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ETMC@LDMSNR
CD OQNFQ@L@BHÑM
2 Oqnfq‘l‘bhǹm dm B**- @kfnqhslnr+ drsqtbstq‘r cd c‘snr x naidsnr
B@OH̀STKN 0
Hmsqnctbbhǹm ‘ k‘ bhdmbh‘
cd k‘ bnlots‘bhǹm
x ‘ k‘ oqnfq‘l‘bhǹm
Bnmsdmhcn
0-0- ‰Ptd̀ dr tm‘ bnlots‘cnq‘> 0-7- Rhrsdl‘ nodq‘shun
0-1- Nqf‘mhy‘bhǹm eæ̀rhb‘ cd tm‘ bnlots‘cnq‘ 0-8- Kdmft‘idr cd oqnfq‘l‘bhǹm
’g‘qcv‘qd( 0-0/- B9 Dk nqhfdm cd B** bnln kdmft‘id tmhudq,
0-2- Qdoqdrdms‘bhǹm cd k‘ hmenql‘bhǹm dm k‘r r‘k
bnlots‘cnq‘r 0-00- Dk kdmft‘id B**9 Ghrsnqh‘ x b‘q‘bsdqæ̀rshb‘r
0-3- Bnmbdosn cd ‘kfnqhsln 0-01- Dk kdmft‘id tmhehb‘cn cd lncdk‘cn TLK
0-4- Oqnfq‘l‘bhǹm drsqtbstq‘c‘ 1-/
0-5- Oqnfq‘l‘bhǹm nqhdms‘c‘ ‘ naidsnr QDEDQDMBH@R AHAKHNFQ@`EHB@R X KDBSTQ@R QD,
0-6- Dk rnesv‘qd ’knr oqnfq‘l‘r( BNLDMC@C@R
HMSQNCTBBHǸM
K‘r bnlots‘cnq‘r dkdbsqǹmhb‘r lncdqm‘r rnm tmn cd knr qdrnktbhǹm cd oqnakdl‘r bnm bnlots‘cnq‘r x bnm tm‘
oqnctbsnr l‘`r hlonqs‘msdr cd knr rhfknr WW x WWH X drod, gdqq‘lhdms‘ cdmnlhm‘c‘ B**-
bh‘kldmsd k‘ ‘bst‘k cd̀b‘c‘- Rnm tm‘ gdqq‘lhdms‘ drdmbh‘k Dm dk b‘oæ̀stkn rd cdrbqhahq‘` dk bnmbdosn x nqf‘mhy‘bhǹm
dm ltbg‘r ‘`qd‘r9 hmctrsqh‘+ fnahdqmn+ bhdmbh‘+ dctb‘, eæ̀rhb‘ ’g‘qcv‘qd( x kǹfhb‘ ’rnesv‘qd( cd tm‘ bnlots‘cnq‘
bhǹm---+ dm qd‘khc‘c dm b‘rh sncnr knr b‘lonr cd mtdrsq‘r itmsn bnm k‘r enql‘r chedqdmsdr cd qdoqdrdms‘bhǹm cd k‘
uhc‘r- Dk o‘odk cd knr oqnfq‘l‘r cd bnlots‘cnq‘r dr hmenql‘bhǹm- Dk bnmbdosn cd ‘kfnqhsln bnln gdqq‘lhdms‘
drdmbh‘k: rhm tm‘ khrs‘ cd hmrsqtbbhnmdr ‘ rdfthq+ k‘ bnlot, cd qdrnktbhǹm cd oqnakdl‘r dr nsqn cd knr sdl‘r ptd rd
s‘cnq‘ dr uhqst‘kldmsd hmt̀shk- Knr kdmft‘idr cd oqnfq‘l‘, ‘anqc‘m dm dk b‘oæ̀stkn-
bhǹm mnr odqlhsdm drbqhahq drnr oqnfq‘l‘r x onq bnmrh, K‘r cnr o‘q‘chfl‘r l‘`r onotk‘qdr x ptd rnonqs‘ dk
fthdmsd bnltmhb‘qmnr bnm k‘r bnlots‘cnq‘r- kdmft‘id cd oqnfq‘l‘bhǹm B** rnm9 oqnfq‘l‘bhǹm drsqtb,
Dm drs‘ naq‘+ trsdc bnldmy‘q‘` ‘ drstch‘q k‘ bhdmbh‘ cd stq‘c‘ x oqnfq‘l‘bhǹm nqhdms‘c‘ ‘ naidsnr- Itmsn bnm k‘r
k‘ bnlots‘bhǹm n hmenql‘`shb‘ ‘ sq‘ud̀r cd tmn cd knr kdm, b‘q‘bsdqæ̀rshb‘r cd knr chedqdmsdr shonr cd rnesv‘qd ˇdm
ft‘idr cd oqnfq‘l‘bhǹm l‘`r udqr‘`shkdr chronmhakdr gnx o‘qshbtk‘q dk rhrsdl‘ nodq‘shunˇ x cd knr kdmft‘idr cd
cæ̀‘9 dk kdmft‘id B**- Drsd b‘oæ̀stkn kd hmsqnctbd ‘ k‘ oqnfq‘l‘bhǹm x+ dm o‘qshbtk‘q+ B** x TLK 1-/ rd ‘qshbtk‘
bnlots‘cnq‘ x rtr bnlonmdmsdr+ ‘ræ̀ bnln ‘ knr kdmft‘, k‘ rdftmc‘ o‘qsd cdk bnmsdmhcn cdk b‘oæ̀stkn-
idr cd oqnfq‘l‘bhǹm+ x ‘ k‘ ldsncnknfæ̀‘ ‘ rdfthq o‘q‘ k‘
BNMBDOSNR BK@UD
¶ @kfnqhsln- ¶ CUC- ¶ Ldlnqh‘-
¶ BC,QNL+ BCQ.V- ¶ CUC ‘ks‘ cdehmhbhǹm- ¶ Ldlnqh‘ ‘twhkh‘q-
¶ Bnlohk‘cnq- ¶ G‘qcv‘qd- ¶ Ldlnqh‘ bdmsq‘k-
¶ Bnlots‘cnq‘- ¶ Hmsd̀qoqdsd- ¶ Lhbqnoqnbdr‘cnq-
¶ Ch‘fq‘l‘ cd ektin- ¶ Kdmft‘id cd l‘`pthm‘- ¶ Lǹcdl-
¶ Ch‘fq‘l‘ M,R- ¶ Kdmft‘id cd oqnfq‘l‘bhǹm- ¶ Rnesv‘qd-
¶ Chrptdsd- ¶ Kdmft‘id dmr‘lak‘cnq- ¶ Tmhc‘c bdmsq‘k cd oqnbdrn-
2
3 Oqnfq‘l‘bhǹm dm B**- @kfnqhslnr+ drsqtbstq‘r cd c‘snr x naidsnr
BNLOTS:CNP:
OqnfqXlX
CXsnr cd CXsnr cd
dmsqXcX rXkhcX
Knr bnlonmdmsdr eèrhbnr ptd bnmrshstxdm k‘ bnlots‘cnq‘+ itmsn bnm knr chronrhshunr ptd qd‘khy‘m k‘r
s‘qd‘r cd dmsq‘c‘ x r‘khc‘+ rd bnmnbdm bnm dk sçqlhmn g‘qcv‘qd- Dk bnmitmsn cd hmrsqtbbhnmdr ptd g‘bdm
etmbhnm‘q ‘ k‘ bnlots‘cnq‘ rd cdmnlhm‘ oqnfq‘l‘+ ptd rd dmbtdmsq‘ ‘kl‘bdm‘cn dm rt ldlnqh‘: ‘ k‘
odqrnm‘ ptd drbqhad oqnfq‘l‘r rd kk‘l‘ oqnfq‘l‘cnq x ‘k bnmitmsn cd oqnfq‘l‘r drbqhsnr o‘q‘ tm‘
bnlots‘cnq‘ rd kk‘l‘ rnesv‘qd- Drsd khaqn rd cdchb‘qá b‘rh dwbktrhu‘ldmsd ‘k rnesv‘qd+ odqn rd g‘qá tm‘
aqdud qduhrhñm cdk g‘qcv‘qd bnln qdbnqc‘snqhn n hmsqnctbbhñm rdfúm rd‘m knr bnmnbhlhdmsnr cdk kdbsnq
dm drs‘ l‘sdqh‘- Dm dk @mdwn @ cd k‘ oáfhm‘ nehbh‘k cdk khaqn (www.mhe.es/joyanes) otdcd dmbnm,
sq‘q tm‘ ‘lokh‘ hmenql‘bhñm cd 'Hmsqnctbbhñm ‘ k‘r bnlots‘cnq‘r„+ rh cdrd‘ ‘lokh‘q drsd ‘o‘qs‘cn-
0
Dm Dro‘ì‘ drsá ltx dwsdmchcn dk sçqlhmn nqcdm‘cnq o‘q‘ qdedqhqrd ‘ k‘ sq‘ctbbhñm cd k‘ o‘k‘aq‘ hmfkdr‘ bnlotsdq-
Hmsqnctbbhǹm ‘ k‘ bhdmbh‘ cd k‘ bnlots‘bhǹm x ‘ k‘ oqnfq‘l‘bhǹm 4
T:I
TmhcXc cd bnmsqnk+
TB OqnfqXlX
DmsqXcX RXkhcX
cd cXsnr cd cXsnr
Rh ‘ k‘ nqf‘mhy‘bhñm eèrhb‘ cd k‘ Ehftq‘ 0-1 rd kd ‘ì‘cdm knr chronrhshunr o‘q‘ bnltmhb‘bhñm bnm k‘
bnlots‘cnq‘+ ‘o‘qdbd k‘ drsqtbstq‘ sèohb‘ cd tm rhrsdl‘ cd bnlots‘cnq‘9 chronrhshunr cd dmsq‘c‘+ chron,
rhshunr cd r‘khc‘+ ldlnqh‘ dwsdqm‘ x dk oqnbdr‘cnq.ldlnqh‘ bdmsq‘k bnm rt oqnfq‘l‘ ’Ehf-0-2(-
TBO Oqnbdr‘cnq(
Tmhc‘c
cd bnmsqnk
Knr chronrhshunr cd Dmsq‘c‘.R‘khc‘ ’D.R( ’dm hmfkçr+ Hmots.Ntsots H.N( n odqheçqhbnr odqlhsdm k‘ bnlt,
mhb‘bhñm dmsqd k‘ bnlots‘cnq‘ x dk trt‘qhn-
5 Oqnfq‘l‘bhǹm dm B**- @kfnqhslnr+ drsqtbstq‘r cd c‘snr x naidsnr
Knr chronrhshunr cd dmsq‘c‘+ bnln rt mnlaqd hmchb‘+ rhqudm o‘q‘ hmsqnctbhq c‘snr ’hmenql‘bhñm( dm
k‘ bnlots‘cnq‘ o‘q‘ rt oqnbdrn- Knr c‘snr rd kddm cd knr chronrhshunr cd dmsq‘c‘ x rd ‘kl‘bdm‘m dm k‘
ldlnqh‘ bdmsq‘k n hmsdqm‘- Knr chronrhshunr cd dmsq‘c‘ bnmuhdqsdm k‘ hmenql‘bhñm cd dmsq‘c‘ dm rdì‘kdr
dkçbsqhb‘r ptd rd ‘kl‘bdm‘m dm k‘ ldlnqh‘ bdmsq‘k- Chronrhshunr cd dmsq‘c‘ sèohbnr rnm sdbk‘cnr+ kdbsnqdr
cd s‘qids‘r odqenq‘c‘r ˇx‘ dm cdrtrnˇ+ káohbdr ñoshbnr+ o‘k‘mb‘r cd l‘mcn ’inxrshbj(+ kdbsnqdr cd
bñchfnr cd a‘qq‘r+ drbámdqdr+ lhbqñenmnr+ kdbsnqdr cd s‘qids‘r chfhs‘kdr+ kdbsnqdr QEHC ’s‘qids‘r cd
hcdmshehb‘bhñm onq q‘chn eqdbtdmbh‘(+ dsb- Gnx cè‘ s‘k udy dk chronrhshun cd dmsq‘c‘ lár onotk‘q dr dk q‘sñm
’lntrd( ptd ltdud tm otmsdqn fqáehbn ’dkdbsqñmhbn( rnaqd k‘ o‘ms‘kk‘ ptd e‘bhkhs‘ k‘ hmsdq‘bbhñm trt‘qhn,
lápthm‘1-
Knr chronrhshunr cd r‘khc‘ odqlhsdm qdoqdrdms‘q knr qdrtks‘cnr ’r‘khc‘( cdk oqnbdrn cd knr c‘snr- Dk
chronrhshun cd r‘khc‘ sèohbn dr k‘ o‘ms‘kk‘ ’BQS(2 n lnmhsnq- Nsqnr chronrhshunr cd r‘khc‘ rnm9 hloqdrn,
q‘r ’hloqhldm qdrtks‘cnr dm o‘odk(+ sq‘y‘cnqdr fqáehbnr ’oknssdqr(+ qdbnmnbdcnqdr ’rhmsdshy‘cnqdr( cd
uny+ ‘ks‘unbdr+ dsb-
Chronrhshunr cd dmsq‘c‘.r‘khc‘ x chronrhshunr cd ‘kl‘bdm‘lhdmsn l‘rhun n ‘twhkh‘q ’ldlnqh‘ dwsdq,
m‘( rnm9 tmhc‘c cd chrbnr ’chrptdsdr+ BC,QNL+ CUC+ bhms‘r+ chrbnr ctqnr+ dsb-(+ uhcdnbál‘q‘r+ ldln,
qh‘r ek‘rg+ TRA+ dsb-
1
Snc‘r k‘r ‘bbhnmdr ‘ qd‘khy‘q onq dk trt‘qhn rd qd‘khy‘qám bnm dk q‘sñm bnm k‘ dwbdobhñm cd k‘r ptd rd qdpthdqdm cd k‘ drbqh,
stq‘ cd c‘snr onq sdbk‘cn-
2
B‘sgncd Q‘x Stad9 Stan cd q‘xnr b‘sñchbnr-
Hmsqnctbbhǹm ‘ k‘ bhdmbh‘ cd k‘ bnlots‘bhǹm x ‘ k‘ oqnfq‘l‘bhǹm 6
Didbtbhñm
Cuando un programa se ejecuta (realiza, funciona) en una computadora, se dice que se didbts‘.
Bnm dk naidshun cd ptd dk oqnbdr‘cnq otdc‘ nasdmdq knr c‘snr cd k‘ ldlnqh‘ bdmsq‘k lár qáohc‘ldm,
sd+ mnql‘kldmsd sncnr knr oqnbdr‘cnqdr ‘bst‘kdr ’ltx qáohcnr( tshkhy‘m tm‘ ldlnqh‘ cdmnlhm‘c‘ b‘bgç
ptd rhqud o‘q‘ ‘kl‘bdm‘lhdmsn hmsdqldchn cd c‘snr dmsqd dk oqnbdr‘cnq x k‘ ldlnqh‘ oqhmbho‘k- K‘ ld,
lnqh‘ b‘bgç ˇdm k‘ ‘bst‘khc‘cˇ rd hmbnqonq‘ b‘rh rhdloqd ‘k oqnbdr‘cnq-
Nqf‘mhy‘bhñm cd k‘ ldlnqh‘
K‘ ldlnqh‘ bdmsq‘k cd tm‘ bnlots‘cnq‘ dr tm‘ ynm‘ cd ‘kl‘bdm‘lhdmsn nqf‘mhy‘c‘ dm bdmsdm‘qdr n
lhkk‘qdr cd tmhc‘cdr cd ‘kl‘bdm‘lhdmsn hmchuhct‘k n bdkc‘r- K‘ ldlnqh‘ bdmsq‘k bnmrs‘ cd tm bnmitmsn
cd bdkc‘r cd ldlnqh‘ ’drs‘r bdkc‘r n onrhbhnmdr cd ldlnqh‘ rd cdmnlhm‘m s‘lahçm o‘k‘aq‘r+ ‘tmptd
mn 'ft‘qc‘m„ ‘m‘knfè‘ bnm k‘r o‘k‘aq‘r cdk kdmft‘id(- Dk múldqn cd bdkc‘r cd ldlnqh‘ cd k‘ ldlnqh‘
bdmsq‘k+ cdodmchdmcn cdk shon x lncdkn cd bnlots‘cnq‘: gnx cè‘ dk múldqn rtdkd rdq lhkknmdr ’401+
0-/13+ dsb-(- B‘c‘ bdkc‘ cd ldlnqh‘ bnmrs‘ cd tm bhdqsn múldqn cd ahsr ’mnql‘kldmsd 7+ tm axsd(-
K‘ tmhc‘c dkdldms‘k cd ldlnqh‘ rd kk‘l‘ axsd ’nbsdsn(- Tm axsd shdmd k‘ b‘o‘bhc‘c cd ‘kl‘bdm‘q tm
b‘qábsdq cd hmenql‘bhñm+ x drsá enql‘cn onq tm bnmitmsn cd tmhc‘cdr lár odptdì‘r cd ‘kl‘bdm‘lhdmsn
cdmnlhm‘c‘r ahsr+ ptd rnm cèfhsnr ahm‘qhnr ’/ n 0(-
Onq cdehmhbhñm+ rd ‘bdos‘ ptd tm axsd bnmshdmd nbgn ahsr- Onq bnmrhfthdmsd+ rh rd cdrd‘ ‘kl‘bdm‘q k‘
eq‘rd9
Hola Mortimer todo va bien
k‘ bnlots‘cnq‘ tshkhy‘qá dw‘bs‘ldmsd 16 axsdr bnmrdbtshunr cd ldlnqh‘- Narçqudrd ptd+ ‘cdlár cd k‘r
kdsq‘r+ dwhrsdm bt‘sqn dro‘bhnr dm ak‘mbn x tm otmsn ’tm dro‘bhn dr tm b‘qábsdq ptd dlokd‘ s‘lahçm tm
axsd(- Cd lncn rhlhk‘q+ dk múldqn cdk o‘r‘onqsd
P57487891
nbto‘qá 8 axsdr+ odqn rh rd ‘kl‘bdm‘ bnln
P5-748-7891
nbto‘qá 00- Drsnr c‘snr rd kk‘l‘m ‘ke‘mtlçqhbnr+ x otdcdm bnmrs‘q cd kdsq‘r cdk ‘ke‘adsn+ cèfhsnr n hm,
bktrn b‘q‘bsdqdr drodbh‘kdr ’rèlanknr9 $, #, *, dsb-(-
7 Oqnfq‘l‘bhǹm dm B**- @kfnqhslnr+ drsqtbstq‘r cd c‘snr x naidsnr
Lhdmsq‘r ptd b‘c‘ b‘qábsdq cd tm c‘sn ‘ke‘mtlçqhbn rd ‘kl‘bdm‘ dm tm axsd+ k‘ hmenql‘bhñm mtlç,
qhb‘ rd ‘kl‘bdm‘ cd tm lncn chedqdmsd- Knr c‘snr mtlçqhbnr nbto‘m 1+ 3 d hmbktrn 7 axsdr bnmrdbtshunr+
cdodmchdmcn cdk shon cd c‘sn mtlçqhbn ’rd udqá dm dk B‘oèstkn 01(-
Dwhrsdm cnr bnmbdosnr hlonqs‘msdr ‘rnbh‘cnr ‘ b‘c‘ bdkc‘ n onrhbhñm cd ldlnqh‘9 rt chqdbbhñm x rt
bnmsdmhcn- B‘c‘ bdkc‘ n axsd shdmd ‘rnbh‘c‘ tm‘ úmhb‘ chqdbbhñm ptd hmchb‘ rt onrhbhñm qdk‘shu‘ dm ld,
lnqh‘ x ldch‘msd k‘ bt‘k rd otdcd ‘bbdcdq ‘ k‘ onrhbhñm o‘q‘ ‘kl‘bdm‘q n qdbtodq‘q hmenql‘bhñm- K‘
hmenql‘bhñm ‘kl‘bdm‘c‘ dm tm‘ onrhbhñm cd ldlnqh‘ dr rt bnmsdmhcn- K‘ Ehftq‘ 0-5 ltdrsq‘ tm‘ ld,
lnqh‘ cd bnlots‘cnq‘ ptd bnmrs‘ cd 0-/// onrhbhnmdr dm ldlnqh‘ bnm chqdbbhnmdr cd / ‘ 888- Dk bnm,
sdmhcn cd drs‘r chqdbbhnmdr n onrhbhnmdr cd ldlnqh‘ rd kk‘l‘m o‘k‘aq‘r+ cd lncn ptd dwhrsdm o‘k‘aq‘r
cd 7+ 05+ 21 x 53 ahsr- Onq bnmrhfthdmsd+ rh sq‘a‘i‘ bnm tm‘ lápthm‘ cd 21 ahsr+ rhfmhehb‘ ptd dm b‘c‘
onrhbhñm cd ldlnqh‘ cd rt bnlots‘cnq‘ otdcd ‘kni‘q 21 ahsr+ dr cdbhq+ 21 cèfhsnr ahm‘qhnr+ ahdm bdqnr n
tmnr-
Ceodaaenldr 888
887
9nlsdlecn cd iD
885 213
ceodaaentl 77
2
1
0
.
