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HDHRTEG
Mjduc Richtefhn Dhshr Ahcjn Ri`hwhe Ni`ire Qepec
RINYCEQ MJDYC;
Uj`e Quwhrnj, MH. Rf.D.
e
Ohth Rin`hnthr
Rin`hnthr
Ri`hwhe Ni`ire Qepec (ARNQ), ARNQ whkel minkhchne mhsh pirajlhhn yhn`
dechoshnhohn michcue prjsis pichtefhn tirenti`rhse. Richtefhn Dhshr ARNQ
lirtukuhn untuo min`imlhn`ohn ojmpitinse ARNQ yhn` dechouohn
siahrh tirenti`rhse.
Rimlichkhrhn dhchm Richtefhn Dhshr ARNQ tirdere hths impht
h`indh yhetu H`indh Qeohp Rirechou Lich Ni`hrh, H`indh Neche-Neche Dhshr
RNQ, H`indh Oiduduohn dhn Rirhn RNQ untuo minduoun` tirwukudnyh
Qmhrt @jvirnhnai
@jvirnhnai sisuhe din`hn oitintuhn pirhturhn pirundhn`-
undhn`hn dhn H`indh Fhletuhse. Qitehp h`indh tirdere dhre lilirhph
mhth pichtefhn yhn` lirlintuo lhfhn hkhr. Lhfhn hkhr Richtefhn Dhshr
ARNQ miruphohn hauhn menemhc lh`e phrh pin`hkhr dhchm minumluf
oimlhn`ohn pin`ithfuhn, oitirhmpechn dhn seohp pisirth Richtefhn
Dhshr ARNQ tirohet din`hn ese dhre lhfhn hkhr yhn` sisuhe h`indh dhchm
pidjmhn Richtefhn Dhshr ARNQ. Jcif ohrinh lhfhn hkhr ene miruphohn
prjduo yhn` denhmes, mhoh phrh pin`hkhr dhpht minen`ohtohn
pin`imlhn`hn enjvhse dhn orihtevethsnyh dhchm mintrhnsgir ese lhfhn
hkhr ene oiphdh pisirth Richtefhn Dhshr ARNQ. Qichen etu, pisirth Richtefhn
Dhshr ARNQ detuntut oretes untuo minichhf ese dhre lhfhn hkhr Richtefhn
Dhshr ARNQ ene. Qifen``h hph yhn` defhrhpohn pinuces, yhetu pimhfhmhn
siahrh oisicurufhn dhn oimhnghhthn dhre lhfhn hkhr ene tirahphe.
Hofer ohth, ohme hths nhmh Cimlh`h Hdmenestrhse Ni`hrh,
min`uahpohn tiremh ohsef oiphdh tem pinuces yhn` tichf micuhn`ohn
whotunyh untuo michouohn pin`hyhhn tirfhdhp ese dhre lhfhn hkhr ene.
e
Hde Quryhntj
ee
Dhgthr Ese
....................................................................................... e
Ohth Rin`hnthr .......................................................................................
Dhgthr Thlic ........................................................................................... v
Dhgthr @hmlhr ....................................................................................... v
............................................................................ 8
LHL E RINDHFYCYHN ............................................................................
H. Disorepse Qen`oht .........................................
................ ................................................... ............. 8
.......................................
A. Endeohtjr ...........................................
..................................................................... ......................... 8
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.............................................................. <2
LHL EEE MIMHFHME HDHRTEG ..............................................................
H. Yrhehn Mhtire .................................................
...................... .................................................... .......... <2
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I. \hn`oumhn ....................................................
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....................................
eee
I. \hn`oumhn ....................................................
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LHL W HDHRTEG DHCHM OJNTIOQ J\@HNEQHQE RIMI\ENTHF ...........
H. Yrhehn Mhtire .................................................
...................... .................................................... .......... 71
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I. \hn`oumhn ....................................................
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....................................
ev
Dhgthr Thlic
....................... ......... 80
Thlic 8. Rirlhnden`hn @jvirnhnai dhn @jvirnmint ................................
Thlic < Rirlidhhn Jr`hneshse Lerjorhse din`hn Jr`hneshse Hdhpteg ....... ..... 18
Thlic 1. Rirlhnden`hn
yhn` Tedho Rirushfhhn yhn` Hdhpteg dhn Ludhyh Rirushfhhn
Hdhpteg .......................................................................................
....................................................................................... 92
Dhgthr @hmlhr
@hmlhr 8. Rirlhnden`hn Hspio Orihteveths dhchm @EE <2<8 ...................... .................... 0
@hmlhr <. Qojr DAE Lirdhshrohn Ruchu ...................................................... .. 5
......................... .............................
