JM JHV FD\KUSMCM
BM\ÄSXJK F
JM CFOXRFÒ@ CHJ CHUHBAK BKDK OH@ÒDH@K RKBFMJ
Rkbfkjknäm iuräcfbm y rhbhpbfò`
Rhnù` jm skbfkjknäm iuräcfbm, hj chrhbak sh h`tfh`ch bkdk u` bk`iu`tk ch dkchjks ch
bk`cubtm quh rhnujm` jm vfcm bkdu`ftmrfm
bkdu`f tmrfm ch jms phrsk`ms, brhm`ck msä jms bk`cfb
bk`cfbfk`hs
fk`hs pmrm
quh sh chsmrrkjjh` h` trm`qufjfcmc. Dhcfm`th hj chrhbak sh trmtm ch krfh`tmr bkhrbftfvmdh`th
hj bkdpkrtmdfh`tk ch jks dfhderks ch jm skbfhcmc, bk` hsth keihtk sh rhnjmdh`tm` jms
f`stftubfk`hs y sh prkaäeh` y sh krch`m` bfhrtms bjmshs ch bk`cubtms, bk` jm of`mjfcmc ch
u`m dhikr vfcm bkdu`ftmrfm.

Bmsks afstòrfbks ch cfousfò` chj chrhbak

Hj chrhbak hs pmrth ch u`m bujturm y puhch cfou`cfrsh, hs chbfr trm`sohrfrsh ch u` nrupk
skbfmj m ktrk. Hj bmsk dís sk`mck ch fdpkrtmbfò` ch chrhbak okrí`hk hs jm rhbhpbfò` chj
chrhbak Ukdm`k h` Mjhdm`fm, hj oh`òdh`k tuvk junmr m of`hs ch jm hcmc dhcfm y bk`sfstfò
h` jm mckpbfò` ch jks Nhrdm`ks ch jm bfh`bfm iuräcfbm Hurkphm, tmj bkdk sh ameäm okrdmck
chsch hj sfnjk QFF h` jms u`fvhrsfcmc Ftmjfm`ms y Orm`bhsms.

Jm `kejhzm Mjhdm`m mbhptò hj chrhbak Ukdm`k, jk quh chthrdf`ò quh hsth sh bk`shrvmsh
bkdk chrhbak bkdù` Mjhdí`. Hj rkj bk`trmcfbtkrfk chj Chrhbak Ukdm`k, sh bkdprh`ch
chefck m jm bkhxfsth`bfm ch cks dkcks ch prkcubbfò` kpuhstm. Jms mspfrmbfk`hs ch jm
eurnuhsäm ch bk`tmr bk` u` chrhbak bkcfofbmck, pkr ktrk jmck jm rhbhpbfò` ch hsth chrhbak
`k bkdprkdhtäm jm ahnhdk`äm hbk`òdfbm, pkjätfbm h fchkjònfbm ch jm `kejhzm mjhdm`m. Jm
rhmbtfvmbfò` chj Chrhbak Ukdm`k h` Mjhdm`fm sfn`fofbò jm rhmbtfvmbfò` ch u` sfsthdm
 iuräcfbk pmsmck.
pmsmck. @k ouh puhs
puhstm
tm h` vfnh`bfm
vfnh`bfm m trmvæs
trmvæs ch u` mbtk
mbtk jhnfsjm
jhnfsjmtfvk.
tfvk.

Jm æpkbm dkchr`m sh bmrmbthrfzm pkr jms nrm`chs bkcfofbmbfk`hs, ck`ch tuvk junmr ktrm
okrdm ch cfousfò` ch chrhbak, sh trmtm ch jm jhnfsjmbfò` Orm`bæs, hsphbfmjdh`th hj Bkch
Bfvfj y hj Bkch \h`mj, jm cfousfò` ch hstks bòcfnks ouh omvkrhbfcm pkr jm bk`skjfcmbfò` y
chsmrrkjjk chj fdphrfk @mpkjhò`fbk. H` hj bmsk phrum`k, hstm okrdm ch fdpksfbfò` ch u`
chrhbak okrí`hk ouh jm bk`qufstm Hspmýkjm chj fdphrfk
f dphrfk f`bmfbk. H` hj bmsk ch Impò`, mckptò
prf`bfpmjdh`th hj chrhbak Hurkphk, Orm`bæs y Mjhdí`. Surquäm mckptò hj bòcfnk Rufzk.
Bmeh f`cfbmr quh h` \hrù,
\hr ù, hj bòcfnk ch =18= tuvk bkdk dkchjk hj Bòcfnk Bfv
Bfvfjfj ch @mpkjhò`,
dfh`trms quh hj bòcfnk ph`mj ch =1?2 ouh f`spfrmbfò` Hspmýkjm.

BM\ÄSXJK FF
JM FD\KRFBFÒ@ CHJ CHUHBAK \H@MJ HR\MÝKJ
m). Erhvh chsbrfpbfò` chj chrhbak ph`mj f`bmfbk
Bum`ck jks hspmýkjhs jjhnmrk` m Mdærfbm h` =365, su chrhbak ph`mj sh bmrmbthrfzò pkr shr
u` dk`kpkjfk ch Hstmck, hj F`bm mcdf`fstrmem iustfbfm m trmvæs ch sus ou`bfk`mrfks (burmbms
y ihohs ch mjchm), jm vh`nm`zm prfvmcm `k hxfstäm, jms rhnjms ph`mjhs hrm` bk`suhtucf`mrfms
y sh trm`sdftäm` krmjdh`th dhcfm`th rhorm`hs. Jms ph`ms bk`sfstäm` h` jm hjfdf`mbfò` chj
f`ormbtkr, hxfstäm` ou`bfk`mrfks h`bmrnmcks ch hihbutmr jms ph`ms h` junmrhs ch hihbubfò`.
 

Jm rhprhsfò` ph`mj mpmrhbh fdprhn`mcm h` brhh`bfms dínfbms, bkdk jm prkjk`nmbfò` chj

bmstfnk amstm jks m`thpmsmcks chj bujpmejh, dhcfm`th jm chstrubbfò` ch tudems y dkdfms.
H` hj Iuznmdfh`tk sh mpjfbmrk` hj iurmdh`tk amstm hj tkrdh`tk y jm f`thrrknmbfò` m jms
aumbms y kríbujks, mchdís hxfstfhrk` iufbfks ch Cfks.

e) Fdpksfbfò` chj chrhbak ph`mj hspmýkj curm`th jm bkjò`fm

Jm bkjk`fm curò 2<< mýks, ck`ch jms `krdms ch bk`qufstmckrhs y bk`qufstmcks sh
chsmrrkjjò h` f`thrrhjmbfò`
f`thrrhjm bfò` y kpksfbfò` rhbäprkbm, emsí`cksh h` jm sudfsfò` ch jks dfhderks
ch jm skbfhcmc f`cänh`m m`th jm skbfhcmc Hurkphm. Iu`tm m su jh`num, rhjfnfò`, sfsthdm
hbk`òdfbk y pkjätfbk, jks hspmýkjhs trmihrk` h fdpusfhrk` su chrhbak. Uhbk`kbfhrk` h` u`
f`fbfk, jm vfnh`bfm ch tkcms jms rhnjms quh `k bk`trmcfihrm` jks prf`bfpfks eísfbks chj krch`
 iuräcfbk Hspmýkj.
Hspmýkj. Msä jks cfspusk hj _frrhy
_frrhy Orm`bfsbk ch
ch Skjhck, h
h`
` jms Jhyhs c
ch
h f`cfms qu
quh
h
jjhnò m rhbk`kbhr bfhrtm iurfscfbbfò` brfdf`mj m jks bmbfquhs skerh msu`tks ch f`cfks.

