Lumhd`kmtdcs e Oreumh
N`p
`pre
rev
vk`km
k`kmtt Kmo
Kmonmkkrn
nmkkrnmo
mo
 

Lumhd`kmtdcs e Oreumh
N`p
`pre
rev
vk`km
k`kmtt Kmo
Kmonmkkrn
nmkkrnmo
mo

 Ikrky Kvdms
Kvdms
Hdmnkc Zulmo
Hdvnh Kctem
 

@DXCDJ® ns d trdhk`dra e Xfk @dtf_eras, Nmg. dmh ns uskh wntf pkr`nssnem. Xfk @dtf_eras
heks met wdrrdmt tfk dggurdgy e tfk tkxt er kxkrgnsks nm tfns jeea. Xfns jeea„s usk er hnsgussnem
e @DXCDJ® setwdrk er rkcdtkh prehugts heks met gemstntutk kmhersk`kmt er spemsersfnp jy Xfk
@dtf_e
@dtf _eras
ras e d pdrtngucdr t fk @DXCDJ ® setwdrk.
pdrtngucd r pkhdoeongdc dppredgf er pdrtngucdr usk e tfk

Lnrst khntnem pujcnsfkh :2:: jy

GZG Rrkss
: Rdra Wqudrk, @nctem Rdra, Djnmohem, E xem, EV48
EV48 8ZM
dmh jy
GZG Rrkss
<222 J reakm Weumh Rdrawdy M_, Wuntk 722, Jegd
Je gd Zdtem, LC 7786?-:?8:
7786?-:?8:

© :2:: Ikrky Kvdms, Hdmnkc Zul mo dmh Hdvnh Kctem

GZG Rrkss ns dm n`prnmt e Nmer`d [A Cn` ntkh

Xfk rnoft e Ikrky Kvdms, Hdmnkc Zul mo dmh Hdvnh Kctem te jk nhkmtnlkh ds dutfers e tfns wera fds jkkm dsskrtkh jy
tfk` nm dggerhdmgk wntf skgtnems ?? d mh ?6 e tfk Gepyrnoft, Hksnoms dmh Rdtkmts Dgt 4>66.

Dcc rnofts rkskrvkh. Me pdrt e tfns jeea `dy jk rkprnmtkh er rkprehugkh er utncnskh nm dmy er` er jy dmy kckgtremng,
`kgfdmngdc, er etfkr `kdms , mew amewm er fkrkdtkr nmvkmtkh, nmgcuhnmo pfetegepynmo dmh rkgerhnmo, er nm dmy nmer-
`dtnem sterdok er rktrnkvdc systk`, wntfeut pkr`nssnem nm wrntnmo re` tfk pujcnsfkrs.

Ler pkr`nssnem te pfetegepy er usk `dtkrndc kckgtremngdccy re` tfns wera, dggkss www
www.gepyrnoft
.gepyrnoft.ge`
.ge` er
 er gemtdgt tfk
Gepyrnoft Gckdrdmgk Gkmtkr, Nmg. (GGG), ::: Zeskweeh Hrnvk, Hdmvkrs, @D 24>:7, >?6-?;2-6822.
>?6-?;2-6822 . Ler weras tfdt drk
met dvdncdjck em GGG pckdsk gemtdgt `pajeeaspkr`nssnems
`pajeeaspkr`nssnemsBtdmh
Btdmh.ge
.ge.ua
.ua

Xrdhk`dra metng k9 Rrehugt er gerperdtk md`ks `dy jk trdhk`dras er rkonstkrkh trdhk`dras , dmh drk uskh emcy er nhkm-
Xrdhk`dra
tnlgdtnem dmh kxpcdmdtnem wntfeut nmtkmt te nmrnmok.

Jrntnsf Cnjrdry Gdtdceounmo-nm-Rujcngdtnem Hdtd

D gdtdceouk rkgerh er tfns jeea ns dvdncdjck re` tfk Jrntnsf Cnjrdry

Cnjrdry el Gemorkss Gdtdceonmo—nm—Rujcngdtnem Hdtd

Md`ks9 Kvdms, Ikrky G ., dutfer. | Kctem, Hdvnh I., dutfer.

dutfer. | Zulmo,
Zul mo,
Hdmnkc, dutfer.
Xntck9 Lumhd`kmtdcs e oreumh n`prevk`kmt kmonmkkrnmo / Ikrky Kvdms,
Hdvnh Kctem, Hdmnkc Zulmo.
Hksgrnptnem9 Lnrst khntnem. | J egd Zdtem 9 GZG Rrkss, :2:4. | Nmgcuhks
jnjcneordpfngdc rkkrkmgks dmh nmhkx.
Nhkmtnlkrs9 CGGM :2:422:686 (prn mt) | CGGM :2:422:68> (kjeea) (kjeea) | NWJM
>?627<?84><26 (fja) | NWJM >?6284;<>;4;: (pja) | NWJM >?627<?64<>>;
(kja)
Wujikgts9 CGWF9 Wenc stdjncnzdtnem.
Gcdssnlgdtnem9 CGG XD?8> .K>8 :2:4 (prnmt) | CGG XD?8> (kjeea) | HHG
<:8.4/;47<7--hg:7
CG rkgerh dvdncdjck dt fttps9//cggm.ceg.oev/:2:422:686
CG kjeea rkgerh dvdncdjck dt fttps9//cggm.ceg.oev/:2:422:68>

NWJM9 >?6-2-7<?-84><2-6 (fja)

NWJM9 >?6-2-84;-<>;4;-: (pja)
NWJM9 >?6- 2-7<?-64<>>-; (kja)
(kja)

Xypkskt n m Wdjem
jy Hkdmtd Ocejdc Rujcnsfnmo Wkrvngks, Gfkmmdn, Nmhnd
 

Gemtkmts

Rrkdgk dmh Dgamewckho`kmts9 Lumhd`kmtdcs e Oreumh

N`prevk`kmt Kmonmkkrnmo   xv

  4 Nmtrehugtnem te oreumh n`prevk`kmt kmonmkkr

kmonmkkrnmo
nmo 4
4.4 Nmtrehug tnem 4
Nmtrehugtnem
4.: N`prevk`kmts nm senc jkfdvner :
4.:.4 Wfkdr strkmotf 7
4.:.: Ge`prkssnjncnty 7
4.:.7 Fyhr
Fyhrducng
ducng gemhugtnvnty 8
4.:.8 Cnqukdgtnem petkmtndc ;
4.:.; Wfrnma/swkcc jkfdvner <
4.:.< \drndjncnty <
4.7 Evkrvnkw e oreumh n`prevk`kmt tkgfmnquks 6
4.7.4 Ge`pdg
Ge`pdgtnem9
tnem9 sfdccew `ktfehs 6
4.7.: Ge`pdgtnem9 hkkp `ktfehs 6
4.7.7 Wenc `nxnmo dmh nmikgtnem `ktfehs 44
4.7.8 Wtdjncnzdtnem dmh secnhngdtnem 4:
4.7.; Oreutnmo 47
4.7.< Hkwdtk
Hkwdtkrnmo
rnmo 48
4.7.? Gemsecnhdtnem 4;
4.7.6 @kgfdmngdccy stdjncnzkh kdrtf 4; 4;
4.7.> Nm sntu jdrrnk
jdrrnkrs
rs 4? 
4.7.42
4.7.42 Luturk hkvkcep`kmts nm oreumh n`prevk`kmt 46
4.8 N`pertdmgk e gemstrugtnem 4> 4>
4.; Rrejck`s 4>
Zkkrkmgks :2

  : Oketkgfmngd
Oketkgfmngdcc lumhd`k
lumhd`kmtdcs
mtdcs :4
:.4 Hkmntnems :4
:.4.4 _dtkr gemtk
gemtkmt
mt ::
:.4.: Hkmsnty, umnt wknoft, hkmsnty e secnhs, dmh spkgng ordvnty :7
:.: _dtkr lew nm senc :8
:.:.4 Hdrgy„
Hdrgy„ss cdw dmh emk-hn`k
emk-hn`kmsnemdc
msnemdc lew :;
:.:.: Lcewmkts dmh twe-hn`km
twe-hn`kmsnemdc
snemdc lew :;

v
 

vn Gemtkmts

:.:.7 Tudmtnty e wdtkr lewnmo tfreuof senc :<

:.:.8 Rerkwdtkr prkssurk wntf wdtkr lewn lewnmo
mo tfreuof senc :? 
:.:.; [pcnt prkssurks :>
:.:.< Wkkpdok ergk :>
:.:.? Gdpnccdry rnsk e oreumhwdtkr 72
:.7 Kkgtnvk strkss 74
:.7.4 Kkgtnvk strkss kqudtne
kqudtnem m 74
:.7.: N`pert
N`pertdmgk
dmgk e kkgtnvk strkss 74
:.8 Wfkdr strkmo
strkmotf
tf 7:
:.8.4 Xfk gemg
gemgkpt
kpt e senc strkmo
strkmotf
tf 77
:.8.: Cdjerdtery kvdcudtnem e sfkdr strkmotf 77
:.8.:.4 Hnrkgt sfkdr tkstnmo 77
:.8.:.: Xrndxndc tkstnmo 7<
:.8.7 Wfkdr strkmotf su``dry 7> 7>
:.; Cdtkrdc kdrtf prkssurks 82
:.;.4 Dgtnvk kdrtf prkssurk 84
:.;.: Rdssnvk kdrt
kdrtff prkssurk 87
:.;.7 Dt-rkst (A2 ) kdrtf
kdrt f prkssurk 88
:.;.8 D`eumt e `evk`kmt te hkvkcep dgtnvk,
 pdssnvk, dmh
dm h dt-rkst kdrtf
k drtf prkssurks
prks surks 88
:.< Lnkch nmvkstnod
nmvkstnodtnems
tnems 8<
:.<.4 Hrnccnmo `ktfehs 8<
:.<.: Wd`pcnmo `ktfehs 8? 
:.<.7 Nm sntu tkst `ktfehs 8>
:.<.7.4 WRX 8>
:.<.7.: GR GRX X ;4
:.? Rrejck`s ;:
Zkkrkmgks ;<

  7 Lumhd`kmtdcs el okesymtfktngs nm oreumh n`prevk`kmt ;>

7.4 Nmtrehug tnem ;>
Nmtrehugtnem
7.4.4 Oketkxtnc
Oketkxtncks ks ;>
7.4.: Okeornh
Okeornhss <4
7.4.7 Okegkccs <:
7.4.8 Okejkrs <7
7.4.; Fnsterngdc metks <7
7.: Rrepkrtnks e okesymtfktngs <8
7.:.4 Xkmsnc
kmsnckk strkmo
strkmotfs
tfs <8
7.:.: Rkr`nttnvnty (uskh nm hrdnmdok
hrdnmdok)) <8
7.:.7 Xrdms`nssn
rdms`nssnvnty
vnty (uskh nm hrdnmdok) <;
7.:.8 Rerk snzk hktkhktkr`nm
r`nmdtnem
dtnem (uskh nm ctrdtnem) <<
7.:.; Nmtkrdgk rngtnem (uskh nm `kgfdmngdccy stdjncnzkh
kdrtf dmh stkkpkmkh scepk hksnom) <? 
7.:.< Wurvnvdjncnty dmh hurdjncnty <? 
7.7 Oketkxtnck ctkr hksnom <>
7.7.4 Nmtrehugt
Nmtrehugtnemnem <>
 

Gemtkmts vnn

7.7.: Hksnom pregkhurk ?2

7.8 Wu``dry ?? 
7.; Rrejck`s ?? 
Zkkrkmgks 6:

  8 Ge`pdgtnem 6;
8.4 Nmtrehug tnem 6;
Nmtrehugtnem
8.: Xfkerktngdc umhkrpnmmnmos e ge`pdgtnem 6;
8.7 Rrepkrty n`prevk`kmts rksuctnmo re` ge`pdgtnem >2
8.7.4 Wtrkmotf >2
8.7.: Ge`prkssnjncnty >2
8.7.7 Fyhr
Fyhrducng
ducng gemhugtnvnty (pkr`kdjncnty) >2
8.7.8 Eptn`nznmo ge`pdgtkh senc prepkrtnks >4
8.8 Wfdccew ge`pdg
ge`pdgtnem
tnem >4
8.8.4 Lnkch ge`pdgtnem kqunp`kmt >4
8.8.: Gemstrugtnem dspkgts e sfdccew ge`pdgtnem >8
8.; Zdpnh n`pdgt ge`pdgtnem ><
8.;.4 Nmtrehugt
Nmtrehugtnem
nem ><
8.;.: Dppcngdtnems >? 
8.;.7 Gemstrugtnem vnjrdtnems >? 
8.< Hkkp hymd`ng ge`pdgtnem >6
8.<.4 Nmtrehugt
Nmtrehugtnem
nem >6
8.<.: Hksnom gemsnhkrdtnems er hymd`ng ge`pdgtnem >6
8.<.7 \krng
krngdtnem
dtnem e ge`pdgtnem kkgtnvkmkss 422
422
8.<.8 Dppcngdtnems e hkkp hymd`ng ge`pdgtnem 42:
8.<.; Gemstrugtnem vnjrdtnems 427
8.? Hkkp vnjrdtery `ktfehs 427
8.?.4 Nmtrehugt
Nmtrehugtnem
nem te hkkp vnjrdter
vnjrdteryy `ktfehs 427
8.?.: \njrege`pdg
\njrege`pdgtnemtnem 428
8.?.7 \njrerkpcdgk`kmt 426
8.6 Doorkodtk pnkrs 44:
8.> Rrejck`s 447
Zkkrkmgks 44;

  ; Gemsecnhdtnem 44>
;.4 Nmtrehug tnem 44>
Nmtrehugtnem
;.: Gemsecnhdtnem umhd`kmt
umhd`kmtdcs
dcs 4:2
;.7 Wtrkss hnstrnjutnem 4::
;.8 Hksnom dppredg
dppredgf f 4::
;.8.4 Xn`k rdtk e gemsecn
gemsecnhdtne
hdtnemm 4:8
;.8.: Rrkcedhnmo 4:? 
;.; Wpkkhnmo gemsecnhdtnem wntf vkrtngdc hrdnms 4:>
;.;.4 Nmtrehugt
Nmtrehugtnem
nem 4:>
;.;.: Gemsecnhdtnem wntf vkrtngdc hrdnms 4:>4:>
;.< Dhhntnemdc vkrtngdc hrdnm gemsnhkrdtnems 477
 

vnnn Gemtkmts

;.<.4 \krtngdc hrdnm typks 477

;.<.: Kkgt e R\H nmstdccdtnem pdttkrms 47;
;.<.7 Kkgt e senc hnstu
hnsturjdmgk
rjdmgk (s`kdr) 47<
;.? \dguu` gemsecn
gemsecnhdtnem
hdtnem 47<
;.6 Ge`jnmkh vdguu` gemsecnhdtnem dmh prkcedhnmo wntf vkrtngdc hrdnms 476
;.> Mdturk„s gemsecn
gemsecnhdtne
hdtnemm prkcedhnmo 476
;.42 Wu``dry 487
;.44 Rrejck`s 487
Zkkrkmgks 48;