@hmlhr 1. Rirlhnden`hn Qojr DAE lirdhshrohn Rrjvense ....................... 82
.................................................................... 8<
@hmlhr 4. Tiafnjcj`y-richtid ....................................................................
@hmlhr 9. Duh Kines Ahrh Lirpeoer ............................................................. <4
@hmlhr 7. Grhmiwjro Ludhyh Hdhpteg ..................................................
....................... ..............................
..... <6
.......................... ......... 77
@hmlhr 0. Oirhn`oh Qestim Dynhmea @jvirnhnai ...................................
v
Mjduc Hdhpteg
LHL E
RINDHFYCYHN
A. Endeohtjr
Qitichf min`eoute pimlichkhrhn ene, pisirth defhrhpohn dhpht;
8. Mimhfhme pinten`nyh min`hph neche-neche hdhpteg pircu
dehotuhceshseohn dhchm pichoshnhhn tu`hs khlhthnnyh?
<. Minkichsohn hdhpteg siahrh ojnsiptuhc-tijretes yhn` tirus
lirenjvhse dhn hntusehs dhchm min``irhohn sirth min`fhdhpe
pirulhfhn?
1. Minkichsohn phnduhn pirechou (ojdi iteo) hdhpteg?
4. Mimlireohn ajntjf pirechou din`hn aipht minyisuheohn dere
min`fhdhpe pirulhfhn, tirus lirenjvhse dhn min`imlhn`ohn
orihteveths, lirtendho prjhoteg? dhn
9. Min`hnhceses ohsus hthu mineche ajntjf pinirhphn hdhpteg siahrh
tipht.
8
Mjduc Hdhpteg
<
Mjduc Hdhpteg
LHL EE
MIN@HRH HDHRTEG
Mjduc Hdhpteg
Mjduc Hdhpteg
9
Mjduc Hdhpteg
7
Mjduc Hdhpteg
dhn piren`oht ene susun dhn depulceohsehn jcif shchf shtu cimlh`h
Rirsireohthn Lhn`sh-Lhn`sh (RLL) yhn` lirnhmh Pjrcd Enticciatuhc
Rrjpirty Jr`hnezhtejn (PERJ)
(PERJ) hthu jr`hneshse fho oiohyhhn
enticiotuhc duneh.
Rhdh thfun <2<8 Endjniseh minduduoe piren`oht oi-60 dhre
812 ni`hrh de duneh. Riren`oht thfun ene turun duh pjen dhre thfun
silicumnyh. Keoh phdh oicjmpjo ni`hrh lirpin`fhsechn minin`hf oi
hths, Endjniseh minimphte piren`oht oi-<0 dhre 14 ni`hrh. Keoh
delhnden`ohn din`hn ni`hrh-ni`hrh de wechyhf Hseh Temur, Hseh
Tin``hrh dhn Jsihneh, Endjniseh minimphte piren`oht oi-84 dhre 80
ni`hrh.
Lireout ene hdhchf ajntjf lh`hemhnh oenirkh lilirhph ni`hrh
yhn` delhnden`ohn dhchm hspio orihteveths;
72.2
42.9 48.8
10.8
42.2 1<.9 12.6
12.<
<7.4 <4.1
<8.8
89.<84.884.4 89.6
<2.2 8<.281.5 88.55.1 88.<
0.4
8.8
-
\h
\ hth< hsit tho lirwukud orihteveths lhrhn` orihteveths jnceni
dhn khsh
Mh
M hchyseh Tfhechnd Endjniseh Qre Chnoh Rhoesthn
Mjduc Hdhpteg
6
Mjduc Hdhpteg
5
Mjduc Hdhpteg
82
Mjduc Hdhpteg
88
Mjduc Hdhpteg
Qjaehc mideh
Tfi
de`etezhtejn jg
Aylirsiaurety
`jvirnmint
sirveais
@hmlhr 4. Tiafnjcj`y-richtid
8<
Mjduc Hdhpteg
din`hn tionjcj`e.
Dimeoehn puch din`hn pirulhfhn pirechou ojmuneohse yhn`
simhoen dedjmenhse jcif pin``unhhn mideh sjsehc. Ducu lintuo
ojmuneohse lhnyho dechouohn siahrh ojnvinsejnhc, yhetu sipirte ththp
muoh hthu ojmuneohse chn`sun` michcue shcurhn ticipjn. Ojmuneohse
mhsh ku`h dechouohn michcue mideh rhdej hthu ticivese din`hn lintuo
yhn` tirlhths. Lhnden`ohn shht ene de mhnh ojmuneohse dhpht
dechouohn jcif sehphpun michcue mideh sjsehc. Rimeceo pishn din`hn
mudhf lesh minyilhr cuhsohn pishnnyh oi pulceo thnph fhrus
81
Mjduc Hdhpteg
Mjduc Hdhpteg
89
Mjduc Hdhpteg
<2<2 hohn minkhde thfun phcen` luruo lh`e fhmper simuh siotjr
ushfh de duneh.
