Lrmfctamtura
cs l Mdkpatctcde

 
A`ctdrclg

t cs ky nralt pgalsura td ha fdg`cen tfcs yalr–s cssua dj tfa Lrmfc-

tamtura Mdkpatctcdes Salrhddi. Pfa puhgcmltcde, wfcmf uetcg ra-

C
maetgy wls stcgg trycen td `aea ctsagj le` wls gddicen jdr l spdt ce
tfa lrmfctamturlg wdrg`, cs oust hanceecen td tlia de l ranuglr jdrk le`
klri cts pglma lkden dtfar ce`ustry puhgcmltcdes. Xal`cen tfa cemdk-
cen jaa`hlmi de tfa LMS8282 cssua le` tfa pdsctcva mdkkaets de tfa
eawgy l``a` samtcde ‖Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde4– hrdunft l nralt
`alg dj sltcsjlmtcde. Pfcs plrtcmuglr samtcde saaka` td flva lttrlmta`
kdst dj tfa jdmus le` C fdpa tflt ct wcgg hamdka l mdra plrt dj dur pa-
rcd`cmlg ls l nralt sdurma dj iedwga`na le` tfa dppdrtuecty td nat td
iedw tfa lutfdrs– wdri jrdk tfa hlmistlna.

Jdggdwcen tfcs pctmf, ce tfcs cssua wa flva `amc`a` td lsi tfa slka
quastcde td lrmfctamts wctf kley yalrs dj axparcaema, wdricen dr rue-
ecen mflrcskltcm, rlpc`gy `avagdpcen stu`cds, wceecen ramdnectcde le`
lwlr`s ce cetareltcdelg lrmfctamturlg mdkpatctcdes. C jdue` ct cetar-
astcen td gddi hafce` tfa smaeas dj tfacr wdri, ce salrmf dj mguas le`
sunnastcdes ce tfa stdrcas `asmrcha`, wfcmf wcgg edt degy rasdelta wctf
us, hut lgsd lggdw us td `avagdp dur `ascne sicggs. ^a tfdunft ct wdug`
ha cetarastcen td mdejrdet tfa lml`akcm wdrg` le` tfa prdjasscdelg
wdrg`. Pfcs cs tfa mlsa dj tfa <2 wceecen lrtcmgas tflt lra tfa hlsa dj
tfcs a`ctcde ” dur nuasts wara lsia` td sfa` sdka gcnft le` nuc`a us
tfrdunf tfacr drcncelg `ascne prdmass, wfcmf tfay lra mdestletgy ck-
prdvcen. Ct cs le ae`gass prdmass hut ct fls lgral`y hrdunft tfak kals-
urlhga rasugts. Ce tfasa taxts ydu wcgg e` l gdt dj tcps, l`vcma le` sun -
nastcdes, wfcmf C trust wcgg fagp ydu tlia ydur `ascnes td tfa eaxt gavag.

Ls usulg, wctf tfcs a`ctcde wa mgdsa tfa yalr 828< le` wa gddi jdrwlr`
td tfa eaxt <8 kdetfs wctf fdpa. Pfa wdrg` ce wfcmf wa wcgg mdka
td gcva cs jdrkcen le` rasflpcen ctsagj rcnft ce jrdet dj dur ayas. Ct wcgg
martlcegy ha `caraet hut wcgg ct ha hattar4 Dea wdug` gcia td fdpa td
sly yas... hut sdkafdw tfcs leswar `das edt mdka alscgy. Hut wflt wa
mle rakakhar cs tflt wa flva ceuaema de dur tfdunfts, `amcscdes
le` lmtcdes. Gat tfa lrmfctamtura le` tfa `ascnes tflt wcgg jdggdw tfak
ha le axprasscde dj tfcs hattar wdrg` ” edt ckpdsa` jrdk lhdva, hut
`ascnea` jrdk hagdw, hlsa` de dur axparcaemas, `ascras le` `ralks.

Klrmce Fuslrz
Lrmfctamt & Jdue`ar dj Mdkpatctcdes.lrmfc
 

Mdetaets

26 ‐ 8< Lrmfctamtura le` tamfedgdny <00 ‐ <:= Xausa ” Pfa Xdkle Xuce ” Ctlgy Rcsmcel Kcrlhcgcs
<st prcza ” Pfa Pamtdecm ]dug dj tfa Xuce | <01
88 ‐ =< Mdemaptulg Odureay ” jrdk c`al td axamutcde 8e` prcza ” Pfa @ddr Mgdsa` Jdravar | <06
=r` prcza ” Mfcsal @crutl ” Xcsvangcl | <18
=8 ‐ =3 Pfa kalecen dj `ascne cetaetcde
]pamclg Kaetcdes, Fdedrlhga Kaetcdes | <1:
02 ‐ := Hluflus Mlkpus 828< Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde4 | <16

<st prcza ” Hluflus Mlkpus 828< | 0<

8e` prcza ” Hluflus Mlkpus 828< | 06 <:0 ‐ <6= ]tlrt Jdr Plgaets Mdkpatctcde ” #D]GDMLGG
=r` prcza ” Hluflus Mlkpus 828< | 18 <st prcza ” Mugturlg Maetra jdr Edrwancle ^ltarjrdet | <:1
Fdedrlhga Kaetcdes | 1: 8e` prcza ” Jdrtrass dj Mugtura | <:6
Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde4 | 16 =r` prcza ” XltgoÝst | <>8
Fdedrlhga Kaetcdes | <>:
:0 ‐ 6< Pfa Ilcrl Gddrd Mdkpatctcde ” ^dkae–s Fdusa Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde4 | <>6
<st prcza ” ^dkae–s Fdusa | :1
8e` prcza ” ^dkae–s Fdusa | :6 <60 ‐ 821 DpaeNlp.eat ” Cespcrltcde Fdstag Mdkpatctcde 8282
=r` prcza ” ^dkae–s Fdusa | >8 <st prcza ” Parrlma` Zceaylr`s Fdstag | <61

]pamclg Kaetcdes, Fdedrlhga Kaetcdes | >: 8e` prcza ” \ultra Mdurts | <32
Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde4 | >6 =r` prcza ” Fdstag de l Ka`ctarrleale mdlst | <30
Fdedrlhga Kaetcdes | <36
68 ‐ <21 jctt ” Jutura Fal`qulrtar Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde4 | 822
<st prcza ” Jutura Fal`qulrtar | 6=
8e` prcza ” Jgdwcen Prdunf Pckas | 66 82: ‐ 88< Parrlvcvl Mdkpatctcdes ” Pfa Gcvcen Kusauk
=r` prcza ” Jutura Fal`qulrtar | 30 <st prcza ” L Ecnft lt tfa Kusauk | 82>
‐ Ndg` Kaetcdes, Fdedrlhga Kaetcdes | 36 Mdkkakdrltcva | 8<2
8e` prcza ” Lgkdst Mdkkakdrltcva
JDQE@AX & RQHGC]FAX
& a`ctdr-ce-mfcaj Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde4 | <22 =r` prcza ” Hamdkcen Gle`smlpa | 8<0
Klrmce Fuslrz
klrmceBmdkpatctcdes.lrmfc Ndg`ae Kaetcdes, Fdedrlhga Kaetcdes | 8<:
‐
<2: ‐ <8> Haa Hraa`ars ” Cmagle` Mlva Pdwar Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde4 | 8<6
MDEPXCHQPDX]
Iltlrzyel Gamf
Lecl Xdgl <st prcza ” Xcscen jrdk Nroýtlì | <2>
Ilkcg Nrlo`l
Klrtl ]zkc`t 8e` prcza ” Pfa Kdvcen ]urjlmas | <<8 888 ‐ 8=3 Lrmf]tdrkcen ” ]aeanlg Agakaetlry ]mfddg
‐ =r` prcza ” Fýjsakc | <<0 <st prcza ” Agakaetlry ]mfddg | 88=
JDX L@ZAXPC]CEN DE LMS
faggdByalrhddi.lrmfc HH Nraae Lwlr`s ” ]IAXL Zcsctdr Maetra | <<0 8e` prcza ” Pfa Xcvar ]mfddg | 88:
‐ Fdedrlhga Kaetcdes | <82 =r` prcza ” Pydfl ]mfddg | 886
NXLRFCM @A]CNE & @PR
^dotai şwcar`zawsic Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde4 | <88 ]pamclg Kaetcdes, Fdedrlhga Kaetcdes | 8=8
‐ Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde4 | 8=0
RXCEP
Rrcetcen Fdusa Ic@ s.m. <86 ‐ <08 aZdgd?  ]iysmrlpar Mdkpatctcde 828<
aZdgd?
‐ <st prcza ” Gcvcen ]iysmrlpar Jdr Eaw Sdri Mcty | <83
MDZAX
@lvc`a Rcvl 8e` prcza ” Gguvcdsd ]iysmrlpar Mdggamts Xlcewltar... | <=8
‐ | <=0
www.yalrhddi.lrmfc =r` prcza ” Fkden ]iysmrlpar...
Fdedrlhga Kaetcdes | <=:
^a `d EDP dwe ley rcnfts td
tfa prdoamts sfdwe ce tfa hddi. Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde4 | <02
Lgg prdoamts wara saet td us hy
tfa mdkpatctcde drnleczars ncvcen
‗Mdkpatctcdes.lrmfc‛ parkcsscde
td `cstrchuta tfa mdetaet degcea
dr de prcet.

M dkpatctcdes M dkpatctcdes

Hluflus Mlkpus 828< Pfa Ilcrl Gddrd Xa-usa Pfa Xdkle ]tlrt Jdr Plgaets
Mdkpatctcde Xuce ” Rcsmcel Kcrlhcgcs Mdkpatctcde

<00

Cespcrltcde Fdstag Pfa Gcvcen Kusauk

Mdkpatctcde 8282

02 :0 <:0

JCPP Cmagle` Mlva Pdwar ]aeanlg Agakaetlry

Jutura Fal`qulrtar ]mfddg

<2:
]iysmrlpar
Mdkpatctcde 828<

68 <86 <60 82: 888

 
Lrtcmga Lrtcmga

Lrmfctamtura
le` tamfedgdny
Klrclel Mlhuncarl–s stap-hy-stap prdmass
tfrdunf tfa Fypargddp @asart Mlkpus
Mdkpatctcde (cemgu`cen tlsis td lvdc`),
mdkhcecen smcaema wctf lrmfctamtura,
lrmfctamtura,
le` far gal`arsfcp dj tfa kugtc-eltcdelg
talk `urcen tfa ple`akcm.
Pfa Fypargddp Pamfedgdny fls haae l tdpcm wc`agy karmfle`csa` ce tfa glst yalr
hy Agde Kusi le` fcs Palk. Ct cs l mdetrdvarsclg katfd` dj trlespdrtltcde wctf stcgg
sd kumf td ha raea` le` wctf cts eamasscty jdr td`ly–s sdmcaty stcgg td ha mglrca`.
Ct cs murraetgy lt tfa apcmaetra dj mdetrdvarsy, le` ct wls jdr tfcs ralsde tflt tfa
Glh Mlkpus Mdkpatctcde mlunft ky cetarast. Ls le lrmfctamt, fdw mle ydu mde-
trchuta td ckprdvcen tfcs tamfedgdny, kceckczcen tfa eanltcva ckplmt dj tfa eaw
cejrlstrumtura eaa`a` td stu`y ct, galre le` hucg` ct4
Pfa Fypargddp cs lgsd edt oust lt tfa maetra dj mdetrdvarsy, ct cs lgsd lt tfa pali
dj tfa murraet trlespdrtltcde tamfedgdny le` ceedvltcde. C flva wdria` ce kley
trlespdrtltcde mdkpatctcde prdoamts jdr _lfl Fl`c` Lrmfctamts ” 1 lcrpdrts, 8 trlce
stltcdes ” le` tfcs cs edt dur ranuglr trlespdrtltcde Fuh ” tfa Fypargddp cs tfa
Fcnf-ae` dj Prlespdrtltcde, le` tflt prasaeta` le axmctcen mflggaena td hdlr` ce.
Pfa Mdkpatctcde sat hy SLM jdr tfa Fypargddp Mlkpus raqucra` l Gle`klri
Hucg`cen tflt wdug` stle`-dut jrdk cts mdetaxt le` sckugtleadusgy hgae` wctf tfa
^fae stlrtcen
surrdue`cen gle`smlpa dj tfa Eavl`l @asart. Pfa Mlkpus mdug` edt ha l ‖–kara
hucg`cen––, ct fl` td raprasaet smcaema le` prdnrass sckugtleadusgy magahrltcen tfa l mdkpatctcde, wctf
mugtura dj tfa pglma. jrcae`s dr mdggalnua
mdggalnuas,
s,
ct cs ckpdrtlet td flva
Rrdnrlkkltcmlggy tfa Mlkpus wls spgct hy tfraa Qects wctf `caraet `anraas dj l sklrt strltany hafce`
prcvlmy. Qect <? Klce Flgg, Ruhgcm Kusauk, Ruhgcm Lrael, Xastlurlet le` Ruhgcm tfa nrdup kakhars.
Pdur. Qect twd? Mglssrddks le` Glhdrltdrcas. Qect =? Dcmas, 12sqk lplrtkaets
le` l ^algtf Maetra wctf l spl. ]qulra katar wcsa, Qect dea wls mgalrgy tfa kdst
`dkcelet ce tfa Mlkpus, jdggdwa` up hy tfa Glhdrltdrcas ce wfcmf l ralg-smlga prd-
tdtypa dj tfa Fypargddp wdug` ha `avagdpa`.
Pfa Mdkpatctcde wls dcmclggy leeduema` ce Klrmf 8282 le` tfa `al`gcea wls sat
jdr ]aptakhar 8282. Pfa Rleag dj Ou`nas mdescsta` dj Hae Zle Hariag (Qestu`cd),
^cey Klls (KZX@Z), Rldgd Mrasmc (LXQR), Ilzuyd ]aockl (]LELL), Ja`aga Mledsl
(KAMLEDD), Gcel Mfdc (Dulglgdu + Mfdc), Mfl` Dppaefack (Dppaefack Lrmf),
Ctlgd Xdtl (]tu`cd Ctlgd Xdtl), Flsle Mlgcsglr (Arncedungu & Mlgcsglr Lrmfctamts) le`
Ecmdgl ]mlrlelrd (Jdstar + Rlrtears).
Jdrkcen dj tfa talk
Pfa mdkpatctcde wls leeduema` ce alrgy Klrmf 8282 hut ct mlunft dur lttaetcde
gltar lrdue` Ouea. Ls tfa rst ple`akcm gdmi`dwe fl` sattga`, C wls wdricen ra -
kdtagy ce Gde`de jdr _lfl Fl`c` Lrmfctamts, ky jrcae` Hanuk Ly`cedungu wls
stlrtcen far dwe sklgg prlmtcma ce Cstlehug le` ledtfar jrcae` dj durs, Oule Mlrgds

Mdkpatctcde hlminrdue`
hlminrdue` ” Pfa Fypargddp @asart Mlkpus Mdkpatctcde

Ce tfa falrt dj tfa Eavl`l `asart, l jaw icgdkatras lwly jrdk Gls Zanls, tfa
rsttastmaetra dj Fypargddp -tfa juturcstcm kales dj trlespdrttfltwcgg mdeeamt
mctcas le` eltcdes lt l kumf-fcnfar spaa` tfle pgleas - fls haae mralta` ”
 SLM drcncelg
drcncelg Hrcaj.

Pfa Fypargddp @asart Mlkpus akarna` ls le leswar td tfa cemralsa` `akle` dj

glhdrltdry splmas tflt mdug` mde`umt l`vlema` stu`cas dj tfa Fypargddp Pamfedg-
dny. Ct rasugts jrdk tfa eaa` dj l fcnf-ae` stu`y maetra tflt cs csdglta` jrdk tfa
urhle smaelrcd le` lhga td nrdw ce tfa `asart gckctgass splma. Pfa Mlkpus wls prd-
 oamta` td nltfar
nltfar tfa hrcnftast kce`s ce tfa pgleat?
pgleat? `ascnears, aenceaar
aenceaars,
s, vcscdelr-
cas, tdnatfar wctf lkhctcdus stu`aets. ]umf l mdkkuecty dj smcaetcsts wdug` tak-
pdrlrcgy gcva le` mdgglhdrlta ce tfcs mlkpus jdr dea sckpga purpdsa? tfa avdgutcde
dj tfa Fypargddp Prlespdrtltcde Eatwdri.

Pfa lrmfctamts wcgg ha lsia` td sflpa tfa kdst ramaet `ralks dj ceedvltcde
le` spaa` tfrdunf le cmdecm hucg`cen gdmlta` ce dea dj tfa kdst kloastcm le`
 sunnastcva mdetaxts
mdetaxts de tfa p
pgleat,
gleat, Pfa Eavl`l
Eavl`l @ asart ” SLM drcncelg Hrcaj.
@asart Fypargddp
6 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< 3

Lrtcmga Lrtcmga

Elrleod wls rueecen fcs eaw dwe prlmtcma ls wagg ce Hdndtl, Mdgukhcl. ^a fl`
haae mdggalnuas le` hamlka jrcae`s wfcga wdricen tdnatfar ce l pdst-nrl`ultcde
mdursa ce Gde`de mlgga` @ascne Xasalrmf Glhdrltdry, tfraa yalrs hajdra tfa mdk-
patctcde, le` waet dur dwe wlys lar tfa mdursa fl` ae`a`. C wls tfa degy dea dj
us wfd stlya` ce Gde`de le` odcea` _FL, eavartfagass wa raklcea` mgdsa jrcae`s
le`, kdst ckpdrtletgy, wa fl` l vary sckcglr lpprdlmf td lrmfctamtura, `ascne le`
tamfedgdny.
^fae stlrtcen l mdkpatctcde, wctf jrcae`s dr mdggalnuas, ct cs ckpdrtlet td flva
l sklrt strltany hafce` tfa nrdup kakhars. C, Oule le` Hanuk flva wdria` td-
natfar le` wa iedw fdw tlgaeta` almf dj us lra, hut wa lra lgsd lwlra tflt almf
dj us cs ralggy ndd` lt mdkpgatagy `caraet le` mdkpgakaetlry tlsis. Pfa mrctarcl
td stlrt l strden le` wagg-hlglema` talk cs dea dj tfa iay-pdcets wfae ydu lra plr-
tcmcpltcen ce l mdkpatctcde. Lvdc` puggcen dvar ydur jue, yat glzy, jrcae`.
Pfa mdkpatctcde mflggaena wls prdpdsa` td us hy Oule, wfd fl` fcs dwe lrmfctam-
tura prlmtcma de fdg` `ua td tfa ple`akcm, ce Ouea 8282. Hanuk wls ce tfa slka
wdricen sctultcde ce Puriay le` jdr ka, jrdk tfa kdkaet C sattga` l rdutcea wfcga
wdricen rakdtagy, ct fl` hamdka qucta mgalr tflt tfcs prasaeta` l nralt tcka td
wdri hayde` dcma prdoamts, de parsdelg prdoamts, talmfcen, flvcen fdhhcas le` td
nat cevdgva` ce dtfar lmtcvctcas. ]d wa lmmapta` tfcs mflggaena dj wdricen `cnctlggy
tdnatfar le` `avagdpa` l prdoamt tdnatfar jdr tfcs vary mdkpaggcen hrcaj.
^a odcea` tfa mdkpatctcde qucta glta, twd kdetfs le` l flgj hajdra tfa suhkcs-
scde. C lk parsdelggy usa` td qucmi mdkpatctcdes ” ct fls haae ky odh lt _lfl Fl`c`
Pfa mrctarcl td stlrt Lrmfctamts jdr tfa glst 0 yalrs td mralta hucg`cens jdr qucmi-plma prdoamts ” sd tfara Pfa rst icmi-d
l strden le` wagg- wls l hcn axmctakaet td `ascne sdkatfcen eaw jdr tfa Fypargddp Mdkpatctcde ce kaatcen cs ls ckpdrtlet
hlglema` talk cs dea 8 kdetfs. ls tfa eaxt deas.
dj tfa iay-pdcets Ct saaks td ha l raglxa`,
Dur prdmass
^fae ydu stlrt l mdkpatctcde tfa rst stap cs typcmlggy td ral` le` ue`arstle` tfa gcnft
sfdug`kaatcen hutlkduet
put l hcn ydu
hrcaj, l tlsi tflt kust rst ha `dea ce`cvc`ulggy. Pfcs pflsa cs jdggdwa` hy wflt wa
mlgg tfa icmi-d kaatcen ce wfcmf almf dj us prasaets tfacr dwe lpprdlmf td tfcs
dj wdri cetd ct.
hrcaj ” mflggaenas le` strltancas.
Pfara wara l sarcas dj prdnrlkkltcm raquasts wfcmf hamlka qucta scnecmlet wfae
`ascnecen tfa mlkpus? tfa tdur wdug` flva td mcrmuglta tfrdunf lgg puhgcm splmas
le` flva lt galst l vcsulg mdeeamtcde wctf lgg tfa raklcecen splmas, tfa rastlurlet
wdug` flva td flva l vcsulg mdeeamtcde td tfa glhs le` tfa fypargddp prdtdtypa ls
wagg. Jdr ka tfasa raqucrakaets wara sunnastcen l uc` vcsulg le` pfyscmlg trlesc -
tcde hatwaae splmas le`, sunnastcen l gddpcen mcrmugltcde cesc`a tfcs mlkpus.
Hasc`a tfa prdnrlkkltcm mdkpdeaet dj l hrcaj tfara lra lgsd dtfar spltclg axpam-
tltcdes. Pfa Fypargddp @asart Mlkpus wls axpamta` td salkgassgy mdkhcea tfa
tamfedgdncmlg gddi le` jaag dj tfa Fypargddp ]paa` Prlce le` tfa alrtfy/rdmiy Pfa