  < Wenc `nx

`nxnmo
nmo 48>
<.4 Nmtrehug tnem 48>
Nmtrehugtnem
<.: Fnstery
Fnster y e senc `nxnmo 4;2
<.7 Hkmntnems, typks, dmh gcdssngdtnems 4;4
<.7.4 Hkptf e senc `nxnmo 4;:
<.7.: @ktfehs e `nxnmo rkdokmts 4;7
<.7.7 Kqunp`
Kqunp`kmtkmt uskh er senc `nxnmo 4;8
<.7.8 Xrkdt`k
rkdt`kmtmt pdttk
pdttkrms
rms 4<:
<.8 Dppcng
Dppcngdtnems
dtnems 4<7
<.8.4 Wfkdr wdccs 4<8
<.8.: Dkrndc jkdrnmo gdpdgnty n`prevk`kmt 4<; 4<;
<.8.7 Fyhrducng gute wdccs 4<;
<.8.8 Kxgd
Kxgdvdtnem
vdtnem supper
suppertt wdccs 4<<
<.8.; Kmvnrem
Kmvnrem`kmt
`kmtdcdc senc `nxnmo 4<6
<.8.< Okekmv
Okekmvnrem`k
nrem`kmtdc
mtdc senc `nxnmo 4<>
<.; Hksnom gemsn
gemsnhkrdtnem
hkrdtnemss 4?2
<.;.4 Hktkr
Hktkr`nmk
`nmk preikgt mkkhs 4?2
<.;.: Wkckgt tdrokt hksnom pdrd`ktkr
pdrd`ktkrss 4?4
<.;.:.4 Wtrkmo
Wtrkmotf
tf 4?:
<.;.:.: Fyhrducng gemhu gemhugtnvn
gtnvnty
ty 4?
4?;
;
<.;.:.7 CkdgCkdgfdjncnty
fdjncnty 4?4?<
<
<.;.7 Zkdokmt dhhntne
dhhntnemm rdtks 4?
4?<<
<.;.8 Zkdokmt (jnmhk
(jnmhkr)
r) typk
typkss dmh skckgtne
skckgtnem
m 4?>
4?>
<.;.; Hkvkcep dmh kvdcudtk gemstrugtnem ejikgtnvks 464 464
<.;.< Gemstrugtnem 46:
<.;.? Wd`pcnmo 46;
<.;.6 Nm sntu tkstnmo 46? 
<.< Rrejck`s 46? 
Zkkrkmgks 46>

  ? Oreutnmo 4>7
?.4 Nmtrehug tnem 4>7
Nmtrehugtnem
?.: Fnstery
Fnster y e oreutnmo 4><
4><
?.:.4 Fnstery e suspkmsnem oreutnmo 4>? 
4>? 
?.:.: Fnster
Fnstery
y e secutnem oreutnmo 4>6
 

Gemtkmts nx

?.7 Oreutnmo typks dmh gcdssngdtnems 4>>

?.7.4 Wuspkmsnem oreuts 4>>
?.7.: Ge``em oreut `nxturks er suspkmsnem oreutnmo 4>>
?.7.7 Mkdt gk`kmt oreut 4>>
?.7.8 Jdcdmgkh stdjck oreut :22
?.7.; @ngremk er uctrdmk gk`kmt oreutnmo :24
?.8 Wecutnem oreuts :24
?.8.4 Xypks e secutnem oreut
oreutss :24
?.; Rkr`kdtnem (pkmktrdtnem
(pkmktrdtnem)) oreutnmo :2:
?.< Lrdgturk oreutnmo :27
?.? Ge`pkmsdtnem oreutnmo :27
?.6 \enh oreutnmo :27
?.> Oreut prepkrtnks :28
?.>.4 Wkt (okc) tn`k :28
?.>.: Wtdjncnty :28
?.>.7 \nsgesnty :28
?.>.8 Rkr`dmkmgk :2;
?.>.; Xexngnty :2;
?.42 Dppcngdtnems :2<
?.44 Hksnom gemsnhkrdtnems :2? 
?.44.4
?.44.4 [mhkrstdmhnmo oreut pfysngs dmh prkcn`nmdry pcdmmnmo :2? 
?.44.:
?.44.: Okeceongdc gemhntnems dmh sntk nmvkstnodtn
nmvkstnodtnems
ems :4:
?.44.7 Nmtkrdgtn
Nmtkrdgtnem
em jktwkkm oreut dmh senc/rega :4:
?.44.8 Oreut `nx hksnom :47
?.4: Gemstrugtnem :47
?.4:.4 Rrk-oreut
Rrk-oreutnmo
nmo :47
?.4:.: Wuspk
Wuspkmsnem
msnem dmh secutnem oreutnmo :48
?.4:.7 Hrncc rnos :4;
?.4:.8 @nxnmo (jdtgf) pcdmts :46
?.4:.; Ru`pnmo systksystk`s
`s :46
:46
?.4:.< Rdgakrs :4>
?.47 Tudcnty gemtrec :4>
?.47.4
?.47.4 Lcew `kdsurk`kmts :4>
?.47.: @emntern
@emnternmomo ::4
?.47.7
?.47.7 Dute`dtkh @emnternmo Kqunp`kmt ::4
?.48 \enh oreutnmo
oreutnmo,, d spkgndc dppcngd
dppcngdtnem
tnem :::
?.4; Rrejck`s ::7
Zkkrkmgks ::8

  6 Wcurr
Wcurryy trkmgf gutell wdccs ::?
6.4 Nmtrehugtnem dmh evkrvnkw ::? 
6.4.4 Lumgtnems e scurry trkmgf gute wdccs ::6
6.4.: Fnstery e scurry trkmgf gute wdccs ::6
6.4.7 Wcurry trkmgf gute wdccs ds d oreumh n`prevk`kmt tkgfmnquk ::>
6.: WJ scurry trkmgf Gute _dc
_dccs
cs ::>
 

x Gemtkmts

6.:.4 Kxgdvdtnem stdjncnty :74

6.:.: Wcurry prepkrty `kdsurk`kmt :7<
6.:.7 WJ jdgacc hksnom :76
6.:.8 Kxgdvdtnem tkgfmnquks :87
6.7 GJ scurry trkmgf gute wdccs :88
6.7.4 GJ `nxturks dmh prepkrtnks :8;
6.7.: Zeck e tfk jkmtem
jkmtemntk
ntk nm GJ `nxtu
`nxturks
rks :8? 
6.7.7 \ecu`k gfdmok jkfdvner :8>
6.8 Wtru
Wtrugturdc
gturdc scurr
scurryy wdccs (hndpfrdo` wdccs) :;2
6.; Rrejck`s :;7
Zkkrkmgks :;8

  > Oreumh n`prevk`kmt usnmo okesymtfktngs :;?

>.4 Nmtrehugtnem :;? 
>.: Okesymtfktng oreumh n`prevk`kmt :;? 
>.:.4 Nmtrehugt
Nmtrehugtnem
nem :;? 
>.:.: Okesymtfktng typks uskh nm oreumh n`prevk`kmt :;6
>.:.7 Okesymtfktng dppcngdtnems nm oreumh n`prevk`kmt :;6
>.7 Rrepkrtnks e okesymtfktngs :<7
>.7.4 Nmtrehugt
Nmtrehugtnem
nem :<7
>.7.: Xkmsnc
kmsnckk strkmo
strkmotf
tf :<7
>.7.7 Nmtkrdgk rngtnem :<8
>.7.8 Hurdjncnt
Hurdjncntyy :<;
>.7.; Oketkxtnck survnvdjncnty :<<
>.8 Zedh jdsk stdjncnzdtnem (Gerps e Kmonmkkrs `ktfehs) :<<
>.8.4 Nmtrehugt
Nmtrehugtnem
nem :<<
>.8.: [mpdvkh redh n`prevk`kmt usnmo okesymtfktngs :<6
>.8.7 Rdvkh redh n`prevk
n`prevk`kmt
`kmt usnmo okesymtfkt
okesymtfktngs
ngs :?;
>.8.8 Okejkrs nm redhs :62
>.; K`jdma`kmts evkr set oreumh :6:
>.;.4 Nmtrehugt
Nmtrehugtnem
nem :6:
>.;.: Gemvkmtnemdc gemstrugtnem e k`jdma`kmts :6:
>.;.7 Okesymtfktng usdok nm k`jdma`kmt gemstrugtnem :6:
>.;.8 Hksnom pregkhurk :67
>.;.8.4 Wcepk stdjncn
stdjncnty
ty :67
>.;.8.: Wcnhnmo e senc em tep e okesymtfk
okesymtfktng
tng :68
:6 8
>.;.8.7 Okesym
Okesymtfktng
tfktng rupturk huk te scnhnmo :68
>.;.8.8 Rucceut e tfk okesymt
okesymtfktng
fktng :6;
>.;.8.;
>.;.8 .; Jkdrnmo gdpdgnty :6<
>.;.8.<
>.;.8 .< Wkttck`k
Wkttck`kmt
mt :6<
>.;.8.? Dhhntn
Dhhntnemdc
emdc gfkgas :6? 
>.;.; Nmstru`kmtdtnem :6? 
>.;.< Gemstrugtnem ounhdmgk :6>
>.;.? Dctkrmdtnvk pregkhurks :6>
>.< [mhkreetnmo rknmer
rknmergk`kmt
gk`kmt wntf recckh okesymtfktngs :6>
 

Gemtkmts xn

>.<.4 Nmtrehugt
Nmtrehugtnem
nem :6>
>.<.: Hksnom pregkhurk :>2
>.<.7 Gemstrugtnem :>7
>.? [mhk
[mhkreetnmo
reetnmo rknmergk`k
rknmergk`kmt
mt wntf okegkccs :>7
>.?.4 Nmtrehugt
Nmtrehugtnem
nem :>7
>.?.: [ctn`dtk cedh gdcgucdtnem :>8
>.?.7 Wtdtk e prdgtngk :>;
>.?.8 Gemstrugtnem dhvngk :>;
>.6 [mhkreetnmo rknmer
rknmergk`kmt
gk`kmt wntf okejkrs :><
>.6.4 Nmtrehugt
Nmtrehugtnem
nem :><
>.6.: Hksnom pregkhurk er strkmo
strkmotf
tf nmgrkd
nmgrkdsk
sk :>? 
>.6.7 Gemstrugtnem dhvngk :>? 
>.> Wenc skpdrdtnem :>6
>.>.4 Nmtrehugt
Nmtrehugtnem
nem :>6
>.>.: Hksnom pregkhurks :>6
>.>.7 Gemstrugtnem dhvngk :>>
>.42 Rrejck`s 722
Zkkrkmgks 72:

 42
42 Zknmlergk`kmt nm wdccs, k`jdma`k
k`jdma`kmts
mts em stnl
stnlll oreumh, dmh senc mdnc
mdncnmo
nmo 72?
42.4 Nmtrehugtnem 72? 
42.: @kgfdmngdccy stdjncnzkh kdrtf wdccs 72? 
42.:.4 Nmtrehugt
Nmtrehugtnem
nem 72? 
42.:.: Hksnom pfncesepfy 72>
42.:.7
42.:.7 Dhvdmtdoks dmh hnsdhvdmtdoks e @WK wdccs wdccs 72>
42.:.8
42.:.8 Hksnom usnmo okesymtfktngs 72>
42.:.8.4 Wcnhnmo e tfk rknmergkh `ds `dsss 744
42.:.8.: Zknmergk
Zknmergk`kmt
`kmt jrkdadok 74: 74:
42.:.8.7 Zknmergk
Zknmergk`kmt
`kmt pucceut 747 747
42.:.8.8 Etfkr dncurk `ehks 747
42.:.; Hksnom e nmtkr
nmtkrmdc
mdc ge`pem
ge`pemkmtskmts 74
748
8
42.:.<
42.:.< Kxtkrm
Kxtkrmdcdc stdjncnty 74? 
74? 
42.:.? Xypng
ypngdc
dc dgters e sdkty 74
746 6
42.:.6 Nmgcusn
Nmgcusnems
ems nm tfk jdgacc 74 7466
42.:.> Hrdnmdok 74 7466
42.:.42 Etfkr gemsn
gemsnhkrdtnem
hkrdtnemss 74>
42.:.44
42.:.44 Gemstrugtnem ounhkcnmks 74>
42.7 @kgfdmngdccy stdjncnzkh kdrtf wdccs
wdccs usnmo
usnmo `ktdc rknmer
rknmergk`kmt
gk`kmt 7:2
42.7.4 Nmtrehug
Nmtrehugtnem
tnem 7:2
42.7.:
42.7.: Hnkrkmgks jktwkkm `ktdc dmh okesymtfktng rknmer rknmergk`kmt
gk`kmt 7:4
42.7.7 Ldncurk `ehks dmh typntypngdc
gdc dgters e sdkty 7:4
42.7.8 Nmgcusn
Nmgcusnems
ems nm tfk jdgacc 7::
42.7.;
42.7.; Gemstrugtnem ounhkcnmks 7::
42.8 Zknmergkh senc k`jdma`kmts em r` eumhdtnems 
eumhdtnems 
usnmo okesymtfktng
okesymtfktng dmh `ktdc rknmergk`kmt
rknmergk`kmt 7:7
 

xnn Gemtkmts

42.8.4 Nmtrehugt nem 7:7

Nmtrehugtnem
42.8.: Rfncesepfy e few rknmergk`k
rknmergk`kmt mt er stkkpk
stkkpkmkh
mkh scepks weras 7:8
42.8.7
42.8.7 Kmonmkkrnmo prepkrtnks mkkhkh 7:8
42.8.8 Hksnom metks 7:;
42.8.;
42.8.; Gemstrugtnem pregkhurk 7:< 7:<
42.8.<  Nmgcusnemss nm tfk jdgalcc   7:<
 Nmgcusnem
42.8.?
42.8.? Nmtkrmdc stdjncnty9 pucceut dmh jrkdadok,
jrkdadok, nmtkrmdc scepk
scepk stdjncnty 7:? 
42.8.6
42.8.6 Kxtkrmdc
Kxtkrm dc stdjncnty9 jkdrnmo gdpdgnty, scnhnmo, dmh skttck`kmt 7:? 
42.8.>
42.8.> Wcepk dgk stdjncnty9 vkmkkr nmstdjncnty,
kresnem gemtrec, dmh wrdppkh dgks dgks 7:6
42.8.42 Hrdnmdok 7:6
42.; Wenc mdncn
mdncnmo
mo 7:6
42.;.4 Nmtrehugt
Nmtrehugtnem
nem 7:6
42.;.: Dppcngd
Dppcngdtnems
tnems 772
42.;.7 Dppcngd
Dppcngdjck
jck sntks 774
42.;.8 Ge`pem
Ge`pemkmtskmts e d senc mdnc systk
systk` ` 77:
42.;.; @ktfehs e nmstnmstdccnmo
dccnmo senc mdnc
mdncss 777
42.;.< Hksnom e senc mdnck
mdnckhh wdccs 777
42.;.<.4 Ldncurk `ehks 777
42.;.<.:
42.;. <.: Hksnom gdcgucdtnems 778
42.;.?
42.;.? Gemstrugtnem e senc mdnckh wdccs 78? 
42.;.6 Mdnc tkstnmo 78>
42.;.> Gerresn
Gerresnemem pretkgtne
pretkgtnem m 78>
42.;.42 Nmstru`kmtdtnem 78>
42.;.44 Cdum
Cdumgfkh
gfkh senc mdnc
mdncss 7;4
42.< Rrejck`s 7;4
Zkkrkmgks 7;8

 44 Dhhntnemdc tkgfmnquks nm oreumh n`prevk`kmt 7;?

7;?
44.4 Ikt oreutnmo 7;6
44.4.4    Nmtrehugt
44.4.4  Nmtrehugtnem ore utnmo   7;6
nem te ikt oreutnmo 
44.4.:
44.4. : Kmvnrem`kmtdc gemsnhkrdtnems 7<2
44.4.7 Hksnom gemsn
gemsnhkrdtnem
hkrdtnemss nm ikt oreutnmo 7<:
44.: Oreum
Oreumh h rkkznmo 7<;
44.:.4 Nmtrehugt
Nmtrehugtnem
nem te oreum
oreumh h rkkznmo 7<;
44.:.:
44.:. : Lumhd`kmt
Lumhd`kmtdcs dcs e oreumh rkkznmo 7<? 
44.:.7 Rrepkrtnk
Rrepkrtnkss e rezkm oreum
oreumh h 7?2
44.:.8
44.:. 8 Gemtdnm`kmt e gemtd`nmdtkh sencs 7?7
44.:.; Cn`ntd
Cn`ntdtnems
tnems e oreum
oreumh h rkkznmo 7?8
44.:.< Gemgc
Gemgcusnem
usnemss rkodrhnmo oreum
oreumh h rkkznmo 7?8
44.7 Wkgd
Wkgdmt
mt pnck wdccs 7?;
44.8 Ge`pdg
Ge`pdgtnemtnem oreutnmo 7?<
44.8.4 Nmtrehugt
Nmtrehugtnem
nem dmh fnster
fnsteryy 7?<
44.8.: [sks 7?? 
44.8.7 Hksnom 7?>
44.8.8
44.8. 8 Gemstrugtnem 762
 

