Ncor`enln >

;2/41/;4
[nzn, euiturn y otl`n

 [nzn6 osto egleoptg surho ol oi UQR@@@ murnlto in rovgiue`õl

`lmustr`ni. In `lmustr`n loeos`tnkn cntor`n pr`cn y so
prgp`e`nknl igs v`nfos mo oxpigrne`õl. Uurho nlto oi mosnrrgiig
mo ins e`ole`ns lnturnios y in loeos`mnm mo eins`b`enr ospoe`os.
 Ostg m`g iuhnr n in sohrohne`õl, ni rne`scg, ig euni s`rv`õ pnrn

 fust`b`enr in oxpigtne`õl
oxpigtne`õl mo c`lgrãns. ]nck`àl nb`rcnkn quo
quo ul
hrupg aucnlg orn supor`gr n gtrgs.
 Egl oi nvnleo mo ostum`gs nltrgpgiõh`egs so ov`mole`õ mo quo
lg any uln ov`mole`n e`oltãb`en quo pruoko quo ox`stnl rnzns
aucnlns.
 Ol su iuhnr, so ankin mo nhrupne`glos holàt`eg-hoghrîb`ens.
 In vnr`nk`i`mnm holàt`en so oxprosn n trnvàs moi bolgt`pg, ins
enrnetorãst`ens bãs`ens v`s`kios quo sgl `lbiuole`n moi com`g
lnturni y sge`ni.
 E_I]_[N6 eöcuig mo eglge`c`oltgs y npt`tumos `ltoioetunios
y ostàt`ens quo so nmqu`orol `lm`v`municolto
 Uohöl `moni`scg niocîl6 eglfultg mo vnigros y sãckgigs.
 O]L@N6 igs gtrgs, igs kîrknrgs, igs holt`ios. Igs gpuostgs n
lgsgtrgs.
  NL][GTGIGHÃN ][NM@E@GLNI6 Tnrn quo ul hrupg àtl`eg

so eglsorvo purg tolãn quo ostnr n`sinmg mo gtrg hrupgs.

 

;1/41/;4;4

@lv`tnmn ospoe`ni6 Nlnaã Knlohns


]oelgighãn iãt`en
 ]oelgighãn6 prgmuetg sge`ni quo `leiuyo cntor`nios,
eglge`c`oltgs y prgeom`c`oltgs pnrn oinkgrnr y ut`i`znr
nrtobnetgs.
 ]oe. Iãt`en6 Mo ins toelgighãns nlt`huns quo cns pormurnl.
]`olo vnr`ns tàel`ens6 tniinmg

JOL] R. BINLLO[P. >082. In Ovgiue`õl euiturni mo ins

e`v`i`zne`glos. _l`vors`mnm Lne`glni Cnygr mo Unl Cnregs, I`cn.

 Oi ioetgr moko porentnrso mo quo in egcpiof`mnm mo in

grhnl`zne`õl sge`gpgiãt`en lg `cpi`en in egcpiof`mnm mo igs
oegs`stocns.. Ol roni`mnm, egcg suh`oro osto nrtãeuig, nihuln
oegs`stocns
mo ins sge`omnmos cîs egcpiofns puomo nsge`nrso egl
oegs`stocns moi`kornmncolto s`cpi`b`enmgs.
 Igs «oeõighgsº so vnl egltoltnlmg ol hrnl com`mn egl
ostum`nr oi `ltorenck`g mo cntor`n y olorhãn: igs bnetgros
«toelg nck`oltniosº egcg igs iincn Anrr`s
 Knlmns. Ins sge`omnmos `huni`tnr`ns cîs sole`iins sgl ins

knlmns, euygs öl`egs «sohcoltgsº sgl ins bnc`i`ns g hrupgs

mo bnc`i`ns ocpnroltnmns, y euygs com`gs mo `ltohrne`õl so
 

i`c`tnl ank`tunicolto
ank`tunicolto n igs inzgs bnc`i`nros mo pnroltoseg y
cntr`cgl`g, cîs in ros`mole`n egcöl. Oi i`mornzhg os `lbgrcni
y obãcorg: in m`v`s`õl moi trnknfg gporn pgr er`tor`gs mo omnm y
soxg y igs egleoptgs mo torr`tgr`ni`mnm, b`i`ne`õl g i`lnfo ostîl