H` hj jferk sæptfdk ch jms Jhyhs ch F`cfms rhù`h cfspksfbfk`hs ch bmríbthr ph`mj y dkrmj, hj
quf`tk jferk rhù`h rhnjms rhohrh`ths m jms iurfscfbbfk`hs h` nh`hrmj y m jks ou`bfk`mrfks. Rh
puhch chstmbmr quh sh prkafeäm tkcm bjmsh ch iuhnks ch mzmr, buyk vmjkr suphrmsh jks cfhz
phsks ch krk. Hj msphbtk ph`mj hs duy jfdftmck h` hj tätujk thrbhrk, quh rhnujm skerh jks
bmsmcks y chspksmcks h` Hspmým h F`cfm, quh hstí` mush`ths ch sus duihrhs y hspksms,
jm sftumbfò` y trmtmdfh`tk ch jks vmnmeu`cks y nftm`ks, ch jks dujmtks, `hnrks, emrehrfsbks
h afiks ch f`cfks, ouhrk` rhnujmcks h` jks jferks bumrtk y quf`tk.
 M su jjhnmcm jks hspmýkjhs h`bk`trmrk` m su jjhnmcm u`m bujturm mjtmdh`th chsmrrkjjmcm,
buyk chrhbak tuvfhrk` quh th`hr h` buh`tm, tmdpkbk puhch amejmrsh ch u`m rhbhpbfò` pkr
quh jks f`cänh`ms `k mbhptmrk` bk`sbfh`thdh`th hsh chrhbak okrí`hk, `k ouh u` prkbhsk
efjmthrmj puhs jks bk`qufstmckrhs hspmýkjhs trmihrk` su chrhbak y jk mpjfbmrk` pmrm rhskjvhr
sus cfohrh`cks.
cfohrh`cks.

Hj chrhbak bkjk`fmj h` hj \hrù sh jfdftmem m rhnujmr jms rhjmbfk`hs hbk`òdfbms, dfh`trms

quh hxfstäm rhsfsth`bfm ch jms `krdms iuräcfbms mutòbtk`ms, skdhtfck m jm bkstuderh. Bkdk
sh smeh, h` jm rhmjfcmc jm bk`qufstm ouh vfkjh`tm, bujdf`m`ck h` hj skdhtfdfh`tk ch jks
`mtfvks, jks hspmýkjhs fdpusfhrk` su chrhbak, jks f`cfks ouhrk` phrshnufcks y iuznmcks
bk`okrdh m jms jhyhs afspí`fbms.

b). Bk`bhpbfò` ofjksòofbm fdpkrtmcm pkr jks hspmýkjhs

Jks hspmýkjhs tmdefæ` trmihrk` su bk`bhpbfò` ofjksòofbm y iuräcfbm, jks iurfsbk`sujtks quh
vf`fhrk` m mdærfbm, sh ameäm` okrdmck h` u`fvhrsfcmchs ck`ch h`shýmem` jm ofjkskoäm
tkdfstm chj chrhbak Ukdm`k y chj chrhbak Bm`ò`fbk.

Hj sfnjk Q_F sh bmrmbthrfzò pkr jm fdpk`h`th prhsh`bfm ch jm f`qufsfbfò`, dfh`trms quh hj

sänuhjk Q_FFF, sh cfstf`nufò pkr hj mem`ck`k ch jms cfsbusfk`hs thkjònfbms y jm fdpjm`tmbfò`
chj ph`smdfh`tk dkchr`k Hurkphk, hj Mrfstkthjfsdk Hsbkjístfbk, ouh sustftufck pkr jms
ofjkskoäms dkchr`ks ch Chsbmrths, Dmjherm`bah, @hwtk`, Jhfe`ftz y Jkbgh.

Rfh`ck rhbtkr chj bk`vfbtkrfk ch Rm` Bmrjks, Skrfefk Ukcränuhz ch Dh`ckzm, brhò jms
bíthcrms ch chrhbak `mturmj y ch nh`ths, y cfspusk jm utfjfzmbfò` ch jks thxtks ch Af`hbfk.
Jm h`shým`zm chj chrhbak `mturmj y ch nh`ths, shräm prkafefcm pksthrfkrdh`th pkr rhmj

krch`. Iksph yEmquäim`k

hsbkjmstfbfsdk h Afpòjftk
h` jm cfousfò` X`m`uh,bk`bhpbfk`hs.
ch jms `uhvms bk`trfeuyhrk`H`h`
jms jm rhmbbfò`
mujms bk`trm sh
u`fvhrsftmrfms hj
 

pusk duy h` eknm jm hxpksfbfò` chj chrhbak `mturmj y ch nh`ths, h` jks mýks sfnufh`ths
mudh`tò jms f`ojuh`bfms ch jks h`bfbjkphcfstms Orm`bhshs.

BM\ÄSXJK FFF
UHBH\BFÒ@ CHJ CHUHBAK \H@MJ H@ HJ \HUÙ
m) Rfn`fofbmck ch jm hdm`bfpmbfò` chj ckdf`f
ckdf`fk
k hspmýkj
Ch`trk chj bk`thxtk m`tf afspí`fbk ch jks dkvfdfh`tks hdm`bfpmckrhs sh cfbtmrk` cfvhrsks
cfspksftfvks jhnmjhs quh prkpun`mem` jm fnumjcmc skbfmj y eusbmem` rkdphr jks prfvfjhnfks
ch jks ph`f`sujmrhs. Hstms dhcfcms omvkrhbäm` m jks brfkjjks y m ktrms bmstms quh tkdmem`
hj junmr prfvfjhnfmck ch jks hspmýkjhs. \kr hjjk, `k ouhrk` jks f`cfks qufh`hs jjhvmrk` y
prkdkvfhrk` jm hdm`bfpmbfò`, ouhrk` jks brfkjjks y dhstfzks qufh`hs tkdmrk` hj pkchr ch jm
rhpùejfbm.

Bk` rhjmbfò` m jks f`cänh`ms, hj jhnfsjmckr prkafefò jm dftm, hj pk`nmih, jm h`bkdfh`cm y hj

ym`mbk`mih, y jhs rhbk`kbfò su bk`cfbfò` ch phrsk`ms ch chrhbak y ch bfucmcm`ks. H` jms
prfdhrms cæbmcms ch vfcm rhpuejfbm`m sh cfhrk` bk`stftubfk`hs f`spfrmcks h` cfbtmcurms.
\ksthrfkrdh`th, h` hj sfnjk QFQ cfhrk` cfvhrsms `krdms jhnmjhs h` rhjmbfò` m jks f`cfks y
hsbjmvks, bk` hj keihtk ch bmdefmr jm sftumbfò` ch suihbfò` hbk`òdfbm h` quh sh
h`bk`trmem`. @k kestm`th, hj vmbäk jhnfsjmtfvk krfnf`mck pkr jm `k cmbfò` ch jms jhyhs
eísfbms chthrdf`ò jm suphrvfvh`bfm ch jm jhnfsjmbfò` hspmýkjm. H` hj bmdpk jhnfsjmtfvk, h`
jm prfdhrm bk`stftubfò` phrum`m ch =152 sh rhbk`kbfò jm rhnjm hstmejhbfcm pkr Rm` Dmrtä`
h` su chbrhtk ch shtfhderh ch =15<7 tmdefæ` bftmck h` =153 pkr Rfdò` Ekjävmr, suprhdk
cfbtmckr, quh `kderò u`m bkdfsfò` y jh h`bmrnò prhpmrmr jks prkyhbtks h` dmthrfm ph`mj y
bfvfj. H` rhjmbfò` bk` hj ídeftk ph`mj, jms bk`stftubfk`hs ch =152 y =151 mekjfhrk` jms ph`ms
f`omdm`ths y bkrpkrmjhs (tkrturm, dutfjmbfò`).

e) Hj prkyhbtk ch bòcfnk ph`mj ch Dm`uhj Jkrh`zk _fcmurrh.

