8. @H@
@H@ N Zmbd
Zmbdhl
hluk
ukuh
uhb
b yhbc emkn
emknpu
putn
tn khthr
khthr `mkhi
`mkhihb
hbc,
c, rueus
rueushb
hb ehshk
ehshkhl
hl,, tuouhb
tuouhb

pmbuknshb, emtadm pmbuknshb, ehbghht pmbuknshb dhb snstmehtnih pmbuknshb.

0. @H@ NN emb
embcu
curh
rhni
nihb
hb tmbt
tmbthb
hbc
c?
h. Iabs
Iabsmp
mp dh
dhsh
shrr ih
ihsu
suss yh
yhbc
bc tmrd
tmrdnr
nrnn dh
dhrn
rn pm
pmbc
bcmr
mrtn
tnhb
hb,, mtnak
mtnakac
acn,
n, ik
ikhs
hsngn
ngnih
ihsn,
sn,
phtagnsnakacn, ehbngmsthsn iknbns, iaepknihsn, pracbasns, pmemrnishhb
dnhc
dnhcba
bast
stni
ni,, pmbh
pmbhth
thkh
khis
ishb
hbhh
hhb
b pr
prhl
hlas
aspn
pnth
thkk dh
dhb
b pm
pmbh
bhth
thkh
khis
ishb
hbhh
hhb
b
nbtrhlaspnthk.
`. Iabsmp dhshr hsulhb impmrhwhthb chwht dhrurht yhbc tmrdnrn dhrn
pmbcihonhb, dnhcbash, nbtmrvmbsn impmrhwhthb.
6. @H@ NNN Zme`hl
Zme`hlhshb
hshb ihsus
ihsus yhntu hsulhb
hsulhb chwht
chwht dhrurht
dhrurht phdh phsnmb
phsnmb dmbchb
dmbchb

Bmhr Drhawbnbc.
4. @H@
@H@ NW Zmbu
Zmbutu
tup
p yh
yhbc
bc embcme
embcmeui
uihi
hihb
hb snepu
snepukh
khb
b dh
dhb
b shrhb
shrhb yh
yhbc
bc dhpht
dhpht
dnpmrcubhihb sm`hchn `hlhb pmeninrhb dn ehsh yhbc hihb dhthbc.

>
 @H@ NN
TNBOH]HB TMAPN

0.8 Bmhr Dwarbnbc

Dwarbnbc
0.8.8 Zmbcmrtnhb
Tmbccm
Tmbccmkhe
khe (dr
(drawb
awbnbc
nbc)) hdhkhl imehtnhb hin`ht hsgnisnh yhbc tmrohdn
dh
dhkh
khe
e 04 ohe
ohe smtmk
smtmkhl
hl pm
pmrns
rnstn
tnwh
wh tmbcc
tmbccmk
mkhe
he dn hnr,
hnr, smdhb
smdhbci
cihb
hb lh
lhep
epnr
nr
tmbccm
tmbccmkhe
khe (Bm
(Bmhr
hr Dwarbn
Dwarbnbc)
bc) hdhkhl iar`hb
iar`hb ehsnl dhkhe
dhkhe imhdhhb
imhdhhb lndup
lndup
km`nl dhrn 04 ohe smtmkhl smtmkhl pmrnstnwh tmbccmkhe dn hnr.
Tmbccmkhe (drawbnbc
(drawbnbc) hdhkhl imehtnhb yhbc dnsm`h`ihb akml hspnrhsn
fhnrhb im dhkhe pmrbhphshb hin`ht tmr`mbhebyh smkurul hthu sm`hcnhb tu`ul
im dhkhe fhnrhb, smdhbcihb lhepnr tmbccmkhe ( Bmhr Dwarbnbc) hdhkhl
imhdhh
imhdhhb
b chbccu
chbccuhb
hb gnsnaka
gnsnakacn
cn tu`ul
tu`ul hin`ht
hin`ht tmbccm
tmbccmkhe
khe,, tmt
tmthpn
hpn tndhi
tndhi tmrohd
tmrohdnn
imehtnhb. Em
Emih
ihbn
bnse
semm khnb
khnb emby
embym`
m`ut
utih
ihb
b ih
ihrm
rmbh
bh im
imtn
tndh
dhis
ismn
mne`
e`hb
hbch
chb
b
mkmitraknt smrue yhbc emepmbchruln gubcsn ohbtubc (rmgkmis ihrdnhi) dhb
`nsh ouch dnsm`h`ihb ihrmbh khrnbcasphsem sm`hchn hin`ht rmgkmis vhchk
(@hbmromm dhkhe Phuug (0::<)).
Zhdhh pmrnstn
Zhd pmrnstnwh
wh tmbccm
tmbccmkhe
khe (drawbnbc), sm
smku
kuru
rul
l tu
tu`u
`ul
l tndh
tndhi
i lh
lhru
russ
tmbccmkhe dn dhkhe hnr. Hshkihb ku`hbc lndubc dhb eukut `mrhdh dn `hwhl
pmreuihhb hnr ehih lhk ntu sudhl fuiup emembuln irntmrnh sm`hchn
pmrnstnwh tmbccmkhe. `mrdhshrihb pmbcmrtnhb tmrsm`ut, ehih pmrnstnwh
tmbccmkhe tndhi lhbyh dhpht tmrohdn dn khut hthu subchn tmthpn dhpht ouch
tmrohd
tmrohdnn dn dhkhe
dhkhe wmsthgm
wmsthgmkk hthu me`mr `mrnsn hnr. Ouekhl
Ouekhl hnr yhbc
yhbc dhpht
dhpht
emehtnihb onih dnlnrup akml phru-phru hdhkhl sm`hbyhi 0 K ubtui arhbc
dmwhsh dhb 6:-4: ek ubtui `hyn (Snknhbta,
( Snknhbta, 0:80).
Embu
Emburu
rutt SLA
SLA (0
(0:8
:8=)
=),, tmbcc
tmbccmk
mkhe
he emru
emruph
phih
ihb
b ch
chbc
bccu
cuhb
hb snstme
snstme
pmrbhghshb hin`ht tmrmbdhe dhkhe emdnh yhbc fhnr. Iabsmbsus tmr`hru
embyhthihb dmgnbnsn tmr`hru dhrn tmbccmkhe lhrus embfhiup ihsus ghthk dhb
bab ghthk. Dhephi tmbccmkhe dhpht `mruph imehtnhb, ear`ndnths, dhb bab
ear`n
ear`ndnt
dnths.
hs. Hdh ouch
ouch iabsmb
iabsmbsus
sus yhbc
yhbc embyht
embyhthih
hihb
b `hlwh
`hlwh nstnkhl
nstnkhl `hshl,
`hshl,
imrnbc, hitng, phsng, dnhe, dhb embmbchl smlhrusbyh tndhi dncubhihb khcn.

8:
 Drawbnbc hthu tmbccmkhe hdhkhl prasms ehsuibyh fhnrhb im dhkhe
shkurh
shkurhb
b bhghs
bhghs hthu phru-p
phru-phru
hru yhbc
yhbc embym`
embym`h`i
h`ihb
hb chbcc
chbccuhb
uhb pmrbhg
pmrbhghshb
hshb
shephn imehtnhb. Dmgnbnsn tmbccmkhe embchfu phdh “hdhbyh fhnrhb yhbc
ehsui lnbcch embutupn ku`hbc lndubc dhb eukut„, smlnbcch tndhi tmr`hths
phdh ihsus tmbccmkhe dn iakhe rmbhbc, hthu pmrhnrhb smpmrtn subchn, khut,
dhb dhbhu shoh, tmthpn ouch phdh iabdnsn tmr`mbhebyh tu`ul dhkhe smkaihb
hthu iu`hbchb dnehbh `hcnhb whohl `mrhdh dn `hwhl pmreuihhb hnr (Zutrh,
0:84).
Ohdn, tmbccmkhe (drawbnbc) emru
emruph
phih
ihb
b su
suht
htu
u im
imhd
hdhh
hhb
b gh
ghth
thk,
k,
smdhbc
smdhbcihb
ihb lhepnr
lhepnr tmbccm
tmbccmkhe
khe (Bm
(Bmhr
hr Dwarbn
Dwarbnbc)
bc) eubcinb dhpht `mrhin`ht
ghthk. Vmdhbcihb SLA embdmgnbnsnihb sm`hchn prasms chbccuhb pmrbhphshb
hin`ht
hin`ht tmbcc
tmbccmkhe
mkhe/lh
/lhepn
epnrr tmbccm
tmbccmkhe
khe dhkhe
dhkhe fhnrhb.
fhnrhb. Kuhrhb
Kuhrhb tmbccm
tmbccmkhe
khe
dnikhsngnihsnihb sm`hchn embnbcchk, ear`ndnths dhb tndhi hdh ear`ndnths.
0.8.0 Mtnakacn
Bmhr Dwarbnbc tmrohdn imtnih iar`hb tndhi dhpht `mrbhghs dhkhe hnr
dhkhe
dhkhe pmrnad
pmrnadmm whitu
whitu tmrtmbt
tmrtmbtu.
u. Vmkheh
Vmkheh tmbccm
tmbccmkhe
khe,, nbthim
nbthim aisncm
aisncmb
b hihb
hihb
embc
embchk
hkhe
henn pm
pmbu
buru
rubh
bhb
b dh
dhb
b snstm
snstme
e ut
uthe
hehh tu
tu`u
`ul
l dh
dhph
phtt `m
`mrl
rlmb
mbtn
tn hi
hin`
n`ht
ht
imiurh
imiurhbc
bchb
hb aisncm
aisncmb.
b. Dhkhe
Dhkhe `m`mrhp
`m`mrhphh ihsus
ihsus tmruth
tmrutheh
eh yhbc
yhbc tmrohdn
tmrohdn phdh
phdh
hbhi, lhk nbn dhpht tmrohdn dhkhe lntubchb dmtni smdhbcihb phdh dmwhsh
tmro
tmrohd
hdnn km
km`n
`nl
l kheh
kheh.. Vh
Vhbc
bcht
ht pmbt
pmbtnb
nbc
c ub
ubtu
tui
i dn
dnnb
nbch
chtt `h
`hlw
lwhh sm
smkh
khku
ku hd
hdhh
imeubcinbhb ubtui embymkhehtihb smsmarhbc yhbc tmbccmkhe whkhupub
dhkhe whitu fuiup kheh. Tmbccmkhe
Tmbccmkhe `nsh dnsm`h`ihb
dnsm`h`ihb akml (Kmvnb
(Kmvnb dhkhe
Hravhl, 0::>)?
8. Tmrchb
Tmrchbccu
ccubyh
byh imehe
imehepuh
puhb
b gnsni hin`h
hin`htt pmbchru
pmbchrul
l a`ht-a`
a`ht-a`hthb
hthb
0. Imtndh
Imtndhie
iehep
hepuhb
uhb hin`h
hin`htt lnpatmr
lnpatmrenh
enh,, syai,
syai, fmdmrh,
fmdmrh, hthu
hthu imkmkhlh
imkmkhlhb
b
6. Imtndh
Imtndhie
iehep
hepuhb
uhb hin`
hin`ht
ht pmbyh
pmbyhint
int hiut
hiut imtn
imtnih
ih `mrmb
`mrmbhbc
hbc
4. Zm
Zmrh
rhlu
lu hth
hthu
u ihph
ihphkk tmbc
tmbccm
cmkh
khe
e
=. Tmrp
Tmrpmrh
mrhbc
bcih
ihp
p hthu
hthu tmro
tmromr
mrht
ht dn dhk
dhkhe
he hnr
hnr
7. @ubul dnrn
0.8.6 Ikhsngnihsn
@mrdhs
@mrdhshri
hrihb
hb tmepmr
tmepmrhtu
hturr hnr,
hnr, ikhsngn
ikhsngnihs
ihsnn tmbccm
tmbccmkhe
khe dn`hcn
dn`hcn embohd
embohdnn tnch
tnch
emburut Kmvnb (dhkhe Hravhl, 0::>)?

88
 8. Tmb
mbc
ccmkh
cmkhe
e dn hnr
hnr lhb
lhbc
cht (whre whtmr drawbnbc),
drawbnbc) , `nkh tmepmrhtur hnr ≭
0:ºF
0. Tmb
mbc
ccmkh
cmkhe
e dn
dn hnr
hnr dnb
dnbcn
cnb
b (fakd whtmr drawbnbc),
drawbnbc), `nkh tmepmrhtur hnr =-
0:ºF
6. Tmbccmkhe dn hnr shbcht dnbcnb (vmr
(vmryy fakd
fakd whtmr
whtmr drawbn
drawbnbc)
bc),, `n
`nkh
kh
tmepmrhtur hnr ; =ºF
@mrdhshrihb aseakhrnths hnr, ikhsngnihsn tmbccmkhe dn`hcn embohdn duh?
8. Tmbccmkhe dn hnr thwhr
0. Tmbccmkhe dn hnr khut
Imohdnhb tmbccmkhe hthu su`emrsmd hffndmbt dhpht eme`mrnihb duh lhsnk?
8. Neemrsnab sybdraem,
sybdraem, yhb
yhbc
c emruph
emruphihb
ihb imehtn
imehtnhb
hb embdhd
embdhdhi
hi smtmkhl
smtmkhl
iabthi dmbchb hnr dnbcnb,
0. Vu`emrsmd nboury,
nboury, yhntu dhpht embym`h`ihb imehtnhb 04 ohe smtmkhl
imohdnhb tmbccmkhe, survnvhk, hthu puknlbyh imhdhhb smtmkhl imohdnhb
tmbccmkhe.
0.8.4 Zhtagnsnakacn
Imsmkhe
Imsmkhehthb
hthb smsmarh
smsmarhbc
bc yhbc
yhbc tmbccm
tmbccmkhe
khe dnpmbc
dnpmbchru
hruln
ln akml
akml `hbyhi
`hbyhi
ghitar, hbthrh khnb hdhkhl imthlhb gnsni, imehepuhb `mrmbhbc, im`mrhdhhb
`hbtuhb hkht pmkhepubc, ohrhi ubtui embfhphn tmepht yhbc hehb, sulu hnr,
usnh, dhb khnb-khnb. Vmrhbcihnhb prasms hihb tmrohdn sm`hchn `mrniut? pmrtheh
tmrohdn suhtu pmrnadm phbni dhb ushlh yhbc lm`ht dmbchb `mrlmbtn `mrbhphs
smkheh 8- 0 embnt, smkhoutbyh tmrohdn rmgkmis embmkhb smouekhl hnr dnniutn
khrnbcasphs
khrnbcasphsem,
em, lnpaisnh
lnpaisnh embym`h`i
embym`h`ihb
hb hpbmh,
hpbmh, pmburubhb
pmburubhb imshdhrhb,
imshdhrhb, khku
rmkhis
rmkhishsn
hsn khrnbc
khrnbc dhb hnr ehsui
ehsui im dhkhe
dhkhe phru-p
phru-phru
hru dhkhe ouekhl
ouekhl km`nl
km`nl
`hbyhi hilnrbyh embohdn hsgnisnh dhb imehtnhb. Zhdh sm`hcnhb `mshr ihsus,
tmrohdn hspnrhsn hnr yhbc `hbyhi im dhkhe phru, tmthpn phdh km`nl iurhbc 8:%
ia
iar`
r`hb
hb tmth
tmthp
p tmro
tmrohd
hdnn khrn
khrnbc
bcas
asph
phse
sem,
m, dh
dhb
b tm
tmroh
rohdn
dn hp
hphh yh
yhbc
bc dn
dnsm
sm`u
`utt dry
drawbnbc.
Vmfhrh
Vmfhrh tmarntn
tmarntns,
s, `mrdhs
`mrdhshri
hrihb
hb tabnsn
tabnsnths
ths fhnrhb
fhnrhb yhbc
yhbc ehsui
ehsui im ruhbc
ruhbc
hkvmakus, ihsus tmbccmkhe dn`mdhihb embohdn tmbccmkhe dn hnr khut dhb dn
hnr thwhr.
thwhr. Vmkhnb
Vmkhnb ntu hdh ouch
ouch pme`hc
pme`hcnhb
nhb ihsus
ihsus tmbccm
tmbccmkhe
khe `mrdhs
`mrdhshri
hrihb
hb
tmepmrhtur hnrbyh. Kuhs pmreuihhb tu`ul hbhi km`nl `mshr dhrnphdh dmwhsh,

80
dhb smfhrh praparsnabhk emenknin ouekhl kmehi su`iuthb yhbc km`nl smdnint.
Lhkk
Lh nbn
nbn hihb
hihb emeu
emeudh
dhli
lihb
hb tne`
tne`uk
ukby
byhh ln
lnpa
patm
tmre
renh
nh.. @m`m
@m`mrh
rhph
ph tm
tmar
arnn
embyhthihb `hlwh phdh lnpatmrenh hthu phdh imhdhhb tmbccmkhe dn hnr
dnbcnb
dnbcnb hihb tmrohdn
tmrohdn rmgkmis ‛dnvnbc―
‛dnvnbc― phdh hbhi.
h bhi. Pmgkmis tmrsm`ut tmrdnrn dhrn
`rhdnihrdn, pmburubhb hthu pmbclmbtnhb khou pmrbhphshb, dhb pmru`hlhb
drhehtns phdh snriukhsn, smlnbcch tmrohdn rmdnstrn`usn dhrhl im archb-archb
smpmrtn ohbtubc, phru dhb athi. Zhtagnsnakacn lhepnr tmbccmkhe `mrlu`ubchb
mrht dmbchb lnpaismenh euktnarchb.

