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Healthcare In
Any Language:
Promoting Positive
Patient Outcomes
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Contents
Introduction 3
Critical Mass: The Reality of the LEP 6
Patient Population
LEP Patient Care: Legal and Compliance Issues 9
Healthcare Reform: Impact on LEP Patients 12
The Role of Translation in the Healthcare Industry 15
The Role of Interpretation in the Healthcare
18
Industry
Final Thoughts 22
2 Healthcare in Any Language: Promoting Positive Patient Outcomes 2
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Introduction
A health crisis is a stressful event under the best of circumstances. A
sudden injury or an unexpected diagnosis of a serious medical
condition naturally causes significant anxiety, and communicating with
healthcare professionals who speak largely in complex medical
jargon intensifies the stress involved.
"Medical-ese" is not the only language barrier faced by a growing

segment of the population in need of healthcare, however. The steady
increase in the number of immigrants and refugees coming into the
American healthcare system is creating a communication crisis for
patients and healthcare professionals across the country.
For patients with limited English proficiency (LEP), entering into a

healthcare setting in which they cannot adequately communicate their
needs nor clearly understand the information provided by the medical
professionals charged with their care is, at best, frustrating. At worst,
it can be deadly.
For medical professionals, the task of providing a high level of care is

severely compromised when a language barrier presents itself. In
many cases, lack of clear communication can lead to misdiagnosis or
serious medical error.
Healthcare in Any Language: Promoting Positive Patient Outcomes 3
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Additionally, the complexities of the current state of healthcare
reform in the U.S. further complicate the issues faced by the
healthcare industry as it tries to accommodate the needs of LEP
patients. Healthcare professionals face a variety of legal
requirements and potential compliance issues when caring for
diverse patient populations.
However, added to the seriousness of the legal consequences of

failing to communicate well with LEP patients, there is the much
larger matter of adverse patient outcomes when communication is
not clearly understood. LEP patients, just as their English-proficient
counterparts, have an inherent need for clear communication of
medical concepts in order to prevent potentially serious patient
outcomes.
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To address these issues, it falls upon those in the healthcare
industry to facilitate language support for diverse populations. This
support includes both, translation services for the printed word and
interpretation services for oral communication. Overcoming
language barriers in both of these essential areas helps to ensure
positive patient outcomes and reduce the possibility of catastrophic
medical error.
This guide explores the realities surrounding language support in

the healthcare industry with the aim of helping healthcare
professionals understand topics such as:
Scope of the current language crisis in healthcare

Legal and compliance issues inherent in dealing with LEP patients
Impact of the Affordable Care Act on LEP patient populations
Role of translation in healthcare
Role of interpretation in healthcare
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Critical Mass: The Reality of
the LEP Patient Population
According to statistics released by the Migration Policy Institute
(MPI), immigrants represent 13.3 percent of the total U.S. population.
Of those 42.4 million immigrants, 20.9 million are classified as LEP
individuals. Limited English Proficiency refers to anyone above the
age of 5 who reports speaking English less than "very well," as
classified by the U.S. Census Bureau.
8
Notably, an additional 4.7 million
people who were born in the U.S.
are classified as LEP individuals,
likely because they live in homes
%
where English is not the
predominant language spoken.
MPI's "The Limited English
Proficient Population in the United Of U.S. population
States" reports that the LEP age 5 and older are
population represents 8 percent of considered LEP
the total U.S. population ages 5
and older.
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This matches the picture provided by the U.S. Census Bureau.
According to the Bureau, there are at least 350 different languages
spoken in homes in America today. This is particularly true in large
urban areas.
For instance, in the New York metro area, at least 192 languages
are spoken, and 38 percent of the metro area population speaks a
language other than English at home. In the Seattle metro area, at
least 166 languages are spoken, and 22 percent of the metro area
population speaks a language other than English at home.
192 languages spoken

38% speak language other than English at home
166 languages spoken

22% speak language other than English at home
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The top five foreign languages spoken in the U.S.by LEP
individuals are:
1 Spanish - spoken by 16.2 million

2 Chinese (Mandarin and Cantonese) - spoken by 1.6 million
3 Vietnamese - spoken by 847,000
4 Korean - spoken by 599,000
5 Tagalog (Filipino) - spoken by 509,000
What does this mean for healthcare in urban areas? Simply put, the
current healthcare system can often be inadequate to the task of
providing quality language support in every healthcare setting in
which it is needed.
Caring for linguistically diverse populations requires a significant

expenditure of money, time, and effort on the part of healthcare
facilities and personnel. However, failure to adequately provide
appropriate language support is also costly.
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LEP Patient Care: Legal and
Compliance Issues
While there are compliance mandates and regulations that vary from
state to state, the two main federal regulations regarding the provision
of language support services for LEP populations are Title VI of the
Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Executive Order 13166, which was
issued in 2000.
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Title VI Provisions:
Title VI regulations prohibit timeliness of program services,

discrimination on the basis of aids or benefits that they provide
national origin. According to the or the manner in which they
law, recipients of federal financial provide them. Persons with
assistance such as Medicare and limited English proficiency must
Medicaid, including healthcare be afforded a meaningful
organizations and facilities, must opportunity to participate in
take reasonable steps to make programs that receive Federal
their programs, services, and funds. Policies and practices may
activities accessible to those with not deny or have the effect of
limited English proficiency. denying persons with limited
English proficiency equal access
Commenting on the scope of Title to Federally-funded programs for
VI regulations in healthcare which such persons qualify."
settings, the U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services
VI
states: "Programs that receive
TITLE
Federal funds cannot distinguish

among individuals on the basis of
race, color or national origin,
either directly or indirectly, in the
types, quantity, quality or
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Executive Order 13166:
Executive Order 13166, entitled "Improving Access to Services for

