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Loi`7
Timjnepbmh7
4
OIEFNV TIVSIZYGYNM
Zion` jbsitugub,
Tiefbefbmh
>
JNAZNV BSB
@nonenm…………………………………………………………………………….
Oiefnr Tirsitugunm………………………………………………………………..>
Jnatnr Bsb…………………………………………………………………………...6
FNF B TIMJN@YOYNM………………………………………………………...:
6
FNF BBB EIZLJI TIMIOBZBNM…………………………………………….66
FNF Q TIMYZYT………………………………………………………………39
9.>
Sbepuonm…………………………………………………..
……………….39 9.6
Snrnm……………………………………………………………………….39
JNAZNV TYSZNKN…………………………………………………………...38
ONETBVNM……………………………………………………………………..32
3
FNF B
TIMJN@YOYNM
firkiefnmh sicnrn absbk, eimtno spbrbtuno, jnm slsbno, si`bmhhn bmjbvbju tirsifut
prljuktba, jnm enepu eiefirbknm klmtrbfusb umtuk kleumbtnsmyn (YY Ml. >0
gbwn ynbtu suntu pirufn`nm ynmh eimyifnfknm njnmyn hnmhhunm pnjn aumhsb gbwn,
pirnm slsbno.
hnmhhunm jnone pbkbrnm, pirbonku, jnm pirnsnnm ynmh tirenmbaistnsb jnone fimtuk
enmusbn (YY Ml. >0 tn`um 64>:). Hnmhhunm gbwn jbfnhb eimgnjb hnmhhunm gbwn
firnt jnm hnmhhunm eimtno ielsblmno. Hnmhhunm gbwn firnt jbtnmjnb loi`
Hnmhhunm eimtno ielsblmno njnon` bstbon` ynmh snen jimhnm jbstris psbklolhbk.
:
pirufn`nm psbklolhbs. Hnmhhunm bmb jnpnt fironmgut eimgnjb hnmhhunm ynmh oifb`
knsus hnmhhunm gbwn tirus firtnefn` ynmh firjnepnk pnjn pimnefn`nm fifnm
kiciensnm umtuk usbn >9 tn`um kintns eimcnpnb sikbtnr >: gutn lrnmh ntnu 1% jnrb
gueon` pimjujuk Bmjlmisbn. Timbmhkntnm prlplrsb hnmhhunm gbwn pnjn jntn ynmh
jbjnpntknm Vbskisjis 64>0 cukup sbhmbabknm gbkn fnmjbmh jimhnm Vbskisjis 64>3,
mnbk jnrb >,8% eimgnjb 8% (Vbskisjns, 64>0). Trivnoimsb hnmhhunm gbwn jb
Nmhkn kignjbnm hnmhhunm gbwn jb tn`um 646> umtuk wbonyn` kirgn Tuskisens
Siontnm,646>).
9
sntu anktlr ynmh jbpirtbefnmhknm jnone pimntnonksnmnnm, eiskbpum pimhlfntnm
6442).
gbwnmyn, `nrus eionkuknm kipntu`nm clmtrlo jnm ebmue lfnt. Kipntu`nm pnsbim
njnon` signu` enmn pirbonku pnsbim sisunb jimhnm kitimtunm ynmh jbfirbknm loi`
prlaissblmno kisi`ntnm. Eimurut (Mbvim, 6446) njn oben anktlr ynmh
Ebmue Lfnt Tnjn Timjirbtn Hnmhhunm Gbwn jb Jusum Eionpb, Xbonyn` Kirgn
6. 6 Vueusnm Ensnon`
1
Kipntu`nm Ebmue Lfnt Tnjn Timjirbtn Hnmhhunm Gbwn jb Jusum Eionpb,
6. 3 Zugunm Timiobtbnm
ebmue lfnt pnjn pimjirbtn hnmhhunm gbwn jb Jusum Eionpb, Xbonyn` Kirgn
6. Zugunm K`usus
8
6. : Enmannt Timiobtbnm
@nsbo pimiobtbnm bmb jnpnt jbgnjbknm bmalrensb tnefn`nm sirtn ijuknsb ynmh
jnpnt jbfirbknm pnjn pimjirbtn hnmhhunm gbwn fisirtn kiounrhnmyn timtnmh anktlr
ebmue lfnt pnjn pimjirbtn hnmhhunm gbwn si`bmhhn jb`nrnpknm jnpnt eimcihn`
tirgnjbmyn rionps.