Che`hr 8. Zhtacmbmsns ag Bmhr Drawbnbc

8. Mgmi Tmrlhdhp Zhru

Zhdh iar`hb tmbccmkhe dn hnr thwhr, tmrohdn pmrpnbdhlhb (h`sarpsn)
hnr smfhrh `mshr-`mshrhb dhrn rabcch hkvmakus im dhkhe pme`ukul dhrhl
phru. Lhk nbn dnihrmbhihb tmihbhb aseatni dn dhkhe pme`ukul dhrhl
phru km`nl tnbccn dhrnphdh tmihbhb aseatni dn dhkhe hkvmakus.
Zmrp
Zmrpnb
nbdh
dhlh
lhb
b tmrsm
tmrsm`u
`utt hi
hihb
hb emby
embym`
m`h`
h`ih
ihb
b lm
lmea
eadn
dnku
kusn.
sn. Hn
Hnrr hi
hihb
hb
emehsuin
emehsuin mrntrasnt,
mrntrasnt, smlnbcch
smlnbcch mrntrasnt
mrntrasnt embchkhen
embchkhen knsns. Mrntrasnt yhbc
embchkhen knsns nbn hihb emkmphsihb nab ihknue im dhkhe snriukhsn
dhrhl dhb embchin`htihb pmbnbcihthb ihdhr ihknue dn dhkhe pkhseh

(lnpmrihkmen).

86
 Imhd
Imhdhhb
hhb lnpm
lnpmri
rihk
hkmen
men dnth
dnthe`
e`hl
hl dm
dmbc
bchb
hb `m
`m`h
`hb
b snri
snriuk
ukhs
hsnn yh
yhbc
bc
embnbciht
embnbciht hin`ht pmbymrhphb
pmbymrhphb hnr dhrn hkvmakus dhpht embchin`hti
embchin`htihb
hb
gn`rnk
gn`rnkhsn
hsn vmbtrni
vmbtrnimk.
mk. Hph`nk
Hph`nkhh hspnrhsn
hspnrhsn hnr fuiup
fuiup `hbyhi
`hbyhi,, hihb
hihb tne`u
tne`ukk
lmeadnkusn
lmeadnkusn yhbc lm`ht.
lm`ht. Imhdhhb
Imhdhhb nbn hihb embym`h`ihb
embym`h`ihb furhl ohbtubc
dhb hknrhb `hkni vmbh `mrthe`hl, smlnbcch embchin`htihb mdmeh ueue
ohrnbchb tmrehsui phru. Hspnrhsn hnr thwhr lnpatabni dhpht embcurhbcn
iabsmbtrhsn surghithb smlnbcch dhpht embym`h`ihb nbsth`nknths hkvmakhr
smlnbcch tmrohdn iakhps phru. Zhdh nblhkhsn hnr khut, tmihbhb aseatni
fhnrhb dn dhkhe hkvmakus km`nl `mshr dhrnphdh dn dhkhe pme`ukul dhrhl.
Akml ihrmbh ntu, pkhseh dhrhl hihb tmrthrni im dhkhe hkvmakus.
Zrasmss nbn dhpht embchin`h
Zrasm embchin`htihb
tihb `mriurhbcb
`mriurhbcbyh
yh vakuem
vakuem nbtrhvhsiuk
nbtrhvhsiukhr,
hr,
smlnbc
smlnbcch
ch tmrohdn
tmrohdn lnpava
lnpavakme
kmenh
nh dhb lmeaia
lmeaiabsm
bsmbtr
btrhsn
hsn.. Lnpava
Lnpavakme
kmenh
nh
embchin`htihb tmrohdnbyh pmburubhb tmihbhb dhrhl dmbchb khou bhdn
yhbc fmpht, dhb hilnrbyh tne`uk imehtnhb hin`ht hbaisnh dhb nbsugnmbsn
ohbtubc dhkhe 6 embnt. Imkuhrbyh fhnrhb im dhkhe hkvmakus ouch hihb
embcurhbcn iabsmbtrhsn surghithb. Vmkhboutbyh, hihb tmrohdn imrushihb
hkvmakn
hkvmakn dhb snstme ihpnkmr,
ihpnkmr, smlnbcch
smlnbcch tmrohdn pmburubhb
pmburubhb ihphsnths rmsndu
rmsndu
gubcsn
gubcsnabh
abhkk dhb mdmeh
mdmeh phru.
phru. Hi
Hin`h
n`htt km`nl
km`nl khbout
khbout khcn,
khcn, dhpht
dhpht tmrohdn
tmrohdn
htmkmithsns ihrmbh pmbnbcihthb tmihbhb pmreuihhb hkvmakhr. @nkh iar`hb
embchk
embchkhen
hen hspnrhs
hspnrhsnn hthu mdmeh phru,
phru, dhpht
dhpht tmrohdn
tmrohdn hfutm rmspnrhtary
dnstrmsss sybdraem
dnstrms sybdraem (HPDV)
(HPDV). Vhkurhb rmspnrhtarni yhbc tmrsue`ht akml
dm`rns dn dhkhe hnr hihb embym`h`ihb pmbnbcihthb thlhbhb shkurhb
rmspnrht
rmspnrhtarn
arni
i dhb emenfu
emenfu pmkmph
pmkmphshb
shb emdnht
emdnhtar-e
ar-emdn
mdnhta
htarr nbgkhe
nbgkhehsn
hsn,,
smlnbcch tmrohdn vhsaiabstrnisn yhbc embym`h`ihb prasms pmrtuihrhb
chs embohdn tmrlhe`ht.
0. Mgmi Tmrlhdhp Ihrdnavhsiukhr
Vm`hcnhb `mshr iar`hb tmbccmkhe embchkhen lnpavakmenh hin`ht
pmbnbcihthb pmremh`nknths ihpnkmr yhbc dnsm`h`ihb akml lnpaisnh.
Lnpava
Lnpavakme
kmenh
nh smkhbou
smkhboutby
tbyhh hihb
hihb embchi
embchin`h
n`htih
tihb
b lnpatm
lnpatmbsn
bsn.. Imhdhh
Imhdhhb
b
lnpaisnh
lnpaisnh nbn ouch hihb emepmbchru
emepmbchruln
ln gubcsn
gubcsn enaihrdnu
enaihrdnue,
e, smlnbcch
smlnbcch
dhpht tmrohdn dnsrntenh vmbtrnimk dhb hsnstak. Vmkhnb ntu, lnpaismenh ouch
dhpht
dhpht embym`
embym`h`i
h`ihb
hb imrush
imrushihb
ihb enaihr
enaihrdnu
dnue
e dhb pmburu
pmburubhb
bhb furhl
furhl

84
 ohbtubc. Lnpmrtmbsn pukeabmr dhpht tmrohdn hin`ht pmkmphshb emdnhtar
nbgkhehsn.
6. Mgmi Tmrlhdhp Vusubhb Vhrhg Zusht
Imrush
Imrushihb
ihb phdh
phdh susubh
susubhb
b shrhg
shrhg pu
pusht
sht `mrlu`
`mrlu`ubc
ubchb
hb mrht dmbchb
dmbchb
khehbyh lnpaismenh, dhb phsnmb dhpht ohtul dhkhe imhdhhb tndhi shdhr.
Mgmi khnb dhrn lnpaisnh
lnpaisnh dnhbthrhbyh
dnhbthrhbyh hdhkhl dnssmenbhtmd nbtrhvhsfukhr
fahcukhtnab (DNF),
(DNF), nbsugnsnmbsn cnbohk dhb lhtn, smrth hsndasns emth`akni.
Zhdhh pmbmkn
Zhd pmbmkntnh
tnhb
b ihsus-
ihsus-ihs
ihsus
us lhepnr
lhepnr tmbccm
tmbccmkhe
khe dnkhpa
dnkhparih
rihb
b tmrdhph
tmrdhphtt
imkhnbhb mkmitraknt yhbc rnbchb. Zmru`hlhb yhbc embfakai dhb pmbtnbc
hdhkhl pmru`hlhb chs dhrhl dhb hshe-`hsh hin`ht nbsugnsnmbsn rmspnrhsn,
dnhbthrhbyh hdhkhl lnpaismenh, lnpmrihpbnh, smrth iae`nbhsn hsndasns
emth`akni dhb rmspnrhtarni. Imkhnbhb yhbc km`nl `hbyhi tmrohdn hdhkhl
lnpaismenh. Imhdhhb yhbc smcmrh tmrohdn smtmkhl tmbccmkhe dhkhe hnr
hdhkhl lnpavmbtnkhsn dhb imiurhbchb aisncmb. Zhdh pmrfa`hhb `nbhthbc,
tmihbhb phrsnhk A0 hrtmrnhk (ZhA0) emburub drhstns embohdn 4: eeLc
dhkhe shtu embnt pmrtheh, embohdn 8: eeLc smtmkhl 6 embnt, dhb 4
eeLc smtmkhl = embnt.
Dnsgubcsn smrm`rn dhpht tmrohdn hin`ht imrushihb lnpaisnh hwhk, hthu
dh
dhph
phtt ou
ouch
ch ih
ihrmb
rmbhh im
imru
rush
shih
ihb
b pr
prac
acrm
rmsng
sng susu
susubh
bhb
b shrhg
shrhg pu
pusht
sht yh
yhbc
bc
emruphihb hin`ht dhrn lnpapmrgusn smrm`rn phsfh rmsusnthsn. Lnpapmrgusn
smrm`rn phsih rmsusnthsn tmrohdn hin`ht `mr`hchn emihbnsem, hbthrh khnb
yhntu
yhntu pmbnbc
pmbnbciht
ihthb
hb tmihbh
tmihbhb
b nbtrhi
nbtrhirhb
rhbnhk,
nhk, mdmeh
mdmeh smrm`rn
smrm`rn sntatai
sntataisni
sni,,
sphsem hbtmrnakhr smrm`rn yhbc dnsm`h`ihb ehsuibyh ihksnue im dhkhe
atat pakas pme`ukul dhrhl, dhb rhdnihk `m`hs yhbc dn`hwh aisncmb.
0.
0.8.
8.=
= Ehbng
hbngms
msth
thsn
sn Ikn
Iknbn
bnss
Che`hr
Che`hrhb
hb iknbni
iknbni iar`hb
iar`hb tmbccm
tmbccmkhe
khe shbcht
shbcht `mrvhr
`mrvhrnhsn
nhsn `mrlu`
`mrlu`ubc
ubchb
hb
dmbchb
dmbchb khehby
khehbyhh tmbccm
tmbccmkhe
khe.. Fabb
Fabb dhb @hrimr
@hrimr embcme
embcme`hb
`hbcih
cihb
b suhtu
suhtu
ikhsngnihsn
ikhsngnihsn (dniutnp akml Haiy @y) dhkhe Mkzauin,
Mkzauin, (0:80)
(0:80) yhbc dnhbcchp
`mrehbghht ubtui pmdaehb pmbnkhnhb dhb pmbca`hthb phsnmb tmbccmkhe.
Ikhsng
Ikhsngnih
nihsn
sn nbn `mrdhs
`mrdhshri
hrihb
hb sthtus
sthtus bmurak
bmurakacn
acnss dhb shbcht
shbcht `mrcub
`mrcubhh `nkh
`nkh
dncubhihb dhkhe 8: embnt pmrtheh.

8=
 Th`mk 8 Ehbngmsthsn iknbns Bmhr Drawbnbc `mrdhshrihb sthtus
bmurakacns

Ihtmcarn H Ihtmcarn @ Ihtmcarn F

(Hwhim) (@kubtmd) (Faehthsm)
h. Vh
Vhdh
dhrr (CFV
(CFV 8=)
8=) h. Vtupar h. Iaeh
Vnhbasns, hpbam tmthpn `. Pmspabs tmrlhdhp `. Pmspabs tmrlhdhp
Vmtmkhl dnkhiuihb rhbcshbchb Bymrn
pmrtakabchb dhpht f. Dn
Dnst
strm
rmss
ss pm
pmrb
rbhp
hphs
hshb
hb,, f. Hpbam
ime`hkn `mrbhphs snhbasns d. Ln
Lnpa
patm
tmre
renn
Vpabthb d. Zm
Zmru
ru`
`hl
hlhb
hb m. Kh`a
Kh`arh
rhta
tarn
rnue
ue ?
`. Lnpatmren rnbchb rhdnakacns phdh dhdh hsndasns emth`akni,
f. Zmr
Zmru`h
u`hlhb
lhb rhdnak
rhdnakacn
acnss m. Kh`arhtarnue lnpmrihr`nh,
rnbchb phdh dhdh HCD ? hsndasns lnpaismenh,
d. Kh`
Kh`arh
arhtar
tarnue
nue HCD ? emth`akni, chbccuhb gubcsn
Hsndasns emth`akni, lnpaismenh, cnbohk hiut,
Lnpaismen lnpmrihr`nh chbccuhb mkmitraknt

0.8.7 Iaepknihsn
Iaepknihsn yhbc tmrohdn hdhkhl hin`ht dhrn imhdhhb lnpaisnh, hspnrhsn
hnr im dhkhe phru dhb nbgmisn yhbc tmrohdn smtmkhlbyh.
8. Mbsmghkapht
Mbsmghkaphtnn Lnpaisni
Lnpaisni ? suhtu
suhtu imhdhhb
imhdhhb dnehbh
dnehbh `hcnhb
`hcnhb athi
athi tmrtmbt
tmrtmbtu
u yhbc
yhbc
embchk
embchkhen
hen lnpais
lnpaisnh
nh shht tmbcc
tmbccmkhe
mkhe tndhi
tndhi dhpht
dhpht ime`hk
ime`hknn im gubcsn
gubcsn
barehk hthu tmkhl tmrohdn imrushihb yhbc pmrehbmb
0. Zbmuea
Zbmueabnh
bnh hspnrh
hspnrhsn
sn ? emruph
emruphihb
ihb iaepk
iaepknhsn
nhsn yhbc
yhbc phknbc
phknbc smrnbc
smrnbc tmrohd
tmrohdnn
hin`ht ehsuibyh hnr im dhkhe phru hthu tmrlnrupbyh hnr shht phsnmb
`mrushlh ubtuiemymkhehtihb dnrn. @hitmrn ehupub enirarchbnsem khnb
yhbc hdh dn hnr hihb `mrime`hbc `nhi dn dhkhe phru dhb embym`h`ihb
tmrohdnbyh nbgmisn
6. Chchk
Chchk Cnbohk
Cnbohk ? Gubcsn
Gubcsn cnboh
cnbohkk pmbdmrnt
pmbdmrnthh tmbccmk
tmbccmkhe
he yhbc
yhbc tmkhl embdh
embdhpht
pht
rmsusnthsn
rmsusnthsn `nhshbyh
`nhshbyh tndhi embubouiihb
embubouiihb imkhnbhb,
imkhnbhb, tmthpn dhpht tmrohdn
tmrohdn
hk`uenburnh
hk`uenburnh,, lmeacka`a
lmeacka`aburnh
burnh,, akncurnh
akncurnh dhb hburnh.
hburnh. Imrushihb
Imrushihb cnbohk
cnbohk
pracrmsng hihb embchin`htihb tu`ukhr bmirasns hiut hin`ht tmrohdnbyh
lnpaisnh `mrht, hsndasns khitht dhb pmru`hlhb hknrhb dhrhl im cnbohk.
Emburu
Emburutt Gkhcs
Gkhcs (0::<)
(0::<) dhb Vzpnke
Vzpnkehb
hb (0:80)
(0:80),, smtmkhl
smtmkhl imohdn
imohdnhb
hb bmhr
drawbnbc, smarhbc phsnmb `mrmsnia tmrohdnbyh iaepknihsn smpmrtn ?
8. Lnpaisnh hthu nsimeni nbourn fmrm`rhk
0. HPDV
HPDV (hfutm
(hfutm rmspnrh
rmspnrhtar
taryy dnstr
dnstrmss
mss sybdra
sybdraem)
em)

87
 6. Imrushihb pukaehk smiubdmr hin`ht rmspnrhsn
4. Fhrdnhi hrrmst
=. Hbaisnh
7. Vlafi
3. Eyacku`nburnh
<. Nbsugnsnmbsn cnbohk
>. Nbgmisn Vnstmeni dhb nbtrhvhsiukmr iahcukhsn ouch dhpht tmrohdn smkheh
30 ohe pmrtheh smtmkhl rmsusnthsn.
Hdh ouch iaepknihsn khnb dhrn drawbnbc yhntu ?
8. Bmura
muraka
kac
cnf nbou
nboury
ry
0. Zukeabhry mdmeh hbd HPDV ( Hfutm Pmspnrhtary Dnstrmss Vybdraem)
6. Vm
Vmfa
fabd
bdhr
hryy puk
pukea
eabh
bhry
ry nb
nbgm
gmft
ftna
nab
b
4. Eukt
Euktnp
npkm
km ar
arch
chb
b systme
systme ghnk
ghnkur
urmm
=. Hfutm
Hfutm tu`u
tu`ukhr
khr bmfrasn
bmfrasnss (smfab
(smfabdhr
dhryy ta lypaxm
lypaxmenh
enh))
7. Eyacka`nburnh
3. Lmeacka`nburnh.
0.8.3 Zracbasns
Zmbmbt
Zmbmbtuhb
uhb pracba
pracbasns
sns yhbc
yhbc tmr`hni
tmr`hni phdh
phdh iar`hb
iar`hb lhepnr
lhepnr tmbccm
tmbccmkhe
khe
hdhkhl dmbchb emkhiuihb mvhkuhsn hwhk sthtus lmeadnbhenibyh. Vme`nkhb
pukul duh pmrsmb iar`hb lhepnr tmbccmkhe hihb puknl smpmrtn smeukh.
Zmbmkntnhb tmrlhdhp >6 iar`hb lhepnr tmbccmkhe dmbchb usnh rhth-rhth 68
`ukhb embyhthihb, `hlwh phsnmb yhbc tndhi embchkhen iaeh shht dhthbc
im NF] hthu dhthbc im NCD dmbchb bhdn tmrh`h dhb tmihbhb dhrhl tmruiur,
tndhi embchkhen imrushihb bmurakacns pmrehbmb. Hihb tmthpn emrmih yhbc
dhthbc
dhthbc dmbchb
dmbchb pmemrn
pmemrnish
ishhb
hb hwhk
hwhk bhdn
bhdn tndhi
tndhi tmrh`h
tmrh`h hthu dhkhe imhdhh
imhdhhb
b
iaeh,
iaeh, `nhshb
`nhshbyh
yh embnbc
embnbcchk
chk hthu
hthu embchk
embchkhen
hen imrush
imrushihb
ihb athi
athi yhbc
yhbc phrhl.
phrhl.
Kuhrhb yhbc `urui dnlu`ubcihb dmbchb hdhbyh hsnstak, tmbccmkhe 2 8=
embnt, tndhi embdhpht rmsusnthsn dn tmepht imohdnhb, kheh rmsusnthsn 2 6:
embnt,, embdhpht
embnt embdhpht mpnbmgrnb, hsndasns emth`akni,
emth`akni, dhb sulu nbtn tu`ul rmbdhl.
rmbdhl.
Bnkhn pL ; 3,89 Ckhcaw Faeh Vfhkm (CFV) ;=9 pupnk yhbc tmrgnishsn dhb
`mrdnkhthsn shht ehsui ruehl shint embhbdhihb pracbasns `urui, tmthpn
`uihb `mrhrtn nbdnihsn iabtrh ubtui emkhiuihb rmsusnthsn. Hihb tmthpn, `nkh