Persons with Limited English Proficiency" includes specific guidance
to help organizations more fully comply with Title VI requirements.
LEP.gov explains the purpose of the order in this way: "The Executive
Order requires Federal agencies to examine the services they
provide, identify any need for services to those with limited English
proficiency (LEP), and develop and implement a system to provide
those services so LEP persons can have meaningful access to them.
It is expected that agency plans will provide for such meaningful
access consistent with, and without unduly burdening, the
fundamental mission of the agency. The Executive Order also
requires that the Federal agencies work to ensure that recipients of
Federal financial assistance provide meaningful access to their LEP
applicants and beneficiaries."
EXECUTIVE ORDER
13166
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Healthcare Reform:
Impact on LEP Patients
The Affordable Care Act (ACA), also known as “Obamacare”, was
signed into law in 2010 and represents a significant healthcare reform.
The law was enacted, in part, to provide healthcare benefits to
previously uninsured Americans.
While the law seeks to lower the cost of healthcare in America, its
passage dramatically increases the number of LEP patients who have
some form of insurance. This, in turn, places additional pressure on
healthcare providers to provide language support for LEP patients in
the community.
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The Following are some of the provisions of the Affordable Care Act
which directly apply to language support:
ACA Section 1557:

This section builds on Title VI and Executive Order 13166, providing
additional guidance that extends non-discrimination policies to the
Health Insurance Exchanges established under Title 1 of the ACA.
ACA Section 1331:

Since the ACA requires that patient communication must be
provided in plain language, Section 1331 defines "plain language"
as "language that the intended audience, including individuals with
limited English proficiency, can readily understand and use because
that language is concise, well-organized, and follows other best
practices of plain language writing."
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ACA Section 1001:
Section1001 mandates that health insurance companies and group
health plans use language that is linguistically and culturally
appropriate when communicating with insurance enrollees and that
such language must be understandable to the average plan
enrollee.
DHHA Regulation 45 CRF155.205(C):

This regulation requires exchanges to provide oral interpretation,
written translation and "tag lines" informing individuals of the
availability of translation and interpreting services.
With these federal mandates in

mind, it is clear to see that the
healthcare industry must examine
its compliance and legal
responsibility toward LEP patients,
as well as its ability to meet the
needs of all LEP patient
populations effectively.
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The Role of Translation in
the Healthcare Industry
The importance of accurate translation of written materials pertaining to
healthcare cannot be overstated. Commenting on the serious effects of
failure to accurately translate drug information, the Illinois Medical
Malpractice Blog notes: "Many pharmacies only provide drug information
and instructions in English. And that English, especially the English
regarding side effects and drug interactions, can be difficult to understand
for even a native English speaker... Even when everyone involved speaks
the same language, prescription errors lead to injury and death. Adding a
language barrier to an already extremely large problem complicates the
prescription process to an unacceptable degree.“
California, a state with a large and diverse LEP population, has passed a
law which requires pharmacists in California to provide translations for
prescription instructions. Xavier Morales, the executive director of Latino
Coalition for a Healthy California says that access to healthcare
involves efficient communication between
medical professionals and their patients.
Morales adds that California's new law
provides an answer to situations that could
save lives, as patients with limited English
proficiency will now be able to understand
information about their prescription medicine
in their own language.
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In addition to pharmaceutical labels and instructions, there are many
other written medical documents that require adequate translation,
including:
medical literature
patient files and correspondence
safety device instructions and manuals
regulatory documents
marketing materials, including websites and patient portals
Commenting on the need for precise translation of medical device

instructions and manuals, Dynamic Language's "Care Required:
Complexities Related to Technical Translation of Safety Information for
Medical Devices" states: "The correct usage of a medical device is
crucial, and can be a life or death situation, depending on the device
and its use... In most cases, professional translators with subject matter
expertise are needed in some capacity to achieve the level of
complexity and detail required for directions, warnings, and other
written packaging materials."
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The blog "Mistranslation In the Medical Device Industry Leads to
Lawsuits" points out yet another concern for manufacturers of medical
devices, stating: "The safest way to mitigate risk and avoid liability
when it comes to documentation and labeling is to make sure that
everything is professionally translated for each target market, or in the
case where you have in-country distribution handling the translation, at
least have that reviewed by an objective professional translation
resource."
Language support offered by professional, certified language specialists

