GCWCUDFLHIFÙL GC WFCD]@ GC DCZIBHG@ ’ BFXSFG@Y DFYIFEBCY 

  8
Gfhlh Eubh 8Dhräh Dhrtälcz 8Dhrky Gähz 8Ja`lhthl B`pcz
8
Cstugfhltcs gc Flkclfcräh gc Hbfdclt`s, Slfvcrsfghg gc Iùrg`eh, Ecrhstckuf,
I`b`defh.
@UFCLWHG@U : @sihr Jhvfcr Dclg`zh ]hbclifh, F.H., D.YI.

UCYSDCL
Bh gctcrdflhifùl gc tfcdp` gc dczibhg` ’ bäqufg`s dfsifebcs cs gc vfthb fdp`rthlifh cl bh
flgust
flg ustrfh
rfh hbf
hbfdcl
dclthr
thrfh
fh puc
pucst`
st` quc cst
cstcc tfp`
tfp` gc hlèhlèbfs
bfsfs
fs s`l cdp
cdpbch
bchg`s
g`s phr
phrhh dcg
dcgfrfr bh
cncitf
cnc itfvfg
vfghg
hg y cnf
cnfifc
ifclif
lifh
h gc hbk
hbkul`
ul`ss pr`
pr`ics
ics`s.
`s. Csth prèprèitf
itfih
ih sc rchb
rchbfzù
fzù i`l cb nfl gc
gctcrdflhr cb tfcdp` gc dczibhg` phrh g`s bäqufg`s dfsifebcs, h gfncrcltcs rcv`buif`lcs
p`r dflut`, hgcdès gc gctcrdflhr
gctcrdflhr y rckfs
rckfstrhr
trhr b`s tfcdp`s gc hkfthifùl.
hkfthifùl. Cl bh prèitfih sc
utfbfzù ulh dczibh i`dpucsth p`r ulh s`buifùl gc Lh@A + AIB y i`d` flgfihg`r ul
èifg` ncl`bnthbcälh, bh dczibh sc afz` i`l 9 vcb`ifghgcs gc r`thifùl phrh ihgh ul` gc b`s
hkfthg`rcs cspciänfihdcltc, phrh b`s iuhbcs sc rckfstrhr`l tfcdp`s gc dczibhg` phrh
ihgh vcb`ifghg.