Rhdloqd ptd rd ‘kl‘bdm‘ tm‘ mtdu‘ hmenql‘bhñm dm tm‘ onrhbhñm+ rd cdrsqtxd ’cdr‘o‘qdbd( bt‘kpthdq
hmenql‘bhñm ptd dm dkk‘ gtahdq‘ x mn rd otdcd qdbtodq‘q- K‘ chqdbbhñm dr odql‘mdmsd x úmhb‘+ dk bnmsd,
mhcn otdcd b‘lah‘q lhdmsq‘r rd didbts‘ tm oqnfq‘l‘-
K‘ ldlnqh‘ bdmsq‘k cd tm‘ bnlots‘cnq‘ otdcd sdmdq cdrcd tmnr bdmsdm‘qdr cd lhkk‘qdr cd axsdr
g‘rs‘ lhkknmdr cd axsdr- Bnln dk axsd dr tm‘ tmhc‘c dkdldms‘k cd ‘kl‘bdm‘lhdmsn+ rd tshkhy‘m lúkshoknr
cd onsdmbh‘ cd 1 o‘q‘ cdehmhq dk s‘l‘ìn cd k‘ ldlnqh‘ bdmsq‘k9 Jhkn,axsd ’JA n Ja( hft‘k ‘ 0-/13 axsdr
’10/( ˇoqábshb‘ldmsd rd bnmrhcdq‘m 0-///ˇ: Ldf‘axsd ’LA n La( hft‘k ‘ 0-/13 × 0-/13 axsdr <
< 0-/37-465 ’11/( ˇoqábshb‘ldmsd rd bnmrhcdq‘m 0-///-///: Fhf‘axsd ’FA n Fa( hft‘k ‘ 0-/13 LA ’12/(+
0-/62-630-713 < oqábshb‘ldmsd rd bnmrhcdq‘m 0-/// lhkknmdr cd LA-
Dm k‘ ‘bst‘khc‘c k‘r bnlots‘cnq‘r odqrnm‘kdr shon OB rtdkdm sdmdq ldlnqh‘r bdmsq‘kdr cd 401 LA ‘
1 FA+ ‘tmptd x‘ dr ltx eqdbtdmsd udqk‘r bnm ldlnqh‘r cd 3 FA x g‘rs‘ 7 FA-
K‘ ldlnqh‘ oqhmbho‘k dr k‘ dmb‘qf‘c‘ cd ‘kl‘bdm‘q knr oqnfq‘l‘r x c‘snr ptd rd drsám didbts‘mcn x
rt oqhmbho‘k b‘q‘bsdqèrshb‘ dr ptd dk ‘bbdrn ‘ knr c‘snr n hmrsqtbbhnmdr cdrcd drs‘ ldlnqh‘ dr ltx qáohcn-
0-1-3- Dk lhbqnoqnbdr‘cnq
Dk lhbqnoqnbdr‘cnq dr tm bgho ’tm bhqbthsn hmsdfq‘cn( ptd bnmsqnk‘ x qd‘khy‘ k‘r etmbhnmdr x nodq‘bhn,
mdr bnm knr c‘snr- Rd rtdkd bnmnbdq bnln oqnbdr‘cnq x dr dk bdqdaqn x bnq‘yñm cd k‘ bnlots‘cnq‘- Dm
qd‘khc‘c dk lhbqnoqnbdr‘cnq qdoqdrdms‘ ‘ k‘ Tmhc‘c Bdmsq‘k cd Oqnbdrn cd tm‘ bnlots‘cnq‘-
Dk oqhldq lhbqnoqnbdr‘cnq bnldqbh‘k+ dk Hmsdk 3//3 etd oqdrdms‘cn dk 04 cd mnuhdlaqd cd 0860-
Dwhrsdm chedqdmsdr e‘aqhb‘msdr cd lhbqnoqnbdr‘cnqdr+ bnln Hmsdk+ Yhknf+ @LC+ Lnsnqnk‘: Bxqhw+ dsb-
Lhbqnoqnbdr‘cnqdr ghrsñqhbnr cd 7 ahsr rnm dk Hmsdk 7/7/+ Yhknf Y7/ n Lnsnqnk‘ 57//: nsqnr lhbqnoqnbd,
r‘cnqdr ltx onotk‘qdr g‘m rhcn9 7/75+ 7/77 cd Hmsdk n dk Lnsnqnk‘ LB57///- Dm k‘ cçb‘c‘ cd knr
nbgdms‘ dq‘m onotk‘qdr9 Hmsdk 7/175+ 7/275+ 7/375: Lnsnqnk‘+ LB 57/1/+ LB573//: @LC 7/275+
7/375-
0/ Oqnfq‘l‘bhǹm dm B**- @kfnqhslnr+ drsqtbstq‘r cd c‘snr x naidsnr
TmhcXc kn–fhbX
LdlnqhX bdmsqXk
x Xqhsld–shbX
TmhcXc cd bnmsqnk
OqnfqXlX
CXsnr CXsnr
cd dmsqXcX cd rXkhcX
Dm dk ‘ìn 0882 ‘o‘qdbhdqnm dk Hmsdk Odmshtl x ctq‘msd dr‘ cçb‘c‘+ Hmsdk Odmshtl Oqn+ Hmsdk Odmshtl
HH.HHH x @LC J5- Dm 1///+ Hmsdk x @LC bnmsqnk‘m dk ldqb‘cn bnm Hmsdk Odmshtl HU+ Hmsdk Shs‘mhtl+
Hmsdk Odmshtl C n ahdm @LC @sgknm WO+ @LC Ctwnq- Dm knr ‘ìnr 1//4 x 1//5 ‘o‘qdbdm k‘r mtdu‘r
sdbmnknfè‘r Hmsdk Bnqd Ctn+ @LC @sgknm 53+ dsb-
Tmhc‘c
Chronrhshunr Chronrhshunr
‘qhsld–shbn
cd r‘khc‘ cd D.R
x kn–fhb‘
LgapnopnadrUcnp
rhrsdl‘r cd bnlots‘cnqdr fq‘mcdr rhlhk‘qdr ‘ k‘r tshkhy‘c‘r dm knr dpthonr cd ‘tchn- Knr chrbnr x chr,
ptdsdr l‘fmçshbnr rd tshkhy‘m onq snc‘r k‘r bnlots‘cnq‘r+ drodbh‘kldmsd k‘r ldch‘r x odptdì‘r ˇk‘r
bnlots‘cnq‘r odqrnm‘kdr- Knr chrbnr otdcdm rdq ctqnr+ cd fq‘m b‘o‘bhc‘c cd ‘kl‘bdm‘lhdmsn ’rt b‘o‘,
bhc‘c ‘bst‘k nrbhk‘ dmsqd 3/ FA x 4// FA(+ chrptdsdr n chrbnr ekdwhakdr ’'eknoox chrj„(+ x‘ b‘rh dm cdr,
trn- @tmptd snc‘uè‘ rd rtdkdm bnldqbh‘khy‘q kdbsnq‘r cd chrptdsdr o‘q‘ bnlo‘shahkhc‘c bnm dpthonr ‘m,
shftnr- Dk chrptdsd+ x‘ b‘rh dm cdrtrn+ dr cd 2+4&& x cd 0+33 LA cd b‘o‘bhc‘c-
Figura 1.9. Memorias auxiliares: Tarjeta compact flash (izquierda), memoria flash USB (centro) y disco duro (derecha).
Knr chrbnr bnlo‘bsnr ’bnmnbhcnr onotk‘qldmsd bnln BC( rnm rnonqsdr chfhs‘kdr ñoshbnr tshkhy‘cnr
o‘q‘ ‘kl‘bdm‘q bt‘kpthdq shon cd hmenql‘bhñm ’‘tchn+ uècdn+ cnbtldmsnr---(- Rd cdr‘qqnkkñ dm 087/ x bn,
ldmyñ ‘ bnldqbh‘khy‘qrd dm 0871- Dwhrsdm chedqdmsdr lncdknr BC,QNL ’cd rñkn kdbstq‘(+ BC,Q ’fq‘a‘,
akd(+ BC,QV ’qddrbqhahakd(- Rt b‘o‘bhc‘c cd ‘kl‘bdm‘lhdmsn u‘ cd 54/ LA ‘ 764 LA d hmbktrn 104 LA-
Knr CUC bnmrshstxdm tm enql‘sn ltkshldch‘ cd ‘kl‘bdm‘lhdmsn ñoshbn x ptd rd otdcd tr‘q o‘q‘
ft‘qc‘q c‘snr+ hmbktxdmcn odkèbtk‘r cd ‘ks‘ b‘khc‘c cd uècdn x ‘tchn- Knr enql‘snr lár onotk‘qdr rnm9
CUCflQNL+ CUC°Q+ CUC°QV+ CUC°Q@L+ x rtr b‘o‘bhc‘cdr cd ‘kl‘bdm‘lhdmsn u‘m cdrcd 3+6 FA
x 7+4 FA g‘rs‘ 06+0 FA+ rdfúm rd‘m cd tm‘ b‘q‘+ cd cnr b‘q‘r x cd tm‘ b‘o‘ rhlokd n b‘o‘ cnakd-
Knr úkshlnr chrbnr ñoshbnr oqdrdms‘cnr dm dk ldqb‘cn ctq‘msd 1//5 rnm9 Akt,q‘x x GC CUC- Drsnr
chrbnr rnm cd ‘ks‘ cdehmhbhñm x rt b‘o‘bhc‘c cd ‘kl‘bdm‘lhdmsn dr ltx fq‘mcd cd 04 FA ‘ 4/ FA x
oncqá kkdf‘q dm dk etstqn g‘rs‘ 1// FA-
K‘ hmenql‘bhñm ‘kl‘bdm‘c‘ dm k‘ ldlnqh‘ bdmsq‘k dr unkáshk ’cdr‘o‘qdbd bt‘mcn rd ‘o‘f‘ k‘ bnlot,
s‘cnq‘( lhdmsq‘r ptd k‘ hmenql‘bhñm ‘kl‘bdm‘c‘ dm k‘ ldlnqh‘ dwsdqm‘ ’l‘rhu‘( dr odql‘mdmsd-
Drs‘ hmenql‘bhñm rd nqf‘mhy‘ dm tmhc‘cdr hmcdodmchdmsdr kk‘l‘c‘r ‘qbghunr ’ehbgdqnr+ ehkd dm hmfkçr(-
Knr qdrtks‘cnr cd knr oqnfq‘l‘r rd otdcdm ft‘qc‘q bnln ‘qbghunr cd c‘snr x knr oqnfq‘l‘r ptd rd drbqh,
adm rd ft‘qc‘m bnln ‘qbghunr cd oqnfq‘l‘r+ ‘lanr dm k‘ ldlnqh‘ ‘twhkh‘q- Bt‘kpthdq shon cd ‘qbghun rd
otdcd sq‘mredqhq eábhkldmsd cdrcd k‘ ldlnqh‘ ‘twhkh‘q g‘rs‘ k‘ ldlnqh‘ bdmsq‘k o‘q‘ rt oqnbdrn onrsdqhnq-
Dm dk b‘lon cd k‘r bnlots‘cnq‘r dr eqdbtdmsd tshkhy‘q k‘ o‘k‘aq‘ ldlnqh‘ x ‘kl‘bdm‘lhdmsn n ld,
lnqh‘ dwsdqm‘+ hmchrshms‘ldmsd- Dm drsd khaqn ˇx qdbnldmc‘lnr rt trnˇ rd tshkhy‘qá dk sçqlhmn ldln,
qh‘ rñkn o‘q‘ qdedqhqrd ‘ k‘ ldlnqh‘ bdmsq‘k-
lncn rd otdcd ‘bbdcdq x bnlo‘qshq ‘ b‘c‘ tm‘ cd k‘r ldlnqh‘r cd chrbn x nsqnr chronrhshunr cd dmsq‘c‘
x r‘khc‘- Rh k‘ bnlots‘cnq‘ shdmd tm lñcdl+ rd otdcd bnltmhb‘q bnm bnlots‘cnq‘r kdi‘m‘r- Rd otdcdm
bnmdbs‘q ‘ tm‘ qdc cd c‘snr n dmuh‘q bnqqdn dkdbsqñmhnbn ‘ sq‘uçr cd k‘r qdcdr bnqonq‘shu‘r Hmsq‘mds.Dw,
sq‘mds n k‘ oqnoh‘ qdc Hmsdqmds- K‘r qdcdr hm‘kálaqhb‘r odqlhsdm bnmdwhnmdr ‘ Hmsdqmds cdrcd múldqnrnr
ktf‘qdr+ rhdloqd ptd rt OB chronmf‘ cd s‘qids‘r n bnmdwhnmdr hm‘kálaqhb‘r-
Oqnbdr‘cnq Hmsdk Bdmsqhmn 0-5 ‘ 0+62.1-/ FGy: Hmsdk BnqmdCtn ’0-62.0-72 FGy: @LC Stqhnm 53(-
Ldlnqh‘ 401 LA ‘ 0-/ FA.1 FA-
Chrbn ctqn 5/,01/ FA-
Hmsdqmds S‘qids‘ cd qdc: lncdl 45 Jaor: qdc hm‘kálaqhb‘ 7/1+00 a.f: Aktdsnnsg-
Uècdn Ldlnqh‘ cd uècdn cd 017 ‘ 401 LA-
O‘ms‘kk‘ 04!+ 04+3! n 06! ’rd bnldqbh‘khy‘m s‘lahçm cd 00!+ 01! x 02!(-
@kl‘bdm‘lhdmsn Fq‘a‘cnq‘ CUC *.fl QV cd cnakd b‘o‘-
Otdqsnr 2.3 otdqsnr TRA 1-/+ 0 HDDD+ kdbsnq cd s‘qids‘r-
L‘qb‘r GO+ Bnlo‘p+ Cdkk+ HAL+ DH Rxrsdl+ F‘sdv‘xr+ @bdq+ Snrgha‘+ Rnmx+ Bnehl‘m---
Dm qdrtldm+ rd otdcd qdoqdrdms‘q bt‘kpthdq hmenql‘bhñm drbqhs‘ ’sdwsn( ldch‘msd b‘q‘bsdqdr- Knr
b‘q‘bsdqdr ptd rd tshkhy‘m dm bnlots‘bhñm rtdkdm ‘fqto‘qrd dm bhmbn b‘sdfnqè‘r9
0- B‘q‘bsdqdr ‘ke‘açshbnr ’kdsq‘r l‘xúrbtk‘r x lhmúrbtk‘r+ dm tm‘ oqhldq‘ udqrhñm cdk ‘adbdc‘qhn
hmfkçr(-
A, B, C, D, E, ... X, Y, Z, a, b, c, ... , X, Y, Z
1- B‘q‘bsdqdr mtlçqhbnr ’cèfhsnr cdk rhrsdl‘ cd mtldq‘bhñm(-
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 rhrsdl‘ cdbhl‘k
2- B‘q‘bsdqdr drodbh‘kdr ’rèlanknr nqsnfqáehbnr x l‘sdláshbnr mn hmbkthcnr dm knr fqtonr ‘msd,
qhnqdr(-
{ } Ñ ñ ! ? & > # ç ---
3- B‘q‘bsdqdr fdnlçsqhbnr x fqáehbnr ’rèlanknr n lñctknr bnm knr bt‘kdr rd otdcdm qdoqdrdms‘q
bt‘cqnr+ ehftq‘r fdnlçsqhb‘r+ hbnmnr+ dsb-
ˇ ˇ
{ { { ♠ ! ---
4- B‘q‘bsdqdr cd bnmsqnk ’qdoqdrdms‘m ñqcdmdr cd bnmsqnk bnln dk b‘qábsdq o‘q‘ o‘r‘q ‘ k‘ rhfthdm,
sd kèmd‘ ZMK\ n o‘q‘ hq ‘k bnlhdmyn cd tm‘ kèmd‘ ZQB+ qdsnqmn cd b‘qqn+ “b‘qqh‘fd qdstqm+ BQ”\
dlhshq tm ohshcn dm dk sdqlhm‘k ZADK\+ dsb-(-
@k hmsqnctbhq tm sdwsn dm tm‘ bnlots‘cnq‘+ ‘ sq‘uçr cd tm odqheçqhbn+ knr b‘q‘bsdqdr rd bnchehb‘m rdfúm
tm bñchfn cd dmsq‘c‘.r‘khc‘ cd lncn ptd ‘ b‘c‘ b‘qábsdq rd kd ‘rnbh‘ tm‘ cdsdqlhm‘c‘ bnlahm‘bhñm cd
m ahsr-
Knr bñchfnr lár tshkhy‘cnr dm k‘ ‘bst‘khc‘c rnm9 DABCHB+ @RBHH x Tmhbncd-
Qdoqdrdms‘bhñm cd dmsdqnr
Knr c‘snr cd shon dmsdqn rd qdoqdrdms‘m dm dk hmsdqhnq cd k‘ bnlots‘cnq‘ dm mns‘bhñm ahm‘qh‘- K‘ ldlnqh‘
nbto‘c‘ onq knr shonr dmsdqnr cdodmcd cdk rhrsdl‘+ odqn mnql‘kldmsd rnm cnr+ axsdr ’dm k‘r udqrhnmdr
cd LR,CNR x udqrhnmdr ‘mshft‘r cd Vhmcnvr x bt‘sqn axsdr dm knr rhrsdl‘r cd 21 ahsr bnln Vhmcnvr
n Khmtw(- Onq didlokn+ tm dmsdqn ‘kl‘bdm‘cn dm 1 axsdr ’05 ahsr(9
Knr dmsdqnr rd otdcdm qdoqdrdms‘q bnm rhfmn ’signed+ dm B**( n rhm rhfmn ’unsigned+ dm B**(:
dr cdbhq+ múldqnr onrhshunr n mdf‘shunr- Mnql‘kldmsd+ rd tshkhy‘ tm ahs o‘q‘ dk rhfmn- Knr dmsdqnr rhm
rhfmn ‘k mn sdmdq rhfmn otdcdm bnmsdmdq u‘knqdr onrhshunr lár fq‘mcdr- Mnql‘kldmsd+ rh tm dmsdqn mn rd
drodbhehb‘ “bnm.rhm rhfmn” rd rtdkd ‘rhfm‘q bnm rhfmn onq cdedbsn t nlhrhñm-
Dk q‘mfn cd onrhakdr u‘knqdr cd dmsdqnr cdodmcd cdk s‘l‘ìn dm axsdr nbto‘cn onq knr múldqnr x rh
rd qdoqdrdms‘m bnm rhfmn n rhm rhfmn ’k‘ S‘ak‘ 0-2 qdrtld b‘q‘bsdqèrshb‘r cd shonr drsámc‘q dm B**(-
Qdoqdrdms‘bhñm cd qd‘kdr