@nsbo pimiobtbnm bmb jnpnt jbgnjbknm sifnhnb bmalrensb nwno fnhb pimiobtb
0
FNF BB
ZBMGNYNM TYSZNKN
firtbmhkn` onku. @no btu tirgnjb knrimn eimurummyn sieun aumhsb kigbwnnm.
Hnmhhunm gbwn njnon` hnmhhunm ynmh eimhimnb sntu ntnu oifb` aumhsb gbwn.
Hnmhhunm gbwn njnon` hnmhhunm ltnk ynmh jb tnmjnb loi` tirhnmhhumyn ielsb,
gbwn bmb eimbefuoknm striss jnm pimjirbtnnm fnhb pimjirbtn jnm kiounrhnmyn
(Stunrt, 64>1).
ynmh tbjnk sisunb jimhnm mlren olkno jnm kuoturno sirtn eimhhnmhhu aumhsb
Hnmhhunm eimtno njnon` hignon ntnu plon jnrb tbmhkn` onku psbklolhb
ynmh tnepnk sicnrn kobmbs, ynmh tirgnjb pnjn sisilrnmh fir`ufumhnm jimhnm
2
pnjn sntu nrin ntnu oifb` jnrb aumhsb-aumhsb pimtbmh) ynmh eimbmhkntknm risbkl
pimtbmh jnm tbjnk gnrnmh risplm tirsifut jnpnt jb tirben pnjn klmjbsb tirtimtu .
n. Hnmhhunm Klhmbtba
`no nmtnrn onbm simsnsb jnm pirsipsb, pir`ntbnm, bmhntnm, nslsbnsb, pirtbefnmhnm,
f. Hnmhhunm Tir`ntbnm
jnone suntu prlsis klhmbtba ynmh tbefuo jnrb ounr nkbfnt suntu rnmhsnmhnm.
>4
c. Hnmhhunm Bmhntnm
j. Hnmhhunm Nslsbnsb
jimhnmmyn.
i. Hnmhhunm Tirtbefnmhnm
Tirtbefnmhnm (pimbonbnm) njnon` suntu prlsis eimtno umtuk
nktbvbtns.
a. Hnmhhunm Tbkbrnm
pimhitn`unm sisilrnmh
h. Hnmhhunm Kisnjnrnm
`. Hnmhhunm Kienunm
>>
Kienunm njnon` suntu prlsis jbenmn kibmhbmnm-kibmhbmnm
eimcnpnb tugunm.
pnjn nktbabtns tufu` sirtn eimh`nsboknm simsnsb lrhnmbk jnm kbmitbs. Iaik njnon`
ntnu tbjnk, ynmh eimyirtnb suntu pbkbrnm, fbnsn fironmhsumh onen jnm gnrnmh
jbsirtnb kleplmim absblolhbs.
g. Hnmhhunm Tsbkleltlr
eirupnknm suntu fimtuk psbklsbs ynmh sirbmh jbguepnb signk gnenm jn`uou.
>6
f. Jiprisb
pirnsnnm sijb` jnm ciens. Hnmhhunm bmb nknm `bonmh jnone fifirnpn `nrb, titnpb
klmsimtrnsb.