Gemtkmts xnnn

44.; Kxpcesnvks nm oreumh n`prevk`kmt 764

44.;.4 Nmtrehugt
Nmtrehugtnem
nem 764
44.;.: Dppcngd
Dppcngdtnems
tnems e kxpcesnvks 764
44.;.7 Oreumh gemhnt
gemhntnems
nems dverdjck te kxpcesnvks er ge`pdgt
ge`pdgtnem
nem 76:
44.;.8
44.;.8 Gemstrugtnem prdgtngk
prdgtngk er ge`pdgtnem jy kxpcesnvks 76:
44.;.; Rest kxpcesnem kvdcu
kvdcudtnems
dtnems 767
44.;.<
44.;.< Geccdtkrdc gemgkrms wntf tfk usk e kxpcesnvks 767
44.;.?
44.;.? Gdsk stuhnks 768
44.< Rrejck`s 768
Zkkrkmgks 76;

 4: Xfk luturk el oreumh n`prevk`kmt kmonmkkr

4: kmonmkkrnmo
nmo 76>
4:.4 Nmtrehugtnem 76>
4:.: Jneoke
Jneoketkgfmngdc
tkgfmngdc `ktfehs er Oreumh n`prevk`kmt 7>2
4:.:.4
4:.:.4 Jnegk`kmtdtnem 7>4
4:.:.: Jnegceoonmo te rkhugk fyhrducng gemhu
gemhugtnvn
gtnvnty
ty 7>7
4:.:.7
4:.:.7 Jne-`ktfehs er cnqukdgtnem `ntnodt
`ntnodtnem
nem 7>8
4:.7 Mkw `dtkrndcs er
er oreumh n`prevk`kmt 7>8
4:.7.4 @oE gk`k
gk`kmt
mt 7>;
7>;
4:.7.: Recy`krs 7>;
4:.7.7
4:.7.7 W`drt dmh skc
skc-fkdcnmo
-fkdcnmo `dtkrndcs 7>;
4:.8 Xkgfmeceoy hkvkcep`kmts nm oreumh n`prevk`kmt9
hremks, skmsers, dmh drtngndc nmtkccnokmgk
nmtkccnokmgk 7><
4:.; Kqunp`kmt hkvkcep`kmts 7>? 
4:.< Wustdnmdjncnty nm oreumh n`prevk`kmt 7>6
4:.<.4
4:.<.4 Nmtrehugtnem te sustdnmdjck oreumh n`prevk`kmt 7>6
4:.<.:
4:.<.: Wustdnmdjck `dtkrndcs 7>>
4:.? Gressevkr nmer`dtnem nm oreumh n`prevk`kmt 822
4:.6 Wu``dry e uturk hkvkcep`kmts nm oreumh n`prevk`kmt 824
4:.> Rrejck`s 824
Zkkrkmgks 824

Nmhkx 82;
 

Rrkdgk dmh Dgamewckho`

Dgamewckho`kmts9
kmts9 Lumhd`kmtdcs
e Oreumh N`prevk`kmt Kmonmkkrnmo

E\KZ\NK_

Kmonmkkrs fdvk cemo amewm tfdt tfk prepkrtnks e senc dmh rega gdm jk n`prevkh. Xfk `eh-
krm kch e oreumh n`prevk`kmt jkodm te gedcksgk nm tfk 4><2s dmh fds snmgk orewm kmer-
`euscy. Xfns tkxtjeea symtfksnzks oreumh n`prevk`kmt cntkrdturk dmh prdgtngk nm d wdy
tfdt dccews stuhkmts te jkonm tfknr stuhnks e oreumh n`prevk`kmt kmonmkkrnmo dmh fkcps
prekssnemdcs hno hkkpkr nmte spkgng tepngs e rkckvdmgk te tfknr wera.
Lumhd`kmtdcs el Oreumh N`prevk`kmt Kmonmkkrnmo   ns nmtkmhkh te kxpcdnm aky tepngs
dmh umhd`kmtdcs e oreumh n`prevk`kmt kmonmkkrnmo dmh gemstrugtnem er stuhkmts dmh
prekssnemdcs. Xfns jeea ns strugturkh te jredhcy nmtrehugk kdgf tepng dmh tfkm hkcvk nmte
tfk hktdncs.
hktdnc s. Xfk dutfers dppredgf
dppredgf tfk tepng re` tfk jdcdmgkh vnkwpenmts e jetf dgdhk`ngs
dgdhk`ng s
dmh prekssnemdc prdgtngk.
Evkrdcc, tfns jeea prevnhks d ge`prkfkmsnvk nmtrehugtnem te tfk kch e oreumh n`prevk-
`kmt te prevnhk rkdhkrs wntf sugnkmt jdgaoreumh te umhkrstdmh dmh dppcy tfk tkgfmnquks
prkskmtkh. Nt ns tfk nmtkmtnem e tfk dutfers te prevnhk tfk uskrs e tfns jeea wntf jetf tfk
gurrkmt prdgtngks nm oreumh n`prevk`kmt ds wkcc ds tfk umhd`kmtdc umhkrstdmhnmo e tfk
prnmgnpcks te dccew uskrs te dhdpt te nmkvntdjck mkw hkvkcep`kmts nm tfk kch.
Zkdhkrs drk kxpkgtkh te dcrkdhy fdvk dm umhkrstdmhnmo e jdsng okeceoy, tfk umhd`km-
tdcs e senc `kgfdmngs, dmh tfk `dtfk`dtngdc dmh mdturdc sgnkmgk trdnmnmo tfdt dgge`pdmnks
tfk rst kw ykdrs e umhkrordhudtk khugdtnem nm gnvnc kmonmkkrnmo. Nm erhkr te dgge`pcnsf
tfk ejikgtnvks, tfns jeea gemtdnms tfk eccewnmo kck`kmts9

• Jdcdmgkh
Jdcdmg kh prkskmtdtnem e
e dgdhk`ng dmh prdgtngdc dspkgts
dspkgt s e oreumh n`prevk`kmt
n`prevk`kmt
kmonmkkrnmo.
• Kxd`pck prejck`s wntf secutnems dmh prdgtngk prejck`s se rkdhkrs gdm skk tfk dppcngd-
tnem e tfkery
tfker y.
• Nmer`dtnem te `kkt mkkhs nm jetf umnvkrsnty dmh prekssnemdc `drakts.

Lre` tfk pkrspkgtnvk e tfk stuhkmt, tfk jeea prevnhks9

• D mkw,
mkw, up-te-hdtk, ge`prkfkmsnvk tkxt wfngf jckmhs
jckmhs tfk stuhy e gurrkmt oreumh
n`prevk`kmt tkgfmeceonks wntf tfkerktngdc prnmgnpcks dmh dppcngdjck hksnom dmh gem-
strugtnem nmer`dtnem.
• Kxd`pck prejck`s wntf secutnems,
secutnems, dmh prdgtngk prejck`s er dhhntnemdc ckdrmnmo
ckdrmn mo
eppertumntnks.
• N`prevkh oreumh n`prevk`kmt
n`prevk`kmt geursks dmh ekrnmos ds dgucty dhept
dhept d wkcc-prkpdrkh
tkxtjeea wntf nmstrugter rkseurgks.

xv
 

xvn Rrkdgk dmh Dgamewckho`km ts9 Lumhd`kmt dcs e Oreumh N`prevk`kmt Kmonmkkrn mo

Lre` tfk pkrspkgtnvk e prdgtngnmo prekssnemdcs, tfk jeea prevnhks9

• D rkseurgk dccewnmo prdgtngnmo prekssnemdcs

prekssnemdcs te umhkrstdmh dmh skckgt oreumh n`prevk-
`kmt tkgfmnquks wntf gemhkmgk.
• [p-te-
[p-te-hdtk
hdtk dmh tfereuof
tfereuof rkkrkmgk cnsts, kmdjcnmo prdgtngnmo
prdgtngnmo kmonmkkrs te dggkss ernon-
mdc `dtkrndcs uskh te kvdcudtk dctkrmdtnvks dmh prkpdrk hksnoms.
• Rfetes tete kmdjck prdgtntnemkrs te usk tfns `dtkrndc nm prkskmtdtnems
prkskmtdtnems te gcnkmts
gcnkmts dccewnmo
n`prevkh ge``umngdtnems djeut oreumh n`prevk`kmt nm tfk kmonmkkrnmo dmh nmhus-
trndc/ge``krgndc kmvnrem`kmts.

RKHDOEO^

Xfns mkw jeea, Lumhd`kmtdcs el Oreumh N`prevk`kmt Kmonmkkrnmo , fds jkkm wrnttkm er
dhvdmgkh umhkrordhudtk dmh ordhudtk stuhkmts dmh prdgtngnmo prekssnemdcs. @est tepngs
drk erodmnzkh em tfk jdsns e gemstrugtnem `ktfehs rdtfkr tfdm d tfkerktngdc er dmdcytngdc
erodmnzdtnem. Nm tfns `dmmkr, tfk oedcs dmh `kdms e gemstrugtnem drk rst prkskmtkh ec-
cewkh jy tfk umhkrcynmo oketkgfmngdc
oketkgfmngd c kmonmkkrnmo prnmgnpcks
prnmg npcks dmh hksnom gemsnhkrdtnems.
gemsnhkrdtnems. Xfns
`ktfeh e prkskmtdtnem ns dheptkh umhkr tfk nhkeceoy tfdt `est pkepck ckdrm jkst wfkm tfk
`dtkrndc ns prkskmtkh re` tfk okmkrdc preorkssnmo te tfk spkgng. Xfns jeea dcse nmgcuhks
tfereuof dmh up-te-hdtk cntkrdturk gntdtnems ds wkcc ds dm djumhdmgk e ordpfngs nmgcuhnmo
pfeteordpfs, sgfk`dtngs, gfdrts, dmh ordpfs.

CN@NXDXNEMW

Kdgf dmh kvkry tepng nm tfns tkxt ns tfk sujikgt e fumhrkhs e tkgfmngdc pdpkrs pujcnsfkh nm
ieurmdcs, gemkrkmgks, er kvkm etfkr tkxtjeeas. Ds d rksuct, kdgf tepng geuch kdsncy jk tfk
sujikgt e d ge`pcktk tkxt. Xfk
X fk dutfers kmgeurdok rkdhkrs nmtkrkstkh nm d onvkm tepng te hkcvk
`erk hkkpcy nmte tfk cntkrdturk dmh gntdtnems prevnhkh nm tfns tkxt.

DGAME_CKHO@KMXW

Xfk dutfers tfdma tfknr

tfkn r suppertnvk wnvks dmh d`ncnks. _ntfeut kmgeurdok`kmt dmh suppert
em tfk fe`k remt, dm umhkrtdanmo
umhkrtda nmo sugf ds tfns sn`pcy geuch met fdvk fdppkmkh. Xfdma yeu,
Cdurkc Kvdms, @kodm Zumo, dmh Cnmhd Kctem.
Jugamkcc [mnvkrsnty, Oke-Wecutnems, Nmg. dmh rktnrk`kmt re` ucc-tn`k tkdgfnmo dcc pre-
vnhk dm dt`espfkrk wfkrk tfk sgfecdr gdm leurnsf. Ler tfns, tfk dutfers drk ordtkuc.
Xfk dutfers fdvk kmieykh weranmo wntf, dmh dpprkgndtk tfk dssnstdmgk e, mu`kreus
Jugamkcc [mnvkrsnty stuhkmts tfdt fdvk gemtrnjutkh te tfns wera. Wtuhkmts wfe rkvnkwkh
dmh khntkh vdrneus gfdptkrs nmgcuhk Ik Dykrs, K. I. Jdrjkm, Cdmhem Jdrcew, Xn` Jkgakr,
@dra Jkctd`kcce, Jrdhcky Jkmtzkm, Hdm Jkrmdrh, Rduc Jertmkr, Gemmkr Jrnoos, Ikrk`y
Jyckr, @nmwee Gfe, Iefm Gemtk, @ngfdkc Gertnmd, Adtk Geurtknm, Ceuinm Hdfkr, Da`dc
Hdmnydrev, Ceuns HkCugd, Jkm Hewmnmo,
Hewmn mo, Iemdtfdm Kjkrck, Wdrdf Kjrnoft, Iefmmd K`dmukc,
 Idga Lecky
Lecky,, Idak Fehoks, Er`dm An`jreuof N\, N\, Zeokr
Zeokr Amnttck, Gfrns Aucnsf, Zngf CdLrkhe,
@uyd`jn @uyd`jn, Zdgfkc Wgfdkr, Gfdmhrd Wnmoeyn, @dttfkw Oknokr, Idsem @gGcdnm,
@dttfkw @gAkkfdm, Akcsky @kyjnm, Zydm Erjnsem, Jrkmhdm E„Mkdc, Mecdm E„Wfkd,
@ngfdkc Remtnsdaes, @dx Ruggndrkcce, @kcnssd Zkpceock, Ayck Znmhemk, Wfkcjy Zejkrts, Iek
Wdmon`nme, Ieskpf Wgdcnd, Jrndm Wgfuctz, Iefm Waevnrd, Jkm Wtehdrt, @ngfdkc Wtre`jkro,
 

 R rkldgk dmh Dgamewckho`kmt s9 Lumhd`kmtd cs el Oreumh N`prevk`kmt Kmonmkkrnmo

Rrkldgk xvnn

Jkmid`nm Wu``krs, Jrkmhdm Wwnt, Hdm Xnsgfnmkc, Gurtns Xfer`dmm, Anrstkm \duofdm,
Jrndm _drh, Mdtfdmnkc _nttkr, Mnaan _eehwdrh, Wkumogfkec ^ke`, Orkoery Ydrsan, dmh
Xyckr Yjytka. Wpkgndc tfdmas oe te Ydgf Wgfdkkr dmh Ikrk`y Hkrrngas er tfknr gemtrnju-
tnems. _k ekr dpeceonks er stuhkmts evkrceeakh nm tfns cnstnmo.
Xfk dutfers dcse dpprkgndtk tfk rkvnkw dmh dssnstdmgk e Oke-Wecutnems k`pceykks Akm
Dmhre`dces, Mdtfdm Geuofkmeur, _kmhy Grntgflkch, dmh @dra Antae er tfknr gemtrnju-
tnems te tfns kert.
Xfk dutfers dcse dpprkgndtk tfk dssnstdmgk e Id`ks Rkdsk e @gGressnm Kmonmkkrnmo,
Kmonmkkr nmo, Nmg.,
Rduc @drshkm dmh Zngfdrh Fec`ks e Akcckr [A, Orko Wteaakr`dms e OLC Kmvnrem`kmtdc Kmvnrem`kmt dc
Nmg., dmh Rduc Wgf`dcc e Akcckr MD. Wpkgndc tfdmas oe te Ikmmnkr D. K. Wfnkchs e Gdc Recy
Wdm Cuns Ejnspe er fkr wera em tfk gevkr geccdok.
@dmy e tfk lourks nm
n m tfns tkxt drk
d rk ernonmdc drt
dr t grkdtkh jy tfk dutfers. We`k wkrk prkpdrkh
wntf tfk dssnstdmgk e tfesk gemtrnjuters cnstkh djevk. We`k pfeteordpfs wkrk prevnhkh jy
nmhustry prekssnemdcs ds grkhntkh nm tfk tkxt. Xfk dutfers dpprkgndtk tfknr wnccnmomkss te
gemtrnjutk te eur kerts. Rfeteordpfs dmh drtwera met dttrnjutkh te etfkrs drk prehugts e
tfk dutfers dmh tfknr stuhkmt dssnstdmts.
Cdstcy, tfk dutfers drk dpprkgndtnvk e tfk umhynmo pdtnkmgk dmh ounhdmgk e tfk puj-
cnsfkrs/khnters9 Xemy @eerk, Wnejfdm Reeck, Wgett Edacky, Odjrnkccd _nccnd`s, dmh Lrdzkr
@krrntt e Xdycer dmh Lrdmgns.

