BDA Mini Project Report

^rokift Xiport oa Adji ^roùft Xivliw @itifog Vigeigt Dgdcysls
DHVPXDFP
Ogclgi spde rivliws dri ìfiptlvi ivdcudtlogs oa proùfts dg` sirvlfis. Pmiy dri oatig fdrrli` out ds d
ìclhirdti edglpucdtlog strdtiby to ìfilvi tmi ridìrs. Xifobglzlgb sufm rivliws ls dg leportdgt hut
fmdccigblgb prohcie. Lg tmls worj, L try to socvi tmls prohcie hy uslgb `laairigt `dtd elglgb tifmglquis. L
ixpcori tmi strigbtm dg` widjgiss oa tmosi `dtd elglgb tifmglquis lg ìtiftlgb adji rivliw. L stdrt wltm
`laairigt supirvlsi` tifmglquis sufm ds Vupport Qiftor Ed-fmlgi (VQE), Euctlgoeldc Gdlvi Hdyis
(EGH), dg` Euctlcdyir îrfiptrog. Pmi risucts dttist tmdt dcc tmi dhovi eigtlogi` supirvlsi` tifmglquis
fdg suffissauccy ìtift adji rivliw wltm eori tmdg =1% dffurdfy. Pmig, L worj og d siel-supirvlsi`
tifmglqui wmlfm riùfis tmi `leigslog-dclty oa tmi lgput aidturis viftor hut oaairs slelcdr piraoredgfi to
ixlstlgb dpprodfmis. L usi d foehlgdtlog oa toplf eoìclgb dg` VQE aor tmi lepcieigtdtlog oa tmi siel-
supirvlsi` tifm-glqui. L dcso foepdri tmi risucts wltm otmir dpprodfmis tmdt fogslìr dcc tmi wor`s oa d
`dtdsit ds lgput aidturis. L aoug` tmdt toplf wor`s dri igoubm ds lgput aidturis to bit slelcdr dffurdfy
foepdri` to otmir dpprodfmis wmiri risidrfmirs fogslìr dcc tmi wor`s ds lgput aidturis. Dt tmi ig`, L
proposi dg ugsupirvlsi` cidrglgb dpprodfm gdei` ds Ror`s Hdsjit Dgdcysls aor adji ri-vliw ìtiftlog. L
utlclzi alvi Dedzog proùfts rivliw `dtdsit aor dg ixpirleigt dg` riport tmi piraoredgfi oa tmi
proposi` og tmisi `dtdsits.
4|^dbi

Fogtigts
DHVPXDFP.................................................................................................................................................... 4
LGPXO@YFPLOG........................................................................................................................................... 0
OHKIFPLQI.................................................................................................................................................4>
Vigeigt dgdcysls lssuis..................................................................................................................... 4>
Pixtudc rivliws..................................................................................................................................... 4>

@itifgb Adji Xivliws Yslgb Edfmlgi Cidrglgb................................................................................4>
D Foepdrdvi Vtu`y oa `lirigt Fcdsslfdog dcborltmes................................................................44

^XOÔVI@ EO@ICCLGB............................................................................................................................ 46
XIVYCPV DG@ @LVFYVVLOGV......................................................................................................................49
Pisgb oa tmi dppclfdog .....................................................................................................................41
XICDPI@ ROXJ......................................................................................................................................... 42
OYX D^^XODFM........................................................................................................................................ 88
Vigeigtdc Dgdcysls uslgb Vupirvlsi` Cidrglgb.................................................................................88
D. VIGPLEIGPDC DGDC\VLV.................................................................................................................. 86
H. V\VPIE @IVLBG................................................................................................................................ 80
F. XIVYCPV.............................................................................................................................................89
VYÎXQLVI@ CIDXGLGB D^^XODFM...........................................................................................................81
@dtd Foccifog......................................................................................................................................81
Dcborltme Vicifog.............................................................................................................................. 82
@lirigt Dcborltmes' îraoredgfi...................................................................................................... 8=

EIPMO@OCOB\.........................................................................................................................................8<
Vtip 4; ^roùft rivliws foccifog....................................................................................................... 8<
Vtip 8; @dtd priprofisslgb...................................................................................................................8<
Vtip 6; Aidturi Vicifog...................................................................................................................... 6>

Vtip 0; Vigeigt Fcdsslfdog dcborltmes.........................................................................................6>
Vtip 9; @itifog ^rofissis..................................................................................................................64
Vtip 1; Foepdrlsog oa risucts...............................................................................................................68
I]ÎXLEIGPV DG@ XIVYCP DGDC\VLV.......................................................................................................66

Voawdri dg` Mdr`wdri Xiqulrieigts Vpiflfdogs;..........................................................................60
Vowdri Xiqulrieigts;....................................................................................................................... 60
Mdr`wdri Xiqulrieigts;..................................................................................................................... 60
8|^dbi

Vfriigsmots o tmi ^rokift.........................................................................................................................69

@dtdhdsi @islbg Vfmied...........................................................................................................................90
Fo`lgb o tmi ^rokift.................................................................................................................................9=
FOGFCYVLOG.............................................................................................................................................=9
AYPYXI ROXJ DG@ VFOÎ....................................................................................................................... =2
XIAIXIGFIV.............................................................................................................................................. ==
6|^dbi

^rokift Xiport oa Adji ^roùft Xivliw @itifog Vigeig
LGPXO@YFPLOG
I-foeeirfi ls browlgb dt dg ugprifiìgti` rdti dcc ovir tmi bcohi. Rltm lts b
rivliws ls lgfridslgb `dy hy `dy. Xivliws fdg lgacuigfi piopci's purfmds
rid`lgb proùft rivliws hiaori huylgb tmi proùft mds hifoei d mdhlt
fustoeirs. Fustoeirs post rivliws dhout d proùft tmiy purfmdsi wmlfm e
Vufm rivliws provlì vdcudhci aii`hdfj og tmisi proùfts, wmlfm edy au
fustoeirs to alg` tmi oplglogs oa ixlstlgb usirs hiaori ìfl`lgb to purfmdsi d
to huy d proùft, tmiy usudccy rid` rivliws aroe soei fus-toeirs dhout
rivliws dri eostcy posltlvi, tmiri ls d hlb fmdgfi to huy tmi proùft. Otmirwls
gibdtlvi, fustoeirs tig` to huy otmir proùfts.
Rmlci ogclgi rivliws fdg hi micpauc, hclg` trust oa tmisi rivliws ls `d

dg` huyir. Eost fustoeirs rid` ogclgi rivliws hiaori pcdflgb dgy ogclgi or
edy hi ìfiptlvi aor ixtrd proalt or bdlg, tmus dgy purfmdslgb ìflslog hdsi`
edì fdriauccy. Po sicc tmilr proùfts, foepdglis oatig pursui fustoeirs to b
ls d browlgb lgfigtlvi aor huslgissis to soclflt dg` edguadfturi ìfiptlvi riv
alftltlous rivliws tmdt mdvi hiig ìclhirdticy wrlttig to soug` dutmigtlf dg`
ixdepci, Ott mds istledti` tmdt hitwiig 4% dg` 1% oa posltlvi motic rivliw
subbistlgb tmdt soei motics edy hi postlgb adji posltlvi rivliws lg orìr to my
Vpde ìtiftlog mds hiig stu`li` lg edgy drids. Rih spde dg` i-e
wlìcy stu`li` typis oa spde. Oplglog spde ls viry `laairigt aroe tmosi tw
spde, lt ls dceost leposslhci, to rifobglzi adji oplglogs hy edgudccy rid`lgb t
A c lt t tma c l a h `m t c ` t lt

 Mowivir, wmlcst tmi rigovdtlog wds stlcc bolgb og dg` tmi bye wds go
edì go `laairigfi to ei. Ey rooe wds mubi, hdtmrooe wds spd
prissuri, hi` wds piraift dg` tmi vliw wds dedzlgb. Motic ls so fcosi
glalfigt Elci, pcus d foeaortdhci wdcjlgb `lstdgfi to Mdgfofj towir d
 Xivliw 8. Ey mushdg` dg` L drrlvi` aor d 6 glbmt stdy aor our 4>tm wi
hooji` dg Ixifutlvi Buist rooe, upog drrlvdc wi wiri lgaorei` tmd
us to d hidutlauc Kuglor Vulti. Pmls wds kust d wogìrauc ugixpifti
pcdggi` wiijig`. Pmi arogt ìsj edgdbir wds proaisslogdc dg` edì
Pmi Fmlfdbo Daalgld wds kust d borbious motic, arlig`cy stdaa, covicy a
Got tmi eigtlog tmi aidtmir plccows dg` hi``lgb tmdt wds kust adgtdstl
hrlgb out hicovi` Vml-Pzu dg` mi ixpirligfi` tmi Kit Vit îts stdy.
tmi `dyfdri sirvlfi wi aict foepciticy foeaortdhci wltm. Pmls wds d
you Daalgld Motics! Ri wouc` vlslt tmls motic dbdlg!
 Xivliw 6. Pmiri wiri edgy posltlvis wmig stdylgb lg tmls moti

Edbglalfdgt Elci. Pmi rooes wiri spdflous dg` hidutlauccy dppolg
ìtdlc. Pmi qudclty oa sirvlfi wds ixficcigt, tmi stdaa proaisslogdc, dg
Pmiri dri bridt vliws oa Fmlfdbo aroe edgy oa tmi rooes. Pmi stda
qudclty oa ey stdy aroe tmi eoeigt L wds briiti` upog drrlvdc to tmi
cidvi. Pmiri ls d glfi rooatop hdr/ristdurdgt piraift aor d clti eidc o
bridt vliws oa tmi flty. Pmiri ridccy wirig“t dgy gibdtlvis dg` L wouc
motic to dgyogi stdylgb lg tmi Fmlfdbo drid.

Xivliw 4 dg` Xivliw 0 dri trutmauc wmirids Xivliw 8 dg` Xivliw 6 dri
cdhici` dgswir wltm tmi dftudc risuct. Gow you wlcc mdvi dg lìd oa mow `l
rivliw. Lts dceost leposslhci to cdhic d rivliw forriftcy slepcy rid`lgb tmi riv
Hislìs, `dy hy `dy fustoeirs lg tmi YVD dri hifoelgb fogfirgi

Boobci trig` fmdrt aor ―adji rivliw― (Alburi 4.4) fcidrcy ticcs us dhout fus
fougtirailt rivliws. Lg Alburi 4.4, guehirs riprisigt sidrfm lgtirist ricdtlvi t
fmdrt. D vdcui oa 4>> ls tmi pidj popucdrlty aor tmi tire. D vdcui oa 9> eid
popucdr. D sfori oa > eidgs tmiri wds got igoubm `dtd aor tmls tire.
 Adji rivliw; Pmisi rivliws dri wrlttig wltm d eotlvi to proeoti or `

tmi fdsis rivliwirs ò got mdvi alrst-mdg` ixpirligfi oa uslgb tmi pro`
 Xivliw dhout hrdg`s ogcy; Miri rivliws dri got dhout d spiflalf pro
dhout tmi hrdg` or edguadfturir oa tmi proùft. Aor ixdepci,
sedrtpmogi tmdt sdys, ―L mdti Vdesugb pmogi, L givir huy dgy oa tmilr
 Gog-rivliws; Pmisi rivliws dri d`virtlsieigts dg` lrricivdgt fo
oplglog.
Pmiri dri two typis oa adji rivliwirs; proaisslogdc adji rivliwirs dg` gogpro
 ^roaisslogdc adji rivliwirs; D proaisslogdc adji rivliwir usudccy

rivliws. Pmiy elbmt worj ds d ariicdgfir or worj aor d foepdgy to w
pdl` aor tmilr worj. Ds tmiy wrlti d cdrbi guehir oa rivliws, tmil
pdttirgs fdg hi idslcy lìgtlali` hy `laairigt `dtd elglgb dcborltmes.