Dm`uhj Jkrh`zk ch _fcmurrh, ouh `kdermck pkr Ekjävmr bkdk prhsfch`th ch jm bkdfsfò`
pmrm rhcmbtmr jks bòcfnks bfvfj y ph`mj. Mu`quh, jm bkdfsfò` `k budpjfò bk` cfbak h`bmrnk,
phrk hjmekrò m `kderh prkpfk, u` prkyhbtk ch bòcfnk ph`mj quh prhsh`tò h` =151 mj
Bk`nrhsk @mbfk`mj.
@mbfk`mj. Hsth prkyhbtk ouh hj prfdhr pmsk jhnfsjmtfvk h` dmthrfm ph`mj h` hj \hrù.

Ru prkyhbtk chbäm quh hj prf`bfpmj of` ch jm jhnfsjmbfò` hs hvftmr jks dhcfks ch quh sh
bkdhth` jks brädh`hs, y quh hj of` ch jm ph`m hs rhsmrbfr hj dmj bmusmck y hvftmr hj vh`fchrk,
mchdís hstm cheh shr prkpkrbfk`mj m jks chjftks. Smdefæ` skstuvk quh hj chjftk hs hj cmýk
bmusmck m jm skbfhcmc bk` bk`kbfdfh`tk y quh jm dhikr pkjätfbm pmrm hvftmr su bkdfsfò` hrm
jm prhvh`tfvm. H` su prkyhbtk `k f`bkrpkrò jm ph`m ch duhrth.

Hj bòcfnk ch _fcmurrh `k hstmtuyh` ch dm`hrm prhbfsm jk quh hs chjftk, buíjhs sk` jks
dhcfks ch rhprhsfò` y jm dm`hrm ch mpjfbmrjks. H` su dmykr pmrth, sk` chbjmrmbfk`hs ch
prf`bfpfk k `krdms ch bmríbthr prkbhsmj. _fcmurrh eusbò rhmjfzmr u`m kerm krfnf`mj, sh
susth`tm h` jms fchms fdphrm`ths h` jm æpkbm y `k tfh`h h` buh`tm jk ahbak h` Hspmým pkr
sus bruhjhs cfspksfbfk`hs.

b) Hj Bòcfnk \h`mj ch Rm`tm Bruz.

 

Hj Bòcfnk \h`mj ch Rm`tm Bruz prkdujnò jks bòcfnks bfvfj y ph`mj ch h`iufbfmdfh`tk y hj
Uhnjmdh`tk ch jks Srfeu`mjhs.
Srfeu`m jhs. Hj thxtk chj bòcfnk ph`mj ouh hj chj Bòcfnk Ekjfvfm`k
Ekjfvfm `k y hstuvk
vfnh`th chsch h`hrk ch =12> m iujfk ch =121.

Hsth bòcfnk hstuvk f`spfrmck h` hj Bòcfnk Hspmýkj ch =155, quh th`äm u`m dmrbmcm
f`ojuh`bfm orm`bhsm, chrfvmcm chj dkvfdfh`tk bkcfofbmckr orm`bæs. Bmeh shýmjmr quh, jks
prf`bfpfks quh f`spfrmrk` mj bkcfofbmckr orm`bæs ouhrk`9 `k sh puhch fdpk`hr ph`m cfstf`tm m
jm prhvfstm h` jm jhy7 shnu`ck pkr u`m dfsdm f`ormbbfò` jm ph`m cheh shr jm dfsdm pmrm
tkcks7 y, thrbhrk, jm ph`m `k cheh mohbtmr sf`k mj bujpmejh. \kr hstk hs quh jm mckpbfò` chj
bòcfnk ph`mj ch Rm`tm Bruz, h` hj \hrù, bk`stftuyò u` prknrhsk h` rhjmbfò` m jm jhnfsjmbfò`
hspmýkjm quh skerhvfväm h` jks prfdhrks mýks ch jm rhpùejfbm.

c) Hj bòcfnk ph`mj ch =1?5 y jm rhbhpbfò` chj chrhbak ph`mj hspmýkj

Hj bòcfnk ph`mj ch =1?5 sfnufò jms rhnjms chj bòcfnk ph`mj hspmýkj. H` hsth prkyhbtk `k sh
hstfpujm jm ph`m ch duhrth, sh jh rhhdpjmzm pkr jm ch "prfsfò` h` ph`fth`bfmräm". Hsth
prkyhbtk sh bk`vhrtfrí, bk` duy pkbks bmdefks sustm`bfmjhs. Ouh hj prfdhr bòcfnk ph`mj
`mbfk`mj ch =1?5, bk` mdpjfm f`ojuh`bfm afspm`m.

Hsth prkyhbtk `k ouh u`m sfdpjh fdftmbfò`, sf`k quh dkcfofbò hj "bòcfnk fdpkrtmck" pmrm
mchbumrjk, ch mbuhrck bk` su bk`bhpbfò` pkjätfbk-skbfmj, mj hstmck chj pmäs. Rh prkbhcfò m
rhokrdmr jm hsbmjm ch ph`ms, jm ou`bfò` msfn`mcm m jm ph`m hrm hj bmstfnk ch jks f`ormbtkrhs
f`ormbtkrhs,,
y sh fdpk`äm dubams vhbhs h` emsh m jm rhspk`smefjfcmc keihtfvm7 hs chbfr, h` emsh m jm
skjm bmusmbfò` chj rhsujtmck phriucfbfmj. \mrm fdpk`hr u` bmstfnk emstmem bkdprkemr quh
hj cmýk ameäm sfck bmusmck pkr hj bkdpkrtmdfh`tk prkafefck chj mnh`th, sf` quh ouhsh
`hbhsmrfk chthrdf`mr
chthrdf `mr hj vä`bujk ch bujpmefjfcmc hxfsth`th h` rhjmbfò` mj rhsujtmck dís nrmvh.

h) Bk`bhpbfò` iuräcfbm quh sfnufò

sfnufò m jm rh
rhbhpbfò`
bhpbfò` chj bòcfnk ph`mj hspmýkj
Rfjvm Rm`tfsthem` rhmjfzò hstucfks chj chrhbak `mturmj, mbkdkcm`ck hj chrhbak pùejfbk m
`uhstrm okrdm rhpuejfbm`m h f`fbfò hj vhrcmchrk sfsthdm chj chrhbak ph`mj. Rfjvm
Rm`tfsthem` ouh hj rhprhsh`tm`th jfehrmj ch jm bkrrfh`th quh prkpfbfò jm f`trkcubbfò` chj
Grmusfsdk m pmrtfr ch =13<.

H` su bk`bhptk, hj chrhbak sh rhofhrh m u`m bkjhbtfvfcmc chthrdf`mcm y hs hj bk`iu`tk ch

bk`cfbfk`hs quh ambh` pksfejh hj mjbm`bh ch jks of`hs ch tmj bkjhbtfvfcmc. H` su bk`bhpbfò`
mph`ms sh cfstf`nuh hj chrhbak ch jm dkrmj, ym quh h` su díxfdm nh`hrmjfcmc æstm hj
chrhbak ch Cfks.

H` hj prkyhbtk ch =1>>, hjmekrmck pkr ck` Ium` M`tk`fk

M`tk` fk ch Ufehyrk, ofnurm` m
mjnu`ks
jnu`ks `uhvks
chjftks, jm ph`m ch duhrth hs rhhdpjmzmcm pkr jm ch 5< mýks ch ph`fth`bfmräm. Hstms
dkcfofbmbfk`hs ouhrk` f`spfrmcms pkr jm jhnfsjmbfò` hspmýkjm. H`trh jks `uhvks chjftks quh
f`bkrpkrmem puhch` shýmjmrsh jks ch chskehcfh`bfm y ch `hnmbfò` ch muxfjfks pkr pmrth ch
hdpjhmcks, hj ch `hnkbfmbfk`hs prkafefcms m jks hdpjhmcks, hj phriurfk, jm omjsfofbmbfò` ch
efjjhths ch em`bk, htb. H` Hspmým, hj prkyhbtk ch Eunmjjmj ch =11< bk`tfh`h, pkr prfdhrm
vhz, hsth ùjtfdk tfpk ch omjsfofbmbfò`, pkr jk quh `k sh puhch bk`sfchrmr quh jm jhy hspmýkjm
sfrvfhrm ch dkchjk.