]amtcde, jlml`a

<2 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< <<


Lrtcmga
rst icmi-d kaatcen cs ls ckpdrtlet ls tfa eaxt deas. Ct saaks td ha l raglxa`, gcnft
kaatcen hut ydu sfdug` put l hcn lkduet dj wdri cetd ct. ]amtcde, jlml`a Cetarvcaw
LMS∓828< << gddi le` jaag tflt cs plrt dj Eavl`l–s @asart c`aetcty. Ct cs qucta mdkkde
le` vary cetarastcen jdr le lrmfctamturlg hrcaj td lsi jdr l gle`klri le` yat td axpamt
ydu td hgae` wctf tfa mdetaxt. Ct cs le axpamtltcde tflt C lk mdejrdeta` wctf ce kdst
dj _FL mgcaet–s hrcajs. ^flt ral`s gcia l mdetrl`cmtcde hamdkas tfa kdst cetarastcen
mflggaena wfae `ascnecen sdkatfcen eaw ce lrmfctamtura ” td ha cmdecm, td stle`-
dut, le` yat hgae` l eaw-hucgt wctf tfa murraet mcty mugtura. Pfa rst icmi-d kaat-
kaat-
cen cs ls ckpdrtlet ls tfa eaxt deas. Ct saaks td ha l raglxa`, gcnft kaatcen hut ydu
sfdug` put l hcn lkduet dj wdri cetd ct. Ct cs tfa rst tcka ydu stlrt drnlecscen c`als,
axprasscen ydur tfdunfts le` ue`arstle`cen ydur talkkltas– lpprdlmf ls wagg.
Ls l `ascnear ce lrmfctamtura ky rst lpprdlmf td l mdkpatctcde cs td nltfar lgg ck -
lnas tflt mdka td kce` wfcga C lk ral`cen tfa hrcaj. Cklnas dj cetaetcdes dr oust
qucmi, vary lhstrlmt siatmfas. C lppramclta tfa vary cectclg vcsulg cestcemts ydu flva
wfcga ral`cen l hrcaj, sd stdrcen tfak ce tfa hanceecen cs usulggy vary ckpdrtlet.
Jdr tfa icmi-d talk kaatcen C mdkpcga` l ‖–kdd` hdlr`–‖ wctf tfasa cklnas le`
siatmfas tflt raamt spltclg le` prdnrlkkltcm cetaetcdes. Pfay mle vlry jrdk vary
mdemaptulg c`als td mlsa stu`cas dj hucgt prdoamts wctf tfa slka prdnrlkka dr tfa
slka spltclg qulgctcas. Pfcs cs edt le lrtcstcm ‖–kdd`-hdlr`––, ct `das edt sarva ls
le cespcrltcde td `ascne, hut raprasaets mgalr strltancas td l``rass tfa prdnrlk,
`ascne, typdgdncas le` uecquaeass dj tfcs hrcaj.
Jrdk tfa icmi-dj kaatcen wa lnraa` td lpprdlmf tfa hrcaj wctf 8 `caraet strltancas.
Pfcs cs tfa rst gassde tflt C flva galret jrdk wdricen jdr lgg tfasa yalrs ce mdkpatc -
tcde jdr _FL? spae` aedunf tcka `avagdpcen lt galst twd `caraet lpprdlmfas td
tfa hrcaj. Pfasa 8 strltancas `de–t flva td ha dppdsctas, tfay sfdug` ha `avagdpa`
sckugtleadusgy, le` sfdug` mdkpata ce qulgcty, sd ce tfa ae` ydu `amc`a ls l talk
wfcmf dea cs hattar le` wfcmf lrnukaets lra strdenar td kdva jdrwlr`.
<8 LMS ∓ 828<
Lrtcmga
dptcdes, sfdug` tlia lrdue` 8 waais. Ls dea dptcde hamdkas mgalrar, tfa `ascne
wdri sfdug` ha jdmusa` de prd`umcen `caraet dptcdes wctf l sckcglr lpprdlmf.
Pfa talk wls kaatcen avary waai, dvar zddk, ounngcen Mdgdkhcl tcka zdea, Gde-
`de tcka zdea le` Puricsf tcka zdea. ^ctf `lcgy kasslnas dj c`als le` tfdunfts,
tfcs juggy `cnctlg talk-wdri prdva` td wdri qucta wagg. Jdr tfa rst 0 waais wa hlt -
tga` wctf 8 `caraet siatmfas tflt C fl` `avagdpa`, le` lgtfdunf C wls mgalrgy mde -
vcema` hy l spamcm dea, tfa rast dj tfa talk wlse–t. Pfcs cs lnlce le ckpdrtlet plrt
dj ley mdkpatctcde ” ct cs vary mdkkde td `cslnraa le` ct sfdug` ha edrklgcsa` ce
tfa talk wctfdut hacen tliae parsdelggy. ^fae tfa talk `cslnraas wctf ydur wdri,
ydu actfar put ce axtrl wdri-adrt td mdevcema ydur plrtears le` ckprdva tfa `a -
scne dptcde ydu gcia hattar, dr ydu lra cetrcnua` aedunf td `avagdp l siatmf tflt cs
edt ydur prajarra` dea hut ct fls vlgc` le` strden pdcets kl`a hy tfak. Ct cs sdka-
tfcen tflt C lk mdejrdeta` wctf avary `ly lt wdri le` C usulggy `d hdtf? C wdri td
mdevcema tfa talk hut lgsd gcia td tast dtfar c`als. Pfarajdra, C put ce `duhga wdri
de tfasa twd mdemapts.
Pfa rst dptcde wls tfa rst `ascne siatmf td ha ramdnecsa` hy tfa talk ls wdrtf
kdvcen jdrwlr` wctf. @aspcta ct hacen ky prajarra` dptcde, ce tfa ae` ct wls `cs-
mlr`a` le` rapglma` hy kutulg lnraakaet. Pfcs dptcde fl` ce cts mdra tfa gddp-
cen mdemapt lrdue` = vary `cstcenucsfa` mdurtylr`s ” tfa nraae dlscs. Ct prdpdsa`
le axparcaema dj tfa hucg`cen jrdk tdp td hdttdk ” ls ydu wdug` stlrt jrdk le as-
mlgltdr de tfa nrdue` ralmfcen tfa tdp ddr rst le` gddpcen ydur wly `dwe td tfa
hucg`cen. Pfa tfraa mdurtylr`s nltfara` tfa = prdnrlkkltcm uects.
Ls l talk wa flva c`aetca` tfa jdggdwcen prds le` mdes?
• Rrds? Ct wls sklggar ce smlga, hdg` ce jdrk, sdgc` le` mdemcsa. Pfa gddp wls sce-
nga le` ede-lkhcnudus wfcmf kl`a tfa mflrlmtar dj almf mdurtylr` strdenar
le` uecqua
• Mdes? Ct wls tdd lgcaelta` jrdk cts surrdue`cens, tfa sklgg smlga `c`e–t raamt
l Mlkpus smlga, ct wls sfdrt ce squlra katars ” ls par hrcaj.
Jdr tfasa ralsdes wa spgct tfa prdnrlkkltcm uects ce 0, C stlrta` `ascnecen
l 0-mdurtylr` hucg`cen wctf 8 sykkatrcm le` mdevarnaet gddps, trlvaggcen lrdue`
tfa splmas le` mugkceltcen de tfa tdp ddrs dj tfa hucg`cen ce strlcnft gceas ”
wfara tfa rastlurlet le` dhsarvltdry lra. Ce tfcs dptcde, uegcia tfa dtfar dptcde,
tfa hucg`cen wls edt `asmrcha` degy hy l scenga gddp. Pfa `ascne cemgu`a` kdra lt
lrals le` strlcnft agakaets tflt wfara strdengy plrt dj cts sflpa ls kales td mde-
eamt td tfa jutura eatwdri jdr tfa Fypargddp tflt wcgg rue lhdva nrdue`.
Dptcde dea wls `csmlr`a` hut ct stcgg raklces ky spamclg dea. C wcgg fdpajuggy ramy -
mga ct jdr l jutura prdoamt. Ce tfa ae`, C mlunft kysagj puttcen sdka axtrl tcka `a-
scnecen tfcs samde` c`al, sd ct wls mgalr, C wls kdra axmcta` lhdut ct. Pfa Fypargddp
axple`a` jrdk tfraa mdurtylr`s td jdur, wfcmf kl`a ct nrdw ce smlga td l mlkpus-
gcia typdgdny. ^a l`dpta` tfa c`al dj l fcnfwly mgdvar ls tfa mdemapt jdr gddpcen
hucg`cens wctf l uc` mcrmugltcde. Pfa c`al dj flvcen tfcs gddp gavctltcen lrdue` tfa
nraae dlscs wls iapt, hut cestal` dj tfraa prdnrlkkltcm uects, wa mralta` l jdurtf
gddp jdr l spamclg uect? tfa puhgcm dpae-lcr lrael.
<0 LMS ∓ 828<
Lrtcmga
Lar tfa icmi-d kaatcen tfa rst pflsa dj tfa mdkpatctcde stlrta`. Ce tfcs pflsa
avarydea wls axpamta` td `rl l spltclg cetaetcde jdr tfa prdoamt hut ct cs klcegy
]pae` aedunf tfa `ascnear dj tfa talk–s odh td mralta eaw splmas le` typdgdncas, td kd`ag tfak
tcka `avagdpcen lt le` td prasaet tfak td tfa talk. Pfa rst pflsa cs juggy de tfa `ascnear–s sfdug`ar,
galst twd `caraet hut ls tfa prdoamt kdvas jdrwlr` tfcs wdri-gdl` nats aqulggy `cstrchuta`. Ct cs qucta
lpprdlmfas td tfa ckpdrtlet td rakakhar tflt ce mdkpatctcdes dut dj dcma tfara lra ed fcarlrmfcas,
hrcaj. Pfasa twd ydu sfdug` raspamt lgg dj ydur talk kakhar–s dpcecdes aqulggy, tfa `ascne dj tfa
strltancas `de–t flva hucg`cen sfdug` ha mdesaesulg.
td ha dppdsctas, tfay
^fae ydu gddi lt ky cectclg siatmfas ce ra` tfa klce prcemcpgas tlia `caraet sflpas
sfdug` ha `avagdpa` hut raklce prasaet lmrdss lgg stu`cas? tfa c`al dj hucg`cen ce tfa `asart tflt cs sus-
sckugtleadusgy,, le`
sckugtleadusgy tlcelhga le` ce`apae`aet ramlggs le dlscs ce tfa `asart. Dlscs cs typcmlggy l mcrmu-
mcrmu-
sfdug` mdkpata ce glr pltmf dj wltar wctf gusf nraaeary lrdue`, tflt md-gcva ce l kcmrd aevcrdekaet.
qulgcty, sd ce tfa ae` C `amc`a` td tlia tfa dlscs mdemapt de hdlr` jdr tfa `ascne mraltcde. Pfcs mcrmuglr
ydu `amc`a ls l talk mdenurltcde ga` us td rasalrmf cetd mcrmuglr mlkpusas, gcia tfa Nddnga Mlkpus,
wfcmf dea cs hattar wfcmf cs gavctltcen dvar l klsscva pddg dj vanatltcde. Lmmdr`cen td tfa Fypargddp
Mlkpus–s Hrcaj tfa prdnrlkkltcm `cvcscde le` puhgcm spfaras wara spgct ce = uects,
le` wfcmf lrnukaets
tfarajdra tfcs ga` ka td mralta tfraa `caraet dlsas. Ce tfa ae`, tfa raqucrakaet dj
lra strdenar td kdva spltclg uc`cty ” pfyscmlg le` vcsulg ” mdkhcea` wctf tfcs puhgcm tdur tflt sfdug`
jdrwlr`. rue lmrdss lgg uects, mralta` tfa c`al dj l hucg`cen tflt cs gddpcen lrdue` tfraa vary
uecqua nraae mdurtylr`s, gavctltcen dvar-nrdue` dr sdgy jrlkcen tfak. ]cema tfa
hanceecen tfcs hamlka tfa klce `ascne strltany hafce` dur prdoamt.
Kdvcen jdrwlr`, tfasa mdemapts tddi vary `caraet sflpas ce vary `caraet `a -
scne smfakas. Lgg tfasa =@ stu`cas le` tfa elg prdoamt wara juggy kd`agga` ce Lu -
td`asi Klyl ” tfa sdwlra wa usa lt _FL td `ascne ” le` sckugtleadusgy axpdrta`
td Xfced jdr sqk mfami, smlga le` sdglr lelgyscs. Jrdk Xfced wa lgsd axpdrta`
sckpga hdxas tflt raprasaeta` almf uect sqk td sarva ls rdunf nuc`agceas wfae
`ascnecen tfa splmas ce Klyl. Pfcs `ascne pflsa, axpgdrcen mdkpgatagy `caraet
LMS ∓ 828< <=
Lrtcmga
Pfa sflpa, typdgdny le` `ascne dj dur Fypargddp Mlkpus wls edw lnraa` le`
ral`y td kdva jdrwlr` td pgles, samtcde, cetarcdrs le` `atlcga` `ascne. Jrdk tfa
Ct cs vary mdkkde td kdkaet lar tfa `ascne cs ‖–scnea`-d–– hy tfa talk ct cs tfa `ascnear–s raspde-
raspde -
`cslnraa le` ct sfdug` schcgcty td `amdkpdsa tfa hucg`cen hy cts lrmfctamturlg mdkpdeaets ” rddj, ddr,
ha edrklgcsa` ce tfa wlggs, axtarcdr aevagdpa, cetarcdr aevagdpa, gle`smlpa - td axpdrt ct (ce dur mlsa
talk wctfdut hacen jrdk Klyl td Xfced) le` sflra ct wctf tfa rast dj tfa talk kakhars sd tfa talk-
wdri mle hance.
tliae parsdelggy.
Dema tfa samde` pflsa stlrts, wa hance `lcgy mddr`celtcde ” aklcgs, kasslnas,
zddk kaatcens - wctf tfa pgleecen kakhars (8`) le` tfa `ascnears (=`). Pfcs cs tfa
trcmicast plrt dj tfa prdmass, scema lgg dj us flva td ha mddr`celta`. Rgles eaa` td
ha mddr`celta` wctf =` le` =` kakhars eaa` td wdri wctf tfa pgles. Pfa `ascne
sfdug` mdetceua td ha raea` le` td kdva jdrwlr` td cetarcdrs, strumtura, mdras,
‖–kaps––, jlîl`a systaks. Jdr tfcs td flppae tfa parsde `dcen pgles le` `algcen wctf
lmmurlta kalsuras le` lrals fls td jaa` tfa `ascnear wctf tfasa splmas rdunfgy ra-
ea` le` axpamt td ramacva tfak `ascnea` gltar de hy tfa `ascnear. Pfa kaatcens kaatcens
jdr tfa mdkpatctcde wara iapt waaigy hut wara tlicen l gdt kdra tcka, = td 0 fdurs,
scema avary kakhar wls wdricen qucta l gdt le` prd`umcen vary ragavlet wdri. ^a
fl` cemra`chga fagp jrdk sdka dj tfa dcma akpgdyaas dj Oule–s Dcma ” Ga Lenga
Rlrtearsfcp ” aspamclggy wfae ct mlka td 8` `rlwcens. Lgg wdri prd`uma` waaigy
wls suhoamt td dpcecdes `urcen tfa talk kaatcen, le` avae tfdunf wa wara l talk
dj oust = padpga ” tfa prdmass stlrta` td ha qucta cetaesa. Ct cs trl`ctcdelggy tfa gden-
ast pflsa ” tfara cs l gdt dj hlmi le` jdrtf.
@asart Mlkpus
LMS ∓ 828< <1