Vpdeelgb fdg offur lg two wdys; lg`lvlùdc spdeelgb or broup spdeelgb.
 Lg`lvlùdc spdeelgb; Dg lg`lvlùdc spdeeir òis got worj wltm dg

oa d proùft edy wrlti adji rivliws aor mlesica to proeoti mls huslgis
 Broup spdeelgb; D broup oa spdeeirs worj tobitmir to proeo
sirvlfi. Lt usudccy fdrrli` out hy proaisslogdc spdeeirs. Broup spdee
lg`lvlùdc spdeelgb.
Pmiri dri tmrii edlg typis oa `dtd tmdt fdg hi usi` aor spde rivliw ìtiftlog;
 Xivliw Fogtigt; Ri fdg ixtrdft clgbulstlf aidturis sufm ds wor` dg`

brdes dg` otmir sygtdftlf, siedgtlf, dg` styclstlf fcuis aor ìfiptlog
idfm rivliw; Pmi `dtd sufm ds tmi stdr rdtlgb blvig to idfm rivliw, usi
tmi tlei/`dti wmig tmi rivliw wds posti`, dg` tmi guehir oa micpauc-
Pmls `dtd lgfcuì tmi siquigfi oa fclfjs, tmi tlei wmig idfm fclfj ls e
stdys og d pdbi, tmi tlei tdjig to wrlti d rivliw dg` so og. Vufm
lgaoredtlog.
 ^roùft Lgaoredtlog; Lgaoredtlog dhout tmi igtlty hilgb rivliwi`, a
eoìc, typi/fdtibory, dg` ìsfrlptlog.
 Vdcis Lgaoredtlog; Pmls edlgcy lgfcuìs huslgiss-ricdti` lgaoredtlo
dg` tmi sdcis rdgj oa d proùft lg idfm pirlo` oa tlei.
Bigirdccy, cylgb/ìfiptlog foeeuglfdtlogs dri fmdrdftirlzi` hy tmi

progougs, eori gibdtlvi ieotlog wor`s, aiwir ixfcuslvi wor`s, dg` eori
Vivirdc risidrfmirs mdvi mypotmislzi` tmdt cldrs oatig try to dvol` stdtiei
`lssofldti tmiesicvis aroe tmilr wor`s or ùi to tmi cdfj oa pirsogdc ixpirl-ig
got blvi dgy spiflalf oplglog dhout dgy spiflalf aidturis oa proùfts or sirvlfi

rivliw `dtd sit dvdlcdhci to trdlg d edfmlgi cidrglgb eoìc to rifobglzi adji r
cdhici` `dtd aor cidrglgb, Klg`dc dg` Clu Z0U ixpcolti` ùpclfdti rivliws
rivliws. Xisidrfmirs iepcoyi` tmrii sits oa aidturis aor cidrglgb; Xivliw-f
figtrlf aidturis, dg` ^roùft-figtrlf aidturis.
 Xivliw-figtrlf aidturis; Pmisi aidturis dri dcc dhout idfm rivliw

cigbtm oa tmi rivliw, guehir oa usiauc votis, rivliw rdtlgb, pirfigtdb
sigtleigt wor`s lg tmi rivliw, foslgi slelcdrlty oa tmi rivliw dg
pirfigtdbi oa hrdg` gdei eigtlogs, itf.Xivliwir-figtrlf aidturis; Pm
rivliwir. Pmisi aidturis lg-fcuì rivliw ariquigfy oa tmi rivliwir, d
rivliwir, totdc guehir oa ri-vliws posti`, itf.
 ^roùft-figtrlf aidturis; Pmisi aidturis dri dhout idfm proùft.
dvirdbi rdtlgb oa tmi proùft, prlfi oa tmi proùft, hrdg` gdei oa tmi p
Lg edgudccy cdhici` d sit oa adji dg` gog-adji rivliws hy rid`lgb tmi rivl
mdvi ìsfrlhi` lg eori ìtdlcs dhout tmilr cdhiclgb profiss lg tmi gixt fmdptir
Eifmdglfdc Purj to frow`sourfi adji motic rivliws oa twigty motics. Pmi
dffurdfy uslgb ogcy wor` hlbrde aidturis ugìr tmi hdc-dgfi` fcdss `lstrlh
soei ìip sygtdx ruci-hdsi` aidturis to hoot tmi dffurdfy to <4.8%.
Pmiri dri two typis oa aidturis tmdt fdg hi usi` lg fcdsslalfdtlo

himdvlordc aidturis Z6U. Clgbulstlf aidturis dri dhout tmi rivliw tixt fogtigt, w
dhout himdvlors oa rivliwirs dg` tmilr rivliws. Himdvlordc aidturis foeh
mlbmist dffurdfy wltm \icp `dtd (ogcy fogtdlgs posltlvi rivliws dhout po

 Bigirdc rdtlgb ìvldtlog; D ridc rivliwir usudccy blvis d rdtlgb to

slelcdr to otmir rdtirs oa tmi sdei proùft. Mowivir, d spdeeir trl
proùft hy blvlgb d rdtlgb tmdt typlfdccy ìvldtis aroe tmosi oa otmir ri
 Idrcy rdtlgb ìvldtlog; Idrcy ìvldtlog fdtfmis tmi himdvlor oa d
rivliw smortcy datir proùft cdugfm. Vufm rivliws dri cljicy to
rivliwirs wmlfm cit spdeeirs to dctir tmi vliws oa fogsiquigt rivliw
Lg our risidrfm, wi edlgcy aofus og rivliw-figtrlf aidturis oa idfm rivliw. R

supirvlsi` dg` ugsupirvlsi` eitmo`s aor ìtiftlgb adji rivliws. Ri ò go
broup himdvlor aidturis lg our proposi` eitmo` aor adji rivliw ìtiftlog. R
motic rivliws `dtdsit dg` alvi `laairigt Dedzog proùfts rivliws aor our risid

OHKIFPLQI
Our stu`y iepcoys stdtlstlfdc eitmo`s to ivdcudti tmi piraoredgfi oa ìti

rivliws dg` ivdcudti tmi dffurdfy oa tmls ìtiftlog. Migfi, wi prisigt our c
tmdt dppcli` stdtlstlfdc eitmo`s.
Vigtleigt dgdcysls lssuis

Pmiri dri sivirdc lssuis to fogslìr wmig fogùftlgB Lg tmls siftlog, two e
Alrst, tmi vliwpolgt (or oplglog) ohsirvi` ds gibdtlvi lg d sltudtlog elbmt
dgotmir sltudtlog. Vifog`, piopci ò got dcwdys ixpriss oplglogs lg tmi sde
profisslgb tifmglquis iepcoy tmi adft tmdt elgor fmdgbis hitwiig tmi two tix
fmdgbi tmi dftudc eidglgb Z40U.
Pixtudc rivliws
Eost oa tmi dvdlcdhci riputdtlog eoìcs ìpig` og gueirlf `dtd dvdlcdhci lg `
ls rdtlgbs lg i-foeeirfi. Dcso, eost oa tmi riputdtlog eoìcs aofus ogcy
proùfts wltmout fogslìrlgb tmi rivliws wmlfm dri provlì` hy fustoeirs Z49
wihsltis dccow fogsueirs to d`` tixtudc rivliws to provlì d ìtdlci` oplg
Z42U. Pmisi rivliws dri dvdlcdhci aor fustoeirs to rid`. Dcso, fustoeirs dri
rivliws rdtmir tmdg og rdtlgbs. Xiputdtlog eoìcs fdg usi VD eitmo`s to ixtr
tmls `dtd lg tmi Xiputdtlog systie. Pmls lgaoredtlog edy lgfcuì fogsueirs
aidturis.
@itiftlgb Adji Xivliws Yslgb Edfmlgi Cidrglgb

Alctir dg` lìgtlalfdtlog oa adji rivliws mdvi suhstdgtldc slbglalfdgfi Z8>U. E


D Foepdrdtlvi Vtu`y oa `laairigt Fcdsslalfdtlog dcborltmes
Pdhci L smows foepdrdtlvi stu`lis og fcdsslalfdtlog dcborltmes to virlay tmi

adji rivliws uslgb `laairigt `dtdsits sufm ds Giws Broup `dtdsit, tixt òfu
`dtdsit. Lt dcsoprovis tmdt GH dg` `lstrlhuti` jiywor` viftors (@JQ) dri dffu
rivliws Z48U dg` Z46U. Rmlci Z44U alg`s tmdt GH ls dffurdti dg` d hittir fmolf
ìtiftlgb adji rivliws. Yslgb tmi sdei `dtdsits, alg`s tmdt VQE ls dffurdti wl
òis got aofus og ìtiftlgb adji rivliws, wmlci Z4>U alg`s tmdt VQE ls og
stopwor`s eitmo`, dg` dcso wltmout ìtiftlgb adji rivliws. Vigtleigt Dgdcy
ìtift adji rivliws Z4U. Mowivir, tmiy usi` ogcy supirvlsor cidrglgb tifmglq
priflslog. Aug`deigtdccy, fcdsslalfdtlog dffurdfy dg` priflslog ogcy dri typlfd
to ohtdlg d boo` risuct. Mowivir, lg our ieplrlfdc stu`y, risucts lg tmrii fdsis
Q4.> dg` eovli rivliws `dtdsit Q8.> dg` eovli rivliws `dtdsit Q6.> prov
dffurdti aor ìtiftlgb adji rivliws hy ivdcudtlog oa eidsurlgb tmi piraoredgf
A-eidsuri dg` rifdcc. Mowivir, lg our ieplrlfdc stu`y, risucts lg tmrii fdsis w
Q4.> dg` eovli rivliws `dtdsit Q8.> dg` eovli rivliws `dtdsit Q6.> prov
dffurdti aor ìtiftlgb adji rivliws.


^XOÔVI@ EO@ICCLGB
Pmi acowfmdrt blvig hicow blvis us dg ovirvliw oa mow tmi systie wlcc worj d
eoùci oa tmi profiss wlcc augftlog. Pmi acow fmdrt ls blvig ds aoccows ;

Pmi aoccowlgb dri tmi stips lg tmi aoccowi` to lepcieigt lg tmi blvig prof
 Dèlg wlcc d`` proùfts to tmi systie.
 Pmi priprofisslgb oa `dtd tdjis pcdfi so tmdt usiciss fogtigt ls alctiri`

profiss.
 Pmi rivliws fogtdlglgb ixpclflt fogtigt dg` wltm swidr wor`s dri got t
dg` dri rieovi` aroe tmi `dtdsit.
 Vigtleigt sfori aor idfm wor` ls fdcfucdti` wmig wor`s dri ixtrdfti`
so fdcci` ”Hdb oa Ror`s(HOR)“
 Pmi rivliws dri goredclzi` og d sfdci oa -4 to +4 dg` sigtleigt sfori
fdcfucdti`. La tmiy fross >.9 eidgs tmiy dri spde.
 Dgdcysls oa proùft datir spde rieovdc ls ògi og tmi hdsls oa tmilr ri
 Pmi popucdrlty oa pdrtlfucdr rivliw ls dcso tdjig lgto fogslìrdtlog, la t

eidgs lt ls fogtrlhutlgb towdr`s tmi proùft.
 Dcc tmi eoùcis dri lepcieigti` dg` tmi algdc risuct ls lgtirpriti` og t
dftlog ls tdjig og dgdcyzi` rivliws.

XIVYCPV DG@ @LVFYVVLOGV
 ÔV Pdbblgb; Lt ls dcso jgowg ds ^drts oa Vpiifm (ÔV) tdbblgb. Miri

lgto soei lgìx wmlfm micps lg tmi auturi riairigfi lg tmi rivliws. Pmi
idslcy mdg`ci wor`s wmlfm dri ribucdrcy usi` or dri prisigt lg `laairig
 Fridtlog oa trdgsdftlog alci ; Prdgsdftlog alci lg tmls risidrfm fogtdlgs d
tmi `dtdhdsi aroe d proùfts tmdt lts tdb vdcui ls goug. Idfm row lg tmi
goug aroe iviry sigtigfi aor d proùft. Pmls trdgsdftlog alci hifdei t
profiss
 A^ Browtm ; Pmls profiss dlei` to lìgtlay tmi aidturis tmdt mds tmi eo
tmi aidturis dri propirtlis or dttrlhutis aroe d proùft. Aor ixdepci, ao
hi lts hdttiry, eieory fdr` itf. Pmls lgaoredtlog dftudccy dvdlcdhci og
ricdti` to tmls lgaoredtlog wiri got puhclfcy dvdlcdhci, so to bit lgaore
aidturi, tmls risidrfm usi` ap-browtm dcborltme aroe dssofldtlog ruci e
 ôcdrlty Bigirdtlog ; Pmi aidturi or dttrlhuti risucti` aroe tmi privlou
lts oplglog orligtdtlog. Aor ixdepci, aor d fdeird, tmi aidturi or dttrlhu
tmi hdttiry, tmi foeeigt ricdti` to tmi hdttiry aroe usirL` ] ls –tmls h
you ò got wdgt to hi stufj soeiwmiri wltm d ìd` hdttiry―. Pmi purp
lìgtlay tmi oplglog orligtdtlog aroe d sigtigfi tmdt fogtdlgs tmi dttrlh
aroe tmi privlous profiss. Rmitmir lts orligtdtlog posltlvi, gibdtlvi o
ixdepci dhovi, lts oplglog orligtdtlog ls gibdtlvi.
 Fdcfucdtlog oa dbriieigt vdcuis.Pmi gixt profiss wds fdcfucdti tmi db
lccustrdtis mow slelcdr tmi aidturi dg` lts oplglog orligtdtlog risucti` ar
profiss wltm tmi otmir rivliws.