cuy pgeg mosnrrgiinmgs. Uo supglo, pgr ins pruokns

nrquogiõh`ens, quo anstn oi nþg >4.444 n. mo E. in cnygr
 pnrto mo in pgkine`õl
pgkine`õl moi culmg ostnkn g
grhnl`znmn
rhnl`znmn mo ostn
bgrcn.
  ]r`kus. sge`omnmos `huni`tnr`ns cnygros euygs sohcoltgs sgl
hrupgs mo bnc`i`ns roine`glnmns pgr in b`i`ne`õl egcöl g pgr in
portolole`n n uln vnr`omnm mo hrupgs knsnmgs ol oi
pnroltoseg (einlos, i`lnfos, iãlons mo b`i`ne`õl, pnroltoins,
oteàtorn). Egcg an suhor`mg Unai`ls (=?), uln bule`õl intolto
mo nihulgs mo ostgs hrupgs mo pnroltoseg os sor ul`mnmos mo
tolole`n mo t`orrn g mo prgp`omnmos y, pgr tnltg, lg os
sgrprolmolto quo sonl cîs nkulmnltos oltro nhr`euitgros
 pr`c`t`vgs quo oltro
oltro enznmgros.
  FOBN]_[NU. Igs «fobosº mo ins sge`omnmos mo rnlhgs lg
sgl sõig mo gr`hol lgkio, s`lg quo ank`tunicolto sgl mo
gr`hol m`v`lg: t`olol roine`glos ospoe`nios egl igs m`gsos quo
lg puomol tolor igs piokoygs y quo ioh`t`cnl su moroeag n
ox`h`r tr`kutgs y sgstol`c`oltg mo in egcul`mnm.
Broeuoltocolto so eronl egcpi`enmgs sàqu`tgs mo sohu`mgros
y nyumnltos (cueans voeos pnr`oltos), igs pr`le`pnios
proeursgros mo ins kurgerne`ns mo igs pgstor`gros ostnmgs. U`l
ocknrhg, nulquo ox`stnl nimons ospoe`ni`znmns, tgmnvãn lg
suoio ankor uln einso mo ospoe`ni`stns nrtosnlgs, l` enstns

 pgr geupne`glos egcg ol inin sge`omnm ostrnt`b`enmn. Kösquoso

ol ins ensns mo igs nrtosnlgs mo igs rostgs nrquogiõh`egs y
 

lgrcnicolto so olegltrnrîl aorrnc`oltns quo `lm`enl quo

tnck`àl orn nhr`euitgr.
  IN UGE@OMNM OU][N]@B@ENMN. Oi Ostnmg os uln bgrcn
cuy buorto, y ank`tunicolto cuy eoltrni`znmn, mo hgk`orlg

egl uln einso hgkorlnlto prgbos`glni, ol hrnl pnrto

m`vgre`nmn mo igs inzgs mo pnroltoseg quo enrnetor`znl n ins
sge`omnmos cîs s`cpios. Os uln sge`omnm cuy ostrnt`b`enmn y
egl olgrco m`vors`mnm `ltorln, egl pnutns mo ros`mole`n
cueans voeos knsnmns ol in ospoe`ni`zne`õl mo ins
geupne`glos y lg ol ins roine`glos mo eglsnlhu`l`mnm g mo
nb`l`mnm. Oi ostnmg protolmo cnltolor oi cglgpgi`g mo in
buorzn y so enrnetor`zn pgr in prosole`n mo in ioy:
prîet`encolto euniqu`or moi`tg egltrn oi Ostnmg, ol euyg ensg
oi enst`hg os `cpuostg pgr oi Ostnmg sohöl prgeom`c`oltgs
egm`b`enmgs, ol iuhnr mo quomnr n enrhg mo in pnrto gbolm`mn g
mo sus pnr`oltos, egcg geurro ol ins sge`omnmos cîs
s`cpios. C`oltrns quo igs e`umnmnlgs mokol nkstolorso mo in
v`giole`n, oi Ostnmg puomo ocprolmor huorrns: tnck`àl puomo
roeiutnr sgimnmgs, `cpglor `cpuostgs y ox`h`r tr`kutgs.

_-; 
HGCOV G]O[G, Fui`otn

Tgkinc`oltg ncor`enlg. Npultos

 

 Uohöl nlîi`s`s rnm`g enrkõl`egs aneo >= c`i nþgs (trnls`e`õl

Tio`stgeolg-Agigeolg) yn ankãn enznmgros roegioetgros ol oi
oxtrocg nustrni pntnhõl`eg, tnltg mo Ea`io egcg mo Nrholt`ln.
 Ostn euiturn os ens` porboetncolto egltocpgrîlon egl in

euiturn Eigv`s mo aneo >? c`i nþgs ol OO.__.

 Ox`stol tros cgmoigs pnrn oxpi`enr oi pgkinc`oltg, sgkro tgmg
ol Uumncàr`en.
  Cgmoig ’Eigv`s pr`corg–6 @lhrosg n Ncàr`en pgeg nltos mo igs
>5.444 Eni NT y n Uumncàr`en lg nltos mo >;.044 eni NT 
  Cgmoig ’Eigv`s sohulmg–6 @lhrosg n Ncàr`en nltos mo in
euiturn Eigv`s porg iuohg moi Cîx`cg Hine`ni B`lni (oltro
>1.444 y >5.444 nþgs NT), y n Uumncàr`en pgeg t`ocpg
mospuàs.
  Cgmoig ¨Inrhn erglgighãn¨6 @lhrosg n Uumncàr`en nltos mo
>1.444 NT, ig quo supglo ul `lhrosg cueag cîs nlt`hug n
 Ncàr`en.
 Uohöl oi ostum`g mo fui`g mo ;4;4 mo Trntos, Tgi`t`s y Tàroz so
motorc`lõ quo6
  Oi `lhrosg n Uumncàr`en so ankrãn mnmg oltro >2.244 y >?.444 Eni NT,
os moe`r nltos moi mosnrrgiig mo in euiturn Eigv`s.
  In vãn mo `lhrosg ankrãn s`mg oi `stcg mo Tnlncî, euoiig mo kgtoiin pnrn
nquoiins pr`corns pgkine`glos.
  Igs mntgs cgioeuinros m`spgl`kios suh`orol quo igs pr`corgs pgkinmgros
mor`vnl mo ul hrupg poquoþg y holàt`encolto agcghàlog quo iuohg so
m`vors`b`eõ.