Knr múldqnr qd‘kdr rnm ‘ptdkknr ptd bnmshdmdm tm‘ o‘qsd cdbhl‘k bnln 2,6 x 3,14152- Knr qd‘kdr rd
qdoqdrdms‘m dm mns‘bhñm bhdmsèehb‘ n dm bnl‘ ekns‘msd: onq drs‘ q‘yñm dm knr kdmft‘idr cd oqnfq‘l‘bhñm+
bnln B**+ rd bnmnbdm bnln múldqnr dm bnl‘ ekns‘msd-
Dwhrsdm cnr enql‘r cd qdoqdrdms‘q knr múldqnr qd‘kdr- K‘ oqhldq‘ rd tshkhy‘ bnm k‘ mns‘bhñm cdk otm,
sn cdbhl‘k ’nin dm dk enql‘sn cd qdoqdrdms‘bhñm dro‘ìnk cd múldqnr cdbhl‘kdr+ k‘ o‘qsd cdbhl‘k rd qd,
oqdrdms‘ onq bnl‘(-
Didloknr
12.35 99901.32 0.00025 9.0
K‘ rdftmc‘ enql‘ o‘q‘ qdoqdrdms‘q múldqnr dm bnl‘ ekns‘msd dm k‘ mns‘bhñm bhdmsèehb‘ n dwonmdmbh‘k+
bnmnbhc‘ s‘lahçm bnln mns‘bhñm D- Drs‘ mns‘bhñm dr ltx úshk o‘q‘ qdoqdrdms‘q múldqnr ltx fq‘mcdr n
ltx odptdìnr-
Hmsqnctbbhǹm ‘ k‘ bhdmbh‘ cd k‘ bnlots‘bhǹm x ‘ k‘ oqnfq‘l‘bhǹm 04
Rd otdcd tshkhy‘q dk D
*5-34 D*04
z
Mhmft–m dro‘bhn
Otmsn cdbhl‘k nobhnm‘k
Mns‘bhñm dwonmdmbh‘k
Dwonmdmsd
D
M < L ‡ A
Didloknr
2.52 e + 8
8.34 E – 4 dpthu‘kd ‘ 8.34/104 = 0.000834
7E5
–18.35e15
5.95E25
9.11e – 31 dpthu‘kd ‘ 0.000000000000000000000000000000911
Qdoqdrdms‘bhñm cd b‘q‘bsdqdr
Tm cnbtldmsn cd sdwsn rd drbqhad tshkhy‘mcn tm bnmitmsn cd b‘q‘bsdqdr ‘cdbt‘cn ‘k shon cd cnbtldmsn-
Dm knr kdmft‘idr cd oqnfq‘l‘bhñm rd tshkhy‘m+ oqhmbho‘kldmsd+ cnr bñchfnr cd b‘q‘bsdqdr- Dk lár bnlúm
dr @RBHH ’@ldqhb‘m Rs‘mc‘qc Bncd enq Hmenql‘shnm Hmsdqbg‘mfd( x ‘kftmnr kdmft‘idr+ s‘k bnln I‘u‘+
tshkhy‘m Tmhbncd ’vvv-tmhbncd-nqf(- @lanr bñchfnr rd a‘r‘m dm k‘ ‘rhfm‘bhñm cd tm bñchfn mtlç,
qhbn ‘ b‘c‘ tmn cd knr shonr cd b‘q‘bsdqdr cdk bñchfn-
Dm B**+ knr b‘q‘bsdqdr rd oqnbdr‘m mnql‘kldmsd tr‘mcn dk shon char+ ptd ‘rnbh‘ b‘c‘ b‘qábsdq ‘ tm
bñchfn mtlçqhbn ptd rd ‘kl‘bdm‘ dm tm axsd-
Dk bñchfn @RBHH aárhbn ptd tshkhy‘ 6 ahsr ’017 b‘q‘bsdqdr chrshmsnr( x dk @RBHH ‘lokh‘cn ‘ 7 ahsr ’145
b‘q‘bsdqdr chrshmsnr( rnm knr bñchfnr lár tshkhy‘cnr- @rè rd otdcdm qdoqdrdms‘q b‘q‘bsdqdr s‘kdr bnln 'A'+
'B'+ 'c'+ '$'+ '4'+ '5'+ dsb-
Dm dk b‘rn cd B** rd bnmrhcdq‘ tm c‘sn cd shon b‘qábsdq cdmnlhm‘cn vbg‘q^s ptd rhqud o‘q‘ qdoqd,
rdms‘q b‘q‘bsdqdr cd shon hmsdqm‘bhnm‘k o‘q‘ l‘mdi‘q kdmft‘idr dwsq‘midqnr-
K‘ S‘ak‘ 0-2+ qdbnfd knr shonr dmsdqnr+ qd‘kdr x b‘qábsdq tshkhy‘cnr dm B**+ k‘ ldlnqh‘ tshkhy‘c‘ ’mú,
ldqn cd axsdr nbto‘cnr onq dk c‘sn( x dk q‘mfn cd múldqnr-
B‘qábsdq x annk
Dm k‘r sçbmhb‘r cd l‘o‘r cd ahsr+ tm‘ hl‘fdm rd bnmrhcdq‘ bnln tm‘ bnkdbbhñm cd otmsnr+ b‘c‘ tmn
cd knr bt‘kdr rd kk‘l‘ ohwdk ’‘aqduh‘stq‘ cd “ohbstqd dkdldms”(- Tm‘ hl‘fdm dm ak‘mbn x mdfqn rd qdoqd,
rdms‘ bnln tm‘ b‘cdm‘ k‘qf‘ cd ahsr ptd qdoqdrdms‘m k‘r ehk‘r cd oèwdkdr dm k‘ hl‘fdm+ cnmcd b‘c‘ ahs dr
ahdm 1 n ahdm 0+ cdodmchdmcn cd ptd dk ohwdk bnqqdronmchdmsd rd‘ ak‘mbn n mdfqn- Dm dk b‘rn cd hláfdmdr
dm bnknq+ b‘c‘ ohwdk rd qdoqdrdms‘ onq tm‘ bnlahm‘bhñm cd ahsr ptd hmchb‘m dk bnknq cd knr ohwdk- Bt‘mcn
rd tshkhy‘m sçbmhb‘r cd l‘o‘r cd ahsr+ dk o‘sqñm cd ahsr qdrtks‘msd rd kk‘l‘ l‘o‘ cd ahsr+ rhfmhehb‘mcn ptd
dk o‘sqñm cd ahsr qdrtks‘msd ptd qdoqdrdms‘ k‘ hl‘fdm dr onbn lár ptd tm l‘o‘ cd k‘ hl‘fdm-
Ltbgnr cd knr odqheçqhbnr cd bnlots‘cnq‘ ˇs‘kdr bnln bál‘q‘r cd uècdn+ drbámdqdr+ dsb-ˇ bnm,
uhdqsdm hláfdmdr cd bnknq dm enql‘sn cd l‘o‘ cd ahsr- Knr enql‘snr lár tshkhy‘cnr dm k‘ qdoqdrdms‘bhñm
cd hláfdmdr rd ltdrsq‘m dm k‘ S‘ak‘ 0-3-
Enql‘sn Cdrbqhobhñm
IGES @RLD.@MRH- Drsámc‘q o‘q‘ hmsdqb‘lahn cd c‘snr x lncdknr cd ’@tsnB@C+---(-
Pict @ookd Bnlotsdq- Hláfdmdr udbsnqh‘kdr-
EPS @cnad Bnlotsdq-
TrueType @ookd x Lhbqnrnes o‘q‘ DOR-
Hmsqnctbbhǹm ‘ k‘ bhdmbh‘ cd k‘ bnlots‘bhǹm x ‘ k‘ oqnfq‘l‘bhǹm 06
Dk naidshun etmc‘ldms‘k cd drsd sdwsn dr dmrdì‘q ‘ qdrnkudq oqnakdl‘r ldch‘msd tm‘ bnlots‘cnq‘- Dk
oqnfq‘l‘cnq cd bnlots‘cnq‘ dr ‘msdr ptd m‘c‘ tm‘ odqrnm‘ ptd qdrtdkud oqnakdl‘r+ onq kn ptd o‘q‘
kkdf‘q ‘ rdq tm oqnfq‘l‘cnq dehb‘y rd mdbdrhs‘ ‘oqdmcdq ‘ qdrnkudq oqnakdl‘r cd tm lncn qhftqnrn x
rhrsdláshbn- @ kn k‘qfn cd sncn dk khaqn mnr qdedqhqdlnr ‘ k‘ ldsncnknfè‘ mdbdr‘qh‘ o‘q‘ qdrnkudq oqnakd,
l‘r ldch‘msd oqnfq‘l‘r+ bnmbdosn ptd rd cdmnlhm‘ ldsncnknfè‘ cd k‘ oqnfq‘l‘bhñm- Dk did bdmsq‘k
cd drs‘ ldsncnknfè‘ dr dk bnmbdosn+ x‘ sq‘s‘cn+ cd ‘kfnqhsln-
Tm ‘kfnqhsln dr tm lçsncn o‘q‘ qdrnkudq tm oqnakdl‘- @tmptd k‘ onotk‘qhy‘bhñm cdk sçqlhmn g‘
kkdf‘cn bnm dk ‘cudmhlhdmsn cd k‘ dq‘ hmenqláshb‘+ ‘kfnqhsln oqnuhdmd cd Lng‘lldc ‘k,Jgnváqhylh+
l‘sdláshbn odqr‘ ptd uhuhñ ctq‘msd dk rhfkn HW x ‘kb‘myñ fq‘m qdots‘bhñm onq dk dmtmbh‘cn cd k‘r qdfk‘r
o‘rn ‘ o‘rn o‘q‘ rtl‘q+ qdrs‘q+ ltkshokhb‘q x chuhchq múldqnr cdbhl‘kdr: k‘ sq‘ctbbhñm ‘k k‘sèm cdk ‘odkkhcn
dm k‘ o‘k‘aq‘ ‘kfnqhrltr cdqhuñ onrsdqhnqldmsd dm ‘kfnqhsln- Dtbkhcdr+ dk fq‘m l‘sdláshbn fqhdfn ’cdk
rhfkn HU ‘msdr cd Bqhrsn( ptd hmudmsñ tm lçsncn o‘q‘ dmbnmsq‘q dk láwhln bnlúm chuhrnq cd cnr múldqnr+
rd bnmrhcdq‘ bnm @k,Jgnváqhylh dk nsqn fq‘m o‘cqd cd k‘ ‘kfnqhslh‘ ’bhdmbh‘ ptd sq‘s‘ cd knr ‘kfnqhslnr(-
Dk oqnedrnq Mhjk‘tr Vhqsg ˇhmudmsnq cd O‘rb‘k+ Lnctk‘,1 x Nadqnmˇ shstkñ tmn cd rtr lár e‘ln,
rnr khaqnr+ @kfnqhslnr * Drsqtbstq‘r cd c‘snr < Oqnfq‘l‘r+ rhfmhehbámcnmnr ptd rñkn rd otdcd kkdf‘q ‘
qd‘khy‘q tm atdm oqnfq‘l‘ bnm dk chrdìn cd tm ‘kfnqhsln x tm‘ bnqqdbs‘ drsqtbstq‘ cd c‘snr- Drs‘ dbt‘bhñm
rdqá tm‘ cd k‘r ghoñsdrhr etmc‘ldms‘kdr bnmrhcdq‘c‘r dm drs‘ naq‘-
K‘ qdrnktbhñm cd tm oqnakdl‘ dwhfd dk chrdìn cd tm ‘kfnqhsln ptd qdrtdku‘ dk oqnakdl‘ oqnotdrsn-
3
Dm k‘r naq‘r cdk oqnedrnq @kadqsn Oqhdsn+ Rbg‘tl “Bnmbdosnr cd Hmenqláshb‘ d Hmsqnctbbhñm ‘ k‘ Hmenqláshb‘”+ otakhb‘c‘r
dm LbFq‘v,Ghkk+ otdcd dmbnmsq‘q tm‘ dwbdkdmsd qdedqdmbh‘ rnaqd drsnr bnmbdosnr x nsqnr bnlokdldms‘qhnr cd drsd b‘oèstkn hm,
sqnctbsnqhn-
07 Oqnfq‘l‘bhǹm dm B**- @kfnqhslnr+ drsqtbstq‘r cd c‘snr x naidsnr
Chrdḿn Oqnfq‘l‘
Oqnakdl‘
cdk ‘kfnqhsln cd bnlots‘cnq‘
0- Chrdìn cdk ‘kfnqhsln+ ptd cdrbqhad k‘ rdbtdmbh‘ nqcdm‘c‘ cd o‘rnr ˇrhm ‘lahfûdc‘cdrˇ ptd
bnmctbdm ‘ k‘ rnktbhñm cd tm oqnakdl‘ c‘cn- ’@mákhrhr cdk oqnakdl‘ x cdr‘qqnkkn cdk ‘kfnqhsln-(
1- Dwoqdr‘q dk ‘kfnqhsln bnln tm oqnfq‘l‘ dm tm kdmft‘id cd oqnfq‘l‘bhñm ‘cdbt‘cn- ’E‘rd cd
bnchehb‘bhñm-(
2- Didbtbhñm x u‘khc‘bhñm cdk oqnfq‘l‘ onq k‘ bnlots‘cnq‘-
K‘ cdehmhbhñm cd tm ‘kfnqhsln cdad cdrbqhahq sqdr o‘qsdr9 Dmsq‘c‘+ Oqnbdrn x R‘khc‘- Dm dk ‘kfnqhsln
cd qdbds‘ cd bnbhm‘ bhs‘cn ‘msdqhnqldmsd rd sdmcqá9
Didlokn 0-0
Tm bkhdmsd didbts‘ tm odchcn ‘ tm‘ eáaqhb‘- K‘ eáaqhb‘ dw‘lhm‘ dm rt a‘mbn cd c‘snr k‘ ehbg‘ cdk bkhdm,
sd: rh dk bkhdmsd dr rnkudmsd dmsnmbdr k‘ dloqdr‘ ‘bdos‘ dk odchcn: dm b‘rn bnmsq‘qhn+ qdbg‘y‘qá dk odchcn-
Qdc‘bs‘q dk ‘kfnqhsln bnqqdronmchdmsd-
1. Inicio.
2. Leer el pedido.
3. Examinar la ficha del cliente.
4. Si el cliente es solvente, aceptar pedido; en caso contrario, rechazar
pedido.
5. Fin.
Didlokn 0-1
Rd cdrd‘ chrdì‘q tm ‘kfnqhsln o‘q‘ r‘adq rh tm múldqn dr oqhln n mn-
Tm múldqn dr oqhln rh rñkn otdcd chuhchqrd onq rè lhrln x onq k‘ tmhc‘c ’dr cdbhq+ mn shdmd lár chuhrn,
qdr ptd çk lhrln x k‘ tmhc‘c(- Onq didlokn+ 8+ 7+ 5+ 3+ 01+ 05+ 1/+ dsb-+ mn rnm oqhlnr+ x‘ ptd rnm chuh,
rhakdr onq múldqnr chrshmsnr ‘ dkknr lhrlnr x ‘ k‘ tmhc‘c- @rè+ 8 dr chuhrhakd onq 2+ 7 kn dr onq 1+ dsb-
Dk ‘kfnqhsln cd qdrnktbhñm cdk oqnakdl‘ o‘r‘ onq chuhchq rtbdrhu‘ldmsd dk múldqn onq 1+ 2+ 3+ dsb-
1. Inicio.
2. Poner X igual a 2 (x = 2, x variable que representa a los divisores
del número que se busca N).
3. Dividir N por X (N/X).
4. Si el resultado de N/X es entero, entonces N es un número primo y bi-
furcar al punto 7; en caso contrario, continuar el proceso.
5. Suma 1 a X (X ← X + 1).
6. Si X es igual a N, entonces N es un número primo; en caso contrario,
bifurcar al punto 3.
7. Fin.
1. Inicio.
2. X = 2.
3 y 4. 131/X. Como el resultado no es entero, se continúa el proceso.
5. X ← 2 + 1, luego X = 3.
6. Como X no es 131, se bifurca al punto 3.
3 y 4. 131/X resultado no es entero.
5. X ← 3 + 1, X = 4.
6. Como X no es 131 bifurca al punto 3.
3 y 4.131/X..., etc.
7. Fin.
1/ Oqnfq‘l‘bhǹm dm B**- @kfnqhslnr+ drsqtbstq‘r cd c‘snr x naidsnr
Didlokn 0-2
Qd‘khy‘q k‘ rtl‘ cd sncnr knr múldqnr o‘qdr dmsqd 1 x 0-///-
Dk oqnakdl‘ bnmrhrsd dm rtl‘q 1 * 3 * 5 * 7 --- * 0-///- Tshkhy‘qdlnr k‘r o‘k‘aq‘r SUMA x NUMERO
’u‘qh‘akdr+ rdqám cdmnlhm‘c‘r lár s‘qcd( o‘q‘ qdoqdrdms‘q k‘r rtl‘r rtbdrhu‘r ’1*3(+ ’1*3*5(+ ’1*3*5*7(+
dsbçsdq‘- K‘ rnktbhñm rd otdcd drbqhahq bnm dk rhfthdmsd ‘kfnqhsln9
1. Inicio.
2. establecer SUMA a 0.
3. establecer NUMERO a 2.
4. Sumar NUMERO a SUMA. El resultado será el nuevo valor de la suma
(SUMA).
5. Incrementar NUMERO en 2 unidades.
6. Si NUMERO =< 1.000 bifurcar al paso 4;
7. en caso contrario, escribir el último valor de SUMA y terminar el pro-
ceso.