will help ensure that any medical materials in need of translation will be
handled appropriately, thereby greatly reducing the chance of a serious
medical complication or litigation for malpractice.
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The Role of Interpretation in
the Healthcare Industry
Every patient, regardless of instructions can be difficult even
race, cultural background, or without a language barrier, so it's
primary language, deserves a easy to see how it could be
high standard of medical care. especially difficult to diagnose
That standard involves clear and treat patients who don't
communication between medical have a good understanding of
personnel and the patient. the language their medical
professionals speak when they
Healthcare interpreting is have difficulty in providing
needed in a variety of clinical feedback during an exam."
settings. Crucial health
conversations occur in hospitals,
urgent care centers, medical
clinics, physician offices, and
public health departments. The
article "Does Your Medical
Practice Welcome Diverse
Patients" notes: "Understanding
medical terminology and
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Cultural differences often serve to exacerbate the issue, as patients
from a variety of backgrounds may react to the embarrassment of
communication difficulties by masking their confusion. Thus, the
feedback which physicians rely upon to make an accurate diagnosis
may be misleading.
In some cases, medical professionals may end up relying on patient

family members, bilingual staff members, and other inadequately
trained interpreters to provide language support. This is unacceptable
for a number of reasons.
First, relying on these interpretation sources does not fully comply with
federal mandates and therefore exposes medical personnel to
unacceptable risk and potential litigation. Additionally, family members
may not have the medical background to fully grasp the concepts which
must be conveyed. While staffers may have an extensive medical
background, it is unlikely that a casual bilingual speaker will be familiar
with medical terms in a second language.
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For this reason, the National Council on Interpreting in Healthcare
(NCIHC), an organization dedicated to creating equal access to
healthcare through accurate interpretation and translation, advocates
for qualified interpreters to be utilized in healthcare settings.
Dynamic Language's "What the NCIHC Says about Healthcare

Professionals and Interpreter Services“ notes: "The NCIHC defines a
qualified interpreter as someone who
is highly proficient in both
languages, who has the
necessary medical
expertise, and has
been specifically
trained to accurately
facilitate communication
between two parties, while
adhering to a strict code
of ethics."
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Without access to qualified interpreters, LEP patients run the risk of
serious medical complications. Dynamic Language's "Professional
Interpreters: The Key to Managing Potential Medical Mishaps" notes:
"When a patient with limited English proficiency enters a healthcare
facility without access to an experienced interpreter, that patient is at a
higher risk for medical mishaps than those in the general population.
Without an interpreter to help LEP patients effectively communicate
with healthcare personnel, it is estimated that medical errors increase
by 20 percent.“
Potential outcomes include:

longer hospital stays and a greater percentage of hospital
readmissions
greater risk of infections, falls, and pressure ulcers due to
longer hospital stays
greater risk of surgical delays
poor patient communication regarding treatment plans,
discharge instructions, complications, and patient follow-
surgery performed on the wrong patient or the wrong body part
To mitigate such outcomes, it is important to ensure that LEP patients

have an appropriate level of language support, provided by highly
skilled, qualified professional interpreters.
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Final Thoughts
The growing LEP patient population entering the U.S. healthcare
system necessitates a renewed emphasis on providing adequate
language support services. While some may rely on family, friends, or
bilingual employees to translate and interpret as needed, reliance on
these sources does not comply in all respects with applicable state
and federal regulations and mandates.
In addition to compliance concerns, a more compelling reason for

accurate translation and interpretation involves the health and well-
being of patients. By its very nature, healthcare requires clear
communication and adequate patient comprehension to deliver the
standard of care needed.
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Failure to provide appropriate language support stunts a medical
professional's ability to provide excellent care and leads to an
increased likelihood of adverse patient outcomes.
However, utilizing the services of qualified, certified translators and

interpreters improves patient comprehension, supports the efforts of
medical personnel, and leads to a higher standard of care. To fully
meet the needs of your LEP patients, please contact us today. As
certified, qualified language support specialists, we will work with you
to comply with all federal and state mandates and promote positive
patient outcomes with clear, consistent communication.
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24
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English-Spanish Dictionary
of Health Related Terms
Diccionario de Términos
de Salud
en Español e Inglés
California Office of Binational Border Health

ii
June 2003
For more information about this document, contact the following

agencies:
California-Mexico Health Initiative

California Policy Research Center
University of California Office of the President
1950 Addison Street, Suite 203
Berkeley, CA 94720-7410
(510) 643-4089
Fax: (510) 642-7861
http://www.ucop.edu/cprc/cmhi.html
California Office of Binational Border Health

California Department of Health Services
3851 Rosecrans Street, Mail Station P-511B
San Diego, CA 92138-5524
(619) 692-8472
Fax: (619) 692-8821
http://www.dhs.cahwnet.gov/ps/dcdc/COBBH/
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................vii
Acknowledgements ..............................................................................viii
CHAPTER 1: The Human Body........................….......................................1

Body parts........................................................................................................1
Circulatory System......................................…................................................3
Digestive System..............................................…...........................................3
Skeletal System...............................................................................................3
Reproductive System.......................................................................................3
Respiratory System..........................................................................................4
Urinary System................................................................................................4
Senses..............................................................................................................5
CHAPTER 2: Signs and Symptoms.............................................................5

• Vocabulary........................................................................................5
CHAPTER 3: Medical Examination..........................................................15