 Ear`sty ]urlor oinkgrõ su togrãn sgkro igs grãholos mo igs

pgkinmgros ncor`enlgs n pnrt`r mo igs rnshgs ol igs m`oltos.
 Tnrn ostg eins`b`eõ oltro ’sglmnmgltos– n qu`olos tolãnl
rnshgs cginros colgs ovgiue`glnmgs y mor`vnknl mo in
 

pintnbgrcn moi Uglmn, uln iinlurn eglt`loltni quo murnlto oi

Tio`stgeolg s`rv`õ mo puolto oltro `sins moi sumosto mo Ns`n y,
pgr gtrg inmg, n igs ’s`lgmgltos–  quo
 quo ornl ins pgkine`glos
cîs soptoptr`glnios y îrt`ens mo Ns`n (ea`lgs, cglhgios,

kur`ntgs, fnpglosos ote)

 Gtrg càtgmg mo ostum`g an s`mg oi moi NML c`tgeglmr`ni, oi
euni so trnlsb`oro pgr in cnmro
 Uohöl osto cgmoig C`rnzgl Inar y Bgioy prgpglol quo igs
agckros ovgiue`glnrgl ol Îbr`en y ni holornrso uln s`tune`õl
mo oxt`le`õl (euoiig mo kgtoiin) so v`orgl bgrznmgs n oc`hrnr n
gtrns roh`glos.
 Uãltos`s6 Igs pgkinc`oltgs so prgmuforgl aneo ;?.444 nþgs y
igs pr`corgs pgkinmgros ornl sglmnmgltos

TGI@]@U, T[N]OU P TO[OV. ’Oi pgkinc`oltg mo Ncàr`en–

Enp. >6 ’Oi pgkinc`oltg ncor`enlg ol egltoxtg–

  Uo an mosenrtnmg in oxpi`ene`õl mo quo Ncàr`en tuvg su

prgp`n ovgiue`õl mo soros aucnlgs. Uo `lb`oro pgr aoeag quo
igs aucnlgs iiohnrgl mo gtrg iuhnr.
   Ni pr`le`p`g, igs
igs ourgpogs moi U QR@ y QR@@ ntr`kuyorgl oi
gr`hol mo igs ncor`enlgs n v`ofgs c`tgs g ioeturns kãki`ens.
  U` k`ol pnrn oi UQR@ vnr`ns euiturns ostnknl toelgiõh`encolto
nvnlznmns egcg pnrn iiohnr n Ncàr`en, so mosenrtnrgl ins

oxpi`ene`glos nlt`huns sgkro in iiohnmn mo Bol`e`gs g Ntinltos

n Ncàr`en.
 

  Tgr gtrg inmg, any pruokns egltulmoltos mo in iiohnmn mo

v`j`lhgs n Ncàr`en moi lgrto.
  Ins ov`mole`ns suh`orol quo igs lonlmortnios y igs pr`corgs
aucnlgs eglv`v`orgl.
 
 Negrmo n igs e`oltãb`egs,
e`oltãb`egs, oi Tuolto mo Kor`lh`n ostuvg
ocorh`mg mosmo ;8.444 ni >;.444 n.E.
  Ins eglm`e`glos ei`cît`ens puomol ankor vnr`nmg n ig inrhg mo
c`iol`gs pgr in ni`lone`õl moi ofo pinlotnr`g y oi enck`g mo in
õrk`tn oxeàltr`en, ig quo gens`gln quo igs aoc`sbor`gs
oxpor`coltol ostne`glos cîs buortos.
   N b`lnios moi Tio`stgeolg
Tio`stgeolg ins eglm`e`glos ornl îr`mns y brãns.
Torg ol Uumncàr`en igs oboetgs ostnknl colgr solt`mgs ol
egcpnrne`õl egl Lgrtoncàr`en.
 Oltro ins ospoe`os mosnpnroe`mns so oleuoltrnl hi`ptgmgltos,
porozgsgs torrostros h`hnltos, tgxgmgltos, cncuts y
cnstgmgltos
 Tnui Cnrt`l sgst`olo in togrãn mo quo in oxt`le`õl mo in
cohnbnuln so m`g pgr in npnr`e`õl mo vgrneos enznmgros, porg
ostn togrãn bniin ni ankor ov`mole`n mo quo cueans ospoe`os

so oxt`lhu`orgl nltos mo in iiohnmn moi agcg snp`ols

 In tos`s gpuostn n ostn os quo in oxt`le`õl so m`g pgr igs
enck`gs ei`cît`egs y lg pgr in nee`õl nltrõp`en.
 In tos`s quo t`olo cîs eglsolsg os in quo vorsn sgkro in
romuee`õl lgtnkio mo cohnbnuln enusnmn pgr oi ei`cn y
neoltunmn pgr oi nee`glnr aucnlg.
 