 Ikrky G.
G . Kvdms, R.
R. K., Rreksser K`krntus,
K`kr ntus,
Jugamkcc [mnvkrsnty, Ckwnsjuro, Rkmmsycvdmnd, [WD

Hdmnkc O. Zulmo, R. K., \ngk-Rrksnhkmt,

Oke-Wecutnems, Mkw Akmsnmotem, Rkmmsycvdmnd, [WD

Hdvnh I. Kctem, R. K. Rreksser K`krntus,

Dujurm [mnvkrsnty, Dujurm, Dcdjd`d, [WD

@DXCDJ®  ns d rkonstkrkh trdhk`dra e Xfk @dtf_eras, Nmg. Ler prehugt nmer`dtnem,

pckdsk gemtdgt9

Xfk @dtf
@ dtf_e
_eras,
ras, Nmg.
N mg.
7 Dppck Fncc Hrnvk
Mdtnga, @D
@ D 24?<2-:2>6
24?<2-:2>6 [WD
Xkc9 ;26 <8?
< 8? ?222
Ldx9 ;26- <8?-
<8?-?224
?224
K-`dnc9 nme
nmeB`dtfweras
B`dtfweras..ge`
_kj9 www
www.`dtfweras
.`dtfweras.ge`
.ge`
 

Gfdptkr 4

Nmtrehugtnem te oreumh
n`prevk`kmt
n`prev k`kmt kmonmkkrnmo

4.4 NMXZEH[GXNEM

Oreumh `ehngdtnem nm tfk gemstrugtkh kmvnrem`kmt ns met d mkw nhkd. Ler nmstdmgk, tfk
`ktfeh e wdttck dmh hduj fds jkkm uskh er tfeusdmhs e ykdrs te prevnhk tkmsnck rknmergk-
`kmt te gcdyky `dtkrndcs nm junchnmos. Xfk pregkss e dhhnmo strdw te gcdy dmh jdanmo nt nm
tfk sum n`prevkh tfk strkmotf prepkrtnks e tfk gcdy grkdtnmo d junchnmo `dtkrndc tfdt fds
jkkm uskh er tfeusdmhs e ykdrs. Nm dmetfkr dmgnkmt dppcngdtnem, tfk Ze`dms uskh tn`jkr
ds d jdsk cdykr er redhs. Nm `ehkrm tn`ks, nmgcusnems (sugf ds okeornhs dmh oketkxtncks)
drk ge``emcy k`pceykh er oreumh n`prevk`kmt. Wn`ncdrcy, tfk dhhntnem e cn`k te gcdy
(d gfk`ngdc dh`nxturk nm `ehkrm tkr`nmeceoy) fds cemo jkkm uskh te grkdtk d wkda jnmhkr
nm stemk eumhdtnems. Xfk Ze`dm redh, \nd Dppnd, mew nm `ehkrm-hdy Ntdcy, ns tfk kdrcnkst
amewm kxd`pck e tfk usk e cn`k nm oreumh n`prevk`kmt kmonmkkrnmo (Jkrkgf`dm :227).
Xfk tkr`s  oreum
 oreumh h n`prevk`k mt ,  oreum
n` prevk`kmt   oreumhh `ehnlg dtnem , dmh sn`ncdr tkr`s drk ckxngem e
`eh nlgdtnem
tfk cdtk :2tf gkmtury. Xfk rst gemkrkmgk em tfk sujikgt wds –Rcdgk`kmt dmh N`prevk`kmt
e Wenc te Wuppert Wtrugturks‐ dmh wds fkch nm Gd`jrnhok, @dssdgfusktts, nm 4><6, spem-
serkh jy tfk Hnvnsnem e Wenc @kgfdmngs dmh Leumhdtnem Kmonmkkrnmo e tfk D`krngdm Wegnkty
Wegnkt y
e Gnvnc Kmonmkkrs (DWGK 4><6). Xfk rst ge`prkfkmsnvk tkxtjeea em tfk sujikgt wds jy
Fdus`dmm (4>>2). [mnvkrsnty geursks em tfk sujikgt jkodm dt djeut tfk sd`k tn`k. Nm N m `dmy
wdys, oreumh n`prevk`kmt kmonmkkrnmo ns d rkcdtnvkcy mkw kch wntfnm oketkgfmngdc kmon-
mkkrnmo. Mkw hkvkcep`kmts drk eggurrnmo dt d rdpnh pdgk dmh me heujt wncc fdvk eggurrkh
tfreuofeut tfk cnk e tfns jeea. Xfus, tfns jeea egusks em umhd`kmtdcs,
umhd `kmtdcs, kmdjcnmo tfk uskr
te umhkrstdmh dmh dhdpt te tfk cdtkst oreumh n`prevk`kmt hkvkcep`kmts.
Few `noft oreumh `ehngdtnem/n`prevk`kmt jk hkmkh5 Nm tfk pregkkhnmos em tfk
Gemkrkmgk em Wenc N`prevk`kmt (DWGK 4>?6), tfk nmtrehugtnem suggnmgtcy stdtks tfdt emk
e tfk dctkrmdtnvks dvdncdjck wfkm peer senc gemhntnems drk kmgeumtkrkh ns te –trkdt tfk senc
te n`prevk nts prepkrtnks.‐ @eskcky dmh Anrsgf (:228) nm tfk skgemh khntnem e tfknr jeea,
Oreumh N`prevk`kmt , metk tfdt

Dcc oreumh
o reumh n`prevk`kmt
n`prevk`kmt tkgfmnquks skk te n`prevk tfesk senc gfdrdgtkrnstngs
gfdrdgtkr nstngs tfdt `dtgf
tfk hksnrkh rksucts e d preikgt, sugf ds dm nmgrkdsk nm hkmsnty dmh sfkdr strkmotf te dnh
prejck`s e stdjncnty, tfk rkhugtnem e senc ge`prkssnjncnty, nmlukmgnmo pkr`kdjncnty te
rkhugk dmh gemtrec oreumhwdtkr lew er te nmgrkdsk tfk rdtk e gemsecnhdtnem, er te
n`prevk senc fe`eokmknty
fe`eokmknty..

Wgfdkkr kt dc. (:24

(:24?)
?) hkmk oreumh
o reumh `ehngdtnem
`ehng dtnem ds –tfk dctkrdtnem e sntk eumhdtnem gemhn-
tnems er preikgt kdrtf strugturks te prevnhk jkttkr pkrer`dmgk umhkr hksnom dmh/er epkrd-
tnemdc cedhnmo gemhntnems.‐ Ler tfk purpesks e tfns jeea, oreumh n`prev
n `prevk`kmt
k`kmt ns hkmkh ds
tfk dppcngdtnem e gemstrugtnem `kdms dmh `ktfehs te n`prevk tfk prepkrtnks e senc.

4
 

: Lumhd`kmtd cs e oreumh n`prevk`kmt kmonmkkrn mo

Metk tfdt se`k n`prevk`kmts drk e tfk rst erhkr. Ler kxd`pck, ge`pdgtnem wncc nmgrkdsk
nmgrkd sk
tfk hkmsnty e senc. Fewkvkr, hkmsnty nmgrkdsks gdm ckdh te skgemh erhkr kkgts sugf ds
nmgrkdskh strkmotf dmh rkhugkh ge`prkssnjncnty. Lnmdccy, tfksk skgemh erhkr n`prevk`kmts
gdm rksuct nm tfnrh erhkr kkgts sugf ds nmgrkdskh jkdrnmo gdpdgnty dmh rkhugkh skttck`kmt
dmh/er n`prevkh cnqukdgtnem rksnstdmgk. Jy jkonmmnmo wntf tfk umhd`kmtdcs e oreumh
n`prevk`kmt kmonmkkrnmo, tfk tkxt ns hksnomkh te prevnhk dm umhkrstdmhnmo e jetf tfk um-
hd`kmtdc rst-erhkr kkgts ds wkcc ds tfesk skgemh- dmh tfnrh-erhkr kkgts tfdt drk etkm
tfk dgtudc hksnrkh eutge`k e tfk dppcngdtnem e oreumh n`prevk`kmt. Ds tfkrk drk `dmy
hkmntnems e oreumh n`prevk`kmt dmh urtfkr `ugf ordy drkd wntfnm kdgf hkmntnem, tfk
dutfers uskh tfns hkmntnem ds d ounhk te hkmk tfk sgepk e tfns jeea.
Lnmdccy, er tfk purpesks e tfk skckgtnem e tfk gemtkmt nm tfns jeea, tfk dutfers usk
tfk tkr` oreumh n`prevk`kmt rdtfkr tfdm oreumh `ehngdtnem. Oreumh `ehngdtnem ns d
mkutrdc tkr` `kdmnmo tfk `ehngdtnem geuch kntfkr n`prevk er werskm tfk oreumh wfkrkds
oreumh n`prevk`kmt ns umd`jnoueus.
Rrner te nm-hkptf stuhy e oreumh n`prevk`kmt, wfdt drk tfk dctkrmdtnvks te oreumh
n`prevk`kmt55 N`donmk
n`prevk`kmt N`don mk d sntk wfkrk tfk sujsurdgk gemhntnems drk met suntdjck er tfk dmtngn-
pdtkh preikgt. _fnck oreumh n`prevk`kmt ns tfk eptnem te jk gemsnhkrkh nm hktdnc nm tfns
jeea, wfdt drk tfk dctkrmdtnvks5 We`k ge``em dctkrmdtnvks te tfk dppcngdtnem e oreumh
n`prevk`kmt nmgcuhk9

  4.  Dvenh
Dvenh tfk sntk er drkd9  Xfkrk drk `dmy gnrgu`stdmgks wfkrk tfk ewmkr/hkvkcepkr fds
eptnems rkodrhnmo tfk cegdtnem e tfk prepeskh dgncnty dmh mhnmo dm dctkrmdtnvk sntk
er d hnkrkmt drkd e tfk sd`k sntk ns d vndjck eptnem.
  :.   Zk`evk dmh rkpcdgk9  N tfk umsuntdjck `dtkrndcs drk cn`ntkh nm dkrndc dmh/er vkrtngdc
kxtkmt, tfk jkst (dmh `est kgeme`ngdc) eptnem `dy jk te sn`pcy kxgdvdtk tfk umsunt-
djck sencs dmh rkpcdgk tfk` wntf `erk suntdjck `dtkrndcs
`dtkrnd cs fdvnmo `erk prkhngtdjck prep-
krtnks, sugf ds grusfkh stemk. Xfns ns d ge``emcy gfeskm dctkrmdtnvk wfkm d cegdcnzkh
cc ns kmgeumtkrkh.
  7.  Xrdmslkr cedh te hkkpkr strdtd9 Xfk usk e hkkp eumhdtnems, sugf ds pncks er hrncckh
sfdts,
sfdt s, fds cemo jkkm tfk eptnem e gfengk nm cegdtnems wfkrk umsuntdjck jkdrnmo `dtkrn-
dcs drk prkskmt mkdr tfk oreumh surdgk. Hkkp eumhdtnems dkgt cedh trdmskr tfreuof
tfk usk e stn strugturdc `k`jkrs pcdgkh jktwkkm tfk strugturk dmh ge`pktkmt jkdr-
nmo `dtkrndcs eumh dt hkkpkr hkptfs. Dctfeuof snomngd
snom ngdmtcy
mtcy `erk sepfnstngdtkh tehdy,
tehdy,
tfns tkgfmnquk fds kxnstkh er gkmturnks wntf d`pck kvnhkmgk nmgcuhnmo dmgnkmt Ze`dm
jrnhoks suppertkh em tn`jkr pncks.
  8.  Hksnom strugturk dggerhnmocy9  We`k sntks dmh strugturks, nm ge`jnmdtnem, `dy ckmh
tfk`skcvks te strugturdc rkhksnom te dgge``ehdtk tfk sntk gemhntnems. Ler nmstdmgk, nt
`dy jk pessnjck te stnkm tfk strugturk
strugt urk te rkhnstrnjutk strkssks wntfnm
wntfn m tfk strugturk
strugtu rk dmh
`nmn`nzk hnkrkmtndc `evk`kmt. Nm d spkgng dppcngdtnem, snmafeck premk drkds sugf
ds secutnem-premk okeceong skttnmos, ordhk jkd`s gdm jk uskh te gemmkgt sprkdh eet-
nmos nm erhkr te rkhnstrnjutk cedhs nm gdsk e cess e suppert jkmkdtf dmy snmock eetnmo.
Cnakwnsk, strugturks gdm nmgerperdtk gemstrugtnem ienmts, dccewnmo se`k hnkrkmtndc
skttck`kmt wntfeut gdusnmo hnstrkss.

4.: N@RZE\K@KMXW NM WENC JKFD\NEZ

JKFD\NEZ

Oreumh n`prevk`kmt `dy jk vnkwkh re` tfk pkrspkgtnvk e systk` pkrer`dmgk. Ler
kxd`pck, nt `dy jk mkgkssdry te n`prevk tfk oreumh te nmgrkdsk tfk dccewdjck jkdrnmo vdcuk
e d eetnmo suppertkh em tfk sencs jkmkdtf d strugturk. Lre` tfk systk` pkrspkgtnvk, oreumh
oreu mh
 

Nmtrehugtnem 7

n`prevk`kmt dctkrmdtnvks weuch jk kvdcudtkh er tfknr djncnty te nmgrkdsk jkdrnmo gdpdgnty
dmh hkgrkdsk skttck`kmt,
skt tck`kmt, n.k. nmgrkdsk
nmgrkd sk tfk dccewdjck jkdrnmo vdcuk. @erk prkgnskcy, tfk dccew-
djck jkdrnmo vdcuk gdm jk nmgrkdskh jy9

  4. nmgrkdsnmo tfk stn

stnmkss
mkss e tfk senc (hkgrkdsks skttck`kmt),
  :. nmgrkdsnmo tfk sfkdr strkmot
strkmotff e tfk senc (nmgrkdsks jkdrn
jkdrnmo
mo gdpdgnty), dmh/er
  7. hkgrkdsnmo senc prepkrty vdrndjncnty (hkgrkdsks hnkrkmtnd
hnkrkmtndcc skttck`kmt).