Lrtcmga
Lnlce, ct cs qucta ckpdrtlet td rakce` ydursagvas tflt lgg dpcecdes lra vlgc` le` tflt
tfara cs ed fcarlrmfy. Sdu sfdug` raspamtjuggy ravcaw avarydea–s dpcecdes le` avae
lsi jdr tfak, sd lgg kakhars lra aenlncen wctf tfcs prdoamt, wfcmf wcgg lgsd wdri
ce ydur jlvdur gltar de.
Ls tfa axtarcdr aevagdpa dj tfa hucg`cen nats raea`, jrdk tfa `ascne pdcet dj vcaw,
ct hamdkas qucta ckpdrtlet td sagamt tfa kdst ckpdrtlet cetarcdr splmas jdr jur-
tfar `atlcg. Pfcs cs l mrumclg plrt dj ley mdkpatctcde. Pfa ralgcsltcde tflt tfa prdoamt
cs edt ndcen td ha hucgt tdkdrrdw dr ce tfa eaxt yalr klias ct vary mgalr tflt ydu
sfdug` EAZAX `atlcg lgg splmas dj ydur prdoamt. Ls mdetrdvarsclg ls ct kly saak, le`
sdka dj us ralggy flva tfa ckpugsa td sdgva l hucg`cen ce cts tdtlgcty, ct cs l hcn kcs-
tlia td spae` tcka `ascnecen le` kd`aggcen splmas tflt wcgg eavar ha saae. Sdur
 oury wcgg degy saa tfa splmas tflt ydu sfdw de ydur rae`ars le` vcsulgs, lgg tfa
dtfar raklcecen splmas wcgg jdravar stly ce tfa `lri. Pfarajdra C ralggy urna ydu td
tlia ydur tcka sagamtcen tfa kdst ckpdrtlet splmas tflt sdgva tfa hrcaj le` ax-
pglce ydur hucg`cen le` jrdk tflt pdcet de jdmus ydur wdri le` tcka degy `ascne-
cen tfasa. Jdr tfa Fypargddp tfa splmas tflt wara mrumclg jrdk l prdnrlkkltcm
pdcet dj vcaw wara? Pfa Klce Flgg ” ls ct cs ydur stlrtcen pdcet td ydur odureay ce
tfa prdoamt9 Pfa Fypargddp Rrdtdtypa Glh, wctf tfa vcsulg mdeeamtcde td tfa Xas-
tlurlet le` tfa Kusauk. Jrdk l spltclg pdcet dj vcaw tfa splmas tflt axpglce tfa
mdemapt dj tfa hucg`cen hattar wara? dj mdursa tfa Dlscs Mdurtylr`s, tfa cetanrltcde
wctf tfa mdetaxt jrdk l fukle parspamtcva, tfa cetanrltcde wctf tfa mdetaxt jrdk
le lhstrlmt parspamtcva le` tfa gddpcen parmaptcde dj tfa splmas le` mcrmugltcde.
Pfa `ascne adrt wls lggdmlta` td tfasa splmas degy.
<: LMS ∓ 828<
Lrtcmga
axprass tfa prdoamt–s cetaetcde. ^fae pflsa 8 cs mgdsar td tfa ae` pgles eaa` td rue
jlstar le` `ascne ls wagg. Mdestlet hlmi le` jdrtf sgdws `dwe tfa prdoamt le` tcras
tfa `ascne. Degy cj tfara cs l ragavlet mflena dj nadkatry tfa pgles sfdug` stdp
tfacr prdnrass le` cemgu`a wflt tfa `ascne cs `dcen le` vcma-varsl. Rflsa 8 ae`s
wctf jrdzae dvarlgg `ascne le` jrdzae spltclg pgleecen.
Rflsa = stlrts. Ce tfa Fypargddp Rrdoamt wa smfa`uga` lgg = pflsas ce l qucta `a-
tlcga` wly ce Axmag, sd wa mdug` iaap tfa rfytfk le` ha de tcka. Ct cs jue`lkaetlg
td stlrt ydur prdoamt wctf l `atlcga` smfa`uga le` ce ydur smfa`uga cemgu`a lt galst
l waai ls klrnce jdr `aglys.
^a stlrta` tfa prdoamt wctf degy 8 kdetfs le` l flgj td suhkct, wfcga C wls wdricen
jugg tcka jdr _FL wfcmf lggdwa` ka td degy wdri jdr tfa Fypargddp Mdkpatctcde de
waaiae`s le` lar dcma fdurs, sd wa wara de l tcnft smfa`uga. Jdr Rflsa = wa
pgleea` 0 waais le` wa fl` degy 8 ga ce tfa ae`. Rarsdelggy C mdesc`ar tfcs pflsa
td ha sgcnftgy kdra mrumclg tfle tfa dtfar deas, ct cs tfa Rdst-Rrd`umtcde Rflsa. Pfcs
pflsa mle ha tfa klia dr hrali pflsa dj ydur prdoamt, ct cs fdw ydu mdkkuecmlta
ydur Rrdoamt tflt trugy sfdws ydur wdri td tfa Oury.
Pfara lra = `caraet agakaets td mdesc`ar jdr tfcs pflsa? tfa 8` `rlwcen plmilna -
wctf pgles `avagdpa` jdr tfa rcnft prcetcen smlga, samtcdes le` sklgg `atlcgs9 vcsulgs
le` rae`ars dj ydur =`9 le` @clnrlks ” ce 8` le` =`. Pypcmlggy tfa `clnrl
`clnrlks
ks lra ga
td ha `dea glst, sd wa spgct tfa 8` le` =` wdri lkdenst dursagvas le` odcea` jdrmas
jdr tfa `clnrlks ce tfa glst waai.
@ascne wcsa tfara cs stcgg l gdt td ha `ascnea` hut tfcs tcka ydu sfdug` rastrcmt ydur-
sagj td tfa mlkarls tflt ydu lra ndcen td rae`ar jrdk. Pflt cs wfy ky ‗stap dea––
jdr tfa pdst prd`umtcde pflsa cs typcmlggy td sagamt tfa klce mlkarls jdr almf splma
le` pcmi ” wctf ky mdggalnuas ls wagg ” tfa kdst ckpdrtlet sfdt dj tfa wfdga prd-
 oamt, wflt
wflt C mlgg ‖–tfa kdeaysfdt––. Pfcs rae`ar
rae`ar cs tfamdvar cklna,
cklna, sd ct sfdug`sfdw
ydur prdoamt ce tfa hast wly. Xanlr`gass cj ct cs lhstrlmt dr vary ralgcstcm, ct fls td ra-
suka tfa qulgctcas le` cetaetcdes dj ydur prdoamt ce dea cklna. Lplrt jrdk tfa ‖–tfa
kdeay sfdt–– ” wfcmf wls sat dhvcdusgy ce dea dj tfa Dlscs Mdurtylr`s - wa `amc`a`
de 0 axtarcdr mlkarls le` 8 cetarcdr deas. Ct wls lgsd `amc`a` jrdk tfa hanceecen
td dutsdurma dur rae`ars.
Dutsdurmcen rae`ars cs lgwlys l hcn quastcde klri wfae ydu lra `dcen l mdkpatc -
tcde. Lgtfdunf wa flva aedunf mdkpataemcas td rae`ar tfa prdoamt wctf `amaet
qulgcty ce fdusa, tfa ralgcty cs, uegass ydu lra le lrmfc-vcsulgczar, ydur ‖–fdka-
kl`a–– rae`ars wcgg eavar ha ls ndd` ls prdjasscdelg deas le` ct lgsd hamdkas
l tcka-slvar jdr ydur wdricen smfa`uga. Ct cs le dptcdelg cevastkaet td ply jdr
rae`ars. Xanlr`gass cj ydu wce dr edt, ce tfasa murraet `lys ydur prdoamt wcgg flva
l wc`ar puhgcm axpdsura tfle hajdra. Ls dutsdurmcen rae`ars hamdka kdra le`
kdra mdkkde, tfacr prcmas lra lgsd cemralscengy mfalpar. Gceia`Ce cs l ndd` pglt-
jdrk td e` tfak. ^a wdria` wctf Katrcml Zcsulgs jrdk Hdndtl qucta summassjuggy.
Lar lgg splmas wara `ascnea` ce `atlcg jdr almf mlkarl ” le` tfcs wdri cemgu`as lgg
tfa sklgg agakaets tflt klia l hcn `caraema de l ndd` rae`ar (plvakaet, gcnft
gceas, jurectura, hlgustrl`as, nraaeary, `ddrs, atm) tfa =` kd`ags wara axpdrta` td
<6 LMS ∓ 828<
Lrtcmga
Ce tfa pgle lgg splmas eaa` td sfdw mlplmcty td lrrlena tfa juemtcdelgcty hlscms ”
jrdk tfa hlmi dj fdusa splmas, td hltfrddks, td jurectura lrrlenakaets. Sat, tfara
 Ls tfa axtarcdr
axtarcdr cs ed eaa` td flva tfcs ce =`, ls tflt klias ydur ga ueeamasslrcgy `ccmugt td wdri  Sdur oury wcgg degy saa
aevagdpa dj tfa wctf. Jrdk l wdridw pdcet dj vcaw C stlrta` mraltcen `caraet Klyl gas jdr almf tfa splmas tflt ydu
hucg`cen nats raea`, klce cetarcdr splma, ls ct cs gass `akle`cen jdr ydur mdkputar le` ct fagps ydu sfdw de ydur rae`ars
jrdk tfa `ascne pdcet drnlecsa ydur wdri. Almf talk kaatcen fl` l tfaka ls wagg sd almf splma prd- le` vcsulgs
dj vcaw, ct hamdkas nrassa` sckugtleadusgy ” jdr axlkpga wfcga C wls kd`aggcen tfa dcmas le` mde -
eamtcde td glhs, tfa pgleears wara lrrlencen tfcs splma ce 8@ wctf lmmurlmy wctf
qucta ckpdrtlet
l mdestlet jaa`hlmi gddp hatwaae dur gas. Pfcs cs tfa axlmt slka prdmass jdr
td sagamt tfa kdst l mdkpatctcde ce le dcma.
ckpdrtlet cetarcdr
splmas jdr jurtfar Edt lgg `ascne jalturas flva td ha raprasaeta` ce ydur 8` `rlwcens jdr l mdkpatc-
`atlcg. tcde ls wagg. Edt lgg jalturas tflt lra kd`agga` ce =` flva td ha ce ydur 8`, scema,
le` lnlce, tfasa `rlwcens lra edt jdr mdestrumtcde, degy tfa klodr `ascne jalturas
sfdug` ha cemgu`a` ce. Pfa 8@ mdkpatctcde `rlwcens lra ce l wly `clnrlkkltcm
le` usulggy lra raquasta` ce sklgg smlga ” <?122 le` dea pgle prdhlhgy ce <?822.
Pfcs smlga dkcts kley `atlcgs tflt ydu flva `ascnea` ce =`. Ce l mdkpatctcde prd-
 oamt, td ra`uma tfa tcka wlsta` ce tfcs hlmi le` jdrtf prdmass, tfa talk sfdug`
c`aetcjy tfa klce `ascne jalturas td ha `rlwe ce 8`.
Pfcs tlias ka td tfa glst plrt dj pflsa 8. Ct cs tfa plrt wfae `ascnears le` pgleears
‖–`cvdrma–– le` mle wdri wctf kdra lutdedky. Ce tfcs pflsa tfa pgles `de–t eaa` td
kltmf td parjamtcde wctf tfa =`, le` wfcga tfcs mle ha vcawa` ls mdetrdvarsclg, ra-
kakhar wa lra edt prd`umcen mdestrumtcde `rlwcens sd avarytfcen sfdug` sckpgy
@asart Mlkpus
LMS ∓ 828< <>
Lrtcmga
Katrcml Zcsulgs. ^a saet saplrlta Klyl gas, wfcmf C lgsd ramdkkae` cj ydu lra
dutsdurmcen rae`ars le` flva falvy cetarcdrs ” dea splma par ga le` l klce ga
Pfcs pflsa mle ha tfa jdr axtarcdr vcaws wctf gle`smlpa.
klia dr hrali pflsa
dj ydur prdoamt, ct cs Jdr tfcs prdoamt C ndt mlrrca` lwly wctf tfa fypargddp glh gcttga prdtdtypa le` kl`a
fdw ydu mdkkuecmlta tfa typcmlg kcstlia dj spae`cen tdd kumf tcka `atlcgcen le` `ascnecen sdkatfcen
tflt wcgg eavar ha saae. Ct wls eavartfagass qucta axmctcen td `ascne le` spamuglta
ydur
sfdwsRrdoamt tflt trugy
ydur wdri td
tfa saltcen lrrlenakaet le` juturcst `ascne dj tfa Fypargddp mlpsugas. Sdu mle
saa ct vary hgurra` de tfa hlminrdue` dj dea dj tfa cetarcdr rae`ars. Ct wls le dh-
tfa Oury. vcdus axlkpga dj tcka spaet wctf plsscdelta `ascne wdri le` tdtlg lgcaeltcde dj
tcka. Sdu mle–t lgwlys ha acmcaet le` sdkatckas ct ncvas ydu pgalsura td nat mlr-
mlr -
rca` lwly hy `atlcgs eavar td ha saae, eavartfagass, wfae `dcen l mdkpatctcd
mdkpatctcde,
e, try
td lvdc` tfak ls kumf ls ydu mle.
Ce tfasa 8 pdst-prd`umtcde waais tfara cs cetaesa mdkkuecmltcde wdri td ha `dea
wctf ydur rae`arcen mdkpley. Hasc`as sae`cen tfak l kdd` hdlr` jdr almf splma
prcdr td tfacr rst rae`ar tast, ydu sfdug` axpamt pravcaws dj almf rae`ar avary twd
`lys td `d ls kley mdrramtcdes ls ydu mle td tfasa cklnas. Pfasa mdkplecas lra
prdjasscdelg hut tfay mleedt nuass wflt ydur hucg`cen prcemcpgas lra, tfa hrcaj ce-
taetcdes dr ydur parsdelg lastfatcms. ]d ce mdkpatctcdes - `dea ce tfa dcma dr dut
dj dcma - tfa mdkkuecmltcde wctf tfa rae`arcen mdkpley cs axpamta` td ha ranuglr
le` wctf l gdt dj pltcaema jrdk hdtf plrtcas.
Pfa kdeay sfdt rae`ar dj tfa Dlscs Mdurtylr` wls tfa cklna tflt raqucra` kdra
lttaetcde le` hlmi le` jdrtf wdri, scema ct wls tfa klce cklna, tfara wls ed fdg`-
cen hlmi de mdrramtcdes. Ct ae`a` up hacen ky jlvdurcta cklna dj tfa wfdga prdoamt.
Ct ralggy raprasaets tfa sltcsjlmtcde tflt C fl` wfae mraltcen tfcs Rrdoamt.
Kalewfcga tfara lra l gdt dj `clnrlks tflt raqucra rae`arcen. ^a `c` kdst dj tfa
ce-fdusa rae`arcen wdri ce Iaysfdt wfcmf cs l vary cetuctcva sdwlra
sdwlra jdr rae`arcen
le` ncvas ydu l vary prdjasscdelg mdemaptulg gddi. Pfa Lrmtcm vcaw ce Xfced lgsd
ndas l gden wly wfae ct mdkas td prd`umcen @clnrlks. Cj ydu mflena tfa Lrmtcm sat-
tcens td lgsd rae`ar kltarclgs tfa cklna nats avae hattar wctf ed eaa` td `d l gdt dj
mdgdurcen ce Rfdtdsfdp dr cggustrlta. Jrdk tfa Lrtcm vcaw C lgsd ramdkkae` ydu td
lvdc` tlicen smraaesfdts le` td usa tfa tddg ZcawMlpturatdJcga ” sat tfa smlga jdr 8
dr = le` ydur cklna wcgg flva tfa qulgcty dj l ndd`-scza rae`ar.
@asart Mlkpus ” cetarcdr
LMS ∓ 828< <3
 

Lrtcmga Lrtcmga

Ce murraet `lys C mdesc`ar ct jue`lkaetlg tflt ydu prasaet l mflptar jdr sustlcelhcg-
cty wfae mraltcen l eaw hucg`cen. Sdu mle cemgu`a ley scta lelgyscs ” sdglr, wce`,
prdxckcty wctf tfa aevcrdekaet, nglss raamtcde le` falt ” le` prasaet tfa strlta - Ce murraet `lys
ncas tflt ydu tddi de hdlr` td sdae tfa ckplmt dj ydur hucg`cen de tfa aevcrde-
aevcrde - C mdesc`ar ct
kaet. Jdr tfa Fypargddp Mlkpus wa jdmusa` de tfa prcemcpga dj ‖–rascgcaemy–– wfcmf jue`lkaetlg tflt
`asmrchas le lutdedkdus hucg`cen, lhga td l`lpt td cts aevcrdekaet ” l qulgcty ydu prasaet l mflptar
tflt cs jue`lkaetlg wfae hucg`cen ce l `asart tflt ralmfas fcnf takparlturas `ur- jdr sustlcelhcgcty
cen tfa `ly le` vary gdw lt ecnft. Ce tfcs mflptar wa lgsd cemgu`a` `clnrlks tflt
wfae mraltcen l eaw
axpglce dur jlîl`a systak dj gduvars wctf l spamcm cemgceltcde wfae jlmcen l spa -
mcm sdglr drcaetltcde. ]dglr pleags wara lgsd cetanrlta` ce dur klsscva gle`smlpa
hucg`cen.
`ascne le` l systak jdr wltar mdggamtcde tflt gddps jrdk dea mdurtylr` td tfa eaxt
dea wls lgsd plrt dj tfa nraae-hucg`cen strltany.
Ct cs vary ckpdrtlet
ckpdrtlet td iaap tfa acmcaemy wfcga prd`umcen tfa elg mdetaet le` td
mderk tflt ydu prd`uma lgg tfa kle`ltdry `agcvarlhgas rst. ^a stlrta` pgleecen
dur L2 jrdk tfa hanceecen dj tfa pdst-prd`umtcde pflsa, galvcen l pglma-fdg`ar jdr
tfa kle`ltdry `agcvarlhgas le` drnlecscen lgg tfa rae`ars, sd wa wara lwlra tflt
tfa splma raklcea` jdr l``ctcdelg `clnrlks. Pfcs elg pleag sfdug` ha mdkpcga`
hy dea parsde degy wctf le dvarlgg vcscde jdr lrrlenakaet le` lastfatcms, C ramdk-
kae` ydu td gddi jdr Mdkpatctcdes pleags de Rcetarast jdr nuc`lema. Pfa pleag wls
`dea ce Ce@ascne wfcmf C fcnfgy ramdkkae` jdr mdkpcgcen wc`a scza pleags wctf
falvy cklnas.
dr l oury td prajar l prdoamt dvar dtfars. Ct sfdug`e–t `dwenrl`a tfa qulgcty dj ydur
prdoamt. C usulggy sly tflt tfa ‖–Qe-hucgt–– gchrlry dj _lfl Fl`c` Lrmfctamts cs l @ascne
]lemtulry, ct fls tfa hast hucg`cens tflt tfa wdrg` wcgg eavar saa. Pfay eavar kl`a ^a wara eavar sd
ct td `ly-gcnft hut edtfcen ndas td wlsta le` sdka dj tfasa gdst prdoamts cespcra tfa `cnctlggy mdeeamta`
eaxt deas. le` wdricen
rakdtagy fls prdvae
Jutura mflggaenas td wdri qucta
Pfcs cs murraetgy tfa hast tcka jdr ydu td aenlna ce Lrmfctamtura le` @ascne Mdk-
acmcaetgy wctfce
patctcdes. ^a wara eavar sd `cnctlggy mdeeamta` le` wdricen rakdtagy fls prdvae
td wdri qucta acmcaetgy wctfce talks. C urna ley stu`aet td nltfar l talk dj flr`
talks.
wdricen le` plsscdelta mdggalnuas le` td gddi jdr l falgtfy mdkpatctcde td plrtcmc-
plta ce. Ct cs lgsd vary haeamclg jdr le dcma, avae cj ydu lra oust stlrtcen, td spae`
sdka tcka `avagdpcen prdoamts tflt lra edt degy mdkkcsscdes. Ct aemdurlnas tfa
dcma td hrlcestdrk c`als, pusf tfa hdue`lrcas dj `ascne le` l``rass hcnnar, usu -
lggy cetareltcdelg, mflggaenas. Ct lgsd pglmas tfa dcma ce Cetareltcdelg @ascne pglt-
pglt -
jdrks. Pfara lra mdestletgy eaw wahsctas leeduemcen le` puhgcsfcen mdkpatctcde
prdoamts, jdr hucgt le` uehucgt prdoamts. Ct fls eavar haae tfcs alsy, sd C aemdurlna
ydu td ncva tfak l try.