83
 hsndasns dhb iaeh tmthp `mrkhbcsubc 4 ohe smtmkhl rmsusnthsn, imeubcinbhb
ub
ubtu
tui
i emep
emepmrt
mrthl
hlhb
hbih
ihb
b snstm
snstme
e bm
bmur
urak
akac
acns
ns sm
smpm
pmrt
rtnn smeuk
smeukhh hi
hihb
hb sukn
suknt.
t.
Hbdmrsab dii., embdhphtihb ghitar prmdnitar kuhrhb bmurakacns hdhkhl pL ≤
3,8, rhsna ZhA0/ZHA0 ≤ :,6= dhb hbnab chp ≭8= eMq, ehsnbc-ehsnbc bnkhn
siar 8, `nkh siar ≭ 0, ehih kuhrhbbyh `urui yhntu cmohkh snsh pmrehbmb hthu
imehtn
imehtnhb.
hb. @nkh
@nkh smtmkhl
smtmkhl 04-4<
04-4< ohe tmrhpn
tmrhpn rmsusnth
rmsusnthsn
sn yhbc
yhbc hdmiuh
hdmiuhtt tndhi
tndhi
tmrdhpht pmr`hnihb iknbns, imeubcinbhb `mshr imehtnhb athi hthu imrushihb
`mrht phdh athi tmkhl tmrohdn.
0.8.
0.8.<
< Zmem
Zmemrn
rnis
ishh
hhb
b dnh
dnhcb
cbas
astn
tni
i
Zhsnmb dmbchb drawbnbc lhrus emkhiuihb \-rhy dhdh dhb eabntarnbc
shturhsn
shturhsn aisncmb.Ph
aisncmb.Phdnac
dnacrhgn
rhgn dhdh eubcinb
eubcinb embubouiih
embubouiihb
b pmru`hlhb
pmru`hlhb hiut,
smpmrtn nbgnktrhsn hkvmakhr `nkhtmrhk.Vmkhnb ntu, pmemrnishhb snstme shrhg pusht,
MIC,
MIC, dhb hbhkns
hbhknsns
ns chs dhrhl
dhrhl ouch
ouch dnpmrk
dnpmrkuih
uihb
b (Mkzau
(Mkzauin,
in, 0:80).
0:80). @mrniu
@mrniutt
pmemrnishhb dnhcbastnf khnbbyh yhntu?
8. Kh`arh
Kh`arhtar
tarnue
nue (H@C
(H@C + ai
aisne
snemtr
mtrn,
n, emtlme
emtlmeack
acka`n
a`nbme
bmenh
nh dhb fhr`axy
fhr`axy
lmeacka`nbmenh F@F pratlrae`nb tnem
tnem,, phrtnhk tlrae`apkhstnb tnem,
tnem,
gn`rnbacmb,
gn`rnbacmb, D-dnemr, gn`rnb, Vmrue mkmitraknt, ckuiash, khitht, ghftar
iahcukhsn)
0. Knvmr mbzyems ? Hsphr
sphrtthtm henbatrh
rhb
bsgm
sgmrh
rhssm dhb hkhbnbm
enbatrhbsgmrhsm,
6. Pmbhk gubftnab tmsts (@]B, frmhtnbnbm)
4. Druc
Druc sfrmm
sfrmmb
b hb
hbd
d mtlh
mtlhba
bakk kmv
kmvmk
mk
=. Fabt
Fabtnb
nbua
uaus
us puk
puksm
sm axn
axnem
emtr
tryy hbd fhrdnarmspnrhtary eabntarnbc
7. Fhrd
Fhrdnh
nhff trap
trapab
abnb
nb N tmst
tmstnb
nbc
c
3. ]rnbhknsns
<. Nehcnbc (Gata tlarhis) ? `uitn hspnrhsn, mdmeh pukea, htmkmithsns,
htmkmithsns , `mbdh
hsnbc, mvhkuhsn pmbmephthb mbdatrhimh tu`m
>. FT sfhb imphkh dhb smrvnihk `nkh furnch trhueh
8:. Mxtrmenty, h`daenbhk, pmkvnf nehcnbc `nkh hdh nbdnihsn
88. Mflafhrdnacrhply onih hdh dnsgubcsn enaihrd
80. MIC (Mkmitraihrdnacrhe)

8<
 86. Iht
Ihtmtm
mtmrr swhb-ch
swhb-chbz
bz ubtui
ubtui eabnta
eabntarr fhrdnhf
fhrdnhf autput
autput dhb lmeadn
lmeadnbhe
bheni
ni
phdh phsnmb dc sthtus FW tndhi sth`nk hthu phsnmb yhbc eme`utulihb
pmbca`hthb nbatrapnf euktnpkm dhb vhsahitng.
vhsahitng.

0.0 Zmbhthkhishbhhb
Zmbhthkhish bhhb Imchwhthb phdh Bmhr Dwarbnbc
Dwarbnbc
Zhdhh prnbsn
Zhd prnbsnpby
pbyh,
h, thth khishbh
khishbh ihsus
ihsus lhepnr
lhepnr tmbccm
tmbccmkhe
khe hdhkhl
hdhkhl embcht
embchthsn
hsn
ch
chbc
bccu
cuhb
hbb
b ai
aisnc
sncmb
mbnsh
nshsn
sn,, vm
vmbt
btnk
nkhsn
hsn,, snr
snriu
iukh
khsn,
sn, im
imsmn
smne`
e`hb
hbch
chb
b hshe
hshe `h
`hsh,
sh, dh
dhb
b
embfmchl imrushihb snstme shrhg pusht yhbc khbout. Vmcmrh smtmkhl iar`hb dntakabc,
lhrus dnkhiuihb rmsusnthsn ohbtubc phru. Aisncmb lhrus dn`mrnihb smfmphtbyh dhb
dnkhbo
dnkhbouti
utihb
hb dhkhe
dhkhe pmrohk
pmrohkhbh
hbhb
b im ruehl
ruehl shint.
shint. Vmtnhp
Vmtnhp embnt
embnt yhbc
yhbc dnkhku
dnkhkunn thbph
thbph
pmrbhphshb dhb snriukhsn yhbc hdmiuht emburubihb smfhrh drhehtns imsmephthb
kuhrhb yhbc `hni. Vmeuh iar`hb lhepnr tmbccmkhe lhrus dnrhwht dn ruehl shint,
`hchnehbhpub iabdnsn phsnmb. Zhsnmb yhbc tndhi `mrcmohkh lhrus dna`smrvhsn,
enbnehk smkheh 04 ohe dn ruehl shint. Imehtnhb yhbc khe`ht dhpht tmrohdn hin`ht
htmk
htmkmi
mith
thsn
snss yhbc
yhbc kuhs
kuhs,, mdme
mdmehh phru
phru hiut
hiut,, dh
dhb
b ln
lnpa
pais
isme
menh
nh sm
smtm
tmkh
khl
l ph
phsn
snmb
mb
embnbcchkihb ruhbc chwht dhrurht emburut Phaag (0::<).
0.0.8 Zmrtakabchb
Zmrtakabchb Zrhlaspnthk
Hin`ht
Hin`ht yhbc
yhbc phknbc
phknbc pmbtnb
pmbtnbc
c dhb emrucn
emrucnihb
ihb dhrn
dhrn tmbccm
tmbccmkhe
khe hdhkhl
hdhkhl
lnpa
lnpais
isnh
nh.. Ak
Akml
ml ihrm
ihrmbh
bh ntu,
ntu, aisn
aisncm
cmbh
bhsn
sn,, vm
vmbt
btnk
nkhs
hsnn dh
dhb
b pm
pmrg
rgus
usnn lh
lhru
russ
dnime`
dnime`hkn
hknihb
ihb smsmcmr
smsmcmrhh eubci
eubcinb.
nb. ]btui
]btui embfhp
embfhphnb
hnbyh
yh hihb
hihb dnpmrku
dnpmrkuihb
ihb
pmrtakabchb POZ dmbchb smcmrh dhb hitnvhsn snstme khyhbhb imchwht-
dh
dhru
rurh
rhthb
thb.. Vmsu
Vmsuhn
hn dm
dmbc
bchb
hb 0:8
0:8:
: HLH Cundmk
Cundmknbm
nbmss gar Fhrdna
Fhrdnapuk
pukeab
eabhry
hry
Pmsusfnthtnab hbd Memrcmbfy Fhrnavhsfukhr Fhrm,
Fhrm , shht nbn POZ dneukhn
iaepr
iaeprmsn
msn dhdh
dhdh dmbchb
dmbchb uruthb
uruthb F-H-@.
F-H-@. Bheub,
Bheub, pmdaeh
pmdaehb
b tmrsm`
tmrsm`ut
ut ouch
ouch
emrmiaembd
emrmiaembdhsnihb
hsnihb nbdnvnduhk
nbdnvnduhknshsn
nshsn uruthb `mrdhshrihb mtnakacn
mtnakacn dhrn lmbtn
ohbtubc. POZ ubtui iar`hb tmbccmkhe sm`hnibyh tmthpn embccubhihb
pmbdmihthb H-@-F embcnbcht snght lnpaisnh dhrn lmbtn ohbtubc tmrsm`ut.
Iar`hb
Iar`hb lhbyh dmbchb
dmbchb lmbtn bhghs `nhshbyh
`nhshbyh emrmspab
emrmspab smtmkhl `m`mrhph
`m`mrhph ihkn
pme`mrnhb bhghs `uhthb.
8. Embymkhehtihb Iar`hb Dhrn Hnr
Lhk pmrthe
pmrthehh yhbc
yhbc dnkhiu
dnkhiuihb
ihb hph`nk
hph`nkhh embmeu
embmeuihb
ihb imohdn
imohdnhb
hb Bmhr
Dwarbnbc hdhkhl embymkheht
hehti
ihb iar`hb dhrn hnr. ]btui

8>
 embymk
embymkheh
hehtih
tihb
b ia
iar`h
r`hb
b tmbccm
tmbccmkhe
khe,, pmbaka
pmbakabc
bc lhrus
lhrus dhpht
dhpht embfhp
embfhphn
hn
iar`hb smfmpht eubcinb, sm`hnibyh embccubhihb hkht hbciut (pmrhlu,
rhint, phphb smkhbfhr hthu hkht `hbtu hpubc). Vmtndhibyh dnpmrkuihb duh
arhbc
arhbc dmwhsh
dmwhsh ubtui
ubtui embchb
embchbcih
cihtt iar`hb
iar`hb dhrn
dhrn dhkhe
dhkhe hnr im pmrhlu
pmrhlu
pmbymkhehthb. ]btui embclnbdhrn tmrohdnbyh past-neemrsnab fakkhpsm,
fakkhpsm,
sm`hni
sm`hnibyh
byh iar`hb
iar`hb dnhbci
dnhbciht
ht dhrn
dhrn dhkhe
dhkhe hnr dmbchb
dmbchb pasnsn
pasnsn tmk
tmkubc
ubciup
iup..
Vmkhnb ntu, pmbakabc ouch lhrus emepmrlhtnihb imsmkhehthb dnrnbyh.
Zmbmkn
Zmbmkntnhb
tnhb tmrhil
tmrhilnr
nr embubo
embubouii
uiihb
hb `hlwh
`hlwh sth`nk
sth`nknshs
nshsnn tukhbc
tukhbc kmlmr
kmlmr
tndhi
tndhi pmrku
pmrku dnkhiu
dnkhiuihb
ihb imfuhk
imfuhknn tmrdhp
tmrdhpht
ht imhdhh
imhdhhb
b yhbc
yhbc embym`
embym`h`i
h`ihb
hb
tmbccmkhe embubouiihb hdhbyh imeubcinbhb tmrohdn trhueh. Imhdhhb
nbn tmrehsui rnwhyht embymkhe, hdhbyh thbdh-thbdh fmdmrh hthu thbdh-
thbdh
thbdh nbtais
nbtaisnih
nihsn
sn hkiala
hkialak.
k. Tndhi
Tndhi hdhbyh
hdhbyh nbdnih
nbdnihtar
tar tmrsm`u
tmrsm`ut,
t, fmdmrh
fmdmrh
tukhbc
tukhbc `mkhih
`mkhihbc
bc imeubc
imeubcinb
inbhb
hb tndhi
tndhi tmrohdn
tmrohdn.. Vth`nk
Vth`nknshs
nshsnn tukhbc
tukhbc kmlmr
kmlmr
smfhrh ehbuhk dhb hkht sth`nknshsn
sth`nknshsn eubcinb
eubcinb embclhe`h
embclhe`htt pme`uihhb
pme`uihhb
ohkhb bhghs yhbc hdmiuht, emepmrsuknt dhb eubcinb emepmrkhe`ht
pmbclhbthrhb bhghs `hbtuhb.
0. Zme`mrnhb Bhghs @hbtuhb
Lhk yhbc pmrtheh dhb utheh dhkhe embhbchbn iar`hb tmbccmkhe
hdhkhl eme`mrnihb vmbtnkhsn smcmrh. Nbnsnhsn smcmrh bhghs `hbtuhb dhpht
embnbc
embnbciht
ihtihb
ihb pmkuhb
pmkuhbc
c lndup
lndup iar`hb
iar`hb.. @hbtuh
@hbtuhb
b pmrbhg
pmrbhghshb
hshb `nhshb
`nhshbyh
yh
dn`mrnihb imtnih iar`hb yhbc tndhi rmspabsng `mrhdh dn hnr dhbcihk hthu
dn kuhr hnr. Wmbtnkhsn eukut im lndubc dhpht dncubhihb sm`hchn hktmrbhtng
vmbtnkhsn eukut im eukut onih pmbymkheht embchkhen imsuknthb dhkhe
embfu`nt
embfu`nt lndubc
lndubc iar`hb,
iar`hb, embyhbcch
embyhbcch imphkh iar`hb,
iar`hb, dhb eme`uih
eme`uih
ohkhb bhghs dn dhkhe hnr. Zmbakabc yhbc tndhi tmrkhtnl sm`hnibyh tndhi
embfa`h eme`mrnihb pmrtakabchb imtnih iar`hb ehsnl `mrhdh dn hnr
yhbc dhkhe.
Ehbo
Ehbome
memb
mb ohkh
ohkhb
b bhgh
bhghss dhb
dhb pm
pmrb
rbhg
hghs
hshb
hb sm
smru
ruph
ph dm
dmbc
bchb
hb yh
yhbc
bc
dnrmiaembdhsnihb ubtui `mr`hchn iar`hb lmbtn ohtubc. Vm`hcnhb iar`hb
tndh
tndhi
i embc
embchsp
hspnrh
nrhsn
sn hnr
hnr ih
ihrm
rmbh
bh tm
tmro
rohd
hdnn sphse
sphsemm kh
khrnb
rnbc
c ht
hthu
hu emrmi
emrmihh
embh
embhlh
lhb
b bh
bhgh
ghs.
s. @hli
@hlihb
hb onih
onih tmroh
tmrohdn
dn hspnrh
hspnrhsn
sn fh
fhnrh
nrhb,
b, tndh
tndhi
i pm
pmrk
rku
u
dnkhiu
dnkhiuihb
ihb pme`mr
pme`mrsnl
snlhb
hb ohk
ohkhb
hb bhghs
bhghs akml
akml ihrmbh
ihrmbh phdh
phdh sm`hcnh
sm`hcnhb
b `mshr
`mshr