 Vigtleigt Vfori Fdcfucdtlog ; D sigtleigt tojig ls d wor` or d pmrdsi

Blvig tmosi sigtleigt wor`s proposi`, d wor` tojig fogtdlgs d posltlv
lts spiifm oa tdb. Blvig d tojig t, tmi aoreucd aor t“s sigtleigt sfori (V
Pistlgb oa tmi dppclfdtlog
Pmi dffurdfy oa `lftlogdry ls fdcfucdti` hy foepdrlgb tmi sigtleigt sfori oa tm

dg` tmi sfori fdcfucdti` hy GCPJ tixt profisslgb ogclgi portdc dg` QD@IX si
Dffurdfy ls tmi rdtlo oa tmi go. oa rivliws wltm forrift sigtleigt sfori dg` tmi
dffurdfy ìùfi` hy tmisi eitmo`s foeis out to hi 92.8%.
Ri alg` tmi guehir oa tmosi wmlfm dhuslvi. Out oa 182 proùft rivliws, 4> ri
dhuslvi, dg` migfi, rieovi`, dg` 0= dri aoug` to hi spde.
Pdhci 4; Pistl

XICDPI@ ROXJ
Eost oa tmi risidrfm worj og spde rivliw ìtiftlog adccs lgto two
risidrfmirs aofus og ogcy tmi fogtigt oa tmi rivliws. Og tmi otmir mdg`, ot
fogfigtrdti og rivliwirs himdvlor lgstid` oa rivliw fogtigt. Hut d foehlgdtlo
tmi hist risuct.
 Lg, Klg`dc, it dc. fcdlei` tmiy dri tmi alrst to dttiept to stu`y rivliw
Pmiy foccifti` 8.40 elcclog rivliws aroe Dedzog aor tmilr risidrfm
guehir oa ùpclfdti dg` gidr-ùpclfdti rivliws wrlttig hy tmi sd
proùfts or hy `laairigt rivliwirs og tmi sdei proùfts or `laairigt p
piraore spde ìtiftlog hdsi` og ùpclfdti alg`lgb dg` fcdsslalfdtlog
slog to cidrg d pri`lftlvi eoìc. Yslgb 4>-aoc` fross-vdcl`dtlog og tmi
ugìr tmi XOF furvi (DYF) vdcui oa 2=%.
 Lg, Ott, it dc. smowi` tmdt psyfmocoblfdc stu`lis oa ìfiptlog dg` bi
out-piraorei` dt stdtlstlfdccy slbglalfdgt civics hy g-brde hdsi` tixt
Gotdhcy, d foehlgi` fcdsslalir wltm hotm g-brde dg` psyfmocoblfdc `
gidrcy <>% dffurdfy.
 Lg, Ott, it dc. worji` og gibdtlvi ìfiptlvi oplglog spde wmlfm usud
ìbrd`lgb otmir foepdgy's riputdtlogs. Pmiy aoug` tmdt stdg`dr` g
tifmglquis fdg ìtift gibdtlvi ìfiptlvi oplglog spde wltm piraore
muedg ku`bis.
 Lg, Vdgùcisfu, it dc. usi` ogi tlei rivliwirs sufm ds d rivliwir wm
Pmiy ixpcolti` tmi slgbcitog rivliwirs rivliw. Pmiy tdfjci` tmi p
rivliws wrlttig hy tmi sdei pirsog uslgb euctlpci gdeis, postlgb id
gdei Pmiy proposi two eitmo`s to ìtift slelcdr rivliws dg` s

cdhic tmosi rivliws.Pmiy alrst usi` supirvlsi` cidrglgb dcborltme dg` d

`laairigt aidturis lg rivliw spde lìgtlalfdtlog. Pmiy dcso usi` d
eitmoòcoby to ixpcolt d cdrbi deougt oa ugcdhici` `dtd. Pmi ixpirle
vliw fo-trdlglgb dcborltmes fdg dfmlivi hittir risucts tmdg tmi slgbci-v
 Lg, Cufd, it dc. worji` og ristdurdgt rivliws tmdt dri lìgtlali` hy \i
susplflous, or adji. Pmiy aoug` tmdt gidrcy ogi out oa alvi rivliws ls
Dcborltme. Pmisi rivliws tig` to hi eori ixtriei tmdg otmir ri
rivliwirs wltm ciss istdhclsmi` riputdtlogs. Eoriovir, tmilr alg`lgb
figtlvis adftor midvlcy lgto tmi ìflslog to foeelt ardu`. Orbdglzdtlo
tmi systie wmig tmiy dri adflgb lgfridsi` foepitltlog dg` wmig tmi
clsmi` riputdtlogs.
 Lg, Rdmyugl, it dc. dlei` to ìtift adji rivliws aor d proùft hy
propirty aroe d rivliw. Pmilr proposi` systie eidsuris tmi mogi
trustlgiss vdcui oa tmi rivliwir dg` tmi ricldhlclty vdcui oa d proùft.
 Lg, Klg`dc, it dc. ìdc wltm lìgtlaylgb ugusudc rivliw pdttirgs wmlf
himdvlors oa rivliwirs. Pmiy aoreucdti tmi prohcie ds alg`lgb ugixp
dg Dedzog.foe rivliw `dtdsit dg` aoug` edgy ugixpifti` rucis dg`
spde dftlvltlis.
 Lg, Cle, it dc. rifobglzi spdeeirs hdsi` og himdvlors oa rivliwi

prdftlfi. Pmisi rivliwirs dri mlbmcy susplflous oa rivliw edglpucdtlo
tmdt ogi smouc` aofus og ìtiftlgb spdeeirs hdsi` og tmilr spdee
lìgtlaylgb spde rivliws. Pmilr proposi` rivliw spdeeir ìtiftlgb d
usir himdvlor-`rlvig. Pmiy fcdlei` tmilr proposi` eitmo`s bigirdcc

 Lg, Cl, it dc. fcdlei` tmiy dri tmi alrst ogi to prisigt d cdrbi-sfdci dgdc
Pmiy wiri dhci to foccift d cdrbi deougt oa `dtd aroe @ldgplgb wmlfm
wihslti aor cofdccy aoug` aoo` ìclviry sirvlfis, fogsueir proùfts dg
micpi` tmie to bit usir rivliws dhout ristdurdgts dg`, usirs L^ d``ris
d eitmo` fdcci` ôsltlvi-Ygcdhici` Cidrglgb. Pmiy usi` tiepordc dg`
civics (rivliws, usirs, L^s) aor supirvlsi` oplglog spde ìtiftlog.
 Lg, ]li, it dc. ìvicopi` d eoìc aor slgbcitog spde rivliw ìtift
ohsirvdtlog tmdt tmi drrlvdc pdttirg oa slgbcitog rivliw tig`s to
forricdti` to tmi rdtlgb.
 Lg, Cl, it dc. worji` og ìtiftlgb spdeelgb gitworj uslgb rivliwir

smort pirlo`s oa tleis dg` dcso fogslìri` otmir usirs postlgb ariquig
oa tlei aor tmi sdei proùfts. Pmiy prledrlcy trli` to alg` out
spdeeir broups.
 Lg, JF, it dc. worji` og tmi tiepordc `ygdelfs oa oplglog spdeelgb

tmiri dri dgy spiflalf spdeelgb poclflis tmdt spdeeirs iepcoy. Pmiy
aroe \icp ristdurdgts dg` lts alctiri` rivliws to fmdrdftirlzi tmi wdy o
lg d foeeirfldc sittlgb. Yslgb tlei-sirlis dgdcysls, tmiy aoug` tmdt
spdeelgb poclflis; idrcy, el` dg` cdti dfross tmi vdrlous ristdurdgt. P
tmi ìfiptlog rdtlgb tlei-sirlis aor idfm ristdurdgt md` stdtlstlfdccy sl

`lstrlhutlog oa tmi goìs, istledti` aroe eitd`dtd. Pmilr proposi

ugsupirvlsi` adsmlog, hut fdg idslcy civirdbi cdhics.
 Lg, Mool, it dc. usi` d Hdyisldg Eoìc dpprodfm to ìtift spde rivl
pdrdeitirs aor ardu` rivliw ìtiftlog. Ogi, Xivliw lg smort tlei hur
ls alg`lgb usirs wmo rdti proùft viry `laairigtcy tmdg otmirs.
 Lg, Cl, it dc. usi` Focciftlvi posltlvi-ugcdhici` (^Y) cidrglgb aor adj
proposi` d supirvlsi` dcborltme fdcci` Euctl-typi` Mitirobigious
(EMFF) aor tmi mitirobigious gitworj oa rivliws, usirs dg` L^s
Focciftlvi ôsltlvi dg` Ygcdhici` cidrglgb (F^Y). Pmilr risucts smow
fdg riedrjdhcy leprovi tmi A4 sforis oa strogb hdsiclgis lg hotm
sittlgbs. Rmlci tmi vdst edkorlty oa ixlstlgb eitmo`s aofusi` og iltmi
dgdcysls aor ìtiftlgb d spde rivliw, mowivir lg Z86U, Djobcu it dc. u
iaaift deogb rivliwirs dg` proùfts. Pmilr proposi` eoìc igtlricy o
adsmlog dg` ls clgidrcy sfdcdhci. Lt fogslsts oa two foepcieigtdry st
vliws aor ardu` ìtiftlog, dg` brouplgb aor vlsudclzdtlog dg` sigsi-e
irs, rivliws, dg` proùfts dri eori ìipcy igfdpsucdti strufturi slb
hlpdrtlti gitworj deogb proùfts, usirs dg` rivliws aor spde rivliw
 Lg Klg`dc dg` Clu edì tmi alrst dttiept to lgvistlbdti oplglog spde
soei govic tifmglquis to stu`y spde ìtiftlog. Pmiy usi` edgudc cdh

 Lg Cl, it dc. proposi` d bigirdtlvi C@D-hdsi` toplf eoìclgb d

ìtiftlog. Pmilr dpprodfm ls d vdrldtlog oa Cdtigt @lrlfmcit Dccofdtlog
suhtci `laairigfis hitwiig tmi toplf-wor` `lstrlhutlogs oa ìfiptlvi ri

OYX D^^XODFM
Vigtleigtdc Dgdcysls uslgb Vupirvlsi` Cidrglgb
Vtip 4 - @dtd ^riprofisslgb; Datir tmi `dtd mds hiig sicifti`, lt gii`s to

blvig stips;
 Aoredttlgb tmi `dtd to edji lt sultdhci aor EC (strufturi` aoredt).
 Fcidglgb tmi `dtd to rieovi lgfoepciti vdrldhcis.
 Vdepclgb tmi `dtd riùfis tmi rug tlei aor dcborltmes dg` eieory
Vtip 8 -Pojiglzdtlog; Pmi profiss oa hridjlgb d stride oa tixt up lgto pmrdsi

eidglgbauc icieigts fdcci` tojigs. Pmi bodc oa tmi tojiglzdtlog ls tmi ixp
sigtigfi.
Vtip 6 - Vtop-wor` Iclelgdtlog; Pmi eost foeeog wor`s tmdt ugcljicy t

priposltlogs, drtlfcis, dg` pro-gougs fdg hi fogslìri` ds stop wor`s. Vlgfi
wltm tmisi wor`s wmlfm dri got gifissdry aor dppclfdtlog oa tixt elglgb. Dcc t
D giw clst oa stop wor`s wds fridti` tmdt iclelgdti` ogcy tmosi wor`s tmdt `l
elglgb.
Vtip 0 - Hdb-oa-wor`s Eoìc; Pmi hdb-oa-wor`s eoìc ls ogi oa tmi slepci

GC^. Lt edjis dg uglbrde eoìc oa tmi tixt hy jiiplgb trdfj oa tmi guehir o
Pmls fdg cdtir hi usi` ds d aidturis aor Pixt Fcdsslalirs. Lg tmls hdb-oa-w
lg`lvlùdc wor`s lgto dffougt dg` blvi idfm wor` d spiflalf suhkiftlvlty sfori.
Vt 9 P l l tm c lal R t l l tm c lal l tm A

D. VIGPLEIGPDC DGDC\VLV
Vigtleigt dgdcysls or ieotlog DL dccuìs to tmi utlclzdtlog oa gdturdc c

lgvistlbdtlog, foeputdtlogdc gdturdc, dg` hlo eitrlfs to iaalfligtcy `lstlgbul
tmlgj dhout iaaiftlvi stdtis dg` suhkiftlvi lgaoredtlog. Vigtleigt dgdcysls ls h
oa tmi fcligt edtirldcs, aor ixdepci, rivliws dg` ovirvliw ridftlogs, og tmi w
midctm fdri edtirldcs aor dppclfdtlogs tmdt rug aroe smowfdslgb to fcligts dè
Ds d ruci, sigtleigt dgdcysls eidgs to ìflì tmi ardei oa elg` oa d spidjir,
aor soei polgt or tmi bigirdccy ovirdcc fogtixtudc pocdrlty or ieotlogd
foccdhordtlog, or offdslog. Pmi dttltuì elbmt hi d ku`beigt or dssisseigt (
aucc oa aiiclgb stdti (lg otmir wor`s, tmi pdsslogdti fog`ltlog oa tmi fridtor o
igtmusldstlf forrispogìgfi (lg otmir wor`s, tmi igtmusldstlf lepdft pro
fogvirsdtlogdclst) Alb 4. ìeogstrdtis tmi profiùri aor sigtleigtdc dgdcysls.

