B__DKNE]E^E] BAT^

Nebcuabk sdfb`be sybrbt uktua ldldkuje tu`bs _rh`rbl Nhatdr Ektdrksep Eknhkdseb
Vulbj ]baet Tlul Nbdrbj ]uabnbkb

Hidj 3
nr. Wemae Cdsseab

_dknblpek` 3
nr. Ieb Gdfreybke, LBV]

nr. PbybkPenybkb

_VH@VBL EK^DVK]E_ NHA^DV EKNHKD]EB

ADLDK^DVEBK AD]DJB^BK VD_TFIEA EKNHKD]EB

VTLBJ ]BAE^ TLTL NBDVBJ ]TABNBKB IBL_TK@
^ELTV
6?6?

2
 AB^B _DK@BK^BV

_uce nbk syuaur pdkuies pbkcbtabk adjbnerbt Biibj ]P^ btbs rbjlbt
nbk abrukeb-Kyb. ]jbibwbt sdrtb sbibl cu`b tenba iupb pdkuies sblpbeabk adpbnb

Vbsuiuiibj Lujbllbn ]BP,

]BP, nbk pbrb sbjbfbt sdrtb pdk`eautkyb jek``b bajer zblbk.
Vbsb syuaur pdkuies pbkcbtabk adjbnerbt Biibj ]P^ btbs sd`bib kealbt ybk` tdibj
nefdreabk sdjek``b pdkuies nbpbt ldkydidsbeabk Vdgdrbt ybk` fdrcunui ’Bppdknesetes
Baut“. ^u`bs eke nefubt uktua ldkydidsbeabk tu`bs EK^DVK]JE_ nhatdr Eknhkdseb
V]TN ]uabnbkb, Iblpuk` ^elur.

_dkuies ldkybnbre fbjwb nbibl pdkyusukbk ibphrbk absus eke lbsej cbuj nbre
sdlpurkb, tdtbpe pdkuies ldkmhfb uktua ldlfdreabk ybk` tdrfbea ndk`bk sd`bib
adtdrfbtbsbk ybk` pdkuies leieae. Aretea nbk sbrbk pdkuies jbrbpabk `ukb ldlpdrhidj
ibphrbk jbsei ybk` idfej fbea nbibl ldkydlpurkbabk ibphrbk absus eke, ]dlh`b
ibphrbk absus eke nbpbt fdrlbkgbbt fb`e pdkuies nbk pdlfbmb sdabiebk.

]uabnbkb, Gdfrubre 6?6?

nr. Wemae Cdsseab

6
 NBG^BV E]E

AB^B _DK@BK^BV

NBG^
NBG^BV
BV E]E
E]E..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
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....
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..... 2

FBF.
FBF. E _DKN
_DKNBJ
BJTI
TITB
TBK.
K...
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
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.. 6

FBF EE
EE. BK
BKB^HLE, GE]
GE]EH
EHI
IH@E NB
NBK JE
JE]^HIH@E B_
B__DKNEA]................. =

FBF EEE. B__DKNE]E^E] BAT^

EEE.2 NDGEKE]E ……………………………………………………….. 0

EEE.6 D_
D_ENDLEHIH@E …
……
…………………………………………….. 0

EEE.= D^
D^EHIH@E ……
……………………………………………………… :

EEE.> AIB]EGEAB]E ………………………………………………….. 2?

EEE.4
E.4 _B^HGE]EHIH@E ………………………………………………… 26

EEE.7 LBKEGD]^B]E AIEKE] ……………………………………….. 2>

EEE.0 NEB@KH]E] ……………………………………………………. 20

EEE.: NEB@KH]E] FBKNEK@ ……………………………………….. 67

EEE.5 AH
AHL_IEAB]E ……
………………………………………………….. 65

EEE.2? _D
_DKB^BIBA]BKBBK ……
……………………………..….……. 65

EEE.22 _V
_VH@KH]E] ……
………………………………………………….. =7

FBF EW. AD]EL_TIBK……………………………………………………... =0

NBG^
NBG^BV
BV _T]^
_T]^BA
BAB
B .....
.......
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... =:

=
 FBF E

_DKNBJTITBK

Bpdkne
Bpdknesete
setess ldrupb
ldrupbabk
abk absus
absus `bwbt
`bwbt fdnbj
fdnbj bfnhl
bfnhldk
dk ybk`
ybk` tdrsdrek
tdrsdrek`
` nbk
ldldriu
ldldriuabk
abk teknba
teknbabk
bk fdnbj
fdnbj sd`drb
sd`drb uktua
uktua ldk`je
ldk`jeknb
knbre
re ahlpie
ahlpieabs
absee ybk`
ybk` sdreus.
sdreus.

Bpdknesetes ybk` tdriblfbt netbk`bke babk ldkek`abtabk lhrfenetbs nbk lhrtbietbs

pdkndretb. Tktua etu adtdpbtbk neb`khsb sbk`bt nefutujabk nbibl pdk`blfeibk
ad
adpu
putu
tusbk
sbk tekn
teknba
babk
bk.. Adtd
Adtdpb
pbtbk
tbk neb`
neb`kh
khsb
sb tdr`
tdr`bk
bktu
tuk`
k` nb
nbre
re ad
adlb
lblp
lpub
ubk
k nh
nhat
atdr
dr
ldib
ldibau
auab
abk
k bk
bkbi
biese
esess pb
pbnb
nb nb
nbtb
tb bk
bkbl
blkd
kdse
ses,
s, pd
pdld
ldre
reas
asbb
bbk
k gesea
gesea,, nb
nbk
k pd
pdld
ldre
reas
asbbk
bbk
ibfhrbthreul.(2)

Eksendk Bpdknesetes baut ne Eknhkdseb neibphrabk ldkdlpbte urutbk tdrtek``e

nebk
nebktb
tbrb
rb ab
absu
sus-
s-ab
absu
suss `b
`bwb
wbtt nb
nbru
rurbt
rbt,, sdpdrt
sdpdrtee jb
jbik
ikyb
yb ne kd
kd`b
`brb
rb fb
fbrb
rbt.
t. Pbib
Pbibup
upuk
uk
ndleae
ndleaebk,
bk, neb`kh
neb`khsb
sb sdrtb
sdrtb adputu
adputusbk
sbk fdnbj
fdnbj lbsej
lbsej muaup
muaup suiet
suiet ne td`baa
td`baabk.
bk. _bnb
_bnb
fdfdrbpb adbnbbk Bpdknesetes baut b`ba suiet neneb`khses, lesbikyb pbnb gbsd bwbi
nbre `dcbib Bpdknesetes baut nbk tbknbkyb lbsej sbk`bt sblbr bpbib`e feib sunbj
nefdre
nefdreabk
abk tdrbpe
tdrbpe bktefe
bktefehte
hteab.
ab. Ndk`bk
Ndk`bk pdldre
pdldreasb
asbbk
bk ybk`
ybk` mdrlbt
mdrlbt nbk tdiete
tdiete rdseah
rdseah
adsbibjbk
adsbibjbk neb`khses
neb`khses sdaetbr 24-6?%.
24-6?%. Fbjabk pbnb wbketb adsbibjbk
adsbibjbk neb`khses
neb`khses eke
ldkmbpbe >4-4?%. Jbi eke nbpbt nesbnbre ldk`ek`bt wbketb sdrek` telfui `bk``ubk
hr`bk ibek ndk`bk `dcbib ybk` sdrupb ndk`bk Bpdknesetes baut.(2)

Ldk`ek`bt lbsb
sbiibj nebtbs lbab pdriu neadtbjue tbknb, `dcbib,
pdldreasbbkibfhrbtheul sdndrjbkb lbkb ybk` fdrpdrbk sdmbrb fdrlbakb nbibk
ldkneb`khses Bpdknesetesbaut, sdrtb baurbse nbk spdsegetbs lhnbietbs neb`khsb tdrsdfut
(2,6)

uktua ldlunbjabk nhatdr nbibl ldkneb`khsb nbk ldk`blfei adputusbk.

>
 FBF EE

BKB^HLE, GE]EHIH@E NBK JE]^HIH@E B__DKNEA]

EE.2 Bkbthle Bppdrkneas (2)(6)

@blfbr 2. Bkbthle bppdkneas

Bppdkneas ldrupbabk hr`bk ndk`bk struatur tufuibr ybk` runeldtdr nbk tbkpb

guk`se ybk` cdibs. Bppdkneas fdradlfbk` nbre phstdrhldnebi mbdmul ndk`bk pbkcbk`
ybk` fdrvbrebse
fdrvbrebse kbluk pbnb hrbk` ndwbsb sdaetbr 4-24 ml nbk nebldtdr
nebldtdr sdaetbr
sdaetbr ?,4-
?,: ml. Bppdkneas ldrupbabk ndrevbt fb`ebk nbre len`ut ybk` tdrnbpbt ne bktbrb
Eidul
Eidul nbk Mhihk bsmdknd
bsmdkndks.
ks. Mbdmul
Mbdmul tdriej
tdriejbt
bt pbnb
pbnb lek``u
lek``u ad-4
ad-4 adjble
adjbleibk
ibk nbk
bpppdkneas tdriejbt pbnb lek``u ad-: adjbleibk ybetu fb`ebk ucuk` nbre prhtufdrbks
mbdmul.
mbdmul. Nbibl
Nbibl prhsds
prhsds pdradl
pdradlfbk
fbk`bk
`bkkyb
kyb,, bwbiky
bwbikybb bpdkne
bpdkneas
as fdrbnb
fdrbnb pbnb
pbnb bpdas
bpdas
mbdmul, tdtbpe adlunebk fdrhtbse nbk tdridtba idfej ldnebi dabt _iemb eidhmbdmbies.
Iuldk bpdkneas sdlpet nefb`ebk prhaselbi nbk ldidfbr ne fb`ebk nestbi. Jblper
sdiuruj pdrluabbk bpdkneas neadieiek`e hidj pdrethkdul nbk ldshbpdkneas (ldsdktdr

nbre bppdkneas) ybk` ldrupbabk iepbtbk pdrethkdul ybk` fdrcbibk ahktekyu sdpbkcbk`
bppdkneas nbk fdrbajer ne ucuk` bppdkneas. (2)

@blfbr 6. Dlfrehih`e bppdkneas

4
 _bnb bppdkneas tdrnbpbt = tbdkeb mhie ybk` ldkybtu ne pdrsblfuk`bk mbdmul
nbk fesb
fesb fdr`uk
fdr`ukbb nbibl
nbibl ldkbkn
ldkbknbab
babk
k tdlpbt
tdlpbt uktua
uktua ldkndt
ldkndtdas
dasee bppdkn
bppdkneas
eas.. _hsese
_hsese
bp
bpdk
dkne
neas
as tdrf
tdrfbk
bkyb
yba
a bn
bnbib
bibj
j rd
rdtrh
trhmb
mbdmb
dmbii 74
74.6
.6:%
:% fb
fbea
ea ek
ektr
trbp
bpdr
dret
ethk
hkdbi
dbi lbup
lbupuk
uk
rdtrhpdrethkdbi nelbkb bppdkneas fdrputbr ad btbs ne fdibak` mbdmul. ]dibek etu cu`b
tdrnbpbt
tdrnbpbt phsese pdivem (pbk``ui)
(pbk``ui) =2,?2% (bppdkneas
(bppdkneas ldk``bktuk`
ldk``bktuk` ad brbj pdivem
lekhr), sufmbdmbi ( nefbwbj mbdmul) 6,67% rdtrheidbi (nefdibabk` usus jbius) ?,>%,
rdtrhahieab, nbk prd-eidbi. (2)

@blfbr =. Wbrebse Idtba Bppdkneas

Wbsauibresbse bppdkneas fdrbsbi nbre brtdre bppdkneauibres ybk` fdrcbibk ne

sdpbkc
sdpbkcbk`
bk` lbshbpd
lbshbpdkne
kneas
as nbk ldrupb
ldrupbabk
abk mbfbk`
mbfbk` nbre
nbre brtdre
brtdre eid
eidhmh
hmhiem
iembb nbk ybk`
ybk`
ldrupbabk mbfbk` trukaus ldsdktdrea supdrehr. ]dibek nbre brtdre bpdkneauibr ybk`
ldlpdrnbrbje jblper sdiuruj bpdkneas, cu`b tdrnbpbt ahktrefuse nbre brtdre bsdshreus.
Tktua
Tktua bierbk
bierbk fbiea,
fbiea, vdkb
vdkb bpdkne
bpdknesdbi
sdbi mbfbk`
mbfbk` nbre
nbre vdkb
vdkb eid
eidhmh
hmhie
ie fdrcbi
fdrcbibk
bk ad vdkb
vdkb
ldsdktrea supdrehr nbk lbsua ad serauibse phrtbi.

_drsbrbgbk
_drsbrbgbk pbrbselpbtes
pbrbselpbtes nbre bpdkneas fdrbsbi nbre mbfbk`
mbfbk` kdrvus
kdrvus vb`us ybk`
ldk`ea
ldk`eaute
ute b. Ldsdkt
Ldsdktdre
dremb
mb supdre
supdrehr
hr nbk b. Bpdkne
Bpdkneaui
auibres
bres,, sdnbk`
sdnbk`abk
abk pdrsbrb
pdrsbrbgbk
gbk
selpbtes fdrbsbi nbre k. ^jhrbabies Z.(2)

7
EE.6 Gesehih`e Bppdkneas(=)

Bppdkn
Bppdkneas
eas ldk`j
ldk`jbsei
bseiabk
abk idkner
idkner 2-6 li pdr jbre.
jbre. Idkner
Idkner etu sdmbrb
sdmbrb khrlbi
khrlbi
nemurbjabk
nemurbjabk adnbibl iuldk nbk sdibkcutkyb
sdibkcutkyb ldk`bier ad sdaul.
sdaul. Jblfbtbk
Jblfbtbk bierbk
idkner ne lubrb bppdkneas tblpbakyb fdrpdrbk pbnb pbth`dkdses bppdknesetes.

Bwbikyb, bpdkneas nebk``bp tenba ldleieae guk`se. Kbluk bajer-bajer eke,

bppdkn
bppdkneas
eas neabtba
neabtbabk
bk sdfb`b
sdfb`bee hr`bk
hr`bk elukh
elukhih`
ih`ee ybk`
ybk` sdmbrb
sdmbrb bateg
bateg ldksdar
ldksdardsea
dseabk
bk
Elukh`ihfu
Elukh`ihfuiek
iek B (E`B). Pbibupuk bppdkneas
bppdkneas ldrupbabk
ldrupbabk ahlphkdk
ahlphkdk ektd`rbi nbre
sestd
sestdl
l @ut Bsshmebtdn
Bsshmebtdn Iylpjhen
Iylpjhen ^essud (@BI^), elukh`ihfuiek eke sbk`bt dgdateg
sdfb`be pdieknuk` tdrjbnbp ekgdase ybetu ldk`hktrhi prhiegdrbse fbatdre, kdtrbiesbse
verus, sdrtb ldkmd`bj pdkdtrbse dktdrhthasek nbk bkte`dk ektdstekbi ibekkyb. Kbluk,
pdk`bk`abtbk bppdkneas tenba ldlpdk`bruje sestdl eluk tufuj sdfbf culibj
cbrek`bk sdneaet
s dneaet sdabie
s dabie ceab nefbknek`abk ndk`bk culibj ne sbiurbk mdrkb nbk sdiuruj
tufuj.