<. Ynairthenty
Mhsh diphn pinuf din`hn oitedhophstehn. Qikhrhf dhn
pin`hchmhn mhsh chcu tedho ch`e ricivhn mimprideose prjlhleceths
dhn sisuhtu yhn` hohn tirkhde.
1. Ajmpcixety
Duneh mjdirn cilef ojmpcios dhre silicumnyh. Mhshchf dhn
hoelht cilef lirchpes, lirkhcen liroicendhn, dhn shcen`
87
Mjduc Hdhpteg
@jvirnmint @jvirnhnai
Hotjr Enstetuse pulceo silh`he Lhnyho hotjr dhchm
hotjr prjsis dhn empciminthse
oilekhohn
80
Mjduc Hdhpteg
pimirenthf.
G. Desouse
8. Mindesouseohn pirulhfhn cen`oun`hn strhti`es yhn` lirpin`hruf
tirfhdhp pinyicin``hrhhn pimirenthfhn dhn pichyhnhn pulceo
siahrh minyicuruf.
<. Mindin`hrohn pindhpht dhn pimhfhmhn pisirth min`inhe
pinten`nyh ohrhotir hdhpteg dhchm mirispjn pirulhfhn
86
Mjduc Hdhpteg
85
Mjduc Hdhpteg
LHL EEE
MIMHFHME HDHRTEG
Jni jg tfi `rihtist phens tj fumhn nhturi es tfi phen jg h niw edih. Et
mhois yju tfeno tfht hgtir hcc, yjur ghvjreti njtejns mhyli wrjn`, yjur
germist liceig ecc-gjundid. Nhturhccy, tfirigjri, ajmmjn
ajmmjn min fhti h niw
edih, hnd hri despjsid mjri jr ciss tj ecc-triht tfi jre`enhc mhn wfj
lren`s et.
(Phctir Lh`ifjt)
Mjduc Hdhpteg
8
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ftt ps;//www.ajccensdeatejnhry.ajm/deatejnhry/in`cesf/hdhptevi
tejnhry/in`cesf/hdhptevi
<8
Mjduc Hdhpteg
enjvhse.
L. Orihteveths dhn Enjvhse
Rhdh umumnyh estechf orihteveths dhn enjvhse oirhp
deedinteoohn shtu shmh chen. Qichen ohrinh shcen` lirereshn yhn` auoup
lishr, oiduh estechf ene mimhn` siahrh ojntios ljcif khde mimpunyhe
fulun`hn ohsuhc silhl-hoelht. Qiluhf enjvhse yhn` lheo lehshnyh
defhsecohn dhre siluhf orihteveths. Thnph dhyh orihteveths, enjvhse
hohn sucet fhder dhn deaepthohn. Min`enjvhse siluhf lhrhn` hthu
prjsis hohn mimircuohn oimhmpuhn orihteg untuo minaepthohn
<<
Mjduc Hdhpteg
enjvhse. Enjvhse phdh ththrhn edi hohn sucet lirwukud keoh orihteveths
enjvhtjrnyh tedho lioirkh din`hn lheo. Nhmun dimeoehn, dhchm
oinyhthhnnyh, oifhderhn enjvhse ku`h tedho mutcho minsyhrhtohn
hdhnyh orihteveths.
Dhchm sikhrhfnyh, ojshohth orihteg khuf cilef ducu deoinhc
delhnden`ohn din`hn enjvhse. Orihteg (arihtevi
( arihtevi)) lhru mhsuo minkhde
ojshohth dhchm lhfhsh En``res phdh hofer hlhd oi-84. Estechf orihteg
ene cilef detukuohn untuo minkichsohn seght Arihtjr (hthu
(hthu Tufhn). Khde
estechf orihteg hdhchf fhc yhn` lirfulun`hn din`hn ohphseths hthu
oimhmpuhn Tufhn dhchm minaepth. Estechf ene phdh mhsh etu tedho
deciohtohn phdh mhnuseh, yhn` dephndhn` tedho mimpunyhe fho
untuo ”minaepth”.