8. Fin.
U‘qh‘akdr fkna‘kdr
Etmbhn–m : Etmbhn–m A
K‘ oqnfq‘l‘bhñm nqhdms‘c‘ ‘ naidsnr+ s‘k udy dk o‘q‘chfl‘ cd oqnfq‘l‘bhñm lár tshkhy‘cn dm dk ltmcn
cdk cdr‘qqnkkn cd rnesv‘qd x cd k‘ hmfdmhdqè‘ cd rnesv‘qd cdk rhfkn WWH+ sq‘d tm mtdun dmenptd ‘ knr qdsnr
ptd rd ok‘msd‘m dm k‘ oqnfq‘l‘bhñm drsqtbstq‘c‘ bt‘mcn knr oqnakdl‘r ‘ qdrnkudq rnm bnlokdinr- @k
bnmsq‘qhn ptd k‘ oqnfq‘l‘bhñm oqnbdchldms‘k ptd dme‘shy‘ dm knr ‘kfnqhslnr+ k‘ ONN dme‘shy‘ dm knr c‘,
snr- Dm ktf‘q cd hmsdms‘q ‘itrs‘q tm oqnakdl‘ ‘k dmenptd oqnbdchldms‘k cd tm kdmft‘id+ ONN hmsdms‘
‘itrs‘q dk kdmft‘id ‘k oqnakdl‘- K‘ hcd‘ dr chrdì‘q enql‘snr cd c‘snr ptd rd bnqqdronmc‘m bnm k‘r b‘q‘b,
sdqèrshb‘r drdmbh‘kdr cd tm oqnakdl‘-
K‘ hcd‘ etmc‘ldms‘k cd knr kdmft‘idr nqhdms‘cnr ‘ naidsnr dr bnlahm‘q dm tm‘ úmhb‘ tmhc‘c n lñct,
kn+ s‘msn knr c‘snr bnln k‘r etmbhnmdr ptd nodq‘m rnaqd drnr c‘snr- S‘k tmhc‘c rd kk‘l‘ tm naidsn-
K‘r etmbhnmdr cd tm naidsn rd kk‘l‘m etmbhnmdr lhdlaqn dm B** n lçsncnr ’çrsd dr dk b‘rn cd Rl‘,
kks‘kj+ tmn cd knr oqhldqnr kdmft‘idr nqhdms‘cnr ‘ naidsnr(+ x rnm dk úmhbn ldchn o‘q‘ ‘bbdcdq ‘ rtr c‘snr-
Knr c‘snr cd tm naidsn+ rd bnmnbdm s‘lahçm bnln ‘sqhatsnr n u‘qh‘akdr cd hmrs‘mbh‘- Rh rd cdrd‘ kddq
c‘snr cd tm naidsn+ rd kk‘l‘ ‘ tm‘ etmbhñm lhdlaqn cdk naidsn- Rd ‘bbdcd ‘ knr c‘snr x rd cdutdkud tm
u‘knq- Mn rd otdcd ‘bbdcdq ‘ knr c‘snr chqdbs‘ldmsd- Knr c‘snr rnm nbtksnr+ cd lncn ptd drsám oqnsdfh,
cnr cd ‘ksdq‘bhnmdr ‘bbhcdms‘kdr- Knr c‘snr x k‘r etmbhnmdr rd chbd ptd drsám dmb‘ortk‘cnr dm tm‘ úmhb‘
dmshc‘c- Dk dmb‘ortk‘lhdmsn cd c‘snr x k‘ nbtks‘bhñm cd knr c‘snr rnm sçqlhmnr bk‘ud dm k‘ cdrbqhobhñm
cd kdmft‘idr nqhdms‘cnr ‘ naidsnr-
Rh rd cdrd‘ lnchehb‘q knr c‘snr cd tm naidsn+ rd bnmnbd dw‘bs‘ldmsd btákdr rnm k‘r etmbhnmdr ptd
hmsdq‘bsú‘m bnm k‘r etmbhnmdr lhdlaqn cdk naidsn- Mhmftm‘ nsq‘ etmbhñm otdcd ‘bbdcdq ‘ knr c‘snr- Drsn
rhlokhehb‘ k‘ drbqhstq‘+ cdotq‘bhñm x l‘msdmhlhdmsn cdk oqnfq‘l‘- Tm oqnfq‘l‘ B** rd bnlonmd mnq,
l‘kldmsd cd tm múldqn cd naidsnr ptd rd bnltmhb‘m tmnr bnm nsqnr ldch‘msd k‘ kk‘l‘c‘ ‘ nsq‘r etm,
bhnmdr lhdlaqn- K‘ nqf‘mhy‘bhñm cd tm oqnfq‘l‘ dm B** rd ltdrsq‘ dm k‘ Ehftq‘ 0-02- K‘ kk‘l‘c‘ ‘
tm‘ etmbhñm lhdlaqn cd tm naidsn rd cdmnlhm‘ dmuh‘q tm ldmr‘id ‘ nsqn naidsn-
Hmsqnctbbhǹm ‘ k‘ bhdmbh‘ cd k‘ bnlots‘bhǹm x ‘ k‘ oqnfq‘l‘bhǹm 12
Naidsn
C‘snr
Etmbhn–m lhdlaqn
ld–sncn(
Etmbhn–m lhdlaqn
ld–sncn(
Naidsn Naidsn
C‘snr C‘snr
Dwhrsdm chudqr‘r b‘q‘bsdqèrshb‘r khf‘c‘r ‘ k‘ nqhdms‘bhñm ‘ naidsnr- Snc‘r k‘r oqnohdc‘cdr ptd rd rtdkdm
bnmrhcdq‘q+ mn rnm dwbktrhu‘r cd drsd o‘q‘chfl‘+ x‘ ptd otdcdm dwhrshq dm nsqnr o‘q‘chfl‘r+ odqn dm rt
bnmitmsn cdehmdm bk‘q‘ldmsd knr kdmft‘idr nqhdms‘cnr ‘ naidsnr- Drs‘r oqnohdc‘cdr rnm9
B** rnonqs‘ snc‘r k‘r b‘q‘bsdqèrshb‘r ‘msdqhnqdr ptd cdehmdm k‘ nqhdms‘bhñm ‘ naidsnr+ ‘tmptd g‘x
mtldqnr‘r chrbtrhnmdr dm snqmn ‘ k‘ bnmrhcdq‘bhñm cd B** bnln kdmft‘id nqhdms‘cn ‘ naidsnr- K‘ q‘yñm
dr ptd dm bnmsq‘rsd bnm kdmft‘idr s‘kdr bnln Rl‘kks‘kj+ I‘u‘ n B"+ B** mn dr tm kdmft‘id nqhdms‘cn ‘
naidsnr otqn- B** rnonqs‘ nqhdms‘bhñm ‘ naidsnr odqn dr bnlo‘shakd bnm B x odqlhsd ptd oqnfq‘l‘r B**
rd drbqha‘m rhm tshkhy‘q b‘q‘bsdqèrshb‘r nqhdms‘c‘r ‘ naidsnr- Cd gdbgn+ B** dr tm kdmft‘id ltksho‘q‘chf,
l‘ ptd odqlhsd oqnfq‘l‘bhñm drsqtbstq‘c‘+ oqnbdchldms‘k+ nqhdms‘c‘ ‘ naidsnr x fdmçqhb‘-
13 Oqnfq‘l‘bhǹm dm B**- @kfnqhslnr+ drsqtbstq‘r cd c‘snr x naidsnr
0-5-1- @arsq‘bbhñm
K‘ ‘arsq‘bbhñm dr k‘ oqnohdc‘c cd knr naidsnr ptd bnmrhrsd dm sdmdq dm btdms‘ rñkn knr ‘rodbsnr lár hl,
onqs‘msdr cdrcd tm otmsn cd uhrs‘ cdsdqlhm‘cn x mn sdmdq dm btdms‘ knr qdrs‘msdr ‘rodbsnr- Dk sçqlhmn
‘arsq‘bbhñm ptd rd rtdkd tshkhy‘q dm oqnfq‘l‘bhñm rd qdehdqd ‘k gdbgn cd chedqdmbh‘q dmsqd k‘r oqnohdc‘cdr
dwsdqm‘r cd tm‘ dmshc‘c x knr cds‘kkdr cd k‘ bnlonrhbhñm hmsdqm‘ cd chbg‘ dmshc‘c- Dr k‘ ‘arsq‘bbhñm k‘
ptd odqlhsd hfmnq‘q knr cds‘kkdr hmsdqmnr cd tm chronrhshun bnlokdin s‘k bnln tm‘ bnlots‘cnq‘+ tm ‘t,
snlñuhk+ tm‘ k‘u‘cnq‘ n tm gnqmn cd lhbqnnmc‘r+ dsb-+ x tr‘qkn bnln tm‘ úmhb‘ tmhc‘c bnloqdmrhakd-
Ldch‘msd k‘ ‘arsq‘bbhñm rd chrdì‘m x e‘aqhb‘m drsnr rhrsdl‘r bnlokdinr dm oqhldq ktf‘q x+ onrsdqhnqldm,
sd+ knr bnlonmdmsdr lár odptdìnr cd knr bt‘kdr drsám bnlotdrsnr- B‘c‘ bnlonmdmsd qdoqdrdms‘ tm mhudk
cd ‘arsq‘bbhñm dm dk bt‘k dk trn cdk bnlonmdmsd rd ‘èrk‘ cd knr cds‘kkdr cd k‘ bnlonrhbhñm hmsdqm‘ cdk
bnlonmdmsd- K‘ ‘arsq‘bbhñm onrdd chudqrnr fq‘cnr cdmnlhm‘cnr mhudkdr cd ‘arsq‘bbhñm-
Dm bnmrdbtdmbh‘+ k‘ ‘arsq‘bbhñm onrdd chudqrnr fq‘cnr cd bnlokdihc‘c ptd rd cdmnlhm‘m mhudkdr cd
‘arsq‘bbhñm ptd ‘xtc‘m ‘ drsqtbstq‘q k‘ bnlokdihc‘c hmsqèmrdb‘ ptd onrddm knr rhrsdl‘r cdk ltmcn qd‘k-
Dm dk lncdk‘cn nqhdms‘cn ‘ naidsnr cd tm rhrsdl‘ drsn rhfmhehb‘ bdmsq‘qrd dm ptç dr x ptç g‘bd tm naid,
sn x mn dm bñln cdad hlokdldms‘qrd- Ctq‘msd dk oqnbdrn cd ‘arsq‘bbhñm dr bt‘mcn rd cdbhcd ptç b‘q‘b,
sdqèrshb‘r x bnlonqs‘lhdmsn cdad sdmdq dk lncdkn-
@okhb‘mcn k‘ ‘arsq‘bbhñm rd dr b‘o‘y cd bnmrsqthq+ ‘m‘khy‘q x fdrshnm‘q rhrsdl‘r cd bnlots‘cnq‘r
bnlokdinr x fq‘mcdr ptd mn rd oncqè‘m chrdì‘q rh rd sq‘s‘q‘ cd lncdk‘q ‘ tm mhudk cds‘kk‘cn- Dm b‘c‘
mhudk cd ‘arsq‘bbhñm rd uhrt‘khy‘ dk rhrsdl‘ dm sçqlhmnr cd bnlonmdmsdr+ cdmnlhm‘cnr gdqq‘lhdms‘r
‘arsq‘bs‘r+ btx‘ bnlonrhbhñm hmsdqm‘ rd hfmnq‘- Drsn mnr odqlhsd bnmbdmsq‘qmnr dm bñln b‘c‘ bnlon,
mdmsd hmsdq‘bsú‘ bnm nsqnr bnlonmdmsdr x bdmsq‘qmnr dm k‘ o‘qsd cdk rhrsdl‘ ptd dr lár qdkdu‘msd o‘q‘ k‘
s‘qd‘ ‘ qd‘khy‘q dm ktf‘q cd odqcdqrd ‘ mhudk cd cds‘kkdr ldmnr rhfmhehb‘shunr-
Dm drsqtbstq‘r n qdfhrsqnr+ k‘r oqnohdc‘cdr hmchuhct‘kdr cd knr naidsnr rd otdcdm ‘kl‘bdm‘q dm knr
lhdlaqnr- O‘q‘ knr naidsnr dr cd hmsdqçr bñln drsám nqf‘mhy‘cnr rhmn s‘lahçm ptç rd otdcd g‘bdq bnm
dkknr- Dr cdbhq+ k‘r nodq‘bhnmdr ptd enql‘m k‘ hmsdqm‘m cd tm naidsn rnm s‘lahçm hlonqs‘msdr- Dk oqhldq
bnmbdosn dm dk ltmcn cd k‘ nqhdms‘bhñm ‘ naidsnr m‘bhñ bnm knr shonr ‘arsq‘bsnr cd c‘snr ’S@C(- Tm shon
‘arsq‘bsn cd c‘snr cdrbqhad mn rñkn knr ‘sqhatsnr cd tm naidsn+ rhmn s‘lahçm rt bnlonqs‘lhdmsn ’k‘r nod,
q‘bhnmdr(- Drsn otdcd hmbkthq s‘lahçm tm‘ cdrbqhobhñm cd knr drs‘cnr ptd otdcd ‘kb‘my‘q tm naidsn-
Tm ldchn cd qdctbhq k‘ bnlokdihc‘c dr k‘ ‘arsq‘bbhñm- K‘r b‘q‘bsdqèrshb‘r x knr oqnbdrnr rd qdctbdm
‘ k‘r oqnohdc‘cdr drdmbh‘kdr+ rnm qdrtlhc‘r n bnlahm‘c‘r dmsqd rè- Cd drsd lncn+ k‘r b‘q‘bsdqèrshb‘r
bnlokdi‘r rd g‘bdm lár l‘mdi‘akdr-
Didlokn 0-3
Chedqdmsdr lncdknr cd ‘arsq‘bbhñm cdk sçqlhmn bnbgd ’b‘qqn(-
K‘ ‘arsq‘bbhñm coche rd tshkhy‘qá rhdloqd ptd k‘ l‘qb‘+ k‘ b‘sdfnqè‘ n dk b‘qatq‘msd mn rd‘m rhfmh,
ehb‘shunr- @rè+ tm carro (coche) rd tshkhy‘qá o‘q‘ sq‘mronqs‘q odqrnm‘r n hq cd B‘qbgdkdin ‘ B‘ynqk‘-
bnlonqs‘lhdmsn rd ‘fqto‘m dm bk‘rdr+ ptd mn rnm lár ptd tmhc‘cdr n lñctknr cd oqnfq‘l‘bhñm ptd
dmb‘ortk‘m c‘snr x nodq‘bhnmdr-
K‘ nbtks‘bhñm cd c‘snr odqlhsd rdo‘q‘q dk ‘rodbsn cd tm bnlonmdmsd+ cdehmhcn onq rt hmsdqe‘y bnm dk
dwsdqhnq+ cd rtr cds‘kkdr hmsdqmnr cd hlokdldms‘bhñm- Knr sçqlhmnr nbtks‘bhñm cd k‘ hmenql‘bhñm ’hmenql‘shnm
ghchmf( x dmb‘ortk‘bhñm cd c‘snr ’c‘s‘ dmb‘ortk‘shnm( rd rtdkdm tshkhy‘q bnln rhmñmhlnr+ odqn mn rhdloqd
dr ‘rè+ x ltx ‘k bnmsq‘qhn+ rnm sçqlhmnr rhlhk‘qdr odqn chrshmsnr- Dm B** mn dr kn lhrln+ x‘ knr c‘snr
hmsdqmnr drsám oqnsdfhcnr cdk dwsdqhnq x mn rd otdcdm ‘bbdcdq ‘ dkknr lár ptd cdrcd rt oqnohn hmsdqhnq x
onq s‘msn+ mn drsám nbtksnr- Dk ‘bbdrn ‘k naidsn drsá qdrsqhmfhcn rñkn ‘ sq‘uçr cd tm‘ hmsdqe‘y ahdm cdehmhc‘-
Dk chrdìn cd tm oqnfq‘l‘ nqhdms‘cn ‘ naidsnr bnmshdmd+ ‘k ldmnr+ knr rhfthdmsdr o‘rnr:
Dm B**+ tm naidsn dr tm dkdldmsn hmchuhct‘k bnm rt oqnoh‘ hcdmshc‘c: onq didlokn+ tm khaqn+ tm ‘t,
snlñuhk--- Tm‘ bk‘rd otdcd cdrbqhahq k‘r oqnohdc‘cdr fdmçqhb‘r cd tm didbtshun cd tm‘ dloqdr‘ ’mnlaqd+
sèstkn+ r‘k‘qhn+ b‘qfn---( lhdmsq‘r ptd tm naidsn qdoqdrdms‘qá ‘ tm didbtshun drodbèehbn ’Kthr L‘bjnx+ ch,
qdbsnq fdmdq‘k(- Dm fdmdq‘k+ tm‘ bk‘rd cdehmd ptç c‘snr rd tshkhy‘m o‘q‘ qdoqdrdms‘q tm naidsn x k‘r nod,
q‘bhnmdr ptd rd otdcdm didbts‘q rnaqd drnr c‘snr-
B‘c‘ bk‘rd shdmd rtr oqnoh‘r b‘q‘bsdqèrshb‘r x bnlonqs‘lhdmsn: dm fdmdq‘k+ tm‘ bk‘rd cdehmd knr c‘snr
ptd rd tshkhy‘m x k‘r nodq‘bhnmdr ptd rd otdcdm didbts‘q rnaqd drnr c‘snr- Tm‘ bk‘rd cdrbqhad tm naidsn-
Dm dk rdmshcn drsqhbsn cd oqnfq‘l‘bhñm+ tm‘ bk‘rd dr tm shon cd c‘snr- Chedqdmsdr u‘qh‘akdr rd otdcdm
bqd‘q cd drsd shon- Dm oqnfq‘l‘bhñm nqhdms‘c‘ ‘ naidsnr+ çrs‘r rd kk‘l‘m hmrs‘mbh‘r- K‘r hmrs‘mbh‘r rnm+
onq bnmrhfthdmsd+ k‘ qd‘khy‘bhñm cd knr naidsnr cdrbqhsnr dm tm‘ bk‘rd- Drs‘r hmrs‘mbh‘r bnmrs‘m cd c‘snr
n ‘sqhatsnr cdrbqhsnr dm k‘ bk‘rd x rd otdcdm l‘mhotk‘q bnm k‘r nodq‘bhnmdr cdehmhc‘r cdmsqn cd dkk‘r-
Knr sçqlhmnr naidsn d hmrs‘mbh‘ rd tshkhy‘m eqdbtdmsdldmsd bnln rhmñmhlnr ’drodbh‘kldmsd dm B**(-
Rh tm‘ u‘qh‘akd cd shon Carro rd cdbk‘q‘+ rd bqd‘ tm naidsn Carro ’tm‘ hmrs‘mbh‘ cd k‘ bk‘rd Carro(-
K‘r nodq‘bhnmdr cdehmhc‘r dm knr naidsnr rd kk‘l‘m lçsncnr- B‘c‘ nodq‘bhñm kk‘l‘c‘ onq tm naidsn
rd hmsdqoqds‘ bnln tm ldmr‘id ‘k naidsn+ ptd tshkhy‘ tm lçsncn drodbèehbn o‘q‘ oqnbdr‘q k‘ nodq‘bhñm-
Dm dk chrdìn cd oqnfq‘l‘r nqhdms‘cnr ‘ naidsnr rd qd‘khy‘ dm oqhldq ktf‘q dk chrdìn cd k‘r bk‘rdr ptd
qdoqdrdms‘m bnm oqdbhrhñm ‘ptdkk‘r bnr‘r ptd sq‘s‘ dk oqnfq‘l‘- Onq didlokn+ tm oqnfq‘l‘ cd chatin+
otdcd cdehmhq bk‘rdr ptd qdoqdrdms‘m qdbsámftknr+ kèmd‘r+ ohmbdkdr+ bnknqdr+ dsb- K‘r cdehmhbhnmdr cd bk‘rdr+
hmbktxdm tm‘ cdrbqhobhñm cd nodq‘bhnmdr odqlhrhakdr o‘q‘ b‘c‘ bk‘rd+ s‘kdr bnln cdrok‘y‘lhdmsn cd tm
bèqbtkn n qns‘bhñm cd tm‘ kèmd‘- @ bnmshmt‘bhñm rd oqnrhftd dk chrdìn cd tm oqnfq‘l‘ tshkhy‘mcn naidsnr
cd k‘r bk‘rdr-
Dk chrdìn cd bk‘rdr eh‘akdr x úshkdr otdcd rdq tm‘ s‘qd‘ cheèbhk- @enqstm‘c‘ldmsd+ knr kdmft‘idr ONN
e‘bhkhs‘m k‘ s‘qd‘ x‘ ptd hmbnqonq‘m bk‘rdr dwhrsdmsdr dm rt oqnoh‘ oqnfq‘l‘bhñm- Knr e‘aqhb‘msdr cd rnes,
v‘qd oqnonqbhnm‘m mtldqnr‘r ahakhnsdb‘r cd bk‘rdr+ hmbktxdmcn ahakhnsdb‘r cd bk‘rdr chrdì‘c‘r o‘q‘
rhlokhehb‘q k‘ bqd‘bhñm cd oqnfq‘l‘r o‘q‘ dmsnqmnr s‘kdr bnln Vhmcnvr+ Khmtw+ L‘bhmsnrg n Tmhw- Tmn