Mlrip`bmiarbm
Sirltlmbm
v. Nfmlrenobtns Ltnk
vb. Kiciensnm
c. Hnmhhunm Kiprbfnjbnm
snmhnt gnu` firfijn jimhnm kifbnsnnm sisilrnmh pnjn ueuemyn. (Onrsim &
Fuss,64>3)
>3
j. Hnmhhunm Eimtno Lrhnmbk
i. Hnmhhunm Tsbklslentbk
fnjnmbn`. (Enrnebs,64>4)
a. Hnmhhunm Bmtioiktuno
(nfmlreno) ntnu jbfnwn` rntn- rntn signk ensn pirkiefnmhnm (signk on`br ntnu
n. Miurlsbs
f. Tsbklsbs
>:
n. Hnmhhunm gbwn psbkltbk
Jbslrjir, 64>3)
>9
6.>.1 Timyifnf Hnmhhunm Gbwn
Rnmh tirknbt jimhnm bfu jnm nmnk, pirnmnm nyn`, pirsnbmhnm nmtnr
ensynrnknt
3) Anktlr slsbno fujnyn
Kiturumnm
Gnsenmbn`
Ziepirneim
Ensn fnyb
>1
Ensn nmnk prnsiklon` (nmtnrn 6 snepnb 8 tn`um)
Ensn riengn
Ensn jiwnsn eujn
Ensn tun
Systie mbonb
(Snmtrlk, 64>3)
6. 6 Klmsip Kipntu`ne
eionksnmnknm cnrn pimhlfntnm jnm pirbonku ynmh jbsnrnmknm loi` jlktirmyn ntnu
>8
Kipntu`nm kobim jbjiaimbsbknm sifnhnb signu` enmn pirbonku kobim sisunb
jimhnm kitimtunm ynmh jbfirbknm loi` pituhns kisi`ntnm (Snckitt, >281 jnone
Mbvim 6446).
sicnrn tirntur jnm oimhknp tnmpn tirputus sionen ebmbeno 1 fuonm snepnb
ynmh eimnntb sieun mnsi`nm jnm pitumguk ynmh jbnmgurknm loi` knonmhnm timnhn
nkbfnt pirebmtnnm ntnu snrnm jnrb lrnmh onbm eimhimnb tntncnrn eimgnonmb sifun`
kisi`ntnm kobim.
pirnwntnm kisi`ntnm, sipirtb7 upnyn nktba, upnyn klonflrntba suknrion nmtnrn kobim
pirufn`nm hnyn `bjup umtuk eimgnonmb kihbntnm spisbabk sipirtb eiebmue lfnt,
pionksnmnnm tbmjnknm tirnpiutbk jnm pimcihn`nm onbm (Frummir & Sujjnrt, 6446).
>0
eimhurnmhb jlsbs ynmh jbtimtuknm loi` kobim simjbrb ntnu `nmyn eimhnefbo
jnm obmhkumhnm kobim (Mbvim, 6446). Firbkut bmb nknm jburnbknm sntu pirsntu jnm
jboimhknpb jimhnm klmsip onbm ynmh jbkieuknknm loi` Frummir & Sujjnrt
kionebm, suku fnmhsn, stntus slsbl iklmleb jnm pimjbjbknm (Frummir &
wnmbtn oifb` tbmhhb jnrb pnjn prbn, wnmbtn eujn oifb` pntu` jnrb pnjn wnmbtn tun
kobim jimhnm hignon plsbtba (wn`ne jnm enmbnk) suobt pntu` tir`njnp pimhlfntnm
knrimn eirnsn jbpnksn jnm tnku jbrncumb. Kifbnsnnm kobim eirlklk (mbkltbm) guhn
f. Timynkbt
>2
Timiobtbnm ynmh jbonkuknm loi` Snimz & Enrbmioob (>220) jimhnm
hnmhhunm fbplonr eirnsn iaik snepbmh lfnt ynmh jbrnsnknm sifnhnb nons nm
sionen bmb. Zitnpb, kobim nknm eirnsnknm iaik senpbmh ynmh kurnmh
skbzlarimbn guhn tbjnk sihirn kiefu` sition` putus lfnt, si`bmhhn kobim
j. Tituhns kisi`ntnm
64
Eimurut Aoibsc``nckir (6443) piefirbnm pirnwntnm onmgutnm kitbkn jb ruen`
`ufumhnm ynmh fnbk nmtnrn kobim jnm timnhn kisi`ntnm, jnm iaiktbabtns jnrb
i. Obmhkumhnm Timjirbtn
pimhlfntnm.