Qichnkutnyh orihteveths mimpunyhe pin`irtehn yhn` cilef
micunho dhn micioht phdh seght mhnusehwe. Orihteveths dhpht
dephndhn` silh`he siluhf oimhmpuhn (hn
(hn hlecety ) untuo liremhkenhse
hthu minimuohn sisuhtu yhn` lhru. Ene hrtenyh orihteveths sudhf
min`hchme pir`isirhn mhonh dhre pin`irtehn ”minaepthohn” minkhde
”minimuohn”. Khde luohn oimhmpuhn minaepthohn sisuhtu dhre yhn`
tedho hdh (arihtevety
(arihtevety es njt tfi hlecety tj arihti jut jg njtfen` ), tithpe
oimhmpuhn mimunaucohn edi din`hn ahrh min`ojmlenhseohn,
mirulhf hthu mimhnghhtohn oimlhce edi. Dhre sene oimudehn ereshn
hnthrh oihteveths dhn enjvhse minkhde mimlishr. Ohrhotiresteo
orihteveths minkhde cilef micioht din`hn oienjvhtevhn.
De sese chen, orihteveths ku`h dephndhn` silh`he siluhf seohp (hn
( hn
httetudi),
httetudi ), yhetu oimhmpuhn untuo miniremh pirulhfhn dhn fhc-fhc
lhru, oisidehhn miniremh edi lhru, gcioselic dhchm mimhndhn` suhtu
<1
Mjduc Hdhpteg
<4
Mjduc Hdhpteg
<9
Mjduc Hdhpteg
<7
Mjduc Hdhpteg
Mjduc Hdhpteg
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<6
Mjduc Hdhpteg
8. Rurpjsi
Jr`hneshse lirhdhpthse ohrinh mimeceoe tukuhn yhn` findho
deahphe. Dimeoehn puch din`hn jr`hneshse pimirenthf, yhn`
mimpunyhe tukuhn-tukuhn pinyicin``hrhhn gun`senyh yhn` sudhf
detithpohn jcif pirhturhn pirundhn`hn. Rinithphn tukuhn
jr`hneshse minkhde icimin ludhyh hdhpteg pirthmh yhn`
depircuohn, de mhnh pinahphehnnyh hohn shn`ht depin`hrufe jcif
vhrehlic cen`oun`hn. Rirulhfhn cen`oun`hn tedho sirth mirth
min`ulhf tukuhn jr`hneshse, tithpe hdhpthse hohn minyisuheohn
ahrh jr`hneshse lioirkh h`hr pinahphehn tithp dechouohn.
<. Aucturhc vhcuis
Jr`hneshse pimirenthf min`imlhn neche-neche ludhyh
jr`hneshsejnhc yhn` sisuhe din`hn ohrhotiresteo tu`hs dhn
gun`senyh. Dimeoehn puch din`hn HQN silh`he endevedu yhn`
mimpunyhe neche-neche yhn` tirsimht dhchm ludhyh oirkhnyh,
sifen``h detuntut untuo min`hpceohseohnnyh h`hr dhpht
mimlireohn pichyhnhn yhn` mhosemhc dhn lirouhceths.
1. Wesejn
Wese minkichsohn hph yhn` findho detuku yhn` tir`hmlhr dhchm
oirhn`oh peoir dhn detirkimhfohn dhchm oirhn`oh oirkh yhn`
de`unhohn dhchm jr`hneshse.
<5
Mjduc Hdhpteg
12
Mjduc Hdhpteg
Jr`hneshse
Rirlidhhn Jr`hneshse Hdhpteg
Lerjorhse
18
Mjduc Hdhpteg
1
eled
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Mjduc Hdhpteg
Mjduc Hdhpteg
4
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Zaucturi.ftmc
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Mjduc Hdhpteg
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minkhchnohn gun`senyh).
17
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10
Mjduc Hdhpteg
9
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1/84-se`ns-jg-hn-hdhpthlci-
pirsjn/:sf=0917ghgh87ih
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42
Mjduc Hdhpteg
I. \hn`oumhn
Hdhpthse miruphohn oimhmpuhn hchmehf dhre mhofcuo fedup.
Jr`hneshse dhn endevedu de dhchmnyh mimeceoe oilutufhn lirhdhpthse
sichyhonyh mhofcuo fedup, untuo mimpirthfhnohn oilirchn`sun`hn
fedupnyh.
Oimhmpuhn lirhdhpthse ku`h mimircuohn hdhnyh enjvhse dhn
orihteveths yhn` detumlufoimlhn`ohn dhchm dere endevedu mhupun
jr`hneshse. De dhchmnyh delidhohn min`inhe lh`hemhnh endevedu
dhchm jr`hneshse dhpht lirpeoer oretes virsus lirpeoer orihteg.