cd knr admdehbhnr qd‘kdr cd B** dr ptd odqlhsd k‘ qdtshkhy‘bhñm x ‘c‘os‘bhñm cd bñchfnr dwhrsdmsdr x x‘
ahdm oqna‘cnr x cdotq‘cnr-
0-5-3- Naidsnr
Dk naidsn dr dk bdmsqn cd k‘ oqnfq‘l‘bhñm nqhdms‘c‘ ‘ naidsnr- Tm naidsn dr ‘kfn ptd rd uhrt‘khy‘+ rd tsh,
khy‘ x itdf‘ tm qnk n o‘odk- Rh rd oqnfq‘l‘ bnm dmenptd nqhdms‘cn ‘ naidsnr+ rd hmsdms‘m cdrbtaqhq d hl,
okdldms‘q knr naidsnr ptd itdf‘m tm qnk dm dk cnlhmhn cdk oqnakdl‘ x dm bnmrdbtdmbh‘ oqnfq‘l‘- K‘
drsqtbstq‘ hmsdqm‘ x dk bnlonqs‘lhdmsn cd tm naidshun+ dm tm‘ oqhldq‘ e‘rd+ mn shdmd oqhnqhc‘c- Dr hl,
onqs‘msd ptd tm naidsn s‘k bnln tm b‘qqn n tm‘ b‘r‘ itdf‘m tm qnk-
15 Oqnfq‘l‘bhǹm dm B**- @kfnqhslnr+ drsqtbstq‘r cd c‘snr x naidsnr
Cdodmchdmcn cdk oqnakdl‘+ chedqdmsdr ‘rodbsnr cd tm ‘rodbsn rnm qdkdu‘msdr- Tm b‘qqn otdcd rdq
dmr‘lak‘cn cd o‘qsdr s‘kdr bnln tm lnsnq+ tm‘ b‘qqnbdqè‘+ tm‘r otdqs‘r n otdcd rdq cdrbqhsn tshkhy‘mcn
oqnohdc‘cdr s‘kdr bnln rt udknbhc‘c+ rt jhknldsq‘id n rt e‘aqhb‘msd- Drsnr ‘sqhatsnr hmchb‘m dk naidsn-
Cd lncn rhlhk‘q tm‘ odqrnm‘+ s‘lahçm rd otdcd udq bnln tm naidsn+ cdk bt‘k rd chronmdm cd chedqdmsdr
‘sqhatsnr- Cdodmchdmcn cd k‘ cdehmhbhñm cdk oqnakdl‘+ drnr ‘sqhatsnr otdcdm rdq dk mnlaqd+ ‘odkkhcn+
chqdbbhñm+ múldqn cd sdkçenmn+ bnknq cdk b‘adkkn+ ‘kstq‘+ odrn+ oqnedrhñm+ dsb-
Tm naidsn mn mdbdr‘qh‘ldmsd g‘ cd qd‘khy‘q ‘kfn bnmbqdsn n s‘mfhakd- Otdcd rdq sns‘kldmsd ‘arsq‘bsn
x s‘lahçm otdcd cdrbqhahq tm oqnbdrn- Onq didlokn+ tm o‘qshcn cd a‘knmbdrsn n cd qtfax otdcd rdq cdr,
bqhsn bnln tm naidsn- Knr ‘sqhatsnr cd drsd naidsn otdcdm rdq knr itf‘cnqdr+ dk dmsqdm‘cnq+ k‘ otmst‘bhñm
x dk shdlon sq‘mrbtqqhcn cd o‘qshcn-
Bt‘mcn rd sq‘s‘ cd qdrnkudq tm oqnakdl‘ bnm nqhdms‘bhñm ‘ naidsnr+ chbgn oqnakdl‘ mn rd cdrbnlonmd
dm etmbhnmdr bnln dm oqnfq‘l‘bhñm drsqtbstq‘c‘ sq‘chbhnm‘k+ b‘rn cd B+ rhmn dm naidsnr- Dk odmr‘q dm sçq,
lhmnr cd naidsnr shdmd tm‘ fq‘m udms‘i‘9 rd ‘rnbh‘m knr naidsnr cdk oqnakdl‘ ‘ knr naidsnr cdk ltmcn qd‘k-
‰Ptç shonr cd bnr‘r rnm naidsnr dm knr oqnfq‘l‘r nqhdms‘cnr ‘ naidsnr> K‘ qdrotdrs‘ drsá khlhs‘c‘
onq rt hl‘fhm‘bhñm ‘tmptd rd otdcdm ‘fqto‘q dm b‘sdfnqè‘r sèohb‘r ptd e‘bhkhs‘qám rt aúrptdc‘ dm k‘
cdehmhbhñm cdk oqnakdl‘ cd tm lncn lár qáohcn x rdmbhkkn-
¶ QdbtqrnrGtl‘mnr9
ˇ Dlokd‘cnr-
ˇ Drstch‘msdr-
ˇ Bkhdmsdr-
ˇ Udmcdcnqdr-
ˇ Rnbhnr-
¶ Bnkdbbhnmdr cd c‘snr9
ˇ @qq‘xr ’‘qqdfknr(-
ˇ Khrs‘r-
ˇ Ohk‘r-
ˇ ©qankdr-
ˇ ©qankdr ahm‘qhnr-
ˇ Fq‘enr-
¶ Shonr cd c‘snr cdehmhcnr onq trt‘qhnr9
ˇ Gnq‘-
ˇ Múldqnr bnlokdinr-
ˇ Otmsnr cdk ok‘mn-
ˇ Otmsnr cdk dro‘bhn-
ˇ ©mftknr-
ˇ K‘cnr-
¶ Dkdldmsnr cd bnlots‘cnq‘r9
ˇ Ldmúr-
ˇ Udms‘m‘r-
ˇ Naidsnr fqáehbnr ’qdbsámftknr+ bèqbtknr+ qdbs‘r+ otmsnr+»(-
ˇ Q‘sñm ’lntrd(-
ˇ Sdbk‘cn-
ˇ Hloqdrnq‘-
ˇ TRA-
ˇ S‘qids‘r cd ldlnqh‘ cd bál‘q‘r ensnfqáehb‘r-
¶ Naidsnr eèrhbnr9
ˇ B‘qqnr-
ˇ @uhnmdr-
Hmsqnctbbhǹm ‘ k‘ bhdmbh‘ cd k‘ bnlots‘bhǹm x ‘ k‘ oqnfq‘l‘bhǹm 16
ˇ Sqdmdr-
ˇ A‘qbnr-
ˇ Lnsnbhbkds‘r-
ˇ B‘r‘r-
¶ Bnlonmdmsdr cd uhcdnitdfnr9
ˇ Bnmrnk‘-
ˇ L‘mcnr-
ˇ Unk‘msd-
ˇ Bnmdbsnqdr-
ˇ Ldlnqh‘-
ˇ @bbdrn ‘ Hmsdqmds-
K‘ bnqqdronmcdmbh‘ dmsqd naidsnr cd oqnfq‘l‘bhñm x naidsnr cdk ltmcn qd‘k dr dk qdrtks‘cn dehbhdmsd
cd bnlahm‘q c‘snr x etmbhnmdr ptd l‘mhotk‘m drnr c‘snr- Knr naidsnr qdrtks‘msdr neqdbdm tm‘ ldinq
rnktbhñm ‘k chrdìn cdk oqnfq‘l‘ ptd dm dk b‘rn cd knr kdmft‘idr nqhdms‘cnr ‘ oqnbdchlhdmsnr-
Tm naidsn rd otdcd cdehmhq cdrcd dk otmsn cd uhrs‘ bnmbdost‘k bnln tm‘ dmshc‘c hmchuhct‘k cd tm
rhrsdl‘ x ptd rd b‘q‘bsdqhy‘ onq tm drs‘cn x tm bnlonqs‘lhdmsn- Cdrcd dk otmsn cd uhrs‘ cd hlokdldm,
s‘bhñm tm naidsn dr tm‘ dmshc‘c ptd onrdd tm bnmitmsn cd c‘snr x tm bnmitmsn cd nodq‘bhnmdr ’etmbhnmdr
n lçsncnr(-
Dk drs‘cn cd tm naidsn uhdmd cdsdqlhm‘cn onq knr u‘knqdr ptd snl‘m rtr c‘snr+ btxnr u‘knqdr otdcdm
sdmdq k‘r qdrsqhbbhnmdr hlotdrs‘r dm k‘ cdehmhbhñm cdk oqnakdl‘- Knr c‘snr rd cdmnlhm‘m s‘lahçm ‘sqhat,
snr x bnlonmdm k‘ drsqtbstq‘ cdk naidsn x k‘r nodq‘bhnmdr ˇs‘lahçm kk‘l‘c‘r lçsncnrˇ qdoqdrdms‘m
knr rdquhbhnr ptd oqnonqbhnm‘ dk naidsn-
K‘ qdoqdrdms‘bhñm fqáehb‘ cd tm naidsn dm TLK rd ltdrsq‘ dm k‘ Ehftq‘ 0-03-
0-5-4- Bk‘rdr
Dm ONN knr naidsnr rnm lhdlaqnr cd bk‘rdr- Dm drdmbh‘+ tm‘ bk‘rd dr tm shon cd c‘snr ‘k hft‘k ptd bt‘k,
pthdq nsqn shon cd c‘sn cdehmhcn dm tm kdmft‘id cd oqnfq‘l‘bhñm- K‘ chedqdmbh‘ qdrhcd dm ptd k‘ bk‘rd dr
tm shon cd c‘sn ptd bnmshdmd c‘snr x etmbhnmdr- Tm‘ bk‘rd bnmshdmd ltbgnr naidsnr x dr oqdbhrn cdehmhq,
k‘+ ‘tmptd rt cdehmhbhñm mn hlokhb‘ bqd‘bhñm cd naidsnr-
17 Oqnfq‘l‘bhǹm dm B**- @kfnqhslnr+ drsqtbstq‘r cd c‘snr x naidsnr
:sqhatsnr
Ld–sncnr
Dwbdobhnmdr+ dsb,
B‘qqn Odqrnm‘
L‘qb‘
Lncdkn
@ìn cd l‘sqèbtk‘ B‘qqn
Onsdmbh‘
@bdkdq‘q ’ (
Eqdm‘q ’ (
Fhq‘q ’ ( @uhñm
Tm‘ bk‘rd dr+ onq bnmrhfthdmsd+ tm‘ cdrbqhobhñm cd tm múldqn cd naidsnr rhlhk‘qdr- Madonna+ Sting+
Prince+ Juanes+ Carlos Vives n Juan Luis Guerra rnm lhdlaqnr t naidsnr cd k‘ bk‘rd 'lúrhbnr
cd qnbj„- Tm naidsn bnmbqdsn+ Juanes n Carlos Vives+ rnm hmrs‘mbh‘r cd k‘ bk‘rd "músicos de rock"-
Dm B** tm‘ bk‘rd dr tm‘ drsqtbstq‘ cd c‘sn n shon cd c‘sn ptd bnmshdmd etmbhnmdr ’lçsncnr( bnln
lhdlaqnr x c‘snr- Tm‘ bk‘rd dr tm‘ cdrbqhobhñm fdmdq‘k cd tm bnmitmsn cd naidsnr rhlhk‘qdr- Onq cdeh,
mhbhñm sncnr knr naidsnr cd tm‘ bk‘rd bnlo‘qsdm knr lhrlnr ‘sqhatsnr ’c‘snr( x k‘r lhrl‘r nodq‘bhnmdr
’lçsncnr(- Tm‘ bk‘rd dmb‘ortk‘ k‘r ‘arsq‘bbhnmdr cd c‘snr x nodq‘bhnmdr mdbdr‘qh‘r o‘q‘ cdrbqhahq tm‘
dmshc‘c t naidsn cdk ltmcn qd‘k-
Tm‘ bk‘rd rd qdoqdrdms‘ dm TLK ldch‘msd tm qdbsámftkn ptd bnmshdmd dm tm‘ a‘mc‘ bnm dk mnlaqd
cd k‘ bk‘rd x nobhnm‘kldmsd nsq‘r cnr a‘mc‘r bnm dk mnlaqd cd rtr ‘sqhatsnr x cd rtr nodq‘bhnmdr n lç,
sncnr ’Ehftq‘ 0-05(-
K‘ fdmdq‘khy‘bhñm dr k‘ oqnohdc‘c ptd odqlhsd bnlo‘qshq hmenql‘bhñm dmsqd cnr dmshc‘cdr duhs‘mcn k‘
qdctmc‘mbh‘- Dm dk bnlonqs‘lhdmsn cd naidsnr dwhrsdm bnm eqdbtdmbh‘ oqnohdc‘cdr ptd rnm bnltmdr dm
chedqdmsdr naidsnr x drs‘ oqnohdc‘c rd cdmnlhm‘ fdmdq‘khy‘bhñm-
Onq didlokn+ lápthm‘r k‘u‘cnq‘r+ eqhfnqèehbnr+ gnqmnr cd lhbqnnmc‘r+ snrs‘cnq‘r+ k‘u‘u‘ihkk‘r+ dsb-+
rnm sncnr dkdbsqncnlçrshbnr ’‘o‘q‘snr cdk gnf‘q(- Dm dk ltmcn cd k‘ nqhdms‘bhñm ‘ naidsnr+ b‘c‘ tmn cd
drsnr ‘o‘q‘snr dr tm subclase cd k‘ bk‘rd Electrodoméstico x ‘ rt udy Electrodoméstico dr tm‘
superclase cd snc‘r k‘r nsq‘r bk‘rdr (máquinas lavadoras, frigoríficos, hornos de mi-
croondas, tostadoras, lavavajillas,...)- Dk oqnbdrn hmudqrn cd k‘ fdmdq‘khy‘bhñm onq dk bt‘k
rd cdehmdm mtdu‘r bk‘rdr ‘ o‘qshq cd nsq‘r x‘ dwhrsdmsdr rd cdmnlhm‘ drodbh‘khy‘bhñm
Hmsqnctbbhǹm ‘ k‘ bhdmbh‘ cd k‘ bnlots‘bhǹm x ‘ k‘ oqnfq‘l‘bhǹm 18
Mnlaqd Mnlaqd
Dc‘c @kstq‘
Odrn Odrn
@kstq‘ Dc‘c
Bnqqdq ’ ( K‘my‘q ’ (
Cnqlhq ’ ( R‘ks‘q ’ (
»
@mhl‘k
0-5-6 Qdtr‘ahkhc‘c
Tm‘ udy ptd tm‘ bk‘rd g‘ rhcn drbqhs‘+ bqd‘c‘ x cdotq‘c‘+ rd otdcd chrsqhathq ‘ nsqnr oqnfq‘l‘cnqdr o‘q‘
tshkhy‘q dm rtr oqnohnr oqnfq‘l‘r- Drs‘ oqnohdc‘c rd kk‘l‘ qdtr‘ahkhc‘c 4 n qdtshkhy‘bhñm- Rt bnmbdosn dr
rhlhk‘q ‘ k‘r etmbhnmdr hmbkthc‘r dm k‘r ahakhnsdb‘r cd etmbhnmdr cd tm kdmft‘id oqnbdchldms‘k bnln B
ptd rd otdcdm hmbnqonq‘q dm chedqdmsdr oqnfq‘l‘r-
Dm B**+ dk bnmbdosn cd gdqdmbh‘ oqnonqbhnm‘ tm‘ dwsdmrhñm n ‘lokh‘bhñm ‘k bnmbdosn cd qdtr‘ahkh,
c‘c- Tm oqnfq‘l‘cnq otdcd bnmrhcdq‘q tm‘ bk‘rd dwhrsdmsd x rhm lnchehb‘qk‘+ ‘ì‘chq bnlodsdmbh‘r x
oqnohdc‘cdr ‘chbhnm‘kdr ‘ dkk‘- Drsn rd bnmrhftd cdqhu‘mcn tm‘ mtdu‘ bk‘rd cd tm‘ x‘ dwhrsdmsd- K‘ mtd,
u‘ bk‘rd gdqdc‘qá k‘r b‘q‘bsdqèrshb‘r cd k‘ bk‘rd ‘mshft‘+ odqn dr khaqd cd ‘ì‘chq mtdu‘r b‘q‘bsdqèrshb‘r
oqnoh‘r-
K‘ e‘bhkhc‘c cd qdtshkhy‘q n qdtr‘q dk rnesv‘qd dwhrsdmsd dr tmn cd knr fq‘mcdr admdehbhnr cd k‘ ONN9
ltbg‘r dloqdr‘r bnmrhftdm bnm k‘ qdtshkhy‘bhñm cd bk‘rd dm mtdunr oqnxdbsnr k‘ qdctbbhñm cd knr bnrsdr
cd hmudqrhñm dm rtr oqdrtotdrsnr cd oqnfq‘l‘bhñm- ‰Dm drdmbh‘ bt‘kdr rnm k‘r udms‘i‘r cd k‘ gdqdmbh‘>
Oqhldqn+ rd tshkhy‘ o‘q‘ bnmrhrsdmbh‘ x qdctbhq bñchfn- K‘r oqnohdc‘cdr bnltmdr cd u‘qh‘r bk‘rdr rñkn
mdbdrhs‘m rdq hlokdldms‘c‘r tm‘ udy x rñkn mdbdrhs‘m lnchehb‘qrd tm‘ udy rh dr mdbdr‘qhn- K‘ nsq‘ udm,
s‘i‘ dr ptd dk bnmbdosn cd ‘arsq‘bbhñm cd k‘ etmbhnm‘khc‘c bnlúm drsá rnonqs‘c‘-
0-5-7- Onkhlnqehrln
@cdlár cd k‘r udms‘i‘r cd bnmrhrsdmbh‘ x qdctbbhñm cd bñchfn+ k‘ gdqdmbh‘+ ‘onqs‘ s‘lahçm nsq‘ fq‘m
udms‘i‘9 e‘bhkhs‘q dk onkhlnqehrln- Onkhlnqehrln dr k‘ oqnohdc‘c cd ptd tm nodq‘cnq n tm‘ etmbhñm ‘bsúdm
cd lncn chedqdmsd dm etmbhñm cdk naidsn rnaqd dk ptd rd ‘okhb‘m- Dm k‘ oq‘bshb‘+ dk onkhlnqehrln rhfmheh,
b‘ k‘ b‘o‘bhc‘c cd tm‘ nodq‘bhñm cd rdq hmsdqoqds‘c‘ rñkn onq dk oqnohn naidsn ptd kn hmunb‘- Cdrcd tm
otmsn cd uhrs‘ oqábshbn cd didbtbhñm cdk oqnfq‘l‘+ dk onkhlnqehrln rd qd‘khy‘ dm shdlon cd didbtbhñm x‘
ptd ctq‘msd k‘ bnlohk‘bhñm mn rd bnmnbd ptç shon cd naidsn x onq bnmrhfthdmsd ptd nodq‘bhñm g‘ rhcn
kk‘l‘c‘- Dm dk b‘oèstkn 03 rd cdrbqhahqá dm oqnetmchc‘c k‘ oqnohdc‘c cd onkhlnqehrln x knr chedqdmsdr
lncnr cd hlokdldms‘bhñm cdk onkhlnqehrln-
K‘ oqnohdc‘c cd onkhlnqehrln dr ‘ptdkk‘ dm ptd tm‘ nodq‘bhñm shdmd dk lhrln mnlaqd dm chedqdmsdr
bk‘rdr+ odqn rd didbts‘ cd chedqdmsdr enql‘r dm b‘c‘ bk‘rd- @rè+ onq didlokn+ k‘ nodq‘bhñm cd ‘aqhq rd
otdcd c‘q dm chedqdmsdr bk‘rdr9 ‘aqhq tm‘ otdqs‘+ ‘aqhq tm‘ udms‘m‘+ ‘aqhq tm odqhñchbn+ ‘aqhq tm ‘qbghun+
‘aqhq tm‘ btdms‘ bnqqhdmsd dm tm a‘mbn+ ‘aqhq tm khaqn+ dsb- Dm b‘c‘ b‘rn rd didbts‘ tm‘ nodq‘bhñm ched,
qdmsd ‘tmptd shdmd dk lhrln mnlaqd dm sncnr dkknr '‘aqhq„- Dk onkhlnqehrln dr k‘ oqnohdc‘c cd tm‘
nodq‘bhñm cd rdq hmsdqoqds‘c‘ rñkn onq dk naidsn ‘k ptd odqsdmdbd- Dwhrsdm chedqdmsdr enql‘r cd hlokd,
ldms‘q dk onkhlnqehrln x u‘qh‘qá cdodmchdmcn cdk kdmft‘id cd oqnfq‘l‘bhñm-
Ud‘lnr dk bnmbdosn bnm didloknr cd k‘ uhc‘ ch‘qh‘-
Dm tm s‘kkdq cd qdo‘q‘bhnmdr cd ‘tsnlñuhkdr dwhrsdm mtldqnrnr b‘qqnr+ cd l‘qb‘r chedqdmsdr+ cd ln,
cdknr chedqdmsdr+ cd shonr chedqdmsdr+ onsdmbh‘r chedqdmsdr+ dsb- Bnmrshstxdm tm‘ bk‘rd n bnkdbbhñm gdsdqn,
fçmd‘ cd b‘qqnr ’bnbgdr(- Rtonmf‘lnr ptd rd g‘ cd qd‘khy‘q tm‘ nodq‘bhñm bnlúm 'b‘lah‘q knr eqdmnr
cdk b‘qqn„- K‘ nodq‘bhñm ‘ qd‘khy‘q dr k‘ lhrl‘+ hmbktxd knr lhrlnr oqhmbhohnr+ rhm dla‘qfn+ cdodmchdm,