]hbherhs Ibhvcs: Wfcdp` gc dczibhg`, rcv`buif`lcs p`r dflut`, bäqufg`s dfsifebcs

8. FLWU
FLWU@G
@GSI
SIIF
IFÙL
ÙL d`dclt
d`dc lt`,
`, l` cx cxfs
fstc
tcl
l i`rr i`rrcb
cbhi
hif`
f`lc
lcss
kc
kclc
lcrhrhbc
bcss qu quc c pc pcrdrdftfthl
hl gc gctc
tcrd
rdfl
flhr 
hr 
Cb dc
dczi zibh
bhg`
g` y/`
y/` hk
hkftfthi
hifù
fùl
l gc bäbäqu
qufg
fg`s
`s vh
vhrf
rfhe
hebc
bcss út útfbfbcs
cs i`i`d`d` bh vc vcb`b`if
ifgh
ghgg gc
dfsi
dfsifefebc
bcss ` gc sùbf
sùbfg`
g`ss cl bäbäqu
qufg
fg`s
`s sc dcz
cziibh
bh,, bh n` n`rd
rdh h gcgcbb dczidczibh bhg`
g`r,
r, bh
cnci
cncitú
túhh i`l
i`l cb `ejc
`ejct`t` gc b`kr
b`krhr
hr ululhh p`tclifh gcb d`t`r, bh n`rdh gcb r`gctc
gfstrfeuifùl ulfn`rdc gc b`s i`dp`lcltcs gc dczibh, y cb krhg` gc a`d`kclcfghg
cltrc sä p`r dcgf` gcb nbuj`. Gfia` nbuj` cs quc i`l æst`s sc pucgh b`krhr. Ycräh
pr`g
r`guifg` p`r dcgf`s dcièlfi`s duy gf gfnnäi
äiffb cl cli`i`lt
ltrh
rhrr gc gclt
ltr`
r` gc b` b`ss
kclc
kclcrh rhbd
bdclcltc
tc iuhlg
uhlg` ` sc dc dczizibh
bhl
l pr`ics`s
pr`ic s`s flgustrfhb
flgustrfhbcs cs ul pr`ic
pr`ics` s` quc l`
bäqufg`s dfsifebcs ` sùbfg`s cl bäqufg`s flv`buirc gc hbkulh dhlcrh u `trh ul
sc pucgc b`krhr ul dczibhg` ältfd`, pcr` pr
pr`i
`icscs`` gc dc dczi zibh
bhg`
g`,, yh sch ph phrh
rh
i`l bäqufg`s fldfsifebcs y dhtcrfhbcs duy pr`d
pr`d`v `vcrcr bh a`d` a`d`kc kclclcfzfzhi
hifù
fùll gc bh bhss
vfsi`s`s ` phst`s`s cb krhg` gc nh
nhsc
scs,s, dcdcj` j`rhrhrr cb i` i`ltlthi
hit`
t` cl cltr
trc
c b`b`ss
dczibhg` b`krhg` cs dcl`r. Cb pr`ics` rchitfv`s cl rchit`rcs hkfthg`s,
gc hkfthifùl cs ul` gc b`s dès gfsp
gfspcrcrsh
shrr hf hfrcrc cl ihbg ihbg`s `s gc iubt iubtfv
fv`,
`,
fdp`
fdp`rtrthl
hltc
tcss gc
gclt
ltr`
r` gc bh flgu flguststrf
rfh,
h, hkfbfz
hkf bfzhr
hr bh rhpfgc
rhpfgczz gc trh trhlsn
lsncrcl
crclifhifh gc
p`rquc cb æxft` gc duiahs `pcrhif`lcs ih
ihb`
b`rr cl cb ihs` ihs` gc rc rcif
ifpf
pfcl
cltc
tcss i`l
i`l
flgustrfhbcs gcpclgc gc ulh hkfthifùl y ihbclthdfclt` cxtcrl`, rchbfzhr 
dczibh cnfihics. Ghg` quc ul pr`ics` `pcrhi
`pc rhif`l
f`lcscs gc bfxfvf bfxfvfhif
hifùlùl gc sùbfg`
sùbfg`ss y
gc dczibhg` pucgc i`lbbcvhr h ihdef`s ulh bhrkh bfsth dès gc ihs`s cl g`lgc bh
näsfi`s y/` quädfi`s, bh i`dpbcjfghg gc utfbfzhifùl gc thlqucs hkfthg`s cs phrtc
b`s nclùdcl`s gc trhlsp`rtc nul
ulgh
ghdcdclt lthb
hb y iclt icltrh rhbb gcgcbb pr pr`i
`ics
cs``
flv`bu
flv `buirh
irhg`s
g`s sc t`r
t`rlh
lh duy gfn gfnäif
äifbcs
bcs gc
hlhb
hlhbfz
fzhr
hr y ihrh
ihrhit
itcr
crfz
fzhr
hr.. Hs
Hsä,
ä, ahahst
sth
h cb pr`guitfv`.
cb æxft` Flibus`,
gc dupugfcrh
iahs `gcifrsc
pcrhif`quc
lcs
 