0:
 iar`hb
iar`hb lhbyh
lhbyh embchs
embchspnr
pnrhsn
hsn fhnrhb
fhnrhb dhkhe
dhkhe ouekhl
ouekhl smdnint
smdnint dhb dhpht
dhpht
dnsmrhp dmbchb fmpht im snriukhsn smbtrhk, smlnbcch lhk nbn tndhi embohdn
a`st
a`stru
ruis
isnn dn tr
trhi
himh
mh.. Tnbd
Tnbdhi
hihb
hb pm
pmbc
bcmk
mkuh
uhrh
rhb
b fh
fhnr
nrhb
hb dh
dhrn
rn sh
shku
kurh
rhb
b
pmrbhghshb smkhnb suftnab (en
(enshkb
shkbyh
yh h`d
h`dae
aenbh
nbhkk tlrust
tlrust dhb ehbmuvmr
ehbmuvmr
Lmneknfl) tndhi pmrku dhb `mrpabtmbsn eme`hlhyhihb iar`hb smlnbcch
tnbdhihb tmrsm`ut tndhi dnrmiaembdhsnihb.
6. Iaeprmsn Dhdh
Vmcmrh smtmkhl iar`hb yhbc tndhi rmspabsng dnimkuhrihb dhrn hnr,
pmbakabc sm`hnibyh eme`uih ohkhb bhghs, embcmfmi pmrbhghshb dhb
onih iar`hb tndhi `mrbhghs, `mrnihb duh ihkn bhghs `hbtuhb yhbc
eme`uh
eme`uhtt dhdh
dhdh tmrhbc
tmrhbciht
iht (onih
(onih tndhi
tndhi dnkhiu
dnkhiuihb
ihb sm`mku
sm`mkueby
ebyhh dn hnr).
hnr).
Vmtmkh
Vmtmkhl
l pme`mr
pme`mrnhb
nhb duh ihkn
ihkn bhghs
bhghs `hbtuh
`hbtuhb,
b, pmbaka
pmbakabc
bc lhrus
lhrus smcmrh
smcmrh
eme`mrnihb iaeprmsn dhdh dhb emkhiuihb snikus iaeprmsn-vmbtnkhsn
smsuhn
smsuhn pmdaeh
pmdaehb
b `hbtuh
`hbtuhb
b lndup
lndup dhshr
dhshr dmwhsh.
dmwhsh. Imeudn
Imeudnhb,
hb, pmbaka
pmbakabc
bc
lhrus embcmfmi dmbyut bhdn iar`hb. Dmbyut bhdn eubcinb suknt ubtui
dnrh`h
dnrh`h phdh
phdh iar`hb
iar`hb tmbccm
tmbccmkhe
khe,, tmruth
tmrutheh
eh onih
onih iar`hb
iar`hb imdnbc
imdnbcnbh
nbhb.
b.
Hph`nk
Hph`nkhh dhkhe
dhkhe 8: dmtni
dmtni dmbyut
dmbyut bhdn
bhdn tndhi
tndhi tmrh`h
tmrh`h,, snikus
snikus iaeprm
iaeprmsn-
sn-
vmbtnkhsn
vmbtnkhsn lhrus dnkhi
dnkhiuihb
uihb ime`hkn. Hph`knh
Hph`knh pmbakabc
pmbakabc lhbyh
lhbyh smbdnrn,
smbdnrn,
sm
smtn
tndh
dhib
ibyh
yh eme`
eme`mr
mrni
nihb
hb = sn
snik
ikus
us (smi
(smint
nthr
hr 0 embn
embnt)
t) sm
sm`
`mk
mkue
ue
embn
embnbc
bcch
chki
kihb
hb ia
iar`
r`hb
hb ub
ubtu
tui
i embc
embclu
lu`u
`ubc
bcnn ba
baea
earr dh
dhru
rurht
rht ubtui
embdhpht pmrtakabchb km`nl khbout. Lhbyh pmbakabc yhbc tmrkhtnl yhbc
sm`hnibyh eme
eme`mr
`mrnih
nihb
b iaeprm
iaeprmsn
sn dhdh
dhdh dn hnr. Imt
Imtnih
nih iar`hb
iar`hb sudhl
sudhl
dnimkuhrihb dhrn hnr, onih nh tndhi emrmspab dhb tndhi `mrbhghs smtmkhl
duh ihkn bhghs `hbtuhb, pmbakabc lhrus emehshbc Hutaehtmd Mxtmrbhk
Dmgn`rnkkhtar (H
(HMD
MD)) onih
onih tmrsmd
tmrsmdnh
nh dh
dhb
b emkh
emkhiu
iuih
ihb
b dm
dmgn
gn`r
`rnk
nkhsn
hsn onih
onih
slafih`km rlytle tmrndm
tmrndmbtngni
btngnihsn.
hsn. Lhbyh pmrku embcmrnbci
embcmrnbcihb
hb dhmrhl
dhdh sm`mkue emehshbc `hbthkhb dmgn`rnkhsn dhb embccubhihb HMD
4. Zmbhbchbhb Eubthl Vhht Pmsusnthsn
Iar`hb eubcinb hihb eubthl shht pmbakabc emkhiuihb iaeprmsn
dhdh hthu `hbtuhb bhghs. Vmsuhn dmbchb pmbmkntnhb smkheh 8: thlub dn
Hustrhknh, duh pmr tnch dhrn iar`hb yhbc embdhphtihb bhghs `hbtuhb
dhb <7% dhrn iar`hb yhbc ememrkuihb iaeprmsnvmbtnkhsn eubthl. Onih

08
 lhk nbn tmrohdn, enrnbcihb iar`hb im shepnbc dhb `mrsnlihb eubthlhb
embc
embccu
cubh
bhih
ihb
b ohrn,
ohrn, ph
phih
ihnh
nhb
b hthu
hthu pm
pmby
bymd
mdat
at (suftnab
suftnab).
). Onih
Onih tm
tmrd
rdhp
hpht
ht
imfurnchhb
imfurnchhb fmdmrh
fmdmrh spnbhk fard, iar`hb sm`hnibyh dncuknbcihb dnehbh
imphkh, kmlmr dhb `hdhb dncmrhiihb `mrshehhb ubtui emknbdubcn shrhg
tukhbc kmlmr.
=. Embclhbchtihb ime`hkn
@mrushlh ubtui embclhbchtihb ime`hkn phsnmb dmbchb lnpatmrenh
dhkhe dn kuhr ruehl shint hdhkhl tndhi tmpht, tmthpn khbcihl-khbcihl
ubtui embfmchl imlnkhbchb phbhs tu`ulb km`nl khbout pmbtnbc ubtui
dnkhiu
dnkhiuihb
ihb.. ]btui
]btui embfmc
embfmchl
hl imlnkh
imlnkhbch
bchb
b phbhs
phbhs tu`ul,
tu`ul, phihnh
phihnhb
b yhbc
yhbc
`hshl sm`hnibyh dnkmphsihb sm`mkue phsnmb dn`ubcius dmbchb smkneut
tm`hk. Enbuehb lhbcht tndhi dhpht eme`hbtu dhb sm`hnibyh dnlnbdhrn.
Embccncnk emruphihb thbdh pracbastni yhbc `hni.
7. Trhbsparthsn dhb Nbdnihsn Puoui Im Puehl Vhint
Iar`
Iar`hb
hb Bmhr Dwarbnbc sm`hnibyh smcmrh dn`hwh im ubnt chwht
dhrurht tmrdmiht ubtui mvhkuhsn dhb pmbhbchbhb km`nl khbout smlnbcch
dh
dhph
phtt emen
emenbn
bneh
ehki
kihb
hb ia
iaep
epkn
knih
ihsn
sn ht
hthu
hu im
imfhf
fhfhth
hthb
b yh
yhbc
bc eubc
eubcin
inb
b
dntne`ukihb. Tndhi dnhbourihb embubdh trhbsparthsn ubtui pmemrnishhb
smiubdmr imfuhkn iar`hb `mbhr-`mbhr dhpht dnihtmcarnihb ‛sth`nk―.
Vm`mkue dnruoui iar`hb (tmrutheh phdh iar`hb dmbchb pmburubhb
im
imsh
shdh
dhrh
rhb)
b) lh
lhru
russ dnhe
dnhehb
hbih
ihb
b dn sm
sm`u
`uhl
hl th
thbd
bdu
u (`
(`nk
nkhh tm
tmrsm
rsmdn
dnh)
h) dh
dhb
b
dnpasnsnihb dmbchb byhehb. Iar`hb dmbchb grhitur, fmdmrh imphkh hthu
tukhbc
tukhbc `mkhih
`mkhihbc
bc sm`hnib
sm`hnibyh
yh dnkmth
dnkmthiih
iihb
b dn phphb
phphb dmbchb
dmbchb pmbyhb
pmbyhbcch
cch
tukhbc
tukhbc `mkhih
`mkhihbc.
bc. Mvhkuh
Mvhkuhsn
sn tmrlhdh
tmrlhdhp
p imshdh
imshdhrhb
rhb dhb thbdh-
thbdh-thb
thbdh
dh vnthk
vnthk
dnkhiuihb smfhrh `mrihkh smkheh pmrohkhbhb. Vmeuh phsnmb tmbccmkhe
yhbc embchkhen hebmsnh akml ihrmbh imohdnhb tmrsm`ut,
tmrs m`ut, imlnkhbchb hthu
dmprmsn imshdhrhb, dntmeuihb hdhbyh pmrnadm hpbmh, hthu emrmih yhbc
ememrkuihb bhghs `uhthb lhrus dnruoui im ubnt chwht dhrurht tmrdmiht,
emsinpub thbph cmohkh dn tmepht imohdnhb.0 Vmkhnb ntu, pmrtne`hbchb
ubtui emruoui iar`hb ouch tmrchbtubc phdh hdh tndhibyh hspnrhsn hnr,
ihrmbh tmrdhpht rnsnia tmrohdnbyh mdmeh phru.

00
0.0.0 Zmrtakabchb
Zmrtakabchb Nbtrhlaspnthk
Nbtrhlaspnthk
Ohkhb bhphs lhrus `mrsnl dhrn eubthlhb dhb `mbdh hsnbc. H`daenbhk
tlrusts tndhi dnhbourihb ubtui embcmkuhrihb fhnrhb dhrn phru. @nkh dnduch
hdhbyh
hdhbyh `mbdh
`mbdh hsnbc,
hsnbc, ehbuvmr
ehbuvmr flm
flmst
st faeprm
faeprmssna
ssnab
b hthu `h
`hfi
fi `kaws
`kaws km`nl
dnhbourihb. @nkh phsnmb dhpht `mrbhphs spabthb, `mrnihb aisncmb 8::% yhbc
dnkme`h`i
dnkme`h`ihb,
hb, dmbchb
dmbchb embccubhih
embccubhihb
b ehsimr.
ehsimr. Onih iar`hb
iar`hb tndhi `mrbhphs,
`mrbhphs,
vmbtnkhsn dhrurht smcmrh dnkhiuihb, smtmkhl eme`mrsnlihb ohkhb bhphs.
Zme`mrnhb aisncmb smkhboutbyh dnsmsuhnihb dmbchb lhsnk pmemrnishhb
hbhknsns chs dhrhl hrtmrn. Vpnbh smrvnihk dnohch `nkh tmrdhpht imeubcinbhb
fmdmrh
fmdmrh tukhbc
tukhbc kmlmr.
kmlmr. Kmlmr
Kmlmr dnpasn
dnpasnsni
snihb
hb dhkhe
dhkhe pasnsn
pasnsn bmtrhk.
bmtrhk. Zmehbt
Zmehbthuh
huhb
b
thbdh vnthk, pmbnkhnhb ihrdnapukeabhk dhb bmurakacns `mrukhbc, x-rhy dhdh,
dh
dhb
b pm
pmbn
bnkhn
khnhb
hb ai
aisn
sncm
cmbn
bnshs
shsnn emkh
emkhku
kunn HCD
HCD ht
hthu
hu ai
aisn
snem
emtr
trnn pm
pmrn
rngm
gmrr lh
lhru
russ
dnkhiuihb phdhb smeuh iar`hb tmbccmkhe. Zmemrnishhb khnbbyh `mrchbtubc
iabdnsn iknbns dhb tmepht imohdnhb. Zhdh iar`hb yhbc hsneptaehtnihthu
cmohkhh enbnehk,
cmohk enbnehk, lhepnr
lhepnr smtmbchlbyh
smtmbchlbyh pmr`uruihb
pmr`uruihb hthu lnpaismenh
lnpaismenh phdh 4-<
ohe smtmkhl pmrnstnwh tmbccmkhe. Zmehbthuhb sulu nbtn tu`ul emruphihb lhk
pmbtnbc, pmbcuiurhb tmr`hni dnkhiuihb phdh eme`rhbm tnephbn ihrmbh
`mriarmkhsn iuht dmbchb sulu athi. Hkht ubtui embclhbchtihb pmbdmrnth
dhpht dncubhihb smkneut pmbclhbcht hthu rhdnhbt whremr.
Cmohkh pmrbhphshb hthu mdmeh phru khe`ht yhbc rnbchb shephn `mrht
dhpht tmrohdn emsin hwhkbyh
hwhkbyh pmbdmrnth
pmbdmrnth embubouiihb
embubouiihb pmemrnishhb
pmemrnishhb gnsni dhb
x-rhy dhdh barehk. Vm`hknibyh, im`hbyhihb hbhi dmbchb cmohkh enbnehk
shht im ]CD dhpht embohdn hsneptaehtni dhkhe 8< ohe smtmkhl tmbccmkhe.
\-rhy
\-rhy dhdh
dhdh `nhshb
`nhshbyh
yh dndhph
dndhphtih
tihb
b che`hr
che`hrhb
hb mdmeh
mdmeh hbthr
hbthr smk hthu
hthu mdmeh
mdmeh
hkvmak
hkvmakhr.
hr. Vm`hcn
Vm`hcnhb
hb `mshr
`mshr embubo
embubouii
uiihb
hb hdhbyh
hdhbyh nbgnkt
nbgnktrhtm
rhtm badukh
badukhrr yhbc
yhbc
`mriabgkumbsn phdh 8/6 emdnhk khphbchb phru. Emburut Eadmk dhb ihwhb-
ihwhb, 3:% ihsus embchkhen hsndasns emth`akni. @nkh phsnmb embubouiihb
lnpatmbsn hthu tndhi hdh rmspabs, dnhbourihb pme`mrnhb bhtrnue `nihr`abht
dmbchb
dmbchb dasns 8 eMq/ic @@ smfhrh nbtrhvmbh.
nbtrhvmbh. Onih pmemrnis
pmemrnishhb
hhb hbhknsns chs
dhrhl dhpht dnkhiuihb, bhtrnue `nihr`abht dn`mrnihb smsuhn dmbchb rueus ?
Bh `nihr`abht (eMq) 5 `mrht `hdhb (ic) x dmgnfnt
dmgnfnt `hsh (eMq) x :,6
Ohkhb bhphs lhrus dn`mrsnlihb dhrn iatarhb dhb dnohenb tmthp tmr`uih.
Zhdh iar`hb lhepnr tmbccmkhe yhbc `hbyhi embmkhb hnr, rnsnia hspnrhsn

06
 eubthlhb
eubthlhb shbcht `mshr. Akml ihrmbh ntu, khe`ubc
khe`ubc lhrus fmpht dniasabcihb
dniasabcihb
dmbchb emehihn pnph bhsachstrni. Zmbca`hthb smkhboutbyh `mrchbtubc phdh
lhsnk mvhkuhsn ZhA0, ZhFA0, dhb pL dhrhl. ZhFA 0 km`nl dhrn 7: eeLc
emruph
emruphihb
ihb nbdnih
nbdnihsn
sn ubtui
ubtui emkhiu
emkhiuihb
ihb `hbtuh
`hbtuhb
b pmrbhp
pmrbhphshb
hshb.. @nkh
@nkh tmrohd
tmrohdnn
imchchkhb aisncmbnshsn emsinpub tmkhl dn`mrnihb aisncmb, pmrku dnkhiuihb
nbtu`hsn
nbtu`hsn mbdatrhimhk
mbdatrhimhk.. Nbnsnhk pasntnvm mbd-mxpnrhtary prmssurm (ZMMZ)
dneukhn
dneukhn sminthr = fe L 0A, dhpht dn bhniihb `mrthlhp lnbcch 8:-8= fe L 0A
`nkh aisncmbnshsn ehsnl `mkue hdmiuht (thrcmt VhA0 2 >:%).
Hbhi-h
Hbhi-hbhi
bhi iar`hb
iar`hb tmbccm
tmbccmkhe
khe embubo
embubouii
uiihb
hb nrheh
nrheh ohbtub
ohbtubc
c hsnstak
hsnstak
==
==%,
%, vm
vmbt
btrn
rnim
imkk thin
thinih
ihrd
rdnn (WT)
(WT) hthu
hthu vm
vmbt
btrni
rnimk
mk gn`rn
gn`rnkhs
khsnn (WG)
(WG) 0>
0>%
% dh
dhb
b
`rhdnihrdn 87%. Dmgn`rnkhsn mkmitrni hthu ihrdnavmrsn dnpmrkuihb phdh iar`hb
dmbc
dmbchb
hb WG hthu
hthu WT thbp
thbphh bhdn
bhdn.. A`ht
A`ht-a
-a`h
`hth
thb
b ih
ihrd
rdna
nahi
hitn
tngg eubc
eubcin
inb
b
dnpmrkuihb ubtui emepmr`hnin rntem ohbtubc. Aisncmbnshshn dhb vmbtnkhsn
yhbc hdmiuht emruphihb syhrht emepmr`hni
emepmr`hninn gubcsn
gubcsn enaihrd.
enaihrd. Pmsusnthsn
fhnrhb
fhnrhb dhb nbatra
nbatrapni
pni smrnbci
smrnbcihkn
hkn dn`utu
dn`utulih
lihb
b ubtui
ubtui emepmr
emepmr`hn
`hnin
in gubcsn
gubcsn
ohbtubc dhb pmrgusn pmrngmr, bheub phdh imhdhhb dnsgubcsn enaihrd
pme`mrnhb fhnrhb yhbc hcrmsng eubcinb dhpht emepmr`urui mdmeh phru.
Nbgusm
Nbgusm mpnbmg
mpnbmgrnb
rnb (dasns
(dasns :,:=-8
:,:=-8λc/
λc/ic/
ic/emb
embnt)
nt) `nhshb
`nhshbyh
yh emruph
emruphihb
ihb pnknlh
pnknlhb
b
utheh
utheh phdh
phdh pmbdmr
pmbdmrnth
nth dmbchb
dmbchb dnsgub
dnsgubcsn
csn ohbtub
ohbtubc
c hthu lnpatm
lnpatmbsn
bsn smtmkhl
smtmkhl
imohdnhb lnp
lnpais
aisni-
ni-nsi
nsimen
meni,
i, da`uth
da`uthenb
enb (dasns
(dasns 0-0:λc
0-0:λc/ic
/ic/emb
/embnt)
nt) dhpht
dhpht
emepmr`hnin fhrdnhf autput phdh pmbdmrnth bareatmbsn.
Zmbc
Zmbca`
a`ht
hthb
hb khnb
khnb yh
yhbc
bc pm
pmrku
rku dn
dnpm
pmrt
rtne
ne`h
`hbc
bcih
ihb
b hd
hdhk
hkhl
hl pm
pme`
e`mr
mrnh
nhb
b
`rabiadnkhtar dhb hb
hbtn
tn`n
`natn
atni.
i. Onih
Onih ph
phdh
dh pm
pmem
emrni
rnishh
shhb
b gnsns
gnsns dn
dndh
dhph
phti
tihb
hb
`rabiasphsem, pme`mrnhb `rabiadnkhtar smpmrtn henbagnknb nbtrhvmbh hthu
bm`uknshsn hcabns-ΰ0 hihb eme`mrnihb lhsnk yhbc `hni. Zme`mrnhb hbtn`natni
phdh shht hwhk tndhi dnhbourihb, emsinpub smrnbcihkn hnr yhbc dnhspnrhsn
embchkhen iabthenbhsn. Akml ihrmbh ntu pmrku pmemrnishhb iuktur dhrhl,
iuktur sputue, ouekhl kmiasnt, dhb hbhknsns thbdh vnthk. Zmenknlhb hbtn`natni
dnkhiuihb `mrdhshrihb iuktur dhrhl hthu sputue. Zmbccubhhb a`ht stmrand
tndhi
tndhi dnhbou
dnhbourih
rihb
b ihrmbh
ihrmbh tndh
tndhi
i hdh
hdh `u
`uit
itnn `h
`hni
ni sm
smfh
fhrh
rh ik
iknb
nbns
ns ehup
ehupub
ub
mispmrnembthk yhbc embubouiihb `hlwh pmbccubhhbbyh `mrehbghht.