EE.= Jesthih`e

Ahlphsese jesthih`e sdrupb ndk`bk usus fdsbr, tdrnere nbre dlpbt ibpesbk ybake
luahsb, sufluahsb, lusauibres dastdrkb, nbk ibpesbk sdrhsb. _drluabbk nbibl btbu
luahsb sdmbrb ulul sblb sdpdrte luahsb mhihk, fdrwbrkb aukek` lunb ndk`bk
`blfbrbk khnuibr, nbk ahlphkdk ielghen ybk` prhlekdk. Ahlphkdk ielghen eke
ldk`baefbta
ldk`baefbtabk
bk iuldk nbre bppdkneas
bppdkneas sdrek`abie fdrfdktua errd`uidr (stdibtb) pbnb
ldiektbk`.Neknek`kyb fdrstruatur sdfb`be fdreaut 3(=)
phthk`bk ldiektbk`.Neknek`kyb

B. ^uke
^ukemb
mb lum
lumhs
hsbb
^enba ldlpukybe veiie ektdstekbies.
2. Dpetdi
Dpetdi,, fdrfdk
fdrfdktua
tua seieknre
seieknress sdibpe
sdibpess ndk`bk
ndk`bk sdi pebib. Fbkyba
Fbkyba netdluab
netdluabk
k
sdibr`dktbgek nbk abnbk`-abnbk` sdi pbkdtj.
6 . Iblekb
Iblekb prhpreb,
prhpreb, jblper
jblper sdiurujk
sdiurujkyb
yb tdrese hidj cbrek`b
cbrek`bk
k ielghe
ielghen
n ndk`bk
ndk`bk
bnbkyb
bnbkyb puib
puib khnuiu
khnuiuss Iyllpj
Iyllpjbtem
btemus
us ybk`
ybk` tdrsusu
tdrsusuk
k fdrndrd
fdrndrdt-n
t-ndrdt
drdt
sdadieiek` iuldk. Nebktbrbkyb tdrnbpbt mryptb iedfdraujk
=. Ible
Iblekb
kb lusm
lusmui
uibr
bres
es lumh
lumhsb
sb,, sbk`b
sbk`btt tepe
tepess nb
nbk
k td
tdrn
rnds
dsba
ba hi
hidj
dj cb
cbre
rek`
k`bk
bk
ielghen nbk abnbk`-abnbk` tdrputus-putus

0
F. ^uke
^ukemb
mb sufl
suflum
umhs
hsbb
^dfbi, febsbkyb ldk`bknuk` sdi-sdi idlba nbk ekgeitrbse ielghset ybk` ldrbtb.
Ne nbibl cbrebk`bk
cbrebk`bk tukemb
tukemb suflumhsb
suflumhsb tdrnbpbt bkyblbk pdlfuiuj
pdlfuiuj nbrbj nbk
sbrbg.
M. ^uke
^ukemb
mb lus
lusmu
muib
ibre
ress

Pbibupuk tepes, tbpe lbsej nbpbt nefdnbabk bnbkyb ibpesbk nub ibpesbk.
N. ^uke
^ukemb
mb sdr
sdrhs
hsbb
^ukemb
ukemb sdrhsbk
sdrhsbkyb
yb ldlpu
ldlpukyb
kybee struatu
struaturr ybk`
ybk` tenba
tenba pbnb
pbnb ektdst
ektdsteku
ekul
l tdkud.
tdkud.
Abnbk`-abn
Abnbk`-abnbk`
bk` pbnb phthk`bk
phthk`bk ldiektbk`
ldiektbk` nbpbt neeaute puib ldshbppdknex
ldshbppdknex
ybk`
bk` ldru
ldrupb
pbab
abk
k bibt
bibt pdk
pdk``
``bk
bktu
tuk`
k` sd
sdfb
fb`b
`bee ib
ibkc
kcu
utb
tbk
k pdre
pdreth
thk
kdu
dul
l
vesdrbid.fdrfdnb ndk`bk ybk` tdrnbpbt

:
 (2)
@blfbr >. _hthk`bk ldiektbk` bppdkneas vdrleghrles khrlbi

FBF EEE

B__DKNE]E^E]
B__DKNE]E^E] BAT^

EEE.2 Ndgekese Bpdknesetes (>)

Bppdknesetes bnbibj pdrbnbk`bk pbnb hr`bk bppdkneas vdrleghrles btbu ybk`

ne adkbi
adkbi cu`b
cu`b sdfb`b
sdfb`bee usus
usus fuktu
fuktu.. Neaibse
Neaibsegea
geabse
bseabk
abk sdfb`b
sdfb`bee subtu
subtu absus
absus ldnembi

5
dldr`dkmy nbk ldrupbabk sbibj sbtu absus baut bfnhldk ybk` pbiek` sdrek` netdlue.
Hfstruase iuldk ldrupbabk pdkydfbf utblb bppdknesetes. Drhse ldlfrbk luahsb
bp
bppd
pdkn
knea
eass nb
nbpb
pbtt tdrcb
tdrcbne
ne ab
abrdk
rdkbb pb
pbrbs
rbset
et sd
sdpd
pdrt
rtee Dktblhdfb jesthiytemb, ^remjures
tremjeu
tremjeurb,
rb, nbk Dktdrhfeus vdrleauibres._dkdietebk
vdrleauibres._dkdietebk Mhiiek (255?) ne Bldreab ]dreabt
pbnb =.>?? absus, 4?% netdluabk bnbkyb gbathr hfstruase. Hfstruase ybk`

nesdfbfabk jepdrpibse cbrek`bk ielghen sufluahsb 7?%, gdabietj =4%, fdknb bsek`
>%, nbk sdfbf ibekkyb 2%.

@blfbr 4. Ekgiblbse Bppdkneas

EEE.6 Dpendlehih`e Bpdknesetes(4)

Eksend
Eksendks
ks bpdkne
bpdknesete
setess baut
baut ne kd`brb
kd`brb lbcu
lbcu idfej
idfej tek``e
tek``e nbrepb
nbrepbnb
nb ne kd`brb
kd`brb
fdradlfbk`, tdtbpe fdfdrbpb tbjuk tdrbajer bk`ab adcbnebkkyb ldkuruk
fdrlbakb.Jbi eke nesdfbfabk hidj ldkek`abtkybpdk``ukbbk lbabkbk fdrsdrbt nbibl
ldku sdjbre-jbre.Bpdknesetes nbpbt netdluabk pbnb sdlub ulur, jbkyb pbnb bkba
aurbk` nbre sbtu tbjuk cbrbk` neibphrabk.Eksendks tdrtek``e pbnb adihlpha ulur 6?-
=? tbju
tbjuk,
k, sdtdi
sdtdibj
bj etu
etu ldku
ldkuru
ruk.
k.Ek
Ekse
send
ndks
ks pb
pbnb
nb id
idib
ibae
ae nb
nbk
k pd
pdrdl
rdlpu
pubk
bk ulul
ululky
kybb
sdfbk
sdfbkne
nek`
k`,, ad
admu
mubi
biee pb
pbnb
nb ulur
ulur 6?
6?-=
-=?
? tbju
tbjuk,
k, ek
eksen
sendk
dkss pb
pbnb
nb id
idib
ibae
ae id
idfe
fej
j tek`
tek``e
`e..
Ldsaepuk cbrbk`, pdrkbj neibphrabk absus bppdkneas kdhkbtbi nbk prdkbtbi. _bsedk
ndk`bk useb ybk` idfej nbre 7? tbjuk neibphrabk sdfbkyba 4?% ldkek``bi baefbt
bpdknesetes.

EEE.= Dtehih`e Bpdknesetes(>)(7)

2?
 Bppdkn
Bppdknese
esetes
tes nesdfb
nesdfbfab
fabk
k abrdkb
abrdkb bnbky
bnbkybb hfstru
hfstruase
ase pbnb
pbnb iuldk
iuldk bppdkn
bppdkneas
eas
sdjek``b tdrcbne ahk`dste vbsauidr, esadlea kdarhses nbk baefbtkyb tdrcbne ekgdase.
Bppdknesetes baut nbpbt nesdfbfabk hidj prhsds rbnbk` fbatdreb ybk` nemdtusabk hidj
fdfdrbpb gbathr pdkmdtus nebktbrbkyb jepdrpibseb cbrek`bk ielgb, gdabietj, tulhr
bpdkneas, nbk mbmek` bsabres ybk` ldkyulfbt.

Fdfdrbpb gbathr ybk` ldlpdrlunbj tdrcbnekyb rbnbk` bppdkneas, nebktbrbkyb 3

b. Gbath
bathrr ssu
ulfbt
lfbtbk
bk

Gbat
Gbathr
hr hf
hfstr
strua
uase
se ldru
ldrupb
pbab
abk
k gbath
gbathrr td
tdrp
rpdk
dkte
tek`
k` td
tdrc
rcbn
bnek
ekyb
yb
bpdkne
bpdknesete
setess (5?%)
(5?%) ybk`
ybk` neeaut
neeautee hidj
hidj ekgdas
ekgdase.
e. ]daetb
]daetbrr 7?% hfstru
hfstruase
ase
nesdfbfabk hidj jepdrpibseb cbrek`bk ielghen sufluahsb,=4% abrdkb
stbses gdabi, >% abrdkb fdknb bsek` nbk sdfbf ibekkyb 2% nebktbrbkyb
sulfbt
sulfbtbk
bk hidj
hidj pbrbset
pbrbset nbk mbmek`
mbmek`.. Hfstru
Hfstruase
ase ybk`
ybk` nesdfb
nesdfbfab
fabk
k hidj
hidj
gd
gdab
abie
ietj
tj nb
nbpb
pbtt netd
netdlu
luee pb
pbnb
nb fd
fdrl
rlbm
bmbl
bl-l
-lbmb
bmbl
l bp
bpdk
dkne
nese
sete
tess ba
baut
ut
nebktbrbkyb 3 >?% pbnb absus bpdknesetes absus sdndrjbkb, 74% pbnb
absus bpdknesetes baut `bk`rdkhsb tbkpb ruptur nbk 5?% pbnb absus
bpdknesetes baut ndk`bk ruptur.

f. Gbathr fbatdre

Ekgdase dktdrh`dk ldrupbabk gbathr pbth`dkdses preldr pbnb

bpdknesetes baut. Bnbkyb gdabietj nbibl iuldk bpdkneas ybk` tdibj
tdrekg
tdrekgdas
dasee ldlpdr
ldlpdrfur
furua
ua nbk ldlpdr
ldlpdrfdr
fdrbt
bt ekgdas
ekgdase,
e, abrdkb
abrdkb tdrcbn
tdrcbnee
pdkek`abtbk stb`kbse gdsds nbibl iuldk bpdkneas. _bnb auitur
nenbpbtabk tdrfbkyba netdluabk bnbibj ahlfekbse bktbrb Fbmtdrehnds
gr
grb`
b`ei
eies
es nb
nbk
k D.
D.mh
mhie
ie,, ]pibk
]pibkmj
mjem
emus
us,, Ibmt
Ibmth-f
h-fbme
bmeiu
ius,
s, _sdu
_sdunh
nhlh
lhkb
kbs,
s,
Fbmtdrehnds spibkemus. ]dnbk`abk aulbk ybk` ldkydfbfabk pdrghrbse
bnbibj aulbk bkbdrhf sdfdsbr 57% nbk bdrhf 92?%.

_dkydf
_dkydfbf
bf ibek ybk`
ybk` nenu`b
nenu`b nbpbt
nbpbt ldkelf
ldkelfuia
uiabk
bk bpdkne
bpdkneset
setes
es
ebi
ebibj
bj drhse
drhse luahsb
luahsb bppdkn
bppdkneas
eas abrdkb
abrdkb pbrbse
pbrbsett sdpdrte
sdpdrte D. Jesthi
Jesthiyte
ytemb.
mb.
Tisdrbse luahsb ldrupbabk tbjbp bwbi nbre adfbkybabk pdkybaet eke.
Fdrfb`be spdseds fbatdre ybk` nbpbt neeshibse pbnb pbsedk bpdknesetes

ybetu 3

22
Fbatdre bdrhf gbauitbteg Fbatdre bkbdrhf

 Dsmjdremjeb mhie  Fbmtdrhends grb`eies

 Werenbks strdpthmhmme  _dpthstrdpthmhmmus lemrhs

 _dsunhlhkbs  Feihpjeib spdmeds

bdru`ekhsb
 Ibmthfbmeiius spdmeds
 Dktdrhmhmmus

^bfdi 2. ]pdseds fbatdre ybk` nbpbt neeshibse

m. Gbathr
Gbathr ahks
ahkstep
tepbse
bse nbk
nbk pdlb
pdlbabe
abebk
bk ibasbt
ibasbteg
eg

Ahkstepbse babk ldkbeaabk tdabkbk ektrbsdabi ybk` fdrbaefbt

telf
telfui
uiky
kybb su
sulf
lfbt
btbk
bk gu
guk`
k`se
sehk
hkbi
bi bp
bpdk
dkne
neas
as nb
nbk
k ldke
ldkek`
k`ab
abta
tabk
bk
pdrtulfujbk aulbk gihrb ahihk febsb sdjek``b ldlpdrlunbj

telfuikyb
telfuikyb bpdknesetes
bpdknesetes baut. _dk``ukbbk
_dk``ukbbk ibasbteg ybk` tdrus-ldkdru
tdrus-ldkdruss
nb
nbk
k fd
fdri
ridf
dfej
ejbk
bk ldlf
ldlfdre
dreab
abk
k dgda
dgda ldru
ldrufb
fbj
j subsb
subsbk
k gihrb
gihrb us
usus
us nb
nbk
k
ldkydfbfabk tdrcbnekyb jepdrdse usus ybk` ldrupbabk pdrluibbk nbre
prhsds ekgiblbse. _dlfdrebk ibasbteg pbnb pdkndretb bpdknesetes babk
ldrbk`sbk` pdrestbitea nbk ldrupbabk prdnesphsese tdrcbnekyb pdrghrbse
nbk pdrethketes.

n. Admd
Admdkn
kndr
druk
uk`b
`bk
k gbl
gblei
eieb
ebrr

Jbi eke nejufu

nejufuk`a
k`abk
bk ndk`bk
ndk`bk tdrnbp
tdrnbpbtk
btkyb
yb lbighr
lbighrlbse
lbse ybk`
ybk`

jdrdnetdr
jdrdnetdr nbre
nbre hr`bk,
hr`bk, bppdkn
bppdkneas
eas ybk`
ybk` tdribi
tdribiu
u pbkcbk
pbkcbk`,
`, vbsaui
vbsauibres
bresbse
bse
ybk` tenba fbea nbk idtbakyb ybk` lunbj tdrcbne
tdrcbne bppdknesete
bppdknesetes.
s. Jbi eke
cu`b nejufuk`abk ndk`bk
ndk`bk adfebsbbk lbabkbk nbibl adiubr`b tdrutblb
ndk`b
ndk`b nedt
nedt rdknbj
rdknbj sdrbt
sdrbt nbpbt
nbpbt ldlunb
ldlunbja
jabk
bk tdrcbn
tdrcbneky
ekybb gdabiet
gdabietj
j nbk
ldk`baefbtabk hfstruase iuldk.

d. Gb
Gbat
athr
hr rb
rbss nbk
nbk nedt
nedt

Gbathr
Gbathr rbs fdrjuf
fdrjufuk`
uk`bk
bk ndk`bk
ndk`bk adfebsb
adfebsbbk
bk nbk phib
phib lbabk
lbabk
sdjbre-jbre.
sdjbre-jbre. Fbk`sb auiet putej ybk` nuiukyb phib lbabk rdknbj sdrbt

ldlp
ldlpuk
ukyb
ybee rd
rdsea
seah
h idfe
idfej
j tek`
tek``e
`e nb
nbre
re kd
kd`b
`brb
rb yb
ybk`
k` ph
phib
ib lbab
lbabkk
kkyb
yb

26
 fbkyba sdrbt. Kbluk sbbt sdabrbk`, adcbnebkkyb tdrfbiea. Fbk`sb auiet
putej tdibj ldrufbj phib lbabk ldrdab ad phib lbabk tek``e sdrbt.
Custru kd`brb fdradlfbk`, ybk` nuiukyb ldleieae tek``e sdrbt aeke
fdrbiej ad phib lbabk rdknbj sdrbt, ldleieae rdseah bppdknesetes ybk`
idfej tek``e.

