MASTERS: Biological Science

NAME: FIDEL A. CASTRO

SCIENCE ED. 204- Biological Science Section A
Semester: First Sem
Subject Title: Biology I

Module 3B: Reproductive System

MOTIVATION

Activity 1. Using the pictures below, I want you to study (figure 1 and 2) the fruit fly
Drosophila and the life cycle. Explain the life cycle of drosophila.

Fruit flies are holometabolous insects; that is, they undergo complete metamorphosis during
their life cycle. The life cycle consists of four distinct stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The
rate of development is dependent on temperature, being more rapid at higher temperatures.
For instance, at 20oC, the life cycle is completed in 14 or 15 days, but at 25 oC, the cycle lasts
about 10 days.

o The first stage is the Mating and the fertilization of Eggs: Mated females store
sperm to fertilize eggs that are subsequently laid. The egg and larval stages span
approximately eight days.

o The second stage is the Larvae Stage: Twenty-four hours after a female fruit fly lays
her eggs, larvae hatch. Fruit fly larvae undergo molting stages known as instars, during
which the head, mouth, cuticle, spiracles and hooks are shed. During the larva's third
instar, it crawls to a drier area to pupate. The pupa case is formed from the larval skin
as it darkens and develops a hard surface.

o The second stage is the Pupal Stage: Fruit fly adults develop in this pupal
stage. Twenty-four hours before the adult emerges, the pigmentation of the eyes and
the folded wings are already visible through the pupal case, called the puparium. The
pupa darkens just before the adult fly emerges.
In this activity, you will learn and understand the key concepts of the development and LIFE
CYCLE OF THE ORGANISMS. This time you will have a quick reading, open your power point
presentation. These will tell you about twinning and the development of organisms.

1. Differentiate monozygotic and dizygotic twins.

MONOZYGOTIC DIZYGOTIC
1. Monozygotic twins are formed by one 1. Dizygotic twins are formed by two
sperm and one egg. different sperm and two different eggs.

2. The reason monozygotic twins form 2. Number of known reasons exist for
is largely unknown dizygotic twinning.

3. Genetic codes are same as any other

3. Genetic codes are nearly identical
sibling.

4. Gender is the same 4. Gender is different.

5. Blood types are the same.
6. There is no hereditary trait that
makes monozygotic twins more likely
5. Blood types are different.
6. Dizygotic twins, on the other hand, can
be caused by a gene that predisposes
women to hyperovulate, or release two
or more eggs at one time.

7. One-third of the twins in the world are 7. Two-third of the twins in the world are
monozygotic dizygotic

2. What is the term for the primary human sex organs?

- The primary term human sex organs for the females is Female Reproductive
Organs while for the males is Male Reproductive Organs.

TIME TO EXPLORE!
After getting some learning from the video clips, you can now answer the guide questions:
1. What area in the female reproductive organ experiences the greatest changes in a
menstrual cycle?

- The area in the female reproductive organ experiences the greatest changes in a
menstrual cycle is the UTERUS. The uterus is the largest and major organ of the
female reproductive tract that is the site of fetal growth and is hormonally
responsive.
2. What area in the female reproductive organ experiences the greatest changes in a
menstrual cycle?

- The male has reproductive organs, or genitals, that are both inside and outside
the pelvis, Male reproductive organs are composed of penis, testes, scrotum, vas
deferens and epididymis. Almost three-fourth of the male reproductive organs took
place outside of the male body.

- While the female has reproductive organs entirely within the pelvis. female
reproductive organs composed of vagina, cervix, uterus, ovaries and fallopian tube.
Unlike male reproductive organs, three-fourth of it took place inside the female
body.

3. How many chromosomes do humans have in their body cells?

- There are 46 chromosomes that humans have in their body cells.

4. Explain how hermaphroditism may be advantageous to animals that have

difficulty encountering a member of the opposite sex?

- Being a hermaphrodite is thought to increase the chances of solitary organisms

reproducing, because they can both give and receive gametes. This allows them to
both share their DNA, while at the same time having the chance to develop an
offspring of their own. Hermaphroditism allows organisms that have difficulty
encountering a member of the opposite sex to produce its own offspring without the
help of other organism gamete but of its own. Like the worm, a hermaphrodite needs
a male to donate sperms in order to fertilize the oocytes in its body.

5. Discuss the human development from fertilization to gestation.

- In the reproductive process, a male sperm and a female egg provide the information
required to produce another human being. Conception occurs when these cells join
as the egg is fertilized.
- Pregnancy begins once the fertilized egg implants in the uterus.
- The embryo grows and becomes surrounded by structures that provide support and
nourishment. Eyes, limbs, and organs appear as the embryo develops into a fetus.
- The fetus grows inside the uterus until pregnancy ends with labor and birth.
- By then all body systems are in place including the reproductive system that can one
day help produce another human being.