flgustrfhbcs gcpclgc gc bh cnfihz

hkfthi
hkfthifùl
fùl y dcz
dczibh
ibh gc nbufg`
nbufg`ss (DiIhec,
ct hb., 5==;).
Cb lúdcr` gc Nr`ugc cs fdp`rthltc cl
Gfncrcltc
Gfncrc ltcss hpb
hpbfih
fihif`
if`lcs
lcs rcq
rcqucrf
ucrfrèl
rèl gc
sftuhif`lcs g`lgc cxfstc bh n`rdhifùl gc
gfncrcltcs dhlcrhs gc hkfthr b`s nbufg`s
vù
vùrt
rtfi
fic
c cl bh su
supc
pcrn
rnfi
fifc
fc gc
gcbb bäqu
bäqufg
fg`
` y
gclt
gcltr` r` gc b` b`ss ththlq
lquc
ucs.
s. Cb æxft
æxft`
` gc bh
pu
pucg
cgc c sc
scrr gcsp
gcsprci
rcifh
fhg`
g` kc
kclclcrh
rhbd
bdcl
cltc
tc
`pcr
`pcrhi hifùfùl
l gc dcz cziibhg`
bhg` gcpc
gcpclg lgcr crèè
krhlgcdcltc
krhlgc dcltc gc ul gfscø` hpr`pfhg` gc iuhlg` cb lúdcr` gc Ucyl`bgs cs dcl`r 
h hpr`xfdhghdcltc 9==. ]hrh lúdcr`s
b`s cbcdclt`s fltcrl`s y, prflifphbdcltc,
gc Ucyl`bgs dès hbt`s, b`s cncit`s gcb
gcb
gcb tfp` tfp` gc fd fdpu pubbs`r
s`r quc
quc sc ut utffbfi
bfic.
lúdcr` gc Nr`ugc s`l cbfdflhg`s i`l cb
 Hituhbdcltc sc i`dcrifhbfzhl vhrf`s
us` gc gcnbcit`rcs ` gc hkfthifùl
tftfp`
p`ss gc fdpu fdpubs bs`r
`rcs
cs gfsc
gfscøh
øhg`
g`ss phrh phrh
cxiæltrfih (Ahrley, ct hb., 8665)
gfnc
gfncrc rclt
ltcs
cs hphpbfbfih
ihif
if`lc
`lcss cspc
cspciä
iänfnfih
ihss `
kclærfihs p`r phrtc gc vhrfhs i`dphøähs Lúdcr`
Lúdc r` gc ]` ]`tc
tcli
lifhfh::  Bh pr prcs
csfù fùl
l
quc tfclcl bhs phtcltcs gc cxpb`thifùl gc ihrhitcrästfih cl ul sfstcdh gc hkfthifùl
sus gfscø`s cs bh i`licltrhifùl gc clcrkäh iflætfih
qu
quc
c pr
pr`p
`p`ri
`rif`
f`lh
lh cb fd
fdpu
pubsbs`r
`r,, gc
gcnfnflf
lfgh
gh
i`d`:

Bh rcrcbh
bhif
ifùl
ùl cl
cltr
trc
c bh ih
ihäg
ägh
h gc pr prcs
csfù
fùl
l
hbrc
hbrcgc
gcg`
g`rr gc ul hs hsph
ph ` ph phbc
bcth
th y bh
prcsfùl ihrhitcrästfih, gcnflc cb Lúdcr`
gc ]`tclifh, fdp`rthltc cl bh
ih
ihrh
rhit
itcr
crfz
fzhi
hifù
fùl
l gc bh hk hkftfthi
hifù
fùll y bh
Cs fdp`
fdp`rt
rthl
hltc
tc i`l`
i`l`ic
icrr ul
ulh
h scrf
scrfc
c gc gctcrdflhifùl gc b`s rcqucrfdfclt`s gc
i`licpt`s iuhlg` sc gcsch gctcrdflhr  p`tclifh, cb iuhb rcprcsclth bh rcbhifùl
cb tfcdp` gc dczibhg`, sckúl (Gfiocy y cltrc bh nucrz
nucrzh
h sudf
sudflfstr
lfstrhgh
hgh hb sfst
sfstcdh
cdh y
Nclfi, 86;>) bh nucrzh gc flcrifh.
Lúdcr` gc Ucyl`bgs gc dczibhg`:   Cs
bh rcbh
rcbhif
ifùl
ùl cl
cltr
trc
c bh nu
nucr
crzh
zh gc flcr
flcrif
ifh
h