Personal Data.................................................................................................15
Medical History.............................................................................................15
General Instructions.......................................................................................16
CHAPTER 4: Institutions and Personnel..................................................17

Institutions and Clinics...................................................................................17
Hospital...........................................................................................................18
Personnel.........................................................................................................19
CHAPTER 5: Treatment Procedures, Instruments, Supplies and

Medications....................................................................................................20
Treatment and Procedures...............................................................................20
Instruments and Supplies.................................................................................21
Medications......................................................................................................22
Instructions on Taking Medications.................................................................23
CHAPTER 6: Communicable Diseases........................................................24

Immunizations and Vaccine Preventable Diseases..........................................24
• Diseases.......................................................................................24
• Vaccines......................................................................................25
• Vocabulary..................................................................................25
iv
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)..............................................................27
• Diseases.......................................................................................27
• Vocabulary..................................................................................27
HIV/AIDS.........................................................................................................30
Tuberculosis (TB).............................................................................................31
Other communicable Diseases..........................................................................32
CHAPTER 7: Parasites, Insects and Some Animals....................................34

Internal Parasites................................................................................................34
External Parasites...............................................................................................35
Insects.................................................................................................................35
Some Animals....................................................................................................35
CHAPTER 8: Chronic Diseases.....................................................................36
Diabetes.............................................................................................................36.
Asthma...............................................................................................................37
Cancer................................................................................................................39
CHAPTER 9: Maternal and Child Health....................................................40

Pregnancy and Delivery....................................................................................40
Postpartum.........................................................................................................42
Infant Care.........................................................................................................43
CHAPTER 10: Family Planning....................................................................45

• Vocabulary..........................................................................................45
CHAPTER 11: Nutrition.................................................................................47

Fruits..................................................................................................................47
Vegetables and Legumes...................................................................................48
Meats.................................................................................................................50
Viscera...............................................................................................................50
Fish and Shellfish..............................................................................................50
Milk and Dairy Products...................................................................................51
Bread, Flour and Cereals...................................................................................52
Sugars and Sweets.............................................................................................53
Drinks................................................................................................................53
Fats and Oils......................................................................................................54
Nutritive Elements.............................................................................................54
Methods of Food Preparation............................................................................54
Nutritional Problems..........................................................................................55
Other Vocabulary...............................................................................................55
v
CHAPTER 12: Environmental
Health...............................................................................................................57
• Vocabulary..........................................................................................57
CHAPTER 13: Occupational Health............................................................61

Jobs and Duties.................................................................................................61
Machinery, Equipment and Tools.....................................................................63
Protective Equipment........................................................................................64
Hazards..............................................................................................................64
Other Terms.......................................................................................................65
CHAPTER 14: Dental Health........................................................................66

Teeth Names......................................................................................................66
Tooth Parts.........................................................................................................66
Diseases..............................................................................................................66
Vocabulary.........................................................................................................67
CHAPTER 15: Substance Abuse....................................................................69

Alcohol...............................................................................................................69
Illegal Drugs.......................................................................................................70
Tobacco..............................................................................................................71
vi
INTRODUCTION
This English-Spanish Dictionary of Health Related Terms was

developed for the use by health care personnel and other professionals
working with the Latino population in the United States. The main
purpose of the dictionary is to strengthen the means of communication
between Spanish- speaking populations and the health workers serving
them, and also, to facilitate dialogue by reducing cultural and linguistic
barriers.
This dictionary is not intended to be a complete compendium on the

subject, nor is it a text to teach Spanish. It contains terms organized in
alphabetical order, including culture specific expressions associated
with diseases, vocabulary used in Mexican traditional medicine, and
folk terms utilized among migrants/ immigrants to describe illnesses and
symptoms.
This project was inspired by the “English-Spanish Glossary for Health

Aids”, published in 1999 by the Primary and Rural Health Care Systems
Branch, California Department of Health Services. The California-
Mexico Health Initiative (CMHI), California Policy Research Center,
University of California Office of the President in partnership with the
California Department of Health Services, Office of Binational Border
Health (COBBH), edited and expanded the Glossary, using materials
from other organizations and numerous sources of information. This
publication will be constantly updated and made available through the
COBBH web site at http://www.dhs.cahwnet.gov/ps/dcdc/COBBH/ and
the CMHI web site at http://www.ucop.edu/cprc/cmhi.html
vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This dictionary was made possible by the generous support of the

Primary and Rural Health Care Systems Branch, the California
Endowment, The California HealthCare Foundation, the Office of Rural
Health, the Office of the Patient Advocate, in addition to the valuable
assistance of the General Coordination of Migrant Health at the Mexico
Ministry of Health.
Finally, the compilation of materials, editing, and the review of this

dictionary could not have been accomplished without the collaboration
of many bilingual/bicultural personnel that work in the following
organizations:
California-Mexico Health Initiative, California Policy Research Center,

UCOP
California Department of Health Services:

• Agricultural Health and Safety Section
• Cancer Control Branch
• Diabetes Control Program
• Environmental Health Branch
• Immunization Branch
• Maternal and Child Health Branch
• Occupational Health Branch
• Office of AIDS
• Office of Binational Border Health
• Office of Family Planning
• Primary and Rural Health Care Systems Branch
• Sexually Transmitted Disease Control Branch
• Tuberculosis Control Branch
County of San Diego, Health and Human Services Agency:

• Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program
• Immunizations Program
• Tuberculosis Control Program
Imperial County, Public Health Department
viii
Mexican Institute of Central California
Project Concern International
Vista Community Clinic
Mexico Ministry of Health:

• General Coordination of Migrant Health
• Vete Sano, Regresa Sano Program
• General Direction of Foreign Affairs
• IMSS-Oportunidades
Mexico Ministry of Foreign Affairs

• Mexican Institute for Mexicans Abroad (IME).
Special recognition should be given to Liliana Osorio, Consultant to the

California Office of Binational Border Health, for her leadership and
excellent work on this project.
ix
CHAPTER 1:
THE HUMAN BODY EL CUERPO HUMANO
Body Parts Partes del Cuerpo

ankle tobillo
anus ano
arm brazo
armpit axila, "sobaco"
back espalda, lomo
back of knee corva
breast seno, pecho, busto, "mama", "chichi"
bunion juanete
buttocks glúteos, nalgas, "sentaderas","posaderas",
"cola", "trasero", “pompis”, ‘fundillo”
calf pantorrilla, "chamorro", "camote", “bollo”
cheek mejilla, cachete
chest pecho
chin barbilla, mentón
coccyx coxis, "rabadilla"
conjuntiva conjuntiva
ear (external) oreja
ear (internal) oído
ear canal conducto/canal auditivo
eardrum tímpano del oído
elbow codo
eye ojo
eyebrow ceja
eyelashes pestañas
eyelid párpado
finger dedo (de la mano)
foot pie
forearm antebrazo
forehead frente
groin ingle
gum encía
1
hair pelo, cabello
hand mano
head cabeza
heel talón
hip cadera
iris iris
jaw mandíbula, "quijada"
knee rodilla, “gozne”
leg pierna
lips labios
mouth boca
nail uña
nape nuca
navel ombligo
neck cuello, "pescuezo"
nipple pezón
nose nariz
nostril ventana nasal
palate paladar
pupil pupila, "niña del ojo"
sclera esclerótica, "lo blanco del ojo"
shin espinilla
shoulder hombro
stomach estómago, vientre, abdómen, "barriga",
"panza"
tear duct conducto lacrimal/lagrimal
teeth dientes
temple sien
thigh muslo
toe dedo (del pié)
tongue lengua
tonsils amígdalas, anginas, “agallones”
uvula úvula, campanilla, “galillo”
throat garganta, “gañote”, “gaznate”, “cogote”,
“traguero”
waist cintura
wrist muñeca
2
Circulatory System Sistema Circulatorio
aorta aorta
artery arteria
heart corazón
jugular vein vena yugular
spleen bazo
vein vena
Digestive System Sistema Digestivo

appendix apéndice
esophagus esófago, "boca del estómago"
gallbladder vesícula biliar
intestines intestinos, "tripas"
liver hígado
pancreas páncreas
stomach estómago
rectum recto, “guía de atrás”
Skeletal System Sistema Oseo

bone hueso
clavicle clavícula
femur fémur
pelvis pelvis
rib costilla
sacrum sacro, "rabadilla"
skeleton esqueleto
skull cráneo, calavera
sternum esternón
vertebrae vértebra
Reproductive System Sistema Reproductivo
Woman Mujer
cervix cervix, cuello del útero/matriz
clitoris clítoris
3
fallopian tube trompas de Falopio
genitals genitales, "partes nobles", "parte femenina"
labia labia
ovaries ovarios
uterus útero, matriz
vulva vulva
vagina vagina, "la parte íntima de la mujer"
Man Hombre
epididymis epidídimo
glans glande, "cabeza"
penis pene, "miembro", "pipí", "pajarito", "pito",
“guia de adelante”
prostate gland próstata
scrotum escroto
seminal vesicles vesículas seminales
testicles testículos, "huevos", "bolas"
ureter uréter, "caño de la orina"
urethra uretra, canal
Respiratory System Sistema Respiratorio

airways vias respiratorias
alveoli alvéolos
bronchi brónquio
bronchioles bronquiolos
diaphragm diafragma
lung pulmón, ¨bofe”
nasal cavity cavidad nasal, "hoyo de la nariz"
oral cavity cavidad oral
trachea tráquea
Urinary System Sistema Urinario