Hkmsnynmo ordmucdr `dtkrndcs er gemsecnhdtnmo gefksnvk `dtkrndcs gdm nmgrkdsk senc strkmotf
dmh stnmkss.
[snmo tfksk hkmntnems, tfkrk drk `dmy wdys oreumh n`prevk`kmt gdm jk vnkwkh. Ler
tfk purpesks e umhkrstdmhnmo oreumh n`prevk`kmt, tfns tkxt wncc egus em d umhd`kmtdc
umhkrstdmhnmo e tfk nmtkrdgtnems jktwkkm oreumh n`prevk`kmt tkgfmnquks dmh tfk rksuct-
nmo gfdmoks nm senc dmh/er senc systk` jkfdvner. Xfns tkxt dcse prevnhks nmsnoft nmte tfk
`kdms dmh `ktfehs uskh us kh jy gemtrdgters te n`pck`kmt oreumh n`prevk`kmt
n`prevk`kmt tkgfmnquks wntf
`est e tfk gfdptkrs dmh nmer`dtnem sko`kmtkh jy gemstrugtnem tkgfmnquks.
Nm tfns gfdptkr, nt ns uskuc te drtngucdtk tfk n`prevk`kmts nm senc jkfdvner tfdt `dy rksuct
re` tfk oreumh n`prevk`kmt `ktfehs k`pceykh. k`pceykh. Xfksk umhd`kmtdc
umhd `kmtdc senc jkfdvner gfdrdg-
tkrnstngs nmgcuhk sfkdr strkmotf, ge`prkssnjncnty, fyhrducng gemhugtnvnty, cnqukdgtnem petkm-
tndc, sfrnma dmh swkcc jkfdvner, dmh rkhugtnem nm vdrndjncnty nm dmy e tfk derk`kmtnemkh
jkfdvnerdc gfdrdgtkrnstngs.
gfdrdgtkrnst ngs. Hktdncs
Hktd ncs e senc jkfdvner prnmgnpcks rkcdtkh te oreumh n`prevk`kmt
drk prevnhkh nm Gfdptkr :. :.

4.:.4 Wfkdr strkmotf

Wfkdr strkmotf ns d umhd`kmtdc kmonmkkrnmo prepkrty e sencs tfdt gdm jk nmgrkdskh tfreuof
tfk dppcngdtnem e mu`kreus oreumh n`prevk`kmt tkgfmnquks. Wfkdr strkmotf ns d `kdsurk
e tfk senc„s djncnty
djncnty te rksnst dncurk umhkr tfk dppcngdtnem e d cedh tfdt nmhugks sfkdr strkssks
nm tfk senc. Wfkdr strkmotf gdm jk nmgrkdskh tfreuof oreumh n`prevk`kmt tkgfmnquks tfdt
hkgrkdsk tfk venh rdtne (Gfdptkrs
(Gfdptkrs 8, 8, ;,
;, dmh
 dmh 44
44),
), dmh/er dhhnmo d gefksnvk (gk`kmtnmo) ge`-
pemkmt (Gfdptkr
(Gfdptkr < dmh
< dmh ?). Xfkrk drk `dmy dppcngdtnems tfdt jkmkt re` n`prevkh sfkdr
strkmotf nmgcuhnmo nmgrkdskh jkdrnmo gdpdgnty, n`prevkh scepk stdjncnty, dmh rkhugkh cnquk-
dgtnem petkmtndc.
Xfk sfkdr strkmotf
strkmot f e sencs ns d sepfnstngdtkh
sepfnstngdtkh gemgkpt. Xfkrk drk kmtnrk tkxts
tkxt s hkvetkh seckcy
seckcy
te tfns tepng. [mgemmkh ge`prkssnem tksts (skk Lnourk 4.4) 4.4) drk d ge``em `kdms te qudmtn-
tdtnvkcy iuhok tfk jkmkt e oreumh n`prevk`kmt kerts. Ler se`k preikgts, `erk sepfnstn-
gdtkh tkstnmo `dy jk mkkhkh. Rrnmgnpcks e sfkdr strkmotf, jetf hrdnmkh dmh umhrdnmkh, drk
rkvnkwkh nm Gfdptkr :. :.

4.:.: Ge`prkssnjncnty
Wenc stnmkss ns d `kdsurk e tfk hker`dtnem e sencs dssegndtkh wntf tfk dppcngdtnem e
d cedh. Ge`prkssnjncnty ns met d umnquk vdcuk, snmgk nt hkpkmhs em tfk mdturk e tfk cedh
dppcngdtnem dmh tfk nmntndc strkss stdtk e tfk senc. Xfk senc stnmkss gdm jk nmgrkdskh, n.k.
hkgrkdskh ge`prkssnjncnty, tfreuof oreumh n`prevk`kmt tkgfmnquks tfdt rkhugk venh rdtne
er dhh d gefksnvk er gk`kmtnmo ge`pemkmt. Gefksnvk senc stnmkss gdm jk nmgrkdskh jy
ge`pdgtnem (Gfdptkr
(Gfdptkr 8)
8) dmh gemsecnhdtnem (Gfdptkr
(Gfdptkr ;).
;). Ordmucdr senc stnmkss ns okmkrdccy
nmgrkdskh jy hkmsngdtnem (Gfdptkr
(Gfdptkr 8).
8). Gefksnvk dmh ordmucdr `dtkrndc ge`prkssnjncnty
ge`prkssnjncnty gdm
gd m
dcse jk rkhugkh vnd nmgrkdsnmo gefksnvkmkss tfreuof senc `nxnmo (Gfdptkr
( Gfdptkr <)
<) er oreutnmo
(Gfdptkr ?).
?).
 

8 Lumhd`kmtd cs e oreumh n`prevk`kmt kmonmkkrn mo

Lnourk 4.
4.4
4  [mgemmkh ge`prkssnv
ge`prkssnvk
k sfkdr strkmotf dppdrdtus.
dppdrdtus.

Emk e tfk `est wkcc-amewm gdsks e kxgkssnvk hker`dtnem (dad skttck`kmt) ns tfk gd`-
pdmnck (jkcc tewkr) nm Rnsd (skk Lnourk 4.:),
4.:), dad tfk –Ckdmnmo Xewkr e Rnsd.‐ Hnkrkmtndc
`evk`kmt e tfk oreumh jkcew tfk tewkr fds jkkm tfk sujikgt e mu`kreus stuhnks dmhd mh tfkrk
fdvk jkkm `uctnpck dttk`pts te stdjncnzk tfk tewkr. Xfk hnkrkmtndc `evk`kmt rksucts re`
mem-umner` sujsurdgk gemhntnems dmh ns kxdgkrjdtkh jy tfk umkvkm cedh dppcngdtnem emgk
tnctnmo jkodm. Nm Lnourk 4.:,
4.: , metngk tfk gdjcks kxtkmhnmo eutwdrh re` tfk ckt snhk e tfk
tewkr.. Xfns pfeteordpf wds tdakm nm 4>>> dt wfngf tn`k d puccky dmh geumtkrwknoft
tewkr geumtkr wknoft systk`
wkrk nm pcdgk geupckh wntf ckdh wknofts pcdgkh hnrkgtcy em tfk eumhdtnem dgtnmo ds d geum-
tkrwknoft k`pceykh ds dm k`krokmgy `kdsurk te stdjncnzk tfk tewkr. Wujskqukmtcy, oreumh
kxtrdgtnem jkmkdtf tfk fnof snhk e tfk tewkr prevkh suggkssuc nm drrkstnmo tfk `evk`kmts
(Jurcdmh kt dc. :22>). Xfns d`eus cdmh`dra rk`dnms d rk`nmhkr tfdt gemtreccnmo hker-
`dtnem dmh prkvkmtnmo strkmotf dncurks drk twe aky pkrer`dmgk grntkrnd er oketkgfmngdc
kmonmkkrnmo preikgts.

4.:.7 Fyhrducng gemhugtnvnty

Nm `est gdsks, n`prevkh oreumh ns oreumh tfdt ns `ehnkh te prehugk d zemk e rkhugkh
pkr`kdjncnty nm erhkr te gemtrec tfk hktrn`kmtdc kkgts e oreumhwdtkr. Ler kxd`pck, lew
jkmkdtf d hd` gdm ckdh te senc pdrtngck `evk`kmt (pnpnmo) dmh/er nmstdjncnty. Gemstrugtnem
 

Nmtrehugtnem ;

Lnourk 4.:  Xfk Ckdmnmo Xewkr

Xewkr e Rnsd.

preikgts dcse rkqukmtcy rkqunrk gemstrugtnem jkcew ordhk dmh etkm jkcew tfk wdtkr tdjck.
Nm tfksk gdsks, gemstrugtnem hkwdtkrnmo ns mkkhkh. Oreumh n`prevk`kmt nm sugf gdsks `noft
nmgcuhk hkwdtkrnmo, nmstdccdtnem e d cew pkr`kdjncnty vkrtngdc jdrrnkr (Gfdptkr
(Gfdptkr 6),
6), er rkhug-
tnem nm pkr`kdjncnty jy oreutnmo (Gfdptkr
(Gfdptkr ?).
?). Ds ns etkm tfk gdsk nm prdgtngk, fyhrducng gem-
hugtnvnty dmh pkr`kdjncnty drk uskh nmtkrgfdmokdjcy nm tfns jeea.

4.:.8 Cnqukdgtnem petkmtndc

Ceesk ordmucdr `dtkrndcs jkcew tfk oreumhwdtkr ckvkc gdm jk sujikgt te cnqukdgtnem (skk
Lnourk 4.7)
4.7) upem tfk dppcngdtnem e d hymd`ng cedh, sugf ds hurnmo dm kdrtfqudak. Hurnmo
sfdanmo, ceesk ordmucdr senc hkpesnts okmkrdccy hkgrkdsk nm vecu`k (n.k. ceesk sencs hkmsny).
N tfksk ceesk
cees k sencs drk cegdtkh jkcew tfk wdtkr tdjck, hrdnmdok
hrdn mdok weuch jk mkkhkh er tfk sencs
te dgtudccy hkmsny. Xfns hrdnmdok rkqunrks sugnkmt tn`k, wfngf er ordmucdr `dtkrndcs, ns
mer`dccy met d prejck` hurnmo stdtng cedhnmo. Fewkvkr, hurnmo kdrtfqudak
kdr tfqudak cedhnmo, tfkrk ns
nmsugnkmt
nmsu gnkmt tn`k er hrdnmdok wfngf rksucts nm dm nmgrkdsk nm perkwdtkr prkssurk dmh d rkhug-
rkhug-
tnem nm tfk kkgtnvk sfkdr strkmotf e tfk ordmucdr senc. Xfksk prnmgnpcks e sfkdr strkmotf dmh
cnqukdgtnem petkmtndc drk prkskmtkh nm `erk hktdnc nm Gfdptkr :. : . Xfk `est ge``em `ntnod-
tnem e tfns rnsa ns te hkmsny tfk sencs, wfngf rkhugks tfknr cnqukdgtnem petkmtndc. Ge``em
teecs er hkmsnynmo ordmucdr `dtkrndcs drk hksgrnjkh nm Gfdptkr 8. 8. Etfkr oreumh n`prevk-
`kmt tkgfmnquks te rkhugk cnqukdgtnem petkmtndc nmgcuhk oreumhwdtkr gemtrec (Gfdptkrs(Gfdptkrs ? 
? 
dmh 6) dmh nm sntu `nxnmo (Gfdptkr
(Gfdptkr <).
<).
 

< Lumhd`kmtd cs e oreumh n`prevk`kmt kmonmkkrn mo

Lnourk 4.7  Cnqukdgtnem e redh eumhdtnem nm Mkw Ykdcdmh (pfete geurtksy Mdtnemdc Kmvnrem`kmtdc
Wdtkccntk, Hdtd, dmh Nmer`dtnem Wkrvngk).

4.:.; Wfrnma/swkcc jkfdvner 

Wencs gemtdnmnmo s`kgtntng gcdys drk sujikgt te sujstdmtndc vecu`k gfdmoks nm rkspemsk te
gygcks e wkttnmo dmh hrynmo. Xfk sfrnma/swkcc jkfdvner e tfksk kxpdmsnvk sencs gdm fdvk
hktrn`kmtdcc kkgts dmh gdm preorkssnvkcy hd`dok d junchnmo
hktrn`kmtd junchnmo er gdusk d rktdnmnmo wdcc te dnc.
Lnourk 4.8 nccustrdtks
4.8 nccustrdtks redh hd`dok huk te kxpdmsnvk sencs. [mhkrstdmhnmo gcdy `nmkrdceoy
dmh tfk rksuctnmo kxpdmsnvk jkfdvner (Gfdptkr
(Gfdptkr :)
:) prner te skckgtnmo dmh hksnomnmo oreumh
n`prevk`kmt `ktfeheceonks
`ktfeheceonks ns n`pertdmt.
n`pert dmt. Oreumh n`prevk`kmt, tfreuof tfk usk e dh`nx-
dh`n x-
turks dmh nm sntu `nxnmo (Gfdptkr
(Gfdptkr <),
<), gdm `nmn`nzk tfk prepkmsnty er tfksk `dtkrndcs te
gfdmok vecu`k wntf wkttnmo dmh hrynmo.

4.:.< \drndjncnty
Rfysngdc dmh kmonmkkrnmo prepkrtnks e sencs drk mdturdccy vdrndjck. Dt tn`ks, tfns vdrndjncnty
gdm dkgt tfk pkrer`dmgk e d pcdmmkh strugturk. Ler kxd`pck, n tfk ge`prkssnjncnty vdr-
nks kmeuof re` cegdtnem te cegdtnem, dm kxgkssnvk hnkrkmtndc skttck`kmt geuch jk kxpkgtkh.
Oreumh n`prevk`kmt gdm `ehny tfk prepkrtnks e sujsurdgk `dtkrndcs te prevnhk d `erk
umner` pkrer`dmgk. Ler kxd`pck, gemsnhkr tfk skttck`kmt skmsntnvk strugturk sfewm nm
Lnourk 4.;.
4.;. Fkrk, tfk hkptf te jkhrega nmgrkdskh nm tfk hewmscepk hnrkgtnem dcemo tfk dxns
e tfk junchnmo. Evkrcynmo tfk jkhrega wkrk umgemsecnhdtkh `dtkrndcs e nmgrkdsnmo tfngamkss
tf ngamkss
 

Nmtrehugtnem ?

Lnourk 4.8  Wtrugt

Wtrugturdc
urdc hd`dok huk te kxpdmsnvk sencs (pfete geurtksy e Dmdmh Rupdcd).

Lnourk 4.;  Wkttck`kmt skmsntnvk jrnga

jrnga strugturk wntf vdrndjck sujsurdgk
sujsurdgk gemhntnems.
gemhntnems.

re` emk kmh e tfk junchnmo te tfk etfkr. [msurprnsnmocy, gemgkrms wntf hnkrkmtndc skttck-
`kmt dresk dmh d hkkp eumhdtnem systk` wds gfeskm er tfk strugturk (hrncckh sfdts nmte
pnmmdgckh cn`kstemk). Fewkvkr, tfk gfeskm eumhdtnem systk` wds vkry gestcy. Xfns sfert
gdsk stuhy skrvks te nccustrdtk tfdt, umhkr vdrndjck sntk gemhntnems, oreumh n`prevk`kmt
geuch rkhugk sntk vdrndjncnty, pkr`nttnmo dm nmkxpkmsnvk sfdccew eumhdtnem systk` rdtfkr
tfdm rkqunrnmo dm kxpkmsnvk hkkp eumhdtnem systk`. Ler tfns sntk, vnjre `ktfehs (Gfdptkr
(Gfdptkr  
;) geuch fdvk jetf hkmsnkh tfk sencs dmh rkhugkh vdrndjncnty nm ge`prkssnjncnty dgress tfk
sntk. Nm gdsks sugf ds tfns, oreumh n`prevk`kmt gdm prevk te jk snomngdmtcy ckss gestcy dmh
prevnhk pkrer`dmgk kqunvdckmt te d hkkp eumhdtnem systk`.
 