6>
FNF BBB
EIZLJI TIMIOBZBNM
jimhnm tugunm utnen eiefirbknm hnefnrnm ntnu jiskrbpsb timtnmh kinjnnm sicnrn
ebmue lfnt pnjn pimjirbtn hnmhhunm gbwn jb Jusum Eionpb wbonyn` kirgn
66
3. 3 Tlpuonsb jnm Snepio Timiobtbnm
3.3.> Tlpuonsb
Tlpuonsb njnon` wbonyn` himirno ynmh tirjbrb jnrb ntns lfgik/sufgik
pimiobtbnm bmb njnon` siouru` pimjirbtn hnmhhunm gbwn jnm kiounrhnmyn ynmh
3.3.6 Snepio
pimjirbtn hnmhhunm gbwn jnm kiounrhn ynbtu tirjnpnt 1 kiounrhn sisunb `nsbo
surviy ynmh jbonkuknm ntnu jbsifut jimhnm mlm prlfnfbobty snepobmh jimhnm
n. Krbtirbn Bmkousb
eimgnjb risplmjim
>) Timjirbtn hnmhhunm gbwn jnm nmhhltn kiounrhn ynmh sijnmh tbjnk
63
6) Timjirbtn hnmhhunm gbwn jnm nmhhltn kiounrhn ynmh tbjnk
3. : Jiabmbsb Lpirnsblmno
6) Anktlr pimynkbt
6:
:) Anktlr pituhns kisi`ntnm
pimjirbtn
Nont ukur7 kuisblmir
3. 9 Itbkn Timiobtbnm
Sicnrn ueue prbmsbp itbkn jnone pimiobtbnm jnpnt jbfijnknm eimgnjb tbhn
fnhbnm 7
69
Tirtbsbpnsb sufgik jnone pimiobtbnm,`nrus jb `bmjnrknm jnrb kinjnnm
tbmjnknm.
tbjnk, tnmpn njnmyn snmhsb npn pum ntnu nknm firkbfnt tir`njnp
c. Bmalreij clmsimt
61
3. Trbmsbp Kinjbonm (Vbh`t Zl Gustbci)
trinteimt)
Sufgik `nrus jbpironkuknm sicnrn njbo fnbk sifioue, sionen jnm
Bmstrueim pimiobtbnm njnon` nont ntnu ansbobtns ynmh jbhumnknm loi` pimiobtb
tbmhhno eiefirb tnmjn c`ik obst (v) tir`njnp notirmntba gnwnfnm ynmh jbpbob`.
68
Jntn ynmh tion` tirkuepuo kieujbnm jblon` jnm jbnmnobsbs jimhnm cnrn
jiskrbptba. Jntn kieujbnm nknm jbsngbknm jnone fimtuk tnfio umtuk eimhitn`ub
FNF BQ
Tutussbfnu Siontnm Knfupntim Knpuns @uou, jimhnm ouns wbonyn` eienmgnmh jnrb
Fnrnt ki Zbeur jimhnm gnrnk tiepu` 08,26 Ke jnm jnrb nrn` Ytnrn ki Siontnm
sifisnr 6>.143 gbwn jimhnm nmhkn kipnjntnm pimjujuk rntn-rntn 3,1 ke6/Gbwn.
60
Jbenmn gueon` pimjujuk wnmbtn sifnmynk >4.91: (9>.38 %) gbwn jnm pimjujuk
Obmtnmh Ytnrn snepnb >,: 4 Obmtnmh Siontnm jnm nmtnrn >>>,:44 Fugur Fnrnt snepnb
>>:,>44, Fugur Zbeur jimhnm Bfu Kltn Kijnebm. Njnpum fntns wbonyn`
Trlpbmsb
Knobenmtnm Zbeur
Jimhnm klmjbsb wbonyn` ynmh snmhnt ouns, jnm trnmsplrtnsb gnonm jnrnt ynmh
ensb` tirfntns si`bmhhn ensynrnknt ensb` eimhhumnknm gnour sumhnb sifnhnb nont
trnmsplrtnsb umtuk eimh`ufumhknm sntu jisn ki jisn onbmmyn. Xbonyn` bmb ensb`
Timhuepuonm jntn pimiobtbnm jbonkuknm pnjn fuonm Gumb 646>. Jntn ynmh
jbnefbo njnon` jntn prbeir ynmh jbnefbo eionoub kubsblmir jnm pimhnentnm
onmhsumh sirtn jntn sikumjir ynmh jbnefbo eionoub rikne eijbk pimjirbtn jb
62
Tuskisens Tutussbfnu Siontnm. Imne pnrtbsbpnm ynmh firpntbsbpnsb jnone
Lfnt Tnjn Timjirbtn Hnmhhunm Gbwn jb Jusum Eionpb, Xbonyn` Kirgn Tuskisens
Tutussbfnu Siontnm― ynbtu pimjirbtn jnm kiounrhn ynmh eirnwnt jnm
tbmhhno
Siontnm ynmh kiimnemyn firnjn jb Jusum Eionpb. Loi` pimiobtb jbonkuknm survib
jimhnm eimclclknm jntn ynmh jbpirloi` jnrb Tuskisens jimhnm jntn jbonpnmhnm.