Rhdh civic jr`hneshse, ohrhotir hdhpteg depircuohn untuo
mimhsteohn oilirchn`sun`hn jr`hneshse dhchm minkhchnohn tu`hs
dhn gun`senyh. Rinirhphn ludhyh hdhpteg dhchm jr`hneshse
mimircuohn lilirhph fhc, sipirte de hnthrhnyh tukuhn jr`hneshse,
48
Mjduc Hdhpteg
G. Chtefhn
Dhchm oichs, lintuo oicjmpjo oiaec, dhn eoute enstruose lireout ene;
8. Desouseohn dhchm oicjmpjo lh`hemhnh prhotio dhre pinirhphn
hdhpthse dhchm pinyicin``hrhhn tu`hs dhn gun`se jr`hneshse yhn`
mirispjn pirulhfhn cen`oun`hnnyh, lheo dhre sudutu phndhn`
4<
Mjduc Hdhpteg
LHL EW
RHNDYHN RI\ECHOY HDHRTEG
Mjduc Hdhpteg
l. Luht pirnyhthhn yhn` ouht dhn minhreo tinthn` tukuhn dhn
neche tem, dhn oimlhn`ohn vese lirshmh yhn` kichs tinthn`
mhsh diphn. Yntuo min`fhdhpe setuhse vjchtecety , phsteohn
44
Mjduc Hdhpteg
minen`ohtohn pichyhnhn.
a. Tenkhu dhn ivhcuhse oenirkh Hndh. Rirtemlhn`ohn din`hn lheo
chn`ohf yhn` hohn Hndh chouohn. Tukuhn ivhcuhse oenirkh
hdhchf untuo mimpirlheoe hthu minen`ohtohn oenirkh
jr`hneshse michcue pinen`ohthn oenirkh QDM jr`hneshse. Qiahrh
cilef spisegeo, tukuhn dhre ivhcuhse oenirkh silh`hemhnh
deoimuohohn Qunyjtj (8555;8) yhn` deoutep jcif
Mhn`ouni`hrh (<229;82) hdhchf; (h) Minen`ohtohn shcen`
pin`irtehn hnthrh ohryhwhn tinthn` pirsyhrhthn oenirkh? (l)
Minahtht dhn min`houe fhsec oirkh sijrhn` ohryhwhn,
sifen``h mirioh tirmjtevhse untuo lirluht yhn` cilef lheo,
hthu siourhn`-ourhn`nyh lirpristhse shmh din`hn pristhse
yhn` tirdhfucu? (a) Mimlireohn picuhn` oiphdh ohryhwhn
untuo mindesouseohn oien`enhn dhn hsperhsenyh dhn
minen`ohtohn oipiducehn tirfhdhp ohreir hthu pioirkhhn yhn`
49
Mjduc Hdhpteg
47
Mjduc Hdhpteg
40
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46
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45
Mjduc Hdhpteg
Rirushfhhn yhn`
Rirushfhhn yhn` Hdhpteg
Tedho Hdhpteg
Rirechou yhn` Mhnhkir shn`ht Mhnhkir aindirun`
tircefht mimpirfhteohn sicuruf lirpirechou tirtutup,
ojnstetuin mirioh, pjcetes dhn lerjorhtes.
ofususnyh pichn``hn Hoelhtnyh, mirioh
dhn min`hwhce tedho min`ulhf
pirulhfhn lech strhti`e din`hn aipht
depircuohn untuo untuo minyisuheohn
minduoun` oipinten`hn dere hthu min`hmlec
yhn` tirci`etemhse, oiuntun`hn dhre
misoepun fhrus pirulhfhn
minhn``un` reseoj. cen`oun`hn lesnes.
Neche yhn` Mhnhkir shn`ht Mhnhkir cilef
deun`ohpohn mimpirfhteohn mimpirfhteohn dere
pichn``hn, pimi`hn` sindere, oicjmpjo
shfhm dhn ohryhwhn. oirkh yhn` tirdioht
Mirioh ku`h shn`ht din`hn lilirhph
min`fhr`he jrhn` dhn prjduo (tionjcj`e)
prjsis yhn` dhpht yhn` lirohethn
min`fhsecohn din`hn oicjmpjo
pirulhfhn yhn` dhpht oirkh. Mirioh cilef
min`fhsecohn min`fhr`he prjsis
pirulhfhn yhn` mhnhkimin yhn`
92
Mjduc Hdhpteg
98
Mjduc Hdhpteg
9<
Mjduc Hdhpteg
chyhnhn @j-Ahr pun lesh dekimput din`hn those Lcui Lerd din`hn
threg shmh.