bladder vejiga
kidney riñón
ureter uréter
urethra uretra
4
Senses Sentidos
hearing oído
sight vista
smell olfato
taste gusto
touch tacto
CHAPTER 2:
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS SEÑALES Y SINTOMAS
Vocabulary Vocabulario
abdominal pain dolor abdominal/en el estómago/de
panza/de barriga
abnormal breathing respiración anormal
abnormal color in the urine color anormal en la orina
abnormal stools: excremento/heces fecales/"caca" de
apariencia anormal:
- black - negro
- bloody - con sangre
- clay-colored - de color arcilloso
- greasy - grasiento
- hard - duro
- loose - suelto, aguado
- mucoid - con moco
abscess abceso, postema, grano, “nacido”,
“tumorcillo”, “tacotillo”
absent periods, amenorrhea falta de menstruación, amenorrea, "no le
llega/baja la regla/período"
acne acné, barros, espinillas, granos
adenoiditis adenoiditis
agitated agitado
allergy alergia
anxiety ansiedad
anemia anemia, "sangre delgada", "debilidad de la
sangre", “falta de sangre”
anger rabia, coraje, disgusto, enojo, furia, ira, ,
"mal genio", “muina”
5
apathy apatía, desgano “desguanso”
appendicitis apendicitis, “cólico con calentura”, “cólico
intestinal”, “miserere”
arthritis artritis
asphyxia, suffocation asfixia, sofocación, ahogo, falta de aire
athlete's foot pie de atleta, tiña podal, hongos en los pies
atrophy of muscles atrofia muscular
backache dolor de espalda/lomo
bad breath, halitosis mal aliento, halitosis
baldness, bald calvicie, calvo, "pelón"
belching eructo, erupto, eruto, eructar, "repetir",
"sacar el aire"
bilious bilioso, sentirse descompuesto
black heads espinillas
bleeding sangrar, desangramiento, hemorragia
bleeding between periods sangrar entre períodos/reglas
blemish mancha
blindness ceguera
blister ampolla, vejiga
bloated hinchado, distendido, "aventado"
blood clot coágulo de sangre
blood flow flujo de sangre
blood in sputum sangre en el esputo/flema
bluish skin, cyanosis piel azulada, "ponerse morado(a)", cianosis
blurred vision vista nublada/empañada
boil grano, comedón
bone deformity deformidad de los huesos
bone fracture fractura/quebradura de los huesos
blood in the urine sangre en la orina
blood in the stool sangre en el excremento/heces fecales
blood pressure: presión arterial, tensión:
- low - baja
- high - alta
bowel movement obrar, defecar, excretar, "hacer del cuerpo",
"ir al baño", "hacer del dos"
bow-legged corvo, cascorvo, con piernas arqueadas,
"patizambo", "zambo"
brain stroke derrame/embolia cerebral
6
breathing problems problemas de respiración
bronchitis bronquitis, “catarro al pecho”,
“pechuguerea”, “dolor de pecho”,
“enfriamento del pecho”, “hervor de
pecho”, “hilar de pecho”, “ogío”
bruise morado, moretón, cardenal, magulladura
bump chichón, roncha, "bolita", "abultamiento",
"chipote", “chuchumo”
bunions juanetes
burn quemadura, quemada
burning feeling sensación de ardor, "quemazón"
bursitis bursitis
calcium loss pérdida de calcio
cardiac arrest paro cardíaco, ataque al corazón, paro del
corazón
cardiac arrhythmia arritmia cardíaca
cerebral palsy parálisis cerebral
chapped lips labios resecos/partidos/agrietados
chilblain sabañón
chills escalofríos, "temblorina"
choke atragantarse, atorarse, "dar al gatillo"
circumcision circuncisión
cleft lip, harelip labio leporino, "cucho", "eclipsado",
"comido de la luna"
clotting of blood coagulación de la sangre
coated tongue lengua pastosa
cold catarro, resfriado, gripa, gripe
cold skin piel fría/helada
coldness in extremities frialdad de manos y pies/extremidades
colic cólico, "retorsijón", “retortijón”, "torzón"
collapse colapso
coma coma
complain quejarse
congestion congestión
constipation estreñimiento, "estar duro del estómago",
"no poder obrar", "tapado", “apretado”,
“atorado”, “atrancado”, “entapiadura”
“tapazón”, “tapiadura”, “constipación de
vientre”
contractions contracciones
7
convulsions convulsiones, "ataques", "chiripioca"
corn callo
cough tos
coughing up blood expectoración de sangre, tos con sangre
cramp calambre, cólico, “retortijón”, “torzón”
cross-eye estrabismo, bizco, “bizquera”, “bizcocho”
crust, scab costra, escara
cut cortada, herida
cyst quiste, "bolita", "pelotita"
dandruff caspa
deafness sordera
deformity deformidad, deformación
dehydration deshidratación, "estar seco(a)"
dejected decaído(a)
delirium delirio
depressed deprimido(a)
depression depresión
dermatitis dermatitis
diarrhea diarrea, "estómago suelto", "soltura",
“chorro”, "chorrillo", “chorronera”,
“cursera”, “curso”, “salidera”, "seguidillas"
difficulty in swallowing dificultad al tragar/pasar
dilated pupil pupila dilatada
discharge supuración, secreción, descarga, "desecho"
discomfort molestia
disease, illness enfermedad, mal, dolencia
disfigurement desfiguración
dislocation dislocación, descoyuntura, desencaje,
zafadura, recalcada
dizziness mareo, vértigo, "borrachera"
double vision visión doble, "ver doble"
dribbling goteo
drowsiness somnolencia, amodorramiento,
adormecimiento
dry cough tos seca
dry mouth boca seca
dry skin piel seca
dysentery disentería, “pujos”
8
dyspepsia dispepsia
ear infection infección de oído
earache dolor de oído
eczema eczema
edema edema, "hinchado", "inflamado"
epididymitis epididimitis
erection difficulties dificultad en la erección, "dificil que se le
pare"
eruption erupción, ronchas
euphoria euforia, excitación
excessive pain during period dolor excesivo durante la
menstruación/regla
excessive salivation salivación excesiva, mucha saliva
excessive urination micción excesiva, orinar con mucha
frecuencia, "mal de orina"
exhaustion, fatigue agotamiento, fatiga, cansancio excesivo
fainting desmayo
facial discoloration, chloasma paño, cloasma, manchas en la cara
facial paralysis parálisis de la cara
fatigue fatiga, cansancio
fever fiebre, "calentura", "temperatura", "estar
ardiendo"
fever blisters fuegos, "fogazos", llagas de fiebre
fibroid fibroide, fibroma
flatfoot pie plano
flushing ruborizarse, sonrojarse, "ponerse colorado",
"chiviado"
freckles pecas
frequent urination necesidad de orinar con más frecuencia
frigidity frigidez
fussy inquieto(a), molesto(a)
gallstones cálculos/piedas renales, "piedras en la hiel"
gastritis gastritis
goiter bocio, "buche", “güegüecho”