Ls tfa elg cklnas wara ecsfa` tfay wara hacen l``a` td tfacr raspamtcva pglma-
fdg`ar ce tfa pleag, wctf ed ueaxpamta` prdhgaks wctf scza le` smlga. Ce plrlggag,
tfa pgleecen talk wls mdkpcgcen l falvy hddigat dj 8` `agcvarlhgas, wctf pgles
rlencen jrdk <?<222, td <?122 le` <?822, le` <?122 samtcdes.
KLXCLEL MLHQNQACXL 
Jcelggy, tfara cs dea vary ckpdrtlet agakaet dj tfa prdoamt tflt cs dae jdrndttae
hut C mdesc`ar td ha jue`lkaetlg ce ley nralt prdoamt? tfa gdnd. Cj ydur hrcaj stltas
 Lrmfctamt le` urhle
urhle `ascnear jrdk Rdrtunlg, ramramaetgy
aetgy wdricen ls l ]aecdr
l gle`klri le` ydu wlet ydur hucg`cen td ha l kakdrlhga Cmde, ct cs tfa mfarry
 Lrmfctamturlg @ascnear lt _lfl Fl`c` Lrmfctamt
Lrmfctamts,
s, talmfcen lt tfa Lrmfctam-
de tfa mlia td flva dea sckpga, lhstrlmt cklna tflt raprasaets le` rasukas ydur
turlg Lssdmcltcde ce Gde`de le` `dcen gcva wdrisfdps le` wahcelrs wctf
prdoamt ce l mdupga dj gceas, klicen ydur hucg`cen `cstcenucsflhga, kakdrlhga le`
stu`aets jrdk lgg lrdue` tfa ^drg`. Nrl`ult
Nrl`ulta`a` jrdk tfa ]mfddg dj Lrmfc-
mgalr. Lt _FL wa spae` aedunf tcka `avagdpcen le` raecen tfasa cmdes. Sdu mle
tamtura ce Gcshde le` tfa Rdgctamecmd `c Kcgled, sfa kdva` td Gde`de td ax-
tagg wfae gddicen lt tfak wflt tfa klce prcemcpgas td mralta tfcs prdoamt wara. Pfa
pgdra `ascne le` tamfedgdny tfrdunf tfa pdstnrl`ulta mdursa? @ascne Xa-
mgalrar ydur mdemapt cs, tfa mgalear sfdug` ha ydur Cmde. Jdr tfa Fypargddp tfa mde-
salrmf Glhdrltdry (@XG) lt tfa Lrmfctamtur
Lrmfctamturlg
lg Lssdmcltcde ]mfddg (LL). Far
mapt wls qucta mgalr? jdur gddps de l mrdss, raprasaetcen tfa Dlscs le` tfa Fypar-
Fypar-
rasalrmf cetarasts nrlvctlta lrdue` plrlkatrcm `ascne, naearltcva `ascne,
gddp Kanl ]paa` Eatwdri. Pfcs cs tfa prcemcpga tflt kl`a tfa Gdnd, le` wa kl`a
`cnctlg `ascne le` tfa avdgutcde dj lrmfctamtura tfrdunf tfa usa dj tamf-
sura td flva ct rapalta` aedunf lt tfa tdp dr hdttdk dj lgg plnas.
edgdncmlg kales, sumf ls rdhdtcm jlhrcmltcde. Far elg prdoamt prdpdsas
l mgustar dj tdwars, rl`cmlggy `caraet hut hcdgdncmlggy sckcglr, ce tfa mae -
Pfa glst 8 td = `lys dj ley mdkpatctcde lra ceavctlhgy qucta famtcm. Pfa Fypargddp
tra dj Gde`de. Klrclel odcea` _lfl Fl`c` Lrmfctamts lar nrl`ultcen jrdk
dea wls ed axmaptcde. ^a wara wdricen jugg tcka dvar tfa waaiae`s td klia ct td
tfa LL ]mfddg ce 82<>. ]fa cs plrt dj tfa Mdkpatctcde Mgustar avar scema,
tfa `al`gcea. Hamlusa wa wara ce vary `caraet tcka zdeas tfa wdri eavar stdppa`,
raspdeschga jdr tfa fcnf-ae` `ascne prdoamts dj tfa dcma. ]fa wls plrt dj
le` wa pcmia` de almf dtfar–s tlsis avary `ly, wfcmf mralta` l vary axmctcen plma
tfa `ascne talk dj wceecen prdoamts sumf us? Elvc Kukhlc Lcrpdrt, ^astare
jdr tfcs mdkpatctcde. Pfa suhkcsscde wls mdkpgata` lt >lk Hdndtl tcka. ^a wara
]y`eay Lcrpdrt, Axfchctcde Maetra Hacocen, le` kdst ramaetgy tfa Pdwar M
axflusta` hut vary axmcta` jdr tfa odureay wa fl`. Ce tfa ae` wa wara kl`a elg-
elg-
ce ]faezfae
csts. Pfa wceears fl` vary `caraet prcemcpgas wfcmf kl`a us hagcava tflt tfa ou`na
fl` l `caraet mrctarcl tfle wa fl` wfcga mraltcen ct ” lgg prdoamts wara fcnfgy mde -
maptulg le` gass ralgcstcm. Pfcs cs di.Pfara lra kley ueaxpamta` mrctarcl jdr l mgcaet
Fypargddp

82 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< 8<

 
Lrtcmga Lrtcmga

Mdemaptulg Odureay ”
jrdk c`al td ax
axamutcde
amutcde
Hlrtai ^ceecemic de fcs lrmfctamturlg oukp jrdk
Aurdpa td Lscl, gcvcen (le` `ascnecen) ce cetarastcen
tckas le` le aya-dpaecen `ascne prdmass tflt fa
fls axparcaema` `urcen tfa ]flenflc Gchrlry Alst
mdkpatctcde.

Ky l`vaetura wctf ]mfkc`t Flkkar Glssae fls haae ndcen de jdr dvar : yalrs.
]cx avaetjug yalrs ce wfcmf C klelna` td tlia plrt ce dvar 81+ prdoamts, wde > dj
Rdrtjdgcd ]at saet td ]FG le` kasslna ramacva` jrdk Mfrcs Flr`ca
” `ascne prcemcpga jrdk ]FG, 82<:
tfak le` 0 dj wfcmf lra edw ce tfa mdestrumtcde pflsa. Fdwavar, fdw `c` C nat
fara4 ^fy ]FG4 Jcrst tfcens rst.
sckpgcmcty dj tfa kasslna `cramta` ka td ]FG wfcmf lt tflt tcka wls le` stcgg cs
Lar eukardus cetaresfcps ce raputlhga dcmas ce Aurdpa, klcegy ce tfa Eatfar - dea dj tfa jaw ]mle`celvcle mdkplecas wctf cts fal`qulrtars ce ]flenflc lt tflt
gle`s le` @aeklri, ce 82<8 C `amc`a` td klia l mdkpgata mflena - C ga wagg-dr - tcka. Pfa kara praplrltcde dj tfa pdrtjdgcd tddi ka lhdut 8 kdetfs, avarytfcen Pfa mglrcty dj tfa
nlecza` Aurdpa le` trca` ky straentf de tfa Lscle sdcg tflt wls mdkpgatagy ue- fl` td ha raea` `dwe td tfa sklggast `atlcg. C ieaw C fl` td surprcsa tfak wctf kasslna le` `ascne
iedwe td ka. C wcgg edt gca tflt tfa rlncen amdedkcm mrcscs fagpa` ka td klia tfcs sdkatfcen, sd C `amc`a` td sae` tfa aetcra plmilna `cramtgy td tfa fle`s dj tfa sckpgcmcty cs tfa kdst
`amcscde. Mfcel fls haae ky fdka jdr dvar 3 yalrs edw le` C flva spaet prlmtcmlggy dcma `cramtdr. ^agg, tflt wls l kltmf. pdwarjug walpde ce
flgj dj ky prdjasscdelg mlraar ce tfcs mduetry gcvcen ce Hacocen rst le` ]flenflc
tfa lrsaelg dj l ndd`
scema 82<0. Nattcen dut dj ydur dwe mdkjdrt zdea le` kdvcen ydur gcja cetarasts td Mdkpatctcde hlminrdue` ” ]flenflc Gchrlry Alst
l mdkpgatagy `caraet mugtura cs cectclggy `ccmugt, le` ct prdhlhgy cs edt jdr avary-
avary - Jcrst mdkpatctcde ” ]flenflc Gchrlry Alst le` rst prcza! ]fdmi, axmctakaet le` le
`ascnear
dea. Fdwavar, ydu flva td try td e` dut. Ce ky mlsa, C kl`a sumf le lttakpt `ur - cemra`chga ody hamlusa C fl` oust odcea` tfa dcma le` flva cestletgy lmfcava` sumf
cen l vlmltcde ce Mfcel, wfae C `amc`a` tflt l sckcglr mflema jdr l`vaetura kly edt le ckka`clta summass. ]uragy, ct fls haae l mdkpatctcde tflt C wcgg eavar jdrnat jdr
rapalt ctsagj le` C stlya`. Pfrdwcen ydursagj ce lt tfa `aap ae` cs sdkatckas tfa kley ralsdes. Jcrstgy, ct wls ky rst prdoamt ckpgakaeta` ce Mfcel dj sumf smlga
hast wly td galre td swck. le` rlei. ]amde`gy, tfa `ascne prdmass tflt C axparcaema` juggy dpaea` ky ayas
tflt tfa mglrcty dj tfa kasslna le` `ascne sckpgcmcty cs tfa kdst pdwarjug walpde
Jcrst ckprasscde ” smlga sfdmi. Eavar hajdra flva C axparcaema` sumf l nralt galp ce tfa lrsaelg dj l ndd` `ascnear, wfcmf C ralggy wleta` td hamdka hy odcecen tfa
hatwaae wflt C ieaw ce Aurdpa le` wflt C wls `dcen lt tflt kdkaet. Pfa hance- ]flenflc stu`cd.
ecen wls `aectagy edt alsy, hut ls tcka waet de, C hamlka kdra jlkcgclr wctf tfa
gdmlg mugtura, tfa spamcmcty dj tfa klriat le` tfa `ascne prdmassas tlicen pglma.
Pflt wls tfa tcka td sat de l odureay td e` l parjamt pglma.
Nattcen dut dj ydur
C spaet tfa rst yalrs dj ky mlraar ce Mfcel ce glrna lrmfctamturlg mdrpdrltcdes, dwe mdkjdrt zdea
jdmuscen klcegy de mdkkarmclg le` dcma prdoamts. Pfcs cs prdhlhgy tfa wc`ast le` kdvcen ydur gcja
hrlemf dj tfa klriat, wfcmf wcgg lgwlys, ed klttar wflt tfa kdkaet, iaap mrdw`s cetarasts td
dj lrmfctamts husy. Fdwavar, ky cetarasts flva lgwlys dsmcgglta` lrdue` prdoamts l mdkpgatagy `caraet
dj puhgcm ckpdrtlema, sumf ls gchrlrcas, tfaltars dr kusauks, wfara C mdug` jdmus mugtura cs cectclggy
de l fukle le` fcs ragltcdesfcp wctf tfa lrmfctamturlg splma, sumf ls tfa urhle
`ccmugt, le` ct prdhlhgy
splma, wfcmf cs iay le` suparcdr. Pfa elturlg `cramtcde dj tfa salrmf jdr le dj-
ma wls `atarkcea` hy ky pravcdus wdri axparcaema ce Mdpaeflnae. Pfa @le- @le- cs edt jdr avarydea.
csf lpprdlmf td `ascne, tfa lwlraeass le` mdescstaemy dj tfa jdrk ls wagg ls tfa
]flenflc Gchrlry Alst, mdkpatctcde
mdkpatctcde siatmf

88 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< 8=


Lrtcmga
Lgkdst = kdetfs dj straeudus wdri, fdurs spaet ce tfa kd`ag rddk le` ce jrdet dj
tfa mdkputar le` ^fcta @clkde` cs sat td dpae td l wc`ar lu`caema ce alrgy 8288.
^ceecen sumf l prastcncdus mdkpatctcde nlva le lklzcen hddst td tfa aetcra dcma.
Le` oust ls Mdpaeflnae fls cts Hglmi @clkde` (]FG prdoamt), le cmde dj kd`are
lpprdlmf td `ascnecen kugtcjuemtcdelg gchrlrcas wdug` lppalr de tfa dtfar sc`a dj
tfa ngdha. Fara, C kust kaetcde tflt l mdetakpdrlry gchrlry cs edt degy l stdrarddk
jdr hddis wctf pglmas td stu`y tfak, hut l kugtc-juemtcdelg mugturlg, axfchctcde le`
lrtcstcm splma, l kd`are lndrl, wfcmf cs td ravcva tfa urhle tcssua le` dpae fdrc-
zdes td tfa wdrg` jdr tfa mcty le` cts ceflhctlets. Aspamclggy ce tfa lna dj tfa Cetar-
eat, wfara prlmtcmlggy avarytfcen mle ha jdue` degcea, mraltcen l pglma td kaat le`
axmflena tfdunfts cs avae kdra ckpdrtlet.
Le` tfcs gchrlry cs gcia tflt! Gdmlta` ce tfa Ru`den `cstrcmt, tfa lral dj tfa mcty
iedwe jdr cts cmdecm siygcea cs l hgdmi wctf l tdtlg lral dj <<1,222 sqk, wfcmf ce-
mgu`as le lu`ctdrcuk jdr <,822 padpga, axfchctcde splmas, l stu`cd mceakl le`
l saplrlta gchrlry jdr mfcg`rae. Pfa gchrlry hdlsts le ckprasscva hddi vdguka dj lp-
prdxckltagy <.1 kcggcde mdpcas.
Pfa ragltcdesfcp hatwaae fukle le` lrmfctamtura wls l prcdrcty `urcen tfa `ascne
prdmass. Ledtfar ckpdrtlet jlmtdr tflt wa plc` plrtcmuglr lttaetcde td wls tfa ls-
pamt dj eltura. Eltura lgwlys pglys l vary ckpdrtlet rdga ce lgg dur prdoamts. Ct cs
tfleis td Eltura tflt l parsde mle rast kaetlggy, ranlce straentf le` jdmus. Pfa
jlmt tflt tfa gchrlry cs gdmlta` ce tfa glrnast ]flenflc plri fls mralta` l uecqua
ragltcdesfcp
ragltcdes fcp hatwaae tfa ral`ar le` tfa surrdue`cen aevcrdek
aevcrdekaet.
aet. Pfara cs prdh-
lhgy edtfcen kdra sddtfcen tfle aeodycen gctarltura ce eltura - tfcs cs tfa aamt wa
wleta` td lmfcava. Eltura cs prlmtcmlggy iedmicen de tfa gchrlry–s `ddr le` hy `a-
gcharltagy axtae`cen tfa axcstcen plri, tfa nraae ‗mdvars‛ tfa gdwar plvcgcdes dvar
wfcmf tfa pura, wfcta jdrk dj tfa hucg`cen stle`s.
]flenflc Gchrary Alst, vdguka `avagdpkeat
80 LMS ∓ 828<
Lrtcmga
Lelgyscs le` rasalrmf lra mrumclg. ^a `d ct mlrajuggy td `csmdvar tfa galst dhvcdus
sc`as dj tfa prdoamt. Pfara lra ed stupc` quastcdes dr mrlzy `cramtcdes jdr us, wa
tast le` axpgdra avary, avae tfa galst dhvcdus, pltf, wfcmf `csmdvara` lt tfa vary
hanceecen slvas l gdt dj tcka ce tfa jurtfar stlnas dj tfa prdoamt. Pflt–s wfy lt tfcs
stlna wa hlscmlggy lttae tfa dcma fcarlrmfy le` tfa vdcma dj almf parsde de tfa
talk cs dj aqulg ckpdrtlema. Pfcs mraltas l kdra mraltcva splma jdr lmtcde wfara
avarydea jaags aqulggy
djraspdeschga
dur wdri, ltjdr
tfcstfa ae`ctrasugt.
sarvasPfa pfyscmlg kd`ag cs letfa
ce-
`cspaeslhga agakaet stlna prcklrcgy td ue`arstle`
smlga dj tfa axcstcen mdetaxt, ce gltar stlnas ct hamdkas l ‗kdtfar kd`ag‛ de wfcmf
wa tast kugtcpga dptcdes. Jrdk tfa tamfecmlg sc`a, wa dparlta de pra-praplra` ga
takpgltas le` mdkpdeaets, wfcmf wa mdggamt prlmtcmlggy wctf avary eaw prdoamt.
Lgral`y lt le alrgy stlna wa try td tfcei gcia l jutura usar. ^flt prdhgaks lmmdk-
pley fck4 Fdw wcgg ct l`lpt td tfa eaw juemtcde4 Fdw wcgg tfa pglma wfara wa
`ascne gddi ce 1, <2 dr 82 yalrs4 Pfa spamcmcty dj tfa pglma cs l iay lspamt. ^a try
td leswar gdmlg prdhgaks le` lemfdr c`als ce gdmlg mugtura. ]umf l strumtura` stlna
dj tfa lelgyscs elturlggy gal`s us td tfa eaxt pflsa dj tfa mymga ce wfcmf wa axpgdra
tfa pdsschcgctcas le` pdtaetclg smaelrcds.
]tu`cd kd`ag chrlry, 828<
Rrdmass `clnrlk, ]faezae ^lsta Aearny Rglet
8: LMS ∓ 828<
Lrtcmga
L sckpga lrmfctamturlg glenulna mdevaycen tfa mglrcty dj c`als cs tfa `dklce dj dur
dcma, wa `d edt axlnnarlta, wa lgwlys strcva td ha fdeast ce dur kasslna le`
ct wls ed `caraet ce tfcs mlsa. Pfa mgcaet lppramclta` dur wly dj dparltcen le`  L sklgg talk lggdws
lggdws ydu
kutulg ue`arstle`cen rasugta` ce l strden hde` hatwaae axparts. ^a `raw iedwg- td ha kdra aamtcva ce
a`na jrdk tfa hast kce`s ce tfa gchrlry prdjasscde le` tfa mgcaet jagt tflt fa wls tarks dj drnleczltcde
drnleczltcde
prasaeta` wctf lrmfctamtura wctf l mlpctlg L. le` hu`nat.
Dur prdmass
Almf suhsaquaet prdoamt lar tfa mdkpgatcde dj tfa mdkpatctcde jdr tfa ]flenflc
Gchrlry Alst le` almf eaw `ascne tlsi prdva` td ka tflt tfa pltf td tfa elg ra- ra -
sugt cs lgwlys sckcglr. Ndcen tfrdunf mfamipdcets fagps td systakltcza tfa prdmass
le` mgalrgy axpglces tfa staps hafce`. Edtfcen cs lmmc`aetlg le` avary kdva ydu
klia fls cts oustcmltcde. ‗Cj ydu mle–t axpglce ct sckpgy, ydu `de–t ue`arstle` ct
wagg aedunf‛” Lghart Acestace. ^a mralta sumf lrmfctamtura ce dur 62-parsde strden
stu`cd. Dur dcma cs ragltcvagy yduen, wa flva l gdt dj padpga wfd oust nrl`ulta`
jrdk raedwea` uecvarsctcas lgg dvar tfa wdrg`, wfara nrdup wdri le` le cetar`cs-
mcpgcelry wly dj tfceicen cs tfa lmmapta` edrk. Pfa kdtcvltcde wctf wfcmf pad-
pga lpprdlmf prdoamts, rakce`s ka l hct dj wdricen de mdkpatctcdes wfae C wls
l stu`aet kysagj. Rlsscde le` tfa `ascra td ha tfa hast, lgg ce le ltkdspfara dj
ae`gass `csmusscdes le` hrlcestdrks. Avarytfcen stlrts wctf tfa cectclg lelgyscs dj
l ncvae tdpcm, tfcs cs wflt wa mlgg tfa ND CE pflsa. Ce tfcs pflsa, tfa kdst ckpdrtlet
tfcen cs tfa `csmusscde le` l `aap ue`arstle`cen dj tfa prdhgak. Qsulggy, tfa talk
tflt stlrts tfa mdkpatctcde cs sklgg, mdescstcen dj le lrmfctamt gal`cen tfa prdoamt,
dea dr twd kc`-gavag lrmfctamts le` lrmfctamtura stu`aets wfd lra cetarecen wctf
us. Pfa eukhar dj padpga ce almf talk vlrcas le` ce tfa gltar stlnas dj tfa prdoamt,
talk kakhars wctf l kdra tamfecmlg prdga lra l``a` td mddr`celta lspamts tflt
lra dj tamfedgdncmlg dr mdestrumtcdelg eltura. Lgsd, l sklgg talk lggdws ydu td ha
kdra aamtcva ce tarks dj drnleczltcde le` hu`nat.
]flenflc Gchrary Alst, mdkpatctcde
mdkpatctcde siatmf
LMS ∓ 828< 81
Lrtcmga
 Lt tfcs stlna wa
hlscmlggy lttae tfa
dcma fcarlrmfy le` tfa
vdcma dj almf parsde
de tfa talk
ckpdrtlema.
ckpdrtlem a. cs dj aqulg
Pfcs
mraltas l kdra mraltcva
splma jdr lmtcde wfara
avarydea jaags aqulggy
raspdeschga jdr tfa ae`
rasugt.
Kd`ag prdmass, Eced Gchrlry vdguka stu`cas
ND ^C@A dpaes up l rlena dj pdsschcgctcas tflt kaat lgg tfa raqucrakaets dj tfa
hrcaj le` dur dwe lrmfctamturlg lkhctcdes. Ct cs ce tfcs pflsa wa `csmuss kugtcpga
pdsschcgctcas le` mdemapts tflt mle mflggaena tfa gckcts dj tfa hrcaj le` juemtcdes.
Pfa klce tddghdx wa usa mdescsts dj siatmf, kd`ag le` `clnrlk. Pfa mraltcva prd-
mass cs mdkpgatagy ede-axcstaet jdr us wctfdut tfasa tfraa cenra`caets. Pfa siatmf
cs tfa jlstast, kdst lhstrlmt le` lt tfa slka tcka tfa kdst fdeast raamtcde dj
dur `ascne lkhctcdes le` ct–s de cts hlscs wa try td vcsulgcza tfa jutura sflpa dj
tfa prdoamt. Ct cs l ice` dj syetfascs dr assaema dj wflt wa lra strcvcen jdr. L elturlg
trlesctcde jrdk tfa siatmf stlna cs td mfami tfa c`als sat dut ce tfa kd`ag ” hdtf
pfyscmlg le` `cnctlg. Ct cs lt tfcs stlna tflt wa stdp td avlgulta wflt cs ce jrdet dj dur
ayas jdr l gdenar tcka, hamlusa kley tckas wflt gddis ndd` ce =@ cs edt raamta`
ce tfa pfyscmlg kd`ag, ha ct tfa dvarlgg mflrlmtar dr tfa smlga. ^a dae hucg` tfa
pfyscmlg kd`ag ce kley smlgas td ha lhsdgutagy sura tflt dur `cramtcde cs mdrramt.
Dae, wa mralta kley prdnrlks le` jdrklg dptcdes, tlicen dea stap lfal` le`
twd staps hlmi, iedwcen tfcs cs plrt dj tfa prdmass. Pd arr cs fukle, sd klicen
l kcstlia cs wdrtfwfcga td lmfcava l hcnnar ndlg. Almf dptcde dj tfa pfyscmlg kd`ag
cs pfdtdnrlpfa` sd tflt wa mle lgwlys ravart hlmi td ct. ^fae wa ecsf tfa siatmf -
cen stlna dj tfa rst kd`ag, wa prdmaa` td lttakpt td `clnrlkkltcza tfa staps
tliae. L sckpga `clnrlk cs td axpglce ce l mgalr le` acmcaet wly wflt mdkpdeaets
`atarkcea tfa elg jdrk dj tfa prdoamt.
LMS ∓ 828< 8>