EEE.> Aibsegeabse/tepd bppdknesetes(7)(0)

Bnbb fdfd
Bn fdfdrb
rbpb
pb cdke
cdkess bpdk
bpdkne
nese
sete
tess ybk`
ybk` ldle
ldleie
ieae
ae pd
pdru
rufb
fbjb
jbk
k yb
ybk`
k` fdrf
fdrfdn
dnbb
fdrjufuk`bk ndk`bk bpdknesetes, sdjek``b bnb pdrfdnbbk `dcbib, pdk`hfbtbk nbk
prh`khses. Bppdknesetes neaibsegeabseabk sdfb`be fdreaut 3

2. Bppd
Bppdkn
knes
eset
etes
es bau
bautt

b. Bppdkn
Bppdkneset
esetes
es baut sdndr
sdndrjbk
jbkbb ( Mbtbrbi
Mbtbrbi Bppdk
Bppdknem
nemete
etes)
s)

_rhsds pdrbnbk`bk fbru tdrcbne ne luahsb nbk suf luahsb nesdfbfabk

hfstruase. ]dardse luahsb ldkulpua nbibl iuldk bppdkneas nbk tdrcbne
pdkek`abtbk tdabkbk nbibl iuldk ybk` ldk``bk``u bierbk ielgd, luahsb
bppdkneas cbne ldkdfbi, dndlb, nbk adldrbjbk. @dcbib nebwbie ndk`bk
rbsb kydre
kydre ne nbdrbj
nbdrbj ulfeie
ulfeieaus
aus,, lubi,
lubi, luktbj
luktbj,, bkhrda
bkhrdaseb,
seb, nbk ndlbl
rek`bk. _bnb bppdknesetes mbtbrbi tdrcbne iduahsethses nbk bppdkneas tdriejbt
khrlbi, jepdrdleb, dndlb, nbk tenba bnb dasunbt sdrhsb.

f. Bppdknesetes baut puruidkt (]upurbtevd Bppdknemetes)

Bppdknemetes)

^dabkbk nbibl iuldk tdrus fdrtblfbj nesdrtbe dndlb ldkydfbfabk

tdrfdkn
tdrfdknuk`
uk`ky
kybb bie
bierbk
rbk vdkb
vdkb pbnb
pbnb neknek
neknek`
` bppdkn
bppdkneas
eas nbk ldkelf
ldkelfuia
uiabk
bk
trhlfhses. Adbnbbk eke ldlpdrfdrbt esadlea nbk dndlb pbnb bpdkneas.
Learhh
Learhhr`b
r`bkes
kesld
ld ybk`
ybk` bnb ne usus
usus fdsbr
fdsbr fdrekv
fdrekvbse
bse ad nbibl
nbibl neknek
neknek`
`
bppdkneas
bppdkneas ldkelfuiabk
ldkelfuiabk ekgdase
ekgdase sdrhsb sdjek``b sdrhsb ldkcbne
ldkcbne surbl
abrdkb neibpese dasunbt nbk gefrek. _bnb bppdkneas nbk ldshbppdkneas
tdrc
tdrcbn
bnee dn
dndl
dlb,
b, jdpd
jdpdrd
rdle
leb,
b, nbk
nbk ne nb
nbib
ibl
l iu
iuld
ldk
k td
tdrn
rnbp
bpbt
bt da
dasu
sunb
nbtt
gefrekhpuruidk.

Netbkn
Netbknbe
be ndk`bk
ndk`bk rbk`sbk
rbk`sbk`bk
`bk pdreth
pdrethkdu
kdul
l ihabi
ihabi sdpdrte
sdpdrte kydre
kydre tdabk,
tdabk,

kydre idpbs ne tetea Lm Furkdy, ndgbks lusauidr, nbk kydre pbnb `drba bateg

2=
 nbk pbseg. Kydre nbk ndgbks lusauidr nbpbt tdrcbne pbnb sdiuruj pdrut
nesdrtbe ndk`bk tbknb-tbknb pdrethketes ulul.

m. Bppd
Bppdkn
knese
esete
tess baut
baut `bk`r
`bk`rdk
dkhs
hsbb

Feib tdabkbk nbibl iuldk tdrus fdrtblfbj, bierbk nbrbj brtdre luibe

tdr`bk``u sdjek``b tdrcbne ekgbra nbk `bk`rdk. ]dibek nenbpbtabk tbknb-

tbknb
tbknb supurb
supurbteg,
teg, bppdkn
bppdkneas
eas ldk`bi
ldk`bible
ble `bk`rd
`bk`rdkk pbnb
pbnb fb`ebk
fb`ebk tdrtdkt
tdrtdktu.
u.
Neknek` bppdkneas fdrwbrkb uk`u, jecbu adbfubk btbu ldrbj adjetblbk.
Bpbnbb bppdknesete
Bpbn bppdknesetess baut `bk`rdkhsb
`bk`rdkhsb tdrnbpbt
tdrnbpbt learhpdrghr
learhpdrghrbse
bse nbk adkbeabk
mberbk pdrethkdbi ybk` puruidk.

6. Bppd
Bppdkn
knes
eset
etes
es ek
ekge
geit
itrb
rbtt

Bppdknesete
Bppdknesetess ekgeitrbt
ekgeitrbt bnbibj prhsds rbnbk` bppdkneas
bppdkneas ybk` pdkydfbrbkkyb
pdkydfbrbkkyb
nbpbt nefbtbse hidj hldktul, usus jbius, sdaul, ahihk nbk pdrethkdul sdjek``b

ldlfdktua
ldlfdk tua `ulpbi
`ulpbibk
bk lbssb
lbssb gid`lhk
gid`lhk ybk`
ybk` ldidab
ldidabtt drbt
drbt sbtu
sbtu ndk`bk
ndk`bk ybk`
ybk`
ibekkyb.

=. Bppd
Bppdkn
knes
eset
etes
es bfsd
bfsdss

^drcbne feib lbssb ihabi ybk` tdrfdktua fdrese kbkbj (pus), febsbkyb ne ghssb
eiebab abkbk, ibtdrbi nbre sdaul, rdtrhmbdmbi, sumbdmbi, nbk pdivem.

>. Bppd
Bppdkn
knes
eset
etes
es pd
pdrg
rghr
hrbse
bse

Bnbibj
Bnbibj pdmbjk
pdmbjkyb
yb bppdkn
bppdkneas
eas ybk`
ybk` sunbj
sunbj `bk`rd
`bk`rdk
k ybk`
ybk` ldkydf
ldkydfbfa
bfabk
bk pus

lbsua adnbibl rhk``b pdrut sdjek``b tdrcbne pdrethketes ulul. _bnb neknek`
bppdkneas tblpba nbdrbj pdrghrbse neadieiek`e hidj cbrek`bk kdarhtea.

4. Bppd
Bppdkn
knes
eset
etes
es ar
arhk
hkes
es

Ldrupbabk ibkcutbk bppdknesetes baut supurbteg sdfb`be prhsds rbnbk` ybk`

pdrsestdk baefbt ekgdase learhhr`bkesld ndk`bk veruidkse rdknbj, ajususkyb
hfstru
hfstruase
ase pbrsebi
pbrsebi tdrjbn
tdrjbnbp
bp iuldk.
iuldk. Neb`kh
Neb`khses
ses bpp
bppdkn
dknese
esetes
tes arhkes
arhkes fbru
fbru nbpbt
nbpbt
netd`baabk
netd`baabk ceab bnb rewbybt sdrbk`bk kydre fdruibk` ne pdrut abkbk fbwbj idfej
nbre nub lek``u, rbnbk` arhkea bppdkneas sdmbrb lbarhsahpea nbk learhsahpea.

2>
 ]dmbrb jesthih`e, neknek` bppdkneas ldkdfbi, suf luahsb nbk lusauibres prhpeb
ldk`bible
ldk`bible gefrhses. ^drnbpbt
^drnbpbt ekgeitrbt
ekgeitrbt sdi rbnbk`
rbnbk` ielghset
ielghset nbk dhsekhgei
dhsekhgei pbnb suf
luahsb, lusauibres prhpeb, nbk sdrhsb. _dlfuiuj nbrbj sdrhsb tblpba neibtbse.

EEE.4 _bthgesehih`e Bpdknesetes(>)(7)

]dfb`ebk fdsbr bppdkneas nesdfbfabk hidj sulfbtbk ybk` adlunebk neeaute hidj
ekgdase.
ekgdase. Fdfdrbpb
Fdfdrbpb jbi eke npbt ldkydfbfa
ldkydfbfabkbk sulfbtbk,
sulfbtbk, ybetu jepdrpibseb
jepdrpibseb cbrek`bk
cbrek`bk
ielghen, gdabietj, fdknb bsek`, streatur,
s treatur, aek`aek`, pdridk`adtbk.

Feib fb`ebk prhaselbi bppdkneas tdrsulfbt, tdrcbne sdardse luaus ybk` tdrtelfuk
nbibl iuldk bppdkneas, sdjek``b tdabkbk ektrb iulekdr tek``e. ^dabkbk eke babk
ldk``bk``u bierbk ielgd sdjek``b tdrcbne dndlb nbk tdrnbpbt iuab pbnb luahsb,
stbneul
stbneul eke nesdfut Bppdknesetes Baut Vek`bk. ^dabkbk ybk` ldkek``e, dndlb nbk
nesd
nesdrtb
rtbee ek
ekgi
gibl
blbse
bse ldky
ldkydf
dfbf
bfab
abk
k hf
hfstr
strua
uase
se bier
bierbk
bk vd
vdkb
kb sdjek
sdjek``
``bb ldky
ldkydf
dfbf
bfab
abk
k
trhlfhses ybk` ldlpdrfdrbt esadle nbk dndlb. _bnb iuldk bppdkneas cu`b tdrnbpbt
fbatdre, sdjek``b nbibl adbnbbk tdrsdfut subsbkb iuldk bppdkneas mhmha fubt fbatdre
uktua nebpdndses nbk ekvbse ad neknek` nbk ldlfdibj nere sdjek``b ldkelfuiabk
ekgdase nbk ldk`jbseiabk pus. ]tbneul eke nesdfut Bppdknesetes Baut _uruidktb.

_rhsds tdrsdfut fdribk`suk` tdrus sdjek``b pbnb subtu sbbt bierbk nbrbj brtdre cu`b
tdr`bk``u, tdrutblb fb`ebk bktd ldsdktdrebi ybk` ldlpukybe vbsauibresbse lekelbi,
sdjek``b
sdjek``b tdrcbne ekgbra nbk `bk`rdk,
`bk`rdk, stbneul
stbneul eke nesdfut Bppdknesetes @bk`rdkhsb.
_bnbb stbneul
_bn stbneul eke sunbj
sunbj tdrcbn
tdrcbnee learhp
learhpdrgh
drghrbse
rbse,, abrdkb
abrdkb tdabkb
tdabkbk
k ektrbiu
ektrbiulek
lekbi
bi ybk`
ybk`
tek``
tek``ee netblf
netblfbj
bj bnbkyb
bnbkyb fbatdr
fbatdree nbk learhp
learhpdrgh
drghrbse
rbse,, ldknhr
ldknhrhk`
hk` pu
puss sdrtb
sdrtb prhnua
prhnua

ekgd
ekgdas
asee ldk`
ldk`bi
bier
er ad rh
rhk`
k``b
`b bf
bfnh
nhld
ldk.
k. ]tbn
]tbneu
eul
l ek
ekee ne
nesdf
sdfut
ut Bppd
Bppdknese
knesetes
tes Baut
_drghrbse , nelbkb ldkelfuiabk pdrethketes ulul nbk bfsds sdaukndr. ^bpe prhsds
pdrcbibkbk bppdknesetes tenba luius sdpdrte tdrsdfut ne btbs, abrdkb bnb usbjb tufuj
uktua ldihabieser tdlpbt ekgdase ndk`bk mbrb ’Pbiiek` Hgg“ hidj hldktul, idk`auk`
usus jbius, mbdmul, mhihk, nbk pdrethkdul sdjek``b tdrcbne `ulpbibk lbssb pidalhk
ybk` ldidabt drbt. Adbnbbk eke nesdfut Bppdknesetes Ekgeitrbtd.