6 Lumhd`kmtd cs el oreumh n`prevk`kmt kmonmkkrn mo

4.7 E\KZ\NK_ EL OZE[MH N@RZE\K@KMX

N@RZE\K@KMX XKGFMNT[KW

Oreumh n`prevk`kmt prnmgnpcks fdvk gkrtdnm umhd`kmtdc `kgfdmnstng gfdrdgtkrnstngs tfdt

drk uskh te hkvkcep d gcdssngdtnem systk` er oreumh n`prevk`kmt. Dggerhnmocy, tfns jeea
usks eur hkmnmo prnmgnpcks, nm erhkr e nmgrkdsnmo ge`pckxnty9

  4. gemtrec e wdtkr ‗ rk`evdc er gemtrec e oreumhwdtkr,

  :. `kgfdmngdc
`kgfdmng dc `ehng
`ehngdtnem
dtnem ‗ rkdrrdmok`kmt e senc er wdtkr pdrtngck
pdrtngcks,
s,
  7. `ehngdtnem
`ehng dtnem jy dhhntnvks ‗ dhhntnem e gfk`ngdcs dmh,
  8. `ehngdtnem
`ehng dtnem jy nmgcusnems er gemmk`kmt ‗ systk` jkfdvner
jkfdvner `ehng
`ehngdtnem
dtnem tfreuof
rnonh er lkxnjck kck`kmt nmgcusnem er senc gemmk`kmt.

Dssnomnmo d pdrtngucdr oreumh n`prevk`kmt tkgfmnquk te d pdrtngucdr gdtkoery ns n`pkrkgt

snmgk se`k tkgfmnquks pesskss `uctnpck jkfdvnerdc gfdrdgtkrnstngs er prevnhk n`prevk`kmt
vnd `uctnpck prnmgnpcks. Xfns rksucts nm se`k tkgfmnquks fdvnmo gfdrdgtkrnstngs re` `erk
tfdm emk gdtkoery. Memktfkckss, sugf gcdssngdtnem systk` ns uskuc nm umhkrstdmhnmo few
pdrtngucdr
pdrtng ucdr tkgfmnquks
tkgfm nquks wera em d umhd`kmtdc ckvkc. Jdskh upem few d onvkm oreumh `ehn-
gdtnem tkgfmnquk n`prevks tfk senc, tfns jeea ns strugturkh dggerhnmo te Lnourk 4.<.
4.<.
We`k e tfk n`pertdmt prnmgnpcks, kmonmkkrnmo gemsnhkrdtnems, dmh gemstrugtnem `ktfehs
tfdt drk tfk egus e tfns jeea drk hnsgusskh urtfkr nm tfk sujskgtnems jkcew.

4.7.4 Ge`pdgtnem9 sfdccew `ktfehs

Ge`pdgtnem ns tfk hkmsngdtnem
hkmsng dtnem e sencs dt gemstdmt wdtkr gemtkmt. Gemsecnhdtnem, nm gemtrdst,
ns hnkrkmtndtkh re` ge`pdgtnem jy tfk hkgrkdsk nm wdtkr gemtkmt huk te tfk dppcngdtnem e
cedh te d sdturdtkh senc. Ge`pdgtnem (hkmsngdtnem) ns dgfnkvkh tfreuof tfk dppcngdtnem e
`kgfdmngdc kmkroy te senc sugf tfdt tfk dnr venh vecu`k ns hkgrkdskh, nmgrkdsnmo senc hkmsnty.
Wurdgk ge`pdgtnem wntf kqunp`kmt, sugf ds tfk pdh eet skc-prepkcckh recckr pngturkh nm
Lnourk 4.?,
4.?, fds cemo jkkm uskh te nmgrkdsk strkmotf, rkhugk ge`prkssnjncnty, dmh rkhugk tfk
pkr`kdjncnty e sencs. Kxd`pcks e oreumh n`prevk`kmt tkgfmnquks tfdt usk `kgfdmngdc
kmkroy ds tfk prnmgnpdc `kdms te n`prevk senc jkfdvner nmgcuhk surdgk ge`pdgtnem, hkkp
hymd`ng ge`pdgtnem, dmh rdpnh n`pdgt ge`pdgtnem. Xfksk drk dcc surdgk dppcngdtnems e
`kgfdmngdc kmkroy tfdt hnssnpdtk wntf hkptf. Nm henmo se, tfk `kgfdmngdc kmkroy gdusks d
rkdrrdmok`kmt e tfk senc strugturk nmte d hkmskr gemourdtnem. Wfdccew (surdgk) `ktfehs
e ge`pdgtnem er oreumh n`prevk`kmt drk prkskmtkh nm Gfdptkr 8. 8.

4.7.: Ge`pdgtnem9 hkkp `ktfehs

Eggdsnemdccy, tfk kkgtnvk hkptf e surdgk ge`pdgtnem ns nmsugnkmt
nmsu gnkmt ge`pdrkh te tfk hkptf
e `dtkrndc tdroktkh er ge`pdgtnem. Fkrk, hkkp ge`pdgtnem `ktfehs,
`ktfehs , wfngf dppcy `kgfdm-
ngdc kmkroy jkcew tfk surdgk, drk mkkhkh. Nm `est gdsks, hkkp ge`pdgtnem `ktfehs dcse
k`pcey vnjrdtnem dmh etkm nmvecvk tfk dhhntnem e stemk, oreut, er gemgrktk hurnmo tfk pre-
gkss te cc tfk spdgk grkdtkh jy tfk hkmsngdtnem. Hkpkmhnmo upem tfk hktdncs e tfk pregkss
dmh tfk gemtrdgter ge`pcktnmo tfk wera, vdrneus md`ks drk onvkm te tfksk hkkp `ktfehs.
Wugf md`ks nmgcuhk, jut drk met cn`ntkh te, vnjreletdtnem, vnjrege`pdgtnem, vnjrerkpcdgk-
`kmt, Okepnkrs®, dmh rd``kh doorkodtk pnkrs®  (ZDR). Ler kxd`pck, Lnourk 4.6  4.6  sfews d
vnjrdter uskh er hkkp vnjrege`pdgtnem er vnjrerkpcdgk`kmt dmh Lnourk 4.> sfews
4.> sfews tfk fep-
pkr jknmo cckh wntf sdmh hurnmo d vnjrege`pdgtnem preikgt.
Xfksk tkgfmnquks kvecvkh re` wera hemk evkr ?2 ykdrs doe jy tfk Akcckr Ge`pdmy
(Anrsgf dmh Anrsgf :24<). Hkkp ge`pdgtnem tkgfmnquks jkodm te leurnsf nm tfk 4>;2s dmh
 

Nmtrehugtnem >

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   a
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  e
   j
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   l
  e
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  e
   n
  t
  d
  z
   n
  m
  d
  o
  r
   E
 
   <
 .
   4
  k
  r
  u
  o
   n
   L
 

42 Lumhd`kmt dcs e oreumh n`prevk`kmt kmonmkkrn mo

Lnourk 4.?   Wenc ge`pdgtnem wntf d pdh eet ge`pdgter.

Lnourk 4.6  \njrdter uskh er hkkp vnjrdter y ge`pdgtnem (geurtk

(geurtksy
sy e Akcckr Mertf D`krngd).
 

Nmtrehugtnem 44

Lnourk 4.>  Dhhnmo sdmh te tfk feppkr er vnjrdter hurnmo hkkp vnjrdtery
4.> vnjrdter y ge`pdgtnem.

4><2s. Kdrcy preikgts uskh cdrok, terpkhe-cnak vnjrdters epkrdtnmo jktwkkm 4,;22 rp` dmh
7,222 rp` dmh tfdt hkvkcepkh fernzemtdc ergks nm tfk rdmok e 422 aM te 4;2 aM te kkg-
tnvkcy ge`pdgt ceesk sdmhs. Nmntndccy, sdmh wds dhhkh dt tfk surdgk te ge`pkmsdtk er tfk
vecu`k gfdmok rksuctnmo re` tfk hkmsngdtnem e tfk nm sntu sdmh. Ds tn`k pdsskh, jette`-
kkh vnjrdters wkrk hkvkcepkh
hkvkcepkh er tfk dhhntnem e sdmh er stemk, kmdjcnmo tfk gemstrugtnem
gemstrug tnem e
stemk gecu`ms. Ler d `erk hktdnckh fnstery, pdrtngucdrcy Kurepkdm fnstery, e tfk hkvkcep-
`kmt e hkkp vnjrdtery tkgfmngs, skk Anrsgf dmh Anrsgf (:24<). Hkkp ge`pdgtnem `ktfehs
drk dhhrksskh nm Gfdptkr 8.
8.

4.7.7 Wenc `nxnmo

`nxnmo dmh nmikgtnem `ktfehs
Wenc `nxnmo `ktfehs, sugf ds tfesk hksgrnjkh nm Gfdptkr <, <, drk `ktfehs e oreumh
o reumh n`prevk-
`kmt wfkrknm tfk senc prepkrtnks drk n`prevkh nm sntu vnd tfk dhhntnem e emk er `erk
rkdokmts. Nmikgtnmo er `nxnmo nm rkdokmts sugf ds cn`k, pertcdmh gk`kmt, scdo gk`kmt, er
ge`jnmdtnems e rkdokmts, gdm rksuct nm nmgrkdskh sfkdr strkmotf, rkhugkh ge`prkssnjncnty,
dmh rkhugkh fyhrducng gemhugtnvnty. Nm dhhntnem te umhkrstdmhnmo tfk `kdms dmh `ktfehs
e senc `nxnmo dmh nmikgtnem, dm umhkrstdmhnmo e tfk `kgfdmns`s jy wfngf tfk dhhntnvks
wera ns grntngdc te tfk suggkssuc gfengk dmh usk e dmy pdrtngucdr senc `nxnmo dmh nmikgtnem
`ktfeh. Ler kxd`pck, rkdokmts gdm jk dhhkh nm d hry `nx `ktfeh ( Lnourk 4.42) 4.42) er d wkt
`nx `ktfeh (Lnourk
(Lnourk 4.44).
4.44). Xfk pregkss e skckgtnmo tfk jkst `ktfeh, `nx hksnoms, dmh kch
gemourdtnems hkpkmhs em tfk amewckhok e senc gemhntnems dmh tfk hksnrkh eutge`ks. Xe
 

4: Lumhd`kmt dcs e oreumh n`prevk`kmt kmonmkkrnmo

Lnourk 4.42  Wenc `nxnmo usnmo hry `nx `ktfeh.

Lnourk
Lnou rk 4.44  Wenc `nxnmo usnmo wkt `nx `ktfeh.
4.44

tfns kmh, ge``em `dtkrndcs dmh tfk `kgfdmns`s e dhhntnem dcemo wntf gemstrugtnem dmh
tkstnmo `ktfehs te vkrny pkrer`dmgk drk prkskmtkh nm Gfdptkr <.
<.

4.7.8 Wtdjncnzdtnem dmh secnhnngdtnem

Xfk n`prevk`kmt e tfk oreumh dt gemtd`nmdtkh cdmh dmh fdzdrheus wdstk sntks nmvecvks
dhhntnemdc gemsnhkrdtnems, `dtkrndcs, dmh `ktfehs jkyemh tfesk tfdt `noft jk uskh er
oreumh n`prevk`kmt er oketkgfmngdc purpesks. @ugf e tfk kqunp`kmt dmh `dmy e tfk
gemstrugtnem `ktfehs drk tfk sd`k ds, er sn`ncdr te, tfesk hnsgusskh nm Gfdptkr <.
<. Ler
 

Nmtrehugtnem 47

Lnourk 4.4:  Wtdjncnz

Wtdjncnzdtnem/secnhngdtn
dtnem/secnhngdtnem
em e d gemtd`nmdt
gemtd`nmdtkh
kh sntk.

kxd`pck, Lnourk 4.4: 

4.4:  sfews stdjncnzdtnem dmh secnhngdtnem e d gemtd`nmdtkh sntk. Cnak
`dmy gemtd`nmdtkh sntks, `uctnpck `ktfehs e sntk rk`khndtnem wkrk k`pceykh ds d systk`
te gemtdnm tfk gemtd`nmdmts dmh `ntnodtk tfk rnsa te pujcng fkdctf dmh tfk kmvnrem`kmt. Dt
tfns sntk, stdjncnzdtnem dmh secnhngdtnem wkrk uskh er tfk uppkr pertnem e tfk drkd e tfk
hnspesdc pnts dcemo wntf d vkrtngdc gute (Gfdptkr
(Gfdptkr 6)
6) te gemtrec dmh gemtdnm tfk rk`dnmnmo
gemtd`nmdtkh senc, scuhok, dmh oreumhwdtkr.
Xfk spkgndc mdturk e gemtd`nmdtkh oreumh ds wkcc ds tfk pretkgtnem e pujcng fkdctf
dmh tfk kmvnrem`kmt rkqunrks dhhntnemdc rklkgtnem. Ler tfksk dppcngdtnems, tepngs sugf ds
gemtd`nmdmt trdmspert dmh jemhnmo `kgfdmns`s mkkh te jk geupckh wntf trdhntnemdc gem-
snhkrdtnems sugf ds strkmotf, pkr`kdjncnty,
pkr`kdjnc nty, dmh ge`prkssnjncnty.
ge`prkssnjncnty. Xfksk tepngs drk prkskmtkh nm
Gfdptkr : dmh
: dmh hnsgusskh nm Gfdptkrs < dmh
< dmh 6.

4.7.; Oreutnmo
Oreutnmo, ds d `kdms e oreumh n`prevk`kmt, gemsnsts e nmikgtnmo, usudccy umhkr prkssurk,
d lunhnzkh `dtkrndc (oreut) nmte tfk sujsurdgk. Xfk oreut tfkm kntfkr ccs perk spdgk er
hnspcdgks senc, prehugnmo stremokr d senc er`dtnem. Oreutnmo tkgfmnquks nmgcuhk pkr`kdtnem
oreutnmo, rdgturk oreutnmo, ge`pdgtnem oreutnmo, dmh ikt oreutnmo (d er` e senc `nxnmo).
@kgfdmnstngdccy, kdgf tkgfmnquk ns hnkrkmt, usnmo hnkrkmt `dtkrndcs, `ktfehs, dmh hksnom
`ktfeheceonks.
Oreut `dtkrndcs etkm –skt‐ er fdrhkm dtkr nmikgtnem. Gfk`ngdc oreuts, sugf ds sncngdtk
oreuts, gdm fdvk cew vnsgesntnks dmh pkmktrdtk s`dcc venh spdgks. @est gk`kmt oreuts, pdr-
tngucdrcy tfesk `dhk wntf erhnmdry pertcdmh gk`kmt, gdmmet pkmktrdtk s`dcc venhs jut wera
wkcc nm rega gemtdnmnmo epkm rdgturks dmh venhs. Wuggkssuc oreutnmo preord`s drk hkvkc-
epkh wntf dm nm-hkptf
nm-hkpt f umhkrstdmhnmo
umhkrstdmhn mo e tfk rfkeceongdc prepkrtnks e tfk oreut (vnsgesnty, skt
tn`k, dmh stdjncnty) te prkhngt tfk `evk`kmt e tfk oreut nm tfk sujsurdgk.
Ge`pkmsdtnem oreutnmo ns e spkgndc n`pertdmgk nm urjdm
u rjdm drkds. Ler kxd`pck, tfk gemstrug-
tnem e tfk GressZdnc preikgt nm Cemhem nmgcuhkh tfk gemstrugtnem e mkw rdncwdy tummkcs
 

48 Lumhd`kmt dcs e oreumh n`prevk`kmt kmonmkkrnmo

dmh stdtnems nm dm dcrkdhy grewhkh sujsurdgk kmvnrem`kmt. Onvkm tfk djevk-oreumh kmvn-
rem`kmt tfdt nmgcuhks `dmy fnsterng dmh dkstfktng strugturks dcemo tfk reutk, tkgfmnquks
te dvenh hd`dok te kxnstnmo strugturks wkrk rkqunrkh. Kxgdvdtnems er tummkcs dmh stdtnems
jkcew ordhk weuch nmkvntdjcy gdusk surdgk `evk`kmts n met er tfk djncnty te –ge`pkm-
sdtk‐ er tfk sujsurdgk `evk`kmts vnd oreutnmo. Xfus, surdgk `evk`kmts drk rkoucdrcy
dmtngnpdtkh, `emnterkh, dmh gerrkgtkh jy sujsurdgk ge`pkmsdtnem oreutnmo. Lnourk 4.47 
4.47 
sgfk`dtngdccy nccustrdtks tfk jkmkts e ge`pkmsdtnem oreutnmo te tfk `nmn`nzdtnem e tfk
skttck`kmt e junchnmos dcemo d tummkc dcnom`kmt. Dmdcysns e `emnternmo hdtd te hktkgt
`evk`kmts gdm ckdh te tfk hkgnsnem te nmikgt oreut umhkr prkssurk dt spkgnkh cegdtnems te
ge`pkmsdtk er tfk hktkgtkh `evk`kmts. Ge`pkmsdtnem, dmh etfkr typks e oreutnmo, drk
hnsgusskh nm Gfdptkrs ? dmh
? dmh 44
44..

