KNUNYDQDWDF ANYCFWJK

”Dsknp Udgd Mdfsjd Gnfadf Unruidhdf \prjtudm‐

GJ \^\^F CMNH ?
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D.Hdsrjdfj Zusub (D.48.45.55<)

D.\drj Zughd Qjgyd Dstutj (D.48.45.55>)
Dfd Ojhdg Jsmd`jdh (D.48.45.545)
Dfgj Ynsky Jkd Bjtrj (D.48.45.549)
Gjdf Dmbjcfjtd (D.48.45.54>)
Nkd Hdsrjdfj Y (D.48.45.542)
Bdgmjdh Jsfdjfj (D.48.45.54:)
Hdnruffjsd (D.48.45.59<)
Hnfgrj K urfjdwdf (D.48.45.597)
Jkd Fcvjkd (D.48.45.59>)
Jfgrjdfj (D.48.45.592)
Odffjdtj (D.48.45.598)
Khusufum Khdtj`dh (D.48.45.5<4)
Furbdgjmmdh (D.48.45.5<<)
UYCAYD@ \W^GJ \4 KNUNYDQDWDF
\WJKns UDFYJWD H^\DGD I^M^K^@ID
W.D 9594/9599
KDWD UNFADFWDY
Uuoj gdf syukur pnfumjs pdfodtkdf knpdgd Wuhdf Zdfa @dhd Nsd dtds
knsn`pdtdf snrtd rdh`dt-Fyd knpdgd pnfumjs snhjfaad pnfumjs gdpdt

`nfynmnsdjkdf `dkdmdh jfj tnpdt pdgd wdktufyd gdmd` `dtd knpnrdwdtdf anrcftjk
@dkdmdh ydfa inrjsjkdf gnfadf ougum ”dsknp pdgd mdfsjd gnfadf
pnruidhdf sprjtudm‐ jfj tnmdh pnfumjs susuf snldrd `dksj`dm gnfadf idftudf gdrj
inridadj pjhdk.^ftuk jtu,pnfumjs idfydk inrtnrj`dkdsjh knpdgd sn`ud pjhdk ydfa tjgdk ijsd
gjsniutkdf sdtu pnrsdtu dtds snadmd idftudf gdf gukufadffyd snmd`d jfj.
Kdrnfd kntnridtdsdf pnfantdhudf ydfa pnfumjs `jmjkj,pnfumjs `nfydgdrj `dsjh
idfydk knkurdfadf gdrj `dkdmdh jfj.Cmnh kdrnfd jtu,sdfadt `nfahdrdpkdf krjtjkdf gdf
sdrdf ydfa `n`idfauf gdrj pdrd pn`idld.Dkhjr kdtd pnfumjs inrhdrdp sn`cad `dkdmdh jfj
gdpdt inr`dfbddt idaj pdrd pn`idld.Wnrj`d Kdsjh.

Iumuku`id, 4> Cktcinr 9594

UNF^MJ\

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GDBWDY J\J
KDWD UNFADFWDY..........................................................................................j GDBWDY J\
J.......................................................................................................jj

IDI J UNFGDH^M^DF....................................................................................4
D. Mdtdr Inmdkdfa..........................................................................................4

I. Yu`usdf @dsdmdh.....................................................................................9

L. Wuoudf.......................................................................................................9
IDI JJ UN@IDHD\DDF..................................................................................7

D. Unfanrtjdf \prjtudm....................................................................................7

I. Gnbjfjsj Ynmjajcsjtds.................................................................................>

L. Kdrdktnrjstjk \pjrjtudm Udgd Mdfsjd..........................................................2

 G. Gj`nfsj \pjrjtudm Udgd Mdfsjd..................................................................1 N.
Unrkn`idfadf \pjrjtudm Udgd Mdfsjd........................................................8

B. Kcfsnp Kniutuhdf Gdsdr \pjrjtudm...........................................................8

A. Knsnodhtnrddf \pjrjtudm...........................................................................45

H. \jkdp pdsjnf Mdfsjd \nsudj Wjfakdt Unrkn`idfadf Mdfsjd

`nfahdgdpj \dkjt gdf Kn`dtjdf............................................................44

J. Unfgnkdtdf \pjrjtudm Udgd Mdfsjd...........................................................49

O. Unrdf Knpnrdwdtdf Udgd \pjrjtudm..........................................................49

K. @dsdmdh \pjrjtudm Udgd Mdfsjd................................................................42

M. Dsuhdf Knpnrdwdtdf..............................................................................41
IDI JJJ UNF^W^U...........................................................................................97

D. Knsj`pumdf.............................................................................................97

I. \drdf.......................................................................................................9>
GDBWDY U^\WDKD........................................................................................92

jj
IDI J UNFGDH^M^DF
D. Mdtdr Inmdkdfa
Urcsns `nfud dgdmdh sniudh prcsns ydfa `nfauidh crdfa gnwdsd snhdt
`nfodgj rdpuh gjsnrtdj gnfadf `nfuruffyd ldgdfadf hd`pjr sn`ud sjstn` bjsjscmcajs
gdf gjsnrtdj pumd gnfadf `nfjfakdtfyd knrnftdfdf tnrhdgdp pnfydkjt gdf
kn`dtjdf.Unfgdpdt mdjf `nfadtdkdf idhwd `nfud `nrupdkdf sudtu prcsns
`nfahjmdfafyd snldrd inrmdhdf-mdhdf kn`d`pudf odrjfadf uftuk `n`pnridjkj gjrj
snrtd `n`pnrtdhdfkdf struktur gdf bufasj fcr`dmfyd,snhjfaad tjgdk gdpdt inrtdhdf
tnrhdgdp onods tnr`dsuk jfbnksj gdf kn`d`pudf uftuk `n`pnridjkj knrusdkdf ydfa
gjgnrjtd (\urydgj, 955<).
Udgd mdfsjd tnrgdpdt idfydk pnruidhdf ydfa tnrodgj `nfldkup
pnruidhdf-pnruidhdf bjsjk,`nftdm,psjkcscsjdm,gdf pnrkn`idfadf spjrjtudm.
Unruidhdf spjrjtudm gjonmdskdf @urrdy gdf _nftnr (4:81) mdfsjd `dkjf
`dtur gdmd` knhjgupdf kndad`ddffyd,hdm jfj tnrmjhdt gdmd` inrbjkjr gdf
inrtjfgdk gdmd` knhjgupdf snhdrj-hdrj.Unruidhdf-pnruidhdf ydfa tnrodgj pdgd
mdfsjd `n`jmjkj gd`pdk ydfa `nfldkup sn`dkjf tjfaajfyd tjfakdt
 kntnradftufadf,`dsdmdh knsnhdtdf,`dsdmdh psjkcmcaj `nftdm spjrjtudm gdf
mdjf-mdjf.(Kuftocrc, 9559).
\nldrd gn`cardbjs,inrgdsdrkdf snfsus pnfguguk tdhuf 4:14, ou`mdh
pnfguguk inrusjd 25 tdhuf kn dtds sninsdr >,< outd (7,>%) gdrj ou`mdh pnfguguk
gj Jfgcfnsjd. \nmdfoutfyd pdgd tdhuf 4:85, ou`mdh jfj `nfjfakdt `nfodgj 44,< outd
(2,7%). Udgd tdhuf 9555 gjpnrkjrdkdf
`nfjfakdt snkjtdr 4>,< outd (1,7%) gdrj ou`mdh pnfguguk, gdf pdgd tdhuf 955>
ou`mdh jfj gjpnrkjrdkdf `nfjfakdt `nfodgj 48,< outd (8,>%).Gdf pdgd tdhuf 955>-
9545, ou`mdh mdfout usjd dkdf sd`d gnfadf ou`mdh idmjtd, ydfa snkjtdr 4:,<
outd (:,5%) gdrj ou`mdh pnfguguk.Idhkdf pdgd tdhuf 9595-959>,Jfgcfnsjd dkdf
`nfgugukj pnrjfakdt fnadrd gdf struktur gdf
ou`mdh pnfguguk mdfout usjd sntnmdh YYL (Ynpuimjk Ydkydt Lhjfd),

4
Jfgjd.D`nrjkd \nrjkdt gnfadf u`ur hdrdpdf hjgup gjdtds 15 tdhuf. Gdf `nfurut Ijrc
Uusdt \tdtjstjk, pdgd tdhuf 955> gj Jfgcfnsjd tnrgdpdt 48.9<8.451 pnfguguk
mdfsjd.Ou`mdh jfj dkdf `nfjfakdt hjfaad << outd

crdfa mdfsjd 49% gdrj tctdm pnfguguk (Qdhougj, 9558).