Bppd
Bppdkn
knes
eset
etes
es ekge
ekgeit
itrb
rbtd
td bnbi
bnbibj
bj subt
subtu
u pida
pidalh
lhk
k yb
ybk`
k` fd
fdru
rupb
pb lbss
lbssbb yb
ybk`
k`
ldlfdk`ab
ldlfdk`aba
a nbk tdrnere nbre bppdkneas,
bppdkneas, usus, hldktul
hldktul,, nbk pdrethkdul
pdrethkdul ndk`bk
ndk`bk
sdneae
sdneaett btbu tbkpb
tbkpb pdk`ul
pdk`ulpui
puibk
bk pus.
pus. Tsbjb
Tsbjb tufuj
tufuj uktua
uktua ldiha
ldihabies
bieser
er ekgdase
ekgdase fesb
fesb
sdlpurkb btbu tenba sdlpurkb, fbea abrdkb ekgdase ybk` fdrcbibk tdribiu mdpbt btbu

24
ahknese
ahknese pdkndretb
pdkndretb ybk` aurbk` fbea, sdjek``b bppdkneauibr
bppdkneauibr ekgeitrbtd
ekgeitrbtd nefb`e
nefb`e ldkcbne
ldkcbne
nub 3

b. Bppdkn
Bppdkneau
eauidr
idr ekgeit
ekgeitrbtd
rbtd lhfeid
lhfeid

f. Bppdkneauidr ekgeitrbtd gexdn

_drghrbse luk`aek lbsej tdrcbne pbnb wbiiek` hgg ybk` sdlpurkb sdjek``b babk
tdrfdkt
tdrfdktua
ua bfsds
bfsds preldr
preldr.. ]dnbk`
]dnbk`abk
abk pbnb
pbnb wbiiek
wbiiek`
` hgg ybk`
ybk` fdiul
fdiul sdlpur
sdlpurkb
kb babk
babk
tdrfdktua bfsds sdaukndr ybk` fesb ldkydfbfabk pdrethketes ulul.

Bppdkn
Bppdkneas
eas ybk`
ybk` pdrkbj
pdrkbj ldrbnb
ldrbnbk`
k` tenba
tenba babk
babk sdlfuj
sdlfuj sdlpur
sdlpurkb,
kb, tdt
tdtbpe
bpe babk
babk
ldlf
ldlfdk
dktu
tua
a cbre
cbrek`
k`bk
bk pb
pbru
rutt yb
ybk`
k` ldky
ldkydf
dfbf
bfab
abk
k pd
pdri
ridk
dk`a
`adt
dtbk
bk nd
ndk`
k`bk
bk cb
cbrek
rek`b
`bk
k
sdaetbrkyb nbk ldkelfuiabk hfstruase. _dridk`adtbk eke nbpbt ldkelfuiabk adiujbk
fdruibk` ne pdrut abkbk fbwbj. _bnb subtu adteab hr`bk eke nbpbt ldrbnbk` baut ib`e
nbk nekybtbabk sdfb`be ldk`bible dasbsdrfbse baut. Bppdknesetes tdrcbne nbre prhsds

ekgiblbse rek`bk jek``b pdrghrbse, ajbs nbibl 6>-=7 cbl sdtdibj lukmuikyb `dcbib,
adlunebk neeaute ndk`bk pdlfdktuabk bfsds sdtdibj 6-= jbre.

@blfbr 7 (b). _bthgesehih`e Bppdknesetes

27
@blfbr 7 (f). _bthgesehih`e Bppdknesetes

20
EEE.7 Lbkegdstbse Aiekes Bpdknesetes(0)

b. Kydr
Kydree bbfn
fnhl
hlek
ekbi
bi

Abrd
Abrdkb
kb bn
bnbk
bkyb
yb ah
ahkt
ktrba
rbase
se bp
bppd
pdkn
knex
ex,, ne
nest
stdk
dkse
se nb
nbre
re iu
iuld
ldk
k bp
bppd
pdkn
knex
ex
btbupuk
btbupuk abrdkb
abrdkb tbreab
tbreabk
k neknek
neknek`
` bppdkn
bppdknx
x ybk`
ybk` ldk`bi
ldk`bible
ble pdrbnb
pdrbnbk`b
k`bk.
k.
Luib-luib
Luib-luib kydre nerbsbabk
nerbsbabk sblbr-sblbr,
sblbr-sblbr, tulpui nbk jeibk`
jeibk` telfui
telfui ybk`
ldrupbabk kydre vesdrbine nbdrbj dpe`bstreul btbu sdaetbr ulfeiemusabrdkb
bp
bppd
pdkn
knex
ex nb
nbk
k us
usus
us jb
jbiu
iuss ldlp
ldlpuk
ukyb
ybee pd
pdrs
rsbrb
brbgb
gbk
k yb
ybk`
k` sblb.
sblb. ]d
]dtd
tdib
ibj
j
fdfdrbpb cbl (>-7 cbl) kydre fdrpeknbj nbk ldkdtbp ne bfnhldk abkbk
fbwbj (tetea Lm Furkdy). Bpbfeib tdrcbne ekgiblbse (;7 cbl) babk
tdrcbnekydre shlbtea sdtdlpbtybk` fdrbrte sunbj tdrcbne rbk`sbk`bk pbnb
pdrethkdul pbredtbi ndk`bk segbt kydre ybk` idfej tbcbl, tdrihabieser sdrtb
kydre babk idfej jdfbt feib fbtua btbupuk fdrcbibk abae.

]dibe
]dibekk `d
`dcb
cbib
ib aibse
aibsea,
a, bn
bnbb fdfdfd
fdrb
rbpb
pb `d
`dcbi
cbibb ib
ibek
ek yb
ybk`
k` nb
nbpb
pbtt telf
telfui
ui
sdfb`be baefbt nbre bpdknesetes. ^elfuikyb `dcbib eke fdr`bktuk` pbnb idtba
bpdkneas adteab ldrbnbk`. Fdreaut `dcbib ybk` telfui tdrsdfut 3

h Feib idtba bpdkneas rdtrhsdabi rdtrhpdrethkdbi,

rdtrhpdrethkdbi, ybetu ne fdibabk`
fdibabk`
sdaul (tdrieknuk` hidj sdaul), tbknb kydre pdrut abkbk fbwbj
tenba fd`etu cdibs nbk tenba bnb tbknb rbk`sbk`bk
rbk`sbk`bk pdrethkdbi.
pdrethkdbi. Vbsb
ky
kydr
dree idfe
idfej
j ad brbj
brbj pd
pdru
rutt ab
abkb
kbk
k btbu
btbu ky
kydr
dree telf
telfui
ui pb
pbnb
nb sbbt
sbbt
ldibauabk
ldibauabk `drbabk sdpdrte fdrcbibk,
fdrcbibk, fdrkbgbs nbibl,
nbibl, fbtua,
fbtua, nbk
ldk`dn
ldk`dnbk.
bk. Kydre
Kydre eke telfui
telfui abrdkb
abrdkb bnbkyb
bnbkyb ahktrba
ahktrbase
se l. pshbs
pshbs
lbyhr ybk` ldkd`bk` nbre nhrsbi.

h Feib bpdkneas tdridtba ne ndabt btbu ldkdlpdi pbnb rdatul, babk

telfui
telfui `dcbib
`dcbib nbk rbk`sb
rbk`sbk`b
k`bk
k se`lhe
se`lhen
n btbu rdatul
rdatul,, sdjek`
sdjek``b
`b
pdrestbitea ldkek`abt, pdk`hshk`bk rdatul babk ldkcbne idfej
mdpbt nbk fdruibk`-uibk` (nebrd).

h Feibb bpdkn
Fei bpdkneas
eas tdridtb
tdridtba
a ne ndabt
ndabt btbu
btbu ldkdlp
ldkdlpdi
di pbnb
pbnb abknuk
abknuk`
`
adle
adlej,
j, nbpb
nbpbtt tdrc
tdrcbn
bnee pdke
pdkek`
k`ab
abtb
tbk
k grda
grdaud
udks
ksee ad
adle
lej,
j, ab
abrd
rdkb
kb
rbk`sbk`bk neknek`kyb.

2:
 f. Lubi-luktbj febsbkyb pbnb gbsd bwbi

Nesdfbfabk abrdkb rbk`sbk`bk vesmdrbi baefbt batevbse kdrvus vb`us.

^elfui fdfdrbpb cbl sdsunbj rbsb kydre ybk` telfui sbbt
pdrluibbk.Jblper 04% pdkndretb nesdrtbe ndk`bk vhletus, kbluk cbrbk`
fdribkcut ldkcbne fdrbt nbk adfbkybabk vhletus jbkyb sdabie btbu nub
abie.

m. Kbgsu
Kbgsu lbabk
lbabk ldkuru
ldkuruk
k (bkhrd
(bkhrdase
aseb)
b)

^elfui fdfdrbpb cbl sdsunbjrbsb kydre ybk` telfui sbbt pdrluibbk.

Adbnbbk bkhrdaseb jblper sdibiu bnb pbnb sdtebp pdkndretb bppdknesetes
baut
baut,, feib
feib jbi
jbi ek te
tenb
nba
a bn
bnbb lbab
lbab ne
neb`
b`kh
khse
sess bp
bppd
pdkn
knes
eset
etes
es baut
baut pd
pdri
riu
u
nepdrtbkybabk.

n. Hfstep
Hfstepbse
bse nbk
nbk nebr
nebrdd pbnb
pbnb bkba
bkba-bkb
-bkba.
a.

_d
_dkn
kndr
dret
etbb bp
bppd
pdkn
knes
eset
etes
es baut
baut cu
cu`b
`b ldk`
ldk`di
diuj
uj hf
hfst
step
epbs
bsee sd
sdfd
fdiu
iul
l
nbtbk`kyb rbsb kydre nbk fdfdrbpb pdkndretb ldk`bible nebrd. Jbi tdrsdfut
telfui febsbkyb pbnb idtba bppdknex pdiveabi ybk` ldrbk`sbk` nbdrbj
rdatul.

d. Ndlbl

Ndlbl ybk` tenba tdribiu tek``e, ybetu suju bktbrb =0,4 ? ” =:,4?M
tdtbpe feib suju idfej tek``e, nenu`b tdibj tdrcbne pdrghrbse.

Adibekbk pbthih`e Adiujbk nbk tbknb

_drbnbk`bk bwbi Aurbk` dkba uiu jbte/nbdrbj pusbt,
luk`aek ahiea.
Bpdknetes luahsb Kydre tdabk abkbk fbwbj
(rbk`sb`bkbk buthlea).
Vbnbk` ne sdiuruj adtdfbibk neknek` Kydre sdktrbi peknbj ad abkbk fbwbj,
lubi nbk luktbj.
Bpdknesetesahlpidt rbnbk` Vbk`sbk`bk pdrethkdul ihabi

pdrethkdul pbredtbid bppdkneas (shlbt

(shlbtea)
ea),, kydre
kydre pbnb
pbnb `drba
`drba bateg
bateg nbk

25
 pbseg,ndgbks lusauidr ihabi.
Vbnbk` bibt/cbrek`bk ybk` ldkdlpdi @dke
@dketb
tbie
iebb ek
ektd
tdrk
rkb,
b, ur
urdt
dtdr
dr,, l.
l.ps
pshb
hbss
pbnb bppdkneas lbyhr, abktuk` adlej, rdatul.
Bpdknesetes `bk`rdkhsb Ndlbl sdnbk`, tbaeabrneb,
luibe thasea, iduahsethses.

_drghrbse Kydre nbk ndgbks lusauidr sdiuruj

_dlfuk`ausbk tenba fdrjbsei
_dlfuk`ausbk fdrjbsei
Bfsds
pdrut.
Ndlbl tek``e, ndjenrbse,
syha, thasea
Lbssb pdrut abkbk fbwbj, adbnbbk
ulul fdrbk`sur ldlfbea
Ndlbl rdletdk, adbnbbk ulul thasea,
adiujbk nbk tbknb sdtdlpbt

EEE.0 Neb`khses Bpdknesetes (:)

b. Bkblkdses

Tktua
Tktua ldkd`b
ldkd`baab
aabk
k neb`kh
neb`khses
ses pbnb
pbnb bpdkne
bpdknesete
setess nenbsbr
nenbsbrabk
abk btbs
btbs bkblkd
bkblkdses
ses
netblfbj
netblfbj ndk`bk
ndk`bk pdldreasbbk
pdldreasbbk ibfhrbthreu
ibfhrbthreul
l sbrtb pdldreasbbk
pdldreasbbk pdkukcbk`
pdkukcbk`
ibekkyb.
ibekkyb. @dcbib bppdknesete
bppdknesetess netd`baabk
netd`baabk ndk`bk bkblkdses, bnb > jbi pdktek`
ybetu 3

h Kydre luib ” luib ne dpe`bstreul ( kydre vesmdrbi

vesmd rbi ) ybk` fdfdrbpb

wbatu adlunebk ldkcbibr ad pdrut abkbk fbwbj.

h Luktbj hidj abrdkb kydre vesmdrbi

h Ndlbl

h @dcbib ibek bnbibj fbnbk idlbj nbk aurbk` kbgsu lbabk, pdkndretb
kblpba sbaet, ldk`jeknbrabk pdr`drbabk pbnb nbdrbj pdrut.

f. _dldreasbbk gesea

2) Eksp
spddase

6?
 Abnbk` sunbj tdriejbt wbatu pdkndretb fdrcbibk sblfei fuk`aua nbk
ldld`b
ldld`bk`
k` pdrut.
pdrut. _dkndr
_dkndretb
etb tblpba
tblpba adsbae
adsbaetbk
tbk.. _bnb
_bnb ekspda
ekspdase
se pdrut
pdrut
tenba
tenba netdlu
netdluabk
abk `blfbr
`blfbrbk
bk spdsege
spdsegea.
a. Adlfuk
Adlfuk`
` sdrek`
sdrek` tdriejb
tdriejbtt pbnb
pbnb
pdkndretb ndk`bk ahlpieabse pdrghrbse. _dkhkchibk pdrut abkbk fbwbj
fesb neiejbt pbnb lbssb btbu bfsds bppdkneauidr.

6) Busau
usauit
itbs
bsee

_drest
_drestbit
bitea
ea usus
usus sdrek`
sdrek` khrlbi.
khrlbi. _drestbit
_drestbitem
em nbpbt
nbpbt jeibk`
jeibk` pbnb
pbnb eidus
eidus
pbrbietea abrdkb pdrethketes `dkdrbiesbtb baefbt bppdknesetes pdrghrbtb.

