3

eli`e ,
2 dcewpa xnelk ,oezgzd leaba jxrd `ed B xy`k

1  1  1 1 n+ 1
2 1
Cn = (n + ) ln(n + ) − ln n − = (n + ) ln −
2 2 2 2 n 2
1 n+ 1 1 1 1
= ln(1 + ) 2 − → ln e 2 − = 0
2n 2 2
Pn
ik lawp ,En =− j=2 Rj onqp m` ,okle

(n+ 1 ) ln n−n+En −B n+ 1 −n En −B
n! = e 2 =n 2 e e

.rvap `l eze`y ,lim En ly aeyign d`a zwiiecnd dgqepde

millken milxbhpi` 5.3

lilkdl dvxp zrk .meqg rhwa zeneqg zeivwpet ly milxbhpi`a epltih dzr cr
.miniiwzn mpi` dl` mi`pz mda mixwnl lxbhpi`d z`

.[a, c] iwlg rhw lka ziliaxbhpi`e

[a, ∞) oxwa zxcbend divwpet f idz
Z c (i) .dxcbd
xn`p xeviwae) miiw oxwa f ly llkend lxbhpi`dy xn`p miiw lim f leabd m`
c→∞ a
onqpe ,(oxwa ziliaxbhpi` f -y heyt

Z ∞ Z c
. f = lim f
a c→∞ a

miiw m` .[a, c] iwlg rhw lka ziliaxbhp`e [a, b) rhwa zxcbend Zdivwpet f idz (ii)
c
xeviwae) miiw [a, b] rhwa f ly llkend lxbhpi`dy xn`p lim f l`nyn leabd
c→b− a
onqpe ,(rhwa ziliaxbhpi` f -y heyt xn`p

Z b Z c
. f = lim− f
a c→b a

zeixlebpiqdyk iteq rhwa e` ,zil`ny oxwa llken lxbhpi` mixicbn dnec ote`a
.il`nyd dvwa `id
lxbhpi`d ik minrtl xn`p ,(−∞ e`) +∞ `ede agxd oaena wx miiw leabd m`
.(−∞ e`) ∞ -l xcazn

R∞
`le seqpi`a f ly zebdpzda wx ielz
a
f lxbhpi`d ly eneiw i` e` eneiw .dxrd
,(a -a ,oaenk ,ielz ok ,miiw `ed m` ,lxbhpi`d ly ekxr mle`) a dcewpd zxigaa

Z ∞ Z c Z ∞
f` a<c m` ik

. f= f+ f
a a c

79
 R∞
dtwz dnec dxrd .oezgz leab llk oiivl ila miiw f ik okl xn`p minrtl
.iteq rhwa dneqg `l divwpet ly lxbhpi`l qgia

.ze`nbec
Rc R∞
.c → ∞ xy`k leab oi` sin x = cos c −1 -l ik ,miiw `l 0 sin x lxbhpi`d (i)
0
R c −x R∞
.c → ∞ xy`k
0
e = 1 − e−c → 1 ik qpkzn 0 e−x lxbhpi`d (ii)
R ∞ −p
. x z` wecap (iii)
R c −1 1
.xcazn lxbhpi`de x = ln c → ∞ f` p = 1 m`
R c −p 1
1 −p+1
m` miiw `l c → ∞ xy`k leabde x = −p+1 (c − 1) f` p 6= 1 m`
1
1
.p > 1 m`
p−1 `ede ,p < 1
R 1 −p
lxbhpi`d (iii) -l dnec aeyig i"tre ,0 -a `id dirad o`k . x z` wecap (iv)
R 1 −p 0
1 −p+1 1
xy`k
c
x = −p+1 (1 − c ) → 1−p milawn p < 1 xeare ,xcazn p ≥ 1 -l
.c → 0

yi (zeiteq zecewpa l`nyn e` oinin e` ±∞ -a) zeixlebpiq xtqn f -l yi m`

zg` lka miiw `ed xy`k wx miiw llkend lxbhpi`de ,cxtpa odn zg` lk wecal
.odn

.ze`nbec
R1 R ∞ −p
,qpkzn `l
0
x−p dx f` p≥1 m` ik ,p s`l miiw `l
0R
x dx lxbhpi`d (i)
∞ −p
.qpkzn `l
1
x dx f` p ≤ 1 m`e
R∞ 2xdx 2x
,ok lr xzi . =0
ik aeygl did ozip okle ,zibefi` 2
−∞ x2 +1 x +1 divwpetd (ii)
R R 2xdx
R → ∞ xy`k leabl mixaere f`e ,R lkl −R x2 +1 = 0 ik miaygn ,mixdfp `l m`
.0 milawn ok`
R 0 2xdx R ∞ 2xdx R ∞ 2xdx
-e millkend milxbhpi`d ipy ik ,miiw `l la`
−∞ x2 +1 0 x2 +1 −∞ x2 +1
.miniiw `l