I. Yu`usdf @dsdmdh

4. Dpd ydfa gj`dksug gnfadf sprjtudm3

9. Dpd ydfa gj`dksug gnfadf rnmjajcsjtds3

<. Dpd sdod kdrdktnrjstjk spjrjtudm pdgd mdfsjd3

7. Dpd sdod gj`nfsj spjrjtudm pdgd mdfsjd3

>. Idadj`dfd pnrkn`idfadf spjrjtudm pdgd mdfsjd3

2. Idadj`dfd kcfsnp kniutuhdf gdsdr spjrjtudm3

1. Idadjd`df knsnodhtnrddf spjrjtudm3

8. Idadj`dfd sjkdp pdsjnf mdfsjd snsudj tjfakdt pnrkn`idfadf mdfsjd

`nfahdgdpj sdkjt gdf kn`dtjdf3

:. Dpd sdod pnfgnkdtdf spjrjtudm pdgd mdfsjd3

45. Idadj`dfd pnrdf knpnrdwdtdf pdgd spjrjtudm3

44. Dpd sdod `dsdmdh spjrjtudm pdgd mdfsjd3

49. Idadj`dfd dsuhdf knpnrdwdtdf spjrjtudm pdgd mdfsjd3

L. Wuoudf

4. ^ftuk `nfantdhuj pnfanrtjdf sprjtudm.

9. ^ftuk `nfantdhuj pnfanrtjdf rnmjajcsjtds.

<. ^ftuk `nfantdhuj kdrdktnrjstjk spjrjtudm pdgd mdfsjd.

7. ^ftuk `nfantdhuj gj`nfsj spjrjtudm pdgd mdfsjd.

>. ^ftuk `nfantdhuj pnrkn`idfadf spjrjtudm pdgd mdfsjd.

2. ^ftuk `nfantdhuj kcfsnp kniutuhdf gdsdr spjrjtudm.

1. ^ftuk `nfantdhuj knsnodhtnrddf spjrjtudm.

8. ^ftuk `nfantdhuj sjkdp pdsjnf mdfsjd snsudj tjfakdt pnrkn`idfadf mdfsjd

`nfahdgdpj sdkjt gdf kn`dtjdf.

9
:. ^ftuk `nfantdhuj pnfgnkdtdf spjrjtudm pdgd mdfsjd.

45. ^ftuk `nfantdhuj pnrdf knpnrdwdtdf pdgd spjrjtudm.

44. ^ftuk `nfantdhuj `dsdmdh spjrjtudm pdgd mdfsjd.

49. ^ftuk `nfantdhuj dsuhdf knpnrdwdtdf spjrjtudm pdgd mdfsjd.

 <
IDI JJ UN@IDHD\DDF
D. Unfanrtjdf \prjtudm
\pjrjtudm dgdmdh knydkjfdf gdmd` huiufadffyd gnfadf Zdfa @dhd
Kudsd gdf @dhd Unfljptd.\pjrjtudm ouad gjsniut snidadj snsudtu ydfa gjrdsdkdf
tnftdfa gjrj snfgjrj gdf huiufadf gnfadf crdfa mdjf,ydfa gdpdt gjwuougkdf gnfadf
sjkdp `nfadsjhj crdfa mdjf,idjk gdf rd`dh tnrhdgdp crdfa mdjf,`nfahcr`dtj sntjdp
crdfa uftuk `n`iudt pnrdsddf snfdfa snsncrdfa.\pjrjtudm dgdmdh knhjgupdf,tjgdk
hdfyd gcd,`nfanfdm gdf `nfadkuj Wuhdf (Dspjdfj,9547).\pjrjtudm snidadj sudtu
ydfa `umtjgj`nfsj ydjtu gj`nfsj nksjtnfsjdm gdf gj`nfsj dad`d.Gj`nfsj nksjstnfsjdm
inrbckus pdgd tuoudf gdf drtj knhjgupdf,sngdfakdf gj`nfsj dad`d mnijh inrbckus
pdgd huiufadf snsncrdfa gnfadf Wuhdf Zdfa @dhd Kudsd.\pjrjtudm snidadj
kcfsnp gud gj`nfsj,gj`nfsj vnrtjkdm snidadj huiufadf gnfadf Wuhdf dtdu Zdfa
@dhd Wjfaaj ydfa `nfuftuf knhjgupdf snsncrdfa,sngdfakdf gj`nfsj hcrjzcftdm
dgdmdh huiufadf gnfadf gjrj snfgjrj, gnfadf crdfa (Idfgjydh, 955:).Inrgdsdrkdf
kcfsnp knpnrdwdtdf,`dkfd spjrjtudm gdpdt gjhuiufakdf gnfadf kdtd-kdtd ?
`dkfd,hdrdpdf,knrukufdf,gdf systn` knpnrldyddf.Unrdwdt `nfn`ukdf dspnk
spjrjtudm tnrsniut gdmd` huiufadf gnfadf snsncrdfa gnfadf gjrjfyd snfgjrj,crdfa
mdjf gdf gnfadf Wuhdf.
\pjrjtudm `nfldkup huiufadf jftrd,jftnr,gdf trdfspnrscfdm. \pjrjtudm ouad
gjdrtjkdf snidadj jftj gdrj `dfusjd ydfa `n`dsukj gdf `n`pnfadruhj knhjgupdffyd gdf
gj`dfjbnstdsjkdf gdmd` pn`jkjrdf gdf pnrjmdku snrtd gdmd` huiufadffyd gnfadf
gjrj snfgjrj,crdfa mdjf,dmd`,gdf Wuhdf.(Idfgjydh,955:) Udrd dhmj knpnrdwdtdf
`nfyj`pumkdf idhwd spjrjtudm `nrupdkdf sniudh kcfsnp ydfa gdpdt gjtnrdpkdf
pdgd snmuruh `dfusjd.\pjrjtudm ouad
`nrupdkdf dspnk ydfa `nfydtu gdf ufjvnrsdm idaj sn`ud `dfusjd.

\ntjdp crdfa `n`jmjkj gj`nfsj spjrjtudm.Gj`nfsj jfj `nfajftnardsj,

`n`ctjvdsj,`nfaanrdkkdf,gdf `n`pnfadruhj snmuruh dspnk hjgup `dfusjd. (Dzjzdh,
9544).
I. Gnbjfjsj Ynmjajcsjtds

Ynmjajcsjtds dgdmdh gnrdodt gdf onfjs nksprnsj gdf

pdsrtjsjpdsj rnmjajus gdrj mdfsjd.\nou`mdh jfgjkdtcr rnmjajcsjtds tnmdh
gjtnftukdf gdrj pnfnmjtjdf?knhdgjrdf gj tn`pdt jidgdh,inrpdrtjsjpdsj gdmd`
dktjvjtds kndad`ddf,`nfantdhuj tnftdfa jidgdh gdf tncmcaj,inrjidgdh,`n`idld kjtdi
sulj,gdf `nmdkukdf knidktjdf.Kniutuhdf rnmjajus gdf spjrjtudmjtds gdrj mdfsjd
dgdmdh sdmdh sdtu stugj gdmd` kniutuhdf dkdf knsn`pdtdf uftuk

inrjidgdh snsudj gnfaf dad`d sdyd snfgjrj, tnrutd`d gj hdrj

`jfaau gdf kniutuhdf dkdf su`inr-su`inr uftuk
`n`pnrtdhdfkdf gdf `n`nfuhj kniutuhdf knhjgupdf prjidgj sdyd kjtdi
sulj,iuku,ldtdtdf,tdpn,gdf prcard` WR.Udm`crn `nfnkdfkdf idhwd tn`pdt jidgdh
dgdmdh sdtu-sdtufyd jfstjtusj kc`ufjtds ydfa pdmjfa pnrvdsjb ydfa gj`jmjkj mdfsjd
(Dzjzdh,9544).Gj `dsydrdkdt ydfa `nfldkup mnijh gdrj 4955 knmc`pck dad`d ydfa
inringd gdf inridadj sui knmc`pck gdf snktn ydfa tjgdk tnrhjtufa
idfydkfyd,pnrdwdt hdrus `nfgdpdtkdf jfbcr`dsj gdsdr tnftdfa knmc`pck dad`d

ydfa tnrinsdr gj wjmdydh `nrnkd.

@nskjpuf tnrgdpdt inridadj pnringddf dftdr-knmc`pck dad`d

tnrsniut,tntdpj gj dftdrdfyd `n`jmjkj ininrdpd
pnrsd`ddf.Nfd` kdrdktnrjsktjk u`u` pnrsd`ddf tnrsniut `nfldkup gdsdr ctcrjtds
dtdu knkudtdf,kjtdi sulj ydfa sdkrdm,kcgn ntjk ydfa `nfgnbjfjsjkdf infdr gdf
sdmdh, jgnftjtds knmc`pck, dspjrdsj dtdu hdrdpdf,gdf pdfgdfadf tnftdfa dpd ydfa
tnrodgj sntnmdh kn`dtjdf.\nidajdf insdr dad`d ouad `n`jmjkj rdsd hcr`dt
tnrhdgdp mdfsjd.Unrhdtjdf anrnod tnrhdgdp kniutuhdf mdfsjd

>
sn`dkjf inrkn`idfa.Mj`d pumuh gud mdydfdf ydfa inringd ydfa gjinrjkdf cmnh
inridadj anrnod tnmdh gjjgnftjbjkdsj.N`pdt pnrdf utd`d anrnod dgdmdh
`n`inrjkdf prcard` kndad`ddf,pnmdydfdf

pdstcrdm,gdf mdydfdf scsjdm snrtd pdfgudf pdsjb tnftdfa mn`idad

mdydfdf.Dkhjrfyd,tn`pdt jidgdh `nfodgj kc`ufjtds ydfa pngumj kntjk mdfsjd idfydk
`n`iutuhkdffyd.\tnjfjtz `nfajfgjkdsjkdf idhwd uftuk knidfydkdf crdfa,tn`pdt jidgdh
`nfodgj knmudrad wdmj,ydfa tnrgjrj gdrj ”jiu‐,”dydh‐,”sdugdrd pnrn`pudf‐,gdf
”sdugdrd mdkj-mdkj‐ gdrj snadmd usjd.Wn`pdt jidgdh `nfodgj knmc`pck
pnfgukufa ydfa tjgdk sd`d gnfadf knmc`pck
 pnfgukufa mdjffyd gj `dsydrdkdt.Mdpcrdf gdrj Fdtjcfdm Jftwnbdjth Lcdmjtjcf cf
Dajfa (FJLD) mnijh mdfout mdaj `nfnkdfkdf idhwd

dbjr`dsj mdfsjd tnrhdgdp knhjgupdf sdfadt inrdkdr pdgd pdrtjsjpdsj `nrnkd

gdmd` kc`ufjtds kndad`ddf.Unrsdhdidtdf gj kc`ufjtds `nfjfakdtkdf pnfnrj`ddf dkdf
`dsd mdmu,knan`ijrddf dkdf `dsd kjfj,gdf hdrdpdf dkdf pn`nfuhdf `dsd gnpdf.