Lrtcmga
]umf l sat dj kltarclgs cs l hlsa td mralta prasaetltcde siatmfhddis, wfcmf wa pra-
saet le` `csmuss `urcen waaigy prdoamt up`lta kaatcens dj `ascne prcemcpgas. Almf
dj tfa siatmfhddis cs lutdkltcmlggy upgdl`a` detd dur cetarelg pgltjdrk wfcmf cs
lmmassa` hy dur Lkarcmle le` Aurdpale talks. Pfcs lggdws jdr lgkdst `cramt ax-
mflena dj tfdunfts le` edtas, wfcmf cs ckpdrtlet lt avary stlna dj tfa prdoamt. Pfa
trlesplraemy dj tfa lmtcvcty cs dea dj dur strden pdcets le` wa wlet dtfar dcmas td
saa dur `ascne prdmass ls wagg ls wa lra dpae td mdestrumtcva mrctcmcsk.
Pfa ND ^C@A pflsa cs tfa gdenast dj lgg pflsas ce tfa mymga. Pfa ndlg cs td mut `dwe
td dea td tfraa klce dptcdes le` `avagdp tfak ce tfa eaxt pflsa. Pfa ae` dj tfcs
pflsa cs l ice` dj Rdcet dj Ed Xature, wfcmf kales tflt wa `de–t axparckaet ley-
kdra le` cestal` hrcen lgg tfa jdmus de `avagdpkaet dj sagamta` `cramtcdes.
Mdkpatctcde
Mdkpatctcde stu`y kd`ags, Iuekcen Hdtlecmlg Kusauk
Pfa klce ndlg dj tfa ND @AAR pflsa cs pusfcen tfa mfdsae dptcde(s) td tfa gckct, sd
tflt tfa talk mle kdva td tfa prd`umtcde kd`a. Lt tfcs stlna, tfa `ascne talk cs
suppgakaeta` wctf eaw kakhars wfd lra lhga td lelgyza le` pdcet dut lgg tamf-
ecmlg prdhgaks. Mdkpgclema wctf gdmlg le` eltcdelg md`as cs mlrajuggy ravcawa`
tlicen cetd lmmduet pdtaetclg strumturlg dr tamfedgdncmlg prdhgaks. Jdr tflt, wa
ralmf dut jdr tfa l`vcma dj axtarelg mdkplecas le` mdesugtlets wfd lra axparts ce
tfacr ag`s. Xasugts dj tfacr lelgyscs le` `csmusscde mderks wfatfar tfa prdoamt
cs rltcdelg le` jalschga. Lt tfa slka tcka, wa `avagdp pgles, mrdss-samtcdes le`
tast vlrcdus jlîl`a vlrclets. Dae, tfcs cs tfa kdkaet ce wfcmf wa stlrt td jdmus
de cetarcdr `ascne `avagdpcen tfa klce splmas dj tfa prdoamt. Hy mraltcen kdd`
hdlr`s, wa mfddsa tfa hast kltmfcen mdgdr plgattas tflt akpflscza tfa hd`y le`
salkgassgy karna wctf tfa cetarcdr. ]ustlcelhcgcty cs le cemra`chgy ckpdrtlet lspamt
dj tfa `ascne. ^a lck td cemdrpdrlta amdgdncmlg trae`s ce kd`are `ascne cetd dur
c`als. Pfa Mfceasa ndvarekaet pgles td hamdka l mlrhde-eautrlg amdedky hy
82=2, tflt–s wfy lt dur stu`cd wa wlet td l`lpt td tfa upmdkcen mflenas le` hucg`
wcsagy wctf tfa jutura ce kce`. Lpprdlmfcen tfa tdpcm jrdk kley lengas fagps td
mglrcjy tfa klce vlrclet de wfcmf wa elggy jdmus le` `avagdp ce tfa prd`umtcde
pflsa. Fara mdkas ledtfar Rdcet dj Ed Xature, wfara tfa elg, hast `cramtcde cs
`avagdpa` ce `atlcg.
86 LMS ∓ 828<
Lrtcmga
Jutura mflggaenas
^flt wcgg tfa jutura hrcen4 C flva ed c`al, fdwavar, tfa dg` Mfceasa prdvarh ‗kly
ydu gcva ce cetarastcen tckas‛ cs prdhlhgy lgral`y mdkcen trua ce sdka wlys. Pfa
apc`akcm turea` tfa wdrg` upsc`a `dwe, sd ct–s flr` td pra`cmt wflt tfa eaxt
kdetf wcgg gddi gcia, gat lgdea tfa eaxt yalr. Mfcel fle`ga` tfa ple`akcm qucta wagg
le` tfa rakdta wdri `c`e–t glst gden fara - prdhlhgy lrdue` dea dr twd kdetfs.
^a qucmigy
faema raturea`
tfa pgles td]flenflc
ce dur (eaw) edrklg,
dcma wfcmf `c`dptckcstcm.
lra vary edt lamtLtdur
tfakdrlga varywa
kdkaet, kumf,
flva
pdsctcdea` dursagvas de l jlcrgy slja nrdue`, wfara wa cetartwcea `cramt mdkkcs-
scdes wctf cevctas jdr mdkpatctcdes. Ct ncvas us tfa pdsschcgcty td hdtf axparckaet
le` ckprdva tfa lgral`y wagg-`avagdpa` `ascne prdmassas. ^a flva tfa prcvcgana
tflt lar sd kley yalrs dj axpdsura td tfa Mfceasa klriat, wa lra qucta l ram -
dneczlhga hrle` le` mustdkars iedw le` ramdnecza dur styga. Pfay ue`arstle`
]mle`celvcle kcecklgcsk le` tfa tckagasseass dj dur `ascnes.
Djma Gchrlry, mdkpatctcde hddis
^ast Aearny Rglet, mdestrumtcde pfdtd
Lrtcmga
 Lt tfcs stlna,
stlna, tfa `ascne
talk cs suppgakaeta`
wctf eaw kakhars wfd
lra lhga td lelgyza le`
pdcet dut lgg tamfecmlg
prdhgaks.
Pfceicen prdmass, Mfaen ]fcjl L`t Kusauk, mdkpatctcde smfaka
ND FCNF lgsd iedwe ls tfa elg prd`umtcde pflsa. Pfcs cs tfa glst gan `urcen wfcmf
wa wdri de fcnf qulgcty vcsulg kltarclgs tflt mle mdkkuecmlta tfa c`al le` tfa
prdoamt td cts hast. Pfa iay tfcen cs mdescstaemy, wa mlra jdr avary gcttga `atlcg le` Edt avarydea eaa`s td
klia sura lgg agakaets wcgg kltmf nrlpfcmlggy. ^a dutgcea tfa elg pgles, mrdss- dwe tfacr dwe stu`cd.
samtcdes dr `clnrlks tflt wdug` nd cetd tfa elg hddigat dr kugtcka`cl. Jdr tfa  -
elg rae`arcens, wa mfddsa axtarelg mdkplecas tflt lra lhga td prasaet tfa mflrlm-
tar dj dur lrmfctamtura ce tfa hast pdsschga wly. ^a mlrajuggy sagamt mdkplecas wctf
wfdk wa wdri, tflt lra usulggy de tfa klriat jdr yalrs, wa iedw axlmtgy wflt
wa mle axpamt le` fdw kumf tcka wa eaa` td nat fcnf qulgcty cklnas. ^a usulggy
usa l kcx dj gdmlg le` jdracne mdkplecas. Gavarlncen pravcdusgy `atarkcea` tak-
pgltas, wa lra lhga td mlrva tfa elg sflpa dj tfa elg prasaetltcde qucta qucmigy.
L prdoamt mle ha mdkplra` td l ndd` lmtcde kdvca, ct kust flva cts plma ” wa `d
edt wlet td sfdw avarytfcen rcnft lwly, hut rltfar mralta kdkaetuk le` uemdvar
dur stdry stap hy stap. Pflt–s wfy vary dae tfa pgles lra cetarwdvae wctf rae`ar -
cens dr `clnrlks. Pfcs mraltas l kdra mdgdrjug le` lmmurlta cklna jrdk tfa vcawar
parspamtcva le` spdetleadusgy taggs tfa stdry dj tfa prdoamt. Pd l`` tfa elg tdumf
td tfa prdoamt, wa mralta l prdoamt gdnd, l ice` dj akhgak tflt wcgg ha kakdrlhga
le` cs cts raprasaetltcde. Mdggamta` kltarclgs nd cetd tfa Jcelg Hddigat, wfcmf cs
`agcvara` td tfa mustdkar ce tfa jdrk dj l rapdrt. Dea mdpy lgwlys stlys ce dur dj -dj -
ma le` odces dur prdoamt gchrlry. Pfcs cs le cemra`chgy usajug tddg td wfcmf wa mdka
hlmi wfcga wdricen de dtfar tfakas.
Pfasa 0 staps lra tfa assaema dj dur `ascne prdmass. Mcrmga dj ceedvltcde cs mde-
stletgy aercmfa` le` ckprdva` td ha l sdurma le` hlsa jdr eaw mdggalnuas odcecen
dur dcma. ^a lck td jdggdw kd`are trae`s le` iaap up wctf tfak, tflt–s wfy wa
mralta` le dcma `ascne nrdup cesc`a wfcmf kaats de l kdetfgy hlscs le` `csmuss - ^a lck td cemdrpdrlta
as fdw wa mle ckprdva dur katfd`s dj dparltcde le` agavlta tfak td tfa eaxt gav- amdgdncmlg trae`s ce
ag. Pcka cs l murraemy tflt mleedt ha hdunft, faema astlhgcsfcen ndd` prd`umtcvcty kd`are `ascne cetd dur
le` acmcaemy flhcts lggdws dur mdggalnuas td juggy `agcvar tfacr `utcas lt ranuglr c`als.
lggdtta` tcka.
LMS ∓ 828< 83
Lrtcmga
Pfa agakaet wa wdug` gcia td wdri de le` jdmus dur lttaetcde de cs sustlcelhga `a-
scne le` tfa lppgcmltcde dj amdgdncmlg sdgutcdes ce kdra dj dur prdoamts. Pfa quas-
Mdggamta` kltarclgs nd tcde cs edt cj hut kdra lhdut wfae tfa stliafdg`ars de tfa Mfceasa klriat wcgg
cetd tfa Jcelg Hddigat, prcdrctcza sustlcelhcgcty le` mustdkars wcgg tralt ct ls tfa edrk wfae ct mdkas td lgg
wfcmf cs `agcvara` td eawgy-`ascnea` lrmfctamtura. Ls C kaetcdea` hajdra, mflenas ce Mfcel lra tlicen
pglma vary qucmigy, sd dur lmtcdes kust ha pgleea` ce l`vlema. Faema, wa hance td
tfa mustdkar ce tfa
jdrk dj l rapdrt. Dea upnrl`a
prdhgaksdur
le``ascne prdmass
klriat td l`aqultagy raspde` td tfa mdetakpdrlry amdgdncmlg
raqucrakaets.
mdpy lgwlys stlys ce
dur dcma le` odces dur Pfa eaxt yalr wcgg ha vary spamclg jdr us, hamlusa sdka dj dur prdoamts, de wfcmf
prdoamt gchrlry. Pfcs cs wa flva haae wdricen tfa glst jaw yalrs, wcgg elggy dpae tfacr `ddrs td vcsctdrs.
le cemra`chgy usajug tddg ]flenflc Gchrlry Alst, ]uzfdu ]mcaema Kusauk le` ]faezfae ^lsta Aearny pglet
td wfcmf wa mdka hlmi lra oust l jaw prdoamts jrdk dur pdrtjdgcd. ^a lra prdu` tflt wa mle pursua dur
hrdl` lkhctcdes le` `d ct ce tfa wly wa flva cklncea`. Rlsscde le` mdescstaemy ce
wfcga wdricen de dtfar
ralmfcen l pravcdusgy sat ndlg cs tfa dvarrc`cen lspamt tflt nuc`as us le` wa wlet
tfakas. td mugtcvlta ct lt lgg tckas.
Dur dcma cs mdestletgy `avagdpcen, faema wa lra lgwlys gddicen jdr rlw tlgaets
jdr dur stu`cd, dpae kce`s lhsdrhcen iedwga`na. ^a hagcava tflt wa lra l pglt-
jdrk jdr tfa axmflena dj vcaws de tfa wc`agy ue`arstdd` mraltcde dj splma. ^a lg-
wlys try td e` axtrldr`celry mflrlmtars wfd, ranlr`gass dj tfacr cetarasts, wlet td
hrdl`ae tfacr fdrczdes. Sduen lrmfctamts le` stu`aets wfd mdka td dur dcma almf
yalr raprasaet l vary fcnf wdri mugtura le` lra praplra` td le lklzcen `anraa jdr
prdjasscdelg wdri. C kale hdtf sdwlra sicggs le` tfa wly dj tfceicen. C lk prdu`
dj tfa jlmt tflt tfay saa dur stu`cd ls tfa pglma td `avagdp tfacr prdjasscdelg mlraar.
HLXPAI ^CEECMIC
Hdre ce ]cgascl ” le ce`ustrclg rancde dj Rdgle` le` rlcsa` ce l kcears– jlk-
cgy wfcmf sflpa` fcs flr`-wdricen parsdelgcty. Hlrt–s a`umltcdelg
a`umltcdelg le` prd-
jasscdelg axparcaema nlcea` ce Rdgle`, @aeklri, Eatfargle`s, le` Mfcel
cs `aapgy rddta` ce urhlecsk, lrmfctamtura, cetarcdrs, le` nrlpfcm `ascne.
Fcs `ascne trloamtdry lgwlys strcvas td hlglema hdtf tfa axparckaetlg le`
tfa vcscdelry wctf sckpgcmcty le` prlnkltcsk. Cetarasts aemdkplss tfa ae-
tcra mraltcva prdmass stlrtcen wctf tfa vary rst c`al, tfrdunf tfa mdemap -
tcde le` ralgczltcde pflsas, lgg tfa wly td tfa elg lttaetcde td `atlcg. Hcn
smcaema mtcde jle ce avary lspamt actfar cs kdvca, kuscm, dr tamfedgdny.
@O lar fdurs. ]urjar ce sukkar, sedwhdlr`ar ce wcetar.
 =2 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< =<

 
Lrtcmga Lrtcmga

Pfa kalecen dj
`ascne cetaetcde
Sarce Ilen, tfa jdue`ar dj ].d.L, wlgis us
tfrdunf tfa =-pflsa prdmass usa` `urcen tfa
Katrdpdgctle ]klgg Kleujlmturars– ]uppdrt
Maetar @ascne Mdkpatctcde, fcnfgcnftcen tfa
ckpdrtlema dj ravalgcen tfa lrmfctamtura–s
lttctu`a tdwlr`s tfa mcty.

Dur prdmass
^a spae` l gdt dj tcka ue`arstle`cen tfa hlminrdue` dj tfa mdkpatctcde ce tfa
alrgy stlna. Pd tfcs ae`, wa lelgyza tfa mdkpatctcde nuc`agceas le` rasalrmf de cts
sdmclg hlminrdue`. ^a try td nura dut wflt sdmcd-amdedkcm mdetaxt wa lra `alg -
cen wctf le` wflt rdga tfcs hucg`cen wcgg pgly ce tfcs urhle sdmcaty. ^a hrali `dwe
dur prdmass cetd pra-`ascne, `ascne le` axamutcde pflsas.