pnrtbsbpnm rntn-rntn ouousnm SJ. Onen snkbt pimjirbtn firvnrbnsb nmtnrn 9->> tn`um.
34
Anktlr ynmh eiontnrfionknmhb
kipntu`nm ebmue lfnt
6>%
62%
>9%
>2%
>8%
kipntu`nm ebmue lfnt pnjn pimjirbtn hnmhhunm gbwn ynbtu anktlr obmhkumhnm
kobim sifisnr 62,6%, anktlr bmjbvbju sifisnr 64,0%, anktlr pituhns kisi`ntnm
>0,8%, anktlr lfnt ynmh jbklmsuesb sifisnr >1,8%, jnm anktlr pimynkbt >:,1%.
3>
Anktlr bmjbvbju ynmh jnpnt eiepimhnru`b kipntu`nm jnone klmsuesb
oifb` pntu`. Sionbm btu kiynkbmnm jnm mbonb bmjbvbju guhn eiepimhnru`b,
kisi`ntnmmyn, eiebobkb ihl oien` jnm tirpusnt pir`ntbnm pnjn jbrb simjbrb.
Si`bmhhn kobim eirnsn tbjnk njn eltbvnsb, eimhbmhknrb pimynkbtmyn, jnm kurnmh
ynmh jbkieuknknm Frummir & Sujjnrt (6446) jnm Seit (>22:) sipirtb
bmtioihimsbn, sbknp tir`njnp timnhn kisi`ntnm, pimirbennm ntnu pimynmhknonm
tir`njnp pimynkbt, kiynkbmnm nhnen ntnu fujnyn, jnm fbnyn abmnmcbno guhn
Tnjn pimiobtbnm bmb jbjnpntknm anktlr bmjbvbju ynbtu sifisnr 64,0%. Anktlr
mihntba jnpnt eiebobkb tbmhknt kipntu`nm ynmh tbmhhb ntnupum rimjn`, fbsn
36
knrimn kurnmhmyn eltbvnsb ntnupum sifnobkmyn kobim tbjnk firnmb eimlonk
nmgurnm eijbs jnm eimhbkutb sngn npn ynmh jbsnrnmknm eimhimnb prlhrne
pimhlfntnmmyn.
Tnjn pimiobtbnm bmb jbjnpntknm anktlr pimynkbt ynbtu sifisnr >:,1%.
lfnt ynmh `nrus jbebmue. Sienkbm fnmynk gueon` lfnt ynmh jbrikleimjnsbknm
loi` Frummir & Sujjnrt (6446) fn`wn vnrbnfio prlhrne tirnpiutbk sipirtb
klepoiksbtns prlhrne jnm iaik snepbmh ynmh tbjnk eimyimnmhknm jnrb lfnt
Tnjn pimiobtbnm bmb jbjnpntknm anktlr lfnt ynmh jbklmsuesb ynbtu sifisnr
>1,8%. @no bmb eimyntnknm fn`wn pie`nenm pnsbim eimhimnb lfnt tbjnk tironou
33
Anktlr pituhns kisi`ntnm firpirnm pimtbmh jnone eiefirbknm eltbvnsb
sirtn ijuknsb kipnjn pimjirbtn hnmhhunm gbwn. @no bmb signonm jimhnm pimiobtbnm
ynmh oimhknp timtnmh lfnt jnrb timnhn kisi`ntnm fbsn eimgnjb pimyifnf
jb ruen` `ufumhnm ynmh fnbk nmtnrn kobim jnm timnhn kisi`ntnm, jnm iaiktbabtns
jnrb pirnwntnm pnjn rnwnt gnonm eiepimhnru`b kipntu`nm kobim jnone eimgnonmb
prlhrne pimhlfntnm.