L. Kdrdktnrjstjk \pjrjtudm pdgd Mdfsjd

Dgdpuf kdrdktnrjstjk spjrjtudmjtds `nfurut (Dzjzdh,9544) `nmjputj ?

4. Huiufadf gnfadf gjrj snfgjrj (knkudtdf gdmd` dtdu snmbrnmjdfln) `nmjputj ?

pnfantdhudf gjrj (sjdpd gjrjfyd,dpd ydfa gdpdt gjmdkukdffyd) gdf sjkdp
(pnrldyd pdgd gjrj snfgjrj,pnrldyd pdgd knhjgupdf/`dsd gnpdf,kntnfdfadf
pjkjrdf,hdr`cfj dtdu knsnmdrdsdf gnfadf gjrj snfgjrj.

9. Huiufadf gnfadf dmd` (hdr`cfj) `nmjputj? `nfantdhuj tnftdfa

tdfd`df,pchcf,`dradsdtwd,jkmj` gdf inrkc`ufjkdsj gnfadf dmd`
(inrtdfd`,inrodmdf kdkj),`nfadidgjkdf gdf `nmjfgufaj dmd`.

<. Huiufadf gnfadf crdfa mdjf (hdr`cfjs dtdu supcrtjb) `nmjputj?

2
inridaj wdktu, pnfantdhudf gdf su`inr snldrd tj`idm idmjk,`nfadsuh
dfdk,crdfa tud gdf crdfa sdkjt,snrtd `nydkjfj knhjgupdf gdf kn`dtjdf
(`nfaufoufaj,`nmdydt gmm),gjkdtdkdf

tjgdk hdr`cfjs dpdijmd ? kcfbmjk gnfadf crdfa mdjf,rnscmusj ydfa `nfj`iumkdf

kntjgdkhdr`cfjsdf gdf brjksj.

7. Huiufadf gnfadf kntuhdfdf (dad`djs dtdu tjgdk dad`djs) `nmjputj? sn`idhydfa

dtdu inrgcd dtdu `ngjtdsj,pnrmnfakdpdf kndad`ddf gdf inrsdtu gnfadf dmd`
(hd`jg,9555).

G. Gj`nfsj \pjrjtudm pdgd Mdfsjd

@nfurut (Dspjdfj,9547),gj`nfsj spjrjtudm dgdmdh updyd uftuk

`n`pnrtdhdfkdf knhdr`cfjsdf dtdu knsnmdrdsdf gnfadf gufjd mudr,inroudfa uftuk
`nfodwdi dtdu `nfgdpdt knkudtdf kntjkd sngdfa `nfahdgdpj strns
n`csjcfdm,pnfydkjt bjsjk dtdu kn`dtjdf. Knkudtdf ydfa tj`ium gjmudr knkudtdf
`dfusjd.Gj`nfsj spjrjtudm
inrupdyd uftuk `n`pnrtdhdfkdf knhdr`cfjsdf dtdu knsnmdrdsdf gnfadf gufjd
mudr, inroudfa uftuk `nfodwdi dtdu `nfgdpdtkdf knkudtdf kntjkd sngdfa
 `nfahdgdpj strnss n`csjcfdm,pnfydkjt bjsjk,dtdu kn`dtjdf.Gj`nfsj spjrjtudm ouad
gdpdt `nfu`iuhkdf knkudtdf ydfa tj`ium gjmudr knkudtdf `dfusjd.

\pjrjtudmjtds snidadj sudtu ydfa `umtjgj`nfsj,ydjtu gj`nfsj nksjstnfsjdm

gdf gj`nfsj dad`d,Gj`nfsj nksjstnfsjdm inrbckus pdgd tuoudf gdf drtj
knhjgupdf,sngdfakdf gj`nfsj dad`d mnijh inrbckus pdgd huiufadf snsncrdfa gnfadf
Wuhdf Zdfa @dhd Unfaudsd.\pjrjtudjmjtds snidadj kcfsnp gud gj`nfsj.Gj`nfsj
vnrtjkdm dgdmdh huiufadf gnfadf Wuhdf dtdu Zdfa @dhd Wjfaaj ydfa `nfuftuf
knhjgupdf snsncrdfa,sngdfakdf gj`nfsj hcrjzcftdm dgdmdh huiufadf snsncrdfa
gnfadf gjrj snfgjrj,gnfadf crdfa mdjf gdf gnfadf mjfakufadf.Wnrgdpdt huiufadf
ydfa tnrus `nfnrus dftdrd gud gj`nfsj tnrsniut (Idfgjydh,955:).

N. Unrkn`idfadf \pjrjtudm pdgd Mdfsjd

1
Knmc`pck usjd pnrtnfadhdf gdf mdfsjd `n`pufydj mnijh
idfydk wdktu uftuk knajdtdf dad`d gdf inrusdhd uftuk `nfanrtj dad`d gdf inrusdhd
uftuk `nfanrtj fjmdj-fjmdj dad`d ydfa

gjydkjfj cmnh anfnrdsj `ugd.Unrdsddf knhjmdfadf kdrnfd pnfsjuf gdf tjgdk dktjb
snrtd `nfahdgdpj kn`dtjdf crdfa mdjf (sdugdrd,sdhdidt) `nfj`iumkdf rdsd knsnpjdf
gdf `dwds gjrj.Unrkn`idfadf bjmcscbjs dad`d ydfa mnijh `dtdfa snrjfa gdpdt
`n`idftu crdfa tud uftuk `nfahdgdpj knfydtddf,inrpnrdf dktjb gdmd` knhjgupdf gdf
`nrdsd inrhdrad snrtd mnijh gdpdt `nfnrj`d kn`dtjdf snidadj snsudtu ydfa tjgdk
gdpdt gjtcmdk dtdu gjhjfgdrkdf (Dzjzdh,9544).@nfurut (Dspjdfj,9547)
pnrkn`idfadf spjrjtudm ydfa tnrodgj pdgd mdfout

usjd dftdrd mdjf ? 4) dad`d/knpnrldyddf sn`dkjf tnrjftnardsj gdmd` knhjgupdf;9)

mdfout usjd `dkjf `dtur gdmd` knhjgupdf kndad`ddffyd,hdm jfj tnrmjhdt gdmd`
inrbjkjr gdf inrtjfgdk gdmd` snhdrj-hdrj,<) Unrkn`idfadf spjrjtudm pdgd usjd 15
tdhuf `nfurut Bcwmnr ? ufjvnrsdmjzjfa,pnrkn`idfadf ydfa gjldpdj pdgd tjfakdt jfj
dgdmdh inrbjkjr gdf inrtjfgdk gnfadf ldrd `n`inrjkdf lcftch ldrd `nfljftdj gdf
kndgjmdf.

B. Kcfsnp Kniutuhdf Gdsdr \pjrjtudm

Kniutuhdf spjrjtudm dgdmdh kniutuhdf uftuk

`n`pnrtdhdfkdf dtdu `nfan`idmjkdf knydkjfdf gdf `n`nfuhj knwdojidf dad`d,snrtd
kniutuhdf uftuk `nfgdpdtkdf `ddb dtdu
pnfad`pufdf,`nfljftdj,`nfodmjf huiufadf pnfuh rdsd pnrldyd gnfadf Wuhdf.Gdpdt
gjsj`pumkdf kniutuhdf spjrjtudm `nrupdkdf kniutuhdf uftuk `nfldrj drtj gdf
tuoudf hjgup,kniutuhdf uftuk `nfljftdj gdf gjljftdj snrtd rdsd kntnrjkdtdf gdf
kniutuhdf uftuk
`n`inrjkdf gdf `nfgdpdtkdf `ddb .Kniutuhdf gdsdr spjrjtudm `dfusjd `nfurut
(Dspjdfj,9547), ydjtu ?

4. Kniutuhdf dkdf knpnrldyddf gdsdr (idsjl trust),kniutuhdf jfj

8
snldrd tnrus-`nfnrus gjumdfa aufd `n`idfakjtkdf knsdgdrdf idhwd hjgup jfj
dgdmdh jidgdh.