=) _bipbse

Ndk`bk
Ndk`bk pbipbs
pbipbsee ne nbdrbj
nbdrbj tetea
tetea Lm. Furkdy
Furkdy nenbpb
nenbpbtab
tabk
k tbknb-t
tbknb-tbkn
bknbb
pdrethketes ihabi ybetu3

h Kydre tdabk (+) Lm. Furkdy

_bnb pbipbse nenbpbtabk

nenbpbtabk tetea kydre tdabk aubnrbk
aubnrbk fbwbj btbu tetea
Lm Furkdy nbk eke ldrupbabk tbknb aukme neb`khses.
h Kydre idpbs (+)abrdkb rbk`sbk`bk pdrethkdul

Vdfhuk
Vdfhukn
n tdkndr
tdkndrkds
kdsss (kydre
(kydre idpbs
idpbs tdabk)
tdabk) bnbibj
bnbibj rbsb kydre
kydre ybk`
ybk`
jdfbt
jdfbt (nbpbt
(nbpbt ndk`bk
ndk`bk ldiejbt
ldiejbt lelea
lelea wbcbj)
wbcbj) ne bfnhld
bfnhldk
k abkbk
abkbk
fbwbj sbbt tdabkbk sdmbrb tefb-tefb neidpbsabk, sdtdibj sdfdiulkyb
s dfdiulkyb
neibauabk pdkdabkbk ybk` pdribjbk nbk nbibl netetea Lm Furkdy.
h Ndgdks lusauidr(+)
lusauidr( +) abrdkb rbk`sbk`bk
rbk`sb k`bk L.Vdatus
L.Vdatu s Bfnhlekes

Ndgdks lusaui
Ndgdks lusauidr
dr bnbibj
bnbibj kydre
kydre tdabk
tdabk sdiuruj
sdiuruj ibpbk`b
ibpbk`bk
k bfnhld
bfnhldk k
ybk` ldkukcuaa
ldkukcuaabk
bk bnbkyb
bnbkyb rbk`sbk`bk
rbk`sbk`bk pdrethkdul
pdrethkdul pbredtbi._bnb
pbredtbi._bnb
bppdkneas
bppdkneas idtba rdtrhpdrethk
rdtrhpdrethkdbi,
dbi, ndgbks
ndgbks lusmuibr
lusmuibr luk`aek
luk`aek tenba
bnb, ybk` bnb kydre pek``bk`.
_dldreasbbk Vdmtbi ^humjdr
Babk nenbpbtabk kydre pbnb cbl 5-26. _bnb bpdknesetes pdiveab babk
nenbpbtabk kydre tdrfbtbs sdwbatu
sd wbatu neibauabk mhiha nufur.

>) _dra
_draus
usee 3 kydre
kydre ad
adtu
tua
a (+)
(+)

m. _dldrea
_dldreasbbk
sbbk ajusus/
ajusus/tbk
tbknb
nb ajusus
ajusus

62
 Vhvsek`
Vhvs ek` se`k
se` k
_dkdabkbk
_dkdabkbk pdrut aere fbwbj tdrcbne kydre pdrut abkbk fbwbj,
fbwbj, abrdkb
tdabkbk ldrbk
rbk`sbk` pdre
resstbitem nbk unbrb usus, sdjek``b
ldk``drbaabk pdrethkdul sdaetbr bppdknex ybk` ldrbnbk` (shlbtem
pbek)

 Fiulfdr
Fiul fdr`
` se`k
se `k
Nesdfut cu`b ndk`bk kydre idpbs. _bipbse pbnb aubnrbk aere fbwbj btbu
ahibtdrbi nbre ybk` sbaet adlunebk neidpbsabk tefb-tefb, babk tdrbsb
kydre
kydre pbnb
pbnb aubnrb
aubnrbk
k abkbk
abkbk fbwbj
fbwbj abrdkb
abrdkb eretbse
eretbse pdreth
pdrethkdb
kdbii pbnb
pbnb sese
ybk` fdribwbkbk.
 _shbs
_s hbs se
se`k
`k
Neibauabk ndk`bk rbk`sbk`bk lusauius pshbs. Bnb 6 mbrb ldldreasb3
2. Bateg 3 _bsedk tdidktbk`,
tdidktbk`, tuk`ab
tuk`abee abkbk iurus netbjbk
netbjbk pdldreasb,
pdldreasb,
pbsedk ldlgidaseabk brtemuibtehk mhxbd abkbk, pshbs se`k (+) feib
tdrbsb kydre pdrut abkbk fbwbj.
6. _bseg3 _bsedk lerek` adaere,
adaere, pbjb
pbjb abkbk
abkbk nejepdrda
nejepdrdastdkse
stdkseabk
abk
pdldreasb, pshbs se`k (+) feib tdrbsb kydre pdrut abkbk fbwbj.

66
 @blfbr 0. Mbrb ldibauabk _shbs ]e`k

 Hfturbt
Hftu rbthr
hr se`k
se `k
Neibauabk
Neibauabk ndk`bk ldkyuruj
ldkyuruj pbsedk
pbsedk tenur tdidktbk`,
tdidktbk`, ibiu neibauabk
neibauabk
`drbabk
`drbabk gidase nbk dknhrhtbse
dknhrhtbse sdkne pbk``ui
pbk``ui btbu brtemuibtehk
brtemuibtehk mhxbd.
Hfturbthr se`k (+) feib tdrbsb kydre ne pdrut abkbk fbwbj.

6=
 @blfbr :. Mbrb ldibauabk Hfturbthr ]e`k

n. _dld
_dldre
reas
asbb
bbk
k pdk
pdkuk
ukcb
cbk`
k`

2) _dld
_dldre
reas
asbbk
bbk ibfhr
ibfhrbt
bthr
hreu
eul
l

6>
 h _dldreasbbk nbrbj 3 pbnb ibfhrbthreul nbrbj tdrnbpbt iduahsethse
rek`bk ( 2?.??? ” 2:.???/ll=) ybk` nenhlekbse ;04% hidj sdi
_hielhrghk
_hielhrghkuaidbr
uaidbr (_LK), kdtrhgei (sjegt th tjd idgt) nelbkb tdrcbne
tdrcbne
pbnb 5?% pbsedk. Jbi eke febsbkyb tdrnbpbt pbnb pbsedk ndk`bk
bautt bppdkn
bau bppdkneset
esetes
es nbk bpdkne
bpdknesete
setess tbkpb
tbkpb ahlpie
ahlpieabse
abse.. ]dnbk`
]dnbk`abk
abk

iduah
iduahset
set ;2:.??
;2:.???/ll=ldk
?/ll ldkek`
ek`abt
abtabk
abk adluk`
adluk`aek
aekbk
bk tdrcbne
tdrcbnekyb
kyb
pdrghrbse bpdkneas ndk`bk btbu tbkpb bfsds.

h _dldreasbbk urek 3 uktua ldiejbt bnbkyb dretrhset, iduahset, nbk

fbatdre nbibl urek. _dldreasbbk eke sbk`bt ldlfbktu nbibl
ldkyek`ae
ldkyek`aerabk
rabk neb`khses
neb`khses fbknek`
fbknek` sdpdrte ekgdase sbiurbk
sbiurbk adlej
btbu fbtu `ekcbi ybk` ldlpukybe `dcbib aiekes ybk` jblper sblb
ndk`bk bppdknesetes.

h _d
_dld
ldre
reas
asbb
bbk
k ibfh
ibfhrb
rbth
thre
reul
ul ib
ibek
ek yb
ybk`
k` ldkn
ldknua
uauk
uk`
` ne
neb`
b`kh
khsb
sb

bppdknesetes bnbibj M- rdbateg prhtdek. MV_ ldrupbabk rdbatbk gbsd

baut tdrjbnbp ekgdase fbatdreb ybk` nefdktua ne jdpbr. Abnbr sdrul
luibe ldkek`abt
ldkek`abt pbnb 7-26 cbl sdtdibj ekgiblbse
ekgiblbse cbrek`bk.
cbrek`bk. ^dtbpe
pbnb ululkyb, pdldreasbbk eke cbrbk` ne`ukbabk abrdkb tenba
spdsegea. ]pdsegetbskyb jbkyb ldkmbpbe 4?-:0% nbk jbsei nbre MV_
tenba nbpbt ldlfdnbabk tepd nbre ekgdase fbatdre.

6) Ghth
Ghth ph
phih
ihss bfn
bfnhl
hldk
dk

Vbnehi
Vbnehih`e
h`e phihs
phihs tenba
tenba spdsege
spdsegea,
a, ulukyb
ulukyb tenba
tenba dgdateg
dgdateg uktua
uktua

febyb, nbk nbpbt ldkydsbtabk nbibl stubse tdrtdktu. Nbibl 94%, subtu
gdabietj furbl luk`aek tenba tdriejbt ne aubnrbk abkbk fbwbj. Ghth
phihs bfnhldk nbpbt ne`ukbabk uktua ldkyek`aerabk neb`khses
fbknek`. _bnb bppdknesetes baut nbpbt tdriejbt bfkhrlbi ’ `bs pbttdrk“
pbttdrk“
nb
nbre
re us
usus
us,, tbpe
tbpe jb
jbii ek
ekee tenb
tenba
a spds
spdsege
egea.
a. Ne
Netd
tdlu
luab
abk
k gd
gdab
abie
ietj
tj nb
nbpb
pbtt
ldknuauk
ldknuauk`
` neb`khses.
neb`khses. Nbpbt netdluabk puib bnbkyb ihmbi ber giuen
idvdi, pdkek`abtbk ndksetbs cbrek`bk iukba pbnb aubnrbk abkbk fbwbj,
pdrufbjbk fbybk`bk pshbs iekd, nbk grdd ber (cbrbk`
(cbrbk`)) feib
feib tdrcbne
tdrcbne
pdrghrbse. Ghth phihs ululkyb tenba nebkcurabk admubie ahknese

tdrtdktu lesbikyb pdrghrbse, hfstruase usus, sbiurbk adlej abiauius.

64
 Pbibupuk ndleaebk, ghth phihs bfnhldk fuabkibj sdsubtu ybk` rutek
btbu
btbu jb
jbru
russ nead
neadrcb
rcbab
abk
k nb
nbib
ibl
l ldk`
ldk`dv
dvbi
biub
ubse
se pb
pbsed
sedk
k nd
ndk`
k`bk
bk ky
kydr
dree
bfnhldk ybk` baut.

=) T]@

Ldrupb
Ldru pbab
abk
k pd pdld
ldrea
reasbb
sbbk
k ybybk`
k` ba
baur
urbt
bt uk
uktu
tua
a ldkd
ldkdkt
ktua
uabk
bk
neb`khses bppdknesetes. ^dakeakyb tenba lbjbi, nbpbt neibauabk ndk`bk
mdpbt, tenba ekvbseg, tenba ldlfutuja
ldlfutujabk
bk ahktrbs
ahktrbs nbk nbpbt ne`ukbabk
ne`ukbabk
pbnb pbsedk ybk` sdnbk` jblei abrdkb tenba ldk``bk``u pbpbrbk
rbnebse. ]dmbrb shkh`rbge, bppdkneas neendktegeabseabk sdfb`be ’fiekn
’ fiekn
dkn“, tbkpb pdrestbite
pdrestbitea
a usus. Aretdreb shkh`rbge uktua ldkneb`kh
ldkneb`khses
ses
bppdknesetes baut bnbibj bnbkyb khkmhlprdssefid bppdkneas sdfdsbr 7
ll btbu idfej pbnb nebldtdr bktdrhphstdrehr, bnbkyb bppdknemhietj,
ektdrupse pbnb ahktekuetbs ibpesbk sufluahsb, nbk mberbk btbu lbssb

pdrebppdknemdbi. ^dlubk pdrghrbse bppdknesetes tdrlbsua mberbk

pdremdmbi ihmuibtdn, pjid`lhk (sdfubj ndgekese pdkybaet ibpesbk
struatur neknek` bppdkneas) btbu bfsds, idlba pdremdmbi ldkhkchi, nbk
adjeibk`bk adieiek` nbre ibydr sufluahsb.

Gbisd (+) nbpbt netdluabk pbnb bnbkyb neibtbse tufb gbihpee nbk
pbnb pbsedk ybk` hfdsd jbseikyb fesb tenba baurbt, nevdrteauiul
Ldmadi,, nevdrteaui
Ldmadi nevdrteauietes
etes mdmbi, pdkybaet rbnbk`
rbnbk` usus, pdkybaet rbnbk`
pbk``ui, nbk dknhldtrehses. ]dnbk`abk gbisd (-) nenbpbtabk pbnb
bppdkneas.

>) Fbr
breu
eul
l dk
dkdlb
dlb

Ubetu subtu pdldreasbbk Z-Vby ndk`bk ldlbsuaabk fbreul ad mhihk

ldibiue bkus. Fbreul dkdlb ldrupbabk ahktrb ekneabse pbnb suspda
bppdknesete
bppdknesetess baut sdfbf pbnb bpdknesetes
bpdknesetes baut bnb adluk`aekb
adluk`aekbk
k sunbj
tdrcbne learhpdrghrbse sdjek``b ahktrbs nbpbt lbsua ad ektrbbfnhldk
ldkydf
ldkydfbfa
bfabk
bk pdkydf
pdkydfbrbk
brbk aulbk
aulbk ad ektrbbf
ektrbbfnhl
nhldk.
dk. Fbreul
Fbreul dkdlb
dkdlb
ekneabse
ekneabse uktua
uktua bpdknesetes
bpdknesetes arhkea.
arhkea. Bpdkneah`r
Bpdkneah`rbl
bl neibauabk
neibauabk ndk`bk
ndk`bk
mbrb pdlfdrebk ahktrbs Fb]H> sdrfua jbius ybk` nedkmdrabk ndk`bk
pdrfbknek`bk 2 3 = sdmbrb pdrhrbi nbk nelekul sdfdiul aurbk` idfej :

67
 ” 2? cbl uktua bkba ” bkba btbu 2? ” 26 cbl uktua ndwbsb.
_dldreasbbk eke neabtbabk phseteg feib ldkukcuaabk bppdkneas ybk`
khk-geiiek` nd
ndk`
k`bk
bk ek
eknd
ndkt
ktbs
bsee nb
nbre
re mb
mbdmu
dmul
l ldku
ldkukc
kcua
uaab
abk
k bn
bnbk
bkyb
yb
bppdknesetes arhkes. Jbi eke ldkukcuaabk bnbkyb ekgiblbse pdrembdmbi.
Gbisd kd`btevd (pbrtebi geiiek`) nenbpbtabk pbnb 2?% absus. Fbreul

dkdlb eke sunbj tenba ib`e ne`ukbabk sdmbrb rutek nbibl ldk`dvbiubse
pbsedk ybk` nemure`be ldkndretb bppdknesetes baut.

4) M^ ]mbk

]bk`bt fdr`ukb pbnb pbsedk ybk` nemure`be ldk`bible prhsds

ekgi
ekgibl
blbs
bsee pbnb
pbnb bfnh
bfnhld
ldk
k nbk
nbk bn
bnbk
bkyb
yb `d
`dcb
cbib
ib tenb
tenba
a aj
ajbs
bs uk
uktu
tua
a
bppdknesetes. Bppdkneas khrlbi babk tdriejbt struatur tufuibr tepes pbnb
au
aubn
bnrbk
rbk ab
abkb
kbk
k fb
fbwb
wbj
j yb
ybk`
k` nb
nbpb
pbtt ldkc
ldkcbn
bnee hp
hpba
ba nd
ndk`
k`bk
bk ah
ahkt
ktrb
rbs.
s.
Bppdknemhietj tdriejbt sdfb`be abisegeabse jhlh`dkus fdrfdktua mekmek
(0)
(jbih se`k), nbk tdriejbt pbnb 64% phpuibse.