growing pains dolores de crecimiento
hallucinate alucinar, "estar mal de la cabeza"
hard nodules nódulos endurecidos
hay fever fiebre de heno, romadizo
headache dolor de cabeza, jaqueca, “chontal”
9
hearing loss pérdida del oído, pérdida de la audición,
"quedarse sordo"
heart attack ataque al corazón, infarto
heart murmur soplo/murmullo del corazón
heartbeat: latido del corazón:
- extra - extra
- fast - rápido
- irregular - irregular
- skipped - intermitente
- slow - lento
heartburn acidez estomacal, acedía, agruras, agriura,
agrieras, “fogazo”
heavy breast senos/pechos pesados, pesadez en los senos
hemorrhage hemorragia, desangramiento
hemorrhoids hemorroides, almorranas
hernia hernia
hiccups hipo
hissing in the ear zumbido en los oídos
hoarseness ronquera
hot flashes fogaje, bochornos, calores, sofocones
hypertension hipertensión, tensión alta
hysteria histeria
ill, sick enfermo(a), malo(a)
incontinence incontinencia, "no puede aguantar",
“angurria”
indigestion indigestión, "empacho"
infection Infección, “enconarse”
inflammation inflamación, hinchazón
ingrown nail uña encarnada/enterrada, uñero
insanity, insane demencia, demente, loco
insensibility insensibilidad, "que no siente"
insomnia insomnio, "no puede dormir"
irregular periods menstruación/regla/período irregular
irregular pulse pulso irregular
irritation irritación
itch comezón, picazón, escosor, “picor”,
"rasquera", “rasquiña”, rascazón”
jaundice ictericia, "piel amarillenta"
10
lack of appetite falta de apetito, no siente hambre
lameness cojera
laryngitis laringitis
lesion lesión
lethargy letargo, desgano, decaimiento
limping cojera
lisping ceceo
locked jaw mandíbula cerrada/desencajada
locked knee rodilla bloqueada
loose teeth dientes flojos
loss of: pérdida de:
-appetite -apetito
-balance -equilibrio
-consciousness -conocimiento
-coordination -coordinación
-hair -cabello/pelo
-memory -memoria
-sexual desire -deseo sexual
-voice -voz
low birth weight bajo peso al nacer
lump bulto, masa, "bolita"
malnutrition desnutrición
memory loss pérdida de la memoria
menopause menopausia
menstrual flow flujo menstrual, "desecho"
menstrual pains dolores de la menstruación, cólicos
menstruales, dolor de regla
menstrual problems problemas de la menstruación
mental ability impairment deterioro de la habilidad mental
migraine migraña, jaqueca, dolor fuerte de cabeza
moist skin piel húmeda
mole lunar
muscular incoordination falta de coordinación, incoordinación
muscular
nausea náusea, mareo "estómago revuelto", "asco"
nose bleeding sangrar por la nariz, hemorragia nasal
numbness entumecimiento, adormecimiento
11
obstruction obstrucción, "taponamiento"
pain: dolor:
- dull - sordo
- fulminant - fulminante
- gripping - opresivo
- intense - intenso, agudo
- irradiating - que se irradia, que se corre
- mild - leve
- persistent - persistente, continuo, constante
- severe - severo, muy fuerte
painful gums encías dolorosas
painful intercourse coito doloroso, dolor al tener relaciones
sexuales
paleness, pallor palidez
palpitations palpitaciones
paralysis parálisis
peeling of the skin peladura, descamación de la piel
peritonitis peritonitis
pimples granos, barros
pins and needles sensation cosquilleo, hormigueo
pleurisy pleuresía
pneumonia pulmonía
polyp pólipo
premature aging envejecimiento prematuro
premature ejaculation eyaculación prematura/rápida, "venirse
antes"
premature menopause menopausia prematura
premenstrual syndrome (PMS) síndrome premestrual
prolapse of the uterus prolapso del útero, "caída de la matriz"
prostration postración, debilidad, abatimiento
puffiness hinchazón, intumescencia, abogotamiento
pulmonary edema edema pulmonar
pustule pústula, "ampolla con pus"
pyorrhea piorrea
rapid pulse pulso rápido
rash salpullido, sarpullido, erupción, urticaria
redness enrojecimiento, "piel colorada"
12
relapse recaída
restlessness intranquilidad
rheumatic fever fiebre reumática
rheumatism reumatismo, “reuma”, “riuma”
rigidity rigidez
sadness, sad tristeza, triste
scald escaldadura
scar cicatriz, marca
scurvy escorbuto, “algodoncillo”
scratch rasguño, raspadura
seizures ataques, episodios, convulsiones
shock shock, choque
shortness of breath dificultad de respirar, "ahogos"
shy tímido(a), vergonzoso(a)
sign señal
sinusitis sinusitis
skin discoloration cambio de color de la piel
sllepy-dust lagaña, “chinguiña”
slow pulse pulso lento
sneeze estornudo, estornudar
snore ronquido, roncar
sore llaga, úlcera, aftas; dolorido(a), adolorido(a)
sore throat dolor de garganta
soreness in the ovaries dolor o inflamación en los ovarios
spasm espasmo
spasticity espasticidad
speech difficulties trastornos del habla, problemas para hablar
split nails uñas partidas/quebradizas
spotting gotas o manchas de sangre
sprain torcedura, falseamiento, "falsiado"
stiff neck cuello rígido, "pescuezo tiezo"
stiffening rigidez
stomach gas gases en el estómago, flatulencia, "pedos"
stomachache dolor de estómago/"barriga"/"panza"
stuttering tartamudeo
sty orzuelo, "perrilla"
13
swallowing difficulty dificultad al pasar/tragar
swelling: inflamación, hinchazón:
- inside the mouth - dentro de la boca
- of the ear canal - del conducto auditivo
- of face - de la cara
- of eyes - de los ojos
- of feet - de los pies
- of ankles - de los tobillos
- of hands - de las manos
- of the lymph nodes - de los ganglios
symptom síntoma
tachycardia taquicardia
tenderness sensibilidad, dolor
thrombosis trombosis
tightness in chest pecho apretado/oprimido
tingling cosquilleo, hormigueo
to expel gas ventosearse, "pedorrear", "hechar gases"
toothache dolor de muela
torn ligament ligamento roto, desgarramiento, esguince
tremor temblor
tumor tumor
twitch sacudida nerviosa, "tic nervioso"
twisting of testicles torsión de los testículos
ulcer úlcera, llaga
unconsciousness pérdida del conocimiento
urticaria urticaria, "engranamiento"
vaginal bleeding sangramiento vaginal
vaginal discharge flujo/desecho vaginal
varicose veins venas varicosas, várices
vertigo vértigo, vahido
vomit vómito, "volver/deponer del estómago"
wart verruga
watery eyes ojos llorosos
weakness debilidad
wheal, hive roncha
wheezing respiración sibilante/silbante/"con pitido"
14