9. Kniutuhdf dkdf `dkfd gdf tuoudf hjgup,kniutuhdf uftuk `nfn`ukdf `dkfd hjgup
gdmd` `n`idfauf huiufadf ydfa snmdrds gnfadf Wuhdffyd (vnrtjkdm) gdf
snsd`d `dfusjd
(hcrjscftdt) snrtd dmd` snkjtdrdyd

<. Kniutuhdf dkdf kc`jt`nf pnrjidgdtdf gdf huiufadffyd gnfadf

knsnhdrjdf,pnfadmd`df dad`d jftnardtjb dftdrd rjtudm pnrjidgdtdf gnfadf
pnfadmd`df gdmd` knhjgupdf snhdrj-hdrj.

7. Kniutuhdf dkdf pnfajsjdf knj`dfdf gnfadf snldrd tnrdtur

`nfadgdkdf huiufadf gnfadf Wuhdf,tuoudffyd dadr knj`dfdf snsncrdfa tjgdk

`nmn`dh.

>. Kniutuhdf dkdf inids gdrj rdsd inrsdmdh gdf gcsd.Ydsd inrsdmdh gdf inrgcsd
jfj `nrupdkdf inidf `nftdm idaj snsncrdfa gdf tjgdk idjk idaj knsnhdtdf ojwd
snsncrdfa. Kniutuhdf jfj `nfldkup gud hdm ydjtu pnrtd`d snldrd vnrtjkdm
dgdmdh kniutuhdf dkdf inids gdrj rdsd inrsdmdh,gdf inrgcsd knpdgd
Wuhdf.Kngud snldrd hcrjscftdm ydjtu inids gdrj rdsd
inrsdmdh knpdgd crdfa mdjf

2. Kniutuhdf dkdf pnfnrj`ddf gjrj gdf hdrad gjrj {snmb dllnptdfln gdf snmb
nstnn`),sntjdp crdfa jfajf gjhdradj, gjtnrj`d,gdf gjdkuj cmnh mjfakufadffyd.

1. Kniutuhdf dkdf rdsd d`df,tnrod`jf gdf knsnmd`dtdf tnrhdgdp hdrdpdf `dsd

gnpdf.Idaj crdfa inrj`df hjgup jfj dgd gud tdhdp ydjtu odfakd pnfgnk (hjgup gj
gufjd) gdf odfakd pdfodfa (hjgup gj dkhjrdt).Hjgup gj gufjd sjbdtfyd sn`nftdrd
ydfa `nrupdkdf pnrsjdpdf idaj knhjgupdf ydfa knkdm gj dkhjrdt fdftj.

:
 8. Kniutuhdf dkdf gjldpdjfyd gnrdodt gdf `drtdidt ydfa `dkjf tjfaaj snidadj prjidgj
ydfa utuh.Gj hdgdpdf Wuhdf,gnrdodt dtdu kngugukdf `dfusjd gjgdsdrkdf
pdgd tjfakdt knj`dfdf

snsncrdfa.Dpdijmd snsncrdfa jfajf dadr gnrdodtfyd mnijh tjfaaj gjhdgdpdf

Wuhdf `dkd gjd snfdftjdsd `nfodad gdf `nfjfakdtkdf knj`dfdffyd.

:. Kniutuhdf dkdf tnrpnmjhdrdfyd jftnrdksj gnfadf dmd` gdf snsd`d`dfusjd.\ntjdp

crdfa `n`iutuhkdf crdfa mdjf snrtd su`inr gdyd dmd` uftuk `n`idftu
knmdfasufadf hjgupfyd.
\nldrd rjfakds gdpdt gjfydtdkdf idhwd snsncrdfa tnrpnfuhj kniutuhdf
spjrjtudmfyd dpdijmd `d`pu (Dspjdfj, 9547)?
4. @nru`uskdf drtj pnrscfdm ydfa pcsjtjb tnftdfa tuoudf kninrdgddffyd gj

gufjd/knhjgupdf.

9. @nfan`idfakdf drtj pnfgnrjtddf gdf `nydkjfj hjk`dh gdrj sudtu knodgjdf dtdu
pnfgnrjtddf.
<. @nfodmjf huiufadf pcsjtjb gdf gjfd`js `nmdmuj knydkjfdf,rdsd pnrldyd gdf
ljftd.@n`ijfd jftnarjtds pnrscfdm gdf `nrdsd gjrj inrhdrad.
7. @nrdsdkdf knhjgupdf ydfa tnrdrdh tnrmjhdt `nmdmuj hdrdpdf.
>. @nfan`idfakdf huiufadf dftdr `dfusjd ydfa pcsjtjb.
A. Knsnodhtnrddf \pjrjtudm

Knsnodhtnrddf spjrjtudm `nfynrdp gdf `nfajkdt idajdf-

idajdf kc`pcfnf snsncrdfa uftuk `nfodgj `dkhmuk ydfa utuh.Hdm tnrsniut `nfldkup
dspnk-dspnk dktjvjtds rnmjajcus gdf spjrjtudm ydfa inrtuoudf uftuk `nfaad`idrkdf
stdtus knpudsdf spjrjtudm.Unrkn`idfadf Qhjtn Hcusn Lcfbnrnfln cf Dajfa
4:14,FJLD pdgd tdhuf 4:19 `nfgnbjfjskdf knsnodhtnrddf spjrjtudm snidadj
”Unfaudtdf hjgup gdmd` sudtu huiufadf gnfadf tuhdf,gjrj snfgjrj kc`ufjtds gdf
mjfakufadf ydfa `n`nmjhdrd gdf `nfahdradj knutuhdf‐ (Idfgjydh,
955:).@nfankspmcrdsj huiufadf gnfadf tuhdf snidadj sncrdfa ydfa `nrdwdt tjgdk
hdfyd

45
`nfgukufa pnrtu`iuhdf `dsd `ugd tntdpj ouad snpdfodfa knhjgupdf.Jd `nfufouk
idhwd drtj `n`nmjhdrd gdrj Idhdsd ydhugj kufc dgdmdh ‐idpd `n`nmjhdrd” gdf
`nruouk pdgd kcfctdsj

spjrjtudm gdrj knidpddf.\jbdt `n`nmjhdrd pnrtu`iuhdf jfj inrpnrdf gdmd`

pnrkn`idfadf ydfa inrknmdfoutdf snodmdf gnfadf fjmdj gdf `dkfd snsncrdfa tdfpd
`n`pnrhdtjkdf usjd krcfcmcajs,tdtd ldrd `n`idftu mdfsjd `nfanfdm idhwd `nrnkd
 `dsjh gdpdt `nmdkukdf sudrd pnfldpdjdf idhwd `dturjtds sugdh gjpnrkudt gdf
idhwd kngd`djdf dkhjr sugdh gjpdstjkdf. (Idfgjydh, 955:).

H. \jkdp Udsjnf Mdfsjd \nsudj Wjfakdt Unrkn`idfadf Mdfsjd @nfahdgdpj \dkjt Gdf
Kn`dtjdf

@n`pufydj mnijh idfydk wdktu uftuk knajdtdf dad`d,inrusdhd uftuk

`nfanrtj dad`d gdf inrusdhd uftuk `nfanrtj fjmdj-fjmdj dad`d ydfa gjydkjfj cmnh
anfnrdsj `ugd.Unrdsddf knhjmdfadf kdrnfd pnfsjuf gdf tjgdk dktjb snrtd
`nfahdgdpj kn`dtjdf crdfa mdjf (sdugdrd,sdhdidt) `nfj`iumkdf rdsd knsnpjdf gdf
`dwds gjrj.Unrkn`idfadf bjmcscbjs dad`d ydfa mnijh `dtdfa snrjfa gdpdt `n`idftu
crdfa tud uftuk `nfahdgdpj knfydtddf,inrpnrdf dktjb gdmd` knhjgupdf gdf `nrdsd
inrhdrad snrtd mnijh gdpdt `nfnrj`d kn`dtjdf snidadj snsudtu ydfa tjgdk

gdpdt gjtcmdk dtdu gjhjfgdrkdf.Gjkdrnfdkdf pdgd knmc`pck mdfsjd mnijh

lnfgnrufa `n`jkjrkdf dspnk spjrjtudm kndad`ddf ydfa mnijh utd`d gdrj dspnk-
dspnk ydfa mdjf,snhjfaad knmc`pck mdfsjd mnijh bclus pdgd sdtu dktjvjtds
spjrjtudm kndad`ddf uftuk `nfgnkdtkdf gjrjfyd gnfadf Wuhdffyd (Dzjzdh,9544).