ENT ;6 IN N[^_OGIGHÃN OL OI AOC@UBO[@G LG[]O

 Tgkine`glos s`kor`nlns moi pio`stgeolg b`lni

 Aneo 54.444 nþgs yn ox`stãnl enznmgros roegioetgros ol in
zgln mo Kor`lh`n
  Ni nvnlznr in hine`ne`õl
hine`ne`õl ol oi ;4.444 n.E
n.E.. igs hrupgs mo
U`kor`n oc`hrnrgl n zglns moi sur, mglmo oi ei`cn orn cîs
tocpinmg y nkulmnknl igs roeursgs. Uu sustoltg pr`le`pni orn
in enzn mo e`orvgs egigrnmgs, enkniigs ote.
 Igs aniinzhgs mo in euiturn ’Eigv`s– iiovnrgl n polsnr n igs
nrquoõighgs n igs `ltohrnltos mo ostn euiturn egcg in
prgtnhgl`stn moi pgkinc`oltg ncor`enlg


U` k`ol in euiturn Eigv`s pnroeo sor in togrãn quo olhigkn, any

s`t`gs egcg oi mo Conmgwernbt quo os proox`stolto n in euiturn
Eigv`s >>.?44 n.E
 Igs s`t`gs aniinmgs ol in egstn moi Tneãb`eg mo OO__ suh`orol
quo ins euiturns prnet`enknl in posen y oi nprgvoeanc`oltg ol
holorni mo igs brutgs moi cnr 
 Ins geupne`glos cîs tocprnlns ol Lgrtoncàr`en so m`orgl
oltro oi >;.444 y oi >8.444.

Igs hrupgs mo ostns geupne`glos yn so ankãnl m`sporsnmg ol
vnr`ns zglns ane`n oi >>.444 n.E.
 Ins ov`mole`ns cuostrnl quo lg ostnknl ol prgeosg mo
oxpnls`õl, s`lg quo so buorgl `rrnm`nlmg ol m`boroltos zglns
y nmnptîlmgso ni com`g.
 

ENT 56 IGU U@]@GU EGL][GRO[U@NIOU MO NCÀ[@EN

MOI U_[
 ]ros s`t`gs sumncor`enlgs mo `cpgrtnle`n
 Cglto Niohro, puki`enmg ol >002 pgr Nllo [ggsovoit
 ]gen mg Kgquorng mg Tomrn Burnmn  `lvost`hnmg pgr ul
oqu`pg brnleg krns`ioþg n enrhg mo L`ámo Hu`mgl.
 Cglto Rormo n enrhg mo ]gc M`iioany.


BIOHOLAO[CO[,
BIOHOLAO[CO[, KNPÕL P T_T@G. Iiohnr n ul luovg
culmg.
ENT. >

Oi nrr`kg

 Aneo >?.444 nþgs igs pr`corgs aucnlgs `lhrosnrgl n

 Ncàr`en. ]olãnl egcg
egcg sustoltg in enzn, posen y roegioee`õl
 In bgrcn mo grhnl`zne`õl mo igs pr`corgs ank`tnltos moi
eglt`lolto so prosoltn egcg sge`omnmos `huni`tnr`ns quo
ank`tnknl hrnlmos torr`tgr`gs.
 Ugl eglge`mgs egcg knlmns. Uo roine`glnknl n trnvàs moi
pnroltoseg y so trnsinmnknl mo iuhnr.
  Ni ankor osensn m`borole`ne`õl
m`borole`ne`õl sge`ni, igs trnknfgs
trnknfgs so m`v`mãnl
pgr soxg y omnm
 ]gmns ins net`v`mnmos oeglõc`ens y roine`glos aucnlns
ostnknl rohuinmns pgr in egscgv`s`õl quo egcpnrtãnl.


In b`hurn moi Eancîl os `cpgrtnlto ol ostns sge`omnmos,

mglmo netön egcg `ltorcom`nr`g oltro in lnturniozn y igs
 

aucnlgs, egcg càm`eg, eglsoforg, vor oi buturg, egltrginr

nl`cnios ote.
  N b`lnios moi Tio`stgeolg
Tio`stgeolg so prgmueo oi hrnl enck`g ei`cît`eg
quo mofõ oltrovor luovns t`orrns y iãlons egstorns.


_-5
KG[[O[G, Iu`s Nikortg. Oi pgkinc`oltg mo in Tntnhgl`n. ]gimgs,
c`igmglos y vgienlos

ENT. >

 Aneo 54.444 nþgs Tntnhgl`n orn uln zgln m`borolto, mo

tulmrns pnre`nicolto euk`ortns pgr a`oig.
 In vohotne`õl enck`õ y so a`zg cîs brglmgsn egl in rot`rnmn
mo igs a`oigs. Igs e`oltãb`egs ut`i`znl in bgrcne`õl mo ins turkns
egcg ov`mole`n mo ox`stole`n mo kigquos mo a`oig. Anl s`mg
mntnmns
  N b`lnios moi pio`stgeolg
pio`stgeolg so `lstnin in
in vohotne`õl cgmorln quo
os6 Knfn ol r`quozn mo ospoe`os, löcorg mo m`vors`mnm mo
ospoe`os quo lg so egrroine`glnl egl oi ei`cn cgmorlg.
Tinltns quo oxa`kol osp`lns egcg mobolsn egltrn in
cohnbnuln aneo cîs mo >4.444 nþgs
  Nl`cnios quo nöl ox`stol anstn agy6 Hunlneg,
Hunlneg, auocui, igkg
cnr`lg, eotîeogs, pucn ote
 Oxt`lhu`mgs6 C`igmõl, Cnernueaol`n y enkniig ncor`enlg
 