Rra-`ascnepflsa?

Qe`arstle`cen mdkpatctcde nuc`agceas

^a ral` tfa mdkpatctcde nuc`agceas mlrajuggy. Ce plrtcmuglr, wa `csmuss wflt tfa Zartcmlg wlgiwly mdeeamta` td tfa mcty
purpdsa dj tfcs mdkpatctcde cs. Ct lgsd mdestctutas l fcarlrmfy dj savarlg nuc`agceas
jdr tfa mdkpatctcde. ^a `csmuss wfcmf ctak mle flva le lhsdguta ceuaema de dur
`ascne le` wflt nuc`agceas sfdug` ha mdesc`ara` rst. Katrdpdgctle ]klgg Kleu- Kleu-
jlmturars– ]uppdrt Maetar @ascne Mdkpatctcde (KK]M)–s mlsa? Pfa kdst ckpdrtlet
tfcen ce tfcs `ascne nuc`agcea wls fdw td `aea l ‖kleujlmturars– suppdrt maetar–. @amcscde klicen jdr `ascne?
• Pd hucg` l splma strumtura wfara sklgg kleujlmturars mle mralta tfacr dwe
Xasalrmf de tfa sdmcd-amdedkcm
sdmcd-amdedkcm hlminrdue` dj tfa mdkpatctcde hrle`s.
Aspamclggy ce tfa mlsa dj puhgcm hucg`cen mdkpatctcdes, tfa `cramtcde dj mcty pdgcmy • ^a `amc`a` tflt tfa lrmfctamtura ctsagj sfdug` ha lhga td ravalg tfa hrle` c`ae-
cs dae tfa hlminrdue` dj tfa mdkpatctcde.
mdkpatctcde. ^a try td e` dut wflt ice` dj hlmi-
hlmi- tcty. Jrdk tfa hanceecen, wa trca` td `avclta jrdk tfa typcmlg hucg`cen jdrk.
nrdue` mcty pdgcmy stle`s hafce` tfcs mdkpatctcde. ^a stu`y lrmfctamturlg typas
mralta` ue`ar tfa slka urhle pdgcmy.  Lelgyscs ? lsicen quastcdes le` klicen `ascne
`ascne strlta
strltancas
ncas
L jaw quastcdes lra mralta` tfrdunf lelgyscs, le` `ascne strltancas le` c`als jdr
KK]M–s mlsa? Ce tfcs mdkpatctcde ct wls tfa ]adug Katrdpdgctle Ndvarekaet–s sup-
sup- tfa hucg`cen lra `avagdpa` ls leswars td tfasa quastcdes.
pdrt pgle jdr urhle kleujlmturcen. Pfa ndlg dj tfcs pdgcmy wdug` hamdka tfa ndlg
dj tfa `ascne. ]adug–s sfda-klicen ce`ustry cs mdemaetrlta` ce mgustars dj sklgg Dur quastcdes ce KK]M?
swaltsfdps ce tfa ]adensu-`den lral, wfcmf cs tfa scta eacnfhdrfdd`. Pfara cs • Pfara wara eukardus suppdrt prdnrlks jdr sklgg jlmtdrcas, hut td ed lvlcg.
l spltclg `cstrchutcde dj glhdr wctfce tfa lral? sdka lra spamclgcza` ce plttares, ^flt wara tfa prdhgaks4
dtfars ce sawcen, ecsfcen, le` slkpga klicen, atm. Fdwavar, wflt cs lhsaet ce • ^fcmf typa dj hucg`cen mle fagp le` suppdrt sklgg kliars le` jlmtdrcas4
tfa lral cs pgleecen le` `ascnecen. Degy DAK kleujlmturcen axcsts. Pfus jlmtdry- • Fdw td `ascne edt degy l hucg`cen smfaka hut lgsd l eaw typdgdny, wfcmf cs
dwea` drcncelg hrle`s lra lgsd ede-axcstaet. eamasslry4

=8 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< ==

Lrtcmga Lrtcmga

@ascne strltany ce KK]M?

• Ndlg dj dur prdoamt? ‖]adensu ]cgd– td hamdka l suppdrt maetar jdr sklgg mrl
kae sd tflt tfay mdug` ha tfacr dwe klstars. Cestal` dj hacen
• Dur `aectcde dj ‖]uppdrt maetar–? ‖]adensu-]cgd– wls `ascnea` td ceedvlta l ckkarsa` ce `ascne
kleujlmturcen lral td aelhga klstar sfdakliars td hrle` tfacr fle`-kl`a prdpdslgs jdr l
prd`umts hy cetanrltcen `ascnecen, kleujlmturcen, klriatcen, `cstrchutcde le` hucg`cen, wa zddk dut
• mdesukptcde ce dea
@ascne strltany? splma.
Pfa prd`umtcde le` mdesukptcde splmas wara td ha vartcmlggy lnlce le` stu`y tfa
cetargceia`, mraltcen l mdkplmt nadnrlpfy dj tfa mdkkd`cty mflce.
ralg scta wfara tfcs
hucg`cen wcgg ha hucgt.
@ascne pflsa?
Pfa `ascne pflsa stlrts wctf siatmfcen tfa mdra mdetaet dj tfa prdpdslg. ^fae tfcs
siatmf cs mdkpgata, wa `csmuss fdw td klecpuglta tfcs siatmf cetd =-`ckaescdelg
splma.

Klce c`al jdr hrlcestdrkcen

KK]M–s mlsa ? l eaw typa dj jlmtdry. Ce dr`ar td cetanrlta tfa prdmassas dj pgleecen,
`ascnecen, klicen, klriatcen le` mdesukcen, wa pglma` lgg hut tfa kleujlmturcen
lral ce jrdet dj tfa mcty. Ce l``ctcde, hy lrrlencen plrts sumf ls tfa kaatcen pglma
le` klriatcen splma ce l mdkkde splma rltfar tfle cesc`a l sklgg jlmtdry,wa flva
cemralsa` tfa ckpdrtlema dj tfa sarvcma splma. Pfa l`vletlna dj tfcs glydut wls td
saplrlta tfa jlmtdry le` sarvcma lral le` axtae` ct alscgy wfae ct cs eamasslry td
axtae` tfa hucg`cen.
Jrdet le` mdrrc`dr vcaw

Mdetaxtulgczcen le lrmfctamtura td tfa mcty

Mdetaxtulgczcen
Cestal` dj hacen ckkarsa` ce `ascne prdpdslgs jdr l hucg`cen, wa zddk dut lnlce le` Zartcmlg ^lgiwly, sankaeta` tfa jlma dj tfa hucg`cen de l fukle smlga de tfa
le` stu`y tfa ralg scta wfara tfcs hucg`cen wcgg ha hucgt. ^a gddi jdr tfa jlmtdrs tflt jrdet rdl`, hrcencen pa`astrcles cetd tfa hucg`cen.
mle fagp tfa `ascne dj tfa hucg`cen le`, ce dr`ar td klia dur hucg`cen kalecenjug
ce tfa mcty, wa gddi lt tfa urhle mdetaxt.  Zcsulgczcen l strlta
 Zcsulgczcen strltany?
ny? vdgu
vdguka
ka klicen
klicen tdakpflsc
akpflsczaza l kleujlmtu
kleujlmturcen
rcen gle`smlpa
gle`smlpa
Zlrcdus dptcdes stu`cas lra mde`umta` de fdw td `avagdp le cectclg c`al cetd
KK]M–s mlsa? Pfa mdkpatctcde scta, ]adensu-`den, usa` td ha l jlmtdry lral wfara l tfraa-`ckaescdelg splma. Ce tfcs mlsa, hdtf kd`ag klicen le` =` kd`agcen lra
degy ‖prd`umtcde– tddi pglma. Hut ct fls haae trlesjarra` td l pglma wfara mde- usa`. Ce tfa mlsa dj stlrtcen jrdk l =@ `rlwcen, ct prdmaa`s ce tfa ravarsa `cramtcde.
sukptcdes le` mugtura pgltjdrks lra l``a`. Xdl`s usa` jdr trlespdrtltcde ce tfcs ]tu`y dj pgle dr samtcde ce =@ kd`agcen dr kd`ag. Lt tfcs pdcet, ct cs ckpdrtlet td
lral wara nrl`ulggy trlesjarra` cetd mustdkars– pltfs. Pfcs wls le dppdrtuecty jdr aesura tflt tfcs prdmass cs edt sckpgy l prdmass tflt mrdssas `ckaescdes. Pfa `a-
kleujlmturars dj fle`kl`a sfdas td mdeeamt wctf mdesukars le` klriats. scne strltany le` ckpgcmltcdes jdr tfa wly dj jdrk klicen sfdug` ha lrtcmuglta`.
KK]M–s mlsa? Ce tfa mlsa dj ]adensu ]cgd, wa usa` ‗axtru`a–s strltany‛, lttakptcen
@ascne jlmtdr jrdk tfa scta rasalrmf? td axtrcmlta ‖jrdet sc`a-sarvcma lral– le` ‖hlmi sc`a-wdri lral– saplrltagy.
• Gdwar plrt dj l hucg`cen dpaea` td tfa puhgcm - hlsa` de tfcs lelgyscs, wa prd-
pdsa` tfa gdw-rcsa jlîl`a dj dur hucg`cen td dpae td tfa puhgcm lral le` tfa ^a `c` tflt jdr tfa jdggdwcen twd ralsdes?
mcty. Ct wls l mdkprafaescva le` tfraa-`ckaescdelg lrrlenakaet dj sarvcma ralsde < - uscen tfa `ascne glenulna dj ‖scgds–. ^a fdpa` tflt tfa sflpa dj tfa hucg`-
lrals tflt mle mdkpgakaet le` racejdrma ‖prd`umtcde–. cen wdug` raamt tfa eaw ddr pgle le` tfa trl`ctcdelg gle`smlpa dj jlmtdry lrals.
• Jrdet mdras - hy lrrlencen stlcrs le` agavltdrs lt tfa jrdet le` `cramt lmmass Pfa jlml`a rasakhga` l scgd, wfcmf wdug` lmt ls l spltclg hrle`cen tddg jdr tfa
jrdk tfa straat, tfa mcty–s pa`astrcles mdug` alscgy mdeeamt td tfa hucg`cen. jlmtdrcas ce ct.
Pd axtrcmlta almf
Pfa mdra dj tfa `apgdykaet wls td pglma splma agakaets de tfa jrdet rdl` tflt ralsde 8 - td akpflscza vartcmlg mdeeamtcde td tfa mcty. Pd axtrcmlta almf sarvcma cs
mdug` rasugt ce le lmtcva cetarlmtcde hatwaae padpga ce tfa kleujlmturcen ce`us- lgsd l wly td vartcmlggy mdeeamt lrmfctamtura wctf tfa mcty. Ls l eaw typa dj jlmtdry
sarvcma cs lgsd l wly
try–s hrle`cen prdmass, sumf ls pgleecen, `cstrchutcde, klriatcen, le` axmflena tdwar, tfa ]cgd hrcens tfa prd`umtcde splma le` mdesukptcde splma tdnatfar ce td vartcmlggy mdeeamt
splma. ^dripglmas le` wdrisplmas wara pgleea` td ha vlrclhga, axchga le` gd - l =-`ckaescdelg wly, trlesjdrkcen cetd l mdkprassa` splma dj tfa nadnrlpfy dj lrmfctamtura wctf tfa
mlta` lt tfa ralr dj tfa scta. ]arvcma agakaets, elka` Kliar mdguke, ]fdas ]cgd, Rrdmass `clnrlk tfa mdkkd`cty mflce. mcty.
 =0 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< =1

Lrtcmga Lrtcmga

]klgg mrlskae–s wdrisplmas lra pglma` de almf ddr wctfce le dpae pgle. Pfraa
vartcmlg lemcgglry splmas wara pglma` ce tfa jrdet td suppdrt hrle` axfchctcdes, prd-
kdtcdelg splmas, stdras, mdejaraema rddks, mustdkcza` rddks, gamtura rddks, atm. ^fae l mdkpatctcde
mdkpatctcde
Ce hatwaae, tfa puhgcm splma lggdwa` tfa sarvcma lral splma dj tfa jrdet plrt td ha scta cs ce tfa
dpaea` td tfa dutsc`a ce`apae`aetgy. Pd klia tfa sarvcma lrals tflt eaw jlmtdrcas urhle lral, ct cs
le` suppdrt maetars eaa` td mdetlce vcsulggy stle` dut, ct wls akpflscza` ls le ckpdrtlet td ravalg
ce`apae`aetvdguka. tfa lrmfctamtura
lrmfctamtura–s–s
lttctu`a tdwlr` tfa
@ascnecen tfa mflrlmtarcstcms dj almf lral
Lar mraltcen tfa dvarlgg vdguka le` klss dj tfa hucg`cen, wa flva l stlna dj
mcty. Pfcs cs hamlusa
mglsscjycen le` `aecen tfa mflrlmtarcstcms dj tfa `atlcga` lral. Ct cs hlsa` de tfa wa lra edt degy
kalecen dj tfa splma prdnrlk, le` trcas td samura tfa kalecen ce tfa wfdga lral `ascnecen l stle`-
mdeeamta` ls dea. lgdea hucg`cen, hut
lgsd `ascnecen tfa
KK]M–s mlsa? Pfa jrdet sarvcma scgds wara `ascnea` td gddi `caraet. ]cema almf ragltcdesfcphatwaae
sarvcma prdnrlk cs `caraet, wa wleta` td e` tfa nadkatry eaa`a` jdr ct. Cj lgg sc-
sc -
tfa mcty le` tfcs
gds wara tfa slka vdguka, ct wdug` flva mralta` l saesa dj cemdenructtyy ce tfa lggay?
‗Kliar–s Mdguke‛? L ra` hrcmi wls usa` td axtae` tfa urhle gle`smlpa dj tfa plst,
hucg`cen.
wfcmf wls mdkkdegy usa` ce jlmtdrcas lrdue` ]adensu-`den. Hy cetarpratcen ct ls
l fdrczdetlg wce`dw lhdut :22 de tfa ddr, ct trca` td akpflscza tfa wlgicen le`
sfdas dj padpga uscen tfa sarvcma splma.

‗]fdas ]cgd‛? Pfa jrdet wls `ascnea` ce nglss, hut tfa hlmi ce hrcmi, lggdwcen ct td ha
ramdnecza` ls l vcsulggy dpae, ce`apae`aet splma. ‗Zartcmlg ^lgiwly‛? Pfa vdmlhu-
glry dj axtarelg avlmultcde stlcrs mdkkdegy jdue` ce ]adensu-`den wls hdrrdwa`,
hut pa`astrcles mle jaag ct ls l vartcmlg mdetceudus wlgiwly de urhle straats.
Axamutcde pflsa
]fdwcen tfa prdmass dj raedvltcde le` axplescde
Ce tfa mlsa dj l `ascne mdkpatctcde, l prdmass `clnrlk cs fagpjug td rakd`ag le`
axtae` tfa axcstcen hucg`cen gcia KK]M. Pfcs `clnrlk edt degy sfdws tfa dr`ar dj
tfa `ascne, hut lgsd sfdws tfa lttctu`a tdwlr`s rakd`agcen. Pfa tctga dj almf stlna
mgalrgy ravalgs wflt cs ckpdrtlet ce rakd`agcen strltany le` sfdws tfa prdmass dj
hucg`cen tfa mdetaet, edt oust tfa prdmass dj mraltcen l vdguka.
 
KK]M–s mlsa? Pfa twd-stdry agavltcde dj tfa prasarva` hucg`cen aemgdscen tfa sar-
vcma mdgukes `aea` tfa sarvcma lral ce`apae`aetgy. Hatwaae tfa pcgglrs dj tfa ax-ax-
cstcen hucg`cen, ct wls `cramtgy mdeeamta` td tfa axfchctcde le` kugtc-purpdsa splma
de tfa nrdue` ddr le` tfa H< ddr. Pfcs nlva mdesukars alsy lmmass td tfa sar -
vcma lral dj tfa uppar ddr ls wagg ls tfa gdwar ddr dj tfa hucg`cen. Pfcs strltany
gdwars tfa psymfdgdncmlg hdue`lrcas dj vcsctdrs aetarcen tfa hucg`cen.
Xavalgcen tfa lttctu`a dj lrmfctamtura tdwlr`s tfa puhgcm
Ls sumf, wfae l mdkpatctcde scta cs ce tfa urhle lral, ct cs ckpdrtlet td ravalg tfa
lrmfctamtura–s lttctu`a tdwlr` tfa mcty. Pfcs cs hamlusa wa lra edt degy `ascnecen
l stle`-lgdea hucg`cen, hut lgsd `ascnecen tfa ragltcdesfcp hatwaae tfa mcty le`
tfcs hucg`cen. ]cema tfcs plrt cs `ccmugt td axpglce, l parspamtcva vcaw jrdk l pa -
`astrcle–s pdcet dj vcaw cs fagpjug. Ct cs lgsd eamasslry td rajar td tfa mcty–s plgatta dj
kltarclgs le` plttares jdr tfa sagamtcde le` lrrlenakaet dj kltarclgs.
Aetrlema dj hucg`cen
KK]M–s mlsa? Gdwarcen psymfdgdncmlg hdue`lrcas. Pfa mdestrumtcde strltany dj tfa
]klgg Kleujlmturars– ]uppdrt Maetar cs hlscmlggy axplescde. Pfa hlscm strltany dj
rakd`agcen wls td prasarva tfa tcka dj ]adensu-`den hy galvcen tfa 8e` ddr jl -
îl`a dj tfa axcstcen hucg`cen wctf tfa 8e` ddr le` tfa <st ddr mdgukes, wfcmf
akhrlma` tfa eawgy mralta` lral le` mralta` l mdkpgax axparcaema dj aetry.
Ce plrtcmuglr, ct mralta` tfa c`aetcty dj tfa hucg`cen hy astlhgcsfcen l ragltcdesfcp ha-
twaae tfa dg` le` tfa eaw wctf l hue`ga dj vartcmlg agakaets de tfa jrdet, elka`
‗]arvcma Mdguke‛. Ct lgsd sarva` ls l pcgdtc dr jaema, elturlggy gurcen urhle wlgicen
cetd tfa hucg`cen le` gdwarcen tfa psymfdgdncmlg hdue`lrcas dj tfa aetry prdmass.
Mdetceucty dj ce`ustrclg gle`smlpa. Jlmtdry hucg`cens mdestrumta` wctf tfa kcec-
kuk raqucrakaets jdr usa flva tfacr dwe ce`ustrclg lastfatcms. Pfa kltarclg
plgattas de tfa straats dj ]adensu-`den lra gga` wctf mdkkde lrmfctamturlg gle- gle-
nulnas hlsa` de ‖prlmtcmlg– le` ‖amdedky–. Kdst dj tfa axcstcen jlmtdrcas lrdue`
]uensu-`den lra rlfkae strumturas hucgt hy ggcen mdemrata jrlkas wctf hrcmis,
l typcmlg typa dj mdestrumtcde ce tfa lral. Dur hucg`cen prdpdslg usa` jlkcgclr kl -
tarclgs td prasarva tfa gle`smlpa dj tfa straat, hut wls cetae`a` td raspamt le`
`avagdp tfa gle`smlpa dj tfa pglma hy mflencen cts usa. Lt tfcs tcka, tfa prasarva`
klsdery wlgg dj tfa axcstcen hucg`cen cs lgsd l jaema le` le dpae pd`cuk tflt hce`s
tfa eawgy l``a` ]arvcma Mdguke.
_ddk ce `cstcemtcva `ascne plrts
Ce tfcs stlta, wa zddk ce de tfa spamclg plrts le` akpflscza tfa `ascne `atlcgs ls
l parspamtcva vcaw mdgglna dr `rlwcen mle `csmdvar tfa kalecen dj `ascne cetaetcde.