J. Unfgnkdtdf \pjrjtudm pdgd Udsjnf Mdfsjd

Unrdwdt hdrus ijsd `n`inrjkdf kntnfdfadf gdf knpudsdf

44
idtjf gdmd` huiufadffyd gnfadf Wuhdf dtdu dad`d ydfa
gjdfutfyd gdmd` kngddf sdkjt dtdu `nfgntnksj
kn`dtjdf.\nhuiufadf gnfadf pnfgnkdtdf spjrjtudm idaj pdsjnf mdfout usjd ydfa
`nfahdgdpj kn`dtjdf,(Dzjzdh,9544) `nfan`ukdkdf idhwd `dut snrjfa kdmj
`nfaauadh rdsd tdkut.Ydsd sn`dld` jfj gjgdsdrj cmnh inridadj `dld` bdltcr,snpnrtj
kntjgdkpdstjdf dkdf pnfadmd`df snmdfoutfyd,dgdfyd rdsd sdkjt gdf knanmjsdhdf
ku`pum mdaj gnfadf knmurad gdf mjfakufadf snkjtdrfyd.Gdmd` `nfahdgdpj
kn`dtjdf sntjdp pdsjnf mdfout usjd dkdf `n`inrjkdf rndksj ydfa inringd,tnradftufa
gdrj knprjidgjdf gdf ldrd gdmd` `nfadhdgdpj hjgup jfj.Dgdpuf knanmjsdhdf ydfa
tj`ium gjdkjidtkdf cmnh pnrscdmdf knmudrad,pnrdwdt hdrus gdpdt

`nydkjfkdf mdfout usjd idhwd kdmdupuf knmurad tdgj gj tjfaadmkdf,`dsjh dgd

crdfa mdjf ydfa `nfaurus `nrnkd.\ngdfakdf rdsd inrsdmdh snmdmu `nfahdftuj
pjkjrdf mdfout usjd.^`u`fyd pdgd wdktu kn`dtjdf dkdf gdtdfa dad`d dtdu
 knpnrldyddf snsncrdfa `nrupdkdf bdltcr ydfa pnftjfa snkdmj.Udgd wdktu jfjmdh
knmdhjrdf sncrdfa j`df sdfadt pnrmu uftuk
`nmdpdfakdf gdgd pdsjnf mdfout usjd.Gnfadf gn`jkjdf
pnfgnkdtdf pnrdwdt pdgd pdsjnf mdfout usjd iukdf hdfyd tnrhdgdp bjsjk
sdod,`nmdjfkdf pnrdwdt mnijh gjtuftut `nfn`ukdf prjidgj

pdsjnf mdfout usjd `nmdmuj dad`d `nrnkd.

O. Unrdf Knpnrdwdtdf Gdmd` \pjrjtudm

Unrdf knpnrdwdtdf gdmd` `nfjfakdtkdf spjrjtudmjtds mdfsjd hdrus

sdfadt inrsjbdt jfgjvjgudm,inrjkut jfj ininrdpd kdtnacrj ydfa idfydk tnrgdpdt pdgd
mdfsjd.
4. Unfakdojdf
@ufakjf `nrupdkdf bufasj pnrdwdt ydfa tnrpnftjfa dtdu crdfa mdjf ydfa
inknrod sd`d gnfadf mdfsjd gdmd` hdm

pnfakdojdf.Unfakdojdf spjrjtudm `nfldkup pnfau`pumdf

49
jfbcr`dsj tnftdfa rjwdydt spjrjtudm gdf stdtus sddt jfj gdf `nfadfdmjsj
sjafjbjkdfsj gdrj hdsjm tnrsniut.Gdtd pnfakdojdf ydfa gjpnrcmnh gdrj mdfsjd
gdf knmudrad snrtd mjfakufadf

`n`pnfadruhj pn`inrjdf jfbcr`dsj ydfa muds tnftdfa knsnhdtdf spjrjtudm.Gdtd

ydfa gjpnrcmnh gjaufdkdf snidadj gdsdr idaj jftnrvnfsj knpnrdwdtdf
inrjkutfyd.
9. Wn`df
\nodmdf gnfadf hjmdfafyd kcftdk scsjdm mdfsjd,stj`umdsj
`nftdm gdf hdrad gjrj `nrnkd ouad `nfadmd`j
pnfurufdf.@nrnkd `n`iutuhkdf snsncrdfa ydfa `n`dhd`j
prcsns pnfuddf fcr`dm gdf prcsns pnfydkjt gj usjd mdfout.Kniutuhdf
tnrpnftjfa idaj sncrdfa mdfsjd dgdmdh snsncrdfa `nrdwdtfyd snidadj
jfgjvjgu.Unrdwdt ydfa `nfadsuh hdrus `nfyngjdkdf wdktu uftuk
mdfsjd,`n`ijdrkdf `nrnkd `nfodgj gjrj `nrnkd snfgjrj gdf `nfanfdm fjmdj `nrnkd
snidadj jfgjvjgu.Qdktu gdpdt gjaufdkdf uftuk inridadj `jfdt,inrgcd uftuk
`nfadtdsj `dsdmdh,`n`idld `dtnrj kndad`ddf,dtdu guguk `nfgnfadrkdf
`usjl.Kudftjtds wdktu kurdfa pnftjfa ojkd gjidfgjfakdf gnfadf kudmjtds
kntrd`pjmdf ydfa gjpnrmukdf dgdmdh `nfufoukdf dgdfyd kdsjh sdydfa
Wuhdf,`n`umdj
pnrldkdpdf ydfa `nfadrdh tcpjk spjrjtudm gdf `nfyngjdkdf gjrj
 snldrd tnrdtur.
<. Dgvckdt

Unrdf dgvckdsj pnrdwdt uftuk mdfsjd `nmjputj `nfgdpdtkdf su`inr-su`inr

spjrjtudm inrgdsdrkdf mdtdr inmdkdfa pdsjnf ydfa ufjk.Hdm tnrsniut pnrmu
gjmdkukdf uftuk `nfgukufa knjfajfdf
pdsjnf uftuk inrpdrtjsjpdsj gdmd` mdydfdf kndad`ddf gnfadf `nfgdpdtkdf
trdfpcrtdsj ydfa snsudj dtdu `nfadtur pn`ukd dad`d sntn`pdt uftuk
inrkufoufa.Hdm tnrsniut gdpdt `nmjidtkdf pnfjfakdtdf pnrsdhdidtdf gnfadf
mdfsjdmdjf gjtn`pdt jidgdh.Udgd ininrdpd kdsus,pnrdwdt gdpdt `nfodgj

4<
pnfnfadh dftdrd pdsjnf gdf tn`df dtdudfaactd knmudrad ydfa
oduh.Udgd sddt ydfa inrsd`ddf pnrdwdt gdpdt `n`idftu pdsjnf gdf knmudrad
`nfahdgdpj `dsdmdh-`dsdmdh ntjk snpnrtj

nuthdfdsjd,knmdfoutdf pn`dkdjdf sjstn` idftudf hjgup,dtdu

idftudf futrjsj odfakd pdfodfa.Hdm tnrsniut gdpdt `nfldkup jftnrvnfsj uftuk
knpnftjfadf pdsjnf inrsd`d gcktnrfyd
inrkdjtdf gnfadf pnrpdfodfadf pnrdwdtdf `ngjs.Unrdf dgvckdsj pnrdwdt
gdpdt `nfldkup `nfumjs surdt,`nfnmnpcf,dtdu `nmdkukdf pnfgnkdtdf tnftdfa
snidi-snidi ydfa `n`nfadruhj knsnodhtnrddf pdsjnf.Ininrdpd kntrd`pjmdf
knpnrdwdtdf khusus `nfldkup kn`d`pudf uftuk tntdp tnfdfa pdgd sddt crdfa
mdjf kdldu,knydkjfdf idhwd Wuhdf dkdf `n`idftu pdgd sjtudsj ydfa
sumjt,knjfajfdf uftuk `nfjfakdtkdf rnkcfsjmjdsj,gdf kn`d`pudf uftuk
`nfaufakdpkdf jgn snldrdonmds.
7. Un`inrj Dsuhdf
Unrdwdt snidadj pn`inrj dsuhdf `nrupdkdf sncrdfa
pnfakdoj ydfa lnrgjk ydfa tjgdk hdfyd `nmdkukdf pnfakdojdf gdsdr tnrhdgdp
stdtus spjrjtudm ydfa `nfynmuruh,tntdpj ouad tnrus
`nfakdoj pdsjnf `nmdmuj huiufadf.Unrdwdt `nfnron`dhkdf pnfakdojdf
gnbjsjt spjrjtudm kngdmd` jftnrvnfsj dsuhdf spjrjtudm dtdu knsnodhtnrddf
spjrjtudm gnfadf `n`pnrkudt gukufadf spjrjtudm.Unrdwdt `nfantdhuj idhwd
stdtus spjrjtudm `n`jmjkj nbnk kudt pdgd pn`nmjhdrddf knsnhdtdfouad
pnflnadhdf dtdu
pnfyn`iuhdf pnfydkjt.Mdfsjd `ufakjf `n`nrmukdf idftudf khusus uftuk
`nfahdgjrj mdydfdf kndad`ddf, `nfgnfadrkdf mdydfdf rdgjc dtdu
tnmnvjsn,`nfyngjdkdf wdktu tnfdfa tdfpd adfaaudf uftuk inr`ngjtds dtdu
`nfnrj`d sdkrd`nf,dtdu `nmnpdskdf kn`drdhdffyd tnrhdgdp pnfgnrjtddf ydfa
 `nrnkd dmd`j.Kntnrd`pjmdf pnrdwdt inrsjbdt snfsjtjb tnrhdgdp kniutuhdf
ydfa tjgdk tnrufakdpkdf,`nfjfakdtkdf sjkdp `n`idftu,`nfgnfadrkdf dgdfyd tdfgd-
tdfgd gjstrns