Dm`uhj _fbh`th _fjjmrí` ouh hj vhrcmchrk bk`cubtkr chj dkvfdfh`tk pksftfvfstm. Ru mbbfò` hs

`ktmejh
rhokrdm pkr amehr
ch jks rhmjfzmck,
hstucfks chsch
iuräcfbks jm bíthcrm
shnù` ch chrhbak
jks prf`bfpfks `mturmj quhpksftfvfstm.
ch jm krfh`tmbfò` kbupò h` =168, jm
 

Dmrfm`k A. Bkr`hik ouh hj vhrcmchrk ou`cmckr ch jm skbfkjknäm h` hj \hrù y hj dís

chstmbmck pksftfvfstm h` bfh`bfms skbfmjhs y, mchdís, mutkr chj bòcfnk ch prkbhcfdfh`tks
ph`mjhs h` =65<.

Hj munh chj pksftfvfsdk sh cfò h`trh =118 y =6=87 phräkck bkdprh`cfck h`trh jm puhstm h`
vfnh`bfm chj bòcfnk ch =1?2 y hj prfdhr prkyhbtk ch bòcfnk ph`mj ch Dmùrtum ch =6=?. Ru
f`trkcubbfò`
f`trkcubbf ò` h` jm h`shým`zm ofjksòofbm sh prkcuik h` hj ckdf`fk chj chrhbak, ch jms bfh`bfms
bfh`bf ms
skbfmjhs y ch jms bfh`bfms dæcfbms. H` hj bmdpk chj chrhbak ph`mj, Imvfhr \rmck pjm`thò
bjmrmdh`th hj rhbursk mj dætkck pksftfvfstm, bk` hj keihtk ch mem`ck`mr hj sueihtfvfsdk
fdphrm`th h`tk`bhs.

H` chrhbak ph`mj cheh cfstf`nufrsh bk` bufcmck h`trh hj pksftfvfsdk ofjksòofbk y hj

pksftfvfsdk ph`mj, bkdk hsbuhjm k bkrrfh`th surnfcm h` Ftmjfm. Hsth ùjtfdk surnfò, pkr jm
mpjfbmbfò` chj dætkck pksftfvk h` chrhbak ph`mj y sh bmrmbthrfzò, prfdhrk pkr `hnmr hj jferh
mreftrfk bkdk ou`cmdh`tk chj bmstfnk ph`mj y sustftufrjk pkr jm "rhspk`smefjfcmc skbfmj"7
shnu`ck, pkr bk`sfchrmr mj chjftk bkdk oh`òdh`k skbfmj y `k bkdk h`th iuräcfbk7 y, pkr
ùjtfdk, pkr sustftufr jm ph`m-rhtrfeutfvm pkr dhcfcms ch prhvh`bfò` y trmtmdfh`tk fdpuhstms
bk`okrdh m jm phjfnrksfcmc chj mnh`th. Hstm f`ojuh`bfm prkpfbfò jm f`bkrpkrmbfò` ch mjnu`ms
cfspksfbfk`hs chj prkyhbtk pksftfvfstm ch Ohrrf h` hj bòcfnk ph`mj phrum`k ch =653.

BM\ÄSXJK F_
JM UHBH\BFÒ@ CHJ CHUHBAK \H@MJ OKUÍ@HK H@ HJ \HUÙ,
\ HUÙ, HR\HBFMJDH@SH
CHJ RXFYK
m) .Bk`thxtk jhnfsjmtfvk f`thr`mbfk`mj h` quh tuvk junmr jm rhokrdm chj bbòcfnk
òcfnk ph`mj
ch =1?5
H` Hurkpm sh chsmrrkjjmem h`tk`bhs u`m f`th`sm jubam h`trh jks rhprhsh`tm`ths ch jms
cfohrh`ths hsbuhjms ph`mjhs, prf`bfpmjdh`th h`trh jm bjísfbm y jm pksftfvfstm. Jm prfdhrm tuvk
su díxfdk hxpk`h`th h` hj bòcfnk ftmjfm`k ch =116, jjmdmck "Bòcfnk Ym`mrchjjf",
bmrmbthrfzmck pkr su ofchjfcmc m jm bk`bhpbfò` ch jm ph`m rhtrfeutfvm y mj jferh mjehcräk bkdk
ou`cmdh`tk ch jm bujpmefjfcmc, y su rhbamzk m jms dhcfcms ch shnurfcmc y trmtmdfh`tk. Jm
ù`fbm bk`bhsfò` quh ambh m jms brätfbms pksftfvfstms hs jm mcdfsfò` ch dhcfcms h` rhjmbfò`
m jks chjf`buh`ths f`fdputmejhs (f`bmpmbhs).

H` Hspmým sh cfk hj prkyhbtk Dk`tfjjm, rhcmbtmck pkr Ehr`mjck ch ]ufrkz m fdftmbfò` chj
prkyhbtk Rufzk ch Rtkkss (thxtk ch =6<2), ch rhcmbbfò` ksburm y cfoäbfj, quh bk`th`äm jks
m`tfnuks prhiufbfks y jks ùjtfdks mchjm`tks h` bfh`bfms ph`mjhs h` mquhjjm æpkbm. Ifdæ`hz
ch Msùm jk bk`sfchrò bkdk jm "kerm ch díxfdm vmjäm quh jjhnò m fdprfdfrsh".

H` Mdærfbm Jmtf`m sh hohbtumrk` cfvhrsks prkbhsks ch rhokrdm ph`mj. Bkdk hj prkyhbtk ch

=6=?-=6=>, quh ouh mprkemck h` =65=. Rhnù` Ifdæ`hz ch Msùm hs u` tädfck ckbudh`tk
ch th`ch`bfm pkjätfbk-brfdf`mj, jf`cm`th bk` hj `hkbjmsfbfsdk, buym bk`strubbfò` tæb`fbm, m
phsmr ch sus dubaks chohbtks, hs hstfdmejh.

H` hj bòcfnk ph`mj ch _h`hzuhjm ch =6=5, hrm dmrbmcm jm f`ojuh`bfm chj bòcfnk ftmjfm`k ch
=116, jk dfsdk quh h` hj bòcfnk ermsfjhýk
ermsfj hýk ch =16<. H` Xrunumy, hj jhnfsj
jhnfsjmckr
mckr tuvk h` buh`tm
hj prkyhbtk ch Ym`mrchjjf pmrm jm hjmekrmbfò` chj bòcfnk ch =116.
 

 
e) Dkchjks jhnfsjmtfvks okrí`hks utfjfzmcks h` jm hjmekrmbfò` chj bòcfnk ph`mj ch =653
= 653
_äbtkr D. Dmùrtum h` jm hjmekrmbfò` chj bòcfnk ch =653 `k skjk rhbhpbfk`ò u` sòjk bòcfnk
hxtrm`ihrk,, æj dm`tuvk mjnu`ks hjhdh`tks chj bòcfnk ch =1?2 h fdpkrtò cfspksfbfk`hs h
hxtrm`ihrk
fchms bk`th`fcms h` bòcfnks okrí`hks.

Jms ouh`ths chj bòcfnk ph`mj phrum`k puhch` bjmsfofbmrsh h` cks nrupks, ch mbuhrck m su
fdpkrtm`bfm. Jms dís orhbuh`thdh`th utfjfzmcms ouhrk` jm sufzm, jm ftmjfm`m y jm mrnh`tf`m.
H` mjnu`ms cfspksfbfk`hs sh rhvhjm jm f`ojuh`bfm urunumym, akjm`chsm y suhbm.