6. Describe the events of menstrual cycle (Ovarian cycle and Uterine Cycle)
#OVARIAN CYCLE

Ovarian cycle occurs in the cortex of the ovary. It has three phases:
- Follicular phase (in the first half of the cycle),
- Ovulation (at about the middle of the cycle)
- Luteal phase (in the second half of the cycle)

1. First, Follicular phase where the follicles begin to mature. It is marked by secretions
of the follicle-stimulating hormone and the leutinizing hormone by the anterior
pituitary gland and the estrogen by the ovaries, both FSH and LH stimulate the
maturation of the oocytes while estrogen stimulates uterine lining growth in
preparation for implantation of the embryo.
2. Then, Ovulation. It is the process of rupture of the Graafian follicle and release of
the mature ovum from the ovary. It occurs once every lunar month (about 28 days)
during the fertile period of the human female. It does not occur during pregnancy. It
sometimes occurs during lactation. The time of ovulation is variable but it is usually
on the 14th day of the ovarian cycle.

- Ovulation occurs at about 14 days (± one day) before the beginning of the next
menstruation. The cause of ovulation is attributed to inhibition of F.S.H. and
stimulation of L.H. secretion by the anterior pituitary gland leading to an
increased salt concentration of the liquor folliculi, resulting in an increase in its
osmotic pressure and rupture of the Graafian follicle.

3. Lastly, Luteal phase after the oocytes are released from the follicles; the remains of
the follicle become the corpus luteum, which then secretes progesterone, which
stimulates the uterus to undergo final maturational changes that prepare it for
gestation to house and nourish an embryo.

#UTERINE CYCLE
It occurs in the endometrium of the uterus depending on the hormonal changes that
occur in the ovarian cycle. It has four phases:

- Menstrual

- Regenerative

- Proliferative

- Secretory phases.

1. The cycle duration extends from the first day of one menstruation to the first day of
the next menstruation, in most typical cycles it is about 28 days but it may normally
vary from 21 to 40 days.
 2. First, Menstrual phase also known as the “period”; corresponds to the early part of
the follicular phase of the ovaries (days 1-5) when endometrium degenerates and
sloughs off, producing the menstrual discharge.

3. Then, Proliferative phase corresponds to the latter part of the follicular phase of the
ovaries (days 8-14) when the endometrium heals and begins to thicken as a
consequence of estrogen secretion.

4. Lastly, Secretory phase corresponds to the luteal phase of the ovaries; the
endometrium undergoes final changes before it receives the embryo during
implantation.

7. Describe oogenesis and spermatogenesis;

Spermatogenesis and oogenesis are the processes of the formation of male and
female gametes.
- Spermatogenesis leads to the formation of sperms.
- Oogenesis helps in the formation of ova. Oogenesis, in the human female
reproductive system, growth process in which the primary egg cell (or ovum)
becomes a mature ovum
The fertilization of sperm and ova leads to the formation of a zygote which further
develops into an embryo.
Describe three major differences between them.

SPERMATOGENESIS
1. The production of sperms from
spermatogonia is known as
spermatogenesis.
2. Occurs in testes.
3. All stages are completed in the testis.
4. Produces motile gametes
5. Four sperms are formed by the equal
cytokinesis that occurs during
spermatogenesis.
6. Millions of sperms are produced every
day.
7. Very little food reservation in sperms
OOGENESIS
1. The production of eggs from oogonia is
known as oogenesis.
2. Occurs inside the ovary.
3. The major part of oogenesis occurs
inside the ovary. The last few stages
occur in the oviduct.
4. Produces non-motile gametes
5. One ovum and four polar bodies are
produced by unequal cytokinesis
occurring during oogenesis.
6. One ovum is released per month.
7. Large amounts of food and metabolite
are stored in the ovum.
 ENRICHMENT
1. When do you think human life begins?
- For me, human life begins at the moment of conception. There is already a life
that exist at the moment of the meeting of the egg cell and sperm cell.

2. How about an embryo? How about a baby?

- Embryo underwent embryonic development the part of the life cycle that
begins just after fertilization and continues through the formation of body
structures, such as tissues and organs, thus, already has life. A baby
portrays a complete sign of life.

3. Would you consider a single cell like a sperm or egg human?

- I consider a single cell like a sperm or egg human that it contains life. It is a
part of a living organism and it has a life itself.

If so, should a single cell from our body, like a red blood cell or liver
cell, be likewise considered human?

- The above mention types of cells are part of a human body, but I
cannot consider it as human because though it both consist of life,
human is a complex being and the cells is just a part of its complexity.

CONGRATULATIONS!

Choose the letter of your answer that you have think best answers the question.
MULTIPLE CHOICE.

1. B. To transport oxygen to the baby 12. A. Anus

2. A. Amniotic fluid 13. C. Conception
3. A. 28 days 14. C. Semen
4. B. The fallopian tube 15. D. Menstruation
5. B. Uterus 16. D. Epididymis
6. B. Fertilized egg splits 17. A. Scrotum
7. A. Embryo 18. A. Vas deferens
8. A. Implantation 19. A. Prostate gland
9. B. Ovary 20. C. Testis through the vas deferens
10. B. False and out the urethra
11. A. Urethra