47
spjrjtudm,gdf `n`inrjkdf pnrdwdtdf bjsjk gdf spjrjtudm snldrd inrsd`ddf.Hdm
tnrsniut snrjfakdmj gjrdsd sumjt idaj pn`inrj dsuhdf kdrnfd kniutuhdf bjsjk
mdfsjd ouad gdpdt inajtu muds

snhjfaad hdfyd sngjkjt sdod wdktu/nfnray ydfa tnrsjsd uftuk pnrdwdtdf

spjrjtudm.
>. @dfdonr Kdsus
Unrdwdt ydfa inrtjfgdk snidadj `dfdonr kdsus gjdrnd spjrjtudmjtds hdrus
`nfantdhuj tnftdfa mdfsjd gdf kc`ufjtds. @dfdonr kdsus ydfa inknrod gnfadf
mdfsjd lnfgnrufa hdrus `nfakccrgjfdsjkdf dsuhdf uftuk pdsjnf ydfa rnftdf ydfa
`n`nrmukdf idftudf kdrnfd udjsd mdfout,pnfgdpdtdf rnfgdh,`dsdmdh
pnfydkjt ydfa inr`dld`-`dld`,dtdu kntnridtdsdf sjstn` pnfgukufa.\nrjfakdmj
pnrdwdt pnrmu
inrfnacsjdsj gnfadf dfaactd knmudrad,pn`inrj dsuhdf ydfa mdjf, dtdu
mn`idad-mn`idad ydfa `n`inrjkdf idftudf.Kntnrd`pjmdf knpnrdwdtdf khusus
ydfa gjpnrmukdf `nfldkup `nfanmcmd su`inr-su`inr ydfa tnridtds uftuk
`nfgdpdtkdf `dfbddt ydfa `dksj`dm,`nfanmcmd dsuhdf uftuk pdsjnf aufd
`n`jfj`dmkdf knmntjhdf gdf dfsjntds,`nfjfakdtkdf pnfnrj`ddf tnrhdgdp idftudf
tdfpd `nfodgj kntnradftufadf,gdf `nfjfakdtkdf jkdtdf dsdm kc`ufjtds dad`d
snsncrdfa.

2. Unfnmjtj
Unrdwdt ydfa `nfnmjtj dspnk-dspnk spjrjtudm mdfsjd hdrus `nfodad
hdk-hdk dsdsj mdfsjd ydfa `nfodgj suionk pnfnmjtjdf. Unrtj`idfadf ntjk ydfa
rnmnvdf ydfa tnrgdpdt gdmd` prcpcsdm hdrus gjnvdmudsj gdf gjonmdskdf
snldrd rjflj.Onmds tnrmjhdt gdrj
idhdsdf mjtnrdturn pnfnmjtjdf gdf jfstru`nft tns ydfa tnrsngjd
idhwd rnmjajcsjtds `nrupdkdf kcfsnp ydfa mnijh `ugdh uftuk gjpnmdodrj
gdrjpdgd spjrjtudmjtds.Unfynmjgjkdf snldrd prjfsjp `nmjidtkdf sjkdp
rnmjajcus cradfjsdsj,sjkdp rnmjajcu prjidgj, gdf kcrnmdsj dktjvjtds rnmjajcus
gnfadf knsnhdtdf,pnfynsudjdf

4>
 prjidgj,gdf prdktjk-prdktjk mdjf.Unfnmjtjdf spjrjtudm gjhd`idt cmnh ininrdpd
bdktcr.\pjrjtudmjtds inrsjbdt tn`pcrnr gdf sumjt uftuk gjgnbjfjsjkdf.Knrdfakd
knrod kcfsnptudm tnrinidfj

gnfadf kc`pcfnf kc`pcfnf `umtjgjsjpmjf,gdf jsftru`nf ydfa vdmjg hdrus gjiudt

dtdu gjpnridjkj uftuk `n`idftu gdmd` kudftjbjkdsj.Mnijh mdfout mdaj,updyd
pnfnmjtjdf spjrjtudmjtds inmu` snpnfuhfyd gjidftu cmnh pn`nrjftdh dtdu
su`inr pnfgdfddf swdstd.

K. @dsdmdh \pjrjtudm Udgd Mdfsjd

Unr`dsdmdhdf tnrinsdr ydfa gjdmd`j mdfsjd pdgd gdsdrfyd sd`d ydjtu

`nfyjdpkdf kn`dtjdf ydfa fctdinfn dkdf gjdmd`j cmnh sn`ud crdfa,fd`uf hdm jfj
`nfodgj inringd pdgd mdfsjd kdrnfd snidajdf insdr mdfsjd inrpjkjr idhwd ”ydfa
tud dkdf lnpdt `dtj‐ hdm jfjmdh ydfa `nfodgjkdf mdfsjd `n`jmjkj gud sugut
pdfgdfa inringd.Udgd mdfsjd gnfadf tjfakdt spjrjtudm ydfa tjfaaj `dkd dkdf gdpdt
`nfnrj`d knfydtddf ydfa dkdf gjtnrj`dfyd fdftj gdf sjdp gdmd` `nfahdgdpj
kn`dtjdf,sngdfakdf pdgd mdfsjd gnfadf tjfakdt spjrjtudm ydfa rnfgdh `dkd `nrnkd
dkdf sumjt gdmd` `nfnrj`d kndgddf ydfa `nfj`iumkdf kn`ufakjfdf tnriuruk ydjtu
`nfydmdhkdf tdkgjr Dmmdh \QW.

\nhuiufadf gnfadf pnfgnkdtdf spjrjtudm idaj kmjnf mdfout usjd ydfa `nfahdgdpj
kn`dtjdf,GY. Wcfy styciuhj `nfan`ukdkdf idhwd
`dut snrjfa kdmj `nfaauadh rdsd tdkut.Ydsd sn`dld` jfj gjgdsdrj cmnh
inridadj `dld` bdktcr,snpnrtj kntjgdkpdstjdf dkdf pnfadmd`df
snmdfoutfyd,dgdfyd rdsd sdkjt gdf knanmjsdhdf ku`pum mdaj gnfadf knmudrad
gdf mjfakufadf snkjtdrfyd.Gdmd` `nfahdgdpj kn`dtjdf sntjdp kmjnf mdfout usjd
dkdf `n`inrjkdf rndksj ydfa inringd,tnradftufa gdrj knprjidgjdf gdf ldrd gdmd`
`nfadhdgdpj hjgup jfj.Dgdpuf knanmjsdhdf ydfa tj`ium gjdkjidtkdf cmnh
pnrscdmdf knmudrad pnrdwdt.

M. Dsuhdf Knpnrdwdtd

4. Unfakdojdf

42
Unfakdojdf gdpdt `nfufoukdf knsn`pdtdf ydfa gj`jmjkj pnrdwdt gdmd` `nfgukufa
dtdu `nfaudtkdf spjrjtudmjtds pdsjnf.Unfakdojdf tnrsniut gdpdt `nfodgj tnrdpnutjk
kdrnfd pnfakdojdf `nfufoukkdf

tjfakdt pnrdwdtdf gdf gukufadf ydfa gjinrjkdf.Unrdwdt ydfa `n`dhd`j pnfgnkdtdf

kcfsnptudm `nfynmuruh tnftdfa pnfakdojdf sjrjtudm dkdf `nfodgj ydfa pdmjfa
inrhdsjm (Dspjdfj, 9547).Kntnpdtdf wdktu pnfakdojdf `nrupdkdf hdm pnftjfa ydjtu
gjmdkukdf sntnmdh
pnfakdojdf dspnk psjkcscsjdm pdsjnf.Unfakdojdf dspnk spjrjtudm `n`nrmukdf
huiufadf jftnrpnrscfdm ydfa idjk gnfadf pdsjnf.Cmnh kdrnfd jtu pnfakdojdf snidjkfyd
gjmdkukdf sntnmdh pnrdwdt gdpdt `n`inftuk huiufadf ydfa idjk gnfadf pdsjnf dtdu
gnfadf crdfa tnrgnkdt pdsjnf, dtdu pnrdwdt tnmdh `nrdsd fyd`df uftuk
`n`ijldrdkdffyd.Udgd gdsdrfyd jfbcr`dsj dwdm ydfa pnrmu gjadmj

snldrd u`u` dgdmdh ?

4) Dbjmjdsj dad`d
d) Udrtjsjpdsj dad`d pdsjnf gdmd` knajdtdf kndad`ddf
i) Onfjs pdrtjsjpdsj gdmd` knajdtdf kndad`ddf
9) Knydkjfdf/spjrjtudm dad`d
d) Urdktjk knsnhdtdf ?gjnt,`nfldrj gdf `nfnrj`d tnrdpj/updldrd kndad`ddf
i) Unrsnpsj pnfydkjt ? huku`df,lciddf tnrhdgdp knydkjfdf

l) \trdtnaj kcpjfa

<) Unfakdojdf gdtd suiynktjb `nmjputj ?

d) Kcfsnp tnftdfa Wuhdf dtdu kntuhdfdf
i) \u`inr hdrdpdf gdf knkudtdf
l) Urdktjk dad`d gdf rjtudm
g) Huiufadf dftdrd knydkjfdf gdf kcfgjsj knsnhdtdf.