0.6 Iabsmp Hsimp Chdhr phdh Zhsnmb Bmhr Dwarbnbc

Dwarbnbc

04
0.6.8 Zmbcihonhb Chwht Dhrurht
8. Ndmbtnths
Ndmbtnths Iknmb
Iknmb ? emknputn
emknputn bheh, ueur, pmimrohhb,
pmimrohhb, ombns imkhenb,
imkhenb, hkheht
hkheht
0. Imkulh
Imkulhb
b ]theh
]theh ? Ihon lhk
lhk yhbc dnrh
dnrhshi
shihb
hb iknmb
iknmb shht
shht ntu, `nhsh
`nhshbyh
byh iknm
iknmb
b
embcmkul smshi bhghs
6. Pn
Pnwh
whyh
yhtt Zmby
Zmbyhi
hint
nt Vmihr
Vmihrhb
hbc
c ? @hchne
@hchnehb
hbhh hwhk
hwhk eukh
eukh ik
iknm
nmb
b dn
dn`h
`hwh
wh im
pmkhyhbhb imsmlhthb shephn eubfukbyh imkulhb yhbc
yhbc dnrhshihb iknmb
4. Pnwh
Pnwhyh
yhtt Zm
Zmby
byhi
hint
nt Dh
Dhlu
luku
ku ? Ihon
Ihon hp
hphi
hihl
hl sm
sm`m
`mku
kueb
ebyh
yh ik
iknm
nmb
b pm
pmrb
rbhl
hl
tmbccmkhe, dhb ihon hphihl iknmb emepubyhn pmbyhint hseh
=. Zrnehry Vurvmy
h. Hnrwhy ? sue`hthb ohkhb bhghs hin`ht phru tmrnsn fhnrhb. Ehbhomemb ?
iabtrak smrvnihk
`. @rmhtlnbc ? pmbnbcihthb grmiumbsn bhghs, bhghs dhbcihk dhb fmpht,
imsuknthb `mrbhghs Ehbhomemb ? dn`mrnihb `hbtuhb vmbtnkhsn
f. Fnrfukhtnab ? pmburubhb furhl ohbtubc Ehbhomemb ? iaeprmsn dhdh
d. Dnsh`nknty ? tmrohd
tmrohdnn pmburu
pmburubhb
bhb imshdhrh
imshdhrhb
b Ehbhome
Ehbhomemb
mb ? ihon
ihon CFV,
CFV,
pmrnish pupnk, cmrhihb mistrmenths
`. Mxpasurm ? tndhi hdh omohs Ehbhomemb ? chbtn phinhb `hshl dhb
`mrnihb smkneut lhbcht.
0. Vmfabdhry Vurvmy
h. Zmbc
Zmbcih
ihon
onhb
hb Gnsn
Gnsni
i
Imhdhhb ]eue ? Iknmb `nhshbyh thephi kmehl, pufht, smshi, dhb
imsuknthb `mrbhghs.
`. Zmemrnishhb @7
8) @rmhtlnbc ? Iknmb embcmkul smshi dhb suknt `mrbhghs, pmrbhghshb
fmpht dhb dhbcihk, PP embnbciht
0) @kaad ? Tmihbh
Tmihbhb
b dhrhl
dhrhl iknmb
iknmb emburu
emburub,
b, iknmb
iknmb thephi
thephi pufht,
pufht,
snhbasns dhb bhdn embnbciht (thinihrdn)
6) @rhnb ? Iknmb embchkhen pmburubhb imshdhrhb, CFV emburub
4) @awmk ? Tndhi dntmeuihb imkhnbhb
=) @kmddmr ? Tndhi dntmeuihb imkhnbhb
7) @abm ? Ihon hdhbyh grhitur ihrmbh tmr`mbtur `mbdh imrhs

0=
 0.6.
0.6.0
0 Dn
Dnhc
hcba
bash
sh Impm
Impmrh
rhwh
whth
thb
b
Hdhp
Hdhpub
ub dnhc
dnhcba
bash
sh im
impm
pmrhw
rhwhth
hthb
b ch
chwh
whtt dh
dhru
rurh
rhtt ph
phdh
dh ph
phsnm
snmb
b Bmhr
Dwarbnbc emburut VDIN 0:83 hbthrh khnb?
8. @mrsnlhb
@mrsnlhb ohkhb
ohkhb bhghs
bhghs tndhi
tndhi mgmitng
mgmitng `mrlu`
`mrlu`ubch
ubchb
b dmbchb
dmbchb suprm
suprmsn
sn rmgkmi
rmgkmi `htui
`htui
sm
smiu
iubd
bdmr
mr hi
hin`
n`ht
ht hspn
hspnrh
rhsn
sn hnr
hnr ehsu
ehsui
i imdh
imdhkh
khe
e phru
phru hi
hin`
n`ht
ht tmbc
tmbccm
cmkh
khe
e
(D.:::8)
0. Chbccu
Chbccuhb
hb pmrtuih
pmrtuihrhb
rhb chs `mrlu`
`mrlu`ubc
ubchb
hb dmbchb
dmbchb lnpaism
lnpaismenh
enh rmgrhi
rmgrhitar
tarnn dhb
im`afarhb nbtmrstntnhk pukeabhk/hkvmakhr phdh sthtus fmdmrh ihpnkmr phru
(D.:::6)
6. Zakh bhghs tndhi mgmitng `mrlu`ubchb dmbchb lnpaisnh hin`ht pmburubhb
ihdhr aisncmb dhkhe tu`ul (D.:::=)
4. Zmbu
Zmburu
rubh
bhb
b fu
furh
rhl
l oh
ohbt
btub
ubc
c yh
yhbc
bc `mrl
`mrlu`
u`ub
ubch
chb
b dmbc
dmbchb
hb pmbn
pmbnbc
bcih
ihth
thb
b imro
imrohh
vmbtrnimk (D.:::<)
=. Pns
nsni
nia
a ch
chbc
bccu
cuhb
hb pm
pmrg
rgus
usnn smrm
smrm`r
`rhk
hk tndh
tndhi
i mgmi
mgmitn
tngg `m
`mrl
rlu`
u`ub
ubch
chb
b dm
dmbc
bchb
hb
iurhbcbyh supkhn aisncmb (D.::83)

0.6.
0.6.6
6 Nbtm
Nbtmrv
rvmb
mbsn
sn Imp
Impmr
mrhw
hwht
hthb
hb

Dnhcbash Impmrhwhthb Tuouhb dhb Irntmrnh Lhsnk Nbtmrvmbsn

8 0 6
@mrsnlhb Ohkhb Bhghs Tndhi Vmtmkhl dn`mrnihb hsulhb Ehbhomemb Ohkhb Bhghs
Mgmitng (D.:::8) impmrhwhthb smkheh .....x ......
dnlhrhpihb `mrsnlhb ohkhb 8. A`smr
`smrvvhs
hsnn
Zmbym`h` ? bhghs embnbciht dmbchb - Eabntar tar pakh bhghs
Gnsnakacns irntmrnh lhsnk ? (grmiumbsn, imdhkhehb,
h. Vphs
Vphsem
em oohk
hkhb
hb bh
bhgh
ghss ushlh bhghs)
`. Lnpmrsmirmsn ohkhb bhghs 8. @ht
htui
ui mg
mgmi
mitntngg emb
embnbci
nbcihht - Eabntar
tar `u
`ubyn bh
bhghs
f. Dnsg
Dnsgubc
ubcsnsn bmur
bmuraeuaeusiu
siukmr
kmr 0. Zraduisn sputue the`hlhb (ens. Curcknbc,
d. @mb
@mbdhdh hsnbc
hsnbc dhkhe
dhkhe ohkhb
ohkhb emburub embcn, wlmmznbc, rabfln
bhghs 6. Embcn em emburub imrnbc)
m. Hdh
Hdhbyh
byh ohk
ohkhb
hb bhgh
bhghss `uhth
`uhthb b 4. Slmmznbc emburub - Eab
Eabnta
ntar spu
sputu
tue
e (ou
(ouek
ekhlhl
g. Vmir
Vmirms
msnn y
yhb
hbc c ttmt
mthl
hlhb
hb =. Dnspbmh em emburub whrbh, hraeh)
c. Lnp
Lnpmrp
mrpkhsn
khsnhh dnbdnbc
dnbdnbc ohkhb
ohkhb 7. Artapbmh emburub 0. Tl
Tlmr
mrhp
hpmu
mutn
tnii
bhghs 3. VuVukknt `nf
nfhr
hrhh embu
embururub
b - ZmZmrt
rthl
hlhbhbhb
hb imph
imphtm
tmbh
bhb
b ohkh
ohkhb
b
l. Zras
Zrasms
ms nb
nbgm
gmisn
isn <. Vnhbasns emburub bhghs dmbchb lmhd-tnkt dhb
n. Pms
msp
pab hkmkmrc
rcnn >. Cmknshl em emburub flnb-kngt (ohw-tlrust onih
o. Mgmi hcmb ghrehiakacns 8:.
8:. Gr
Grmi
miumumbs
bsnn bhghs
bhghs furnch trhueh Fmrvnfhk)
Vntuhsnabhk eme`hni - ZaZasn
snsn
snih
ihbb smen
smenga
gawk
wkmr
mr hhth
thu
u
h. Em
Emraraia
iai i hitn
hitngg 88
88.. Zakh
Zakh bh
bhgh
ghss eme`
eme`hnihni gawkmr
`. Emraiai phsng - @mrnihb en enbue l lhhbcht

07
f. Tmrp
Tmrpho
hohb
hb pa
pakut
kuthb
hb - Kh
Khiu
iuih
ihb
b gnsn
gnsnat
atmr
mrhp
hpnn dhdh
dhdh,,
Cmohkh dhb thbdh ehyar onih pmrku
- Kh
Khiu
iuih
ihb
b pmbc
pmbcnsnshp
hphb
hb kmbd
kmbdnrnr
8. @ht
@htui
ui tndtndhi
hi mgmitn
mgmitngg iurhbc dhrn 8= dmtni
0. Tndh
Tndhi i ehep
ehepu u `htu
`htui i - Kh
Khiiui
uihb
hb lnp
lnpmr
mrai
aisn
sncm
cmbbhs
hsnn
6. Vput
Vputue ue `m`mrk
rkm`
m`nl
nl sm`mkue pmbcnshphb
4. Embcn, wlmmznbc dhb/hthu
rabfln imrnbc mbdatrhflmhk
- Imku
Imkuhr
hriihb su
sue`
e`hththb
hb `m
`mb
bdh
=. Emi
Emiabn abnueue dn
dn ohkhb
ohkhb bhgh
bhghss phdht dmbchb garsmp EfCnkk
Cmohkh dhb thbdh Enbar - @mrn
@mrnih
ihbb aisn
aisncm
cmb,
b, onih
onih pmrk
pmrku
u
Vu`omitng 6. Mduihsn
8. Dnpsbmh - Hbou
Hbouri
rihb
hb hs
hsu
uhb fh
fhnr
nrhb
hb
0. Vu
Vukn
kntt `nfh
`nfhrh
rh 0:::eK/lhrn, onih tndhi hdh
6. Arta
Artap pbmh
bmh iabtrhnbdnihsn
A`omitng - Hohrihb tm tmibni `h
`htui
8. Cmkns
nshhl mgmitng
0. Vn
Vnhb
hbas asns
ns 4. Iakh`
akh`a
arh
rhsn
sn
6. @ub
@ubyn yn bhghs
bhghs emburu
emburub b - Iakh
Iakh``arh
arhsn pme
me`m
`mrn
rnhb
hb
4. Grm
Grmium
iumbsnbsn bhgh
bhghss `mru`h
`mru`hl l `rabiadnkhtar, mispmitarhb,
mispmitarhb,
=. Zakh
Zakh bhgh
bhghss `mru`
`mru`hlhl
euiakntni, onih pmrku.

Dnhc
nhcbash Impmrhwhthb Tuouhb dhb Irntmrnh Nbtmrvmbsn
Lhsnk
8 0 6
Chbccuhb pmrtuihrhb Chs Vmtmkhl
Vmtmkhl dn`mrnihb
dn`mrnihb hsulhb Tmrhpn Aisncmb
(D.:::6) impmrhwhthb smkhe
kheh 8. A`smrvhsn
- Eabntar imfmphthb hknrhb
Zmbym`h` ...
....
..x
x ..
....
....
.. dn
dnl
lhrhp
hrhpih
ihb
b
aisncmb
8. Imtndhismne`hbchb pmrtuihrhb chs embnbciht - Eabntar pasnsn hkht tmrhpn
vmbtnkhsn-pmrgusn
dmbchb irntmrnh lhsnk ? aisncmb
0. Zmru`hlhb eme`rhb - Eabn
Eabnta
tarr hknr
hknrhb
hb aisn
aisncm
cmbb sm
smfh
fhrh
rh
hkvmakus-ihpnkmr 8. Tnbc
Tnbcih
ihtt i
ims
mshd
hdhr
hrhb
hb
pmrnadni dhb phstnih grhisn yhbc
Cmohkh dhb thbdh ehyar embnbciht dn`mrnihb fuiup
Vu`omitng - Eabntar mgmitngnths tmrhpn
0. Dn
Dnsp
spbm
bmhh embu
emburu
rub
b
8. Dys
ysppbmh
bmh aisncmb
aisncmb (aisnemtrn
(aisnemtrn,, HCD, onih
A`omitng 6. @uby
@ubynn bhhs
bhhs the
the`h
`hlh
lhb
b
pmrku)
0. ZFA0 emburub - Eabntar imehepuhb
embnbciht/emburub 4. Zu
Zusn
snbc
bc embu
emburu
rub
b emkm
em kmpphs
hsih
ihbb ai
aisn
sncm
cmbb sh
shhht
6. ZA0 Emburub ehihb
=. Zmbc
Zmbcknl
knlht
hthb
hb ih
ih`u
`urr
4. Thin
Thinih
ihrd
rdnh
nh - Eabntar thbdh-thbdh
=. pL hrtm
hrtmrn
rn emburub
lnpavmbtnkhsn
embnbciht/emburub 7. Dn
Dnhg
hgar
arms
msns
ns embu
emburu
rub
b - Eabntar thbdh dhb cmohkh
7. @ubyn
@ubyn bhgh
bhghss the`h
the`hlhb
lhb taisnihsn aisncmb dhb
3. Cmkn
Cmknsh
shl
l embu
emburu
rub
b
Cmohkh dhb thbdh enbar htmkmithsns
Vu`omitng <. Bhgh
Bhghss fupn
fupnbc
bc lnd
lndub
ubc
c
- Eabntar tnbciht imfmehshb
8. Zusnbc emburub hin`ht tmrhpn aisncmb

03
0. Zm
Zmbc
bckn
knlh
lhth
thb
b ih`u
ih`urr >. ZFA0 eme`hni - Eabntar nbtmcrths euiash
A`omitng 8:.
8:. ZA0 eme`hni lndu
lndubc
bc hin`
hin`ht
ht pmeh
pmehsh
shbc
bchb
hb
8. Vnhbasns aisncmb.
88. Thilnihrd
Thilnihrdnh
nh eme`hni
eme`hni
0. Dnh
nhga
garm
rmsn
snss 0. Tmrhpmutni
6. Cmknshl 80. pL hrtmrn
hrtmrn eme`hni - @mrsnli
nlihb smi
smirmt phdh eukut kut,
4. Bh
Bhgh
ghss fupn
fupnbcbc ln
lndu
dubc
bc 86. Vnhbasns
Vnhbasns eme`hni
eme`hni lndubc dhb trhflmh, onih pmrku