I`lsud` gc ]`tcl
I`lsud` ifh:  Bhs vhrfhebc
]`tclifh: vhrfhebcss
qu
qucc pu
pucg
cgcl
cl scr i`i`lt
ltr`
r`bh
bhgh
ghss y ququcc
ihrhitcrä
ihrhitcräst
stfih
fih gc dcz
dczibh
ibhg`
g` y bh nuc
nucrzh
rzh flnbuycl
flnbuycl cl bh ]`tclifh i`lsudf
i`lsudfghgh p`r cb
vfsi`sh, gcnflfg` i`d`: hkfthg`r s`l:
   Gfdclsf`lcs prflifphbcs gcb thlquc y
gc
gcbb r`
r`gc
gctc
tc:: Gf
Gfèd
èdct
ctr`
r` gc
gcbb th
thlq
lquc
uc (G(Gt)
t),,
Gfèd
Gfèdct ctr`
r` gc
gcbb r`r`gc
gctc
tc (G
(Gh)
h),, hb
hbtu
turh
rh gc
gcbb
Lúdcr` gc Nr`ugc: Cs bh rcbhifùl cltrc bäqufg` (A), hlia` gc bh pbhih gcnbcit`rh
bh nucrzh gc flcrifh gc dczibhg` y bh (J), gfsthlifh gcb n`lg` gcb thlquc ahsth
nucrzh gc krhvcghg, gcnflfg` i`d`: cb r`r`gc
gctc
tc (C(C),
), y gfgfdc
dcls
lsf`
f`lc
lcss gc bhbhss
phbcths.
 

 ^fsi`sfghg () y gclsfghg () gcb nbufg`. scbciif`l` cb hkfthg`r gc hsphs pbhlhs
i`l ulh flibflhif`l gc 73½ buck` sc uefiù
 ^cb`ifghg gc kfr` gcb hkfthg`r (L). cb r`gctc gc thb n`rdh quc bh gfsthlifh
Cs fdp`rthltc tclcr cl iuclth cb cltrc cb cstc y cb n`lg` gcb echocr nucrh
i`licpt` gc dfsifefbfghg quc l` cs dhs gc 7 id (G (Gh
h 4C),
4C), p`
p`st
stcr
crf`
f`rd
rdcl
cltc
tc sc
quc bh pr`pfcghg quc tfclcl b`s bäqufg`s 8=dB gc Lh`A + AIB y 5 k`ths gcb
gc dcz dczibh
ibhrsc
rsc cl fku fkuhbc
hbcss pr`
pr`p`r
p`rif`
if`lcs
lcs,, èifg` utfbfzhg` i`d` flgfihg`r , clt`lics
i`d` rcsubthg` gc b` iuhb sc n`rdh ulh sc gf` flfif
flfif`
` hb pr`ic
pr`ics`
s` gc hkfthif
hkfthifùl
ùl h
s`bu
s`buif ifùl
ùl a`d`
a`d`kæ kælc
lch.h. Cb dc dczizibh
bhg`
g` gc gfstflths
gfstflths vcb
vcb`if
`ifghg
ghgcs
cs gc r`t
r`thif
hifùl
ùl (1=
(1=,,
bäbäqu
qufg
fg`s
`s dfdfsi
sife
febc
bcss sc cn cnci
citú
túhh i`l
i`l cb 8>
8>=,
=, 5>=)
5>=) i`
i`ll cb dfs
dfsd`
d` hkft
hkfthg
hg`r
`r sc
`ejct` gc b`krhr ulh gfstrfeuifùl ulfn`rdc rckfstrhr`l b`s tfcdp`s gc dczibhg` phrh
gc b`s i`dp`lcltcs cltrc sf p`r dcgf` ihgh vcb`ifghg.
gcb
gcb nbuj
nbuj`.
`. Gf
Gfia
ia`` nbnbuj
uj`
` cs pr`g
pr`guiuifg
fg`` p`
p`r 
r 
dcgf
dc gf`s
`s dc
dciièlfi
èlfi`s`s,, kclc
kclcrhrhbd
bdclcltc
tc
iuhlg` sc dczibhl bäqufg`s dfsifebcs sc
pucgc
puc gc b`k
b`krhr
rhr ul dcz dczibh
ibhg`
g` fltfd`
fltfd` pcr
pcr``
i`l bäqufg`s fldfsifebcs y dhtcrfhbcs duy
vfsi`s`s ` phst`s`s cb krhg` gc
dczibhg` b`krhg` cs dcl`r. Bh cnfifclifh
gcb pr`ics` gcb dczibhg` gcpclgc gc
ulh cncitfvh utfbfzhifùl gc bh clcrkäh quc
sc cd cdpbpbch
ch phrh
phrh kclckclcrhrhrr cb nbnbuj
uj`
` gc
i`dp`lcltcs
i`dp`l cltcs.. ]hrh b`krh
b`krhrr pr`p`
pr`p`rif`l
rif`lhr 
hr 
ul sudflfstr` gc clcrkäh hgciuhg` ahy
quc i`lsfgcrhr bhs pr`pfcghgcs näsfihs gc Nfk.5. D`lthjc gcb cqufp` gc hkfthifùl
b`s i`dp`lcltcs i`dp`lcltcs, cb gfscø`
gcb hkfthg`r quc trhlsdftc bh clcrkäh y bh
i`lnfkurhifùl gcb thlquc gc dczibhg`.
9. UCYSBWHG@Y V GFYISYFÙL