Rkerh jm f`ojuh`bfm sufzm h` hj bòcfnk ch =653 sh puhch chstmbmr quh sf hj chjf`buh`th,

skdhtfck m jm dhcfcm ch shnurfcmc chj f`thr`mdfh`tk h` u`m bmsm ch trmemik, am
chdkstrmck h` jks trhs prfdhrks dhshs shr f`bmpmz ch mprh`chr m trmemimr, sh jh mpjfbmrí
jm ph`m fdpuhstm. Hstm rhnjm ouh hstmejhbfcm sòjk h` hj thxtk sufzk ch =6=8. Chj dfsdk
dkck, hj thxtk ch jms cfspksfbfk`hs chj mrtäbujk 211 chj bòcfnk phrum`k bkrrhspk`ch dís mj
thxtk sufzk chj m`thprkyhbtk ch =6=?, rhprkcubfck h` hj prkyhbtk ch =6=1. \kr hstms
bk`sfchrmbfk`hs bmeräm ph`smr quh hj thxtk

Nrmbfms mj bòcfnk sufzk, `uhstrk jhnfsjmckr f`bkrpkrò u` tätujk bk`smnrmck m jm bujpmefjfcmc,

bkdk ou`cmdh`tk ch jm ph`m. \mrm hstk mckptm jms chof`fbfk`hs ahjvætfbms ch jm
f`fdputmefjfcmc (prhsupuhstk psfbkjònfbk ch jm bujpmefjfcmc), chj ckjk y ch jm bujpm (okrdms
k hsphbfhs ch jm bujpmefjfcmc) y, msfdfsdk, chj hrrkr ch ahbak y ch chrhbak (bkdk bmusms
f`ojuyh`ths h` jm hxfsth`bfm k mth`umbfò` ch jm bujpmefjfcmc). H` jm jhnfsjmbfò` m`thrfkr m
=653 y h` jks prkyhbtks ch rhokrdms chj bòcfnk ch =1?2, `k sh hstmtuyhrk` cfspksfbfk`hs
ch hstm `mturmjhzm. H` hjjks, pkr hj bk`trmrfk, suesfstäm u` euh` `ùdhrk ch bmsks ch
"rhspk`smefjfcmc pkr hj dhrk rhsujtmck" (rhspk`smefjfcmc sf` bujpmefjfcmc). Ch dkck quh
`uhstrk jhnfsjmckr eusbò, dhcfm`th jm f`bkrpkrmbfò` ch jms dh`bfk`mcms rhnjms sufzms,
phrohbbfk`mr `uhstrk krch`mdfh`tk ph`mj, sftuí`ckjk h` hj dfsdk `fvhj ch hvkjubfò` chj
chrhbak hurkphk. Hj prf`bfpfk "`k amy ph`m sf` bujpmefjfcmc" hs bk`ofrdmck h` jm pmrth
hsphbfmj chj bòcfnk, tmdefæ` chefck m jm f`ojuh`bfm sufzm. H` jm pmrth nh`hrmj chj bòcfnk,
hs hj bk`bhr`fh`th m jm sm`bfò`. H` hsth ckdf`fk, hj jhnfsjmckr mckptm hj sfsthdm cumjfstm ch
jks prkyhbtks sufzks. Jm f`ormbbfò` `k sòjk puhch cmr junmr m jm mpjfbmbfò` ch u`m ph`m sf`k
tmdefæ` m jm ch u`m dhcfcm ch shnurfcmc. Uhsphbtk m jm ph`m, trmtm ch hvftmr jm fdpksfbfò`

ch ph`ms prfvmtfvms
hstmtufcm ch jfehrtmc
pmrm cfvhrsms. ch bkrtmmcurmbfò`
H` bum`tk dhcfm`th
jms dhcfcms jm mpjfbmbfò`
mpjfb mbfò``kchsòjk
ch shnurfcmc, jm ph`m ch dujtm,
f`bkrpkrò jm
rhohrh`th m jks f`fdputmejhs (h`ohrdks dh`tmjhs, pkr hihdpjk), bkdk ym jk ameäm ahbak hj
jhnfsjmckr ftmjfm`k h` =116, sf`k quh, sfnufh`ck m jks prkyhbtks ahjvætfbks smjvmihs.

BM\ÄSXJK _ 
JMR CFOHUH@BFMR HS@KBXJSXUMJHR CH JM \KEJMBFÒ@ H@ HJ BÒCFNK \H@MJ
CH =653 m).\rhkbupmbfò` ch _äbtkr D. Dmùrtum ch bk`sfchrmr cfbams cfohrh`bfms mj
hjmekrmr hj bòcfnk ph`mj
Dmùrtum mj f`bkrpkrmr u`m cfspksfbfò` okrí`hm, utfjfzò h` jm rhcmbbfò` ch jm `uhvm
cfspksfbfò` hj nfrk hxfsth`th h` `uhstrm jhnfsjmbfò` y dm`tuvk h` pmrth su bk`th`fck.
F`bkrpkrm, u`m dhcfcm ch shnurfcmc chstf`mcm m u` nrupk ch phrsk`ms quh ch`kdf`m
"smjvmihs". Bk`okrdh mj mrt. 33, "trmtí`cksh ch chjftks phrphtrmcks pkr smjvmihs, jks iuhbhs
th`crí` h` buh`tm su bk`cfbfò` hsphbfmj, y pkcrí` sustftufr jms ph`ms ch ph`fth`bfmrfm y ch
 

prfsfò` pkr jm bkjkbmbfò` h` u`m bkjk`fm ph`mj mnräbkjm, pkr tfhdpk f`chthrdf`mck quh `k
hxbhchrí ch vhf`th mýks.

Bk`sfchrm m jks f`cänh`ms shdfbfvfjfzmcks

shdfbfvfj fzmcks k chnrmcmcks pkr jm shrvfcuderh y hj mjbkakjfsdk
bkdk fdputmejhs rhjmtfvks. H` hj mrt. 38, cfspk`h quh trmtí`cksh ch chjftks phrphtrmcks pkr
hstms phrsk`ms "jks iuhbhs th`crí` h` buh`tm su chsmrrkjjk dh`tmj, su nrmck ch bujturm y
sus bkstuderhs, y prkbhchrí` m rhprfdfrjks, pruch`bfmjdh`th, bk`okrdh m jm rhnjm chj
mrtäbujk 6<". Cfspk`h msfdfsdk, jm pksfefjfcmc ch skdhthrjks m u`m dhcfcm ch shnurfcmc
bk`sfsth`th h` hj f`thr`mdfh`tk h` u`m bkjk`fm ph`mj mnräbkjm k ch trmtmrjks dhcfm`th jm
hcubmbfò` pmrm hj trmemik.

e) Jks f`cänh`ms shdfbfvfjf

shdfbfvfjfzmcks
zmcks
Jks f`cänh`ms shdfbfvfjfzmcks hrm` hj bmdphsf`k k hj pmstkr m`cf`k quh vfvh h` hj dhcfk
rurmj y quh `k hrm afspm`kamejm`th k mjomehtk. Rh mth`uò jms ph`ms m fdpk`hrjhs pkr
bk`sfchrmrjks f`suofbfh`thdh`th bmpmbhs ch bkdprh`chr sf mbtùm` chjfbtfvmdh`th y ch
chthrdf`mrsh bk`okrdh m hsm mprhbfmbfò`,
mprhbfm bfò`, k jks skdhth m u` trmtmdfh`tk hsphbfmj h` ou`bfò`
m su hstmck phrsk`mj. Jm vfsfò` m`trkpkjònfbm rhsphbtk m jks shdfbfvfjfzmcks quh `uhstrk
jhnfsjmckr pjmsdò h` hj bòcfnk ph`mj, `k rhprhsh`tò u`m tkdm bk`sbfh`th ch pksfbfk`hs ch
pmrth ch Dmùrtum y chdís bkcfofbmckrhs, pkr `k shr phrftks `f bk`tmr bk` hj mshskrmdfh`tk
ch hsphbfmjfstms h` jm dmthrfm.

b) Jks smjvmihs
Hj jhnfsjmckr `mbfk`mj ph`sò quh "smjvmihs" hrm` jks ameftm`ths ch jm shjvm, bk`stftuyh`ths
ch jks bmsf ?3 nrupks ht`kjf`núästfbks, bujturmjdh`th cfohrh`ths, `k sòjk pkr su tmxk`kdäm
fcfkdítfbm, sf`k tmdefæ` pkr jms okrdms ch msh`tmdfh`tk, jks pmtrk`hs ch rhsfch`bfm, jm
krnm`fzmbfò` skbfmj, jks dhcfks ch suesfsth`bfm, jm mrthsm`äm. Hj "euh` smjvmih" hs hj còbfj,
hj rhbhptfvk mj quh sh jh prhth`ch f`bujbmr7 hj "dmj
"dm j smjvmih" hs hj rhehjch, hj bruhj y hj pmnm`k.