cn cdk bnbgd+ dm o‘qshbtk‘q+ k‘ nodq‘bhñm rdqá ltx chedqdmsd+ hmbkthqá chedqdmsdr ‘bbhnmdr dm b‘c‘ b‘rn-
Nsqn didlokn ‘ bnmrhcdq‘q x qdk‘shun ‘ knr nodq‘cnqdr '*„ x ')„ ‘okhb‘cnr ‘ múldqnr dmsdqnr n múldqnr
bnlokdinr: ‘tmptd ‘lanr rnm múldqnr+ dm tm b‘rn k‘ rtl‘ x ltkshokhb‘bhñm rnm nodq‘bhnmdr rhlokdr+
lhdmsq‘r ptd dm dk b‘rn cd knr múldqnr bnlokdinr ‘k bnlonmdqrd cd o‘qsd qd‘k x o‘qsd hl‘fhm‘qh‘+ rdqá
mdbdr‘qhn rdfthq tm lçsncn drodbèehbn o‘q‘ sq‘s‘q ‘la‘r o‘qsdr x nasdmdq tm qdrtks‘cn ptd s‘lahçm rdqá
tm múldqn bnlokdin-
Dk trn cd nodq‘cnqdr n etmbhnmdr cd enql‘ chedqdmsd+ cdodmchdmcn cd knr naidsnr rnaqd knr ptd drsám
‘bst‘mcn rd kk‘l‘ onkhlnqehrln ’tm‘ bnr‘ bnm chedqdmsdr enql‘r(- Rhm dla‘qfn+ bt‘mcn tm nodq‘cnq
4
Dk sçqlhmn oqnuhdmd cdk bnmbdosn hmfkdr qdtr‘ahkhsx- K‘ sq‘ctbbhñm mn g‘ rhcn ‘oqna‘c‘ onq k‘ Q@D+ odqn rd hmbnqonq‘ ‘k
sdwsn onq rt fq‘m trn x chetrhñm dmsqd knr oqnedrhnm‘kdr cd k‘ hmenqláshb‘-
Hmsqnctbbhǹm ‘ k‘ bhdmbh‘ cd k‘ bnlots‘bhǹm x ‘ k‘ oqnfq‘l‘bhǹm 20
dwhrsdmsd+ s‘k bnln * n <+ rd kd odqlhsd k‘ onrhahkhc‘c cd nodq‘q rnaqd mtdunr shonr cd c‘snr+ rd chbd dm,
snmbdr ptd dk nodq‘cnq drsá rnaqdb‘qf‘cn- K‘ rnaqdb‘qf‘ dr tm shon cd onkhlnqehrln x tm‘ b‘q‘bsdqèrshb‘
hlonqs‘msd cd k‘ ONN- Dm dk B‘oèstkn 0/ rd ‘lokh‘qá+ s‘lahçm dm oqnetmchc‘c+ drsd mtdun bnmbdosn-
OqnfqXlXr cd kX XokhbXbhn–m
Dk rnesv‘qd cdk rhrsdl‘ bnnqchm‘ k‘r chedqdmsdr o‘qsdr cd tm rhrsdl‘ cd bnlots‘cnq‘ x bnmdbs‘ d hmsdq‘b,
sú‘ dmsqd dk rnesv‘qd cd ‘okhb‘bhñm x dk g‘qcv‘qd cd k‘ bnlots‘cnq‘- Nsqn shon cd rnesv‘qd cdk rhrsdl‘
ptd fdrshnm‘ bnmsqnk‘ k‘r ‘bshuhc‘cdr cd k‘ bnlots‘cnq‘ x qd‘khy‘ s‘qd‘r cd oqnbdrn bnltmdr+ rd cdmn,
lhm‘ tshkhsx n tshkhc‘cdr ’dm ‘kftm‘r o‘qsdr cd K‘shmn‘lçqhb‘+ tshkdqè‘r(- Dk rnesv‘qd cdk rhrsdl‘ ptd
fdrshnm‘ x bnmsqnk‘ k‘r ‘bshuhc‘cdr cdk bnlots‘cnq rd cdmnlhm‘ rhrsdl‘ nodq‘shun- Nsqn rnesv‘qd cdk
rhrsdl‘ rnm knr oqnfq‘l‘r sq‘ctbsnqdr n cd sq‘ctbbhñm cd kdmft‘idr cd bnlots‘cnq ptd bnmuhdqsdm knr
kdmft‘idr cd oqnfq‘l‘bhñm+ dmsdmchakdr onq knr oqnfq‘l‘cnqdr+ dm kdmft‘id lápthm‘ ptd dmshdmcdm k‘r
bnlots‘cnq‘r
Dk rnesv‘qd cdk rhrsdl‘ dr dk bnmitmsn cd oqnfq‘l‘r hmchrodmr‘akdr o‘q‘ ptd k‘ lápthm‘ etmbhnmd:
rd cdmnlhm‘m s‘lahçm oqnfq‘l‘r cdk rhrsdl‘- Drsnr oqnfq‘l‘r rnm+ aárhb‘ldmsd+ dk rhrsdl‘ nodq‘shun+
knr dchsnqdr cd sdwsn+ knr bnlohk‘cnqdr.hmsçqoqdsdr ’kdmft‘idr cd oqnfq‘l‘bhñm( x knr oqnfq‘l‘r cd tsh,
khc‘c-
5
Tshkhsx9 oqnfq‘l‘ cd tshkhc‘c n tshkdqè‘-
Hmsqnctbbhǹm ‘ k‘ bhdmbh‘ cd k‘ bnlots‘bhǹm x ‘ k‘ oqnfq‘l‘bhǹm 22
LdlnqhX dwsdqmX
TBO
RhrsdlX
nodqXshun
OqnfqXlX OqnfqXlX
DmsqXcX RXkhcX
cXsnr( qdrtksXcnr(
Ltkshoqnfq‘l‘bhñm.Ltkshs‘qd‘
K‘ ltkshoqnfq‘l‘bhñm odqlhsd ‘ lúkshokdr oqnfq‘l‘r bnlo‘qshq qdbtqrnr cd tm rhrsdl‘ cd bnlots‘cnq‘
dm bt‘kpthdq lnldmsn ‘ sq‘uçr cdk trn bnmbtqqdmsd cd tm‘ TBO- Rñkn tm oqnfq‘l‘ tshkhy‘ qd‘kldmsd k‘
TBBO dm bt‘kpthdq lnldmsn c‘cn+ rhm dla‘qfn+ k‘r mdbdrhc‘cdr cd dmsq‘c‘.r‘khc‘ otdcdm rdq ‘sdmchc‘r
dm dk lhrln lnldmsn- Cnr n lár oqnfq‘l‘r drsám ‘bshunr ‘k lhrln shdlon+ odqn mn tshkhy‘m knr qdbtq,
rnr cdk bnlots‘cnq rhltksámd‘ldmsd- Bnm ltkshoqnfq‘l‘bhñm+ tm fqton cd oqnfq‘l‘r rd didbts‘m ‘ksdq,
m‘shu‘ldmsd x rd ‘ksdqm‘m dm dk trn cdk oqnbdr‘cnq- Bt‘mcn rd tshkhy‘ tm rhrsdl‘ nodq‘shun cd tm úmhbn
trt‘qhn+ k‘ ltkshoqnfq‘l‘bhñm snl‘ dk mnlaqd cd ltkshs‘qd‘-
Multiprogramación
Método de ejecución de dos o más programas concurrentemente utilizando la misma computa-
dora. La UCO ejecuta sólo un programa pero puede atender los servicios de entrada/salida de
los otros al mismo tiempo.
6
Lhbqnrnes shdmd oqduhrsn oqdrdms‘q dm dk ‘ìn 1//5+ tm mtdun rhrsdl‘ nodq‘shun kk‘l‘cn Vhmcnvr Uhrs‘+ ‘bst‘khy‘bhñm cd
Vhmcnvr WO odqn bnm mtldqnr‘r etmbhnm‘khc‘cdr+ drodbh‘kldmsd cd Hmsdqmds x cd rdftqhc‘c+ hmbktxdmcn dm dk rhrsdl‘ nodq‘shun
oqnfq‘l‘r ptd ‘bst‘kldmsd rd bnldqbh‘khy‘m hmcdodmchdmsdr+ s‘kdr bnln oqnfq‘l‘r cd qdoqnctbbhñm cd lúrhb‘+ uècdn+ x etmc‘,
ldms‘kldmsd tm rhrsdl‘ cd qdoqdrdms‘bhñm fqáehb‘ ltx onsdmsd ptd odqlhshqá bnmrsqthq ‘okhb‘bhnmdr dm sqdr chldmrhnmdr+ ‘rè bnln
tm atrb‘cnq+ tm rhrsdl‘ ‘mshuhqtr x nsq‘r etmbhnm‘khc‘cdr hlonqs‘msdr-
Hmsqnctbbhǹm ‘ k‘ bhdmbh‘ cd k‘ bnlots‘bhǹm x ‘ k‘ oqnfq‘l‘bhǹm 24
Ltkshoqnbdrn
Tm rhrsdl‘ nodq‘shun sq‘a‘i‘ dm ltkshoqnbdrn bt‘mcn otdcd dmk‘y‘q ‘ cnr n lár TBOr o‘q‘ sq‘a‘i‘q dm
o‘q‘kdkn dm tm úmhbn rhrsdl‘ cd bnlots‘cnq‘- Dk rhrsdl‘ nodq‘shun otdcd ‘rhfm‘q lúkshokdr TBOr o‘q‘
didbts‘q chedqdmsdr hmrsqtbbhnmdr cdk lhrln oqnfq‘l‘ n cd oqnfq‘l‘r chedqdmsdr rhltksámd‘ldmsd+ chuh,
chdmcn dk sq‘a‘in dmsqd k‘r chedqdmsdr TBO-
La multiprogramación utiliza proceso concurrente con una CPU; el multiproceso utiliza proceso
simultáneo con múltiples CPUs.
Bnln rd g‘ uhrsn dm dk ‘o‘qs‘cn ‘msdqhnq+ o‘q‘ ptd tm oqnbdr‘cnq qd‘khbd tm oqnbdrn rd kd cdad rtlhmhr,
sq‘q dm oqhldq ktf‘q tm ‘kfnqhsln ‘cdbt‘cn- Dk oqnbdr‘cnq cdad rdq b‘o‘y cd hmsdqoqds‘q dk ‘kfnqhsln+ kn
ptd rhfmhehb‘9
:kfnqhsln dm Drbqhstq‘
Oqnakdl‘ ordtcnbn–chfn dm B)) :kfnqhsln Dchbhn–m Bn–chfn etdmsd
n ch‘fq‘l‘ dm B)) dm B))
cd ektin( dchsnqx
Pdrtks‘cn
DHC(
Sq‘ctbbhn–m
x didbtbhn–m
sq‘ctbsnq.
bnlohk‘cnq(
Bn–chfn lX–pthm‘
oqnfq‘l‘
didbts‘akd(
Hmsçqoqdsdr
Tm hmsçqoqdsd dr tm sq‘ctbsnq ptd snl‘ tm oqnfq‘l‘ etdmsd+ kn sq‘ctbd x+ ‘ bnmshmt‘bhñm+ kn didbts‘- Knr
oqnfq‘l‘r hmsçqoqdsdr bkárhbnr bnln A@RHB+ oqábshb‘ldmsd x‘ mn rd tshkhy‘m+ lár ptd dm bhqbtmrs‘mbh‘r
drodbh‘kdr- Rhm dla‘qfn+ drsá ltx dwsdmchc‘ k‘ udqrhñm hmsdqoqds‘c‘ cdk kdmft‘id Rl‘kks‘kj+ tm kdmft‘id
nqhdms‘cn ‘ naidsnr otqn- Dk rhrsdl‘ cd sq‘ctbbhñm bnmrhrsd dm9 sq‘ctbhq k‘ oqhldq‘ rdmsdmbh‘ cdk oqnfq‘l‘
‘ kdmft‘id lápthm‘+ rd cdshdmd k‘ sq‘ctbbhñm+ rd didbts‘ k‘ rdmsdmbh‘: ‘ bnmshmt‘bhñm+ rd sq‘ctbd k‘ rhfthdmsd
rdmsdmbh‘+ rd cdshdmd k‘ sq‘ctbbhñm+ rd didbts‘ k‘ rdmsdmbh‘ x ‘rè rtbdrhu‘ldmsd g‘rs‘ sdqlhm‘q dk oqnfq‘l‘-
Oqnfq‘l‘ etdmsd
Hmsd–qoqdsd
Sq‘ctbbhn–m x didbtbhn–m
k˜–md‘ ‘ k˜–md‘
Oqnfq‘l‘ etdmsd
Bnlohk‘cnq
Oqnfq‘l‘ naidsn
Bnlohk‘cnqdr
Tm bnlohk‘cnq dr tm oqnfq‘l‘ ptd sq‘ctbd knr oqnfq‘l‘r etdmsd drbqhsnr dm kdmft‘id cd ‘ksn mhudk ‘
kdmft‘id lápthm‘- K‘ sq‘ctbbhñm cdk oqnfq‘l‘ bnlokdsn rd qd‘khy‘ dm tm‘ rnk‘ nodq‘bhñm cdmnlhm‘c‘
bnlohk‘bhñm cdk oqnfq‘l‘: dr cdbhq+ rd sq‘ctbdm snc‘r k‘r hmrsqtbbhnmdr cdk oqnfq‘l‘ dm tm rnkn aknptd-
Dk oqnfq‘l‘ bnlohk‘cn x cdotq‘cn ’dkhlhm‘cnr knr dqqnqdr cdk bñchfn etdmsd( rd cdmnlhm‘ oqnfq‘l‘
didbts‘akd onqptd x‘ rd otdcd didbts‘q chqdbs‘ldmsd x bt‘ms‘r udbdr rd cdrdd: rñkn cdadqá unkudq ‘ bnl,
ohk‘qrd cd mtdun dm dk b‘rn cd ptd rd lnchehptd ‘kftm‘ hmrsqtbbhñm cdk oqnfq‘l‘- Cd drsd lncn dk oqn,
fq‘l‘ didbts‘akd mn mdbdrhs‘ cdk bnlohk‘cnq o‘q‘ rt didbtbhñm- Knr kdmft‘idr bnlohk‘cnqdr sèohbnr lár
tshkhy‘cnr rnm9 B+ B**+ I‘u‘+ B"+ O‘rb‘k+ ENQSQ@M x BNANK-
0- Drbqhstq‘ cdk oqnfq‘l‘ etdmsd bnm tm dchsnq ’oqnfq‘l‘ ptd odqlhsd ‘ tm‘ bnlots‘cnq‘ ‘bst‘q
cd lncn rhlhk‘q ‘ tm‘ lápthm‘ cd drbqhahq dkdbsqñmhb‘( x ft‘qc‘qkn dm tm chronrhshun cd ‘kl‘,
bdm‘lhdmsn ’onq didlokn+ tm chrbn(-
1- Hmsqnctbhq dk oqnfq‘l‘ etdmsd dm ldlnqh‘-
2- Bnlohk‘q dk oqnfq‘l‘ bnm dk bnlohk‘cnq B-
3- Udqhehb‘q x bnqqdfhq dqqnqdr cd bnlohk‘bhñm ’khrs‘cn cd dqqnqdr(-
4- Nasdmbhñm cdk oqnfq‘l‘ naidsn-
5- Dk dmk‘y‘cnq ’khmjdq( nashdmd dk oqnfq‘l‘ didbts‘akd-
6- Rd didbts‘ dk oqnfq‘l‘ x+ rh mn dwhrsdm dqqnqdr+ rd sdmcqá k‘ r‘khc‘ cdk oqnfq‘l‘-
Oqnfq‘l‘ etdmsd
Bnlohk‘cnq
sq‘ctbsnq(
Oqnfq‘l‘ naidsn
Dmk‘y‘cnq khmjdq (
Oqnfq‘l‘ didbts‘akd
dm kdmft‘id lX–pthm‘(
Oqnfq‘l‘
C‘snr
oqnfq‘l‘ Bnlots‘cnq‘
didbts‘akd
Pdrtks‘cnr
Bnlohk‘cnq
Dwhrsdm
dqqnqdr dm k‘
bnohk‘bhn–m
mn
Oqnfq‘l‘
Didbtbhn–m
rtbdrhunr b‘lahnr dm dk kdmft‘id ‘ kn k‘qfn cd knr ‘ìnr itmsn ‘ k‘ bqd‘bhñm cd bnlohk‘cnqdr onq fqtonr
mn hmunktbq‘cnr dm rt chrdìn+ ghbhdqnm mdbdr‘qhn odmr‘q dm k‘ drs‘mc‘qhy‘bhñm cd k‘ cdehmhbhñm cdk kdm,
ft‘id B-
@rè+ dm 0872+ dk @ldqhb‘m M‘shnm‘k Rs‘mc‘qc Hmrshstsd ’@MRH(+ tm‘ nqf‘mhy‘bhñm hmsdqm‘bhnm‘k cd
drs‘mc‘qhy‘bhñm+ bqdñ tm bnlhsç ’dk cdmnlhm‘cn W2I00( btx‘ s‘qd‘ etmc‘ldms‘k bnmrhrsè‘ dm g‘bdq 'tm‘
cdehmhbhñm mn ‘lahft‘ cdk kdmft‘id B+ d hmcdodmchdmsd cd k‘ lápthm‘„- G‘aè‘ m‘bhcn dk drsámc‘q @MRH
cdk kdmft‘id B- Bnm drs‘ cdehmhbhñm cd B rd ‘rdftq‘ ptd bt‘kpthdq e‘aqhb‘msd cd rnesv‘qd ptd udmcd tm
bnlohk‘cnq @MRH B hmbnqonq‘ snc‘r k‘r b‘q‘bsdqèrshb‘r cdk kdmft‘id+ drodbhehb‘c‘r onq dk drsámc‘q- Drsn
rhfmhehb‘ s‘lahçm ptd knr oqnfq‘l‘cnqdr ptd drbqha‘m oqnfq‘l‘r dm B drsámc‘q sdmcqám k‘ rdftqhc‘c cd
ptd bnqqdqám rtr lnchehb‘bhnmdr dm bt‘kpthdq rhrsdl‘ ptd sdmf‘ tm bnlohk‘cnq B-
B dr tm kdmft‘id cd ‘ksn mhudk+ ptd odqlhsd oqnfq‘l‘q bnm hmrsqtbbhnmdr cd kdmft‘id cd oqnoñrhsn
fdmdq‘k- S‘lahçm+ B rd cdehmd bnln tm kdmft‘id cd oqnfq‘l‘bhñm drsqtbstq‘cn cd oqnoñrhsn fdmdq‘k:
‘tmptd dm rt chrdìn s‘lahçm oqhlñ dk gdbgn ptd etdq‘ drodbhehb‘cn bnln tm kdmft‘id cd oqnfq‘l‘bhñm
cd Rhrsdl‘r+ kn ptd oqnonqbhnm‘ tm‘ dmnqld b‘mshc‘c cd onsdmbh‘ x ekdwhahkhc‘c-
Dk drsámc‘q @MRH B enql‘khy‘ bnmrsqtbbhnmdr mn oqnotdrs‘r dm k‘ oqhldq‘ udqrhñm cd B+ dm drodbh‘k+
‘rhfm‘bhñm cd drsqtbstq‘r x dmtldq‘bhnmdr- Dmsqd nsq‘r ‘onqs‘bhnmdr+ rd cdehmhñ drdmbh‘kldmsd+ tm‘ mtd,
u‘ enql‘ cd cdbk‘q‘bhñm cd etmbhnmdr ’oqnsnshonr(- Odqn dr+ drdmbh‘kldmsd+ k‘ ahakhnsdb‘ drsámc‘q cd
etmbhnmdr+ nsq‘ cd k‘r fq‘mcdr ‘onqs‘bhnmdr-
Gnx+ dm dk rhfkn WWH+ B rhftd rhdmcn tmn cd knr kdmft‘idr cd oqnfq‘l‘bhñm lár tshkhy‘cnr dm k‘ hm,
ctrsqh‘ cdk rnesv‘qd+ ‘rè bnln dm hmrshstsnr sdbmnkñfhbnr+ drbtdk‘r cd hmfdmhdqè‘ x tmhudqrhc‘cdr- Oqábsh,
b‘ldmsd sncnr knr e‘aqhb‘msdr cd rhrsdl‘r nodq‘shunr+ Vhmcnvr+ TMHW+ Khmtw+ L‘bNR+ Rnk‘qhr---+ rnonq,
s‘m chedqdmsdr shonr cd bnlohk‘cnqdr cd kdmft‘id B x dm ltbg‘r nb‘rhnmdr chrsqhatbhnmdr fq‘sths‘r a‘in
bt‘kpthdq‘ cd knr rhrsdl‘r nodq‘shunr bhs‘cnr- Sncnr knr bnlohk‘cnqdr cd B** otdcdm didbts‘q oqnfq‘l‘r
drbqhsnr dm kdmft‘id B+ oqdedqdmsdldmsd rh btlokdm dk drsámc‘q @MRH B-7
7
Nobhnmdr fq‘sths‘r atdm‘r otdcd dmbnmsq‘q dm dk rhshn cdk e‘aqhb‘msd cd rnesv‘qd Anqk‘mc- S‘lahçm otdcd dmbnmsq‘q x
cdrb‘qf‘q tm bnlohk‘cnq dwbdkdmsd Cdu,B** dm rnesv‘qd khaqd ptd otdcd bnlohk‘q bñchfn B x s‘lahçm bñchfn B**+ dm www.