Bppdkn
Bppdkneset
esetes
es baut
baut nbpbt
nbpbt neneb`
neneb`khs
khsbb fdrnbs
fdrnbsbra
brabk
bk M^-]mb
M^-]mbk
k
bpbfeib nenbpbtabk bppdkneas ybk` bfkhrlbi ndk`bk ekgiblbse pbnb
pdrebppdknemdbi. Bppdkneas neabtbabk bfkhrlbi bpbfeib tdrnestdkse
btbu
btbu ldkdfb
ldkdfbii nbk ldlfdsb
ldlfdsbrr ;4-0
;4-0 ll. ]dnbk`
]dnbk`abk
abk ybk`
ybk` tdrlbsu
tdrlbsua
a
ekgiblbse pdrebppdknemdbi bktbrb ibek bnbibj bfsds, aulpuibk mberbk,
dndlb, nbk pjid`lhk. Ekgiblbse pdrebppdknemdbi btbu dndl tdriejbt
sdfb`be pdrabpurbk nbre idlba ldsdktdreul (’nerty
(’ nerty gbt“), pdkdfbibk
gbsmeb ihabies, nbk pdkek`abtbk ndksetbs cbrek`bk iukba pbnb aubnrbk
ab
abkb
kbk
k fb
fbwb
wbj.
j. M^-]
M^-]mbk
mbk aj
ajus
usus
usky
kybb ne
ne`u
`ukb
kbab
abk
k pb
pbnb
nb pb
pbse
sedk
dk yb
ybk`
k`
ldk`bible pdkbk`bkbk `dcbib aiekes ybk` tdibt (>:-06 cbl) sdjek``b
nb
nbpb
pbtt fd
fdra
radl
dlfb
fbk`
k` ldkc
ldkcbn
bnee pj
pjid
id`l
`lhk
hk bt
btbu
bu bf
bfsd
sds.
s. Gd
Gdab
abie
ietj
tj nb
nbpb
pbtt
ndk`bk
ndk`bk lunbj tdriejbt, tdtbpe bnbky
bnbkybb gdabietj
gdabietj fuabk pbth`khlhke
pbth`khlhkea
a
bnbkyb
bnbkyb bppdkn
bppdkneset
esetes.
es. ^dlubk
^dlubk pdktek
pdktek`
` bnbibj
bnbibj brrhw
brrhwjdbn
jdbn se`k ybk`
nesdfbfabk pdkdfbibk nbre mbdmul. (7)

Adaurbk`bk nbre M^-]mbk tdrlbsua luk`aek ehnekbse-ahktrbs-

ldneb bidr`e, adtenbakyblbkbk pbsedk nbre pdlfdrebk ldneb ahktrbs

(t
(tdr
drut
utbl
blbb ceab
ceab ldne
ldnebb ah
ahkt
ktrbs
rbs rdatbi
rdatbi ne
ne`u
`ukb
kbab
abk)
k),, pb
pbpb
pbrbk
rbk rb rbne
nebse
bse
(7)
pdk`ehk, febyb nbk tenba nbpbt
nbpbt ne`ukbabk uktua wbketb jblei.

60
d. ]m
]mhr
hrek
ek`
` Bppd
Bppdkn
knes
eset
etes
es

]ahr Bivbrbnh(5)

]dlub pdkndretb ndk`bk suspda bppdknesetes baut nefubt sahr bivbrbnh nbk
neai
neaibse
bsege
geab
abse
seabk
abk ldkc
ldkcbn
bnee 6 ad
adih
ihlp
lpha
ha yb
ybet
etu
u 3 sahr
sahr 97 nb
nbk
k sahr
sahr ;7.
;7.

]dibkcutkyb neibauabk bpdkneathle, sdtdibj hpdrbse neibauabk pdldreasbbk

_B tdrjbnbp cbrek`bk bpdkneas nbk jbseikyb neaibsegeabseabk ldkcbne 6
adihlpha ybetu 3 rbnbk` baut nbk fuabk rbnbk` baut.

Adtd
Adtdrb
rbk`
k`bk
bk Bi
Bivb
vbrb
rbnh
nh sm
smhr
hrdd 3

 Ektdrprdtbse nbre Lhnegedn Bivbrbnh ]mhrd 3

2 ”> sbk`bt
sbk`bt luk`ae
luk`aek
k fuab
fuabk
k bppdk
bppdknes
nesete
etess baut
baut

4”0 sbk`b
sbk`btt luk`
luk`ae
aek
k bppd
bppdkn
knese
esete
tess baut
baut

: ” 2? pbste
pbste bppdkn
bppdkneset
esetes
es baut
baut

 _dkbk`bkbk fd
fdrnbsb
sbrrabk sa
sahr Bi
Bivbrbnh 3

2”> 3 hfsdrvbse : ” 2? 3 hpdrbse neke

4”0 3 bk
bktefehtea

6:
 Hjlbkk ]mhrd.T (5)

]e`k/]ylpthl Wbiud
_bek hk mhlprdssehk ek tjd ihwdr re`jt qubnrbkt > ,4
Vdfhukn pbek 6 ,4
Bfsdkmd hg urekbry sylpthls 6 ,?
Mhktekuhus pbek 6 ,?
Pjetd fihhn mdii mhukt ; 2????/lEI 2 ,4
B`d ukndr 4? ydbrs 2 ,4
Le`rbtehk hg pbek th tjd re`jt ihwdr qubnrbkt 2 ,?
Ekvhiuktbry lusmuibr tdksehk (ndgdksd) 2 ,?

Ihw 3 9 4, Lhndrbtd 3 7 ” 22, Je`j 3 26 ” 2=

]ahrek` bppdknesetes pbnb bkba ” bkba(5)

Ubk`
Ubk` sdrek`
sdrek` ne`ukba
ne`ukbabk
bk bnbibj
bnbibj ]blu
]bludi
di ]mhrd.
]mhrd. ]estdl
]estdl pdkeib
pdkeibebk
ebk eke
ldiepute 5 vbrebfdi uktua ldkeibe bppdknesetes baut 3

Kh Aretdreb ]ahrek`
2. @dkndr
2) Ibae-i
-ibbae 6
6) _dr
drddlpubk ?
6. Ektdksetbs Kydre
2) Fdrbt 6
6) ]dnbk` ?
=. _drpeknbjbk kydre
2 ) Ub >

>. 6) pdrut
Kydre ^enbaaubnrbk abkbk fbwbj ?

2 ) Ub >
6) ^enba ?
4. Luktbj
2 ) Ub 6
6) ^enba ?
7. ]uju fbnbk
2) =0,4?M =
6) 9=0,4?M ?
0. @ubrnek`
2 ) Ub 6

65
 6) ^enba ?
:. Fesek` Tsus
2) Bfsdk
Bfsdkt/
t/ld
ldke
kek`
k`abt
abt >
6) Khrlbi ?
5. Vdfhukn tdkndrkdss
2 ) Ub 0
6) ^enba ?

 Bppdknesetes baut ldlpukybe keibe ? sblpbe keibe lbaselbi =6. Nbk keibe
eke ne`ukbabk uktua ldkneb`khsb bnb btu tenbakyb bppdknesetes baut.

 Keibe fbtbs uktua bppdknesetes baut bnbibj ;62 adluk`aekbk fdsbr

bppdknesetes baut.

 Ceab keibe 924, adluk`aekbk uktua bppdknesetes baut bnbibj rdknbj.

(>)(7)(0)
EEE.: Neb`khses Fbknek` Bpdknesetes

Neb`khses fbknek` bppdknesetes nbpbt fdrvbrebse tdr`bktuk` nbre useb nbk cdkes
adiblek 3

- _bnb
_bnb bkba ” bkba
bkba nbk fbiet
fbietbb 3 ektususd
ektususdpse
pse,, nevdra
nevdrauie
uietes
tes nbk
nbk `bstrhd
`bstrhdktd
ktdret
retes
es
baut

Ektususdpse
Ektususdpse pbiek` sdrek` nenbpbtabk
nenbpbtabk pbnb bkba ” bkba fdruseb nefbwbj =
tbjuk. Nevdrteauietes cbrbk` tdrcbne ceab nefbknek`abk bppdknesetes. Kydre
nevdrteauietes jblper sblb ndk`bk bppdknesetes, tdtbpe ihabsekyb fdrfdnb,
ybetu pbnb nbdrbj pdreulfeieabi. _bnb pdkmetrbbk nbpbt neadtbjue bnbkyb
ekgibllbthry lbss ne nbdrbj bfnhldk tdk`bj. Neb`khses fbknek` ybk`
b`ba suiet netd`baabk bnbibj `btrhdktdretes baut, abrdkb ldleieae `dcbib-
`dcbib ybk` lerep ndk`bk bppdknesetes, ybake nebrd, lubi, luktbj, nbk
netdluabk iduahset pbnb gdsds.

- _bnb
_bnb bkba ” bkba
bkba useb
useb sdahi
sdahibj
bj 3 `bstrh
`bstrhdkt
dktdre
dretes,
tes, ahks
ahkstep
tepbse,
bse, ekgb
ekgbra
ra hldkt
hldktul
ul

_bnb
_bnb `b
`bstr
strhd
hdkt
ktdr
drete
etes,
s, nenb
nenbpb
pbta
tabk
bk `d
`dcb
cbib
ib-`d
-`dcb
cbib
ib yb
ybk`
k` lere
lerep
p nd
ndk`
k`bk
bk
bp
bppd
pdkn
knese
esete
tes,
s, tdtb
tdtbpe
pe tenb
tenba
a necu
neculp
lpbe
be bn
bnbk
bkyb
yb id
idua
uahs
hset
eths
hses.
es. Ahks
Ahkste
tepb
pbse,
se,
ldrupbabk sbibj sbtu pdkydfbf kydre bfnhldk pbnb bkba-bkba, tdtbpe

=?
 tenba netdluabk bnbkyb ndlbl. Ekgbra hldktul cu` nbpbt neculpbe pbnb
bkba-bkba nbk `dcbib-`dcbibkyb nbpbt ldkydrupbe bppdknesetes. _bnb ekgbra
hldk
hldktu
tul,
l, npbb
npbbtt tdrb
tdrbfb
fb lbss
lbssbb bp
bpbn
bnbb bf
bfnh
nhld
ldk
k nb
nbk
k ky
kydr
drek
ekyb
yb tenb
tenba
a
fdrpeknbj.

- _bnb
_bnb pre
prebb nd
ndwb
wbsb
sb lunb
lunb 3 mr
mrhj
hjk―
k―ss nesdbs
nesdbsd,
d, ahiea
ahiea trbat
trbatur
ur urh`d
urh`dke
ketb
tbie
iess nb
nbk
k
dpeneneletes.

_dldreasbbk gesea pbnb sarhtul nbpbt ldlfbktu ldkyek`aerabk neb`khses

dpeneneletes. _bnb dpeneneletes, pbsedk ldrbsb sbaet pbnb sarhtul. _bnb
mrhjk―
mrhjk―ss nesdbsd
nesdbsd tdrnbp
tdrnbpbt
bt `dcbib
`dcbib arbl
arbl nbk nebrd
nebrd ybk`
ybk` idfej
idfej ldkyhi
ldkyhiha,
ha,
sdnbk
sdnbk`a
`abk
bk bk
bkhr
hrda
daseb
seb tenb
tenba
a tdrn
tdrnbp
bpbt
bt.. _b
_bnb
nb ah
ahie
iea
a trba
trbatu
tuss ur
urh`
h`dk
dket
etbi
bi
nenb
nenbpb
pbta
tabk
bk `d
`dcb
cbib
ib yb
ybk`
k` ldkc
ldkcbib
bibrr nb
nbre
re pe
pek`
k``b
`bk`
k` ad `d
`dke
ketb
tbie
ieb,
b, pb
pbnb
nb
pdldreasbbk urek tdrnbpbt adibekbk sdneldk lesbikyb dretrhset ldkek`abt
nbk febsbkyb tenba nesdrtbe iduahsethses.

- _bnb
_bnb wbketb
wbketb useb
useb lunb
lunb 3 pdivem
pdivem hkgibl
hkgibllbt
lbthry
hry nesdbs
nesdbsdd (_EN),
(_EN), aetb
aetb hvbreul
hvbreul,,
ekgdase sbiurbk adkmek`

_bnb _EN, kdrekyb feibtdrbi nbk nerbsbabk pbnb bfnhldk fbwbj. _bnb aestb
hvbreul, kydre nbpbt nerbsbabk feib tdrcbne ruptur btbupuk thrse.

- _bnb
_bnb ubs
ubseb
eb ibkcut
ibkcut 3 ad
ad`b
`bkb
kbsbk
sbk nbre
nbre trbatu
trbatuss `b
`bstr
strhe
hekt
ktds
dste
tekbi
kbi nbk sbiur
sbiurbk
bk
rdprhnuase, nevdrauietes, pdrghrbse uiaus, nbk ahidsestetes.

Bppdknesetes pbnb useb ibkcut sdrek` suabr uktua neneb`khses. Ad`bkbsbk

nbpbt tdriejbt ne M^-]mbk nbl `dcbibkyb lukmui idfej iblfbt nbrepbnb

bppdknesetes. _bnb hrbk` tub, nevdrteauietes sdrek` suabr uktua nefdnbabk
ndk`bk
ndk`bk bppdknesete
bppdknesetes,
s, abrdkb ihabsekyb
ihabsekyb ybk` fdrbnb pbnb bfnhldk abkbk.
_drghrbse uiaus nbpbt neadtbjue nbre hksdt ybk` baut nbk kydrekyb tenba
fdrpeknbj. _bnb hrbk` tub, pdldreasbbk ndk`bk M^-]mbk idfej fdrbrte
nefbknek`abk ndk`bk pdldreasbbk ibfhrbthreul.