Hj jhnfsjmckr `k rhbk`kbfò jm mutk`kdäm bujturmj ch mquhjjms df`kräms `f jks f`bkrpkrò bkdk

suihtk mbtfvks h` hj nkbh ch jks shrvfbfks quh korhbh hj Hstmck y h` jm tkdm ch chbfsfk`hs
h` hj ckdf`fk jkbmj y `mbfk`mj. \kr hj bk`trmrfk, jms bk`sfchrm bkdk u`m bmthnkräm y
dkcmjfcmc hsphbäofbm y m jm skderm ch u`m bk`bhpbfò` ch jm ph`m bkdk dhcfk bfvfjfzmckr.
Ch mjjä quh h` hj bmsk chj bòcfnk ph`mj, hj ahbak ch quh u` smjvmih f`burrm h` u`m ch jms

f`ormbbfk`hs prhvfstms h` hj dfsdk bòcfnk, hs tkdmcm bkdk u`m kbmsfò` prkpfbfm pmrm
hihrbhr jm ou`bfò` dkrmjfzmckrm y bfvfjfzmckrm quh jh mtrfeuyh hj Hstmck. Ou`bfò` quh hsphrm
pkchr budpjfr dhcfm`th hstmejhbfdfh`tks ch chth`bfò` hsphbfmjhs (bkjk`fms ph`mjhs), jks
quh "shrí` krnm`fzmcks h` hj prkpòsftk ch mcmptmrjks (m jks smjvmihs) h` hj dh`kr tfhdpk
pksfejh mj dhcfk iuräcfbk chj pmäs".

Dhcfm`th jm dhcfcm ch shnurfcmc hstmejhbfcm h` hj bòcfnk ph`mj, sh eusbm msfdfjmr m jks

smjvmihs mj dhcfk iuräcfbk `mbfk`mj chj quh hstí` mfsjmcks y, m jm vhz, dkrmjfzmr sus
bkstuderhs.

c) Jks bfvfjfzmcks
H` hj bòcfnk `k hxfsth` hjhdh`tks pksftfvks quh phrdftm` smehr quh h`th`cfò hj jhnfsjmckr
pkr akderh bfvfjfzmck. M pmrtfr ch jk cfbak h` rhjmbfò` bk` jks smjvmihs y shdfbfvfjfzmcks, sh

chsprh`ch quh sh trmtmräm ch jm phrsk`m quh vfvh h` u` bh`trk urem`k k duy bhrbm ch hsth,
 

quh hs mjomehtk,
mjo mehtk, quh `k brhh h` suphrstfbfk`hs `f tfh`h bkstuderhs eíremrms y quh pmrtfbfpm
h` jm mbtfvfcmc prkcubtfvm.

h) Bk`thxtk afstòrfbk-fchkjònfbk h` quh Dmùrtum hjmekrm jms `krdms skerh f`cänh`ms

y smjvmihs
Jm prhkbupmbfò` ch Dmùrtum rhsphbtk m jks f`cänh`ms
f`cän h`ms y `mtfvks ch jm shjvm `k hs u`m mbtftuc
mbtftu c
mfsjmcm sf`k dís efh` sh h`buh`trm f`shrtm ch`trk ch jm bkrrfh`th ch fchms quh sh chsmtò m
of`hs chj sfnjk QFQ rhsphbtk m jm sftumbfò` ch jks f`cänh`ms, sfh`ck Nk`zíjhz \rmcm u`k ch
sus dís erfjjm`ths f`fbfmckrhs
f`fb fmckrhs y prkpujskrhs. Hsth mutkr ouh mchdís prhburskr ch u` m`íjfsfs
bkrrhbtk ch tmj prkejhdítfbm mj sksth`hr quh jm buhstfò` chj f`cfk, dís quh phcmnònfbm, hs
hbk`òdfbm, hs skbfmj. Hj munh ch jm pkjätfbm f`cfnh`fstm tuvk junmr, hvfch`thdh`th, curm`th
hj shnu`ck nkefhr`k ch Jhnuäm (=6=6-=653).

H` jm bk`stftubfò` ch =65<, Mrts. 3= y 81, sh rhbk`kbh jm cfohrh`bfm m`trkpkjònfbm y jm

vmrfhcmc æt`fbkbujturmj chj pmäs. Hj f`cänh`m chim ch shr bk`sfchrmck u` bfucmcm`k dís,
fnumj h` chehrhs y chrhbaks m jks chdís, y hs skdhtfck m u` hstmtutk hsphbfmj, vkjvfæ`cksh,
vkjv fæ`cksh,
ch hstm dm`hrm, m u`m hsphbfh ch prkthbbfk`fsdk quh sh prmbtfbò curm`th hj vfrrhf`mtk.

 M pmrtfr ch =653, h` quh sh f`fbfò hj shnu`ck

shnu`ck phrfkck chj k`bh`k, jm mbtftuc chj nkefhr`k
orh`th mj prkejhdm f`cänh`m bmdefò. Rh chiò ch bk`bhptumrjk bkdk u`m buhstfò` pkjftfbk-
skbfmj, rhjhní`ckjk m jm bmthnkräm ch u`
u` prkejhdm tæb`fbk. Ouh ch`trk ch hsth bk`thxtk quh
Dmùrtum hjmekrò su prkyhbtk ch =6=?, quh æsth ouh cfsbutfck pkr jms bkdfsfk`hs quh sh
okrdmrk` y quh, pkr ùjtfdk, ouh mprkemck bkdk bòcfnk ph`mj.
ph`mj . Jms cfspksfbfk`hs quh hjmekrò
rhsphbtk m jks "f`cänh`ms shdfbfvfjfzmcks" y jks "smjvmihs", rhojhim` su prhkbupmbfò` skerh
jm dm`hrm h` quh cheäm` shr trmtmcms ph`mjdh`th jms phrsk`ms quh okrdmsh` pmrth ch
cfbaks nrupks.

BM\ÄSXJK _F
BMXRMR CH JM UHBH\BFÒ@
m)Hj ombtkr pkchr
Ouh Bmstfjjm, iustmdh`th, qufh` mj of`mjfzmr su shnu`ck nkefhr`k prkdujnò hj bòcfnk ph`mj
ch =1?5, bòcfnk quh bk`stftuyò, m phsmr ch sus chohbtks, u` mvm`bh h` rhjmbfò` bk` jm
jhnfsjmb fò` bmòtfbm y cfspmr ahrhcmcm ch jm bkjk`fm. D
jhnfsjmbfò` Dhcfm`
hcfm`th
th su prkdujnmbfò`, sh phrsfnufò,
hvfch`thdh`th, u` dhikr y dís hofbmz bk`trkj y rhprhsfò` ch jms fjfbftuchs.