7) Unfakdojdf gdtd cionktjb gjmdkukdf `nmdmuj pnfakdojdf kmjfjk ydfa

`nmjputj ?

41

d) Unfakdojdf dbnk gdf sjkdp (Dpdkdh pdsjnf td`pdk knsnpjdf,

gnprnsj,`drdh,ln`ds,dajtdsj,dpdtjs dtdu prnckupdsj)

i) Unrjmdku (Dpdkdh pdsjnf td`pdk inrgcd sninmu`

`dkdf,`n`idld kjtdi sulj dtdu iuku kndad`ddf, gdf dpdkdh pdsjnf

snrjfakdmj `nfadmuh,tjgdk gdpdt
tjgur,inr`j`pj iuruk,gdf inridadj inftuk adfaaudf tjgur mdjffyd,snrtd
inrldfgd ydfa tjgdk snsudj dtdu `nfanksprnsjkdf kn`drdhdffyd
tnrhdgdp dad`d)
 l) Rnridmjsdsj (Dpdkdh pdsjnf `nfyniut Wuhdf,gcd,ru`dh jidgdh dtdu
tcpjk kndad`ddf mdjffyd,dpdkdh pdsjnf pnrfdh `jftd gjkufoufaj cmnh
pn`ukd dad`d,gdf dpdkdh pdsjnf
`nfanksprnsjkdf rdsd tdkutfyd tnrhdgdp kn`dtjdf)

g) Huiufadf jftnrpnrscfdm (\jdpd pnfaufoufa pdsjnf,idadj`dfd pdsjnf

inrnspcf tnrhdgdp
pnfaufoufa,dpdkdh pn`ukd dad`d gdtdfa `nfaufoufaj pdsjnf, gdf
idadj`dfd pdsjnf inrhuiufadf gnfadf pdsjnf ydfa mdjf gdf ouad gnfadf
pnrdwdt)

n) Mjfakufadf (Dpdkdh pdsjnf `n`idwd kjtdi sulj dtdu pnrmnfakdpdf

jidgdh mdjffyd,dpdkdh pdsjnf `nfnrj`d kjrj`df tdfgd sj`pdtj gdrj ufsur
kndad`ddf gdf dpdkdh pdsjnf `n`dkdj tdfgd kndad`ddf `jsdmfyd
ojmidi).Wnrutd`d gjmdkukdf `nmdmuj cisnrvdsj.

9. Gjdafcsd

Gjdafcsd knpnrdwdtdf utd`d ydfa snrjfa `uflum gdf gdpdt gjou`pdj pdgd
mdfsjd gnfadf `dsdmdh spjrjtudm dgdmdh snidadj inrjkut ?

4) Gjstrns spjrjtudm inrhuiufadf gnfadf gjdafcsjs pnfydkjt tnr`jfdm

9) Gjstrns spjrjtudm inrhuiufadf gnfadf tnrpjsdh gdrj jkdtdf kndad`ddf gdf

iugdyd

<) Knsjdpdf `nfjfakdtkdf knsnodhtnrddf spjrjtudm

<. Jftnrvnfsj

48

4) Gjstrns spjrjtudm inrhuiufadf gnfadf gjdafcsjs pnfydkjt tnr`jfdm

Krjtnrjd hdsjm ?
d) Udsjnf `nfajgnftjbjkdsj knpnrldyddf spjrjtudm dtdu rnmjajcus ydfa
`nfj`iumkdf pnrdsddf gjstrnss tnrhdgdp kcfgjsjfyd.
i) Udsjnf `nfankspmcrdsj knpnrldyddf spjrjtudm dtdu rnmjajusfyd inrsd`d
pnfdsjhdt kndad`ddf ydfa gjpnrldyd.
 l) Udsjnf `n`iudt knputusdf snldrd sdgdr uftuk `nfaudtkdf,
`n`cgjbjkdsj,dtdu `nfcmdk knpnrldyddf tnrsniut.
g) Udsjnf `nfajgnftjbjkdsj dspnk pcsjtjb gdf fnadtjvn gdmd`

pnfaaufddf knydkjfdf uftuk `nfadrtjkdf sdkjt

n) Udsjnf `nfanvdmudsj tjfakdt knydkjfdf ydfa gdpdt `n`idftufyd `nmdkukdf kcpjfa

tnrhdgdp pnfydkjt.
b) Udsjnf `nfnftukdf pnfdsjhdt spjrjtudm dtdu rnmjaus ydfa gjpnrldyd dtdu
su`inr mdjf ydfa snsudj uftuk `n`idftufyd `nfankspmcrdsj
tnftdfa pnfaaufddf nydkjfdf ydfa `n`dkfdj pnfadmd`df
Jftnrvnfsj ?
d) Gnfadrkdf ufakdpdf pjkjrdf pdsjnf tnftdfa `dsdmdh spjrjtudm.
i) Idftu pdsjnf `nfajgnftjbjkdsj kcfbmjk dftdrd knpnrldyddf spjrjtudm
dtdu rnmjajcus gdf gjdafcsjs pnfydkjt tnr`jfdm.Lcftch,
pdsjnf inrkdtd ”kdmdu tuhdf `nfanrtj dku gdf `nfajajfkdf ydfa tnridjk
uftukku,gjd tjgdk dkdf `n`ijdrkdf dku `nfadmd`j pnfydkjt tnr`jfdm.
l) Wdfydkdf knpdgd pdsjnf dpdkdh jd jfajf `nfgjskusjkdf knmuhdf spjrjtudm
gnfadf rchdfjdwdf ydfa gjpjjhfyd.
g) Dtur pnrtn`udf gnfadf pnfdsjhdt rnmjajcus gdf ondskdf knpdgd kngud
inmdh pjhdk tnftdfa pnftjfafyd

4:
`nfakmdrjbjkdsj knpnrldyddf spjrjtudm dtdu rnjajus.

n) Idftu pdsjnf `nfakmdrjbjkdsj ldrd-ldrd pcsjtjb gdf fnadtjvn gdmd`

`nfaaufdkdf knpnrldyddf uftuk `n`dkfdj pnfadmd`df tnr`jfdm.
b) Onmdskdf tdhdp inrgukd gdf kdrdktnrjstjk n`csj snrtd
pnrjmdku pdgd `dsjfa-`dsjfa tdhdp.

a) Idftu pdsjnf `nfyusuf rnfldfd ydfa `nfaaufdkdf knydkjfdf uftuk

`nfjfakdtkdf kn`d`pudf kcpjfa tnrhdgdp pnfydkjt tnr`jfdm.Lcftch
dfourkdf `n`idld gcd,`nfaufoufaj tn`pdt jidgdh,`nfaufoufaj dfaactd
anrnod,dtdu dktjvjtds mdjf.

h) Aufdkdf tnkfjk `nfgnfadr dktjb uftuk `n`inrjkdf knsn`pdtdf knpdgd

pdsjnf uftuk `nfanmudrkdf pnrdsddf,dtdu sdrdfkdf jd uftuk `n`ukum
idftdm dtdu `nfaaufdkdf infgd ydfa d`df.

9) Gjstrns spjrjtudm inrhuiufadf gnfadf tnrpjsdh gdrj jkdtdf kndad`ddf gdf

iugdyd
 Krjtnrj Hdsjm ?

d) Udsjnf `nfyd`pdjkdf kcfbmjk tnftdfa knpnrldyddf.

i) Udsjnf `nfajgnftjbjkdsj su`inr kcfbmjk spjrjtudm.

l) Udsjnf `nfnftukdf snadmd idftudf spjrjtudm ydfa gjpnrmukdf.

g) Udsjnf `nfgjskusjkdf knpnrldyddf ydfa inrkdjtdfgnfadf prdktjk

knpnrdwdtdf.

n) Udsjnf `nfajgnftjbjkdsj tnkfjk kcpjfa uftuk `nfadtdsj kntjgdkfyd`dfdf

spjrjtudm.

b) Udsjnf `nfaufakdpkdf knfyd`dfdf spjrjtudm.

Jftnrvnfsj ?

d) Gnfadrkdf jsydrdt ydfa `nfufoukkdf pnrdsdf pdsjnf.@jsdmfyd

”`nfadpd tuhdf `nmdkukdf jfj pdgdku‐

i) Mdkukdf pnfgnkdtdf knpdgd pdsjnf gnfadf ldrd ydfa tjgdk `nfahdkj`j.

95
l) Knfdmj knmuhdf spjrjtudm pdsjnf gdf gcrcfa uftuk `nfaufakdpkdf
pjkjrdf gdf pnrdsddf.

g) Idftu pdsjnf `nfgnbjfjsjkdf gdmd` jstjmdh kcfkrnt tnftdfa

`dsdmdh ydfa `nfadkjidtkdf kcfbjk jftnrfdm.

n) Dtur kufoufadf rchdfjdwdf ijmd `n`ufakjfkdf,snhjfaad gdpdt
`nfaaufdkdf su`inr spjrjtudm gdrj dhmj dad`d.

b) Gcrcfa pdsjnf uftuk tntdp `nmdkukdf prdktjk kndad`ddf snmd`d

hcspjtdmjsdsj, gdf mdkukdf dpdpuf ydfa gjpnrukdf uftuk
`n`ugdhkdffyd.Lcftch ? ijmd pdsjnf ijdsd `n`idld kjtdi sulj gdf tjgdk
`n`jmjkjfyd,idftu uftuk `n`pnrcmnhfyd.

a) Kc`ufjkdsjkdf gdf kcmdicrdsjkdf gnfadf rchdfjdwdf ru`dh sdkjt.

h) Dtur supdyd pdsjnf `n`jmjkj infgd gjsd`pjfa tn`pdt tjgur ydfa

`n`inrjkdf knfyd`dfdf spjrjtudm.

j) Inrjkdf prjvdsj snmd`d pdsjnf gjkufoufaj cmnh rchdfjdwdf ru`dh sdkjt.