^bknb ” tbknb ybk` ldlfdnbabk bpdknesetes ndk`bk pdkybaet ibek bnbibj 3

b. @bst
@bstrh
rhdk
dktd
tdre
rete
tess

=2
 _bnb `bstrhdktdretes, lubi-luktbj nbk nebrd ldknbjuiue rbsb sbaet. ]baet
pdrut idfej rek`bk nbk tenba fdrfbtbs td`bs. Jepdrpdrestbitea sdrek`
netdluabk. _bkbs nbk iduahsethses aurbk` ldkhkchi nefbknek`abk ndk`bk
bppdknesetes.

f. Ielgbndketes ldsdktdremb

Febsbkyb
Febsbkyb nenbjuiue
nenbjuiue hidj dktdretes
dktdretes btbu `bstrhdktdre
`bstrhdktdretes.
tes. Netbknbe
Netbknbe ndk`bk
ndk`bk
kydre
kydre pdrut
pdrut ybk`
ybk` sblbr-s
sblbr-sblb
blbrr tdrutbl
tdrutblbb nesdfd
nesdfdibj
ibj abkbk,
abkbk, nbk nesdrtb
nesdrtbee
ndk`bk pdrbsbbk lubi-luktbj.

m. _d
_drb
rbnb
nbk`
k`bk
bk pdiv
pdives
es

^ufb Gbiihpe abkbk nbk hvbreul

hvbreul tdridtba
tdridtba ndabt bppdkneas.
bppdkneas. Vbnbk` adnub
hr`bk
hr`bk eke sdrek`
sdrek` fdrsbl
fdrsblbbk
bbk sdjek`
sdjek``b
`b nesdfu
nesdfutt sbipek
sbipek`h-
`h-hhg
hhghre
hretes
tes btbu

bnkdsetes. Tktua ldkd`baabk neb`khses pdkybaet eke nenbpbtabk rewbybt

ahktba sdasubi. ]uju febsbkby idfej tek``e nbrepbnb bppdknesetes nbk kydre
pdrut fb`ebk fbwbj idfej negus. Febsbkyb nesdrtbe ndk`bk adputejbk. _bnb
mhiha vb`ekbi ceab utdrus nebyukabk lbab babk tdrbsb kydre.

n. Adjb
Adjble
leib
ibk
k Dath
Dathpe
pea
a

Bnbkby rewbybt tdrjblfbt ldkstrubse ndk`b adiujbk ybk` tenba ldkdktu.

Ceab tdrcbne ruptur tufb btbu bfhrtus neiubr rbjel ndk`bk pdrnbrbjbk babk
telfui kydre ybk` ldknbnba negus ne nbdrbj pdives nbk luk`aek babk

tdrcbne
tdrcbne syha
syha jephvh
jephvhidle
idlea.
a. _bnb
_bnb pdldrea
pdldreasbbk
sbbk mhiha
mhiha vb`ekb
vb`ekbii nenbpb
nenbpbtab
tabk
k
kydre
kydre nbk pdkhkc
pdkhkchib
hibk
k abvul
abvul nhu`ib
nhu`ibs,
s, nbk pbnb
pbnb auinhs
auinhsdkt
dktdses
dses babk
babk ne
nbpbtabk nbrbj.

d. Nev
Nevdr
drte
temu
muie
iete
tess

Ldsaepuk nevdrmuietes febsbkyb tdridtba ne pdrut fb`ebk aere, tdtbpe abnbk`-

abnbk` nbpbt cu`b tdrcbne ne sdfdibj abkbk. Ceab tdrcbne pdrbnbk`bk nbk
ruptur pbnb nevdrtemuiul `dcbib aiekes babk suabr
s uabr nefdnbabk ndk`bk `dcbib-
`dcbib bppdknesetes.

=6
 g. Fbtu
Fbtu ur
urdtd
dtdrr btb
btbu
uffbt
btu
u `ek
`ekcbi
cbi

Bnbkyb rewbybt ahiea nbre pek``bk` ad pdrut ldkcbibr ad ek`uekbi abkbk

ldrupbabk `blfbrbk ybk` ajbs. Jdlbtureb sdrek` netdluabk. Ghth phihs
bfnhldk btbu urh`rbge ektrbvdkb nbpbt ldlbsteabk pdkybaet tdrsdfut.

EEE.5 Ahlpieabse Bppdknesetes

- Bpdkne
Bpdkneau
auibr
ibr ekgei
ekgeitrbt
trbt 3 ekgei
ekgeitrbt
trbt btbu
btbu lbssb
lbssb ybk`
ybk` tdrfd
tdrfdktu
ktua
a baefbt
baefbt learh
learh btbu
btbu
lbarh pdrghrbse nbre bppdkneas ybk` ldrbnbk` adlunebk netutupe hidj
hldktul, usus jbius btbu usus fdsbr.

- Bpdk
Bpdkne
nea
auibr
ibr bf
bfsd
sdss 3 bfsd
bfsdss ybk
ybk` td
tdrf
rfdk
dktu
tua
a ba
baef
efbt
bt lea
learh bt
btbu
bu lba
lbarh
pdrghrbse nbre bppdkneas ybk` ldrbnbk` adlunebk netutupe hidj hldktul,
usus jbius btbu usus fdsbr.

?
- _drghr
_drghrbse
bse 3 `dcbi
`dcbibky
bkybb ebibj
ebibj kydre
kydre fdrbt
fdrbt nbk ndlbl
ndlbl ;=:
;=:,=
,= M

- _dreth
_drethket
ketes
es 3 pdreth
pdrethket
ketes
es ihab
ihabii nejbseia
nejbseiabk
bk nbre pdrghr
pdrghrbse
bse `bk`rd
`bk`rdk
k bppdkne
bppdkneas,
as,
ybk` adlunebk nbpbt ldkydfbr ad sdiuruj rhk``b pdrethkdul. @dcbibkyb
ebibj 3 pdkek`abtbk adabaubk hth bfnhldk, nestdkse bfnhlekbi nbk ndlbl
tek``e.

- Eidus

EEE.2? _dkbtbibasbkbbk Bpdknesetes

Feib neb`khses aiekes sunbj cdibs lbab teknbabk pbiek` tdpbt bnbibj bpdkndathle nbk
ldrupb
ldr upbabk
abk sbtu-sbt
sbtu-sbtuk
ukyb
yb peiejb
peiejbk
k ybk`
ybk` tdrfbea.
tdrfbea. _dkukn
_dkuknbbk
bbk bppdkn
bppdkneat
eathle
hle sblfei
sblfei
ldlfdreabk bktefehtea nbpbt ldk`baefbtabk bfsds btbu pdrghrbse. Eksendkse bppdkneas
khrlbi
khrlbi ybk`
ybk` neibau
neibauabk
abk pdlfdn
pdlfdnbjb
bjbk
k sdaetb
sdaetbrr 6?%.
6?%. _bnb
_bnb bppdkn
bppdknese
esetes
tes baut
baut tbkpb
tbkpb
ah
ahlp
lpie
ieab
abse
se tenb
tenba
a fb
fbky
kyba
ba lbsbi
lbsbibj
bj.. _bnb
_bnb bp
bpdk
dkne
neset
setes
es ba
baut
ut,, bf
bfsds
sds,, nb
nbk
k pd
pdrg
rghr
hrbse
bse
nepdriuabk teknbabk hpdrbse bpdkneathle meth.
Tktua pbsedk ybk` nemure`be Bpdknesetes 3
 _ubsbabk
 _dkdietebk ldkukcuaabk fbjwb pdlfdrebk bkbi`dsea tenba babk ldkyblbrabk

`dcbib sbbt pdldreasbbk gesea.

 _drtelfbk`abk NN/ AD^ tdrutblb pbnb wbketb useb prhnuateg.

==
  Fdre
Fdreab
abk
k bkte
bktefe
feht
htea
eabb EW pbnb
pbnb pbse
pbsedk
dk nd
ndk`
k`bk
bk `d
`dcb
cbib
ib sd
sdps
pses
es nb
nbk
k yb
ybk`
k`
ldlfutujabk Ibpbrhthle.
^drbpe Khk-Hpdrbteg
 _dkdietebk ldkukcuaabk pdlfdrebk bktefehteab ektrbvdkb nbpbt fdr`ukb uktua
bppdkn
bppdkneset
esetes
es baut
baut fb`e
fb`e ldrdab
ldrdab ybk`
ybk` suiet
suiet ldknbp
ldknbpbta
btabk
bk ektdrv
ektdrvdks
dksee hpdrbse
hpdrbse

(lesbikyb uktua pdadrcb ne ibut idpbs), btbu fb`e ldrdab ybk` ldleieae rdseah
tek``e uktua neibauabk hpdrbse.
 Vucua ad nhatdr spdsebies fdnbj.

^drbpe Hpdrbteg
Bktefehteab prdhpdrbteg (pdrsebpbk prdhpdrbteg)
 _dlfdrebk bktefehteab prdhpdrbteg dgdateg uktua ldkurukabk tdrcbnekyb ekgdase
phst hpdrbse.
 Nefdreabk bktefehteab spdatrul iubs nbk cu`b uktua `rbl kd`bteg nbk bkbdrhf.

 Bktefehteab prdhpdrbteg nefdreabk hidj bjie fdnbj.

 Bktefehtea
Bktefehteabb prhgeibases
prhgeibases jbrus nefdreabk
nefdreabk sdfdiul
sdfdiul hpdrbse
hpdrbse neluibe.
neluibe. Febsbkyb
Febsbkyb
ne`ukbabk bktefehtea ahlfekbse, sdpdrte Mdghtbxeld nbk Mieknblymek, btbu
Mdgdpeld nbk Ldtrhkenbzhid. Ahlfekbse eke nepeiej abrdkb grdaudkse fbatdre
ybk` tdriefbt, tdrlbsua Dsmjdremjeb mhie,
mhie, _sdunhlhkbs bdru`ekhsb,
bdru`ekhsb,
Dktdrhmhmmus,, ]trdpthmhmmus verenbks,
Dktdrhmhmmus verenbks, Aidfsediib
Aidfsediib,, nbk Fbmtdrhends
Fbmtdrhends..

Ekneabse Bppdkneathle 3

 Bppdknesetes baut
 Bppdknesetes arhkea
 _drebpdkneauibr ekgeitrbt nbibl stbneul tdkbk`
 Bpdkneas tdrfbwb nbibl hpdrbse abknuk` adlej
 Bpdknesetes pdrghrbtb

^dakea hpdrbse Bpdkneathle 3

2) Hpdk
Hpdk Bp
Bppd
pdkn
kndm
dmth
thly
ly

=>
 - Ne
Neib
ibau
auab
abk
k tekn
teknba
babk
bk bsdp
bsdpte
tea
a nbk
nbk bkte
bktesdp
sdpte
tea
a
- Nefubt sbybtbk auiet 3
Ihabse Ekseme

 Ekmese @ren Erhk (LmFurkdy Ekmesehk)

Eksese @renerhk pbnb tetea Lm Furkdy. @bres eksese pbrbidi ndk`bk htht
hfieaus dastdrkbi, ldidwbte tetea Lm Furkdy ybetu 2/= ibtdrbi `bres ybk`
ldk`ju
ldk`jufuk
fuk`ab
`abk
k spekb
spekb eiiebab
eiiebab bktdre
bktdrehr
hr supdreh
supdrehrr abkbk
abkbk nbk ulfeie
ulfeieau
aus.
s.
Ibpesbk auiet ybk` nefuab pbnb Bppdkneathle 3 mutes - suf mutes - gbsmeb
smbrgb - gbsmeb mblgdr - bphkdurhses LHD ” LHE - L. ^rbksvdrsus - gbsmeb
trbksvdrsbies - prd pdrethkdul ” pdrethkdul.

]bybtbk eke ldk`dkbe autes, sufautes nbk gbseb. Htht ” htht neknek`
pdrut nefdibj sdmbrb tulpui ldkurut brbj sdrbfutkyb. ]dtdibj etu babk
tblpba pdrethkdul pbredtbi ( ldk`aeibt nbk fdrwbrkb feru adbfu-bfubk)
ybk` nesbybt sdmuaupkyb uktua ldiuasbse sdaul. ]daul neadkbie nbre
uaurbkkyb ybk` fdsbr nbk ldk`aeibt nbk idfej adibfu/putej, ldlpukyb
jbustrbd nbk tbdkeb ahie, sdnbk`abk eidul idfej admei, idfej ldrbj nbk
tenba ldlpukybe jbustrbd nbk tbdkeb ahie. Fbses bppdkneas nembre pbnb
pdrtdlubk adte`b tbdkeb ahie. ^dakea ekeibj ybk` pbiek` sdrek` neadrcbabk
abrdkb aduktuk`bkkyb tenba tdrcbne fdkchibk nbk tenba luk`aek tdrcbne
jdrkebse, trbulb hpdrbse lekelul pbnb bibt ”bibt tufuj, nbk lbsb esterbjbt
pbsmb fdnbj idfej pdknda abrdkb lbsb pdkydlfujbkkyb idfej mdpbt.
Adru`ebkkyb bnbibj ibpbk`bk epdrbse tdrfbtbs, suiet nepdriubs, nbk wbatu
hpdrbse idfej iblb. Ibpbk`bk hpdrbse nbpbt nepdriubs ndk`bk ldlhthk`
sdmbrb tbcbl.

=4
 @blfbr 5. Ekmese @ren Erhk (LmFurkdy Ekmesehk)

(2?)
^dakea bpdkneathle Lm Furkdy 3

b) _bsedk fdrfbrek`
fdrfbrek` tdidktbk`
tdidktbk` nbibl bkdstdse ulul btbu rd`ehkbi. Adlunebk
ibauabk teknbabk bsdpses nbk bktesdpses pbnb nbdrbj pdrut abkbk fbwbj.

f) Nefubt sbybtbk ldkurut Lm Furkdy sdpbkcbk` aurbk` idfej 2? ml nbk neknek`

pdrut nefdibj ldkurut brbj sdrbfut htht sdmbrb tulpui, fdrturut ” turut L.
Hfie
Hfieau
auss bf
bfnh
nhle
leke
kess da
dast
stdrk
drkus
us,, L. Bfnh
Bfnhle
leke
kess ek
ektdr
tdrku
kus,
s, sblpb
sblpbee tb
tblp
lpba
ba
pdrethkeul.

m) _drethkeul nesbybt muaup idfbr uktua daspihrbse.

n) ]baul nbk bpdkneas neiuasbse adiubr.

d) Ldsh
Ldshbpd
bpdkne
kneas
as nefdfb
nefdfbsab
sabk
k nbk nephth
nephthk`
k` nbre
nbre bpdkne
bpdkneas
as sdmbrb
sdmbrb febsb,
febsb, nbre
nbre
bpdkneas ad brbj fbses.

g) ]dlub pdrnbrbjbk nerbwbt.

`) Nesebpabk tbfbm sbm ldk`dieiek`e fbses bpdkneas ndk`bk sutrb, fbses bpdkneas
adlunebk necbjet ndk`bk mbt`ut.

j) Ibauabk pdlhthk`bk bpdkneas bpeabi nbre cbjetbk tdrsdfut.

td rsdfut.