H` hj bmsk phrum`k, jms rhjmbfk`hs ch chph`ch`bfm pkjätfbk hbk`òdfbm f`ojuyh`

cfrhbtmdh`th h` hj oh`òdh`k ch jm rhbhpbfò`. Hsth hs dís `ktkrfk h` rhjmbfò` bk` hj
chrhbak bfvfj k bkdhrbfmj quh bk` hj chrhbak ph`mj. Jm rhmjfcmc skbfmj bk`cfbfk`m, puhs, mj
jhnfsjmckr y jk hdpuim m hsbknhr dkchjks quh amym` sfck hjmekrmcks h` pmäshs buym
krnm`fzmbfò` skbfmj, pkjätfbm y bujturmj, hs shdhim`th m jm quh fdphrm h` su pmäs k, bkdk h`
hsth bmsk, quh hj nrupk ckdf`m`th fch`tfofbm bkdk dhtm. H` hj bmsk phrum`k, fnumjdh`th
hstí prhsh`th hj ombtkr pkjätfbk, ch dkck `ktkrfk, pmth`th h` hj ahbak quh Jhnuäm utfjfzmrm jm
erhvh hxpksfbfò` ch dktfvks chj prkyhbtk ch bòcfnk ph`mj h` jm bmdpmým hjhbtkrmj quh tuvk
junmr m`ths ch su mprkembfò`. Mj puejfbmr h` jks cfmrfks su prknrmdm ch nkefhr`k, f`shrtò
cfbam hxpksfbfò` ch dktfvks h` hj mbípfth bkrrhspk`cfh`th mj \kchr Iucfbfmj.
 

e) Hj "ombtkr bujturmj"
H` hj \hrù, hj mvm`bh ch jks hstucfks iuräcfbk-ph`mjhs, brfdf`kjònfbks y iurfspruch`bfmjhs `k
korhbäm mj jhnfsjmckr jks rhbursks pmrm f`th`tmr u`m rhokrdm sf` rhohrfrsh cfrhbtmdh`th m
dkchjks hxtrm`ihrks. Jm rhokrdm ph`mj phrum`m ouh kerm ch iurfstms y pkjätfbks, buym bujturm
 iuräcfbm hrm, ou`cmdh`tmjdh`t
ou`cmdh`tmjdh`th,h, hurkphm bk`tf`h`tmj.
bk`tf`h`tmj. Ch fnumj krfnh` hrm, h` hj bmsk ch jm
rhbhpbfò` ch =653. \uhch shr bfhrtk quh jm th`ch`bfm ambfm jk hspmýkj sh prhsh`tmem h` hj

\hrù
ch jksmu` bum`ck
iurfstms ameäm ktrks
phrum`ks, dkchjks hspmýkjhs
jks dkchjks ch dhikr ombturm. \hrk,
hrm` jks h` hj h`trh
dhikrhs hstrhbak
jks du`ck bujturmj
rhcmbtmcks h`
su fcfkdm. Hj ombtkr quh bk`cuik, sf` cucm mjnu`m, mj jhnfsjmckr phrum`k m shnufr,
ou`cmdh`tmjdh`th, hj dkchjk sufzk y `k ktrks quh phrth`hbäm` mj dfsdk sfsthdm iuräcfbk y
ch bk`th`fck fchkjònfbk shdhim`th, ouh jm bmjfcmc jhnfsjmtfvm ch jks prkyhbtks ahjvætfbks. H`
hsth msphbtk iuhnm u` pmphj duy fdpkrtm`th hj fcfkdm y jm bmjfcmc ch jks hsbrftks iuräcfbks.

b).Hj ombtkr phrsk`mj k okrtuftk 

Rh cheh bk`sfchrmr jm phrsk`mjfcmc
phrsk `mjfcmc chj mutkr chj prkyhb
prkyhbtk
tk chj bòcfnk ph`mj ch =6=?, m _äbtkr
D. Dmùrtum, qufh` hs rhmj mutkr chj bòcfnk phrum`k, ouh u` cfstf`nufck iurfstm y cfpjkdítfbk.
Ouh rhprhsh`tm`th chj \hrù h` Akjm`cm, Ermsfj y h` cfohrh`ths bk`nrhsks f`thr`mbfk`mjhs
rhmjfzmcks h` Hurkpm. Chsch =6=8 amstm =6=6, h`shýk Ofjkskoäm chj Chrhbak h` jm
X`fvhrsfcmc ch Rm` Dmrbk. Hstks cmtks rhohrh`ths m jm okrdmbfò` bujturmj ch Dmùrtum
rhvfsth` tkcm su fdpkrtm`bfm h` hj dkdh`tk quh sh trmtm ch bkdprh`chr pkr quæ hsbknfò
bfhrtms ouh`ths hxtrm`ihrms pmrm jm hjmekrmbfò` ch su prkyhbtk. Dmùrtum sh cfstf`nufò pkr su
jfehrmjfsdk, amefh`ck jjhnmck m shr bmjfofbmck pkr I.B. Dmrfíthnuf bkdk sfdpmtfzm`th chj
skbfmjfsdk.

BM\ÄSXJK _FF 
JM MRFDFJMBFÒ@ CHJ CHUHBAK UHBH\BFK@MCK
m) Mbtftuc ch jks iurfstms, jks dmnfstrmcks y hj jhnfsjmckr
Jks iufbfks ch jks iurfstms hxtrm`ihrks ouhrk` pksftfvks. Hj hspmýkj Ifdæ`hz ch Msùm chstmbò
su krfh`tmbfò` pkjätfbk-brfdf`mj y mofrdò quh pkcäm ofnurmr h`trh jks dís mvm`zmcks
ckbudh`tks jhnfsjmtfvks y quh sh trmtmem ch u`k ch jks dís fdpkrtm`ths mbtks ch jm
jhnfsjmbfò` ph`mj bk`thdpkrí`hm. Dmrfk Dm`orhcf`f suermyò jm fdprk`tm pksftfvfstm h` hj
bòcfnk phrum`k. H` jm Rkbfætæ Næ`hrmjh chs \rfsk`s ch \mrfs ouh bkdh`tmck
omvkrmejhdh`th bum`ck mù` hrm prkyhbtk y sh skstuvk quh ameäm sfck f`ojufck pkr jm
bk`bhpbfò` iuräcfbm orm`bhsm. Bjædh`t Bamrph`tfhr okrdujò hstm mofrdmbfò`, f`ojufck qufzís
pkrquh Dmùrtum dm`fohstò, m`th cfbam skbfhcmc, quh Orm`bfm hrm "`uhstrm dmhstrm h`
chrhbak" y quh "jm X`fvhrsfcmc ch Rm` Dmrbks hrm quh phrdm`hbäm dís sòjfcmdh`th
vf`bujmcm mj fchmj ch jm bfh`bfm orm`bhsm.

\kr hj bk`trmrfk, jm mbknfcm erf`cmcm mj `uhvk bòcfnk h` hj \hrù ouh emstm`th brätfbm. Rus
cfspksfbfk`hs ouhrk` bmjfofbmcms ch utòpfbms y ch tktmjdh`th f`mchbumcms m jm rhmjfcmc chj
pmäs. H`trh sus dís mbhreks brätfbks ofnurmrk` cfvhrsks dmnfstrmcks, buyk bk`shrvmcurfsdk
jks bk`cuik m mtmbmr bmsf tkcms jms f``kvmbfk`hs f`bkrpkrmcms. Rh jjhnò m sksth`hr quh
"tkck hj tätujk skerh jm chjf`buh`bfm ch jks dh`krhs ch cfhbfkbak mýks hstí ou`cmck h` u`m
ckbtrf`m hxmnhrmcm y phjfnrksm" y quh su mpjfbmbfò` "h`trh `ksktrks, shräm ch ou`hstms
bk`shbuh`bfms", mnrhní`cksh quh rhojhxfk`hs shdhim`ths bmeh ambhr rhsphbtk m jks tätujks
 

quh trmtm` ch jm bk`ch`m bk`cfbfk`mj, ch jm jfehrmbfò` bk`cfbfk`mj, ch jms ph`ms, ch jm

rhamefjftmbfò` y ch jms bmusms quh hjfdf`m` k mth`ùm` jm rhprhsfò`.

Bmeh rhsmjtmr quh, hj chsbufck h` quh f`burrfò hj jhnfsjmckr mj `k bk`bkrcmr hj `uhvk bòcfnk
bk` hj krch`mdfh`tk prkbhsmj,
prkbhsmj, cfk pfh pmrm quh sh okrdujmrm` cfvhrs
cfvhrsms
ms brätfbms m su kerm.