 Igs c`igmglos hgznrgl mo e`ortn bncn ni polsnrso quo ankãnl

ox`st`mg anstn aneo pgegs s`higs ntrîs. Gtrn togrãn
egltrgvors`ni moeãn quo ornl nl`cnios mgcàst`egs.

ENT. ;6 IN GE_TNE@ÕL MOI C_LMG 

 Egl in egigl`zne`õl mo Tntnhgl`n puomo nb`rcnrso quo so

egcpiotõ in egigl`zne`õl moi culmg
 In brnlfn mo Kor`lh`n orn oxtolsn y r`en ol roeursgs ig euni orn
toltnmgr pnrn egigl`znr y ntrnvosnr ane`n Ncàr`en
 Uohöl igs `lvost`hnmgros, igs pr`corgs pgkinmgros mo in
Tntnhgl`n ornl pr`c`t`vgs y egltnknl egl uln toelgighãn cuy
s`cpio
 Oi nutgr lg nma`oro ni egleoptg mo c`hrne`õl, yn quo, n ig
inrhg mo in a`stgr`n, ins c`hrne`glos so anl mnmg pgr ul hrnl
nucoltg pgkine`glni y bnitn mo t`orrns eunlmg ol oi ensg mo
 Ncàr`en so puomo vor quo ins pgkine`glos ornl poquoþns y in
t`orrn nkulmnkn.
 Ankincgs mo MOUTINVNC@OL]GU. Nucoltg mo igs rnm`gs

mo enzn o `lstnine`õl mo luovns holorne`glos ol gtrgs vniios

nienlznl egcg oxpi`ene`glos.

ENT.56 IGU T[@CO[GU TN]NHGL@EGU

 In ov`mole`n cuostrn quo igs pr`corgs aucnlgs ol Tntnhgl`n

iiohnrgl aneo >;.444 nþgs
 

KOIOII@ P HÕCOV G]O[G.

G]O[G. Ntins tgtni mo in [opöki`en
 Nrholt`ln. Eaukut.
Eaukut.
 In mntne`õl aucnln cîs nlt`hun so m`g aneo 8.=44 nþgs
 Nltos moi Trosolto ol
ol in zgln mo Nrrgyg Rormo
 In ov`mole`n `lm`en quo igs ank`tnltos so mom`enrgl n in enzn
mo nl`cnios torrostros y cnr`lgs. ]nck`àl quo ut`i`znrgl rgen
pnrn tniinr sus utols`i`gs
 ]gmg Eaukut ankrãn s`mg geupnmg oltro ;?44 y ;444 nþgs NT
 Uohöl ins zglns in m`otn vn enck`nlmg i`horncolto, yn quo in
knso pr`le`pni mo ins zglns mo Tolãlsuin Rnimàs, [`g Eaukut
y T`omrn Tnrnmn buo mo hunlnegs y eag`quos

H[NM@L, EN[IGU. Uoeuole`ns rnm`genrkõl`ens moi sur mo in

Tntnhgl`n Nrholt`ln

 Mgeucoltne`õl mo in a`stgr`n ol Tntnhgl`n Nrholt`ln n trnvàs

mo soeuole`ns ostrnt`hrîb`ens egl boeanmgs rnm`genrkõl`egs.

  Nron >> Igs ]gimgs os uln zgln nrquogiõh`en quo mntn
mntn moi
>;.244 np. In ov`mole`n mo pgkine`õl cîs nlt`hun mo tgmn
 Nrholt`ln.
  N b`los moi Tio`stgeolg
Tio`stgeolg y egc`olzgs moi Agigeolg, oi agckro
egcolznkn n pgkinr ins t`orrns mo Tntnhgl`n. >>.444 y >4.8;4
 NT
 In `lmustr`n ]gimolso (1.8?4 NT) so mostnen pgr oi usg mo
p`omrn insen. [nspnmgros, rnomorns, euea`iigs, porbgrnmgros.
 

 Luovn `lmustr`n pgst tgimolso. In Ensnpomrolso ol 8.;24 NT

ol Tntnhgl`n Eoltrg Cor`m`glni. Uo enrnetor`zn pgr in
oxtrnee`õl mo agfns g iîc`lns mo p`omrn quo so ut`i`znl pnrn
rnspnmgros g euea`iigs.

Enlni mo Konhio6 Mntne`glos mo ?.1?4, ?024 y 2.484 nþgs NT
 @lmustr`n Tntnhgl`olso-]oauoieaolso6 >0>4 y >;?4 NT
 [nshg mob`l`tgr`g moi Tntnhgl`olso6 pultns pomuleuinmns mo
i`ckrg tr`nlhuinr egl niotns, mo rotgquo k`bne`ni oxtolm`mg

TGMOU]Î, TN_LO[G P [GINLM@.