=7
e) _uktuk` bpdkneas nehidse fdtbnekd.

c) Cbjetbk tbfbm sbm neselpuiabk nbk puktuk` neaufurabk nbibl selpui tdrsdfut.
Ldshbpdkneas neeabt ndk`bk sutdrb.

a) Neib
Neibau
auab
abk
k pdld
pdldre
reas
asbb
bbk
k tdrj
tdrjbn
bnbp
bp rh
rhk`
k``b
`b pd
pdre
reth
thkd
kdul
ul nb
nbk
k bi
bibt
bt ” bi
bibt
bt
nenbiblkyb, sdlub pdrnbrbjbk nerbwbt.

i) ]daul neadlfbieabk ad nbibl bfnhldk.

l) ]dfdiul netutup, pdrethkdul necdpet ndk`bk lekelbi > aidl nbk nendabtabk
uktua ldlunbjabk pdkutupbkkyb. _drethkdul necbjet cdiucur ndk`bk mjrhlem
mbt `ut nbk htht ” htht neadlfbieabk.

k) Neknek` pdrut netutup ibpes ndle ibpes, gbseb ndk`bk sutdrb, suf mutes ndk`bk
mbt `ut nbk bajerkyb auiet ndk`bk sutdrb.

h) Iuab hpdrbse nefdrsejabk nbk netutup ndk`bk absb stdrei.

=0
 @blfbr 2?. ^dakea Bppdkneathle

 Ibkz trbksvdrsd ekmesehk

Eksese neibauabk pbnb 6 ml nefbwbj pusbt, eksese trbksvdrsbi pbnb `bres

lenaibveau
lenaibveauib-len
ib-lenek`u
ek`uekbi.
ekbi. Ldlpukybe
Ldlpukybe aduktuk`b
aduktuk`bk
k ahsldtea
ahsldtea ybk` idfej
fbea nbre pbnb eksese `ren erhk.

@blfbr 22. Ibkz trbksvdrsd ekmesehk

 Vutjdrghrn Lhresshk―s ekmesehk (eksese suprbek`uekbi)

Ldrupbabk
Ldrupb abk eksese
eksese pdriub
pdriubsbk
sbk nbre
nbre eksese
eksese Lm Furkdy
Furkdy.. Neibau
Neibauabk
abk ceab
ceab
bpdkneas tdridtba ne pbrbsdabi btbu rdtrhsdabi nbk tdrgeaser.

=:
 @blfbr 26. Vutjdrghrn Lhresshk―s ekmesehk (eksese suprbek`uekbi)

 Ihw Leniekd Ekmesehk

Neibauabk ceab bppdkneas sunbj tdrcbne pdrghrbse nbk tdrcbne pdrethketes

ulul.

 Eksese pbrbldnebk abkbk fbwbj

Eksese vdrteabi pbrbidi ndk`bk leniekd 6,4 ml nefbwbj ulfeieaus sblpbe ne

btbs pufes.

@blfbr 2=. Ihabse Eksese Bppdkndmthly

=5
_drbwbtbk _bsmb Fdnbj(22)

_bnb jbre hpdrbse pdkndretb nefdreabk ekgus ldkurut adfutujbk sdjbre aurbk` idfej
6 ” = ietdr mberbk Vek`dr Ibatbt nbk Ndastrhsb. _bnb bppdknesetes tbkpb pdrghrbse 3
bktefehtea nefdreabk jbkyb 2 x 6> cbl. _bnb bppdknesetes ndk`bk pdrghrbse 3 bktefehtea
nefdreabk jek``b ceab `dcbib aiekes ekgdase rdnb nbk ibfhrbthreul khrlbi. Lhfeiesbse
sdmdpbtkyb
sdmdpbtkyb sdtdibj pdkndretb sbnbr ndk`bk ldk``drbaabk
ldk``drbaabk abae lerek` ad aere nbk ad
abkbk
abkbk fdr`bk
fdr`bkteb
tebk
k nbk nu
nunua
nua.. _dkndr
_dkndretb
etb fhidj
fhidj fdrcbi
fdrcbibk
bk pbnb
pbnb jbre
jbre pdrtbl
pdrtblbb pbsmb
pbsmb
hpdrbse. _dlfdrebk lbabk pdrhrbi ne luibe ndk`bk ldlfdreabk lekul sdneaet-sdneaet
(4? mm) tebp cbl bpbfeib sunbj bnb bategetbs
bategetbs usus ybetu bnbkyb
bnbkyb gibtus nbk fesek` usus.
Feiblbkb ndk`bk pdlfdrebk lekul fdfbs pdkndretb tenba adlfuk` lbab pdlfdrebk
lbabkbk pdrhrbi neluibe. Cbjetbk nebk`abt pbnb jbre adielb sblpbe jbre ad tucuj
pbsmb fdnbj.

6) Ibpbrh
Ibpbrhsmh
smhpem
pem Bppdkn
Bppdkndmt
dmthly
hly

_drtblb abie neibauabk pbnb tbjuk 25:=. Ibpbrhsmhpem

Ibpbrhsmhpemnbpbt
nbpbt nepbabe sbrbkb neb`khses
nbk tdrbpdutea uktua pbsedk ndk`bk kydre baut bfnhldk nbk suspda bppdknesetes baut.
Ibpbrhsmhpemadluk`aekbk
Ibpbrhsmhpemadluk`aekbk sbk`bt fdr`ukb uktua pdldreasbbk wbketb ndk`bk adiujbk
bfnhldk fb`ebk fbwbj. Ldlfdnbabk pdkybaet baut `ekdahih`e nbre bppdknesetes baut
sbk`bt lunbj ndk`bk ldk``ukbabk ibpbrhsahp.

@blfbr 2>. Ibpbrhsmhpem Ekmesehks

>?
Ahlpieabse

Nurbktd Hpdrbse 3 pdrnbrbjbk ektrbpdrethkdbi, neknek` pdrut, rhfdabk pbnb mbdmul

btbu usus ibek.

_bsmb fdnbj neke 3 pdrnbrbjbk, ekgdase, jdlbthl, pbrbietea eidus, pdrethketes, gestdi

usus, bfsds ektrbpdrethkdbi.

EEE.22 _rh`khses Bppdknesetes

Lhrtbietbs bnbibj ?,2% ceab bppdknesetes baut tenba pdmbj, nbk 24% ceab pdmbj
pbnb hrbk` tub. Adlbtebk febsbkyb baefbt nbre sdpses, dlfhie pbru, btbu bsperbse.
_rh`kh
_rh`khses
ses ldlfbe
ldlfbea
a ndk`bk
ndk`bk neb`kh
neb`khses
ses neke
neke sdfdiu
sdfdiul
l pdrghr
pdrghrbse
bse tdrcbne
tdrcbne nbk ndk`bk
ndk`bk
bktefehtea ybk` bndaubt. Lhrfenetbs ldkek`abt sderek` ndk`bk pdrghrbse nbk useb tub.

FBF EW

AD]EL_TIBK

Bpdknesetes bnbibj pdrbnbk`bk ybk` tdrcbne pbnb bppdkneas vdrlemuibres, nbk

ldrupb
ldrupbabk
abk pdkydf
pdkydfbf
bf baut
baut bfnhld
bfnhldk
k ybk`
ybk` pbiek`
pbiek` sdrek`
sdrek` tdrcbn
tdrcbnee pbnb
pbnb bkba-bk
bkba-bkba
ba
lbupuk ndwbsb. Eksendk pbnb ibae-ibae nbk pdrdlpubk ululkyb sdelfbk`, admubie
pbnb ulur 6?-=? tbjuk, nenbpbtabk eksendk idfej tek``e pbnb ibae-ibae. Bpdknesetes
nesdfbfabk abrdkb bnbkyb hfstruase pbnb iuldk bppdkneas sdjek``b tdrcbne ahk`dste
vbsauidr, esadlea, kdarhses nbk baefbtkyb tdrcbne ekgdase.

Vewbyb
Vewbybtt pdrcbi
pdrcbibkb
bkbk
k pdkyba
pdkybaet
et pbsedk
pbsedk nbk pdldre
pdldreasbb
asbbk
k gesea
gesea ldrupb
ldrupbabk
abk jbi
ybk` pbiek` pdktek` nbibl ldkd`baabk
ldkd`baabk neb`khses
neb`khses bppdknesete
bppdknesetes.
s. @dcbib bwbi ybk`
ajbs, ybk` ldrupbabk
ldrupbabk `dcbib aibsea bpdknesetes
bpdknesetes bnbibj kydre sblbr (kydre tulpui)
tulpui) ne
nbdrbj dpe`bstreul
dpe`bstreul ne sdaetbr ulfeieaus
ulfeieaus btbu pdreulfeieabies.
pdreulfeieabies. Nbibl pdldreasbbk
pdldreasbbk

gesea nbpbt netdluabk tbknb pdrethketes ihabi pbnb tetea Lmfurkdy, nbk rbk`sbk`bk
ahktrbibtdrbi1 fiulfdr` nbk rhvsek` se`k . _dldreasbbk ibek ybk` nbpt ldknuauk`

>2
neb`khsb ybetu pshbs se`k, hfturbthr se`k, nbk kydre tdabk pbnb rdmtbi thumjdr . Tpbyb
ldlpdrtbcbl neb`khses sunbj fbkyba neibauabk, bktbrb ibek ndk`bk ldk``ukbabk
sbrbkb neb`khses pdkukcbk`3 ibfhrbthreul (nbrbj, urek, MV_), ghth phihs bfnhldk,
pdldreasbbk fbreul-dkdlb, T]@ nbk M^ smbk bfnhldk. Neb`khses cu`bnbpbt
nefbktu ndk`bk sahrek` bivbrbnh, hjlbkk, nbk sahrek` bpdknesetes pbnb bkba.

Aetb cu`b pdriu ldkyek`aerabk neb`khsb fbknek`, ldkmd`bj ahlpieabse nbk

ldk`dkbie
ldk`dkbie bppdknesete
bppdknesetess pbnb adbnbbk ajusus
ajusus ybetu pbnb bkba,
bkba, useb ibkcut,
ibkcut, wbketb
jblei, nbk pbnb pbsedk ndk`bk ekgdase
ekgdase JEW.

Feib
Feib neb`
neb`kh
khsb
sb aiek
aiekes
es sunb
sunbj
j cdib
cdibss lbab
lbab tekn
teknba
babk
bk pb
pbie
iek`
k` td
tdpb
pbtt bn
bnbi
bibj
bj
bppdkneathle,nbpbt neibauabk sdmbrb hpdk sur`dry btbu ibpbrbsmhpem bppdknemthly
bppdknemthly..

NBG^BV _T]^BAB

2. ]jrdst
]jrdstjb,
jb, ]. Bkbthly
Bkbthly hg bppdkn
bppdknex
ex bkn bppdkn
bppdkneme
emetes.
tes. jttp3//ldnmjrhld.mhl/fbsem-
smedkmd/bkbthly/bkbthly-bppdknex-bppdknemetes/.. Bmmdsdn ek Cuke,6=,6?2=.
smedkmd/bkbthly/bkbthly-bppdknex-bppdknemetes/
6. Gbez
Gbez,H
,H,, fb
fbim
imaf
afur
urk,
k,],
], Lhgg
Lhggbt
bt,N
,N.. Bkbt
Bkbthl
hly
y Bt B @ibk
@ibkmd
md.. Dnes
Dnesee Ad
Adte`
te`b.
b. Dk`i
Dk`ibk
bkn
n 3
Hxghrn16?22. J =7.
=. urNhmtdr. Bkbthly bkn pjysehih`y hg Bppdknex.
Jttp3//jdbitjymbsd.mhl/brtemids/sur`dry/25-bkbthly-bkn-pjysehih`y-hg-bppdknex.
Jttp3//jdbitjymbsd.mhl/brtemids/sur`dry/25-bkbthly-bkn-pjysehih`y-hg-bppdknex.
Bmmdssdn ek Cuke,6=,6?2=.
>. Advek
Advek _. Ibiiy,
Ibiiy, Mjbrids
Mjbrids ]. Mhx CV. Nbk Vemjbrn
Vemjbrn C. Bknrbssy
Bknrbssy.. Bppdknex
Bppdknex hk Mjbptd
Mjbptdrr
>0 ek ]bfesthk ^dxtfhha hg ]ur`dry 20dn dfhha. Kdw yhra3 ]bukndrs1 6??>.j 2=:2-
2>??
4. Bnness,
Bnness,N
N @. ^jd dpendl
dpendlehi
ehih`y
h`y hg bppdkn
bppdkneme
emetes
tes bkn bppdkn
bppdkndmt
dmthly
hly ek tjd Tketdn
Tketdn
]tbtds. jttp3//www.kmfe.kil.kej.`hv/pufldn/66=55?7
jttp3//www.kmfe.kil.kej.`hv/pufldn/66=55?7.. Bmmdssdn ek Cuke,6=,6?2=.

>6
7. Frukem
Frukembrn
brnee M, Bkndrs
Bkndrshk
hk NA, Feii
Feiiebr
ebr ^, Nujk NI, Juktdr
Juktdr C@, Lbtjdws
Lbtjdws CF, _bii
_biihma
hma
VM. 6?2?. ^jd Bppdknex hk Mjbptdr =? ek ]mjwbrtz―s _rekmepids hg ]ur`dry 5dn
dfhha. Kdw Uhra3 Lm@rbw-Jeiis.
0. Bkkhkyllhus. Bppdknemets ^ypd.
jttp3//www.bppdknemetessylpthls.hr`.ua/bppdknemetes-typds.jtl.
jttp3//www.bppdknemetessylpthls.hr`.ua/bppdknemetes-typds.jtl. Bmmdssdn ek
Cuke,6=,6?2=.
:. Hin CI. Elb`ek` ghr ]uspdmtdn Bppdknemetes. Bvbeibfid bt 3
jttp3//www.bbgp.hr`/bgp/6??4/?2?2/p02.jtli#bgp6??4?2?2p02-f24.
jttp3//www.bbgp.hr`/bgp/6??4/?2?2/p02.jtli#bgp6??4?2?2p02-f24. Bmmdssdn ek
Cuke,6=,6?2=.
5. Wbkcba
Wbkcba N. Bkbiys
Bkbiyses
es hg ]mhrds
]mhrds ek Neb`kh
Neb`khses
ses hg Bmu
Bmutd
td Bppdkn
Bppdkneme
emetes
tes ek whldk.
whldk.
Bvbeibfid bt 3 www.kmfe.kil.kej.`hv/pufldn/2?=474:?.
www.kmfe.kil.kej.`hv/pufldn/2?=474:?. Bmmdssdn ek Cuke,6=,6?2=.
2?. Nunidy
Nunidy J.B.G. bpdknesetes
bpdknesetes baut nbibl Jbleithk
Jbleithk Fbeidy Eilu Fdnbj @bwbt Nbrurbt
Nbrurbt
dnese 22. @bcbj Lbnb Tkv _rdss. 2556. Jbi >>2->46
22. Mrbe`, ]bkny. 6??:. Bppdknemetes, Bmut-Ghiiw
iw--Tp. Bvbeib
eibfid bt 3
jttp3//dldnemekd.ldnsmbpd.mhl/brtemid/00=:54-ghiihwup.
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