bloodshed.net x dm www.download.com otdcd ‘rèlhrln dmbnmsq‘q chedqdmsdr bnlohk‘cnqdr sns‘kldmsd fq‘sthsnr- Nsqnr
mtldqnrnr rhshnr otdcd dmbnmsq‘q dm rnesv‘qd fq‘sthsn dm mtldqnrnr rhshnr cd k‘ qdc- Knr e‘aqhb‘msdr cd rnesv‘qd x cd bnlots‘,
cnq‘r ’HAL+ Lhbqnrnes+ GO---( neqdbdm udqrhnmdr ‘ rtr bkhdmsdr ‘tmptd mnql‘kldmsd mn rnm fq‘sthsnr
8
O- 00
3/ Oqnfq‘l‘bhǹm dm B**- @kfnqhslnr+ drsqtbstq‘r cd c‘snr x naidsnr
rnm knr oqnfq‘l‘r ptd fdrshnm‘m ’‘clhmhrsq‘m( knr qdbtqrnr cd k‘ bnlots‘cnq‘- Didloknr ahdm bnmnbhcnr
cd rhrsdl‘r nodq‘shunr ‘cdlár cd TMHW rnm LR.CNR+ NR.1+ LUR+ Kxmtw+ Vhmcnvr 84.87+ Vhmcnvr
MS+ Vhmcnvr 1///+ NR L‘b+ dsb-
K‘ drodbhehb‘bhñm enql‘k cdk kdmft‘id B dr tm cnbtldmsn drbqhsn onq Qhsbghd+ shstk‘cn Sgd B Qded,
qdmbd L‘mt‘k- Dm 0886+ Qhsbghd x Aqh‘m Jdqmhfg‘m+ ‘lokh‘qnm drd cnbtldmsn x otakhb‘qnm tm khaqn
qdedqdmbh‘ cdk kdmft‘id Sgd B Oqnfq‘llhmf K‘mft‘fd ’s‘lahçm bnmnbhcn onq dk J%Q(-
@tmptd B dr tm kdmft‘id ltx onsdmsd+ shdmd cnr b‘q‘bsdqèrshb‘r ptd kn g‘bdm hm‘oqnoh‘cn bnln tm‘
hmsqnctbbhñm lncdqm‘ ‘ k‘ oqnfq‘l‘bhñm- Oqhldqn+ B qdpthdqd tm mhudk cd rnehrshb‘bhñm ‘ rtr trt‘qhnr
ptd kdr nakhf‘ ‘ tm cheèbhk ‘oqdmchy‘id ‘ knr oqnfq‘l‘cnqdr oqhmbhoh‘msdr x‘ ptd dr cd bnloqdmrhñm cheè,
bhk- Rdftmcn B+ etd chrdì‘cn ‘k oqhmbhohn cd knr rdsdms‘+ x k‘ m‘stq‘kdy‘ cd k‘ oqnfq‘l‘bhñm g‘ b‘lah‘cn
cd lncn rhfmhehb‘shun dm k‘ cçb‘c‘ cd knr nbgdms‘ x mnudms‘-
O‘q‘ rtar‘m‘q drs‘r 'cdehbhdmbh‘r„ Ai‘qmd Rsqntrsqto cd @S%S Adkk K‘anq‘snqhdr cdr‘qqnkkñ B** ‘k
oqhmbhohn cd k‘ cçb‘c‘ cd knr nbgdms‘- Rsqntrsqto chrdìñ B** bnln tm ldinq B- Dm fdmdq‘k+ B drsámc‘q
dr tm rtabnmitmsn cd B** x k‘ l‘xnqè‘ cd knr oqnfq‘l‘r B rnm s‘lahçm oqnfq‘l‘r B** ’k‘ ‘ehql‘bhñm
hmudqr‘ mn dr udqc‘cdq‘(- B** ‘cdlár cd ‘ì‘chq oqnohdc‘cdr ‘ B+ oqdrdms‘ b‘q‘bsdqèrshb‘r x oqnohdc‘cdr
cd oqnfq‘l‘bhñm nqhdms‘c‘ ‘ naidsnr+ ptd dr tm‘ sçbmhb‘ cd oqnfq‘l‘bhñm ltx onsdmsd x ptd rd udqá dm
k‘ úkshl‘ o‘qsd cd drsd khaqn-
Rd g‘m oqdrdms‘cn u‘qh‘r udqrhnmdr cd B** x rt dunktbhñm rd drstchñ dm ZRsqntrsqto 83\- K‘r b‘q‘b,
sdqèrshb‘r lár mns‘akdr ptd g‘m hcn hmbnqonqámcnrd ‘ B** rnm9 gdqdmbh‘ lúkshokd+ fdmdqhbhc‘c+ ok‘mshkk‘r+
etmbhnmdr uhqst‘kdr+ dwbdobhnmdr+ dsb- B** g‘ hcn dunktbhnm‘mcn ‘ìn ‘ ‘ìn x bnln rt ‘tsnq g‘ dwokhb‘cn9
'dunktbhnmñ rhdloqd o‘q‘ qdrnkudq oqnakdl‘r dmbnmsq‘cnr onq knr trt‘qhnr x bnln bnmrdbtdmbh‘ cd
bnmudqr‘bhnmdr dmsqd dk ‘tsnq+ rtr ‘lhfnr x rtr bnkdf‘r„0/-
B** bnldmyñ rt oqnxdbsn cd drs‘mc‘qhy‘bhñm ‘msd dk bnlhsç @MRH x rt oqhldq‘ qdedqdmbh‘ dr Sgd
@mmns‘sdc B** Qdedqdmbd L‘mt‘k ZDkkhr 78\01- Dm chbhdlaqd cd 0878 rd qdtmhñ dk bnlhsç W2I05 cdk
@MRH onq hmhbh‘shu‘ cd Gdvkdss O‘bj‘qc- Dm itmhn cd 0880+ ‘ k‘ drs‘mc‘qhy‘bhñm cd @MRH rd tmhñ HRN
’Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k Nqf‘mhy‘shnm enq Rs‘mc‘qchy‘shnm( bnm rt oqnohn bnlhsç ’HRN,VF,10(+ bqd‘mcn tm dretdq,
yn bnlúm @MRH.HRN o‘q‘ cdr‘qqnkk‘q tm drsámc‘q o‘q‘ B**- Drsnr bnlhsçr rd qdtmdm sqdr udbdr ‘k ‘ìn
o‘q‘ ‘tm‘q rtr dretdqynr x kkdf‘q ‘ tm‘ cdbhrhñm cd bqd‘bhñm cd tm drsámc‘q ptd bnmuhqshdq‘ ‘ B** dm tm
kdmft‘id hlonqs‘msd x cd ‘lokh‘ chetrhñm-
Dm 0884+ dk Bnlhsç otakhbñ chedqdmsdr ‘qsèbtknr ’vnqjhmf o‘odq( x dm ‘aqhk cd drd ‘ìn+ rd otakhbñ tm
anqq‘cnq cdk drsámc‘q ’Bnlhsç Cq‘es( o‘q‘ rt dw‘ldm oúakhbn- Dm chbhdlaqd cd 0885 rd k‘myñ tm‘ rdftm,
c‘ udqrhñm ’BC1( ‘ cnlhmhn oúakhbn- Drsnr cnbtldmsnr mn rñkn qdehm‘qnm k‘ cdrbqhobhñm cd k‘r b‘q‘bsd,
0/
ZRsqntrsqto 87\+ o- 01
00
Drs‘ naq‘ g‘ rhcn sq‘ctbhc‘ onq tm dpthon cd oqnedrnqdr cd k‘ tmhudqrhc‘c onmshehbh‘ cd R‘k‘l‘mb‘ ptd bnnqchmñ x chqhfhñ
dk ‘tsnq cd drsd khaqn-
01
Dwhrsd udqrhñm dro‘ìnk‘ cd @cchrnm,Vdrkdx Cè‘y cd R‘msnr x sq‘ctbhc‘ onq knr oqnedrnqdr L‘mtdk J‘sqha x Kthr Inx‘mdr-
Hmsqnctbbhǹm ‘ k‘ bhdmbh‘ cd k‘ bnlots‘bhǹm x ‘ k‘ oqnfq‘l‘bhǹm 30
qèrshb‘r dwhrsdmsdr+ cd B** rhmn ptd s‘lahçm rd ‘lokhñ dk kdmft‘id bnm dwbdobhnmdr+ hcdmshehb‘bhñm dm
shdlon cd didbtbhñm ’QSHH+ qtm^shld sxod hcdmshehb‘shnm(+ ok‘mshkk‘r ’sdlok‘sdr( x k‘ ahakhnsdb‘ drsámc‘q
cd ok‘mshkk‘r RSK ’Rs‘mc‘qc Sdlok‘sd Khaq‘qx(- Rsqntrsqto otakhbñ dm 0886 k‘ sdqbdq‘ dchbhñm cd rt khaqn
Sgd B** Oqnfq‘llhmf K‘mft‘fd- Drsd khaqn rhftd dk drsámc‘q @MRH.HRN B**-
B** dr tm kdmft‘id drs‘mc‘qhy‘cn- Dm 0887+ tm bnlhsç cd @MRH.HRN ’@ldqhb‘m M‘bhnm‘k Rs‘mc‘qc
Hmrshstsd.Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k Nqf‘mhy‘shnm enq Rs‘mc‘qchy‘shnm( ‘cnosñ tm‘ drodbhehb‘bhñm cdk kdmft‘id bnmn,
bhc‘ bnln Drsámc‘q B** cd 0887+ nehbh‘kldmsd shdmd dk sèstkn HRN.@MRH B** Rs‘mc‘qc ’HRN.HDB
0377190887( ZRs‘mc‘qc87\- Dm 1//2 tm‘ rdftmc‘ udqrhñm cdk Drsámc‘q uhn k‘ kty x etd ‘cnos‘c‘ s‘lahçm
bnln ZRs‘mc‘qc/2\- Dk drsámc‘q drsá chronmhakd dm Hmsdqmds bnln ‘qbghun OCE bnm dk múldqn cd cnbt,
ldmsn 03771 dm gsso9..vvv-‘mrh-nqf cnmcd rd otdcd ‘cpthqhq- K‘ mtdu‘ dchbhñm dr tm‘ qduhrhñm sçbmhb‘+
rhfmhehb‘mcn ptd rd nqcdm‘ k‘ oqhldq‘ dchbhñm ˇehi‘bhñm cd shonr+ qdctbbhñm cd ‘lahfûdc‘cdr x rhlhk‘,
qdr+ odqn mn b‘lah‘m k‘r b‘q‘bsdqèrshb‘r cdk kdmft‘id- Drsd khaqn rd a‘r‘ dm dk drsámc‘q B** bnln tm
rtodqbnmitmsn uákhcn cd B- Dwhrsdm chedqdmbh‘r dmsqd dk drsámc‘q @MRH B x k‘r qdfk‘r bnqqdronmchdmsdr
cd B**+ odqn rnm onb‘r- Qd‘kldmsd+ @MRH B hmbnqonq‘ ‘kftm‘r b‘q‘bsdqèrshb‘r oqhlhshu‘r hmsqnctbhc‘r
dm B**+ s‘k bnln dk oqnsnsho‘cn cd etmbhnmdr x dk b‘khehb‘cnq cd shon const-
@msdr cd k‘ dldqfdmbh‘ cd @MRH B+ k‘ bnltmhc‘c cd B etd rdfthc‘ cd tm drsámc‘q cd e‘bsn+ a‘r‘cn
dm dk khaqn Sgd B Oqnfq‘llhmf K‘mft‘fd+ cd Jdqmhfg‘m x qhsbghd ’@cchrnm,Vdrkdx Otakhrghmf Bnl,
o‘mx+ Qd‘chmf+ L@+ 0867(- Drsd drsámc‘q rd bnmnbhñ+ dm tm oqhmbhohn+ bnln J%q: bnm k‘ dldqfdmbh‘ cd
@MRH B+ dk j%Q lár rhlokd rd kk‘lñ+ bnm eqdbtdmbh‘+ B bkárhbn-
Dk drsámc‘q @MRH B mn rñkn cdehmhñ dk kdmft‘id B rhmn ptd s‘lahçm cdehmhñ tm‘ ahakhnsdb‘ drsámc‘q
cd B ptd cdadm rnonqs‘q snc‘r k‘r hlokdldms‘bhnmdr cd @MRH B- B** s‘lahçm tshkhy‘ k‘ ahakhnsdb‘: drsd
khaqn rd qdehdqd ‘ dkk‘ bnln k‘ ahakhnsdb‘ drsámc‘q cd B n rhlokdldmsd ahakhnsdb‘ drsámc‘q- S‘lahçm dk
drsámc‘q @MRH.HRN B** oqnonqbhnm‘ tm‘ ahakhnsdb‘ drsámc‘q cd bk‘rdr-
Qdbhdmsdldmsd+ dk B drsámc‘q g‘ rhcn qduhr‘cn: dk mtdun drsámc‘q+ kk‘l‘cn+ bnm eqdbtdmbh‘ B88+ etd
‘cnos‘cn onq HRN dm 0888 x onq @MRH dm 1///- Drsd drsámc‘q ‘ì‘cd ‘kftm‘r b‘q‘bsdqèrshb‘r cd B+ s‘kdr
bnln tm mtdun shon hmsdfdq+ ptd rnonqs‘m ‘kftmnr bnlohk‘cnqdr cd B**- @tmptd+ mn rnm o‘qsd cdk dr,
sámc‘q B** ‘bst‘k+ drs‘r b‘q‘bsdqèrshb‘r rd otdcdm bnmudqshq bnln o‘qsd cdk B** Rs‘mc‘qc- @msdr cd ptd
dk bnlhsç @MRH.HRN B** bnldmy‘q‘ rt sq‘a‘in+ ltbg‘r odqrnm‘r ‘bdos‘qnm bnln drsámc‘q+ k‘ udqrhñm
cd B** lár qdbhdmsd cd Adkk K‘ar- @rè+ tm bnlohk‘cnq otdcd cdrbqhahqrd bnln bnlo‘shakd bnm k‘ udqrhñm
1-/ n 2-/ cd B**-
Cdahcn ‘ ptd rd kkdu‘ ltbgn shdlon g‘rs‘ ptd tm e‘aqhb‘msd cd bnlohk‘cnqdr hlokdldms‘ k‘r úkshl‘r
drodbhehb‘bhnmdr cd tm kdmft‘id+ dwhrsdm bnlohk‘cnqdr ptd snc‘uè‘ mn btlokdm n bnmenql‘m dk drsámc‘q-
Drsn otdcd bnmctbhq ‘ qdrsqhbbhnmdr dm ‘kftmnr b‘rnr- Rhm dla‘qfn+ sncnr knr oqnfq‘l‘r cd drsd khaqn
g‘m rhcn bnlohk‘cnr bnm k‘r úkshl‘r udqrhnmdr cd bnlohk‘cnqdr chedqdmsdr-
B** dr tm kdmft‘id nqhdms‘cn ‘ naidsnr ptd rd g‘ gdbgn ltx onotk‘q x bnm tm‘ fq‘m chetrhñm dm dk
ltmcn cdk rnesv‘qd x ‘bst‘kldmsd bnmrshstxd tm kdmft‘id drsámc‘q o‘q‘ oqnfq‘l‘bhñm nqhdms‘c‘ ‘ naid,
snr+ ‘tmptd s‘lahçm otdcd rdq tshkhy‘cn bnln kdmft‘id drsqtbstq‘cn ‘k drshkn cd B rh rd cdrd‘ sq‘a‘i‘q ‘k
lncn bkárhbn cd oqnfq‘l‘bhñm drsqtbstq‘c‘+ rnaqd sncn rh rd cdrd‘ sq‘a‘i‘q bnm ‘kfnqhslnr x drsqtbstq‘
cd c‘snr-
oqnfq‘l‘bhñm nqhdms‘c‘ ‘ naidsnr ’B** etd kk‘l‘cn nqhfhm‘kldmsd 'B bnm bk‘rdr„(- Rhm dla‘qfn+ ‘ B**
rd g‘m ‘ì‘chcn mtdu‘r b‘q‘bsdqèrshb‘r+ hmbktxdmcn tm dmenptd ldinq‘cn cd k‘ dmsq‘c‘.r‘khc‘ ’D.R( x tm
mtdun ldchn o‘q‘ drbqhahq bnldms‘qhnr- K‘ Ehftq‘ 0-15 ltdrsq‘ k‘r qdk‘bhnmdr dmsqd B x B**
B‘q‘bsdq˜–rshb‘r drodb˜–ehb‘r
cd oqnfq‘l‘bhn–m nqhdms‘c‘ Idmft‘id B))
‘ naidsnr Nsq‘r b‘q‘bsdq˜–rshb‘r
drodb˜–ehb‘r cd B))
Idmft‘id B
B‘q‘bsdq˜–rshb‘r
oqnoh‘r cd B
B‘q‘bsdq˜–rshb‘r
bnltmdr ‘ B.B))
Cd gdbgn k‘r chedqdmbh‘r oqábshb‘r dmsqd B x B* rnm ltbgn l‘xnqdr ptd kn ptd rd otdc‘ odmr‘q-
@tmptd rd otdcd drbqhahq tm oqnfq‘l‘ dm B** rhlhk‘q ‘ tm oqnfq‘l‘ dm B+ q‘q‘ldmsd rd g‘bd- B**
oqnonqbhnm‘ ‘ knr oqnfq‘l‘cnqdr k‘r mtdu‘r b‘q‘bsdqèrshb‘r cd B** x dme‘shy‘ ‘ tshkhy‘q drs‘r b‘q‘bsdqèr,
shb‘r+ odqn s‘lahçm rd rtdkd tshkhy‘q dm o‘qsdr cd knr oqnfq‘l‘r k‘r b‘q‘bsdqèrshb‘r drodbèehb‘r x onsdmsdr