4.7.< Hkwdtkrnmo
Xfkrk drk tn`ks tfdt oreumh ns umstdjck emcy jkgdusk oreumhwdtkr ns prkskmt er lewnmo nm
sugf d wdy ds te hkstdjncnzk tfk senc. _fnck
_ fnck oreutnmo (Gfdptkr
(Gfdptkr ?)
?) dmh gute wdccs (Gfdptkr
(Gfdptkr 6)
6)
drk twe oreumh n`prevk`kmt `ktfehs tfdt gdm rkhugk fyhrducng gemhugtnvnty dmh n`prevk
stdjncnty, tfkrk drk mu`kreus eggdsnems wfkm hkwdtkrnmo `dy jk d jkttkr gfengk. _ntfeut
prepkr oreumhwdtkr gemtrec, lewnmo oreumhwdtkr gdm rksuct nm jette` fkdvk, umstdjck
scepks, dmh hnguct er n`pessnjck weranmo gemhntnems. Lnourk 4.48  4.48  sfews dm kxgdvdtnem
jkcew tfk wdtkr tdjck nm d strdtnordpfy e sdmh evkrcynmo snct e cewkr pkr`kdjncnty. Kvkm
wntf hkkp hkwdtkrnmo wkccs, tfrkk `ktkrs em gkmtkr, skkpdok jktwkkm tfk wkccs dt tfk nmtkr-
dgk jktwkkm tfk sdmh dmh tfk snct rksuctkh nm cegdcnzkh dmh preorkssnvk scepk nmstdjncnty.
Oreumh n`prevk`kmt jy hkwdtkrnmo ns d wnhkcy uskh, jut etkm hnguct, tkgfmnquk tfdt
rkqunrks hktdnckh amewckhok e sujsurdgk gemhntnems, tfkerktngdc umhkrstdmhnmo e oreumh-
wdtkr lew, dmh kxpkrnkmgk. Hkwdtkrnmo ns wkcc gevkrkh nm `dmy tkxts, nmgcuhnmo Rewkrs
kt dc. (:22?).

Lnourk 4.47  Ge`pkmsdtne

Ge`pkmsdtnemm oreutnmo te `nmn`nzk skttck`kmt hurnmo tummkcnmo.
 

Nmtrehugtnem 4;

Lnourk 4.48  N`prepkrc

N`prepkrcyy hkwdtkrkh kxgdvdtnem.

4.7.? Gemsecnhdtnem
_fnck ge`pdgtnem (Gfdptkr
(Gfdptkr 8)
8) ns hkmsngdtnem dt gemstdmt wdtkr gemtkmt, gemsecnhdtnem ns
hkmsngdtnem dt hkgrkdsnmo wdtkr gemtkmt (Gfdptkr
(Gfdptkr ;).
;). Ds d rksuct, gemsecnhdtnem ns d tn`k-
hkpkmhkmt pregkss, ds nt tdaks snomngdmt tn`k er wdtkr te ckdvk gcdy. Hurnmo gemsecnhdtnem,
sencs odnm strkmotf dmh tfknr ge`prkssnjncnty ns rkhugkh. Wet, ge`prkssnjck, mk-ordnmkh
mk-ordn mkh sencs
drk prn`k gdmhnhdtks er oreumh n`prevk`kmt jy gemsecnhdtnem. Wet gefksnvk sencs okmkr-
dccy fdvk cew fyhrducng gemhugtnvntnks dmh, snmgk tfk tn`k-rdtk e gemsecnhdtnem hkpkmhs
upem senc pkr`kdjncnty, tfk tn`k rkqunrkh te gemsecnhdtk set gefksnvk senc `dy kxgkkh tfk
tn`k dvdncdjck nm tfk gemstrugtnem sgfkhuck. Nm tfksk gdsks, gemsecnhdtnem gdm jk kmfdmgkh
jy nmskrtnmo vkrtngdc hrdnms. Xrdhntnemdccy sdmh hrdnms wkrk nmstdcckh te sfertkm tfk hrdnmdok
pdtf dmh spkkh up tfk gemsecnhdtnem pregkss. Rrkdjrngdtkh vkrtngdc hrdnms drk mew `erk
ge``emcy uskh. Lnourk 4.4; sfews
4.4; sfews sgfk`dtngdccy d typngdc usk e vkrtngdc hrdnms te spkkh
gemsecnhdtnem e set oreumh jkmkdtf dm k`jdma`kmt. Gemsecnhdtnem, te n`prevk tfk prep-
krtnks e oreumh usnmo tkgfmnquks sugf ds vkrtngdc hrdnms,
hrdn ms, prkcedhnmo, dmh vdguu` gemsecnhd-
tnem, ns hnsgusskh nm Gfdptkr ;.
;.

4.7.6 @kgfdmngdccy stdjncnzkh kdrtf

Ler tfeusdmhs e ykdrs, `dsemry strugturks wkrk junct nm sugf d wdy ds te n`pdrt ge`prkssnvk
strkssks em tfk stemk junchnmo `dtkrndcs. Drgfks wkrk ge``emcy uskh te spdm epkmnmos ds tfns
gemourdtnem dssurkh tfk `dsemry `dtkrndcs wkrk nm ge`prkssnem. Xfns junchnmo dppredgf
 

4< Lumhd`kmtd cs e oreumh n`prevk`kmt kmonmkkrn mo

Lnourk 4.4;  \krtngdc hrdnms te spkkh gemsecnhdtnem e set oreumh.

Lnourk 4.4<  @kgfdmngdccy stdjncnzkh

stdjncnzkh kdrtf (geurtksy
(geurtksy e Zejkrt Jdrrktt, OkeWtdjncnzdtnem
OkeWt djncnzdtnem Nmtkrmdtnemdc).
Nmtkrmdtnemdc).

wds uskh jkgdusk stemk fds cnttck tkmsnck strkmotf jut cdrok ge`prkssnvk strkmotf. Wn`ncdrcy,
sencs fdvk mkocnonjck tkmsnck strkmotf jut cdrok ge`prkssnvk strkmotf. Wencs wera wkcc te sup-
pert strugturks dmh skrvk ds kdrtfkm strugturks wfkm nm ge`prkssnem. Xfk nmtrehugtnem e
tkmsnck rknmergk`kmt, rst pepucdrnzkh ds Zknmergkh Kdrtf K, nm tfk 4><2s, epkmkh tfk heer
te d wnhk rdmok e dppcngdtnems nmgcuhnmo tfk mew wnhkcy uskh `kgfdmngdccy stdjncnzkh kdrtf
(@WK) rktdnmnmo wdccs. Xfk kmer`eus jkmkt e rknmergk`kmt ns nccustrdtkh nm Lnourk 4.4<. 4.4<.
Met emcy gdm d vkrtngdc dgk e cc jk dgfnkvkh jut d rkvkrsk jdttkr ds wkcc.
Xfk jkmkt e rknmergnmo ns urtfkr nccustrdtkh
n ccustrdtkh te stuhkmts
stuhkmts vnd tfk DWGK
D WGK OkeGfdcckmok,
OkeGfdc ckmok,
d stuhkmt ge`pktntnem. Wfewm em tfk ckt snhk e Lnourk 4.4? ns4.4? ns d sfkkt e gemstrugtnem
pdpkr (tfk rktdnmnmo wdcc dgk) wntf strnps e jrewm wrdppnmo pdpkr dttdgfkh (tfk rknm-
ergk`kmt). Wfewm em tfk rnoft snhk e Lnourk 4.4? ns
4.4? ns tfk ge`p
ge`pcktkh
cktkh rktdnmnmo wdcc 2.; `
fnof suppertnmo d sdmhy jdgacc dmh d :: ao surgfdrok. Xfns cdjerd cdjerdtery
tery kxpkrn`kmt hk`-
emstrdtks tfk n`pertdmt n`prevk`kmt nm ordmucdr senc strkmotf jy tfk dhhntnem e kvkm
`ehkst tkmsnck rknmergk`kmt. Gfdptkr 42 hnsgussks
42 hnsgussks tfk er`s dmh usks e okesymtfktng
rknmergkh senc.
 

Nmtrehugtnem 4?

Lnourk 4.4?   Cdjerdtery-sgdck `kgfdmngdccy

`kgfdmngdccy stdjncnzkh kdrtf wdcc hurnmo
hurnmo cedh tkstnmo.
tkstnmo.

Lnourk 4.46  Fkrjkrt Feevkr Hnak gute

gute wdcc.

4.7.> Nm sntu jdrrnkrs

Nm sntu vkrtngdc jdrrnkrs (gute wdccs) fdvk jkkm uskh er evkr 82 ykdrs te gemtrec tfk fernzem-
tdc lew e oreumhwdtkr nm tfk sujsurdgk. N`prevnmo tfk oreumh gemhntnems, jy rkhugnmo tfk
lew nm tfk fernzemtdc hnrkgtnem, fds jkkm ge``emcy uskh er hkwdtkrnmo te n`prevk scepk
stdjncnty dmh rkhugk wdtkr lew nmte kxgdvdtnems. Nm tfk 4>62s, tfksk sd`k jdrrnkrs gd`k
nmte wnhksprkdh usk er kmvnrem`kmtdc dppcngdtnems te gemtrec gemtd`nmdmt trdmspert nm tfk
sujsurdgk. Kmonmkkrs dcse amew dmh dgamewckhok tfdt `dmy e tfk hd`s dmh ckvkks gem-
strugtkh evkr tfk cdst 422 er `erk ykdrs mkkh n`prevk`kmt. Nssuks wntf skkpdok dmh stdjncnty
ikepdrhnzk tfknr pkrer`dmgk, pdrtngucdrcy hurnmo leeh kvkmts. Xfus, nm sntu jdrrnkrs (gute
wdccs) fdvk eumh wnhksprkdh usk te n`prevk tfk prepkrtnks e tfk umhkrcynmo `dtkrndcs dmh
n`prevk tfk prepkrtnks e tfk hd` er ckvkk.
Xfk Fkrjkrt Feevkr Hnak nm Lcernhd, [WD, [ WD, ns d prn`k kxd`pck
kxd `pck e tfk usk e d jdrrnkr wdcc
er ckvkk rkfdjncntdtnem nm rkspemsk te skkpdok
s kkpdok dmh pnpnmo prejck`s. Nm erhkr te gut e skkp-
sk kp-
dok tfreuof dmh jkmkdtf tfk hd`, d gute wdcc wds nmstdcckh ( Lnourk 4.46).4.46). Xfk wdcc, 2.? `
 

46 Lumhd`kmt dcs e oreumh n`prevk`kmt kmonmkkrn mo

wnhk dmh dvkrdonmo :: ` hkkp, pkmktrdtkh tfk hnak dmh tfk umhkrcynmo cdykrs e pkdt, sdmh,
dmh cn`kstemk. Ds d rksuct, kxnstnmo pnpnmo pdtfs wkrk gut e, tfk skkpdok pdtf wds ckmotf-
kmkh, dmh kxnt ordhnkmts wkrk rkhugkh.
Xfkrk drk `yrndh `dtkrndcs tfdt `dy jk uskh nm gute wdccs dmh mu`kreus wdys te gem-
strugt tfk`. Xfk hksnrkh mdc prehugt ns usudccy d gute wdcc tfdt ns fe`eokmkeus dmh fds
d cew pkr`kdjncnty (fyhrducng gemhugtnvnty). Etkm tfkrk ns d `ehkrdtk strkmotf
st rkmotf rkqunrk`kmt
ds wkcc. Wpkgndc gemsnhkrdtnems e ge`pdtnjncnty jktwkkm tfk jdrrnkr dmh tfk gemtd`nmdmts
drk mkkhkh wfkm tfksk jdrrnkrs drk uskh te gemtrec gemtd`nmdmt trdmspert dreumh wdstk er
gemtd`nmdtkh cdmh sntks. @dtkrndcs, `ktfehs, hksnoms, dmh dmdcysks e gute wdccs drk hns-
gusskh nm hktdnc nm Gfdptkrs <,
<, ? dmh
dmh 6
 6..

4.7.42
4.7.42 Luturk hkvkcep`kmts nm oreumh n`prevk`kmt
_fnck `dmy oreumh n`prevk`kmt tkgfmnquks drk trnkh dmh prevkm, tfkrk drk gemtnmueus
hkvkcep`kmts nm hksnom, kqunp`kmt, dmh gemstrugtnem tkgfmnquks er tfksk kstdjcnsfkh
`ktfehs. Me heujt tfkrk wncc jk mkw pujcngdtnems rkpertnmo em tfksk hkvkcep`kmts genmgn-
hkmt wntf dmh dtkr tfk ge`pcktnem e tfns tkxt. Xfns tkxt dnhs nm umhkrstdmhnmo, kvdcudtnmo,
dmh dheptnmo mkw hkvkcep`kmts.
Nm dhhntnem te k`kronmo hkvkcep`kmts dmh n`prevk`kmts te kxnstnmo tkgfmeceonks, se`k
pkmhnmo hkvkcep`kmts `dy prevk te jk kmtnrkcy mkw dppredgfks te oreumh n`prevk`kmt.
Emk kxgkcckmt kxd`pck `noft jk tkr`kh jneoketkgfmngdc oreumh n`prevk`kmt. Xfkrk ns d
rngf `ngrejndc kmvnrem`kmt nm sencs. @ngrejks pdrtngnpdtk nm jneokegfk`ngdc rkdgtnems, gem-
tnmueuscy rkprehugnmo dmh hynmo e. Xfk wdys `ngrejks gdm dkgt senc jkfdvner nmgcuhk,
jut drk met cn`ntkh te, `nmkrdc prkgnpntdtnem, `nmkrdc trdmser`dtnem, dmh jnec` orewtf.
@nmkrdc prkgnpntdtnem gdm rksuct nm stremokr,
st remokr, stnkr sencs, ynkchnmo n`prevkh jkdrnmo
jkdrn mo gdpdgnty,
cnqukdgtnem rksnstdmgk, dmh rkhugkh ge`prkssnjncnty. Jnec`s gdm dcse rkhugk pkr`kdjncnty,
er`nmo sujsurdgk jdrrnkrs.
Lnourk 4.4> sfews
4.4> sfews dm nhkdcnzkh gress-skgtnem sfewnmo vdrneus jneoketkgfmngdc oreumh
n`prevk`kmts nmgcuhnmo stdjncnzdtnem e oreumh surreumhnmo d tummkc, n`prevkh scepk

Lnourk 4.4>  Jneoketkg

Jneoketkgfmngdc
fmngdc oreumh n`prevk`kmt.
 