H. V\VPIE @IVLBG
Lt wlcc hi uslgb @iflslog Prii Fcdsslalir dg` Gdlvi Hdyis Fcdsslalir aor tm
dgdcysls. Ri wlcc hi uslgb tmi fcdsslalir to fcdsslay tmi wor`s dg` cdhic tmie
Pmls Vystie wlcc micp us to fdrry out adji proùft rivliw rieovdc dg` wmig
rivliws og tmi sdei proùft euctlpci tleis, our systie wlcc edji suri tmdt o
tmi usir ls smowg. La wi alg` dgy susplflous L^ dg` Ysir-l` d``lgb rivliw og
tleis tmi dèlg wlcc hi gotlali`. Alb 8. smows tmi acowfmdrt aor tmi proposi` sy

F. XIVYCPV
@iflslog Prii Fcdsslalfdtlog; Pmi ìflslog trii lepcieigtdtlog ohtdlgi` lts h

tmi ìflslog trii wltm d edxleue ìptm oa 4> og tmi Dedzog Xivliw `dtdsit
<1.86%
Gdtlvi Hdyis Fcdsslalfdtlog Eoìc; Aor tmi Gdlvi Hdyis fcdsslalfdtlog eoì
to trdlg tmi cidrglgb eoìc. Pmi Cdpcdfldg seootmlgb oa 4.> ls dppcli` to tmi P
tmi vdcui. Ri dcso usi` Bdussldg GH hut tmi Hirgouccl GH bdvi d hittir dffur

VYÎXQLVI@ CIDXGLGB D^^XODFM
Lg tmls siftlog, wi wlcc tdcj dhout tmi `laairigt dpprodfmis wi tdji to alg` a
supirvlsi` dg` ugsupirvlsi` eitmo`s. Ri ixpcori `laairigt `dtd elglgb dcbor
rivliw ìtiftlog dg` foepdri tmilr risucts. Ri dcso `lsfuss tmi `dtdsit foc-cift
@dtd Focciftlog
Ri usi two typis oa `dtdsits lg our risidrfm. Ogi `dtdsit ls cdhici` dg

Pmi hlbbist prohcie wi adfi` lg our risidrfm ls alg`lgb d cdhici` `dtdsit. R
dvdlcdhci cdhici` `dtdsit. Ri dcso foccifti` `laairigt Dedzog proùfts rivli
tmls siftlog, wi wlcc `lsfuss lg ìtdlcs mow tmi cdhici` dg` ugcdhici` `dtdsits w
Po fogùft eost oa our ixpirleigts, wi usi` Ott it dc.'s puhclfcy d

spde Z1U. Pmi `dtdsit fogtdlgs =>> posltlvi rivliws (0>> trutmauc dg` 0>> ì
rivliws (0>> trutmauc dg` 0>> ìfiptlvi) oa 8> popucdr Fmlfdbo motics. Po foc
dutmors usi` Dedzog Eifmdglfdc Purj (DEP) wmlfm ls d popucdr frow`-so
cdrbi guehir oa wicc-iùfdti` dgogyeous ogclgi worjirs (jgowg ds Purji
cdrbi-sfdci `dtd dggotdtlog wltm d sedcc deougt oa eogiy. Pmi dutmors frid
Lgticclbigfi Pdsjs (MLPs) dg` dccofdti` tmie ivigcy dfross 8> fmosig mot
dutmors wrlti oplglogs, tmiy dccowi` ogcy d slgbci suh-elsslog pir Purjir. Pm
tmdt Purjirs clvi lg tmi Yglti` Vtdtis dg` mdvi dg dpprovdc rdtlgb oa dt cidst <>
Lg orìr to foccift trutmauc rivliws, tmi dutmors elgi` 1<22 rivliws

Fmlfdbo motics og PrlpD`vlsor. Pmiy alctiri` rivliws ìpig`lgb og tmi aoccow

^ytmog“s Xiquists dg` HidutlaucVoup0 pdfjdbis. Xi-quists pdfjdbi ls u

riquists dg` HidutlaucVoup0 ls usi` aor mdg`clgb dcc oa tmi MPEC profissl
aroe tmi spiflalf YXC hy edjlgb dg MPP^ BIP riquist. La tmi fogtigt-typi o
oa MPEC/]EC, lt riturgs tixt fogtigt, otmirwlsi, lt riturgs Gogi. Xiturgi`
HidutlaucVoup0 fog-struftor pdrsis rdw MPE strlgbs dg` proùfis dg ohkif
òfueigt struf-turi. Pmi ohkift lgfcuìs d sciw oa eitmo`s to sicift, vliw, dg
ohkift eoìc (@OE) goìs dg` tixt fogtigt. Aroe dcc tmi @OE, wi ogcy td
proùft rivliw ricdti` lgaoredtlog. Ri foccift tmi aoccowlgb lgaoredtlog aroe
`dti, virlali` purfmdsi, ho`y dg` micpauc votis. Idfm Dedzog pdbi fogtdlgs ti
tlei wi sig` d YXC riquist, lt riturgs tig rivliws. Dedzog hcofjs tmi L^ d``
riquists aroe d slgbci L^ d``riss. Po dvol` fogtlgudccy sig`-lgb YXC riqu
riquist lg d rdgòe lgtirvdc hitwiig 9 to 4> sifog`s. Aoccowlgb tmi dhovi pr
rivliws aroe ogi hcig`lgb edfmlgi, 9>>> ri-vliws aroe ogi mid`pmogi, 889
1V, 42>> rivliws aroe ogi hooj dg` 814> rivliws aroe ogi powir hdgj.
Dcborltme Viciftlog
Ogi broup oa risidrfmirs aofusi` og aidturis dssofldti` wltm tmi himdvlor oa t

ìtiftlog. Dgotmir broup oa risidrfmirs socicy aofusi` og rivliw tixt fogtigt
Lg our risidrfm, wi edlgcy fogfigtrdti og rivliw tixt fogtigt ùi to tmi dvdl
dpprodfmis sufm ds hdbs oa wor`s, psyfmoclgbulstlfs dgdcysls, dg` g-brde
ìtiftlgb adji rivliws. Mowivir, stdg`dr` g-brde hdsi` tixt fdtiborlzdtlog ti
to hi iaaiftlvi dt ìtiftlgb ìfiptlog lg tmi tixt Z4, 1, 80U, dg` tmi tixt fcd
Edfmlgi (VQE) foepdrdtlvicy piraores hittir tmdg otmir `dtd elglgb dcborl
wi ìflì` to usi VQE wltm uglbrde dg` hlbrde tire ariquigfy aor bit

@laairigt Dcborltmes' îraoredgfi
Lg tmls siftlog, wi usi Vupport Qiftor Edfmlgis (VQE) wltm stofmdstlf brd`li
Euctlgoeldc Gdlvi Hdyis (EGH), Euctlcdyir îrfiptrog wltm ogi ml`ìg cdy
cdyirs (EC^8) aor fcdsslalfdtlog. Ri riport tmi ìfiptlog rivliw ì-tiftlog
fcdsslalirs. Ri ivdcudti tmi piraoredgfi uslgb Ott it dc.'s Z1U posltlvi dg`
`dtdsit.
Pmi outclgi oa our dpprodfm aor ìtiftlgb spde rivliws uslgb VQE ls
usi tmi Vfljlt-cidrg pdfjdbi aroe ^ytmog lg our lepcieigtdtlog. Ri fridti
lgput `dtdsit lg clgis 4. Ri usi 9-aoc` fross-vdcl`dtlog aor ivdcudtlgb tmi eoì
fross-vdcl`dtlog, tmi `dtdsit ls `lvlì` lgto 9 pdrts, wmiri 0 pdrts dri usi` aor
pdrt ls usi` aor tistlgb tmi eoìc's piraoredgfi. Pmls profiss ls ripidti` alvi
coop lg clgi 8. Pmiriaori, idfm tupci lg tmi `dtdsit ls usi` ogfi aor tistlgb dg`
clgi 6, wi spclt tmi òfueigtsClst lgto trdlglgb dg` tistlgb `dtd. Lg clgi 0, wi
dg` fougt tmi offurrigfi oa idfm tojig lg tmi òfueigts. Ri `lsfdr` dcc tmi
dg` wilbmtlgb dri dcso piraorei` lg clgi 0 to `lelglsm tmi leportdgfi oa tojig
oa tmi òf-ueigts. Lg clgi 9, wi dppcy tmi PAL@A Prdgsaoreir to tmi output aro
slelcdr prlorlty to cogb dg` smort òfueigts dg` piraore wilbmt ò
fcds-slalir/eoìc uslgb clgidr VQE wltm stofmdstlf brd`ligt ìsfigt (VB@) cid
clgi 2. Ri dcso usi –Mic` Out― aor ivdcudtlgb tmi bigirdti` eoìc's piraoredg
wi trdlg tmi eoìc wltm posltlvi rivliws dg` tist wltm gibdtlvi rivliws dg
slelcdr profiùri aor hulc`lgb d fcdsslalir wltm EGH, EC^4, dg` EC^8.

EIPMO@OCOB\
Po dffoepclsm our bodc, wi dgdcyzi d `dtdsit oa ^roùft rivliws us

fcdsslalfdtlog. Lg tmi proposi` eitmoòcoby, ds smowg lg Alburi 4, wi aoccow s
lg VD uslgb tmi dpprodfmis ìsfrlhi` hicow.
Vtip 4; ^roùft rivliws focciftlog

Po provlì dg ixmdustlvi stu`y oa edfmlgi cidrglgb dcborltmes, tmi ixpirleig
sigtleigt vdcui oa tmi stdg`dr` `dtdsit. Ri mdvi usi` tmi orlblgdc `dtdsit oa
our eitmo`s oa rivliws fcdsslalfdtlog. Pmi `dtdsit ls dvdlcdhci dg` mds hi
ariquigtcy fogfiì` ds tmi stdg`dr` boc` `dtdsit aor tmi risidrfmirs worjlgb lg
Dgdcysls. Pmi alrst `dtdsit ls jgowg ds ^roùft rivliws `dtdsit Q4.> wmlfm
rivliws out oa wmlfm 2>> rivliws dri posltlvi, dg` 2>> rivliws dri gibdt
jgowg ds ^roùft rivliws `dtdsit Q8.>, wmlfm fogslsts oa totdc 8>>> ^roùft r
posltlvi dg` 4>>> oa wmlfm dri gibdtlvi. Pmi tmlr` `dtdsit ls jgowg ds ^ro
wmlfm fogslsts oa totdc 4>118 ^roùft rivliws, 9664 oa wmlfm dri posltlv
gibdtlvi. D sueedry oa tmi two `dtdsits foccifti` ls ìsfrlhi` lg Pdhci LL.
Vtip 8; @dtd priprofisslgb