Tirjljshn chennyh hdhchf Lcui Lerd lioirkhshmh din`hn
Oimintirehn Rhreweshth. Chyhnhn Lcui Lerd yhn` tirsilhr de
lhnyho ojth lishr Endjniseh lirpjtinse mimlhntu mese
Oiminphr untuo mimprjmjseohn phreweshth Endjniseh. Hrmhdh
Lcui Lerd delireohn steoir ‖Pjndirguc Endjniseh― dhn picithohn
mhkhchf Mutehrh Leru yhn` min`iospjs oiendhfhn Endjniseh.
91
Mjduc Hdhpteg
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90
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Mjduc Hdhpteg
richtejnsfep..
richtejnsfep
72
Mjduc Hdhpteg
I. \hn`oumhn
Rirechou hdhpteg miruphohn tuntuthn yhn` fhrus depinufe
dhchm minahphe tukuhn ‑ lheo endevedu mhupun jr`hneshse ‑ dhchm
setuhse hph pun. Qhchf shtu thnthn`hn mimlhn`un hthu miwukudohn
endeveduh dhn jr`hneshse hdhpteg tirsilut hdhchf setuhse WYAH
(Wjchtecety, Ynairthenty, Ajmpcixety, dhn
dhn Hmle`uety
Hmle`uety ).
). Fhdhpe Wjchtecety
din`hn Wesejn
Wesejn,, fhdhpe unairthenty din`hn undirsthnden`
undirsthnden`,, fhdhpe
ajmpcixety din`hn
din`hn achrety,
achrety, dhn
dhn fhdhpe hmle`uety din`hn
din`hn h`ecety .
Jr`hneshse hdhpteg yhetu jr`hneshse yhn` mimeceoe oimhmpuhn
untuo mirispjn pirulhfhn cen`oun`hn dhn min`eoute fhrhphn
sthoifjcdir din`hn aipht dhn gcioselic. Ludhyh jr`hneshse miruphohn
ghotjr yhn` shn`ht pinten` de dhchm jr`hneshse sifen``h igioteveths
jr`hneshse dhpht deten`ohtohn din`hn minaepthohn ludhyh yhn` tipht
dhn dhpht minduoun` tirahphenyh tukuhn jr`hneshse. Lech ludhyh
jr`hneshse tichf desiphohte silh`he siluhf strhti`e pirushfhhn mhoh
ludhyh jr`hneshse dhpht dekhdeohn hcht untuo minen`ohtohn oenirkh.
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Mjduc Hdhpteg
G. Chtefhn
8. Dhre ajntjf yhn` sudhf dedesouseohn, pisirth hohn dementh untuo
lirdehcj` hnthr oicjmpjo, din`hn pirthnyhhn –wfht eg”, untuo
min`uke dhn minstemuchse oimhmpuhn hdhpthleceths.
<. Ghsecethtjr hohn liroicecen` untuo turut mindin`hrohn dhn
lirentirhose dhchm oicjmpjo-oicjmpjo dehcj` tirsilut.
1. Ghsecethtjr hohn minyhmpheohn `hres lishr fhsec desouse de diphn
oichs.
7<
Mjduc Hdhpteg
LHL W
HDHRTEG DHCHM OJNTIOQ J\@HNEQHQE
J\@HNEQHQE RIMI\ENTHF
Tfi mhen afhccin`is tjdhy hri njt tiafneahc, lut rhtfir ‖hdhptevi―. Tiafneahc
prjlci
prjlcims
ms hri ihsy tj edinte
edintegy
gy,, hri
hri wicc-
wicc-dig
digenid
enid,, hnd
hnd ahn
ahn li
li sjcvid
sjcvid ly hppcye
hppcyen`
n`
wicc-onjwn sjcutejns jr tfi onjwcid`i jg ixpirts. En ajntrhst, hdhptevi
afhccin`is hri deggeaauct tj digeni, fhvi nj onjwn jr acihr-aut sjcutejns, hnd
ahcc gjr niw edihs tj lren` hljut afhn`i en numirjus pchais.
Qilhstehn Qhcearu, <280.
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74
Mjduc Hdhpteg
79
Mjduc Hdhpteg
77
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70
Mjduc Hdhpteg
76
Mjduc Hdhpteg
75
Mjduc Hdhpteg
Qilh`he Rirdhnh Mintire @jf Afjo Tjn` shht etu siahrh `rhges
min``hmlhrohnnyh; –Khchn oeth sipirte hrtire oeth; mirioh
mimlhwh dhrhf oi oeth jr`hn vethc. Mjlec oeth sipirte ojcistirjc
dhchm dhrhf. Hndh mimlutufohn ojcistirjc untuo lirgun`senyh
tuluf, tithpe tirchcu lhnyho tedho lheo untuo Hndh ohrinh etu
minyumlht Hndh hrtire… De Qen`hpurh, sicuruf ojth hdhchf
iojnjme. Keoh ojth Hndh mhait, prjduoteveths dhn dhyh shen` ohme
hohn mindireth”.