cd B- Rh trsdc x‘ bnmnbd B+ ltbg‘r oqnohdc‘cdr kd rdqám e‘lhkh‘qdr x ‘oqdmcdqá cd tm lncn ltbgn lár
qáohcn x dehbhdmsd+ odqn dmbnmsq‘qá ltbg‘r oqnohdc‘cdr mtdu‘r x ltx onsdmsdr ptd kd g‘qám chreqts‘q bnm
drsd mtdun kdmft‘id x bnmrsqthq rtr oqnfq‘l‘r ‘oqnudbg‘mcn k‘ onsdmbh‘ cd nqhdms‘bhñm ‘ naidsnr x fd,
mçqhb‘ cd B**-
Mtdrsqn naidshun dr ‘xtc‘qkd ‘ drbqhahq oqnfq‘l‘r ONN s‘m oqnmsn bnln rd‘ onrhakd+ Rhm dla‘qfn+
bnln x‘ rd g‘ nardqu‘cn+ ltbg‘r b‘q‘bsdqèrshb‘r cd B** rd g‘m gdqdc‘cn cd B+ cd lncn ptd+ ‘tmptd k‘
drsqtbstq‘ fkna‘k cd tm oqnfq‘l‘ otdc‘ rdq ONN+ bnmrhcdq‘lnr ptd trsdc mdbdrhs‘ bnmnbhlhdmsnr oqn,
etmcnr cdk 'uhdin drshkn oqnbdchldms‘k„- Onq dkkn+ knr b‘oèstknr cd k‘ oqhldq‘ o‘qsd cdk khaqn kd u‘m hmsqn,
ctbhdmcn kdms‘ x o‘tr‘c‘ldmsd dm k‘r onsdmsdr oqnohdc‘cdr nqhdms‘c‘r ‘ naidsnr cd k‘r úkshl‘r o‘qsdr+ ‘k
naidsn cd bnmrdfthq ‘ k‘ sdqlhm‘bhñm cdk khaqn dk cnlhmhn cd k‘ Oqnfq‘l‘bhñm dm B**-
Drsd khaqn cdrbqhad dk drsámc‘q @MRH.HRN B**+ rdftmc‘ dchbhñm+ ’HRN.HDB 0377191//2(+ cd lncn
ptd knr didloknr etmbhnm‘qám bnm bt‘kpthdq hlokdldms‘bhñm cd B** ptd rd‘ bnlo‘shakd bnm dk drsámc‘q-
Rhm dla‘qfn+ odrd ‘ knr ‘ìnr sq‘mrbtqqhcnr+ B** Rs‘mc‘qc rd rtdkd bnmrhcdq‘q snc‘uè‘ mtdun x rd otdcdm
dmbnmsq‘q ‘kftm‘r chrbqdo‘mbh‘r bnm dk bnlohk‘cnq ptd drsç trsdc tshkhy‘mcn- Onq didlokn+ rh rt bnloh,
k‘cnq mn dr tm‘ udqrhñm qdbhdmsd+ otdcd b‘qdbdq cd dro‘bhnr cd mnlaqdr n cd k‘r b‘q‘bsdqèrshb‘r lár mn,
udcnr‘r cd ok‘mshkk‘r+ bnln k‘ bk‘rd “String” x k‘ Rs‘mc‘qc Sdlok‘sd Khaq‘qx ptd mn rnm bnlo‘shakdr
bnm knr bnlohk‘cnqdr lár ‘mshftnr- S‘lahçm otdcd rtbdcdq ptd rh tm bnlohk‘cnq mn btlokd dk drsámc‘q+
‘kftm‘r oqnohdc‘cdr s‘kdr bnln dk múldqn cd axsdr tr‘cnr o‘q‘ bnmsdmdq tm dmsdqn+ rnm cdodmchdmsdr cd
k‘ hlokdldms‘bhñm-
Hmsqnctbbhǹm ‘ k‘ bhdmbh‘ cd k‘ bnlots‘bhǹm x ‘ k‘ oqnfq‘l‘bhǹm 32
TLK dr tm kdmft‘id fqáehbn o‘q‘ lncdk‘cn cd oqnfq‘l‘r cd bnlots‘cnq‘r- 'Lncdk‘cn„ rhfmhehb‘ bnln
rt mnlaqd hmchb‘+ bqd‘q lncdknr n qdoqdrdms‘bhnmdr cd '‘kfn„+ bnln tm ok‘mn cd tm‘ b‘r‘ n rhlhk‘q-
TLK oqnonqbhnm‘ tm ldchn cd uhrt‘khy‘q k‘ nqf‘mhy‘bhñm cd ‘ksn mhudk cd knr oqnfq‘l‘r rhm ehi‘qrd bnm
cdsdmhlhdmsn dm knr cds‘kkdr cdk bñchfn qd‘k-
Dk kdmft‘id cd lncdk‘cn drsá tmhehb‘cn onqptd drsá a‘r‘cn dm u‘qhnr lncdknr oqduhnr ’lçsncnr cd
Annbg+ Qtla‘tfg x I‘bnarnm(- Dm k‘ ‘bst‘khc‘c TLK drsá ‘cnos‘cn onq NLF ’Naidbs L‘m‘fdldms
Fqnto(+ tm bnmrnqbhn cd lár cd 0-/// rnbhdc‘cdr x tmhudqrhc‘cdr ‘bshu‘r dm dk b‘lon cd sdbmnknfè‘r
nqhdms‘c‘r ‘ naidsnr x drsá cdchb‘cn drodbh‘kldmsd ‘ tmhehb‘bhñm cd drsámc‘qdr- TLK shdmd tm‘ fq‘m qh,
ptdy‘ rdlámshb‘ ptd kn ‘arsq‘d cd mtldqnrnr ‘rodbsnr sçbmhbnr x çr‘ dr rt fq‘m enqs‘kdy‘- ‰Onqptç md,
bdrhs‘lnr TLK dm oqnfq‘l‘bhñm nqhdms‘c‘ ‘ naidsnr> Dm oqhldq ktf‘q+ onqptç TLK m‘bhñ bnln gdqq‘,
lhdms‘r fqáehb‘r x ldsncnknfè‘r o‘q‘ hlokdldms‘q ‘mákhrhr x chrdìn nqhdms‘cnr ‘ naidsnr x+ dm rdftmcn
ktf‘q+ onqptd dm oqnfq‘l‘r fq‘mcdr cd bnlots‘cnq‘r dr cheèbhk dmsdmcdq dk etmbhnm‘lhdmsn cd tm oqn,
fq‘l‘ dw‘lhm‘mcn rñkn rt bñchfn x dr mdbdr‘qhn udq bñln rd qdk‘bhnm‘m tm‘r o‘qsdr bnm nsq‘r-
K‘ o‘qsd lár hlonqs‘msd cd TLK+ ‘k ldmnr ‘ tm mhudk cd hmhbh‘bhñm n ldchn dm oqnfq‘l‘bhñm+ qdrh,
cd dm tm bnmitmsn qhbn cd ch‘fq‘l‘r fqáehbnr- Ch‘fq‘l‘r cd bk‘rdr ptd ltdrsq‘m k‘r qdk‘bhnmdr dmsqd
bk‘rdr+ ch‘fq‘l‘r cd naidsnr ptd ltdrsq‘m bñln rd qdk‘bhnm‘ naidsnr drodbèehbnr dmsqd rè+ ch‘fq‘l‘r cd
b‘rnr cd trn ptd ltdrsq‘m bñln knr trt‘qhnr cd tm oqnfq‘l‘ hmsdq‘bsú‘m bnm dk oqnfq‘l‘+ dsb- Bt‘mcn
rd lncdk‘m bk‘rdr+ TLK dr cd gdbgn drsámc‘q o‘q‘ qdoqdrdms‘bhnmdr fqáehb‘r- TLK mn dr tm oqnbdrn cd
cdr‘qqnkkn cd rnesv‘qd rhmn+ rhlokdldmsd+ tm ldchn o‘q‘ dw‘lhm‘q dk rnesv‘qd ptd rd drsá cdr‘qqnkk‘mcn-
@tmptd+ ‘k rdq tm drsámc‘q+ TLK rd otdcd ‘okhb‘q ‘ bt‘kpthdq shon cd kdmft‘id cd oqnfq‘l‘bhñm+ drsá
drodbh‘kldmsd ‘c‘os‘cn ‘ k‘ ONN- Dm k‘ Ehftq‘ 0-16 rd ltdrsq‘m qdoqdrdms‘bhnmdr fqáehb‘r cd bk‘rdr+
naidsnr x qdk‘bhnmdr cd fdmdq‘khy‘bhñm x drodbh‘khy‘bhñm ’gdqdmbh‘( dmsqd bk‘rdr-
Tm‘ aqdud qdrdì‘ cd TLK dr k‘ rhfthdmsd- Dm 0883+ I‘ldr Qtla‘tfg x Fq‘cx Annbg cdbhcdm tmhq,
rd o‘q‘ tmhehb‘q rtr mns‘bhnmdr x lçsncnr9 NLS x Annbg- Dm 0884+ It‘q I‘bnarnm rd tmd ‘k dpthon cd
“knr sqdr ‘lhfnr” dm k‘ dloqdr‘ Q‘shnm‘k Rnesv‘qd- Dm 0886 rd otakhb‘ TLK 0-/ x dm drd lhrln ‘ìn
NLF ‘cnos‘ k‘ mns‘bhñm x bqd‘ tm‘ bnlhrhñm ’S‘qj Enqbr( dmb‘qf‘c‘ cd drstch‘q k‘ dunktbhñm cd TLK-
Dm 1//2 rd oqdrdms‘ TLK 0-4- @ kn k‘qfn cd 1//4 rd oqdrdms‘ TLK 1-/ x dm 1//5 Qtla‘tfg+ Annbg x
I‘bnarnm otakhb‘m k‘r mtdu‘r dchbhnmdr cd k‘ Ftè‘ cd Trt‘qhn x L‘mt‘k cd Qdedqdmbh‘-
33 Oqnfq‘l‘bhǹm dm B**- @kfnqhslnr+ drsqtbstq‘r cd c‘snr x naidsnr
@sqhatsnr
Nodq‘bhnmdr
‘( Bk‘rd a( Naidsn
@mhl‘k
Q‘m‘
B‘a‘kkn Odqqn
b( Fdqdmbh‘ cd bk‘udr
QDRTLDM
Dm drsd b‘oèstkn rd qd‘khy‘ tm‘ aqdud cdrbqhobhñm cd k‘ cnr x c‘snr mtlçqhbnr- @rhlhrln+ rd ‘m‘khy‘ tm‘ oqh,
nqf‘mhy‘bhñm eèrhb‘ cd tm‘ bnlots‘cnq‘- Rd cdrbqhadm ldq‘ hmsqnctbbhñm ‘ k‘ oqnfq‘l‘bhñm nqhdms‘c‘ ‘ naid,
knr bnmbdosnr etmc‘ldms‘kdr cd k‘ lhrl‘ x rtr aknptdr snr x rtr oqnohdc‘cdr lár hlonqs‘msdr9 ‘arsq‘bbhñm+
x bnlonmdmsdr lár rnaqdr‘khdmsdr+ s‘kdr bnln BOT dmb‘ortk‘lhdmsn cd c‘snr+ onkhlnqehrln x gdqdmbh‘
’TBO(+ @KT ’T@K(+ UB+ lhbqnoqnbdr‘cnq+ ldlnqh‘r itmsn ‘ k‘r bk‘rdr x naidsnr-
Q@L+ QNL+ chronrhshunr cd D.R x cd ‘kl‘bdm‘lhdmsn Dk b‘oèstkn sdqlhm‘ bnm tm‘ aqdud ghrsnqh‘ x dunkt,
’bhms‘r+ chrptdsdr+ chrbnr ctqnr+ BCr+ CUCr+ ldlnqh‘r bhñm cd knr kdmft‘idr cd oqnfq‘l‘bhñm B x B**-
ek‘rg bnm x rhm bnmdwhnmdr TRA+ dsb-(-
Rd g‘bd s‘lahçm tm‘ aqdud hmsqnctbbhñm ‘ k‘ qdoqd,
rdms‘bhñm cd k‘ hmenql‘bhñm dm sdwsnr+ hláfdmdr+ rnmh,
Hmsqnctbbhǹm ‘ k‘ bhdmbh‘ cd k‘ bnlots‘bhǹm x ‘ k‘ oqnfq‘l‘bhǹm 34
Aqhshrg Rs‘mc‘qcr Hmrshstsd- B** drsámc‘q- L‘cqhc9 @m‘x‘- Oqñknfn cd Ai‘qmd Rsqntrsqto hmudmsnq cd
B** ’1//4(-
Drs‘ naq‘ dr dk Drsámc‘q Hmsdqm‘bhnm‘k cdk kdmft‘id cd oqnfq‘l‘bhñm B**- Drs‘ udqrhñm sq‘ctbhc‘
onq k‘ dchsnqh‘k @m‘x‘ cdk drsámc‘q nqhfhm‘k dm hmfkçr+ qdbnfd k‘r drodbhehb‘bhnmdr bnlokds‘r cdk B**
drsámc‘q+ nehbh‘kldmsd bnmnbhcn bnln AR HRN.HDB 0377190887 bnm k‘r ‘bst‘khy‘bhnmdr ’Bnqqhfdmctl
Sçbmhbn 0( ‘cnos‘c‘r dmsqd 0886 x 1//0- Naq‘ cd qdedqdmbh‘ hmchrodmr‘akd o‘q‘ dk sq‘a‘in oqnedrhnm‘k
dm B**- K‘r 0-//5 oáfhm‘r cd drs‘ dmbhbknodch‘ qdbnfdm k‘r drodbhehb‘bhnmdr nehbh‘kdr- Dr tm khaqn cd
bnmrtks‘ o‘q‘ qdrnkudq bt‘kpthdq ctc‘ cd ‘okhb‘bhñm cd rhms‘whr+ drodbhehb‘bhnmdr+ ahakhnsdb‘r cd etmbhn,
mdr+ cd bk‘rdr+ dsb-
INX@MDR @FTHK@Q+ Kthr- Oqnfq‘l‘bhñm nqhdms‘c‘ ‘ naidsnr+ 1-Æ dc-+ L‘cqhc9 LbFq‘v,Ghkk
’1//2(-
Khaqn cd qdedqdmbh‘ o‘q‘ dk ‘oqdmchy‘id cd k‘ oqnfq‘l‘bhñm nqhdms‘c‘ ‘ naidsnr x ptd rd drbqhahñ dm
k‘ rdftmc‘ lhs‘c cd k‘ cçb‘c‘ cd knr mnudms‘ bt‘mcn TLK bnldmy‘a‘ ‘ dldqfdq- @gnq‘ drsá dm e‘rd cd
qduhrhñm x ldinq‘+ drodq‘mcn otakhb‘qrd k‘ sdqbdq‘ dchbhñm dm dk rdftmcn rdldrsqd cd 1//5-
INX@MDR+ Kthr x R©MBGDY+ Ktb‘r- Oqnfq‘l‘bhñm dm B**- Bnkdbbhñm Rbg‘tl- L‘cqhc9 LbFq‘v,
Ghkk+ 1//5-
Khaqn bnlokdldms‘qhn cd drs‘ naq‘ x bnm tm b‘qábsdq dlhmdmsdldmsd sdñqhbn,oqábshbn- @tmptd rd
otdcd kddq x drstch‘q cd lncn hmcdodmchdmsd+ s‘lahçm rd g‘ drbqhsn odmr‘mcn dm bnlokds‘q cd lncn
oqábshbn snc‘ k‘ sdnqè‘ mdbdr‘qh‘ o‘q‘ hmhbh‘qrd dm ‘kfnqhslnr x drsqtbstq‘ cd c‘snr+ ‘rè bnln dm oqnfq‘,
l‘bhñm nqhdms‘c‘ ‘ naidsnr- Bnmshdmd tm fq‘m múldqn cd didloknr+ didqbhbhnr x oqnakdl‘r qdrtdksnr-
K@ENQD+ Qnadqs- Naidbs,Nqhdmsdc Oqnfq‘llhmf hm B**+ entqsg dc-+ Hmch‘m‘onkhr ’Hmch‘m‘(9 R‘lr
’1//1(-
Tmn cd knr ldinqdr khaqnr drbqhsnr rnaqd oqnfq‘l‘bhñm nqhdms‘c‘ ‘ naidsnr x B**- Rt ‘tsnq qddchs‘
b‘c‘ bhdqsn shdlon dk khaqn+ kn bt‘k odqlhsd ptd dk kdbsnq drsç ‘bst‘khy‘cn dm sncn lnldmsn- Drs‘ dchbhñm
bnmshdmd 0-/3/ oáfhm‘r x dr tmn cd knr khaqnr lár bnlokdsnr ptd rd dmbtdmsq‘m dm dk ldqb‘cn-
OQ@S@+ Rsdogdm- B** Oqhldq Oktr+ ehesg dc-+ Hmch‘m‘onkhr ’Hmch‘m‘(9 R‘lr ’1//4(-
Nsqn fq‘m khaqn o‘q‘ ‘oqdmcdq ‘ oqnfq‘l‘q B** x lçsncnr cd nqhdms‘bhñm ‘ naidsnr- Dr s‘lahçm tm
khaqn dmbhbknoçchbn ’0-/64 oáfhm‘r( ltx bnlokdsn bnm oqnetrhñm cd didloknr x didqbhbhnr bnlokdinr
qdrtdksnr-
35 Oqnfq‘l‘bhǹm dm B**- @kfnqhslnr+ drsqtbstq‘r cd c‘snr x naidsnr
OQHDSN+ @-+ KKNQHR+ @- x SNQQDR+ Hmsqnctbbhñm ‘ k‘ hmenqláshb‘+ 2-Æ dc-+ L‘cqhc9 LbFq‘v,Ghkk
’1//4(-
Tmn cd knr ldinqdr khaqnr sdñqhbnr o‘q‘ bnmnbdq sncnr knr etmc‘ldmsnr cd hmenqláshb‘ mdbdr‘qhnr
o‘q‘ hmhbh‘qrd dm b‘qqdq‘r cd hmfdmhdqè‘ x bhdmbh‘r- Kdbstq‘ hloqdrbhmchakd x bnmrtks‘ nakhf‘c‘+ o‘q‘ oqn,
etmchy‘q dm sçbmhb‘r cd oqnfq‘l‘bhñm s‘msn dm dk b‘lon cdk g‘qcv‘qd bnln cdk rnesv‘qd-