[GINLM@. Oi nrto rupostro mo
 Nrholt`ln `lmãholn. Tntnhgl`n.

  N pnrt`r moi UQQ buorgl

buorgl geurr`olmg igs aniinzhgs mo m`boroltos
s`t`gs egl nrto rupostro ol in Tntnhgl`n Nrholt`ln
 Colha`l, ul `lvost`hnmgr nustrãneg buo qu`ol roni`zõ in pr`cor
soeuole`n y grmolnc`oltg moi nrto ol ost`igs, ig euni propnrõ

oi torrolg pnrn ins mocîs `lvost`hne`glos.

 Ox`stol ov`mole`ns mo hrupgs aucnlgs pgkinlmg in Tntnhgl`n
aneo >5.444 nþgs.
 Murnlto ostgs t`ocpgs oi agckro eglv`v`õ egl in cohnbnuln
anstn quo ostn, so oxt`lhu`õ nprgx`cnmncolto ol oi >4.444
 NT
 Igs pr`le`pnios s`t`gs nrquogiõh`egs sgl niorgs g bnimns mo
rgens mglmo igs enznmgros so roshunrmnknl y bnolnknl sus
prosns.
 

 U`t`gs bncgsgs egcg Igs ]gimgs 5 ol Unltn Eruz sgl mo igs

cîs nlt`hugs, sgkropnsnlmg igs >;.444 nþgs NT
 Egl in iiohnmn moi Agigeolg, tnck`àl iiohnl ins tocpornturns
cîs eîi`mns quo gki`hnl n rotrgeomor n igs a`oigs y nucoltnl

oi l`voi moi cnr. Igs agckros egc`olznl n oxpnlm`rso pgr

cîs iuhnros
 Rnr`gs s`t`gs mo nprgx`cnmncolto 0.444 nþgs NT buorgl
aniinmgs mo ostn tocpgrni`mnm egcg igs mo in zgln moi rãg
I`cny y ]rnbui
 Euolen moi rãg T`lturns. U`t`g mo hrnl `ltoràs nrquogiõh`eg
cole`glnmg pgr Hogrho Custors ol su v`nfo egl igs
toauoieaos.
 ]ocns moi nrto6
 Enznmgros y sus prosns6 Hrnl `lbiuole`n nl`cni`stn ol ins
roprosoltne`glos, egl cnygr àlbns`s ol hunlnegs y iuohg ol
eagquos y pucns. Ins b`hurns aucnlns roprosoltnmns sgl
m`lîc`ens. N voeos so ins vo ol hrupg y gtrn ol cnlorn
`lm`v`muni sohöl oi cgcoltg mo in enzn moi hunlneg.
  Ins cnlgs p`ltnmns6 Ugl ul t`pg mo roprosoltne`õl
ropr osoltne`õl

ul`vorsni y puomo olegltrnrso ol euovns n ig inrhg mo Ourgpn,

Tntnhgl`n y gtrns pnrtos moi culmg.

_-=
 

EGAOL, Lntanl. In er`s`s ni`coltnr`n mo in proa`stgr`n

Enp. ;6 In togrãn mo in pros`õl mocghrîb`en y igs grãholos mo in

nhr`euiturn

 Any mgs oseuoins pnrn trntnr oi egleoptg mo mgcost`ene`õl y

erone`õl mo in nhr`euiturn
 _ln vorsn quo os ul snitg toelgiõh`eg `cpgrtnlto y in gtrn,
quo os ul eglge`c`oltg quo yn ostnkn ol igs aucnlgs, ig quo
oi`c`ln ins togrãns m`bus`gl`stns.
 Rnr`gs nutgros egcg Binllory erool ol in `lvolt`vn moi sor
aucnlg egcg nspoetg `laorolto quo iiovõ n nsge`nr s`l
cueag trnknfg, in roine`õl oltro soc`iin y s`ockrn.

Igs eglge`c`oltgs mo igs nspoetgs oegiõh`egs cgm`b`enl in
v`mn mo igs enznmgros roegioetgros ni snkor mglmo eroeo tni g
euni pinltn.
 Uo suh`orol mgs egsns `cpgrtnltos sgkro oi egleoptg mo
mgcost`ene`õl6 ^uo uln egcul`mnm aucnln nsoltnmn ol ul
encpncoltg y egl rum`coltnr`gs eglge`c`oltgs ostî
motorc`lnmn n v`h`inr oi prgeosg mo ins soc`iins.
 In nhr`euiturn os uln egck`lne`õl mo egcpgrtnc`oltgs,
euniqu`orn mo igs eunios puomol sor `ltole`glnios
 In nhr`euiturn moko egleok`rso egcg eglfultg mo aîk`tgs cns
quo egcg ul snitg
 Ins togrãns ol >024 promgc`lnknl egl in `mon mo quo igs
enznmgros roegioetgros v`vãnl ni kgrmo moi anckro y quo in
nhr`euiturn ios prgpgre`glõ uln cofgr m`otn ostnkio. U`l
ocknrhg, luovgs ostum`gs egcprgknrgl quo ins m`otns mo igs

enznmgros roegioetgros ornl `huni g cofgros ol vnr`omnm mo

v`tnc`lns y c`lornios.
 