=: LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< =>

Lrtcmga Lrtcmga

KK]M–s mlsa? Kugtc-purpdsa splma ce tfa gdwar plrt dj tfa hucg`cen. Pfa nrdue`
ddr wls td ha axtae`a` vartcmlggy td tfa samde` ddr tfrdunf tfa uppar dpae -
cen. ]plma wls mdkplrtkaetlgcza` tfrdunf l kdvcen wlgg cj eamasslry td jdrk
l axchga kugtc-purpdsa splma. Jgddr kltarclgs cesc`a le` dutsc`a wara kl`a dj tfa
slka kltarclg mdetceudusgy le` mralta` l splma dpae td tfa ralr tfrdunf tfa jdg`-
cen `ddr. Dea mdug` aetar tfa rst ddr hatwaae tfa pcgglrs dj tfa axcstcen hucg`cen
le` `cramtgy lmmass tfrdunf tfa prasarva` stlcrs td tfa klce dcma dj KK]M de tfa
Jdr alrgy sklgg husceassas, nrdwtf kly cemralsa tfa raqucra` splma ce l sfdrt pa-
rcd` dj tcka. @ua td tfa mdetceudus pgle ce`apae`aet dj tfa sarvcma lral, tfa gly-
dut dj tfa wdri splma cs alscgy l`oustlhga. Degy mdrrc`drs mdug` ha hgdmia`, le`
plrtctcdes mle ha pdsctcdea` td tfa raqucra` lral. Jgaxchcgcty td axple` splma wls
prdvc`a` ls sklgg husceassas nraw.

samde` ddr. Pfa ]fda scgd de tfa rst le` samde` ddrs wls `cramtgy mdeeamta` td
tfa dutsc`a le` le aetry flgg de tfa rst ddr, lggdwcen vcsctdrs td aetar tfa hucg` -
cen tfrdunf tfcs splma. De tfa samde` ddr, wfara tfa KK]M wls gdmlta`, puhgcm
splma mdrrc`drs sarva` ls kazzleceas, le` wara mdeeamta` vartcmlggy td tfa rst
ddr.

]ystak le` drnleczltcde dj wdri prd`umtcde splma. Pfa hlgmdey gdmlta` cesc`a tfa
wdrisplma le` murtlce wlgg dutar wlggs gdmlta` de hdtf sc`as mralta` l pgalslet
wdrisplma. XM wlggs wara samura` td jlmcgctlta tfa cestlggltcde dj wdristltcdes le`
sfagvas. ]arvcma mdgukes ce puhgcm splmas straentfaea` tfa mflrlmtarcstcms dj puh-
gcm splmas hy cemdrpdrltcen `amdrltcva hrcmis usa` axtarelggy cetd ce`ddr kltarclgs.

L pgle mdescstcen dj kleujlmturcen, prd`umtcde splma-axmflena, eatwdri splma-

`cstrchutcde, pgleecen, le` klriatcen splma aelhga` l dea-stdp sarvcma. L mls-
ulg kaatcen hatwaae sklgg husceass dwears le` mdesukars mdug` tlia pglma ce
l splma ce tfa jrdet. Pfa vlrclhga pglelr mdkpdsctcde aelhga` ralmtcde hy drnlec-
mlggy trlesjdrkcen td suct tfa aevcrdekaet dj vlrcdus avaets le` dmmupca` splmas.
Ce l``ctcde, tfa sarvcma splma pglma` tdwlr`s tfa rdl` lggdwa` tfa wdrisplma td ha
jraagy axtae`a` jrdk sc`a td sc`a.

@clnrlk dj strltany

 SAXCE ILEN

 Lrmfctamt hlsa` ce ]adug.

]adug. ]fa jdue` `ascnerk ]dL ce 82<<
82<< le` fls sarva`
ls le lssdmclta prdjassdr ce prlmtcma lt tfa ]adug Eltcdelg Qecvarscty scema
82<3. ]fa plrtcmcplta` ce axfchctcdes gcia Xdka KLVVC Axfchctcde (82<8),
 Sduen Lrmfctamt
Lrmfctamt Lwlr` Axfchctcd
Axfchctcde
e (82<1) le` wls ce mflrna
mflrna dj murlt
murltcen
cen Rrd-
`umtcde Mcty dj ‖]adug Hcaeelga dj Lrmfctamtura le` Qrhlecsk–. Sarce Ilen
lwlr`a` ce ‖82<1 Sduen Lrmfctamts Rrdoamt– drnlecza` hy tfa Kcecstry dj
Mugtura le` Idral Lrmfctamts Cestctuta (82<1), S.L.R. hy KKML, KDKL le`
Fyue`lc Mlr` Md., Gt`. Ce 82<:, sfa wls edkcelta` jdr tfa LX Akarncen
 Lrmfctamtura82<: Jcelgcst
Jcelgcsts.
s.

Mdetaxtulgczltcde
 =6 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< =3

 
<st prcza

prdoamt elka

Hluflus
Mlkpus 828<

Hluflus Mlkpus 828< lutfdrs

Lgaole`rd @ul`rd
Xdkcel Klencec
Qrunuly

Hatwaae Edvakhar 8282 le` Kly 828< lrictaiturd mflggaena` lrmfctamtura

stu`aets jrdk lgg lrdue` tfa wdrg` td cklncea fdw tfa Hluflus Mlkpus
wdug` gddi gcia cj tfa cmdecm smfddg jrdk tfa alrgy <322 wara td ra-dpae cts
`ddrs l maetury lar ct wls rst astlhgcsfa`.

Dvar <>22 stu`aets jrdk 68 `caraet mduetrcas wdria` de tfcs hrcaj td suhkct =66
drcncelg le` uecqua prdpdslgs, lgg dj wfcmf mle ha saae de tfa mdkpatctcde–s plna
(www.lrictaiturd.mdk/mdkpatctcde/hluflus-mlkpus-828</).

Pfa oury, wfcmf cemgu`a` l``ae`l lrmfctamts, lutfdrs dj tfa ramaetgy celunurlta`
Hluflus Kusauk ce @asslu, oust l flgj l kcga lwly jrdk tfa Mlkpus mdkpatc-
tcde scta, ueleckdusgy sagamta` tfa prdoamt ‗Rarjdrkltcm Klmfcea‛ hy MMKK talk,
jdrka` hy Lgaole`rd Mul`rd le` Xdkcel Klencec jrdk Qecvarsc`l` `a gl Xapÿhgcml
Qrunuly. Pfacr prdoamt summassjuggy sdgva` tfa hrcaj lt l eukhar dj smlgas, jrdk ur-
hle pgleecen td jurectura `ascne, le` sfdwa` tflt tfasa twd vary kltura stu`aets
lra ral`y td jlma ralg gcja, mdkpgax prdoamts.

Pfa hlminrdue`
Lar puttcen fcs mlraar ls le lrmfctamt de fdg` td nft tfa rst wdrg` wlr hatwaae
<3<0 le` <3<6, ^lgtar Nrdpcus saesa` tfa wdrg` eaa`a` l rl`cmlg mflena, l mflena
ce wfcmf lrts le` lrmfctamtura wdug` pgly l jue`lkaetlg rdga. Fcs pravcdus c`als dj
wflt lrmfctamtura sfdug` ha `c`e–t qucta klia saesa leykdra. Fcs eaw vcscde dj lr-
mfctamtura wls dea wfara lgg lrts mlka tdnatfar td ra-cklncea tfa kltarclg wdrg`,
wfara mrlsklesfcp wdug` ramglck cts gal`cen pdsctcde ce tfa prd`umtcde prdmass
le` wfara lrtcsts wdug` e` l wly td ckprcet tfacr sdug le` assaema cetd rltcdelg,
usajug le` halutcjug dhoamts tflt mdug` ha klss-prd`uma` jdggdwcen tfa c`algs dj
Jdr`csk le` Plygdrcsk. Ct wls <3<3 ce pdst-wlr ^acklr, Narkley. ^lgtar Nrdpcus
fl` oust jdue`a` tfa Hluflus. Dea dj tfa kdst rl`cmlg avdgutcdes lrmfctamtura fls
avar axparcaema` wls lhdut td hance.
 
Pfa vcscde

Ckkarsa ydursagj ce tfa wdrg` dj tfa Hluflus, tfacr kce`sat, tfacr c`algs, tfacr vc-
scde… Plia tfcs dppdrtuecty td ravcsct tfa wdri dj sdka dj tfa klstar lrmfctamts dj
kd`are lrmfctamtura, wfcmf fagpa` sflpa tfa mdemapt dj wflt wa ue`arstle` ls
lrmfctamtura ce tfa kd`are wdrg`. Pfa eaw 828< Hluflus Mlkpus wcgg ha l splma
dj mraltcvcty le` vlenulr`csk, wfara eaw mdemapts le` c`als jdr tfa lrmfctamtura
dj tdkdrrdw mle ha `ahlta` le` axpgdra`. Pfa ckplmt dj tfa eaw Hluflus Mlk-
pus kcnft edt mdka rcnft lwly, tfa slka wly tfa ceuaema dj tfa drcncelg Hluflus
wls edt dhvcdus uetcg kley yalrs lar ct wls `cskletga`. Hut dea sfdug` lgwlys
trust tflt, hy pusfcen tfa gckcts le` mflggaencen tfa edrk, wa lra fagpcen lrmfctam-
tura stly murraet le` kdva jdrwlr`, le` fdpajuggy, klia tfa wdrg` l hattar pglma.
P
fa Mlkpus cs edt sckpgy l hucg`cen, ct cs le urhle mdkpgax tflt mleedt
wdri ce csdgltcde jrdk tfa mcty. De tfa mdetrlry, ct kust ha l plrt dj ct le`
ncva @asslu eaw splmas jdr mdggamtcva aeodykaet.
Qrhle sctultcde
Pfa hucg`cen cs hatwaae dj tfa drcncelg smfddg le` tfa Hluflus kusauk. Lt tfa
slka tcka, ct cs l sfdrt `cstlema jrdk tfa trlce stltcde le` glrna jlmcgctcas. Pfa ealr-
hy aevcrdekaet cs mflrlmtarcza` hy gdw hucg`cens. Ce tfcs wly, tfa trlce trlmis le`
tfa sflpa dj tfa pgdt lra tfa strdenast agakaets tflt `atarkcea tfa ckpgletltcde.

02 LMS∓828< LMS∓828<   0<

<st pr
 p rcza <st prcza

Klstarpgle
Pfa ncvae pgdt le` tfa gle` wctf wfcmf ct l`odces lra le urhle vdc`. Pfa prdoamt
naearltas l uecqua pcama `cvc`a` cetd twd glrna lrals, dea wctf l ramraltcdelg mflr-
lmtar le` tfa dtfar wctf le cestctutcdelg mflrlmtar. Pfa aetcra mdkpgax cs suh`c-
vc`a` cetd prdnrlkkltcm samtcdes, tlicen cetd lmmduet martlce pra-axcstaema le`
trlmas cefaraet td tfa scta.

Ckpgletltcde
Pfa hucg`cen cs pdsctcdea` plrlggag td tfa trlce trlmis. Pd ncva kdra puhgcm splma ct
ra`umas cts jddtprcet hy lrrlencen tfa aetcra prdnrlk vartcmlggy. Ct cs mdenura` ls
l glrna smraae tflt jlmas tfa mcty de tfa dea fle` le` tfa rlcgwly cejrlstrumturas de
tfa dtfar. Pfa nrdue` ddr cs glrnagy jraa` td mralta l mdvara` puhgcm splma.
 08 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< 0=

<st pr
 p rcza <st prcza

 L``cen prdnrlk
prdnrlk
Lplrt jrdk tfa sunnasta` prdnrlk, l``ctcdelg usas lra cemdrpdrlta` cetd tfa hucg`-
cen tflt ncva ct l kdra puhgcm, parjdrkltcm le` lutdedkdus mflrlmtar. Jrdk l sklgg
urhle jlrk td spdrts jlmcgctcas jdr puhgcm usa cs l``a` td tfa hucg`cen, lggdwcen ct td
sarva tfa aetcra mcty dj @assldu.

]ustlcelhcgcty
Pfa hucg`cen cs tfdunft dj ls l sagj-sustlcecen aetcty wfcmf naearltas cts dwe ae-
arny tfrdunf wce` naearltdrs le` mdggamts wltar td usa de tfa jlrk, lggdwcen ct
td sagjsuppgy wctf jdd`. Lt tfa slka tcka tfa jlml`as lra prdtamta` wctf axtarcdr
murtlces, prdvc`cen tfarklg le` gcnft prdtamtcde, wfcga naearltcen `yelkcsk.

Eautrlg strumtura, rascgcaet jlml`a

Pfa prdoamt prdpdsas l strumtura tflt lggdws l axchga usa dj splma, l glrna glttcma
halk jrdk wfcmf avarytfcen flens. Ls l mduetarpdcet, tfa jlml`a cs prdpdsa` ls
l plrtcmuglr agakaet td tfa murraet usas dj tfa hucg`cen, raspde`cen td tfa eaa`s
dj tfa cetarcdr le` mdkkuecmltcen td tfa dutsc`a. Hdtf naearlta tfa cklna dj tfa
hucg`cen.

RAXJDXKLPCM KLMFCEA
Naearcm splma, ]pamcm nl`nats
Pfa hucg`cen cs l glrna jrlka, l stlna wctf splmas tflt lra wc`a le` tlgg tflt lra
dpae td tfa cetarpratltcde le` cetarvaetcde dj tfa `caraet usars le` tfa pdsschga
usas tflt tfay ncva ct, ls l mduetarpdcet td tfasa eautrlg splmas, spamcm lrtcjlmts
lra prdpdsa` tflt lmtcvlta plrtcmuglr lmtcvctcas td tfcs prdnrlk.

]gaapcen pd`
]klgg flhctlhga kd`ugas tflt kdva wctfce l eautrlg splma le` lra pglma` ce tfa
pdsctcde tflt tfa usar wcsfas.

Rarjdrkltcm salts
Agavltcen saltcen systak tflt ncvas tfa kugtcpurpdsa splma axchcgcty, ce kceutas tfa
splma ndas jrdk hacen l =22-salt rddk td l glrna jraa splma jdr vlrcdus lmtcvctcas.

Hrc`na mrlea
Glrna mrlea tflt suppdrts tfa lmtcvctcas dj tfa wdrisfdp lggdwcen td nrlsp glrna
wacnfts le` td kleauvar vlrcdus kltarclgs.

Mglss kd`uga
Hlmi-up kd`uga jdr smfddg mglssas tflt saplrltas tfa `caraet mglssrddks. Pfa ag-
ag -
akaet mle ha kdva` axple`cen dr mdetrlmtcen tfa mglssrddks prdvc`cen axchcgcty
td usa.

Avaet huhhga
Kugtcpurpdsa splma dpae td `caraet sctultcdes. L glrna celtlhga pglstcm huhhga
tflt lggdws axple`cen tfa aevcrdekaet (gctarlggy) cj eamasslry. Ct mle ha usa` jdr
axfchctcdes, avaets, mdejaraemas, atm.

00 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< 01

<st pr
 p rcza <st prcza
 0: LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< 0>

 
8e` pr
 pr cz a 8e` prcza

prdoamt elka

Hluflus
Mlkpus 828<
lutfdrs

P
tlkll euċċ fa eaw Hluflus mlkpus cs l pglma jdr lgg stu`aets wfd mfdsa td
cvl ŻvivĎ galre le` stu`y lrt. Edt oust lrmfctamtura, hut plcetcen, smugptcen,
`lv Żhv cggustrltcde, le` dtfar mraltcva `csmcpgceas. ^a `ascnea` l glrna uc`
splma tflt dars stu`aets le aevcrdekaet ce wfcmf tfay mle galre, `avagdp,
]gdvaecl
gcva, cetarlmt le` aeody tfa stu`aet gcja.

Dur klce ndlg wls td aelhga cetarlmtcde hatwaae lgg jlmugty kakhars. Pfara
cs ed fcarlrmfy hatwaae stu`aets, edr hwtwaae stu`aets le` prdjassdrs.
Leydea mle lpprdlmf leydea, le` galre jrdk almf dtfar.

^a pglma` dur mlkpus ce l nraae aevcrdekaet le` raturea` wflt wa tddi

jrdk eltura wctf l nraae rddj le` hcn sueey ltrcuks tflt lra tfa falrt dj
dur `ascne.

^a cevcta tfa mctczaes dj @asslu td aeody dur c`al, hy ncvcen tfak l wc`a
lvaeua tflt mle ha usa` jdr mymgcen le` wlgicen. Pfay mle nrlh l mdaa
dr guemf, saa le axfchctcde dr galre l eaw mrl lt tfa wdrisfdps. Le` de 
de 
l wlrk sukkar avaecen, tfa jlmugty mle fdst axfchctcdes dr mdemarts ce tfa
dpae.

Pfara lra twd stu`cds tflt flva saplrlta aetrlemas. Pfay lra pdsctcdea` de
tfa tdp dj tfa gdmltcde sd tflt `agcvary dj tfa eamasslry kltarclg cs alscgy le`
`das edt `csturh dtfar lmtcvctcas tflt kcnft ha ndcen de. Avary lrt prdnrlk
fls cts dwe splma. Pfay lra vcsulggy saplrlta` hy `cvc`cen agakaets. Pfcs cs
le dpae ‖‖mgdsat––. Ct mdetlces dea sklggar mlhceat jdr prdjassdrs, sdka splma
jdr stdrlna, l scei, le` l hltfrddk. Cetarlmtcde hatwaae `caraet prdnrlks
cs aemdurlna`. ]dka l``ctcdelg sfagtar mle ha prdvc`a` hy murtlces le`
pleags jdr prcvlmy cj tfara cs avar tfa eaa` jdr ct. Pfa stu`cd mle lgsd axple`
de tfa flggwly dr karna wctf ledtfar stu`cd. Pfara cs dea hcnnar raglx/stu-
`aet rddk le` savarlg dtfar sklggar deas spral` tfrdunf tfa jlmugty.

Pfa flggwlys dj tfa jlmugty, stu`cds, le` tfa lvaeua mle ha usa` jdr l `cspgly
dj stu`aets– wdri. Hut ce l``ctcde, tfara cs lgsd l saplrlta axfchctcde splma.
Ct cs `ascnea` ce tfa maetar dj tfa hucg`cen, tdnatf
tdnatfar
ar wctf tfa klce aetrlema
sd tflt vcsctdrs mle alscgy lmmass ct. Pfa axfchctcde splma cs `ascnea` ls l mcr-
muglr pltf, tflt agavltas de twd `caraet gavags. Aelhgcen vcsctdrs td saa tfa
axfchctcde jrdk `caraet pdcets dj vcaw.
06 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< 03

8e` prcza 8e` prcza

Pfara lra twd gamtura flggs, lgsd pdsctcdea` ce tfa maetar. Cj wa saplrlta tfa
`cvc`cen wlgg, ct mle ha usa` ls le lu`ctdrcuk.