Qumlir; Nij & Afin, <220.
Ljx Ohsus 9
9 \en`ohshn Ojnsiouinse \haun Dhre Oenirkh Mhsh
Chcu Quosis Ten``e
• Tirchcu pirahyh dere (hthu ojmpinshse oitedhohmhnhn)
• Oihn`oufhn dhchm ojmpitinse sisijrhn`
• Htreluse khsh yhn` tedho simistenyh phdh dere sindere
• Rin`irhshn struoturhc, oiohouhn
02
Mjduc Hdhpteg
oirinthnhn pirushfhhn.
08
Mjduc Hdhpteg
0<
Mjduc Hdhpteg
01
Mjduc Hdhpteg
04
Mjduc Hdhpteg
I. \hn`oumhn
@rendci min``hlun`ohn duh ojnsip untuo min`uour
lh`hemhnh pin`imlhn`hn ohphseths pimirenthf hdhpteg din`hn
endeahtjr-endeohtjr silh`he lireout; (h) Rin`imlhn`hn sumlir dhyh
mhnuseh hdhpteg? (l) Rin`uhthn jr`hneshse hdhpteg dhn (a)
Rimlhfhruhn enstetusejnhc hdhpteg. Tirohet mimlhn`un jr`hneshse
pimirenthf yhn` hdhpteg, Nij & Afhn tichf lirlh`e pin`hchmhn
lh`hemhnh Rimirenthf Qen`hpurh min`fhdhpe pirulhfhn yhn`
tirkhde de lirlh`he siotjrnyh, mirioh minyilutnyh din`hn estechf
dynhmea `jvirnhnai. Minurut Nij & Afin, tirdhpht te`h oimhmpuhn
oj`neteg prjsis pimlichkhrhn gundhminthc untuo pimirenthfhn
denhmes yhetu lirpeoer oi diphn (tfeno
( tfeno hfihd ),
), lirpeoer ch`e (tfeno
(tfeno
h`hen)) dhn lirpeoer cenths (tfeno
h`hen (tfeno harjss).
harjss).
Qichnkutnyh, Ceesh Wäceohn`hs (<282) mimpiroinhcohn estechf
yhn` lirlidh untuo pimirenthf yhn` hdhpteg yhone din`hn siluthn
pimirenthf yhn` thn``uf (riseceint
(riseceint jr`hnezhtejn).
jr`hnezhtejn). Rimlhn`unhn
jr`hneshse yhn` thn``uf minyhn`out cemh deminse yhn` mimluht
jr`hneshse ouht dhn emhkenhteg; oiairdhshn jr`hneshse, sumlir dhyh,
G. Chtefhn
8. Dhre ajntjf yhn` sudhf dedesouseohn, pisirth hohn dementh untuo
lirdehcj` hnthr oicjmpjo, din`hn pirthnyhh Tioneo Mjdirhse
(Mjdirhtejn Tiafnea)”, untuo min`uke dhn minstemuchse
oimhmpuhn hdhpthleceths.
<. Chn`ohf-chn`ohf Tioneo Mjdirhse; 8) Lh`e pisirth oi dhchm
oicjmpjo oiaec 9-6 jrhn`, <) tintuohn tjpeo yhn` hohn delhfhs
09
Mjduc Hdhpteg
07
Mjduc Hdhpteg
LHL WE
QTYDE OHQYQ HDHRTEG
`cjlhc yhn` denhmes dhn oiourhn`hn yhn` demeceoe Endjniseh shht ene
minuntut uphyh pirlheohn dhn pinen`ohthn phdh lirlh`he hspio.
Rimirenthf pircu mimpirsehpohn strhti`e ofusus dhn tirinahnh
untuo min`hthse oindhch tirsilut. Lirdhshrohn pin`hmhthn dhn
ohkehn yhn` dechouohn Lhppinhs, depirjcif prideose thnthn`hn yhn`
hohn defhdhpe Endjniseh sieren` trin mhsyhrhoht `cjlhc phdh <9 thfun
yhn` hohn dhthn` hdhchf silh`he lireout;
8. Dimj`rhge @cjlhc
Mjduc Hdhpteg
Hgreoh. Mirukuo phdh dhth dhre LRQ, Endjniseh phdh sioethr thfun
<242-hn hohn mindhphtohn ljnus dimj`rhge liruph hn`ohthn
oirkh phdh rinthn` useh <9 s.d. 92 thfun yhn` auoup lhnyho. Ene
hdhchf mjmintum pinten` dhchm mecistjni pimlhn`unhn
Endjniseh yhn` tedho lesh dehlheohn jcif pichou oilekhohn mhupun
pichou duneh ushfh.