:lxbhpi`d ly zelibxd zepekzd yi llkend lxbhpi`l

Z Z Z Z Z Z ∞ Z c Z ∞
cf = c f ; (f1 + f2 ) = f1 + f2 ; f= f+ f
a a c
R R
. f≤ g f` f ≤g m` ok enke

.zeilily-i` zeivwpet ly millken milxbhpi` 5.3.1

R∞ Rx
F mm` miiw
a
f` .F (x) = a
f onqpe ,[a, ∞) oxwa zilily-i` f idz .htyn
.dneqg

80
zipehepen divwpetl ik recie ,dler zipehepen F ik zxxeb f ly zeililyd i` .dgked
.dneqg `id mm` leab yi

-dy jkl gztnd md (iteq rhwa llken lxbhpi`l ely belp`de) df heyt htyn
-pet ly dfn xzei heyt reaw oniq zelra zeivwpet ly millken milxbhpi`a letih
ahid mbcen df !zeniqg wecal wx yi leab meiw wecal mewna :zeillk zeivw
:`ad htyna

Rzeiliaxbhpi`e [a, ∞) oxwa zeilily-i` g -e f dpiidz .[d`eeydd oeixhixw] .htyn

∞
g lxbhpi`d m`e ,oxwa x lkl 0 ≤ f (x) ≤ g(x) m` .a < b < ∞ lkl [a, b] -a
a R∞
-e miiw f mb f` , miiw
Z ∞ Z ∞ a

. f≤ g
a a

Rx Rx
okl ,0 ≤F ≤G -e dneqg G oezpd i"tr .G(x) = g -e F (x) = f onqp .dgked
a a
.dneqg F mb

R∞
lkl miiwzi 0 ≤ f (x) ≤ g(x) -y jxev oi` qpkzi a f lxbhpi`dy ick .dxrd
mdy x ikxr xear xnelk ,[c, ∞) ziwlg oxw idyfi` lr miiwzi dfy witqne ,x ≥ a
.witqn milecb
edyfi` xear
R 0∞≤ f (x) ≤ Kg(x) qetihdn dkxrd k"xca lawp miyeniya ok enk
.
a
f ly zeqpkzdd zgkedl witqn df mby oaenk .K > 0 iaeig reaw

f (x)
lim = m` .iwlg rhw lka zeiliaxbhpi`e [a, ∞) oxwa f, g ≥ 0 dpiidz .dpwqn
x→∞ g(x)
R∞ R∞
.miiw g mm` miiw f f` ,0 < L < ∞ xy`k L

L f (x) 3L
,x ≥ c 0 < <
lkl
2 g(x) < 2 -y jk c > a `vnp leabd zxcbd itl .dgked
3L L
.
2 g mre 2 g mr ze`eeyd i"r htyndn zraep dpwqnde
R∞ R∞
.miiw f mb f` ,miiw g -e L=0 m`y d`xn dnec dgked

-pet ly millken milxbhpi`l mb zetwz dpwqnle htynl zeibelp` ze`vez .dxrd

.rhwa zeneqg `l zeivw

.ze`nbec
R∞ 2
ic okle ,zibef divwpet `ed cpxbhi`d mpn`e .qpkzn
−∞
e−x dx lxbhpi`d (i)
2
−x −x
,1 ≤ x < ∞ xear 0 < e ≤ e j` ,zipni oxwa qpkzn lxbhpi`d ik wecal
R ∞ −x
.qpkzn
1
e dx ik xak epi`xe