=. Zakh
Zakh bhg
bhghs
hs hh`b
`bar
areh
ehkk 84. Zakh bhghs
bhghs eme`hni
eme`hni - Zmrthlhbihb imphtmbhb ohk ohkhb
(fmpht/khe`ht, bhghs
rmcukmr/nrrmcukmr, 8=. Shrbh
Shrbh iuknt eme`hni
eme`hni - Vnhpihb dhb htur phrhkhthb
dhkhe/dhbcihk) pme`mrnhb aisncmb
7. Sh
Shrbrbhh iuknt
iuknt h`ba
h`bare
rehk
hk - @mrn
@mrnih
ihbbaais
isnc
ncmb
mb the`
the`hl
hlhb
hb onih
onih
(ens. pufht, im`nruhb) pmrku
3. Im
Imshd
shdhrhrhb
hb embu
emburu
rub
b - Tmthp `mrnihb aisncmb phdh
6. shhr phsnmb dntrhbsparthsn
- Cubhihb pmrhbciht aisncmb
yh
yhbc
bc smsmsu
suhn
hn dmdmbc
bchb
hb tnbc
tnbcih
ihtt
ea`nknts phsnmb.
6. Mduihsn
- Hohrihb phsnmb dhb imkuh
kuhrch
fhrh embccubhihb aisncmb dn
ruehl
4. Iakh`arhsn
- Iakh`arhsn pmbmbtuhb dasns
aisncmb
- Iakh`arhsn pmbccubhhb
aisncmb shht hitnvnths dhb/hthu
tndur

Dnhcbash Impmrhwhthb Tuouhb dhb Irntmrnh Lhsnk Nbtmrvmbsn

8 0 6
Zakh Bhghs Tndhi Mgmitng Vmtmkhl dn`mrnihb hsulhb Zmehbthuhb Pmspnrhsn
(D.:::=) impmrhwhthb smkheh
Zmbym`h` .....x ...... dnlhrhpihb pakh 8. A`sm
A`smrv
rvhs
hsnn
h. Dmp
Dmprms
rmsnn pu
pusht
sht pmrbhg
pmrbhghsh
hshb
b bhghs eme`hni dmbchb - Eabn
Eabntatarr ggrm
rmiu
iumb
mbsn
sn,, nrh
nrheh
eh,,
`. Lhe`hthb uphyh bhghs irntmrnh lhsnk ? imdhkhehb dhb uphyh bhghs
f. Dmg
Dmgare
arenthnthss dnbsn
dnbsnbc
bc dhdh
dhdh - Eabn
Eabntatarr pakh
pakh bhgh
bhghss
d. Dmg
Dmgare
arenthnthss tukhb
tukhbcc dhdh
dhdh 8. Wmbtnkh
Wmbtnkhsn
sn smembn
smembntt (`rhdnpbmh, thinpbmh,
m. Chb
Chbccu
ccuhbhb bmurae
bmuraeusiusiukh
ukhrr embnbciht lnpmrmbtnkhsn, iussehuk,
g. Ch
Chbc
bcuh
uhb b bmu
bmuraraka
kacn
cnss 0. Ihphsnt
Ihphsnths
hs nthk
nthk embnbci
embnbciht
ht Flmym-Vtaims, @nat, hthisni)
c. Neh
Nehtur
turnth
nthss bmur
bmuraka
akacn
cn 6. Dnhe
Dnhemtmtmr
mr tlar
tlarhihi - Eabn
Eabntatarr im
imehehepepuh
uhb b `h
`htu
tuii
l. Zmbu
Zmburu
rubh
bhbb mbmrc
mbmrcnn hbtmrnar-pastmrnar mgmitng
n. A`msnths embnbciht - Eabn
Eabntatarr hd
hdhbhbyh
yh pr
pradadui
uisn
sn
o. Zasnsn tu`ul yhbc 4. Tmihbh
Tmihbhb b mispnr
mispnrhsn
hsn sputue
embclhe`ht misphbsn phru embnbciht - Eabn
Eabntatarr hd
hdhbhbyh
yh sue`
sue`hth hthb
b
=. Tmihbh
Tmihbhb b nbspnrhs
nbspnrhsnn ohkhb bhghs
i. Vnb
Vnbdra
draem
em lnpav
lnpavmbt
mbtnkh
nkhsn
sn embnbciht - Zhkp
Zhkphs
hsnn im
imsnsnem
emtrn
trnsh
shb b mi
misp
sphbhbsn
sn

0<
k. Im
Imru
rushi
shihb
hb nb
nbmr
mrvh
vhsn
sn 7. Dnsp
Dnspbm
bmhh embu
emburu
rubb phru
dnhgrhceh 3. Zmbccu
Zmbccubhh
bhhbb atat
atat `hbtu
`hbtu - Husi
Husiukukth
thsn
sn `uby
`ubynn bhg
bhghs
hs
e. Fmdmr
Fmdmrhh emdukh
emdukh spnbhkns
spnbhkns bhghs emburub - Eabn
Eabntatarr sh
shtu
turh
rhsn
sn ais
aisnc
ncmb
mb
b. Mgm
Mgmii hcmb
hcmb ghre
ghrehia
hiakac
kacns
ns <. Zmehbo
Zmehbohbc
hbchb
hb ghsm
ghsm - Eab
Eabnta
ntar bnkhn
nkhn HC
HCD D
a. Im
Imfm
fmeh
ehsh
shbb mispnrhsn emburub - Eabn
Eabntatarr l
lhs
hsnk
nk x-
x-rh
rhy
y tla
tlarh
rhis
is
Cmohkh dhb thbdh ehyar >. Arta
Artapb
pbmh
mh embur
emburub
ub 0. Tm
Tmrh
rhpm
pmut
utni
ni

8. Zmb
Zmburu
urubhb
bhb atat
atat `hbt
`hbtuu bhghs
bhghs 8:.Zmrbhghshb pursmd knp - Htur
Htur nbtm
nbtmrv
rvhk
hk pm
pmehb
ehbthu
thuhb
hb
0. Ghsm mispnr
mispnrhsn
hsn emeh
emehbohbohbc
bc emburub rmspnrhsn smsuhn iabdnsn phsnmb
6. Zak
Zakhh bhgh
bhghss hh`ba
`bareh
rehkk 88.Zmrbhghshb fupnbc - Daiu
Daiuem embt
bths
hsni
nihb
hb l
lhshsnk
nk
Cmohkh dhb thbdh enbar lndubc emburub pmehbthuhb
Vu`omitng 80.Grmiumbsn bhghs 6. Mdu
Mduih
ihsn
sn
8. Ar
Artl
tlapapbm
bmhh eme`hni - Om
Omkh
khsih
sihb b tuo
tuouh
uhbb dhb
dhb pra
prasmd
smdur
ur
A`omitng 86.Imdhkhehb bhhs pmehbthuhb
8. Zmr
Zmrbhp
bhphshhshbb pursm
pursmd-k
d-knp
np eme`hni - Nb
Nbga
gare
rehshsni
nihb
hb lhsn
lhsnkk
0. Zmr
Zmrbhp
bhphshhshbb fupnbc
fupnbc lndu
lndubc
bc 84.Misiursn dhdh eme`hni pmehbthuhb, onih pmrku
6. Dnh
Dnhemt
emtmrmr tlarhi
tlarhiss hbtmrna
hbtmrnar-
r- 4. Iakh
Iakh`a
`arh
rhsn
sn
pastmrnar embnbciht - Iakh
Iakh`a `arh
rhsn
sn pme`
pme`mrmrnh
nhbh
bh
4. Wmb
Wmbtnkh
tnkhsn
sn smemb
smembnt nt embur
emburubub aisncmb smsuhn nbdnihsn
=. Ihp
Ihphsnt
hsnths
hs vnth
vnthkk embur
emburubub
7. Tmi
Tmihbh
hbhbb mispnrh
mispnrhsn
sn emburu
emburub
b
3. Tmi
Tmihbh
hbhbb nbspnrh
nbspnrhsn
sn emburu
emburubb
<. Mis
Misiur
iursn
sn dhdh
dhdh `mru
`mru`h
`hl.
l.

Dnhcbash Impmrhwhthb Tuouhb dhb Irntmrnh Nbtmrvmbsn

Lhsnk
8 0 6
Zmburubhb Furhl Ohbtubc Vmtmkhl dn`mrnihb Zmrhwhthb Ohbtubc
(D.:::<) hsulhb impmrhwhthb 8. A`sm
A`smrv
rvhs
hsnn
Zmbym`h` smkheh .....x ...... - Ndmb
Ndmbtn
tngn
gnih
ihsnsn thbdh
thbdh/m
/moh
ohkh
kh prne
prnemr
mr
h. Zm
Zmru
ru`h
`hlh
lhbb nr
nrhe
hehh oh
ohbt
btub
ubc
c dnlhrhpihb furhl pmburubhb furhl ohbtubc (emknputn
(emknputn
`. Zmru`hlhb grmiumbsn ohbtubc embnbciht dnspbmh, imkmkhlhb, mdmeh,
ohbtubc dmbchb irntmrnh lhsnk ? artapbmh, pmraxysehk bafturbhk
f. Zm
Zmru
ru`h
`hlh
lhbb iabt
iabtrhrhit
itnk
nknt
nthd
hd dyspbmh, pmbnbcihthb FWZ)
d. Zm
Zmru
ru``hl
hlhb
hb prmrmka
kahd
hd 8. Imiuhthb bhdn - Ndmbtn
Ndmbtngni
gnihsn
hsn thb
thbdh/
dh/cmo
cmohkh
hkh smiubdm
smiubdmrr
m. Zm
Zmru
ru``hl
hlhb
hb hgtgtmr
mrka
kahd
hd pmrngmr pmburubhb furhl ohbtubc (emknputn
(emknputn
Cmohkh dhb thbdh ehyar embnbciht pmbnbcihthb `mrht `hdhb,
8. Zmru`hlhb nrheh ohbtubc 0. Momftnab gr
grhftnab lmphtaemchkn, dnstmbsn vmbh
Vu`omitng ? (MF) embnbciht oucukhrns, phkpnthsn, rabfln `hsshl,
h) Zhkpnthsn 6. Fhrdnhf nbdmx akncurnh, `htui, iuknt pufht)
A`omitng embnbciht - Eabn
Eabnta
tarr tmi
tmihb
hbhbhb dhrh
dhrhll (tmr
(tmreh
ehsusuii
h) @rhd
@rhdninihr
hrd
dnh
nh/t
/thf
hfln
lnih
ihrd
rdnh
nh 4. Kmgt vmbtrnfukhr tmihbhb artasthtni, onih pmrku)
`) Che`hrhb MIC hrntenh straim wari - Eabn
Eabnta
tarr nb
nbthi
thimm dhb
dhb autp
autputut fhn
fhnrh
rhb b
hthu chbccuhb iabduisn nbdmx (KWVSN) - Eabn
Eabnta
tarr `m
`mrh
rhtt `hdh
`hdhbb smtn
smtnhp
hp llhr
hrnn
0. Zmru`hlhb prmkahd embnbciht phdh whitu yhbc sheh
Vu`omitng =. Vtraim vakuem - Eabn
Eabnta
tarr sh
shtu
turh
rhsn
sn ais
aisnc
ncmb
mb
h) Kmkhl nbdmx (VWN) - Ebnta
Ebntarr im
imku
kulh
lhb b bymr
bymrnn dhdh
dhdh ((en
ens.s.

0>
A`omitng embnbciht Nbtmbsnths, knihsn, rhdnhsn, durhsn,
h) Mdmeh 7. Zhkpnthsn prmsnpnthsn yhbc embcurhbcn
`) Dnstmbsn vmbh oucukhrns emburub bymrn)
f) FW
FWZ Z emb
embnb
nbci
ciht
ht /emb
/embur
urub
ub 3. @rhdnihrdnh - Eab
Eabnta
ntar MMI
IC 8 80
0 kmh
kmhd
d
d) Lmphta tae
emchkn emburub - Eabn
Eabntatarr hr
hrnt
ntenh
enh ((im
imkhn
khnbh
bhb
b nrhe
nrhehh
6. Zmru`hlhb hgtmrkahd <. Thinihrdnh ohbtubc dhb grmiumbsn)

Vu`omitng emburub - Eabn

Eabntatarr bnk
bnkhn
hn kh`a
kh`arh
rhta
tarn
rnue
ue
h) Dnspbmh >. Che`hrhb MIC ohbtubc (ens. Mkmitraknt mbzne
A`omitng hrntenh eburub ohbtubc, @BZ, BT pra-@BZ)
h) Tmihbhb dhrhl 8:. Kmk
mkhl
hl emb mbur
uruub - Eabn
Eabntatarr gu
gubc
bcsn
sn hkht
hkht phf
phfu u ohbt
ohbtub
ubcc
embnbciht/emburub 88. Mdm
dmeh
eh emb mbuuru
rub
b - Zmrn
Zmrnis
ishh tmih
tmihbhbhbb dhrh
dhrhll sm`m
sm`mku
kue
e
`) Bhdn pmrngmr tmrh`h kmehl 80. Dns
nstm
tmbs
bsnn vm
vmbh
bh dhb smsudhl emkhiuihb hitnvnths
f) FPT 2 6 s oucukhrns - Zmrn
Zmrnis
ishh tmi
tmihb
hbhb
hb dh
dhrh
rhl
l dh
dhb
b
d) Akncurnh emburub grmiumbsn bhdn sm`mkue pme`mrnhb
m) Sh
Shrbrbhh iu
iukn
kntt pu
pufh
fhtt dh
dhb/
b/ht
hthu
hu 86. Dnspbmh a`ht (ens. @mth `kafimr, HFM
snhbasns emburub nbln`ntar, fhkfnue flhbbmk
4. Zmru`hlhb iabtrhitnknths 84. Akncurnh `kafimr, dncaisnb)
Vu`omitng emburub 0. Tlmr
Tlmrhp
hpmu
mutntni
i
h) Zhraxysehk bafturbhk 8=. Zu
Zufh
fht/
t/sn
snhb
hba
asns
sns - Zasn
Zasnsni
snihb
hb phphsn
snmb
mb smen-
smen-ga gawkm
wkmrr hthu
hthu
dyspbmh (ZBD) emburub gawkmr dmbchb ihin im `hwhl hthu
`) Artlapbmh 87. Zmraxyehk pasnsn byhehb
f) @htui bafturbhk - @m
@mrn
rnih
ihbb dnmt
dnmt hbt
hbtub
ubcc yhbc
yhbc susm
susmhn
hn
A`omitng dyspbmh (ZBD) (ens. Hthsn hsuphb ihgmnb,
h) Tmrd
Tmrdmb
mbch
chrr suhr
suhrhh ohbt
ohbtub
ubc
c V6 emburub bhtrnue, iakmstmrak, dhb ehihbhb
dhb/hthu V4 83. Artapbmh tnbccn kmehi)
`) Momftnab grhftnab (MZ) emburub - Cubhihb stafibc mkhstns hthu
eburub 8<. @ht
htui
ui emb
emburu
urub pbmuehtni nbtmrentmb, smsuhn
Cmohkh dhb thbdh enbar 8>. Vu
Vuhhrh oh
ohb
btubc
tubc V6 nbdnihsn
8. Zmru`hlhb prmkahd emburub - Ghsnk
Ghsnknt
nths
hsnn ph
phsnm
snmbb dhb
dhb im
imku
kuhr
hrch
ch
A`omitng 0:. Vu
Vuhhrh oh
ohb
btubc
tubc V4 ubtui eadngnihsn chyh lndup smlht
h) Eur
Eureur ohohbbtubc emburub - @m
@mrn
rnih
ihbb tmrh
tmrhpn
pn rrmk
mkhi
hish
shsn
sn ubt
ubtui
ui
`) @mrht `hdhl `mrthe`hl 08. Euru
Eururr ohb
ohbtu
tubc
bc embcurhbcn strms, onih pmrku
f) Zukeabhry hrtmry wmdcm emburub - @m
@mrn
rnih
ihbb duiu
duiubc
bchb
hb mea
measna
snabh
bhkk dhb
dhb
prmssurm (ZHSZ) emburub 00. @mrht ``hhdhb spnrntuhk
0. Zmru`hlhb hgtmrahd emburub - @mrn
@mrnih
ihbb ais
aisnc
ncmb
mb ubtu
ubtui i
A`omitng 06. Lmphtatae
echkn emepmrthlhbihb shturhsn aisncmb
h) Zukeabhry Whsfukhr emburub 2>4%
Pmsnsthbfm (ZWP) 04. Zukeabhry 6. Md
Mduuih
ihsn
sn
embnbciht/emburub vhsfukhr - Hbouri
Hbourihbhb `mrhit
`mrhitnvn
nvnths
ths gnsni
gnsni sms
smsuhn
uhn
`) Vnstmenf vhsfukhr rmsnsthbfm (ZWP) takmrhbsnhbourihb `mrhitnvnths gnsni
rmsnsthbfm emburub smfhrh `mrthlhp
embnbciht/emburub 0=. Vnstmenf - Hbou
Hbouririhb
hb `m
`mrl
rlmb
mbtn
tn emra
emraiaiaii
6. Zmru`hlhb iabtrhitnknths vhsfukhr - Hohr
Hohrih
ihbbpphsn
hsnmb
mb dh
dhb b imk
imkuh
uhrc
rchh
A`omitng rmsnsthbfm (VWP) embcuiur `mrht `hdhb lhrnhb
h) Fhrdnhf Nbdmx (FN) emburub - Hohr
Hohrih
ihbbpphsn
hsnmb
mb dh
dhb b imk
imkuh
uhrc
rchh
Emburub 07. Tmi
mihb
hbhb
hb dhr
hrhl
hl embcuiur nbthim dhb autput