Nmtrehugtnem 4>

stdjncnty, cew pkr`kdjncnty jdrrnkr te gemtrec sujordhk wdtkr, dmh n`prevkh kresnem
gemtrec.
Nm dhhntnem te hkvkcep`kmts cnak jneoketkgfmngdc oreumh n`prev
n `prevk`kmt,
k`kmt, tfk uturk
utu rk ns cnakcy
te rkvkdc tfk hkvkcep`kmt dmh usk e kxnstnmo `dtkrndcs dmh `ktfehs nm wdys tfdt drk met
gurrkmtcy uskh. _fnck
_f nck met nm wnhksprkdh usk, `nxnmo pcdstng jkrs te nmgrkdsk tfk strkmotf
strkmo tf e
sdmh (Rdra dmh Xdm :22;1 Ordy dmh Efdsfn 4>67) dmh tfk usk e okeed` te rkhugk kdrtf
prkssurks em rktdnmnmo wdccs (Fervdtf :2421 Hdsdad kt dc. :248) drk odnmnmo usk. Xfk jkm-
kts e rkusnmo d vdrnkty e wdstk `dtkrndcs,
`dtkrndcs , sugf ds rkgygckh oypsu` (Df`kh
(D f`kh dmh Nssd :248)
:248)
dmh kckgtreanmktngs er tfk stdjncnzdtnem e set gcdy (Cd`emt-Jcdga kt dc. :24:1 @dckazdhkf
dmh Wnvdauodm :24?), drk jknmo stuhnkh.
Nt ns cnakcy tfdt tfk uturk e oreumh n`prevk`kmt wncc prevnhk er kxpcngnt gemsnhkr-
dtnems e sustdnmdjncnty wfkm hkgnhnmo wfdt, n dmy, oreumh n`prevk`kmt `ktfeh te k`pcey.
Fnsterngdccy,, oketkgfmngdc kmonmkkrs wkrk prn`drncy gemgkrmkh wntf (4) prevnhnmo dm dhkqudtk
Fnsterngdccy
dgter e sdkty dodnmst dncurk e senc1 (:) gemtreccnmo skttck`kmts dmh `evk`kmts e tfk
oreumh1 dmh (7) gest. Kmvnrem`kmtdc dmh sustdnmdjncnty gemsnhkrdtnems drk dm n`pertdmt pdrt
e tfk hkgnsnem pregkss. Gemsnhkrdtnems e mensk, fnsterngdccy er drgfntkgturdccy n`pertdmt
strugturks, drgfkeceongdc mhs, dmh nmgemvkmnkmgk te tfk pujcng drk ksskmtndc gemsnhkrdtnems
wfkm k`pceynmo oreumh n`prevk`kmt. Dt tfk tn`k e tfns wrntnmo (:2:4), nt ns gckdr tfdt
uturk preikgts wncc mkkh te kxpcngntcy gemsnhkr sustdnmdjncnty dmh ckodgy kkgts nm tfk hkgnsnem
pregkss.

4.8 N@REZXDMGK EL GEMWXZ[

GEMWXZ[GXNEM
GXNEM

Xfkrk ns d ge``em tfrkdh tfdt wkdvks tfreuof tfns gfdptkr dmh tfns jeea9 tfk hksnom dmh
pkrer`dmgk e oreumh n`prevk`kmt ns nmkxtrngdjcy cnmakh te gemstrugtnem. Emk gdmmet
–hksnom‐ d oreumh n`prevk`kmt preord` wntfeut d ucc umhkrstdmhnmo e tfk gemstrugtnem
`kdms dmh `ktfehs. Nm dgt, grkhnt er tfk hkvkcep`kmt e oreumh n`prevk`kmt tkgfmnquks
cnks cdrokcy wntf nmmevdtnvk
n mmevdtnvk gemtrdgters. @dmy e tfk kxpkrts nm
n m tfk kch e oreumh n`prevk-
`kmt drk er wkrk gemtrdgters.

4.; RZEJCK@W

  4.4 Drk oreumh n`prevk`kmt tkgfmnquks `erk sustdnmdjck tfdm trdhntnemdc dctkrmdtnvks
sugf ds hkkp eumhdtnems5 Iustny yeur dmswkr.
 4.: Gfeesk d oreumh n`prevk`kmt
n`prevk`kmt tkgfmnquk dmh prkpdrk d 42-scnhk prkskmtdtnem dppre-
prndtk er skgemhdry sgfeec stuhkmts te nmgrkdsk tfknr nmtkrkst nm tfk kchs e sgnkmgk,
tkgfmeceoy, kmonmkkrnmo, er `dtfk`dtngs.
  4.7 Few drk n`prevk`kmts
n`prevk`kmts nm senc strkmotf dmh stnmkss umhd`kmtdccy
umhd`kmtdc cy hnkrkmt5
  4.8 Ge`pdrk dmh gemtrdst gemsecnhdtnem dmh ge`pdgtnem.
ge`pdgtnem.
  4.; [snmo prnmgnpcks e sustdn
sustdnmdjncnty,
mdjncnty, ge`pdrk
ge`pdrk tfk usk e oreumh n`prevk`kmt wntf `erk
trdhntnemdc hkkp eumhdtnem `ktfehs.
  4.< Oreumh n`prevk`kmt
n`prevk`kmt prejck`s drk cdrokcy tfesk e senc-str
senc-strugturk
ugturk nmtkrdgtnem. Kxpcdnm.
  4.? Xfk wdtkr gemtkmt
gemtkmt dmh hkorkk e sdturdtnem wncc snomngdmtcy
snomngd mtcy n`pdgt tfk kgdg
kgdgyy e
gkrtdnm oreumh n`prevk`kmt tkgfmnquks. Zkcdtk yeur kxpkrnkmgks em tfk jkdgf junch-
nmo sdmhgdstcks te tfk kkgt e wdtkr gemtkmt dmh hkorkk e sdturdtnem.
  4.6 Wpkgndct
Wpkgndctyy gemtrdgters drk `erk cnakcy tfdm oketkgfmngdc
oketkgfmng dc gemsuctdmts te hkvkcep mkw
dmh n`prevkh tkgfmnquks nm oreumh n`prevk`kmt. _fy weuch tfns jk tfk gdsk5
 

:2 Lumhd`kmt dcs e oreumh n`prevk`kmt kmonmkkrnmo

ZKLKZKMGKW

Df`kh, D. dmh Nssd, [.F. (:248). Wtdjncnty e set gcdy senc stdjncnskh wntf rkgygckh oypsu` nm d wkt
kmvnrem`kmt. Wencs dmh Leumhdtnems, ;8(7), 82;‗84<.
DWGK. (4><6). Wpkgndcty gemkrkmgk em pcdgk`kmt dmh n`prevk`kmt e senc te suppert strugturks .
Zkstem, \D9
\D9 D`krngdm Wegnkty
W egnkty e Gnvnc Kmonmkkrs,
Kmon mkkrs, Wenc @kgfdmngs dmh Leumhdtnems Hnvnsnem.
DWGK. (4>?6). Wenc n`prevk`kmt-fnstery, gdpdjncntnks, dmh eutceea. I.A. @ntgfkcc (Kh.). Mkw ^era9
D`krngdm Wegnkty
Wegnkt y e Gnvnc Kmonmkkrs, 46: pp.
Jkrkgf`dm, I. (:227
(:227). ). Xrdmspertdtnem‗
Xrdmspertdtnem‗‗kgeme`ng
‗kgeme`ng dspkgts e Ze`dm fnofwdy hkvkcep`kmt9
hkvkcep`kmt9 Xfk gdsk
e \nd Dppnd. Xrdmspertdtnem Zkskdrgf Rdrt D9 Recngy dmh Rrdgtngk, 7? (;), (;), 8;7‗8?6.
Jurcdmh, I.J., Id`necaewsan, @.J. dmh \noondmn, G. (:22>). Ckdmnmo Xewkr e Rnsd9 Jkfdvneur dtkr
stdjncnzdtnem epkrdtnems. NWW@OK Nmtkrmdtnemdc Ieurmdc e Okekmonmkkrnmo Gdsk Fnsternks ,
4(7), 4;<‗4<>.
Hdsdad, W.@.,
W .@., Hdvk, X.M., Odhk, \.A. dmh Gfdufdm,
Gfdufd m, \.J. (:248).
(:248). Wkns`ng kdrtf prkssurk rkhugtnem em
ordvnty rktdnmnmo wdccs usnmo KRW ``. Nm Rregkkhnmos e 6tf nmtkrmdtnemdc gemkrkmgk em pfysn-
gdc `ehkccnmo nm oketkgfmngdc kmonmkkrnmo  (pp.   (pp. 42:;‗4272), Rkrtf, Dustrdcnd.
Ordy, H.F
H.F.. dmh Efdsfn, F. F . (4>67).
(4>67). @kgfdm
@kgfdmngsngs e jkr rknmergk`kmt nm sdmh. Ieurm
 Ieurmdc
dc e Oketkgfmngdc
Oketkgfmng dc
Kmonmkkrnmo , 42>(7), 77;‗7;7.
Fdus`dmm, @.Z. (4>>2). Kmonmkkrnmo prnmgnpdc e oreumh `ehnlgdtnem. @gOrdw-Fncc Rujcnsfnmo
Ge`pdmy, <74 p.
Fervdtf, I.W. (:242). K`kronmo trkmhs nm dncurks nmvecvnmo KRW-jcega okeed` ccs.  Ieurm  Ieurmdcdc e
Rkrer`dmgk e Gemstrugtkh Ldgncntnks, :8(8), 7<;‗7?:.
Anrsgf, A. dmh Anrsgf, (:24<). Oreumh n`prevk`kmt jy hkkp vnjrdtery `ktfehs . GZG prkss.
A nrsgf, L. (:24<).
Cd`emt-Jcdga, I., Fdcc, I.D., Ockmhnmmnmo, W., _fntk, G.R. dmh Iemks, G.I. (:24:). Wtdjncnzdtnem
e d rdncwdy k`jdma`kmt usnmo kckgtreanmktng okesymtfktngs. Okeceongdc Wegnkty, Cemhem,
Kmonmkkrnmo Okeceoy Wpkgndc Rujcngdtnems, :<(4), 4:;‗47>.
@dckazdhkf, @. dmh Wnvdauodm, M. (:24?). Kxpkrn`kmtdc stuhy em nmtkr`nttkmt kckgtregemsecnhd-
tnem e snmocy dmh heujcy hrdnmkh hrkhokh skhn`kmts. Nmtkrmdtnemdc Ieurmdc e Oketkgfmngdc
Kmonmkkrnmo , 44(4 (4),
), 7:‗
7:‗7?
7?..
@eskcky, @.R. dmh Anrsgf, A. (Khs.). (:228). Oreumh n`prevk`kmt . Mkw ^era9 Xdycer dmh Lrdmgns.
Rdra, X. dmh Xdm,
Xdm, W.D.
W .D. (:22;). Kmfdmgkh pkrer`dmgk
pkrer`d mgk e rknmergkh senc wdccs jy tfk nmgcusnem e sfert
jkr. Oketkxtncks dmh Oke`k`jrdmks, :7(8) (8),, 786 ‗7<4.
Rewkrs, I.R., Gerwnm, D.J., Wgf`dcc, R.G. dmh Adkga, _.K. (:22?). Gemstrugtnem hkwdtkrnmo dmh
 oreumhwdtkr
 oreum hwdtkr gemtrec9
g emtrec9 Mkw `ktfehs
`k tfehs dmh dppcngdtne
dp pcngdtnems
ms. We`krskt, MI9 Iefm _ncky & Wems.
W ems.
Wgfdkkr, \.Z., Jkro, Z.Z., Geccnm, I.O., Gfrnstepfkr, J.Z., Hn@doone, I.D., Lncz, O.@., Jrugk, H.D.,
Dydcd, H. dmh Jkro, Z.Z. (:24<). Oketkgfmngdc kmonmkkrnmo gnrgucdr me. 47 oreumh `ehnlgdtnem `ehnlg dtnem
`ktfehs-rkkrkmgk `dmudc vecu`k NN  (Me.   (Me. LF_D-MFN-4<-2:6). Mdtnemdc Fnofwdy Nmstntutk
([W).
 

Gfdptkr :

Oketkgfmngdc umhd`kmtdcs

Nt ns kxpkgtkh
kxpkg tkh tfdt `est rkdhkrs e tfns jeea wncc fdvk fdh dt ckdst emk geursk nm senc `kgfdm-
ngs. Nt ns dcse wkcc amewm tfdt hkkp ckdrmnmo gdm emcy jk dgfnkvkh jy rkpkdtkh rktrnkvdc dmh
usk e nmer`dtnem prkvneuscy ckdrmkh. Xfk umhd`kmtdcs e senc jkfdvner prkskmtkh nm tfns
gfdptkr drk tfesk `est rkckvdmt dmh mkgkssdry te tfk umhkrstdmhnmo e oreumh n`prevk`kmt
kmonmkkrnmo. Wkvkrdc nmtrehugtery senc `kgfdmngs tkxtjeeas prkskmt senc `kgfdmngs prnm-
gnpcks dmh nt ns met tfk purpesk e tfns gfdptkr te rkpkdt tfdt wfngf ns prkskmtkh nm orkdtkr
hktdnc kcskwfkrk. Zdtfkr, tfns gfdptkr ns nmgcuhkh te fnofcnoft tfesk umhd`kmtdcs tfdt wncc
mkkh te jk umhkrsteeh te umhkrstdmh tfk prnmgnpcks e oreumh n`prevk`kmt kmonmkkrnmo
prkskmtkh nm tfns jeea.

:.4 HKLNMNXNEMW

_fnck cnk ns dm epkm jeea, amewnmo, rkdccy amewnmo, umhd`kmtdc hkmntnems (er hkmkh
rdtnes) ns ksskmtndc te tfk suggkssuc umhkrstdmhnmo e oreumh n`prevk`kmt kmonmkkrnmo.
_dtkr gemtkmt, hry hkmsnty, hry umnt wknoft, spkgng ordvnty, tetdc hkmsnty, tetdc umnt wknoft,
sdturdtnem, venh rdtne, dmh peresnty drk dcc hkmkh rdtnes, tfk kqudtnems er wfngf gdmmet
jk hkrnvkh. Zkcdtnemsfnps jktwkkm vdrneus hkmkh rdtnes, sugf ds tfk rkcdtnemsfnp jktwkkm
tetdc umnt wknoft, hry umnt wknoft, dmh wdtkr gemtkmt gdm jk hkrnvkh dctfeuof se`k e tfk
`erk ge``emcy mkkhkh rkcdtnemsfnps sfeuch jk ge``nttkh te `k`ery. Dcse, sy`jecs vdry
re` seurgk te seurgk, se tfns gfdptkr skrvks te hkmk vdrndjcks tfdt wncc jk uskh fkrk dmh
tfreuofeut tfk jeea.
Wenc, er oreumh, ns d tfrkk-pfdsk `dtkrndc fdvnmo secnh, cnqunh, dmh ods pfdsks. Ler tfk
purpesks e oreumh n`prevk`kmt kmonmkkrnmo, tfk cnqunh pfdsk ns wdtkr dmh tfk ods pfdsk
ns dt`espfkrng dnr. Nm tetdccy hry senc, tfkrk ns me wdtkr dmh nm sdturdtkh senc, tfkrk ns me dnr.
Xfksk tfrkk
tf rkk pfdsks gdm jk gfdrdgtkrnzkh
gfd rdgtkrnzkh em d `dss er wknoft jdsns dmh d vecu`ktrng jdsns ds
sfewm nm Lnourk :.4 wfkrk9
:.4 wfkrk9

@ s 0 `dss e secnhs  _ s 0 wknoft e secnhs

@w 0 `dss e wdtkr  _ w 0 wknoft e wdtkr
@t  0 tetdc `dss  _ t  0 tetdc wknoft
\ s 0 vecu`k e secnhs
\ w 0 vecu`k e wdtkr
\ d 0 vecu`k e dnr
\ X  0 tetdc vecu`k
\ v 0 vecu`k e venhs

:4