81
 R1 sin xdx
ik .q <2 mm` qpkzn (ii)
0 xq

sin x . 1 sin x
lim = lim =1
x→0 xq xq−1 x→0 x
R dx
,q −1 < 1 mm` dxew dfe ,qpkzn
xq−1 mm` qpkzn lxbhpi`d dpwqnd i"tre
.q < 2 xy`k xnelk
R ∞ x−1 −t
ly lxbhpi` edf .Γ(x) = t e dt i"r x > 0 xear zxcben Γ divwpetd (iii)
R ∞ x−1 −t 0
.
1
t e dt ly zeqpkzdd z` wecal yie ,iteqpi` megz lr ziaeig divwpet
z` mb cxtpa wecal epilr okl ,0 -a dneqg dpi` mb divwpetd x < 1 xy`k
R 1 x−1 −t
.
0
t e dt ly zeqpkzdd
R ∞ −t/2 tx−1 e−t
mby milawn ,qpkzn
1
e dt lxbhpi`dy zeide lim e−t/2 = 0 -y zeid
t→∞ R ∞ x−1 −t
.qpkzn
1
t e dt
R 1 x−1 −t 1 x−1 x−1 −t x−1
-e
0
t e dt okle 3 t ≤ t e ≤ t ik miiwzn 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 xear
R 1 x−1
hxtae ,x > 0 lkl qpkzn ipyd lxbhpi`de - cgia mixcazn e` miqpkzn t dt
0
.0 < x < 1 lkl

,zexazqd ,mixtqnd zxez enk dwihnznd ly miax mitpra driten Γ zivwpet

miiwzn x>0 lkl :dly dheyt dpekz d`xp .cere

Γ(x + 1) = xΓ(x)

zpzep miwlga divxbhpi` ik

Z ∞ ¯∞ Z ∞
¯
Γ(x + 1) = tx e−t dt = −e−t tx ¯ + xtx−1 e−t dt
0 0 0
Z ∞
= 0+x tx−1 e−t dt = xΓ(x)
0

R∞ ¯∞
¯
ik divwecpi`a lawpe ,Γ(1) = 0
t0 e−t dt = −e−t ¯ = 1 -y jka zrk ynzyp
0
irah k lkl
. Γ(k) = (k − 1)Γ(k − 1) = . . . = (k − 1)!

i`pzae hlgda miqpkzn milxbhpi` 5.3.2

ly "dkircd avw"a dielz zilily i` zeivwpet ly llken lxbhpi` ly zeqpkzdd

miiaeig mikxr mb zlawn f xy`k .iteq rhwa dly "lecibd avw"a e` ,seqpi`a f
zeililyde zeiaeigd zenexzd :ztqep daiqn qpkzdl leki lxbhpi`d miilily mbe
.dl` z` dl` ziwlg lhal zeleki f ly

R
qpkzn (iteq rhw lr e` ziteqpi` oxw lr) f llkend lxbhpi`dy xn`p .dxcbd
R R R
`id zeqpkzddy xn`p qpkzn `l |f | j` qpkzn f m` .qpkzn |f | m` hlgda
.i`pza

82
R∞
|f | < ∞ m` ,xnelk .qpkzn `ed f` hlgda qpkzn llken lxbhpi` m` .htyn
a R∞
.iteq rhw lr llkend lxbhpi`l dnec ote`ae ,qpkzn
a
f mb f`

onqp .dgked
( (
+ f (x) f (x) ≥ 0 − 0 f (x) > 0
. f (x) = ; f (x) =
0 f (x) < 0 −f (x) f (x) ≤ 0

m` .|f | = f+ + f−
eli`e f = f
R∞ −
+ −
R−∞f + -e zeilily-i` dl`d zeivwpetd
R∞ izy
mb qpkzn f`e ,miqpkzn
a
f mbe
a
f mb d`eeydd htynn f`
a
|f | < ∞
Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞
. f= f+ − f−
a a a

.ze`nbec
R∞ dx | cos x|
cos x 1
R∞
.
1 x2 <∞ -e
1 x2 dx (i)
x2 ≤ x2 ik hlgda qpkzn
R ∞ sin x
divxbhpi` rvap zeqpkzdd zwical .hlgda `l j` ,qpkzn
1 x dx (ii)
miwlga
Z ∞ Z ∞
sin x − cos x ¯∞ cos x ¯
dx = ¯ − dx
1 x x 1 1 x2
zgqep ly zilnxet daizka o`k epynzyd) .(i) i"tr qpkzn oexg`d lxbhpi`de
`id - !dzgkede - dgqepd zernyn .∞ `ed oeilrd leabdyk miwlga divxbhpi`d
.(b `ed oeilrd leabdyk milawznd miiehiaa b→∞ xy`k leab migwely
R∞ 2
:xcazn
sin x
dx ik d`xpe | sin x| ≥ sin2 x ik hlgda qpkzn epi` lxbhpi`d
1 R∞
x R∞ 1
itk ,qpkzn
cos 2x
2x dx eli`e dx = ∞ f`e ,sin2 x = 1−cos 2x
zedfa ynzyp
1 R ∞ sin x 1 2x 2
.qpkzn
1 x dx -y dgkeda enk miwlga divxbhpi` i"r mi`exy

*****************
46 dry seq
*****************

83