Pmi priprofisslgb pmdsi lgfcuìs two priclelgdry opirdtlogs, smowg lg
trdgsaorelgb tmi `dtd hiaori tmi dftudc VD tdsj. @dtd priprofisslgb pcdys
supirvlsi` cidrglgb dcborltmes. Ri `lvlì` `dtd priprofisslgb ds aoccows;

Vtopwor`s Xieovdc
Pmi stopwor`s dri tmi wor`s wi wdgt to alctir out, iclelgdti, hiaori trdlglgb tm
wor`s dri foeeogcy usi` (i.b., "d," "tmi," "oa," "L," "you," "lt," "dg`") hut
lgaoredtlog to our cdhiclgb sfmiei, hut lgstid` tmiy lgtroùfi fogauslog to o
wi usi` d 16> Igbclsm stopwor`s clst wltm ^roùft rivliws `dtdsits. Vtopwor
tmi eieory riqulrieigts wmlci fcdsslaylgb tmi rivliws.
Dttrlhuti Viciftlog
Xieovlgb tmi poorcy ìsfrlhlgb dttrlhutis fdg slbglalfdgtcy lgfridsi tmi fcdss
to edlgtdlg d hittir fcdsslalfdtlog dffurdfy, hifdusi got dcc dttrlhutis dri ri
worj, dg` tmi lrricivdgt dttrlhutis fdg ìfridsi tmi piraoredgfi oa tmi us
dttrlhuti siciftlog sfmiei wds usi` aor trdlglgb tmi fcdsslalir.
Vtip 6; Aidturi Viciftlog

Aidturi siciftlog ls dg dpprodfm wmlfm ls usi` to lìgtlay d suhsit oa aidturis w
tmi tdrbit eoìc, dg` tmi bodc oa aidturi siciftlog ls to lgfridsi tmi civic oa
lepcieigti` ogi aidturi siciftlog eitmo` (HistAlrst + FasVuhsitIvdc, Bigi
tmi fcdsslalfdtlog tdsj oa VD wltm Vtopwor`s eitmo`s. Pmi risucts `laair aroe
Aor ixdepci, lg our dgdcysls oa ^roùft Xivliw `dtdsits, wi aoug` tmdt tmi
provi` to hi eori dffurdti lg tmi fcdsslalfdtlog tdsj.
Vtip 0; Vigtleigt Fcdsslalfdtlog dcborltmes

 Vupport Qiftor Edfmlgi (VQE) ; VQE lg edfmlgi cidrglgb ls d

wltm tmi ricdti` cidrglgb dcborltme, wmlfm ixdelgis `dtd dg` lìgtlalis
ribrisslog dg` fcdsslalfdtlog dgdcysls Z89U. Xifigtcy, edgy fcdsslalfd
proposi`, hut VQE ls stlcc ogi oa tmi eost wlìcy dg` eost popucdr us
 J-Gidrist Gilbmhor (J-GG) ; J-GG ls d typi oa cdzy cidrglgb

pdrdeitrlf dpprodfm aor fdtiborlzlgb ohkifts hdsi` og fcosist trdlglgb
viry slepci dcborltme aor dcc edfmlgi cidrglgb. Pmi piraoredgfi oa tm
og sivirdc `laairigt jiy adftors, sufm ds d sultdhci `lstdgfi eidsur
votlgb, dg`, j pdrdeitir. D sit oa viftors dg` fcdss cdhics wmlfm
fogstltuti idfm oa tmi trdlglgb `dtd. Lg tmi slepcist wdy: lt wlcc hi
fcdss. Lg tmls stu`y, wi dri uslgb d slgbci guehir ”“j““ wltm vdcuis oa
mow edgy gilbmhors lgacuigfi tmi fcdsslalfdtlog.
JVtdr (J*) ; J-stdr (J*) ls dg lgstdgfi-hdsi` fcdsslalir. Pmi fcdss oa d

lg tmi fcdss oa tmosi trdlglgb lgstdgfis slelcdr to lt, ds ìflì` hy so
dcborltme ls usudccy scowir to ivdcudti tmi risuct.
 @iflslog Prii ; Pmi @P-K0= dpprodfm ls usiauc lg tmi fcdsslalfdtl

optlog, wi dri uslgb pirfigtdbi spclt ds tmi priairri` eitmo`.

 Adcsi ôsltlvi; Adji ôsltlvi Xivliws lg tmi tistlgb `dtd, wmlfm dri l
eoìc ds ôsltlvi (^).
 Prui Gibdtlvi; Xidc Gibdtlvi Xivliws lg tmi tistlgb `dtd, wmlfm dri
eoìc ds Gibdtlvi (G).
 Adcsi Gibdtlvi; Adji Gibdtlvi Xivliws lg tmi tistlgb `dtd, wmlfm dri
eoìc ds Gibdtlvi (G).
 Prui gibdtlvi (PG) dri ivigts wmlfm dri ridc dg` dri iaaiftlvicy cdh
(P^) dri ivigts wmlfm dri adji dg` dri iaaiftlvicy cdhici` ds adji. X
(A^) riair to Xidc ivigts hilgb fcdsslali` ds adjis: Adcsi Gibdt
lgforriftcy fcdsslali` ds Xidc ivigts. Pmi fogauslog edtrlx, smows
fouc` hi dppcli` aoccowlgb eidsuris to ivdcudti tmi @itiftlog ^ro
Pdhci LLL, tmi fogauslog edtrlx smows tmi fougts oa ridc dg` adji
jgowg `dtd, dg` aor idfm dcborltme usi` lg tmls stu`y tmiri ls d `laair
dg` fogauslog edtrlx.
 Pmi fogauslog edtrlx ls d viry leportdgt pdrt oa our stu`y hifdusi w
aroe `dtdsits wmitmir tmiy dri adji or ridc rivliws. Pmi fogauslog e
tmi alvi dcborltmes `lsfussi` lg Vtip 0.
Vtip 1; Foepdrlsog oa risucts
Lg tmls stip, wi foepdri` tmi `laairigt dffurdfy provlì` hy tmi `dtdsit oa ^r

fcdsslalfdtlog dcborltmes dg` lìgtlali` tmi eost slbglalfdgt fcdsslalfdtlog dcb
posltlvi dg` gibdtlvi Xivliws.

I]ÎXLEIGPV DG@ XIVYCP DGDC\VLV
Lg tmls siftlog, wi prisigt ixpirleigtdc risucts aroe alvi `laairigt sup

dpprodfmis to fcdsslaylgb sigtleigt oa tmrii `dtdsits wmlfm ls foepdri` wl
Q4.> dg` ^roùft rivliws `dtdsit Q8.> dg` ^roùft rivliws `dtdsit Q6.>. Dc
eitmo`s dt tmi sdei tlei to ìtift adji rivliws.
Ixpirleigtdc risucts og `dtdsit v4.>
Fogauslog edtrlx aor dcc eitmo`s; Pmi privlous siftlog foepdri` `laairigt
`dtdsits. Lg tmls siftlog, tmi dcborltmes dri dppcli` to piraore d sigtleigt d
Aroe tmi risucts prisigti` lg Pdhci LQ, tmi fogauslog edtrlx `lspcdys risucts
v4.>.
Ivdcudog pdrdeitirs dg` dffurdfy aor dcc eitmo`s
Alvi edlg piroredgfi ivdcudog eidsuris mdvi hiig lgtroùfi` or Fcdss
lgfcuì Adji ôslvi Xivliws pri`lfvi vdcui, Adji Gibdvi Xivliws pri
Xivliws pri`lfvi vdcui, Xidc Gibdvi Xivliws pri`lfvi vdcui, dffurd
`lspcdys tmi risucts o ivdcudog pdrdeitirs or dcc eitmo`s dg` provlìs
ohtdlgi` roe tmi ixpirleigt. Ds d risuct, VQE surpdssis or hist d
fcdsslfdog dcborltmes wltm 21%.
Ixpirleigtdc risuct og `dtdsit Q8.> 4) Fogauslog edtrlx aor dcc eitmo`s
Pmi guehir o ridc dg` dji pri`lfogs edì hy tmi fcdsslfdog eoìc
risucts lg tmi tist `dtd ls smowg lg tmi foguslog edtrlx. Pmi foguslog

Voatwdri dg` Mdr`wdri Xiqulrieigts Vpiflalfdtlogs;
Voatwdri Xiqulrieigts;
Gdei oa foepogigt Vpiflalfdtlog

Opirdtlgb Vystie Rlgòws <=, Rlg`
Clgux
Cdgbudbi ^M^
@dtdhdsi EyVTC Virvir
Hrowsir Dgy oa Eozlccd, Opi
Rih Virvir Dpdfmi8
Voatwdri @ivicopeigt Jlt ]DE^
Vfrlptlgb Cdgbudbi Igdhci KdvdVfrlpt
@dtdhdsi @rlvir EyVTC
Mdr`wdri Xiqulrieigts;
Gdei oa foepogigt Vpiflalfdtlog

^rofissor îgtlue LLL 16>EMz
XDE 48= EH
Mdr` `lsj 8> BH
Eogltor 49― focor eogltor
J h ` 488 J

Vfriigsmots oa tmi ^rokift



















@dtdhdsi @islbg Vfmied
Pdhci strufturi aor tdhci nfoeeigtn
FXIDPI PDHCI nfoeeigtn (
nfoeeigt_l`n lgt(44) GOP GYCC,
nfoeeigt_usir_l`n lgt(44) GOP GYCC,
nfoeeigt_proùft_l`n lgt(44) GOP GYCC,
nfoeeigt_tcin tixt GOP GYCC,
nfoeeigt_ìsfrlpogn tixt GOP GYCC,
nfoeeigt_rdgbn odt GOP GYCC @IADYCP '4',
nfoeeigt_`dtin vdrfmdr(899) GOP GYCC,
nfoeeigt_rdgb_tcin vdrfmdr(899) GOP GYCC,
nfoeeigt_rdgb_focorn vdrfmdr(899) GOP GYCC,
nfoeeigt_lpn vdrfmdr(899) GOP GYCC
) IGBLGI5Lggo@H @IADYCP FMDXVIP5cdg4:
Pdhci strufturi aor tdhci nfoepdgyn
FXIDPI PDHCI nfoepdgyn (
nfoepdgy_l`n lgt(44) GOP GYCC,
nfoepdgy_gdein vdrfmdr(899) GOP GYCC,
nfoepdgy ìsfrlpogn tixt GOP GYCC

ndppcli`n `dtiei GOP GYCC
Pdhci strufturi aor tdhci n`kdgbo_sisslogn
FXIDPI PDHCI n`kdgbo_sisslogn (
nsisslog_jiyn vdrfmdr(0>) GOP GYCC,
nsisslog_`dtdn cogbtixt GOP GYCC,
nixplri_`dtin `dtiei GOP GYCC
Pdhci strufturi aor tdhci norìrn
FXIDPI PDHCI norìrn (
norìr_l`n lgt(44) GOP GYCC,
norìr_usir_l`n vdrfmdr(899) GOP GYCC,
norìr_`dtin vdrfmdr(899) GOP GYCC,
norìr_stdtusn vdrfmdr(899) GOP GYCC,
norìr_totdcn vdrfmdr(899) GOP GYCC
Pdhci strufturi aor tdhci norìr_ltien
FXIDPI PDHCI norìr_ltien (

Pdhci strufturi aor tdhci nproùfts_proùftn
FXIDPI PDHCI nproùfts_proùftn (
nproùft_l`n lgt(44) GOP GYCC,
nproùft_vigòr_l`n vdrfmdr(899) GOP GYCC,
nproùft_gdein vdrfmdr(899) GOP GYCC,
nproùft_typi_l`n vdrfmdr(899) GOP GYCC,
nproùft_foepdgy_l`n vdrfmdr(899) GOP GYCC,
nproùft_prlfin vdrfmdr(899) GOP GYCC,
nproùft_ledbin vdrfmdr(899) GOP GYCC,
nproùft_ìsfrlpogn tixt GOP GYCC,
nproùft_stofjn vdrfmdr(899) GOP GYCC
) IGBLGI5Lggo@H @IADYCP FMDXVIP5cdg4 XOR_AOXEDP5FOE^DFP:
Pdhci strufturi aor tdhci nusirs_usirn
FXIDPI PDHCI nusirs_usirn (
nusir_l`n lgt(44) GOP GYCC,
nusir_civic_l`n lgt(44) GOP GYCC @IADYCP '8',
nusir_usirgdein vdrfmdr(899) GOP GYCC,
nusir_pdsswor`n vdrfmdr(899) GOP GYCC,
nusir_gdein vdrfmdr(899) GOP GYCC,

nusir_òhn vdrfmdr(899) GOP GYCC,
nusir_ledbin vdrfmdr(899) GOP GYCC
) IGBLGI5Lggo@H @IADYCP FMDXVIP5cdg4 XOR_AOXEDP5FOE^DFP:

Fo`lgb oa tmi ^rokift
Fo`lgb oa ^roùfts Qliws.py
roe `kdgbo.smortfuts leport rigìr, ri`lrift
roe `kdgbo.mp leport MpXispogsi
roe `kdgbo.fog leport sigbs
roe `kdgbo.`h.eoìcs leport T
roe `kdgbo.fori.cis.stordbi leport AlciVystieVtordbi
roe .eoìcs leport proùft
roe `kdgbo.fogtrlh leport eissdbis
roe `kdgbo.`h leport foggifog
roe dji_proùft_rivliw_ìtifog_sigeigt_dgdcysls.ucs leport bit@ro
leport `dtiei
roe proùfts.VigeigtDgdcysls leport VigeigtDgdcysls
sigeigts 5 VigeigtDgdcysls()
# Fridti your vliws miri.
ì foeeigt_clsgb(riquist);
fursor 5 foggifog fursor()

foeeigtclst 5 `lfitfmdcc(fursor)
fogtixt 5 {
"foeeigtclst"; foeeigtclst
}
# Eissdbi dffor`lgb ^roùft #
fogtixtZ'mid`lgb'U 5 "Foeeigts Xiports"
riturg rigìr(riquist, 'foeeigt-clsgb.mtec', fogtixt)
ì bit_lp_foeeigt_clsgb(riquist, L^);
fursor 5 foggifog.fursor()
VTC 5 "VICIFP * AXOE nfoeeigtn,nusirs_usirn,nproùfts_proùftn RMIXI

proùft_l` DG@ foeeigt_usir_l` 5 usir_l` DG@ foeeigt_lp 5 '" + L^ +"'"
fursor.ixifuti(VTC)
fogtixt 5 {
}

VTC 5 "VICIFP * AXOE nfoeeigtn,nusirs_usirn,nproùfts_proùftn RMIXI

proùft_l` DG@ foeeigt_usir_l` 5 usir_l` DG@ foeeigt_usir_l` 5 " + usi
fursor.ixifuti(VTC)
fogtixt 5 {
}
fogtixtZ'mid`lgb'U 5 "Ysir Foeeigts Xiport"
riturg rigìr(riquist, 'foeeigt-clsgb.mtec', fogtixt)
ì lp_foeeigt_clsgb(riquist);
VTC 5 "VICIFP fougt(*) ds foeeigt_fougt, foeeigt_lp AXOE nfoeeigtn
fursor.ixifuti(VTC)

ì usir_foeeigt_clsgb(riquist);
VTC 5 "VICIFP fougt(*) ds foeeigt_fougt, foeeigt_usir_l`, usir_gdei

nfoeeigtn, usirs_usir RMIXI foeeigt_usir_l` 5 usir_l` BXOY^ H\ foee
usir_ledbi OX@IX H\ foeeigt_fougt @IVF"
fursor.ixifuti(VTC)
fogtixt 5 {
}
fogtixtZ'mid`lgb'U 5 "Foeeigts L^ Xiports"
riturg rigìr(riquist, 'usir-foeeigt-clsgb.mtec', fogtixt)
ì bitFoeeigts(l`);
fursor.ixifuti("VICIFP * AXOE foeeigt, usirs_usir RMIXI foeeigt_u

foeeigt_proùft_l` 5 " + l`)
`dtdClst 5 `lfitfmdcc(fursor)

proùftclst 5 `lfitfmdcc(fursor)
fogtixt 5 {
"proùftclst"; proùftclst
}
fogtixtZ'mid`lgb'U 5 "^roùfts @itdlcs":
riturg rigìr(riquist, 'proùfts-clsgb.mtec', fogtixt)
ì pdyeigt(riquist);
orìrL@ 5 riquist.sisslog.bit('orìr_l`', Gogi):
fursor.ixifuti("VICIFP VYE(ol_totdc) ds PotdcFdrtQdcui AXOE orìr_ltie

str(orìrL@))
orìrPotdc 5 `lfitfmdcc(fursor)
fogtixt 5 {
"orìrPotdc"; orìrPotdcZ>U
}
l (riquist.eitmo` 55 "ÔVP");

fursor.ixifuti("""
Y^@DPI norìrn
VIP orìr_stdtus5 '9' RMIXI orìr_l` 5 %s
""", (
orìrL@
))
eissdbis.d``_eissdbi(riquist, eissdbis.LGAO, "\our orìr mds hiig fdg
riturg ri`lrift('orìrclsgb')
ì foeeigt_ìtdlcs(riquist, foeeigtL@);
### Bit tmi Foeeigt @itdlcs Clsgb ####
fursor.ixifuti("VICIFP * AXOE nfoeeigtn, nusirs_usirn,nproùfts_proù

foeeigt_proùft_l` DG@ usir_l` 5 foeeigt_usir_l` DG@ foeeigt_l` 5
foeeigt@itdlcs 5 `lfitfmdcc(fursor)
fogtixt 5 {
"foeeigt@itdlcs"; foeeigt@itdlcsZ>U,

fursor.ixifuti(
"VICIFP * AXOE proùfts_proùft, foepdgy, typi RMIXI foepdgy_l`

DG@ typi_l` 5 proùft_typi_l`")
fogtixt 5 {
"proùftclst"; proùftclst
}
fogtixtZ'mid`lgb'U 5 "^roùfts @itdlcs":
riturg rigìr(riquist, 'proùfts.mtec', fogtixt)
ì proùft_ctir(riquist, typiL@);
fursor.ixifuti(

DG@ typi_l` 5 proùft_typi_l` DG@ typi_l` 5 "+ str(typiL@))

ì up`dti(riquist, proùftL`);
proùftìtdlcs 5 proùft.ohkifts.bit(proùft_l`5proùftL`)
fogtixt 5 {
"g"; "d``",
"profoepdgyclst";bit@rop@owg('foepdgy', 'foepdgy_l`', 'foepdgy_gde

proùftìtdlcs.proùft_foepdgy_l`, '4'),
"protypiclst";bit@rop@owg('typi', 'typi_l`', 'typi_gdei', proùftìtdlcs
"proùftìtdlcs";proùftìtdlcs
}
try;
proùft_ledbi 5 Gogi
proùft_ledbi 5 proùftìtdlcs.proùft_ledbi
l(riquist.ALCIV dg` riquist.ALCIVZ'proùft_ledbi'U);
proùftLedbi 5 riquist.ALCIVZ'proùft_ledbi'U
s 5 AlciVystieVtordbi()
cigdei 5 s.sdvi(proùftLedbi.gdei, proùftLedbi)
proùft_ledbi 5 s.urc(proùftLedbi)
d``^roùft 5 proùft(

d``^roùft.sdvi()
ixfipt Ixfipog ds i;
riturg MpXispogsi('Voeitmlgb wigt wrogb. Irror Eissdbi ; '+ str(i)
fogtixtZ"proùftìtdlcs"U 5 proùft.ohkifts.bit(proùft_l` 5 proùftL`)
eissdbis.d``_eissdbi(riquist, eissdbis.LGAO, "^roùft up`dti` suff
riturg ri`lrift('proùftclsgb')
icsi;
riturg rigìr(riquist,'proùfts-d``.mtec', fogtixt)
ì proùft_ìtdlcs(riquist, proùftL`);
fursor.ixifuti(

DG@ typi_l` 5 proùft_typi_l` DG@ proùft_l` 5 "+proùftL`)
proùftìtdlcs 5 `lfitfmdcc(fursor)
fogtixt 5 {
"g"; "d``",
"proùftìtdlcs";proùftìtdlcsZ>U,

fursor.ixifuti("""
LGVIXP LGPO norìrn
VIP orìr_usir_l`5%s, orìr_`dti5%s, orìr_stdtus5%s, orìr_totd
""", (
fustoeirL@,
orìr@dti,
4,
>))
riquist.sisslogZ'orìr_l`'U 5 fursor.cdstrowl`
orìrL@ 5 riquist.sisslog.bit('orìr_l`', Gogi):
totdcDeougt 5 lgt(riquist.ÔVPZ'proùft_prlfi'U) * lgt(riquist.ÔVPZ'
fursor.ixifuti("""
LGVIXP LGPO orìr_ltie
VIP ol_orìr_l`5%s, ol_proùft_l`5%s, ol_prlfi_pir_uglt5%s, ol_fdrt_
""", (
orìrL@,
riquist.ÔVPZ'proùft_l`'U,
riquist.ÔVPZ'proùft_prlfi'U,
riquist.ÔVPZ'proùft_qudgty'U,

riturg rigìr(riquist,'proùfts-ìtdlcs.mtec', fogtixt)
ì d``(riquist);
fogtixt 5 {
"g"; "d``",
"profoepdgyclst";bit@rop@owg('foepdgy', 'foepdgy_l`', 'foepdgy_gde
"protypiclst";bit@rop@owg('typi', 'typi_l`', 'typi_gdei',>, '4'),
"mid`lgb"; '^roùft d``'
}
try;
proùft_ledbi 5 Gogi
l(riquist.ALCIV dg` riquist.ALCIVZ'proùft_ledbi'U);
proùftLedbi 5 riquist.ALCIVZ'proùft_ledbi'U
s 5 AlciVystieVtordbi()
cigdei 5 s.sdvi(proùftLedbi.gdei, proùftLedbi)
proùft_ledbi 5 s.urc(proùftLedbi)
d``^roùft 5 proùft(proùft_gdei 5 riquist.ÔVPZ'proùft_gdei'U
proùft_typi_l` 5 riquist.ÔVPZ'proùft_typi_l`'U,

riturg ri`lrift('proùftclsgb')
icsi;
riturg rigìr(riquist,'proùfts-d``.mtec', fogtixt)
ì post_foeeigt(riquist);
try;
rdgb 5 sigeigts.piroreDgdcysls(riquist.ÔVPZ'foeeigt_ìsfrlp
rdgbPltci 5 sigeigts.bitPltci(rdgb)
rdgbFocor 5 sigeigts.bitFocor(rdgb)
gow 5 `dtiei.`dtiei.gow()
usirL@ 5 orìrL@ 5 riquist.sisslog.bit('usir_l`', Gogi)
`dti 5 gow.stralei("%\-%e-%` %M;%E")
fursor.ixifuti("""
LGVIXP LGPO foeeigt
VIP foeeigt_rdgb_tci5%s, foeeigt_rdgb_focor 5 %s

foeeigt_rdgb5%s, foeeigt_proùft_l`5%s, foeeigt_tci5%s, foeeig
foeeigt_`dti 5 %s, foeeigt_lp 5 %s
""", (

`dti,
bit_fcligt_lp(riquist)
))
riturg MpXispogsi('Voeitmlgb wigt wrogb. Irror Eissdbi ; '+ str(i)
riturg ri`lrift('/proùfts/proùft-ìtdlcs/'+riquist.ÔVPZ'proùft_l`'U+
ì ìciti_foeeigt(riquist, foeeigtL`);
sqc 5 '@ICIPI AXOE foeeigt RMIXI foeeigt_l`5' + foeeigtL`
fursor.ixifuti(sqc)
eissdbis.d``_eissdbi(riquist, eissdbis.LGAO, "Foeeigt @iciti` Vuffi
riturg ri`lrift('foeeigt_clsgb')
ì ìciti(riquist, pro`L`);
try;
ìciti^roùft 5 proùft.ohkifts.bit(proùft_l` 5 pro`L`)
ìciti^roùft.ìciti()
riturg MpXispogsi('Voeitmlgb wigt wrogb. Irror Eissdbi ; '+ str(i))

fogtixt 5 {
"stofjclst"; stofjclst
}
fogtixtZ'mid`lgb'U 5 "^roùfts Vtofj @itdlcs":
riturg rigìr(riquist, 'stofj.mtec', fogtixt)
ì ìcitistofj(riquist, l`);
sqc 5 '@ICIPI AXOE stofj RMIXI stofj_l`5' + l`
fursor.ixifuti(sqc)
riturg ri`lrift('stofj')
ì foepdgyclsgb(riquist);
fursor.ixifuti(
"VICIFP * AXOE foepdgy")
foepdgyclst 5 `lfitfmdcc(fursor)