6:
 `) Kmgt Wmbtrnfukhr Vtraim eme`hni fhnrhb lhrnhb
Wakuem Nbdmis (KWVSN) 03. FPT em
eme`hni 4. Iakh
Iakh`a
`arh
rhsn
sn
emburub. 0<. Zukeabhry - Iakh`a
Iakh`arhs
rhsnn pme
pme`mr
`mrnhb
nhb hbt
hbtnhr
nhrnten
ntenh,
h,
f) Vtraim Wakuem Nbdmx (VWN) hrtmry wmdcm onih pmrku
emburub prmssurm - Puou
Puouii im pr
prac
acrh
rhe
e rmlh
rmlh`n
`nkn
knths
thsnn
4. Zmrnkhiu/measnabhk (ZHSZ) ohbtubc

Vu`omitng eme`hni
h) Fmehs 0>. FWZ em
eme`hni
`) Cmknshl

Dnhcbash Impmrhwhthb Tuouhb dhb Irntmrnh Nbtmrvmbsn

Lhsnk
8 0 6
Pnsnia Zmrgusn Vmrm`rhk Tndhi Vmtmkhl dn`mrnihb Ehbhomemb Zmbnbcihthb Tmihbhb
Mgmitng (D.::83) hsulhb impmrhwhthb Nbtrhirhbnhk
smkheh
Ghitar rnsnia ........x.......dnlhrhpihb 8. A`smrvhsn
pmrgusn fmrm`rhk - Eabn
Eabnta
tarr th
thbd
bdh/
h/cm
cmoh
ohkh
kh
h. Im
Imh`
h`ba
bare
rehk
hkhb
hb ehsh
ehsh
embnbciht dmbchb pmbnbcihthb TNI (ens.
pratrae`nb dhb.hthu esh irntmrnh lhsnk ? tmihbhb dhrhl embnbciht,
trae`apkhstnb phrsnhk
tmihbhb bhdn emkm`hr,
`. Zmburubhb inbmroh vmbtrnimk 8. Tn
Tnbc
bcihihtt imsh
imshdhdhrh
rhb
b `rhdnihrdnh, pakh bhghs
inrn embnbciht nrrmcukmr, imshdhrhb emburub)
f. Hrt
Hrtmra
mrasik
sikmra
mrasns
sns har
harth
th 0. Iacb
Iacbnt ntng
ng embn
embnci ciht
ht - Eabntar EHZ (Emhb Hrtmry
d. Dnsm
Dnsmisisnn hrtmr
hrtmrnn 6. Tmihbhb Zrmssurm))
Zrmssurm
m. Gn`
Gn`rn
rnkhs
khsnn hhtr
trnu
nuee nbtrhirhbnhk - Eabn
Eabntatarr sthtu
sthtuss pm
pmrb
rbhg
hghs
hshb
hb
g. Tuear ath athi i emburub - Eabn
Eabntatarr nbt
nbthi
himm d
dhb
hb au
autp
tput
ut
c. Vt
Vtmb
mbas
asnsns ihra
ihratntnss 4. Vh
Vhin
intt im
imphphkh
kh fhnrhb
l. En
Enis
isae
aehh hrtmr
hrtmrnu
nue e emburub 0. Tmrhpmutni
n. Hb
Hbmu
murnrnse
sehh fmrm
fmrm`r`rnn =. Cmkn
Cmknshshll emb
embururubub - Enbn
Enbnehehkikihb
hb stneu
stneuku kuss dmb
dmbch
chbb
o. Iahcukaphtn 7. Imfmehhb embymdnhihb knbciubchb yhbc
i. Dnk
Dnkhth
hthsn
sn ih
ihrdn
rdnaen
aenaph
aphtn tn emburub tmbhbc
k. Ia
Iahchcuk
ukhsn
hsn nbtrh
nbtrhvhvhsi
siukukmr
mr 3. Hcnt
Hcnthshsnn embu
emburrub - @m
@mrn
rnih
ihbb pa
pasns
snsnn sm
smen
enga
gawk
wkmr
mr
dnsshenbhth <. Dmeh
Dmehe e embu
emburu rub
b - Ln
Lnbd
bdhr
hrnn embu
embuvm vmrr vhks
vhkshv
hvhh
e. Me`
Me`aknaknsem
sem >. Bn
Bnkh
khnn rh
rhth
th-r
-rht
hthh - Fmch
Fmchl l tmro
tmrohd
hdnb
nbyh
yh iimo
mohb
hbcc
b. Fm
Fmdmdmrh
rh im
imph
phkh
kh tmihbhb dhrhl - Lnbdh
Lnbdhrnrn pm
pme`
e`mr mrnh
nhb
b fhn
fhnrh
rhbb NW
NW
a. Lnp
Lnpmri
mriakm
akmstm
stmrak
rakmen
menhh eme`hni lnpatabni
p. Lnpmrtmbsn 8:. Imshdh
Imshdhrhb rhb - Zm
Zmrt
rthl
hlhb
hbihihbb sulu
sulu tu`tu`ul
ul
q. Mbd
Mbdaih
aihrdn
rdntns
tns nbg
nbgmis
misnn eme`hni barehk
r. Ih
Ihtutup
p pras
prastm
tmtni
tni emi
emihb hbns
ns 88. Tmihbh
Tmihbhb b dhrhl
dhrhl 6. Iakh`arhsn
s. Vt
Vtmb
mbas
asns
ns ent
entrh
rhkk snstakni eme`hni - Iakh
Iakh`a
`arh
rhsn
sn pm
pmb`
b`mr
mrhb
hb smdh
smdhsn
sn
t. Bm
Bma apk
pkhs
hseh
eh ath
athi i 80. Tmihbh
Tmihbhb b dhrhl
dhrhl dhb hbtn iabvuksn, onih pmrku
u. Nbg
Nbgmri
mri enaihr
enaihrd d hiut
hiut dnhstakni eme`hni - Iakh
Iakh`a
`arh
rhsn
sn pme
pme`m
`mrn
rnhb
hb dnu
dnurm
rmtn
tni
i
v. Vn
Vnbd
bdraraem
em snf
snfii snbu
snbuss 86. Pmgkmi
Pmgkmiss shrhg
shrhg aseasns, onih pmrku
w. Zmbyhkhlcu
Zmbyhkhlcubhhb bhhb zht eme`hni
x. Tmr
Tmrhpn
hpn trae`a
trae`akntn
kntni
i

68
y. Mgm
Mgmi
i shepnb
shepnbcc tnbdhi
tnbdhihb
hb
(ens.tnbdhihb apmrhsn
`yphss)

60
 @H@ NW
IHV]V IMCHSHTHB ZHDH BMHP DPASBNBC

Ihsus imchwhthb phdh phsnmb bmhr drawbnbc hihb dnoh`hrihb phdh urhnhb dn
`hwhl nbn.
By H dn`hwh im NPD dhkhe imhdhhb ehsnl lndup smtmkhl tmbccmkhe hin`ht
tmrpmkmsmt shht `mrpnibni dn tmpn dhbhu. Ihrmbh tndhi `nsh `mrmbhbc By H khbcsubc
tmbccmkhe shht ohtul im hnr dhbhu yhbc tmrbyhth fuiup dhkhe. Vmtmkhl 6: embnt By. H
`hru `mrlhsnk tmrtakabc
tm rtakabc ihrmbh suhenbyh dhthbc. Dhkhe pmemrnishhb dn NPD dndhphtihb
dhth By H embchkhen lnpaisnh dhb phru-phrubyh tmrnsn fhnrhb. @m`mrhph lhrn smtmkhl
dnrhwht dn PV imhdhhb By H smehinb eme`urui, pmrbhghshb embohdn tndhi tmrhtur dhb
daitmr embdnhcbasns HPDV.
6.
6.8
8 Zmbc
Zmbcih
ihon
onhb
hb
Hbhebmsh

8. Zmbcihonhb
Bheh ? By. H
]snh ? 46 thlub
Ombns imkhenb ? Shbnth
Zmbdndnihb ? V8
Hcheh ? Nskhe
Vuiu ? Ohwh
Shrch bmchrh ? Nbdabmsnh

Vthtus pmrihwnbhb ? Embnihl

Hkheht ? Vurh`hyh
Tck EPV ? = Hprnk 0:0:
Tck pmbcihonhb ? = Hprnk 0:0:
Baear rmcnstmr ? 0::6=73<
Dnhcbash emdns ? Dmfrmhsmd ag Fabfnausbmss (DAF) mt fhush Lnpaismenh dd
Bmhr Drawbnbc
0. Pnwhyht pmbyhint
h. Imkul
Imkulhb
hb utheh ? iknmb tmbccmkhe
tmbccmkhe tmbccmkhe
tmbccmkhe hin`ht
hin`ht tmrpmkmsmt
tmrpmkmsmt shht `mrpnibni
`mrpnibni

dn tmpn dhbhu.

66
`. Pnwhyht imsmlhthb smihrhbc ? phsnmb dn`hwh im NPD dhkhe imhdhhb ehsnl
lndup smtmkhl tmbccmkhe hin`ht tmrpmkmsmt shht `mrpnibni dn tmpn dhbhu. Ihrmbh
tndhi `nsh `mrmbhbc By H khbcsubc tmbccmkhe shht ohtul im hnr dhbhu yhbc
tmrb
tmrbyh
yhth
th fuiu
fuiup
p dhkh
dhkhe
e sm
smkh
kheh
eh 6: embn
embnt.
t. Dhkh
Dhkhe
e pm
pmem
emrn
rnis
ishh
hhb
b dn NPD
NPD
dndhphtihb dhth By H embchkhen lnpaisnh dhb phru-phrubyh tmrnsn fhnrhb.
f. Pnw
Pnwhyh
hyhtt imsmlht
imsmlhthb
hb dhluku
dhluku ? -
d. Pnwhyht
Pnwhyht imsmlht
imsmlhthb
hb imkuhrc
imkuhrch?
h? -
m. Imhdhh
Imhdhhb
b ueue ? Imshdhrhb
Imshdhrhb ? pmburubhb
pmburubhb imshdhrh
imshdhrhb
b
g. Zmem
Zmemrn
rnis
ishhb
hhb Gnsni
Gnsni ?
8) @8 (@rmhtlnbc) ? smshi bhghs, iuusehuk PP 5 6= x/embnt, VhA 0 pmrngmr
<>%, pmemrnishhhb HCD/M embubouiihb pL 3,0=. ZA0 <= eeLc, pFA0
=< eeLc, @M 84, LFA6 84, VhA0 dn HCD <<%
0) @0 (@kaad) ? tmihbhb dhrhl 8::/7= eeLc, pufht, snhbasns, bhdn 80=
x/embnt
6) @6 (@rhnb
@rhnb)) ? pmburubhb imshdhrhb CFV M6W4E=
4) @4 (@khddm
@khddmr)
r) ? tndhi hdh imkulhb
=) @= (@awmk) ? tndhi hdh imkulhb
7) @7 (@abm
@abm)) ? tndhi hdh imkulhb
Dnhcbash
Ba Hbhknsh Dhth Mtnakacn
Impmrhwhthb
8 DV ? - Drhwbnbc Chbccuhb
DA ? smshi bhghs,
Wakubthry `rmhtl Zmrtuihrhb Chs
iuusehuk PP 5 6=
x/embnt, VhA0 pmrngmr
<>% pL 3,0=. ZA0 Lnpaismenh
<= eeLc, pFA0 Zmburubhb gubcsn tu`ul
=< eeLc, @M 84,
LFA6 84, VhA0 dn Nbvakubthry `rmhtlnbc
HCD <<%
Hnr ehsui im phru

Zmbnbcihthb pmrem`nknths

eme`rhb ihpnkmr hkvmakn

Lnpaisnh

Chbccuhb pmrtuihrhb chs

0 DV ? - Drhwbnbc Pnsnia chbccuhb

64
 DA ? Zmburubhb pmrgusn ohrnbchb
Wakubthry `rmhtl
imshdhrhb CFV fmrm`rhk

M6W4E=, tmihbhb Lnpaismenh

dhrhl 8::/7= Zmburubhb gubcsn tu`ul

eeLc, pufht, Nbvakubthry `rmhtlnbc

snhbasns, bhdn 80=
HPDV
x/embnt
Mdmeh phru

Lnpaisnh

Pnsnia chbccuhb pmrgusn

ohrnbchb fmrm`rhk

6.0 Dnhcba
Dnhcbash
sh Impmrh
Impmrhwht
whthb
hb
8. Chbc
Chbccu
cuhb
hb pm
pmrtu
rtuih
ihrh
rhb
b ch
chss `m
`mrl
rlu`
u`ub
ubch
chb
b dm
dmbc
bchb
hb lnp
lnpais
aismen
menhh rmgrhi
rmgrhitar
tarnn dhb
im`afarhb nbtmrstntnhk pukeabhk / hkvmakhr phdh sthtus fmdmrh ihpnkmr phru dnthbdhn
dmbchb smshi bhghs, iuusehuk PP 5 6= x/embnt, VhA 0 pmrngmr <>% pL 3,0=. ZA0 <=
eeLc, pFA0 =< eeLc, @M 84, LFA 6 84, VhA0 dn HCD <<%.
0. Pnsnia chbccuhb pmrgusn ohrnbchb fmrm`rhk `mrlu`ubchb dmbchb iurhbcbyh supkhn
aisncm
aisncmb
b dnt
dnthb
hbdhn dmbchb pmburubhb imshdhrhb CFV M6W4E=, tmihbh
dhn dmbchb tmihbhb
b dhrhl
dhrhl
8::/7= eeLc, pufht, snhbasns, bhdn 80= x/embnt.

6.6 Nbtmr
Nbtmrvmb
vmbsn
sn Impmr
Impmrhwh
hwhthb
thb
Tuouhb dhb Irntmrnh
Dnhcbash Impmrhwhthb Lhsnk Nbtmrvmbsn
8 0 6
Chbccuhb pmrtuihrhb Chs Vmtmkhl
Vmtmkhl dn`mrnihb
dn`mrnihb hsulhb Tmrhpn Aisncmb
(D.:::6) impmrh
impmrhwht
whthb
hb smkheh
smkheh 8 x 8. A`sm
A`smrv
rvhs
hsnn
- Eabntar imfmphthb hknrhb
Zmbym`h` 8= embnt dnl
nlhhrhpihb
aisncmb
8. Im
Imtnd
tndhi
hism
smne
ne`h
`hbc
bchb
hb pmrtuihrhb chs embnbciht - Eabntar pasnsn hkht tmrhpn
vmbtnkhsn-pmrgusn
dmbchb irntmrnh lhsnk ? aisncmb
Cmohkh dhb thbdh ehyar
- Eabn
Eabnta
tarr hknr
hknrhb
hb aisn
aisncmcmb
b sm
smfh
fhrh
rh
Vu`omitng 8. Tnbciht imshdhrhb
pmrnadni dhb phstnih grhisn yhbc
8. Dys
ysppbmh
bmh embnbciht dn`mrnihb fuiup
A`omitng
0. Dnspbmh emburub - Eabntar mgmitngnths tmrhpn
8. ZFA0 embnbciht/emburub
aisncmb
aisncmb (aisnemtrn
(aisnemtrn,, HCD, onih
0. ZA0 Emburub 6. Cmknshl emburub pmrku)

6=
6. Thinihrdnh 4. ZFA0 eme`hni - Eabntar imehepuhb
4. pL hrtmrn emkm
em kmp
phs
hsih
ihb
b ai
aisn
sncm
cmbb sh
shhht
=. ZA0 eme`hni
embnbciht/emburub ehihb
=. @ubyn bhghs the`hlhb 7. Thilnihrdnh eme`hni - Eabntar thbdh-thbdh
Cmohkh dhb thbdh enbar lnpavmbtnkhsn
3. pL hrtmrn eme`hni
A`omitng - Eabntar thbdh dhb cmohkh

8. Vn
Vnhb
hbasasns
ns <. Vnhbasns eme`hni taisnihsn aisncmb dhb
0. Cmkn
knsshl >. Zakh bhghs eme`hni htmkmithsns
6. Zakh
Zakh bhgh
bhghss h`ba
h`bareh
rehkk - Eabntar tnbciht imfmehshb
87. Shrbh
Shrbh iuknt eme`hni
eme`hni
(fmpht/khe`ht, hin`ht tmrhpn aisncmb
rmcukmr/nrrmcukmr, - Eabntar nbtmcrths euiash
dhkhe/dhbcihk) lndu
lndubc
bc hin`
hin`ht
ht pmeh
pmehsh
shbc
bchb
hb
4. Shrbh
Shrbh iukn
iukntt h`bar
h`barehk
ehk aisncmb.
(ens. pufht, im`nruhb) 0. Tmrhpmutni
=. Imshdh
Imshdhrhbrhb emburu
emburub b - @mrsnli
nlihb smi
smirmt phdh eukutkut,
lndubc dhb trhflmh, onih pmrku
- Zmrthlhbihb imphtmbhb ohk ohkhb
bhghs
- Vnhpihb dhb htur phrhkhthb
pme`mrnhb aisncmb
- @mrn
@mrnih
ihbbaais
isnc
ncmb
mb the`
the`hl
hlhb
hb onih
onih
pmrku
- Tmthp `mrnihb aisncmb phdh
shhr phsnmb dntrhbsparthsn
- Cubhihb pmrhbciht aisncmb
yh
yhbc
bc smsmsu
suhn
hn dmdmbc
bchb
hb tnbc
tnbcih
ihtt
ea`nknts phsnmb.
6. Mduihsn
- Hohrihb phsnmb dhb imkuh
kuhrch
fhrh embccubhihb aisncmb dn
ruehl
4. Iakh`arhsn
- Iakh`arhsn pmbmbtuhb dasns
aisncmb
- Iakh`arhsn pmbccubhhb
aisncmb shht hitnvnths dhb/hthu
tndur