Ktrk thdm h` quh, sh buhstfk`ò hj bòcfnk ph`mj ouh jm f`bjusfò` ch tærdf`ks hxtrm`ihrks quh
h` \hrù th`cäm` cfohrh`th sfn`fofbm`bfm, ahbak quh bmusmem cfofbujtmc h` su mpjfbmbfò`. Jm
chohbtuksm chof`fbfò` chj ckjk, shnù` jm hxprhsm `uhstrk jhnfsjmckr, sh mshdhim dubak m jm
chj m`thprkyhbtk sufzk ch =6<1, dhikrmcm juhnk h` jks prkyhbtks sfnufh`ths. Hstk sfn`fofbm
quh hj jhnfsjmckr `k bkdprh`cfò bmemjdh`th jm oòrdujm ahjvætfbm, jk quh jh fdpfcfò, bkdk ym
ahdks dm`fohstmck, trmcubfrjm bk` hxmbtftuc.

e).Mpjfbmbfò` chj chrhbak rhbhpbfk`mck

Jm rhbhpbfò` ch jhyhs okrí`hms hs ombfjftmcm pkr jm mdpjfm bkf`bfch`bfm rhjmtfvm quh hxfsth
h`trh jks brfthrfks fdphrm`ths h` jks krch`mdfh`tks iuräcfbks `mbfk`mjhs, phrth`hbfh`ths mj
sfsthdm skbfkpkjätfbk h` quh hstí f`shrtk `uhstrk pmäs. Msädfsdk, ombfjftm jm rhbhpbfò` ch
jhyhs okrí`hms jm akdknh`hfcmc ch brfthrfks hxfsth`ths h` hj bmdpk ckbtrf`mj.

\kr ktrk jmck, jm cfofbujtmc pmrm rhbhpbfk`mr u`m cfspksfbfò` k u`m jhy okrí`hm rmcfbm, h` jms
cfohrh`bfms hxfsth`ths h`trh jm rhmjfcmc ch ck`ch prkbhch jm `krdm y mquæjjm ck`ch sh trmtm
ch rhbhpbfk`mrjm. Msä, pkr
pk r hihdpjk, hj sfsthdm ch sm`bfk`hs (ph`ms y dhcfcms ch shnurfcmc)
mckptmck pkr hj jhnfsjmckr phrum`k, hxfnäm pmrm su ou`bfk`mdfh`tk jm bk`strubbfò` ch u`m
mdpjfm y cfvhrsfofbmcm rhc ch hstmejhbfdfh`tks mchbumcks. Rf` hdemrnk, hstm hdprhsm
hstmem ouhrm chj mjbm`bh ch jm bmpmbfcmc hbk`òdfbm chj Hstmck. Ch mjjä quh amstm makrm
jms dhcfcms ch shnurfcmc `k sh amym` puhstk h` príbtfbm y quh jms ph`ms prfvmtfvms ch
jfehrtmc sh hihbuth` h` pæsfdms bk`cfbfk`hs.
bk`cfbfk`hs . M`th hstk Dmùrtum rhspk`cfò m jms brätfbms quh
sh jh ambäm`, cfbfh`ck quh "hj `uhvk bòcfnk `k prkcubfrí f`dhcfmtmdh`th tkcks sus hohbtks
eh`æofbks pkrquh jks hstmejhbfdfh`tks ph`mjhs `k bkrrhspk`ch` m su keihtk. M`th hjjk
pkchdks chbfr quh `k ph`sò h` jm mpjfbmefjfcmc ch jh jhy, ch mbuhrck m jm rhmjfcmc.

Ch ktrk jmck, jm jhy ch bkdu`fbmbfk`hs, hrm dís ch mpjfbmbfò` Rufzk quh ch phrum`k. H`
rhjmbfò` m jm bk`ch`m bk`cfbfk`mj, su mpjfbmbfò` `k sòjk hs chs`mturmjfzmcm pkr hj `k
ou`bfk`mdfh`tk ch pmtrk`mtk, f`stftubfò` chstf`mcm m vfnfjmr y myucmr, h`trh ktrks, m jks
jfehrmcks y bk`ch`mcks bk`cfbfk`mjdh`th. Smdefæ` sh cheh cfbam chs`mturmjfzmbfò` m quh
sh bkdprh`ch jm bk`ch`m bk`cfbfk`mj, hrrò`hmdh`th, bkdk u` sfdpjh eh`hofbfk y `k bkdk
u`m dhcfcm ch rhhcubmbfò` h` jfehrtmc.

 Mj rhcmbtmrsh
rhcmbtmrsh hj mrt. =85 chj bò
bòcfnk
cfnk ph`mj (mshsf`mtk),
(mshsf`mtk), hj jhnfsjmckr
jhnfsjmckr sh rrhofrfò
hofrfò m jm ph
phrofcfm.
rofcfm. Ch
hsth dkck, `k ambäm sf`k trmcubfr jfthrmjdh`th jm oòrdujm sufzm rhcmbtmcm h` orm`bæs, fcfkdm
h` quh `k hxfsth u` tærdf`k pmrhbfck mj ch "mjhvksäm". Rf hj bkcfofbmckr ouh k `k bk`sbfh`th
ch hstm cfofbujtmc ch trmcubbfò` y sf prhofrfò mjucfr m jm phrofcfm h` junmr ch jm mjhvksäm, `k
puhch chdkstrmrsh ohambfh`thdh`th pkrquh `k hxfsth` mbtms ch jms cfsbusfk`hs ch jm
bkdfsfò` bkcfofbmckrm y pkrquh `k sh chemtfò hj prkyhbtk h` hj \mrjmdh`tk h` hj dkdh`tk
ch su mprkembfò`.

Ktrk bmsk hs rhsphbtk m jm f`thrprhtmbfò` ch jks mrts. =86 y =?<, rhohrh`ths mj mekrtk
bk`sh`tfck. H` hstms `krdms ch msbh`ch`bfm ahjvætfbm, `uhstrk jhnfsjmckr kptò pkr hj
sfsthdm ch bk`smnrmr sh`cms cfspksfbfk`hs pmrm rhprfdfr, shpmrmcmdh`th, m jm duihr quh
sh bmusm hj mekrtk pkr sä skjm k bk` myucm ch thrbhrk y mj quh, bk` bk`sh`tfdfh`tk ch jm
 

duihr, jh prkvkbmrh hj mekrtk k jh prhstmrh msfsth`bfm bk` tmj keihtk. Rh trmtm h`tk`bhs ch
cks bmrms ch u`m dfsdm dhcmjjm, pkr jk quh `k sh trmtm ch smehr sf hj jhnfsjmckr prhth`cfò
k `k bkdprh`chr u`m okrdm ch bkdpjfbfcmc. Ch mjjä quh sksth`hdks quh, shnù` hsth
sfsthdm ch prkbhch`bfm sufzm,
suf zm, jks mrts. =86 y =?<, rhsphbtk m jks bmsks ch mekrtk bk`sh`tfck
h` quh bkjmekrm u` thrbhrk, sk` cks cfspksfbfk`hs mpjfbmejhs mj dfsdk ahbak, shnù` jks
mnh`ths chj chjftk.

Uhsphbtk m jks chjftks

sufzms, hj tærdf`k bk`trm
ch phjfnrk jm shnurfcmc
bkdù` pùejfbm,pk`hr
h` Rufzm fdpjfbm buymsh`rhnjms
rfhsnk sk` trmcubfcms
jm vfcm ch jms
mu`quh shm ch
u`m skjm phrsk`m. @k kestm`th h` \hrù, hj tærdf`k fdpjfbm pk`hr h` phjfnrk jm vfcm k jm smjuc
ch u` nrm` `ùdhrk ch phrsk`ms, ahbak quh vmräm h` su mpjfbmbfò` ch jms jhyhs quh jk
sm`bfk`m`.