<) Knsjdpdf `nfjfakdtkdf knsnodhtnrddf spjrjtudm Krjtnrjd

hdsjm ?

d) Udsjnf `nfgjskusjkdf kcfbmjk spjrjtudm.

i) Udsjnf gjinrjkdf knsn`pdtdf uftuk `n`jmjh pnfdsjhdt rnmjajcus l)

Udsjnf gjgukufa gdmd` usdhdfyd `nfjfakdtkdf knsnodhtnrddf
spjrjtudm.
g) Udsjnf `nfajkutj prdktjk rnmjajcus dtdu spjrjtudm hjfaad tjfakdt ydfa
jd rdsd fyd`df.

n) Udsjnf `nfgjskusjkdf snldrd tnriukd tnftdfa nbnk pnfydkjt tnrhdgdp

knpnrldyddffyd gdf jsu spjrjtudm mdjf.

b) Udsjnf `nfonmdskdf rnfldfdfyd uftuk `nfjfakdtkdf knsnodhtnrddf

spjrjtudm.

a) Udsjnf `nfnrj`d ruoukdf uftuk gukufadf snmdfoutfyd.

Jftnrvnfsj ?

94
d) Udftdu dgdfyd tdfgd gjstrns spjrjtudm pdgd pdsjnf ydfa `ufakjf gdpdt
`n`idhdydkdf knsnodhtnrddf pdsjnf (pnruidhdf
pnrdwdtdf gjrj, adfaaudf pcmd tjgur,gdf pnruidhdf knijdsddf

mdtjhdf bjsjk gdf `dkdf).

i) Kdoj pnftjfafyd spjrjtudmjtds gdmd` knhjgupdf pdsjnf gdf gdmd`

kcpjfa tnrhdgdp pnfydkjt.

l) Unrhdtjkdf dpdkdh pdsjnf inrpdrtjsjpdsj gdmd` rjtudm rnmjajcus dtdu

jfajf inrgjskusj tnftdfa knpnrldyddf spjrjtudmjtds. Unrtdhdfkdf
pdfgdfadf tnriukd tnftdfa spjrjtudm.

g) Wdfydkdf knpdgd pdsjnf dpdkdh pnfydkjt `n`nfadruhj pdfgdfadf

spjrjtudmfyd gdf kdtdkdf knpdgdfyd idhwd dfgd jfajf `n`idftufyd
`nfadtdsj jsu-jsu spjrjtudm ijmd pdsjnf `nfahnfgdkj.

n) Wdfydkdf knpdgd pdsjnf dpdkdh jd jfajf inrgjskusj tnftdfa `dsdmdh

spjrjtudm gnfadf pnfdsjhdtspjrjtudm ydfa gjpjmjhfyd.

b) Gcrcfa pdsjnf uftuk `nfadoukdf pnrtdfyddf spjrjtudm.

a) Zdkjfkdf pdsjnf idhwd knmuhdf spjrjtudmfyd gdpdt gjtnrj`d gdf gnfadf

`nfaudtkdf spjrjtudmjtds pdsjnf gdpdt
`nfjfakdtkdf knsnodhtnrddf snldrd knsnmuruhdf.

h) Inrjkdf su`inr kcpjfa uftuk `nfadtdsj gjstrnss spjrjtudm (snpnrtj

ruoukdf kn cradfjsdsj spjrjtudm dtdu iuku-iuku tnftdfa gcd)

j) Udstjkdf su`inr ydfa gjpjmjh snsudj gnfadf knpnrldyddf spjrjtudm gdf

dad`d ydfa gjdfut pdsjnf.

o) Wdfydkdf kn pnfdsjhdt spjrjtudm dpdijmd kurdfa tdhu tnftdfa

knpnrldyddf gdf prdktjk spjrjtudm pdsjnf.
 99

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D. Knsj`pumdf

Urcsns `nfud dgdmdh sniudh prcsns ydfa `nfauidh crdfa

 gnwdsd snhdt `nfodgj rdpuh gjsnrtdj gnfadf `nfuruffyd ldgdfadf hd`pjr sn`ud

sjstn` bjsjscmcajs gdf gjsnrtdj pumd gnfadf `nfjfakdtfyd

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knrnftdfdf tnrhdgdp pnfydkjt gdf kn`dtjdf.Udgd mdfsjd tnrgdpdt idfydk
pnruidhdf ydfa tnrodgj `nfldkup pnruidhdf-pnruidhdf
bjsjk,`nftdm,psjkcscsjdm,gdf pnrkn`idfadf spjrjtudm.\pjrjtudm dgdmdh
knydkjfdf gdmd` huiufadffyd gnfadf Zdfa @dhd Kudsd gdf @dhd

Unfljptd.\pjrjtudm ouad gjsniut snidadj snsudtu ydfa gjrdsdkdf tnftdfa gjrj

snfgjrj gdf huiufadf gnfadf crdfa mdjf,ydfa gdpdt gjwuougkdf gnfadf sjkdp
`nfadsjhj crdfa mdjf,idjk gdf rd`dh tnrhdgdp crdfa mdjf,`nfahcr`dtj sntjdp crdfa
uftuk `n`iudt pnrdsddf snfdfa snsncrdfa. Ynmjajcsjtds dgdmdh gnrdodt gdf onfjs
nksprnsj gdf pdsrtjsjpdsj rnmjajus gdrj mdfsjd.\nou`mdh jfgjkdtcr rnmjajcsjtds
tnmdh gjtnftukdf gdrj pnfnmjtjdf?knhdgjrdf gj tn`pdt jidgdh,inrpdrtjsjpdsj
gdmd` dktjvjtds kndad`ddf,`nfantdhuj tnftdfa jidgdh gdf tncmcaj,inrjidgdh,`n`idld
kjtdi sulj,gdf `nmdkukdf knidktjdf.\pjrjtudmjtds snidadj sudtu ydfa
`umtjgj`nfsj,ydjtu gj`nfsj nksjstnfsjdm gdf gj`nfsj dad`d.\pjrjtudjmjtds snidadj
kcfsnp gud gj`nfsj ? Gj`nfsj vnrtjkdm gdf Gj`nfsj hcrjzcftdm. @nfurut
(Dspjdfj,9547) pnrkn`idfadf spjrjtudm ydfa tnrodgj pdgd mdfout usjd dftdrd mdjf
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gdf inrtjfgdk gnfadf ldrd `n`inrjkdf lcftch ldrd `nfljftdj gdf kndgjmdf.
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gjldpdjfyd gnrdodt gdf `drtdidt ydfa `dkjf tjfaaj snidadj prjidgj ydfa utuh.Gj
hdgdpdf Wuhdf,gnrdodt dtdu kngugukdf `dfusjd gjgdsdrkdf
pdgd tjfakdt knj`dfdf snsncrdfa.Dpdijmd snsncrdfa jfajf dadr gnrdodtfyd mnijh
tjfaaj gjhdgdpdf Wuhdf `dkd gjd snfdftjdsd `nfodad gdf `nfjfakdtkdf
knj`dfdffyd.Kniutuhdf dkdf rdsd d`df,tnrod`jf gdf knsnmd`dtdf tnrhdgdp hdrdpdf
`dsd gnpdf.Idaj crdfa inrj`df hjgup jfj dgd gud tdhdp ydjtu odfakd pnfgnk (hjgup
gj gufjd) gdf odfakd pdfodfa

97
 (hjgup gj dkhjrdt).Hjgup gj gufjd sjbdtfyd sn`nftdrd ydfa `nrupdkdf pnrsjdpdf

idaj knhjgupdf ydfa knkdm gj dkhjrdt fdftj.

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inringd,tnradftufa gdrj knprjidgjdf gdf ldrd gdmd` `nfadhdgdpj hjgup jfj.Dgdpuf
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ydfa `nfaurus `nrnkd.\ngdfakdf rdsd

inrsdmdh snmdmu `nfahdftuj pjkjrdf mdfout usjd.Gnfadf gn`jkjdf

pnfgnkdtdf pnrdwdt pdgd pdsjnf mdfout usjd iukdf hdfyd tnrhdgdp bjsjk
sdod,`nmdjfkdf pnrdwdt mnijh gjtuftut `nfn`ukdf prjidgj pdsjnf mdfout usjd
`nmdmuj dad`d `nrnkd.
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Gjhdrdpkdf `dhdsjswd gdpdt `nfantdhuj gdf `nfaudsdj tnftdfa knsnhdtdf

spjrjtudm gdf `nfadpmjkdsjkdffyd gdmd` knhjgupdf snhdrj-hdrj.

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