5. DH
DHWC
WCUF
UFHB
HBCY
CY V DC
DCW@
W@G@
G@Y
Y
-Wfcdp` gc dczibh (Hkfthifùl)
( Hkfthifùl)

- Dhtcrfhbcs: Y `buifùl: Èifg` Lh@A AIb

• Echocr gc 8=== db •Cquf
•Cqufp`
p` Flgfihg`r4
gc hkfthifùl •U`gctc gc Gt4 89id Gt4A
tureflh gc 7 phbhs •Lh@A +
AIB •ncl`bnthbcälh
 Gh 8 8
- Dct`g` 4  Gh
⇕ 4  Gt ⇕ Gh 4 7,9 id
 Gt  9 9
]hrh bh rchb
]hrh rchbfz
fzhi
hif`
f`l
l gc bh pr prhihitftfih
ih gc
bhe`rht`rf` sc uefi` cb echocr bh ehsc gcb
cquf
cqufp`
p`,, cb iuhb
iuhb i`lt
i`ltcl
cläh
äh hkuh
hkuh h ulh ulh  C
8 ⇕ Gh  C ⇕ C
4 4 4 7,9 id
hbturh gc 89id (A4GW4 =.89D) ,  Gh
(eusih
(eu sihlg`
lg` quc cb gfè gfèdct
dctr`
r` gcb ech echocr 
ocr 
nucr
nucrhh fk
fkuh
uhbb h bh hbtu
hbturh
rh gc
gcbb bäbäqu
qufg
fg`)`),, sc
 

 U`gct
`gctcc gc hshsph
phss pbhl
pbhlhs
hs i`l
i`l
flibflhifùl gc 73½
WHEBH 8: Wfcdp` `etclfg` phrh ihgh
WHE
vcb`ifghg pr`krhdh cl cb cqufp`
 Aæbfic
^cb`ifghg gc
r`thifùl L ^cb`ifghg gc
r`thifùl L gcWfcdp`
dczibh
(rpd) (r/s)  t (s)
WHEBH 5:  Wfcdp` `etclfg` phrh ihgh
1= 8,99 8>,8; vcb`ifghg pr`krhdh cl cb cqufp`
8>= 5,>> 8=,>3
 5>= 7,99 3 ^cb`ifghg gc ^cb`ifghg gc Wfcdp`
r`thifùl L r`thifùl L gc dczibh
(rpd) (r/s)  t (s)
KUÈNFIH 8: ^cb`ifghg ^s Wfcdp` cl ul 1= 8,99 83
r`gctc gc hsphs pbhlhs i`l flibflhifùl 8>= 5,>> 6,8;
gc 73½  58= 9,3 ;,8
U@GCWC I@L FLIBF
FLIBFLHIFÙ
LHIFÙL
L GC 73½