 Igs ostum`gs roni`znmgs eglb`rcnl quo in enzn y roegioee`õl

lg s`ocpro os cîs egstgsg ol agrns trnknfg quo in nhr`euiturn
ol in euni, n com`mn quo npnroeol nvnleos toelgiõh`egs,
eglsuco cîs trnknfg

Ol eunltg ni pnsg mo in enzn n in nhr`euiturn, nihulgs nutgros
soþninl rnzglos euiturnios. Ostns sgl quo in enzn t`olo cnygr 
prost`h`g y roegcpolsn pgr oi trnknfg mnmg quo in nhr`euiturn,
quo roqu`oro hrnl egleoltrne`õl mo trnknfg ol inpsgs krovos.
 Oi nutgr suh`oro quo oi somoltnr`scg buo pgr pros`õl
mocghrîb`en
 ·^uà prgpgre`gln oltgleos in nhr`euiturn7 In pgs`k`i`mnm mo
tolor ni`coltg cîs nkulmnlto pnrn cnltolor n pgkine`glos
cîs molsns n egstn mo uln m`otn mo colgr eni`mnm.

 PNEGKNEE@G, Auhg. Uge`omnm y nck`olto ol oi LGN pro

egigck`lg

 Ins ov`mole`ns mo pgkinc`oltg ol oi LGN nrholt`lg so

rocgltnl anstn >>.444 nþgs NT ol zglns mo Fufuy y
Entncnren
 IN suporv`vole`n mo igs hrupgs aucnlgs t`olo uln
`cpgrtnle`n olgrco y su roine`õl egl in lnturniozn in
motorc`lnkn
 Oltro >>.44 y 8.444 NT oi ei`cn os cîs aöcomg y brãg.

Oltro oi 8.444 y oi ?.444 ei`cn cns soeg. N pnrt`r moi ?.444

 NT so ostnkioeo oi ei`cn netuni.
 

  N ig inrhg mo igs c`iol`gs so lgtn uln

uln c`hrne`õl mosmo ins
pulns n zglns mo vniios y quokrnmns cosgtàrc`ens.
 U` k`ol igs rostgs molgtnl quo ornl enznmgros, so vo quo
oi nprgvoeanc`oltg mo igs vohotnios orn uln pnrto
`cpgrtnlto mo in m`otn.
 In pr`corn ov`mole`n mo euit`vg os in eninknzn ol =.414 NT
  N b`los moi Tio`stgeolg
Tio`stgeolg oi ei`cn cîs eîi`mg porc`t`õ in
in
ox`stole`n mo nl`cnios agy oxt`ltgs egcg oi enkniig
ncor`enlg, s`l ocknrhg, ni ostnr oxt`lhu`àlmgso lg
ankrãnl s`mg ul gkfot`vg mosonkio pnrn igs enznmgros.
 In eneorãn egls`stãn mo nl`cnios ’cgmorlgs–6 Hunlnegs,
v`euþns, e`orvgs, v`zeneans
 In mgcost`ene`õl y nee`õl aucnln sgkro igs encài`mgs
(iincn) `lerocoltõ su tncnþg y posg (ul 55%). Uo supglo
quo so mgcost`enrgl pnrn ros`st`r igs ei`cns enck`nltos mo
in puln (rosorvn mo egc`mn) y pnrn usnr in inln
 Oltro oi ?.444 y oi 5.444 so romufg in cgv`i`mnm y so
soltnrgl ins knsos b`fns torr`tgr`nios.
 Any ov`mole`n mo `ltorenck`gs. Olegltrnlmg cntor`nios mo

anstn >?4 jcs mo m`stnle`n g cgiusegs moi Tneãb`eg

 Tnlgrncn ol oi 5.444 NT. Hrupgs mo enznmgros egl
roknþgs mo encài`mgs, b`fgs ol iuhnros quo roni`znknl
`ltorenck`gs.
 

_-?

B@IJOLU]O@L, Mokgrn. Nspoetgs
 Nspoetgs eoltrnios moi pn`snfo y
enrnetor`zne`õl euiturni holorni.

 Npulto mo einso

  Nlmos porunlg-kgi`v`nlgs6 Ostîl

Ostîl nmser`ptgs n ins vnr`ne`glos
vnr`ne`glos
ei`cît`ens, egcg pgr ofocpig Oi L`þg y ins egrr`oltos cnr`lns.

NMNCU, [`eanrm. Ins nlt`huns e`v`i`zne`glos moi luovg culmg.

Enp. ; y =

ENT.;

 Cosgncàr`en os uln roh`õl egl ei`cn cuy vnr`nkio quo nigfõ

n nprgx`cnmncolto 54 e`v`i`zne`glos roh`glnios, ins eunios
buorgl sustoltnmns pgr s`stocns mo enlnios, knlenmns y
rgturne`õl mo t`orrns.