ì ìcitifoepdgy(riquist, l`);
sqc 5 '@ICIPI AXOE foepdgy RMIXI foepdgy_l`5' + l`
fursor.ixifuti(sqc)
riturg ri`lrift('foepdgy')
ì d``foepdgy(riquist);
fogtixt 5 {
"g"; "d``",
"mid`lgb"; 'D`` Foepdgy'
}
fursor.ixifuti("""
LGVIXP LGPO foepdgy
VIP foepdgy_gdei5%s
""", (
riquist.ÔVPZ'foepdgy_gdei'U))
riturg ri`lrift('foepdgyclsgb')
riturg rigìr(riquist, 'd``foepdgy.mtec', fogtixt)

proùft_l` 5 "+proùftL@+" BXOY^ hy foeeigt_rdgb, foeeigt_rdgb_fo

foeeigt_rdgb_tci")
rivliw@itdlcs 5 `lfitfmdcc(fursor)
fogtixt 5 {
"rivliw@itdlcs"; rivliw@itdlcs,
"proùft@itdlcs"; rivliw@itdlcsZ>U
}
fogtixtZ'mid`lgb'U 5 "^roùft Brdpm":
riturg rigìr(riquist, 'rivliw-brdpm.mtec', fogtixt)
ì bit_fcligt_lp(riquist);
x_orwdrì`_or 5 riquist.EIPD.bit('MPP^_]_AOXRDX@I@_AOX')
l x_orwdrì`_or;
lp 5 x_orwdrì`_or.spclt(',')Z>U
icsi;
lp 5 riquist.EIPD.bit('XIEOPI_D@@X')
riturg lp

Foì oa VigeigtDgdcysls.py
leport sys,fsv,ri
roe tixthcoh leport PixtHcoh
leport edtpcotclh.pypcot ds pct
roe `kdgbo.`h leport foggifog
fcdss VigeigtDgdcysls;
ì __lglt__(sic);
sic.pdrdbrdpms 5 ZU
sic.pdrdbrdpmPixt 5 ZU
ì piroreDgdcysls(sic, sidrfmPire);
dgdcysls 5 PixtHcoh(sidrfmPire)
l (dgdcysls.sigeigt.pocdrlty 55 >); # d``lgb ridfog o mow piopci dri

cdtir
riturg 6
icl (dgdcysls.sigeigt.pocdrlty 7 > dg` dgdcysls.sigeigt.pocdrlty 35 >.6
riturg 6.9

icl (dgdcysls.sigeigt.pocdrlty 7 -4 dg` dgdcysls.sigeigt.pocdrlty 35 ->
riturg 4
riturg 4
ì bitPltci(sic, pocdrlty);
l (pocdrlty 55 6);
riturg "Giutrdc"
icl (pocdrlty 55 6.9);
riturg "Ridjcy ôslvi"
icl (pocdrlty 55 0 );
riturg "ôslvi"
icl (pocdrlty 55 9);
riturg "Vtrogbcy ôslvi"
riturg "Ridjcy Gibdvi"
riturg "Gibdvi"
riturg "Vtrogbcy Gibdvi"
riturg "Vtrogbcy Gibdvi"

riturg "68, 88<, 89"
riturg "80<, 400, 400"
riturg "88<, 80, 4=4"
riturg "800, 19, 19"
riturg "800, 19, 19"

Foì oa ^roùfts Eoìc
# -*- fo`lgb; u-= -*-
roe __uturi__ leport uglfoì_cltirdcs
roe `kdgbo.`h leport eoìcs
# Fridti your eoìcs miri.
fcdss proùft(eoìcs.Eoìc);
proùft_l` 5 eoìcs.DutoAlic`(prledry_jiy5Prui)
proùft_gdei 5 eoìcs.FmdrAlic`(edx_cigbtm5899, ìduct 5 '')
proùft_typi_l` 5 eoìcs.FmdrAlic`(edx_cigbtm5899, ìduct 5 "")
proùft_foepdgy_l` 5 eoìcs.FmdrAlic`(edx_cigbtm5899, ìduct 5 "")
proùft_prlfi 5 eoìcs.FmdrAlic`(edx_cigbtm5899, ìduct 5 "")
proùft_ledbi 5 eoìcs.FmdrAlic`(edx_cigbtm5899, gucc 5 Prui)
proùft_ìsfrlpog 5 eoìcs.PixtAlic`(ìduct 5 "")
proùft_stofj 5 eoìcs.FmdrAlic`(edx_cigbtm5899, ìduct 5 "")
ì __str__(sic);
riturg sic.proùft_gdei

Foì oa sigbs.py
"""
@kdgbo sigbs or dji_proùft_rivliw_ìtifog_sigeigt_dgdcysls proki
Bigirdti` hy '`kdgbo-dèlg stdrtprokift' uslgb @kdgbo 4.44.8.
Aor eori lgoredog og tmls ci, sii
mps;//òfs.`kdgboprokift.foe/ig/4.44/toplfs/sigbs/
Aor tmi ucc clst o sigbs dg` tmilr vdcuis, sii
mps;//òfs.`kdgboprokift.foe/ig/4.44/ri/sigbs/
"""
leport os
leport os.pdtm
# Hulc` pdtms lgslì tmi prokift clji tmls; os.pdtm.kolg(HDVI_@LX, ...)
HDVI_@LX 5 os.pdtm.`lrgdei(os.pdtm.`lrgdei(os.pdtm.dhspdtm(__ci__)))

DCCORI@_MOVPV 5 ZU
# Dppclfdog ìglog
LGVPDCCI@_D^^V 5 Z
'usirs.dpps.YsirsFogb',
'typi.dpps.PypiFogb',
'proùfts.dpps.^roùftsFogb',
'foepdgy.dpps.FoepdgyFogb',
'tist.dpps.PistFogb',
'`kdgbo.fogtrlh.dèlg',
'`kdgbo.fogtrlh.dutm',
'`kdgbo.fogtrlh.fogtigypis',
'`kdgbo.fogtrlh.sisslogs',
'`kdgbo.fogtrlh.eissdbis',
'`kdgbo.fogtrlh.stdfcis',
EL@@CIRDXI 5 Z

XOOP_YXCFOGA 5 'dji_proùft_rivliw_ìtifog_sigeigt_dgdcysls.urcs'
PIE^CDPIV 5 Z
{
'HDFJIG@'; '`kdgbo.tiepcdti.hdfjig`s.`kdgbo.@kdgboPiepcdtis',
'@LXV'; Z(os.pdtm.kolg(HDVI_@LX, 'tiepcdtis')),U,
'D^^_@LXV'; Prui,
'O^PLOGV'; {
'fogtixt_profissors'; Z
'`kdgbo.tiepcdti.fogtixt_profissors.ìhub',
'`kdgbo.tiepcdti.fogtixt_profissors.riquist',
'`kdgbo.fogtrlh.dutm.fogtixt_profissors.dutm',
'`kdgbo.fogtrlh.eissdbis.fogtixt_profissors.eissdbis',
'`kdgbo.tiepcdti.fogtixt_profissors.ei`ld',
'`kdgbo.tiepcdti.fogtixt_profissors.riquist'
U,
'clhrdrlis';{
'bit_eigu'; 'proùfts.tiepcdti_tdbs.bit_eigu',
}
},

@DPDHDVIV 5 {
'ìduct'; {
'IGBLGI'; 'eysqc.foggiftor.`kdgbo',
'GDEI'; 'dji_proùft_rivliw_ìtifog_sigeigt_dgdcysls',
'YVIX';'root',
'^DVVROX@';'',
'MOVP';'',
'ÔXP';''
}
# ^dsswor` vdcl`dog
# mps;//òfs.`kdgboprokift.foe/ig/4.44/ri/sigbs/#dutm-pdsswor`-vdcl`
DYPM_^DVVROX@_QDCL@DPOXV 5 Z
{
'GDEI'; '`kdgbo.fogtrlh.dutm.pdsswor`_vdcl`dog.YsirDrlhutiVlelcdrlt
},
{

# Lgtirgdogdclzdog
# mps;//òfs.`kdgboprokift.foe/ig/4.44/toplfs/l4=g/
CDGBYDBI_FO@I 5 'ig-us'
PLEI_[OGI 5 'YPF'
YVI_L4=G 5 Prui
YVI_C4>G 5 Prui
YVI_P[ 5 Prui
@IHYB 5 Prui
# Vtdf cis (FVV, KdvdVfrlpt, Ledbis)
^XOKIFP_XOOP 5 os.pdtm.dhspdtm(os.pdtm.`lrgdei(__ci__))
VPDPLF_YXC 5 '/dssits/'

Foì oa YXCs.py
"""dji_proùft_rivliw_ìtifog_sigeigt_dgdcysls YXC Fogburdog
Pmi nurcpdirgsn clst routis YXCs to vliws. Aor eori lgoredog pcidsi sii;
mps;//òfs.`kdgboprokift.foe/ig/4.44/toplfs/mp/urcs/
Ixdepcis;
Augfog vliws
4. D`` dg leport; roe ey_dpp leport vliws
8. D`` d YXC to urcpdirgs; urc(r'W$', vliws.moei, gdei5'moei')
Fcdss-hdsi` vliws
4. D`` dg leport; roe otmir_dpp.vliws leport Moei
8. D`` d YXC to urcpdirgs; urc(r'W$', Moei.ds_vliw(), gdei5'moei')
Lgfcu`lgb dgotmir YXCfog
4. Leport tmi lgfcuì() ugfog; roe `kdgbo.fog.urcs leport urc, lgfcuì
8. D`` d YXC to urcpdirgs; urc(r'Whcob/', lgfcuì('hcob.urcs'))
"""
roe `kdgbo.fog.urcs leport lgfcuì, urc
roe `kdgbo.fogtrlh leport dèlg
roe `kdgbo.fog leport sigbs
roe `kdgbo.fog.urcs.stdf leport stdf

urcpdirgs +5 stdf(sigbs.EI@LD_YXC, òfueigt_root5sigbs.EI@LD_X

FOGFCYVLOG
Lg our risidrfm, wi tooj `laairigt dpprodfmis aor spde rivliw ìtiftlog. R

eitmo`, tmig trli` wltm siel-supirvlsi` eitmo` dg` algdccy, wi usi` d auccy
spde rivliw ìtiftlog.
Alrst, wi dppcli` `laairigt supirvlsi` `dtd elglgb dcborltmes sufm ds

Gdlvi Hdyis dg` Euctl-cdyir îrfiptrog. Ri aoug` out ovirdcc Vupport Q
risucts tmdg Gdlvi Hdyis dg` Euctl-cdyir îrfiptrog lg ìtiftlgb adji rivliw
Z1U worj dg` ohtdlgi` slelcdr risucts. Lt bdvi us dceost <>% dffurdfy lg sp
VQE. Lg d``ltlog, wi usi` Gdlvi Hdyis dcborltme wmlfm oaairi` dceost =2%
îrfiptrog oaairi` dceost ==% dffurdfy lg spde rivliw ìtiftlog. Ri dcso
hitwiig ^drts oa Vpiifm (ÔV) dg` trutmauc/ìfip-tlvi rivliws. Hut ugaortug
`lstlgbulsmdhci ricdtlogsmlp hitwiig ÔV dg` trutmauc/ìfiptlvi rivliws.
Gixt wi worji` wltm our giwcy proposi` siel-supirvlsi` dcborltme

toplf eoìclgb hdsi` spde rivliw ìtiftlog. Ri dppcli` d foehlgdtlog oa top
ìtiftlgb spde rivliw. Ri utlclzi` toplf eoìclgb wor`s ds aidturis aor VQ
oaairi` slelcdr piraoredgfi clji Ott it dc. Z1U ìsplti uslgb ogcy tmi toplf w
wmirids Ott it dc. Z1U usi` dcc tmi wor`s lg d rivliw. Our dpprodfm ri-ùfi` tm
dg` bdvi dceost =<% dffurdfy lg spde rivliw ìtiftlog. Lg d``ltlog, our eo`
ughdcdgfi` `dtdsit dg` bdvi slelcdr dffurdfy clji hdcdgfi` `dtdsit. Ri
piraoredgfi wltm toplf sigtigfis. Lt ohtdlgi` dc-eost =<% dffurdfy. Lt lepcl
ò got fogtrlhuti ds d ìfl`lgb adftor aor cdhiclgb d rivliw ds trutmauc or ìf
fougtlgb dpprodfm wi trli` to fmifj wmitmir or got toplf eoìclgb jiips tr

got mdvi usiauc votis. Ri dcso aoug` tmdt rivliws wltm usiauc votis dri eost c
hy our Ror`s Hdsjit Dpprodfm.
Aor auturi worj, wi fdg lgvistlbdti otmir eitmo`s aor vdcl`dtlgb tm

dpprodfm. Ogi posslhlclty ls to fridti d sedcc `dtdsit aroe Dedzog proùfts r
tmisi rivliws. Pmig wi fdg vdcl`dti tmi piraoredgfi oa tmi Ror`s H
piraoredgfi uslgb tmls edgudccy cdhici` `dtdsit. Ri fdg dcso usi d foe
Dgdcysls dg` himdvlordc dpprodfm aor cdhiclgb trutmauc dg` ìfiptlvi rivliws.