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2 Healthcare in Any Language: Promoting Positive Patient Outcomes 2

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"Medical-ese" is not the only language barrier faced by a growing

For patients with limited English proficiency (LEP), entering into a

For medical professionals, the task of providing a high level of care is

Healthcare in Any Language: Promoting Positive Patient Outcomes 3

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However, added to the seriousness of the legal consequences of

Healthcare in Any Language: Promoting Positive Patient Outcomes 4

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This guide explores the realities surrounding language support in

Scope of the current language crisis in healthcare

Healthcare in Any Language: Promoting Positive Patient Outcomes 5

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Healthcare in Any Language: Promoting Positive Patient Outcomes 6

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192 languages spoken

166 languages spoken

Healthcare in Any Language: Promoting Positive Patient Outcomes 7

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1 Spanish - spoken by 16.2 million

Caring for linguistically diverse populations requires a significant

Healthcare in Any Language: Promoting Positive Patient Outcomes 8

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Healthcare in Any Language: Promoting Positive Patient Outcomes 9

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Title VI regulations prohibit timeliness of program services,

Federal funds cannot distinguish

Healthcare in Any Language: Promoting Positive Patient Outcomes 10

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Executive Order 13166, entitled "Improving Access to Services for

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Healthcare in Any Language: Promoting Positive Patient Outcomes 12

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ACA Section 1557:

ACA Section 1331:

Healthcare in Any Language: Promoting Positive Patient Outcomes 13

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DHHA Regulation 45 CRF155.205(C):

With these federal mandates in

Healthcare in Any Language: Promoting Positive Patient Outcomes 14

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Healthcare in Any Language: Promoting Positive Patient Outcomes 15

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Commenting on the need for precise translation of medical device

Healthcare in Any Language: Promoting Positive Patient Outcomes 16

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Language support offered by professional, certified language specialists

Healthcare in Any Language: Promoting Positive Patient Outcomes 17

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Healthcare in Any Language: Promoting Positive Patient Outcomes 18

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In some cases, medical professionals may end up relying on patient

Healthcare in Any Language: Promoting Positive Patient Outcomes 19

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Dynamic Language's "What the NCIHC Says about Healthcare

Healthcare in Any Language: Promoting Positive Patient Outcomes 20

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Potential outcomes include:

To mitigate such outcomes, it is important to ensure that LEP patients