67
 Tuouhb dhb Irntmrnh
Dnhcbash Impmrhwhthb Nbtmrvmbsn
Lhsnk
8 0 6
Pnsnia Zmrgusn Vmrm`rhk Tndhi Vmtmkhl dn`mrnihb Ehbhomemb Zmbnbcihthb Tmihbhb
Mgmitng (D.::83) hsulhb impmrhwhthb Nbtrhirhbnhk
smkheh 0 x 6 embnt
Ghitar rnsnia 8. A`smrvhsn
dnlhrhpihb pmrgusn - Eabn
Eabntatarr th
thbd
bdh/h/cm
cmoh
ohkh
kh
fmrm`rhk embnbciht
8. Imh`barehkhb ehsh pmbnbcihthb TNI (ens.
dmbchb irntmrnh lhsnk ?
pratrae`nb dhb.hthu esh tmihbhb dhrhl embnbciht,
trae`apkhstnb phrsnhk 8. Tnbciht tmihbhb bhdn emkm`hr,
0. Zmburubhb inbmroh vmbtrnimk imshdhrhb `rhdnihrdnh, pakh bhghs
inrn embnbciht nrrmcukmr, imshdhrhb emburub)
6. Hrtmrasikmrasns harth 0. Iacbntng - Eabntar EHZ (Emhb Hrtmry
4. Dnsmisn hrtmrn embnciht Zrmssurm))
Zrmssurm
=. Gn`rnkhsn htrnue 6. Tmihbhb - Eabn
Eabntatarr sthtu
sthtuss pmpmrb
rbhghghs
hshb
hb
7. Tuear athi nbtrhirhbnhk - Eabn
Eabntatarr nbt
nbthi
himm d dhb
hb auautp
tput
ut
3. Vtmbasns ihratns emburubshint fhnrhb
imphkh emburub 0. Tmrhpmutni
<. Enisaeh hrtmrnue
- Enbn
Enbnehehkikihb
hb stneu
stneuku kuss dmb
dmbch
chbb
>. Hbmurnseh fmrm`rn 4. Cmknshl emburub embymdnhihb knbciubchb yhbc
8:. Iahcukaphtn =. Imfmehhb
tmbhbc
88. Dnkhthsn ihrdnaenaphtn emburub
- @m
@mrn
rnih
ihbb pa
pasns
snsnn sm
smen
engagawk
wkmr
mr
80. Iahcukhsn nbtrhvhsiukmr 7. Hcnthsn emburub
- Ln
Lnbd
bdhr
hrnn embu
embuvm vmrr vhks
vhkshvhvhh
dnsshenbhth 3. Dmehe emburub
- Fmch
Fmchl l tmro
tmrohd
hdnb
nbyh
yh i imo
mohb
hbcc
86. Me`aknsem <. Bnkhn rhth-rhth - Lnbdh
Lnbdhrnrn pm
pme`
e`mr mrnh
nhb
b fhn
fhnrh
rhbb NW
NW
84. Fmdmrh imphkh tmihbhb dhrhl lnpatabni
eme`hni
8=. Lnpmriakmstmrakmenh - Htur
Htur vvmb
mbtnk
tnkht
htar
ar hc
hchrhr ZhFA
ZhFA0
87. Lnpmrtmbsn
>. Imshdhrhb aptnehk
eme`hni - Zm
Zmrt
rthl
hlhb
hbihihb b sulu
sulu tu` tu`ul
ul
83. Mbdaihrdntns nbgmisn
8:. Tmihbhb dhrhl barehk
8<. Ihtup prastmtni emihbns
snstakni eme`hni 6. Iakh`arhsn
8>. Vtmbasns entrhk
88. Tmihbhb dhrhl
0:. Bmapkhseh athi dnhstakni - Iakh
Iakh`a
`arh
rhsn
sn pm
pmb`
b`mr
mrhb
hb smdh
smdhsn
sn
dhb hbtn iabvuksn, onih pmrku
08. Nbgmri enaihrd hiut eme`hni - Iakh
Iakh`a
`arh
rhsn
sn pme
pme`m
`mrn
rnhb
hb dnu
dnurm
rmtn
tni
i
00. Vnbdraem snfi snbus 80. Pmgkmis shrhg aseasns, onih pmrku
06. Zmbyhkhlcubhhb zht eme`hni
04. Tmrhpn trae`akntni
0=. Mgmi shepnbc tnbdhihb
(ens.tnbdhihb apmrhsn `yphss)

6.4 Nepkmembt
Nepkmembthsn
hsn Impmrhwh
Impmrhwhthb
thb

63
 Lhrn/ Ba
Ohe Nepkmembthsn Mvhkuhsn TTD
Thbcchk Dx
8 0 6 4 = 7
Enbccu, 8 :>.:: - Vn
Vnhp
hpih
ihb b dhb
dhb htur
htur phr
phrhk
hkht
hthb
hb V?-
pme`mrnhb aisncmb BFA0 4
= Hprnk
0:0: kpe A ? VhA0 pmrngmr >=%
8,0 :>.:6 - Eabntnta
ar Wn
Wnthk V
Vnc
ncb
b V?-
A?
 TD ? 8:=/7=eeLc
 V ? 6=,7aF
 B ? 887 x/embnt
 PP 5 6: x/embnt
0 :>.:= - Eabn
Eabnta
tarr pmbn
pmbnbc
bcih
ihth
thb
b TNI
TNI V?
A ? phsnmb tndhi eubthl,
hcnthsn, CFV M6W4E=
V?-
8 :>.:7 - Emb
mbc
che`
he`nk she
shepm
pmkk HC
HCD D/M
A ? shepmk HCD/M dnhe`nk
phdh hrtmrn rhdnhkns
sm`hbyhi :.= eK whrbh
emrhl imfaikhthb
8 :>.80 - Embc
Embcmv
mvhkhkuh
uhsn
sn lhsn
lhsnkk HC
HCD/D/M
M V?-
A ? pL 5 3.8>, ZFA0 5 7:
eeLc, ZA0 >7 eeLc,
LFA6 5 86, @M 5 -80,
VhA0 5 >6%
8 :>.8= - Emkhiuihb hsnstmbsn V ? -
Nbtu`hsn
A ? tmrphshbc MTT ba 3,
gnishsn iuht fugg prmssurm
6: eeLc, tmkhl dn`mrnihb
nbomisn Pafurabnue 6:
ec, gmbthbyk =: efc, dhb
endhzakhem 8: ec
nbtrhvmbh tndhi tmrohdn
rmhisn hkmrcn, VhA0 pmrngmr
>>%
8 :>.6= - Embche`nk sheshepkm HCD/M V?-
past nbtu`hsn A ? pL 5 3.0:, ZFA0 5 ==
eeLc, ZA0 5 8:3
eeLc, LFA6 5 07, @M5
- -80, VhA0 5 >>,<%
8:.:: - Emk
mkhi
hiui
uihbhb trhb
trhbsg
sgmmr ph
phsn
snmb
mb
im Puhbc pmrhwhthb V ?-
Nbtmbsng fhrm/NF] A ? Vhturhsn pmrngmr ><%,
dmbchb `hbtuhb `hcnbc,
bhdn tmrphbthu 8:7
x/embnt

6<
 6.= Mvhkuh
Mvhkuhsn
sn Impmrh
Impmrhwht
whthb
hb
Lhrn/ Ba
Mvhkuhsn TTD
Thbcchk Dnhcbash
8 0 6 4
Enbccu, = Hprnk 8 V?-
0:0: A ? Nbtmrprmthsn HCD/M past Nbtu`hsn Hsndasns
Pmspnrhtarni tmriaepmbshsn sm`hcnhb dnehbh pL 5
3.0:, ZFA0 5 == eeLc, ZA 0 5 8:3 eeLc, LFA 6
5 07, @M5 -80, VhA 0 5 >>,<%
H ? ehshkhl tndhi tmrhthsn
Z ? trhbsgmr phsnmb im ruhbc pmrhwhthb nbtmbsng fhrm
ubnt (NF]) ubtui vmbtnkhsn emihbni, phstnihb
shturhsn pmrngmr tmrfhphn.
0 V?-
A ? phsnmb tndhi eubthl, hcnthsn, CFV M 6W4E= (hphtns)
H ? ehshkhl `mkue tmrhthsn
Z ? Khboutihb smkurul nbtmrvmbsn smtmkhl dnkhiuihb
trhbsgmr phsnmb dim ruhbc NF]

6>
 @H@ NW
ZMB]T]Z

4.8 Vnepukhb
Bmhr Dwarbnbc hdhkhl suhtu pmrnstnwh tmbccmkhe dnehbh iar`hb ehepu
`mrthlhb lndup km`nl dhrn 04 ohe smtmkhl pmrnstnwh tmbccmkhe ntu tmrohdn. Ghitar
tmrpmbtnbc yhbc lhrus dnpmrlhtnihb dhkhe embnkhn iar`hb tmbccmkhe hdhkhl kheh
tmr`mbhe iar`hb dn dhkhe hnr, tnbciht imphrhlhb lnpaisnh yhbc tmrohdn dhb hdh
tndh
tndhib
ibyh
yh hs
hspn
pnrh
rhsn
sn hnr
hnr sh
shht
ht im
imoh
ohdn
dnhb
hb `m
`mrk
rkhb
hbcs
csub
ubc.
c. Zm
Zmrt
rtak
akab
abch
chb
b smcmrh
smcmrh dh
dhph
phtt
emepmb
emepmbchr
chruln
uln imsmkh
imsmkheht
ehthb
hb ia
iar`h
r`hb.
b. Zmbchb
Zmbchbhb
hb yhbc
yhbc dnkhiu
dnkhiuihb
ihb `mruph
`mruph smcmrh
smcmrh
embymkhehtihb iar`hb dhrn hnr dhb tnbdhihb rmsusnthsn sm`hchn `hbtuhb lndup dhshr
yhbc hihb embnbcihtihb imsmephthb lndup iar`hb.
Vth`nknshsn kmlmr tndhi pmrku dnkhiuihb imfuhkn onih tmrdhpht nbdnihsn hdhbyh
fmdmrh
fmdmrh smrvnih
smrvnihkk phdh
phdh iar`hb
iar`hb.. Trhbsp
Trhbspart
arthsn
hsn dhb mvhkuh
mvhkuhsn
sn pmrku
pmrku dnkhiu
dnkhiuihb
ihb ubtui
ubtui
embcmthlun
embcmthlun iabdnsn
iabdnsn iar`hb
iar`hb dhb iaepknihsn
iaepknihsn yhbc eubcinb tmrohdn. @mrdhshrihb
@mrdhshrihb
pmbmkntnhb smkheh 83 thlub dn Hgrnih Vmkhthb tnbciht im`mrlhsnkhb rmsusnthsn dn
tmepht imohdnhb sm`mshr =6% dhb hihb embnbciht embohdn 37% hph`nkh nbsndmb
tmrohdn dn dmiht embhrh pmbchwhs phbthn.
4.0 Vhrhb
=. Ehlhsnswh impmrhwhthb
Dhpht embohdn `hlhb hfuhb ubtui eme`uht hsulhb impmrhwhthb chwht
dhrurht bmhr drawbnbc dhkhe prhitni imroh khphbchb yhbc hihb dhthbc.
7. Tmehb smohwht impmrhwhthb
Dhpht dnohdnihb `hlhb hfuhb ubtui eme`mrnihb
eme`mrnihb hsulhb impmrhwhthb
impmrhwhthb
chwh
chwhtt dhru
dhrurh
rhtt sm
smrt
rthh km`n
km`nl
l emeh
emehlh
lhen
en pm
pmbh
bhbc
bchb
hbhb
hb ph
phsn
snmb
mb dm
dmbc
bchb
hb bmhr
drawbnbc.

4:
 DHGTHP Z]VTHIH

Hravhl, B.N. 0::>. ‛Zmehtmrn Tmeh Zmbhbchbhb Iar`hb Zhsfh Tmbccmkhe (Iabdnsn
Lmbtn Ohbtubc dhb Bhphs) Dhkhe Imcnhthb Zmkhtnlhb Iar`hb Zhsih
Tmbccm
Tmb ccmkhe
khe phdh
phdh Kngm
Kngm Cuhrd―
Cuhrd―.. Ghiukths
Ghiukths Nkeu Imakhlrhchhb
Imakhlrhchhb ]bnvmrsnths
]bnvmrsnths
Bmcmrn ^acyhihrth.

Zhkemr, Kybb. 0::=. Vhgm Vwneenbc Zhris & Pmfrmhtnab. Dhkhe Vushbta, 0::>. Zra
Xumst Mdufhtnab Oaurbhks phcm. 74.

Zutrh, H. H. C. H., 0:84. Imehtnhb Hin`ht Tmbccmkhe ? Khparhb Ihsus, Dmbphshr?

Ghiukths Imdaitmrhb ]bnvmrsnths ]dhyhbh PV]Z Vhbckhl.

Bavnth. 0::>. „Zmbhbchbhb Iar`hb Zhsfh Tmbccmkhe (Iabdnsn Lmbtn Ohbtubc dhb
Bhphs) Dhkhe Imcnhthb Zmkhtnlhb Iar`hb Zhsih Tmbccmkhe Zhdh Kngm
Cuhrd. GNI ]bnvmrsnths Bmcmrn ^acyhihrth

Phaag, Vulhnk. 0::<. Ehbuhk ag Frntnfhk Fhrm. Bmw ^ari? @raaikyb.

Vhbtasa,
Vhbtasa, @lmthrnh,
@lmthrnh, 0:8:.
0:8:. Zmr`mdhhb Ihdhr Ehcbmsnue Vmrue hbthrh Tnius Zutnl
(Phttus Barvmcnfus) yhbc Ehtn Tmbccmkhe dn Hnr Thwhr dmbchb dn Hnr
Khut, Virnpsn
Virnpsn,, Vurhihrth, ]bnvmrsnths Vm`mkhs Ehrmt

Vzpnkehb, dii. 0:80. ‛ Drawbnbc―. Tlm Bmw Mbckhbd Oaurbhk ag Emdnfnbm. Hfmsmd
grae lttp?//www.bmoe.arc/dan/pdg/ (dnhisms = hprnk 0:0:)

Tne Zaioh VDIN. 0:8<. ‛Vthbdhr

‛Vthbdhr Dnhcbash Impmrhwhthb Nbdabmsnh―.
Nbdabmsnh―. Ohihrth ? Dmwhb
Zmbcurus Zusht ZZBN

Tne Zaioh VNIN. 0:8<. ‛Vthbdhr

‛ Vthbdhr Nbtmrvmbsn Impmrhwhthb Nbdabmsnh―. Ohihrth ? Dmwhb
Zmbcurus Zusht ZZBN

Tne Zaioh VKIN. 0:8<. ‛Vthbdhr

‛Vthbdhr Kuhrhb Impmrhwhthb Nbdabmsnh―.
Nbdabmsnh―. Ohihrth ? Dmwhb
Zmbcurus Zusht ZZBN

Sarkd
Sarkd Lmhktl
Lmhktl Archbn
Archbnzht
zhtnab
nab.. Drawbn
Drawbnbc.
bc. Ghft
Ghft slmmt
slmmt B*6439
B*6439 0:80
0:80 Yfntmd
Yfntmd 0:80
0:80 AftU.
AftU.
Hvhnk
Hv hnkh`km
h`km grae?
grae? lttp?/
lttp?//ww
/www.w
w.wla.
la.nbt
nbt/em
/emdnhf
dnhfmbt
mbtrm/g
rm/ghft
hft slmmts/
slmmts/gs6
gs643/
43/mb/
mb/
dhkhe Pngnba dii, 0:0:

Sarkd Lmhktl Archbnzhtnab.0:84. ‛Cka`hk Pmpart Ab Drawbnbc―.

lttp?//www.wla.nbt/vnakmbfmQ nbouryQprmvmbtnab/ cka`hkQ rmpartQdrawbnbc/
gnbhk QrmpartQgukkQwm`.pdg. Dnhisms thbcchk = Hprnk 0:0:

Snknhbta,
Snknhbta, S., 0:80.
0:80. Zmemrnishhb Dnhtae phdh Iar`hb Dnduch Tmbccmkhe. Ourbhk
Imdaitmrhb Garmbsni Nbdabmsnh, Wakuem 84, pp. 6>-47.

48
Zhtlwhy Drawbnbc
Hsndasns
Wakubthry Hnr ehsui im Emth`aknsem
Drawbnbc Vphsem Khrnbc Lnpaismenh Emth`akni
@rmhtl ckatns hbhmra`
rmspnrhtarni

@mrsnlhb Ohkhb Bhghs Embmihb rmgkmi Vurghithb `mrfhepur Hnr ehsui Nbvakubthry Zmburubhb
Tndhi Mgmitng `htui dmbchb hnr phru-phru `rmhtlnbc gubcsn tu`ul

Zmbnbcihthb pmremh`nknths
eme`rhb ihpnkmr hkvmakn

HPDV

Chbccuhb Zmrtuihrhb Fmdmrh phdh eme`rhb

Chs ihpnkmr hkvmakn

Fhnrhb tmriuepuk dn Hkvmakn

Chbccuhb Iaepknhbs Mdmeh phru

phru

Zakh Bhghs tndhi mgmitng Bhghs tndhi tmrhtur Lnpasnh @m`hb imroh vmbtrnimk ohbtubc

Zmburubhb Furhl
Pnsnia Chbccuhb Zmrgusn Wmbtrnimk nsimeni Ohbtubc
Fmrm`rhk tndhi mgmitng

40