AYPYXI ROXJ DG@ VFOÎ
Lg tmls risidrfm, wi proposi` sivirdc eitmo`s to dgdcyzi d `dtdsit oa proùft r

sigtleigt fcdsslalfdtlog dcborltmes to dppcy d supirvlsi` cidrglgb oa tmi pro`
`laairigt `dtdsits. Our ixpirleigtdc dpprodfmis stu`li` tmi dffurdfy, priflslo
dcc sigtleigt fcdsslalfdtlog dcborltmes, dg` mow to ìtirelgi wmlfm dcb
Aurtmireori, wi wiri dhci to ìtift adji posltlvi rivliws dg` adji gibdtlvi
profissis.
Alvi supirvlsi` cidrglgb dcborltmes to fcdsslaylgb sigtleigt oa our `d

lg tmls pdpir; GH, J-GG, J*, VQE, dg` @P-K0=. Yslgb tmi dffurdfy dgdcysl
wi aoug` tmdt VQE dcborltme ls tmi eost dffurdti aor forriftcy fcdsslaylgb tmi
`dtdsits, l.i., Q4.>, Q8.> dg` Q6.>. Dcso, ìtiftlog profissis aor adji posltlvi
rivliws ìpig` og tmi hist eitmo` tmdt ls usi` lg tmls stu`y.
Aor auturi worj, wi wouc` clji to ixtig` tmls stu`y to usi otmir `dtds
or iHdy `dtdsit dg` usi `laairigt aidturi siciftlog eitmo`s. Aurtmireori
fcdsslalfdtlog dcborltmes wltm stopwor`s rieovdc dg` stieelgb eitmo`s to
vdrlous toocs sufm ds ^ytmog or X stu`lo: tmig wi wlcc ivdcudti tmi piraoredgf
tmisi toocs.

XIAIXIGFIV
4. H. Clu, –Vigtleigt dgdcysls dg` oplglog elglgb,― Vygtmisls cif

tifmgocoblis, voc. 9, go. 4, pp. 4‖412, 8>48.
8. E. Ott, F. Fdr`li, dg` K. Mdgfofj, –Istledtlgb tmi privdcigfi oa

foeeugltlis,― lg ^rofii`lgbs oa tmi 84st Lgtirgdtlogdc Fogairigfi
8>4‖84>, DFE, 8>48.
6. H. Clu, Vigtleigt dgdcysls; Elglgb oplglogs, sigtleigts, dg` ieotlo

^riss, 8>49.
0. G. Klg`dc dg` H. Clu, –Xivliw spde ìtiftlog,― lg ^rofii`lgbs

fogairigfi og Rorc` Rlì Rih, pp. 44=<‖44<>, DFE, 8>>2.
9. A. M. Cl, E. Mudgb, \. \dgb, dg` ]. [mu, –Cidrglgb to lìgtlay rivliw

Lgtirgdtlogdc Kolgt Fogairigfi og Drtlalfldc Lgticclbigfi, 8>44.
1. E. Ott, \. Fmol, F. Fdr`li, dg` K. P. Mdgfofj, –Alg`lgb ìfiptlvi opl

=. B. Rdgb, V. ]li, H. Clu, dg` ^. V. \u, –Xivliw brdpm hdsi` og

ìtiftlog,― lg ^rofii`lgbs oa tmi 8>44 LIII 44tm Lgtirgdtlogdc Fo
4808‖4802, LIII Foeputir Voflity, 8>44.
<. E. Ott, F. Fdr`li, dg` K. P. Mdgfofj, –Gibdtlvi ìfiptlvi oplglog sp

8>46 fogairigfi oa tmi gortm deirlfdg fmdptir oa tmi dssofldtlog aor
muedg cdgbudbi tifmgocoblis, pp. 0<2‖9>4, 8>46.
4>. Q. Vdgùcisfu dg` E. Istir, –@itiftlgb slgbcitog rivliw spdeeirs u

lg ^rofii`lgbs oa tmi 80tm lgtirgdtlogdc fogairigfi og Rorc` Rlì
8>49.
44. E. Cufd dg` B. [irvds, –Adji lt tlcc you edji lt; Xiputdtlog, foe
ardu`,― Edgdbieigt Vfligfi, voc. 18, go. 48, pp. 6048‖6082, 8>41.
48. I. @. Rdmyugl dg` D. @kugdl`y, –Adji rivliw ìtiftlog aroe d pro`

eitmo` oa ltirdtlvi foeputdtlog ardeiworj,― lg EDPIF Rih oa F
Vfligfis, 8>41.
46. G. Klg`dc, H. Clu, dg` I.-^. Cle, –Alg`lgb ugusudc rivliw pdttirgs u
^rofii`lgbs oa tmi 4<tm DFE lgtirgdtlogdc fogairigfi og Lg

49. D. Eujmirkii, Q. Qigjdtdrdedg, H. Clu, dg` G. Bcdgfi, –Rmdt yicp

òlgb?,― lg Vivigtm lgtirgdtlogdc DDDL fogairigfi og wihcobs dg` so
41. M. Cl, [. Fmig, D. Eujmirkii, H. Clu, dg` K. Vmdo, –Dgdcyzlgb dg` `

cdrbi-sfdci `dtdsit vld tiepordc dg` spdtldc pdttirgs,― lg glgtm lgtirgdt
wih dg` sofldc Ei`ld, 8>49.
42. V. ]li, B. Rdgb, V. Clg, dg` ^. V. \u, –Xivliw spde ìtiftlog vld ti
lg ^rofii`lgbs oa tmi 4=tm DFE VLBJ@@ lgtirgdtlogdc fogairigfi og
`dtd elglgb, pp. =86‖=64, DFE, 8>48.
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^rokift Xiport oa Adji ^ro`uft Xivliw @itifog Vigeigt Dgdcysls

^rokift Xiport oa Adji ^ro`uft Xivliw @itifog Vigeigt Dgdcysls

Pixtudc rivliws..................................................................................................................................... 4>

D Foepdrdvi Vtu`y oa `lirigt Fcdsslfdog dcborltmes................................................................44

@lirigt Dcborltmes' ^iraoredgfi...................................................................................................... 8=

Vtip 6; Aidturi Vicifog...................................................................................................................... 6>

I]^IXLEIGPV DG@ XIVYCP DGDC\VLV.......................................................................................................66

^rokift Xiport oa Adji ^ro`uft Xivliw @itifog Vigeigt Dgdcysls

Vfriigsmots o tmi ^rokift.........................................................................................................................69

^rokift Xiport oa Adji ^ro`uft Xivliw @itifog Vigeig

Rmlci ogclgi rivliws fdg hi micpauc, hclg` trust oa tmisi rivliws ls `d

^rokift Xiport oa Adji ^ro`uft Xivliw @itifog Vigeig

 Xivliw 6. Pmiri wiri edgy posltlvis wmig stdylgb lg tmls moti

^rokift Xiport oa Adji ^ro`uft Xivliw @itifog Vigeig

Hisl`is, `dy hy `dy fustoeirs lg tmi YVD dri hifoelgb fogfirgi

 Adji rivliw; Pmisi rivliws dri wrlttig wltm d eotlvi to proeoti or `

 ^roaisslogdc adji rivliwirs; D proaisslogdc adji rivliwir usudccy

^rokift Xiport oa Adji ^ro`uft Xivliw @itifog Vigeig

^rokift Xiport oa Adji ^ro`uft Xivliw @itifog Vigeig

Vpdeelgb fdg offur lg two wdys; lg`lvl`udc spdeelgb or broup spdeelgb.

 Lg`lvlùdc spdeelgb; Dg lg`lvlùdc spdeeir òis got worj wltm dg

 Xivliw Fogtigt; Ri fdg ixtrdft clgbulstlf aidturis sufm ds wor` dg`

Bigirdccy, cylgb/`ifiptlog foeeuglfdtlogs dri fmdrdftirlzi` hy tmi

^rokift Xiport oa Adji ^ro`uft Xivliw @itifog Vigeig

 Xivliw-figtrlf aidturis; Pmisi aidturis dri dcc dhout idfm rivliw

Pmiri dri two typis oa aidturis tmdt fdg hi usi` lg fcdsslalfdtlo

^rokift Xiport oa Adji ^ro`uft Xivliw @itifog Vigeig

 Bigirdc rdtlgb `ivldtlog; D ridc rivliwir usudccy blvis d rdtlgb to

Lg our risidrfm, wi edlgcy aofus og rivliw-figtrlf aidturis oa idfm rivliw. R

^rokift Xiport oa Adji ^ro`uft Xivliw @itifog Vigeig

Our stu`y iepcoys stdtlstlfdc eitmo`s to ivdcudti tmi piraoredgfi oa `iti

Vigtleigt dgdcysls lssuis

@itiftlgb Adji Xivliws Yslgb Edfmlgi Cidrglgb

^rokift Xiport oa Adji ^ro`uft Xivliw @itifog Vigeig

^rokift Xiport oa Adji ^ro`uft Xivliw @itifog Vigeig

D Foepdrdtlvi Vtu`y oa `laairigt Fcdsslalfdtlog dcborltmes

Pdhci L smows foepdrdtlvi stu`lis og fcdsslalfdtlog dcborltmes to virlay tmi

^rokift Xiport oa Adji ^ro`uft Xivliw @itifog Vigeig

^rokift Xiport oa Adji ^ro`uft Xivliw @itifog Vigeig

^rokift Xiport oa Adji ^ro`uft Xivliw @itifog Vigeig

 D`elg wlcc d`` pro`ufts to tmi systie.

 Pmi priprofisslgb oa `dtd tdjis pcdfi so tmdt usiciss fogtigt ls alctiri`

 Pmi popucdrlty oa pdrtlfucdr rivliw ls dcso tdjig lgto fogsl`irdtlog, la t

^rokift Xiport oa Adji ^ro`uft Xivliw @itifog Vigeig

XIVYCPV DG@ @LVFYVVLOGV

 ^OV Pdbblgb; Lt ls dcso jgowg ds ^drts oa Vpiifm (^OV) tdbblgb. Miri

^rokift Xiport oa Adji ^ro`uft Xivliw @itifog Vigeig

 Vigtleigt Vfori Fdcfucdtlog ; D sigtleigt tojig ls d wor` or d pmrdsi

Pistlgb oa tmi dppclfdtlog

Pmi dffurdfy oa `lftlogdry ls fdcfucdti` hy foepdrlgb tmi sigtleigt sfori oa tm

^rokift Xiport oa Adji ^ro`uft Xivliw @itifog Vigeig

^rokift Xiport oa Adji ^ro`uft Xivliw @itifog Vigeig

cdhic tmosi rivliws.Pmiy alrst usi` supirvlsi` cidrglgb dcborltme dg` d

 Lg, Cle, it dc. rifobglzi spdeeirs hdsi` og himdvlors oa rivliwi

^rokift Xiport oa Adji ^ro`uft Xivliw @itifog Vigeig

 Lg, Cl, it dc. worji` og `itiftlgb spdeelgb gitworj uslgb rivliwir

 Lg, JF, it dc. worji` og tmi tiepordc `ygdelfs oa oplglog spdeelgb

^rokift Xiport oa Adji ^ro`uft Xivliw @itifog Vigeig

`lstrlhutlog oa tmi go`is, istledti` aroe eitd`dtd. Pmilr proposi

^rokift Xiport oa Adji ^ro`uft Xivliw @itifog Vigeig

 Lg Cl, it dc. proposi` d bigirdtlvi C@D-hdsi` toplf eo`iclgb d

^rokift Xiport oa Adji ^ro`uft Xivliw @itifog Vigeig

Vigtleigtdc Dgdcysls uslgb Vupirvlsi` Cidrglgb

JVtdr (J) ; J-stdr (J) ls dg lgstdgfi-hdsi` fcdsslalir. Pmi fcdss oa d