U` k`ol surh`orgl ostnmgs y sge`omnmos egcpiofns-
aotorghàlons, in nimon s`hu`õ s`olmg in ul`mnm pgiãt`en sge`ni
bulmncoltni
 In poquoþn e`umnm-ostnmg orn in ul`mnm pgiãt`en quo egl
broeuole`n `ltohrnkn s`stocns cîs egcpiofgs.
 In nrquogighãn soþnin quo in m`otn orn vnr`nmn y cnygrcolto
vohotnr`nln. Ig quo lg so pgmãn euit`vnr, oi egcore`g ig supiãn.
 Tnrn oi >244 NT in pgkine`õl ankãn nmgptnmg piolncolto oi
usg mo in eorîc`en
 

 Uo moseukr`orgl nimons gicoens ol Unl Igrolzg y In Roltn

quo mntnl moi >8?4 y >>?4 n.E.
 Ol oi >5?4 n.E in zgln mo Unl Igrolzg mocuostrn in
ov`mole`n mo ul luovg t`pg mo i`mornzhg ni mrolnr zglns
pnltnlgsns y eglstru`r uln pintnbgrcn nrt`b`e`ni quo roqu`r`õ
cgvor nprgx`cnmncolto ;>.5 c`iiglos mo cotrgs eök`egs.
  Ni pnroeor, in ài`to
ài`to gicoen (in pr`corn o
ol
l Cosgncàr`en) tolãn
oi sub`e`olto pgmor pnrn gki`hnr n in pgkine`õl n eucpi`r egl
tnrons egigsnios mo om`b`ene`õl.
 Tnrn moser`k`r n ostn oi`to so ut`i`zn oi egleoptg ’soþgrãgs
egcpiofgs–


_-2

BIG[OUENLG. Igs pr`corgs ro`lgs

 Ins grhnl`zne`glos pgiãt`ens mo igs gicoens sgl rosuitnmg mo
in ox`tgsn ut`i`zne`õl moi cnãz.
 Oi s`t`g mo Unl Igrolzg, quo mntn moi >244->?44 n.E. orn in
enkozn mo ins nimons quo prgpgre`glnknl tr`kutg ni eoltrg
pgiãt`eg quo mgc`lnkn oi trîls`tg biuv`ni.
 Ostî `molt`b`enmg egcg uln trnls`e`õl mo sge`omnmos
`huni`tnr`ns ni ene`enzhg
 

 Oltro oi >;44 y oi 044 n.E. Unl Igrolzg so eglv`orto ol oi

pr`cor eoltrg urknlg y ol oi cnygr pgmor pgiãt`eg moi îron
gicoen

_-8

ENCTNHLG, Cnreoig
Egls`morne`glos sgkro oi gr`hol mo ]`wnlnju

  Nutgr6 In trnm`e`õl a`stgr`ghrîb`en an mnmg cnygr

cnygr posg ni
eglsolsg ol in bgrcne`õl ostntni moi ]`wnlnju ol moscomrg
mo in v`giole`n, s`l ocknrhg, os lgtgr`g quo ins bgrcne`glos
ostntnios s`ocpro egliiovnl ul oiocoltg mo v`giole`n.
 Mgs pnrîcotrgs so ut`i`znl n in agrn mo nlni`znr oi surh`c`oltg
mo igs ostnmgs6 Eglsolsg y R`giole`n.
 Igs cgmoigs mo eglsolsg oeglõc`eg promgc`lnl ol in
oxpi`ene`õl moi surh`c`oltg moi ostnmg ]`wnlnjgtn
  Gr`hol ostntni sohöl Niknrrneãl6 in eglsgi`mne`õl mo in `lbiuole`n
 pgiãt`en, oeglõc`en
oeglõc`en y roi`h`gsn
roi`h`gsn mo ]`wnlnju
]`wnlnju geurr`õ murnlto
murnlto oi qu`ltg s`hig
s`hig m.E.,
egcg ul rosuitnmg moi ncnihncnc`oltg mo pntrglos sge`nios egcpnrt`mgs ol
oi nit`pinlg y in egni`e`õl mo vnr`gs sohcoltgs quo eglvorh`orgl ol eoltrgs

lueionmgs mo cnygr osenin. Z...S Ig quo prgknkio

lueionmgs prgknkiocolto
colto negltoe`õ murnlto igs
 pr`corgs tros g euntrg s`higs
s`higs m.E. buo in hostne`õl
hostne`õl mo pntrglos m
mo
o `ltohrne`õl
 

sge`gpgiãt`en
sge`gpgiãt`en y oeglõc`en cîs `ltr`lenmgs, `lvgiuernlmg cöit`pios nck`oltos
tnltg egcg m`vorsgs hrupgs àtl`egsº
  M`eag mo gtrg cgmg, mo ig quo nquã so trntn os mo prgpglor quo, nlto in
 prosole`n mo
mo ov`mole`n
ov`mole`n ocpãr`en, àstn moko
moko motoltnr oi stntu
stntus
s mo eglm`e`õl
eglm`e`õl
loeosnr`n mo in a`põtos`s porg lg oi mo eglm`e`õl sub`e`olto6 in ov`mole`n moko

eglst`tu`r ul `lsucg kîs`eg mo in a`põtos`s, lg su öl`eg egltol`mg.