>0.8%. Anktlr pituhns kisi`ntnm eirupnknm snon` sntu jnrb 3 anktlr tirfisnr
3:
Tnjn pimiobtbnm bmb jbjnpntknm anktlr obmhkumhnm pimjirbtn ynbtu sifisnr
FNF Q
39
TIMYZYT
9.> Sbepuonm
eiefirbknm eltbvnsb sirtn ijuknsb guhn snmhnt firpirnm pimtbmh fnhb pimjirbtn.
9.6 Snrnm
Eionpb, Xbonyn` Kirgn Tuskisens Tutussbfnu Siontnm―, enkn snrnm ynmh jnpnt
eiefirbknm jukumhnm jnm eltbvnsb tirutnen jnone `no kipntu`nm ebmue lfnt.
6. Fnhb Ensynrnknt
31
Eiefirbknm bmalrensb fnhb knjir sitiepnt umtuk eimbmhkntknm ijuknsb
hnmhhunm gbwn.
:. Fnhb Timiobtb Sionmgutmyn
38
JNAZNV TYSZNKN
30
Trlabo Kisi`ntnm 64>0, Tuskisens Tutussbfnu Siontnm, Knfupntim Knpuns
@uou.
32
Onepbrnm
Kipnjn Rt`.,
Visplmjim
Jb Ziepnt
Jiebkbnm surnt pirsitugunm bmb snyn funt. Ntns pir`ntbnm jnm kisijbnnm
Fnpnk/Bfu, snyn eimhucnpknm tirben knsb`.
Visplmjim Timbobtb
:4
(…………………………..) jr. Njbmjn @nrb Ytnry
Onepbrnm
BMSZVYEIM TIMIOBZBNM
Znmhhno7
B. Knrnktirbstbk Visplmjim
Titumguk Timhbsbnm7
Tirtnmynnm7
:>
BB. Anktlr-anktlr ynmh Eiontnrfionknmhb Kipntu`nm Ebmue Lfnt Tnsbim
Hnmhhunm Gbwn
Ml Tirtnmynnm Rn Zbjnk
.
n. Anktlr Bmjbvbju
>. Snyn eimhitn`ub enmannt lfnt ynmh snyn ebmue
6. Snyn ynkbm pimynkbt snyn nknm siefu` jimhnm
ebmue lfnt jimhnm tirntur
3. Snyn sionou ebmue lfnt sisunb jimhnm gnjwno ynmh
sujn` jbtitnpknm
:. Snyn sionou eiebmue lfnt sisunb jimhnm jlsbs ynmh
jbfirbknm
f. Anktlr Timynkbt
9. Snyn bmhbm eimh`imtbknm pimhlfntnm knrimn pimynkbt
snyn tbjnk kumgumh siefu`
1. Snyn enons ebmue lfnt knrimn pimynkbt snyn sirbmh
knefu`
8. Snnt hignon pimynkbt ynmh snyn rnsnknm eimh`bonmh,
snyn titnp ebmue lfnt
0. Snyn tn`u fn`wn pimynkbt snyn nknm kneu` gbkn snyn
eimh`imtbknm pimhlfntnm
:6
c. Lfnt ynmh Jbklmsuesb
2. Sition` ebmue lfnt, tufu` snyn eimgnjb knku
si`bmhhn snyn eieutusknm umtuk fir`imtb ebmue
lfnt
>4. Snyn eirnsn flsnm jimhnm gnjwno ebmue lfnt sitbnp
`nrb
>>. Fbnyn lfnt ynmh riontbvi en`no eiefunt snyn
fir`imtb ebmue lfnt
>6. Fnmynkmyn gimbs lfnt ynmh jbebmue eiefunt snyn
enon` ebmue lfnt
:3
::