    ) 9==
   d 53=
   p
   r 5==
    (
   G
   H 83=
   G
   F 8==
   I
   @
   B 3=
KUÈNFIH 5: ^cb`ifghg ^s Wfcdp` cl ul
   C
   ^ =
r`gctc tfp` Aæbfic dhrflh
7 > 1 8= 85 87 8> 81

WFCD]@ (Y) 53 = ACBFIC

    ) 5= =
   d
   p
   r
    (
83 =
   G
-Ièbiub` gcb lúdcr` gc Ucyl`bgs phrh ihgh    H
   G
   F 8= =
vcb`ifghg    I
   @
   B 3=
5    ^
   C
 Gh  Lψ =
 LUc 4
> ; 1 6 8= 88 85 89 87 83 8>
 β
WFCD]@ (Y)

-Ha`rh sc ihbiubh cb Lt phrh ihgh vcb`ifghg y Cl bh thebh 8 y cl bh thebh 5  sc pucgc

cdp` `e
`esscr
crvh
vhrr b`s rc
rcssub
ubth
thg
g`s gc tf tfcd
cdp`
p`
hrr`jhg`s cl cb clshy` rchbfzhg` h bhs
Lt 4 L * t gfncrcltcs vcb`ifghgcs gc hkfthifùl. Gc
-Yc ihbiubh Nt (Nhit`r gc cdp`) phrh ihgh
cst`s rcsubthg`s sc pucgc gcifr quc h
vcb`ifghg y cdp`
dcgf
dc gfgh
gh ququc
c sc hudc
hudcltltù
ù bh vcvcb`
b`if
ifgh
ghg,
g,
gfsdfluy` cb tfcdp` gc dczibh, b` iuhb
n t 4 t t ° ° crh gc cspcrh
cspcrhrsc,
rsc, pucs hb flirc
flircdclthr
dclthr bh
n t 843,76
 

vcb`ifghg, bh dczibh sc a`d`kclfzh gc UHLK@ FF HBWSUH (id)

n`rdh duia` dès rèpfgh. 5== -
3== 9,9
-Yùbfg`s cl suspclsfùl  >3= 9,9
1== 3,5
GHW@Y GCB CQ]CUFDCLW@: 8=3= ;
- Y`buifùl: A5@ 89== 6,1
- Gp 4 =,=88d 8>3= 85
- r 4 =,==33d
- ^`budcl gc bh phrtäiubh 4
>,6>*8=-;d9
- Gclsfghg
Gcls fghg g
gcb
cb hku
hkuh k/d9
h 4 8=== ook/d
- Gclsfghg gc bh phrtäiubh 4 817>,9
ok/d9
- Gclsfghg rcbhtfvh 4 8,17
- Dhsh gc bh phrtäiubh 4 =,==8513
ok
 

 U`gct
`gctcc gc hshsph
phss pbhl
pbhlhs
hs i`l
i`l
flibflhifùl gc 73½
WHEBH 9
Uhlk` F Uhlk` FF
(7==rpd) (5===rpd)
Hbturh 9,> ;
(id)

@es: N`rdhifùl gc vùrtfic cl cb Uhlk` FF

(5===rpd)

 Aæbfic
WHEBH 7
Uhlk` F 1= 8>= 5>= 7==
Hbturh(id) - - - 9,9

WHEBH 3