Lh`hemhnh pindiohthn hdhpteg yhn` fhrus dechouohn jcif
pimirenthf dhchm mimhosemhcohn ljnus dimj`rhge tirsilut:
Desouseohn dhchm oichs, ahtht edi-edi dhshrnyh, chcu chnkutohn oi
pjen lireoutnyh.
06
Mjduc Hdhpteg
05
Mjduc Hdhpteg
62
62
Mjduc Hdhpteg
Mjduc Hdhpteg
Mjduc Hdhpteg
Mjduc Hdhpteg
Dhgthr Rusthoh
Lrunnir, \. D., Qtiicmhn, T., Aji-Kuicc, C., Arjmciy, A., Tuaoir, D., &
Idwhrds, A. (<229). Hdhptevi `jvirnhnai; enti`rhten` saeinai,
pjceay, hnd diaesejn mhoen`. Ajcumleh Ynevirsety Rriss.
Afhn`, Q. & Cii, M. (<220). H Qtudy jn \ichtejnsfep Hmjn` Cihdirsfep,
Jr`hnezhtejnhc Aucturi, Tfi Jpirhtejn jg Cihrnen` Jr`hnezhtejn hnd
Impcjyiis' Kjl Qhtesghatejn. Tfi Cihrnen` Jr`hnezhtejn, Wjc. 84Ess <
pp. 899 ‑ 869.
Dinesjn, D. (8550). Ajrpjrhti aucturi hnd Jr`hnezhtejnhc Iggiateviniss.
Meafe`hn; Dinesjn Ajnsucten`.
Igginde, Mufrezhc (<287). Ludhyh Rirushfhhn yhn` Hdhpteg. Deunduf
dhre fttps;//www.scedisfhri.nit/lhndetznirj/o
dhre fttps;//www.scedisfhri.nit/lhndetznirj/oucehf-8<-ludhyh-
ucehf-8<-ludhyh-
jr`hneshse
In`ci, N. C. (<288). Hdhptevi ahphaety hnd h nd ets hssissmint. @cjlhc
inverjnminthc afhn`i, <8(<), 740-797.
Gjcoi, A., Fhfn, T., Jcssjn, R., & Njrlir`, K. (<229). Hdhptevi `jvirnhnai jg
sjaehc-iajcj`eahc systims. Hnnu. \iv. Inverjn. \isjur., 12, 448-401.
Gucmir, P. I. (<222). Qfhpen` tfi Hdhptevi Jr`hnezhtejn; Chndsahpis,
Cihrnen`, hnd Cihdirsfepen Wjchteci Temis. Hmhajm.
@irtjn, T., & Metaficc, K. R. (<285). @rhnd afhccin`is en pulcea
hdmenestrhtejn; Empceahtejns gjr pulcea sirveai iduahtejn, trhenen`,
hnd risihraf.
@rendci, M. Q. (Id.). (8550). @itten` `jjd `jvirnmint; ahphaety luecden` en
tfi pulcea siatjrs jg divicjpen` ajuntreis. Fhrvhrd Ynevirsety Rriss.
Kjfhnsin, \. (<28<). Cihdirs mhoi tfi guturi; Tin niw cihdirsfep soeccs
gjr hn unairthen wjrcd. Lirritt-Ojifcir Rulcesfirs.
MaAhrtfy, E. R., Ajcchrd, M., & Kjfnsjn, M. (<280). Hdhptevi jr`hnezhtejnhc
riseceinai; hn ivjcutejnhry pirspiatevi. Aurrint jpenejn en
inverjnminthc susthenhlecety, <6, 11-42.
Metaficc, G. F., & Metaficc, A. A. (<289). Hdhptevi Hdmenestrhtejn; Rrhateai
Qtrhti`eis gjr Dihcen` wetf Ajnsthnt Afhn`i en Rulcea
Hdmenestrhtejn hnd Rjceay. Ara Rriss.
Mhn`ouni`hrh, H.H. Hnwhr Rrhlu. (<229). Mhnhkimin Qumlir dhyh
Mhnuseh Rirushfhhn. Lhndun` ; RT \imhkh \jsdhohryh.
Nij, Ljj Qejn & @irhcdeni Afin. (<220). Dynhmea @jvirnhnai.
Imlidden` Aucturi, Ahphleceteis hnd Afhn`i en Qen`hpurh.
Qen`hpjri; Pjrcd Qaeintegea Rulcesfen` Aj. Rti. Ctd.
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Mjduc Hdhpteg