Pfa gchrlry cs le dpae splma tflt stdras hddis. Hddisfagvas mle ha turea` dr
kdva` lrdue`. Hddis lra lgsd avarywfara ce tfa jlmugty, jraa jdr padpga td
ral` tfak ls kumf ls tfay gcia.
 

Ce l saplrlta hucg`cen, tfara cs l saplrlta aetrlema jdr tfa stu`aet `drkc-

tdry, mljatarcl, mlja, le` stlrtup lral. ]tlrtup aevcrdekaet suppdrts stu-
`aets td stlrt wdricen ce tfacr ag` le` put tfacr `ascnes de tfa klriat. 
klriat. 

Pfa `drkctdry cs gca` lhdva tfa nrdue`, sd ct prdvc`as prcvlmy le` sfagtar.
Ct mdetlces l glue`aratta, stu`aet rddks, le` lplrtkaets. Pfa flggwly cs
vary wc`a, sd ct mle ha usa` jdr sdmclgczcen. Pfara lra twd sczas dj lplrt-
kaets, dea jdr jdur stu`aets le` le lplrtkaet jdr twd/dea nuast. Pfa prd-
nrlk cs mdkhcea` le` karna` sd tflt tfara cs ed suparcdrcty hatwaae nuasts
le` stu`aets.

Pfara cs l vcaw dvar tfa mcty, ltrcuks le` nraae rddj.

 12 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< 1<

 
=r` prcza =r` prcza

prdoamt elka

Hluflus
Mlkpus 828<
lutfdrs
Nlhrcaga Kdrc
Rdgcel Idtkysfavl
Xusscl

fa prdpdslg
gle`, stlrts
hut ct hy mdgdeczcen tfa aetcra

P
ncvae `das sd ue`arnrdue`,
ncvcen hlmi td tfa mcty edt oust sdka nraae
splma, hut l plri tflt–s uecqua le` `caraet. Degy
tfa dltcen maggs rlcsa jrdk nrdue` gavag, mraltcen
l ‗jlîl`a‛ tflt–s lgwlys mflencen `apae`cen de
fdw almf magg cs hacen usa` lt l ncvae pdcet ce tcka
le` tfa wce`.

@asslu cs l mcty wfdsa east yalrs lra ce tfa plst

le` cs tcragassgy trycen td ranlce. L prdoamt ls `lrcen
le` uecqua ls tfcs dea wdug` martlcegy put @asslu
hlmi de tfa klp le` lttrlmt l ndd` eukhar dj vcsc-
tdrs le` rasc`aets, hrcencen hlmi sdka dj tfa amd-
edkcm lmtcvcty tflt tfa mcty cs sd alnar td nat.

Pfcs hucg`cen prdpdsas le axtraka `cvcscde hatwaae

puhgcm le` prcvlta splma, ncvcen tfa usar jugg mdetrdg
dvar wfae tfay wlet td aenlna ce sdmclg lmtcvctcas
le` wfae tfay `de–t, ce l kumf kdra pdwarjug wly
tfle ley `ddr dr wlgg mdug` avar `d.

Dema de tfa klce gavag (ddr -<), tfa hucg`cen tlias

up tfa tdtlgcty dj tfa scta, mraltcen l mdetceudus
splma tflt–s klcegy degy cetarrupta` hy tfa flhctl-
tcdelg maggs. Pfcs mraltas le cetarastcen vlrcaty dj ce-
hatwaae splmas, wctf `caraet sczas le` fcarlrmfcas
hatwaae tfak, tflt wcgg lggdw l nralt axchcgcty le`
pdsschcgctcas dj usa.

18 LMS∓828< LMS∓828<   1=

=r` prcza =r` prcza
 10 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< 11

Fdedrlhga Kaetcdes Fdedrlhga Kaetcdes

prdoamt elka prdoamt elka

Hluflus Mlkpus Hluflus Mlkpus 828<

lutfdrs lutfdrs
Mglu`cd L`vëemugl Lgtlkcrled, @aecs @lclel Hagãe Kdsel ]dglena, Gadelr`d
Fulkìe, ]letclnd Mflfulrl, Kcmfagga Klrtce Pdrras, Ìgvlrd Iavce Gýpaz,
Klrtëeaz, Klrël Odsã Fulrdtd, Odflel ]uec Fdrlmcd Xd`rcnuaz Glutlrd, Ilrae @clz
Raru Lrnaetcel

prdoamt elka prdoamt elka

L ]plma jdr ]ustlcelhga Hluflus Mlkpus 828<

Xacelsslema lutfdrs
_csfud _flen, @cenwae ^u, Vcldfle Xae,
lutfdr _cyle Na
Haeeat Flrvay Mfcel
Mlel`l

prdoamt elka prdoamt elka

% Hluflus Mlkpus 828<

lutfdrs lutfdrs
Mfdy Odsapf Ole Scp, Mfle Mfuen Fac Olsde, ]l`dvecidv Ecictl Surcavcmf, _ucidv @kctrcy
Mfae Susfle, Jle Il Kli Zgl`ckcrdvcmf
Fden Iden Xusscl

prdoamt elka prdoamt elka

EauFlus Ed-Fcarlrmfy Mlkpus

lutfdrs lutfdrs
]fletleu Rlrcif, Mfcetle Lfcr, Rlylg Karol Vcldzfc \c, @aen _fldyc, Hczule Muc,
Ce`cl ]ctden Mfae
Mfcel

prdoamt elka prdoamt elka

Pfa Mrlmi Pfa Kdhcga Qecvarscty
lutfdrs lutfdrs
Olcr Nlgaled Kasl, Klrclel Pdrras Lrrdylva, @lecag Kln`lgael Lghart Le`dedvl, _gltckcrl
Nýkaz Jareìe`az, ]letclnd Kdrlgas _lpltl, ]tavae _`rlvidvl ]ckadedvl
Xëds Klrëe, Zlgaetcel Hlrrcds Zcggljlüa, @lyleel
Lgaxle`rl Kuüdz Hlrratd Hugnlrcl
Mdgdkhcl

1: LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< 1>

Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde

Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde  Lhdut tfa prdoamt

prdoamt
Pfa prdoamt prdmass wls prdnrasscva, jrdk l raglxa` hanceecen
(gddicen jdr rajaraemas, ue`arstle`cen tfa scta le` ravcsctcen tfa
fcstdry dj tfa Hluflus), uetcg l jaw waais dj jraezca` prd`umtcde
lutfdrs ce dr`ar td mdkkuecmlta dur c`als ce tfa hast pdsschga wly. Lt tfa
Lgaole`rd @ul`rd hanceecen dj tfa prdoamt prdmass, wa ue`arstle` tflt ct cs ckpdr-
Xdkcel Klencec tlet td gddi jdr rajaraemas? prdnrlkkltcm, lastfatcm le` tamfed-
Qrunuly gdncmlg, wfcmf fagp td hucg` l rapartdcra dj cklnas le` pdsschcgc-
tcas. Ledtfar jlmtdr td mdesc`ar ce tfa rst cestlema cs tfa scta le`
tfa ckpgletltcde dj tfa hucg`cen, edt oust tlicen l gddi, hut rltfar
ue`arstle`cen tfa gdncm dj tfa urhle jlhrcm, tfa murraet usas dj
tfa pgdt, tfa fcstdry dj tfa scta, tfa surrdue`cen cejrlstrumturas,
tfa mcty ce naearlg. Ce tfcs mlsa, ncvae tfa mde`ctcdes dj tfa md-
a`etast, wa flva ravcaw tfa fcstdry dj tfa Hluflus, hdtf dj tfa
smfddg le` dj tfa eaw kusauk.

Pfa klce tfakas tflt wa `avagdpa` `urcen tfa prdoamt prdmass

 Lhdut us
^a lra Lgaole`rd Mul`rd le` Xdkcel Klencec, stu`aets dj Lrmfctamtura lt tfa Qec-
varscty dj tfa Xapuhgcm dj Qrunuly. ^a flva talmfcen axparcaema ce tfcs cestctutcde
le` wa flva lgsd lpprdlmfa` prdjasscdelg prlmtcma wdricen ce sdka gdmlg le` ce-
tareltcdelg lrmfctamtura dcmas.
Ls stu`aets, wa wara l talk ce urhle pgleecen mdursas hut ce tfcs prdoamt wa wara
jlma` wctf tfceicen lhdut l hucg`cen tdnatfar jdr tfa rst tcka, trycen td uecjy twd
`caraet wlys dj tfceicen lhdut lrmfctamtura.
Ce ydur gcja ls l stu`aet, hayde` tfa ndd` lml`akcm rasugts, lgwlys cesc`a ydu lsi
ydursagj? wcgg C ha l ndd` lrmfctamt4 Pfcs mdetast nlva us tfa dppdrtuecty td tast dur-
sagvas ls `ascnears ce`apae`aetgy, dutsc`a tfa lml`aky jdr tfa rst tcka. @urcen
tfa prdoamt prdmass wa naearlta l uc` le` acmcaet wdri `yelkcm. Pfa rasugt fls
ncvae us tfa mde`aema td mdetceua ce tfa mlraar, le` wfy edt - ce prdjasscdelg gcja
ls mdggalnuas.
 Lhdut tfa mdetast
mdetast
@urcen dur vlmltcde, wa mlka lmrdss l mdetast td `ascne tfa Hluflus Mlkpus 828<
drnlecza` hy Lrictaiturd. Ct wls vary cetarastcen le` nlva us tfa mflema td flva jue
`ascnecen le` ckprdvcen ls l talk. Ct prdpdsa` tfa `avagdpkaet dj l uecvarscty
mlkpus wctf l glx le` hrdl` prdnrlk. Ce ture, tfa urhle mde`ctcdes dj tfa prdparty
(ce tfa mcty dj @asslu) fl` uecqua mflrlmtarcstcms, sumf ls hacen de tfa sfdras dj
l rlcgwly trlespdrt cejrlstrumtura le` flvcen l pra-axcstaema dj le ce`ustrclg el-
tura. Glst hut edt galst, tfa fcstdrcmlg ckpdrtlema tflt le cestctutcde dj tfa scza dj
tfa Hluflus fls fl` de lrmfctamtura le` `ascne. Ce sfdrt, tfa mdetast lggdwa` us
td cevastcnlta ce le urhle le` fcstdrcmlg mdetaxt fcnfgy mflrna` wctf kalecen wctf
l fcnf `anraa dj jraa`dk.
wara? urhle cesartcde, tfa ckpgletltcde dj tfa hucg`cen, cts strum-
tura le` mflrlmtar. ^a tfcei tflt tfa urhle cesartcde dj tfa prd-
 oamt fls td
td ha ce lmm
lmmdr`lema
dr`lema wct
wctf
f cts mflr
mflrlmtar
lmtar (dpae, cetrdvarta`,
cmdecm, kckatcm, atm). Pfa hucg`cen cs edt le csdglta` dhoamt. Lsi
ydursagj? fdw `das ct ralmf tfa nrdue`4 Le` fdw cs ct raglta` td
tfa aevcrdekaet4 Ct cs iay td ue`arstle`cen fdw ct lamts tfa
pglma. Xanlr`cen tfa ckpgletltcde dj tfa hucg`cen, ce dur dpcecde,
ct cs eamasslry td tlia cetd lmmduet? tfa jddtprcet dj tfcs de tfa
pgdt le` fdw kumf splma ct jraas dr aemgdsas, tfa suegcnft, tfa
sflpa dj tfa tarrlce, tfa scnecmlet urhle trlmas, tfa kdrpfdgdny
dj tfa mcty le` dtfar taescdes mflrlmtarcstcm dj almf pglma. Pfa
strumtura cs assaetclg jdr ue`arstle`cen tfa hucg`cen le` fdw ct
wcgg wdri gltar, scema ct mde`ctcdes tfa wly ct cs usa` le` cts cklna
ls wagg. Pflt cs wfy tfcs tfaka cs dea dj tfa rst td ha `avagdpa`.
Pfa mflrlmtar dj tfa prdoamt cs hucgt jrdk l jaa`hlmi hatwaae tfa
ljdrakaetcdea` agakaets le` tfa mdemapts. Ce tfa plrtcmuglr
mlsa dj dur prdoamt, tfa prdpdsa` scta cs gdmlta` kc`wly hatwaae
tfa drcncelg smfddg hucg`cen le` tfa Hluflus kusauk, wfcga ha-
cen l sfdrt `cstlema jrdk ckpdrtlet urhle jlmcgctcas sumf ls tfa
trlce stltcde. Pfa pgdt mdenuras l trlesctcde hatwaae tfa urhle
jlhrcm, dj gdw hucg`cens, le` tfa trlce trlmi, lrtcmugltcen tfa ragl-
tcdesfcp hatwaae tfa mcty le` tfa cejrlstrumtura. Ce tfcs saesa, tfa
dhoamt td ha ckpgleta` fl` td ramdnecza tfcs `ulgcty, mlgchrlta tfa
`cstlemas le` cts klss td `clgdnua wctf hdtf sctultcdes.
Pfa puhgcm `ckaescde dj tfa prdpdslg kdtcvlta` us td cemgu`a
tfa eacnfhdurcen prdparty ce tfa prdoamt (l rcsi hy mdetrlvaecen
tfa rugas dj tfa mdetast, hut wfcmf wdug` elggy ncva us nraltar
urhle pdtaemy le` ue`arstle`cen dj tfa scta), l``cen td tfa ce-
tarvaetcde l sarcas dj prdnrlks le` puhgcm splmas le` cemgu`cen
tfa ce`ustrclg pra-axcstaema dj tfa pglma. Ce lrmfctamtura mdkpatc-
tcdes, ct saaks td us tflt wa kust nd hayde` tfa rugas, le` try
 16 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< 13

Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde

td stratmf tfak td tfa klxckuk, td lmfcava

sdkatfcen `caraet, l prdt jdr tfa prdoamt.
Ce tfcs wly, wa `ascnea` l klstarpgle tflt
naearltas l sarcas dj prdnrlkkltcm hle`s
tflt `cvc`a` tfa mdkpgax lmmdr`cen td tfa
`caraet lmtcvctcas. Pfa gceas dj tfa hle`s
le` tfa pglmakaet dj tfa juemtcdes wls pra-
plra` td ramdnecza pra-axcstcen agakaets
le` trlmas dj tfa scta.

^a ue`arstdd` tflt le cetarvaetcde dj tfcs klnectu`a (pfyscmlggy le` sykhdgc-

mlggy) sfdug` naearlta sdkatfcen kdra tfle l sckpga hucg`cen. Ct sfdug` naearlta
urhlecty, puhgcm le` raprasaetltcde splmas jdr tfa ceflhctlets dj @asslu. ^a ue-
`arstdd` tflt tfcs mlkpus sfdug` edt ha mgdsa` le` prdtamt le aemgdsura wctfce
ctsagj (ls tfa mglsscm uecvarscty typdgdncas dj mgdcstars `d). Ct sfdug` astlhgcsf l uc`
`clgdnua wctf tfa surrdue`cens le` axpdsa tfa galrecen `yelkcms dj tfa stu`aets
td tfa mcty.

^ctf lgg tfa lhdva ce kce`, wa ue`arstdd` tflt tfa hast wly td lrrlena tfa hucg`-

cen wdug` ha td flva l pglqua plrlggag td tfa trlce trlmis, jlmcen tfa mcty ls l glrna
smraae, rakdva` jrdk lgg tfa gckcts dj tfa gle`, naearltcen tfa nraltast pdsschga
lkduet dj puhgcm splma. Lar ue`arstle`cen tfa scta le` tfa pdsctcde dj tfa hucg` -
cen, tfa `csmusscde jdmusa` de fdw wa mdug` lmfcava l prdoamt ce facnft tflt wdug`
naearlta eautrlg splmas. Prycen td ue`arstle` tfa eaa`s dj tfa stu`aets lt tfa
lrmfctamtura le` `ascne mlkpus, ct saaka` ckpdrtlet td us td mralta jraa splmas
sd tflt usars mdug` parjdrk ce tfak. Pfcs eaa` ga` us td `avagdp l strumtura tflt
wdug` edt cetarrupt tfdsa splmas.
Pfa mflrlmtar dj tfa surrdue`cens le` dur mdevcmtcde lhdut
tfa mlplmcty dj le lrmfctamtura mgdsa td tfcs cejrlstrumturlg
wdrg` hrdunft us mgdsar td rajaraemas sumf ls tfa sd-mlgga`
‗Fcnf Pamf‛ lrmfctamts dj tfa ‖>2s? Xaezd Rcled, Xcmflr` Xdnars
le` Edrkle Jdstar9 sdka nralt klstars jrdk tflt tcka ls Ma-
`rcm Rrcma, Humikcestar Juggar dr Lrmfcnrlk, ls wagg ls tfa wdri
dj mdetakpdrlry lrmfctamts sumf ls tfa Jraemf stu`cds Glmltde
& Zlsslg le` Hrutfar.
Jdr tfa `avagdpkaet dj tfa strumtura, wa stu`ca` tfa Rdkpc-
`du Maetar (hy Xcmflr` Xdnars le` Xaezd Rcled), tfa Jrlka
(hy Hrutfar). Eawartfagass, tfa klce rajaraema jdr tfa `avag-
dpkaet dj tfa strumtura dj dur prdoamt wls, elggy, tfa hucg`-
hucg`-
cen ‖–Ag Rcglr–– hy tfa Qrunulyle lrmfctamt Guës Nlrmël Rlr`d le`
tfa aenceaar Agl`cd @casta (l hucg`cen rasdgva` tfrdunf l scenga
pcgglr, wctf glrna halks de tfa glst gavag, jrdk wfara tfa sglhs
lra fuen tfrdunf taescdears). Pfa prdpdslg prasaets l sckcglr
gdncm dj strumturlg juemtcdecen, l sarcas dj pcgglrs tfrdunfdut tfa
hucg`cen, wfara glrna, ratcmuglta` halks lra suppdrta`. Pfa
glst gavag aelhgas tfa sglhs td ha fuen tfrdunf taescdears. Pfa
tdrqua cs sdgva` wctf l taescdear td tfa nrdue` de tfa dppdscta
sc`a wfcmf lggdws us td slva glrna sples, galva jraa splmas jdr
tfa cetarpratltcde dj usars le` akpty kdst dj tfa nrdue` ddr
dj strumturlg agakaets.
Pfa jlml`as spali lhdut wflt flppaes ce tfa cetarcdr splma
tfrdunf tfacr prajlhrcmlta` dr ce`ustrclgcza` mdkpdeaets
wfcga raspde`cen td tfa eaa`s dj tfa hucg`cen–s mde`ctcdecen.
Lt tfa slka tcka, tfa klce jlîl`a mle juemtcde ls l glrna
smraae wfara tfa wdri dr klecjastltcdes dj tfa mdemares dj tfa
mlkpus stu`aets mle ha saae.
Ledtfar pdcet tflt wa wara cetarasta` ce `algcen wctf wls tfa
mraltcde dj l prlmtcmlggy sagj-sustlcelhga mdkkuecty, l hucg`cen
tflt mdug` naearlta cts dwe aearny, ramymga rlcewltar le` lg-
gdw stu`aets td nrdw tfacr dwe jdd`. Jdr tfcs wa cemdrpdrlta`
cetd tfa prdnrlk? wce` pdwar naearltdrs, rlcewltar mdggamtdrs,
l jlrk. ^a `avagdpa` gukcelcras wctf tfacr dwe wce` naearl-
tdrs td cggukcelta tfa glrna lmmass aspglel`a td tfa hucg`cen.
^a mlgg tfa prdoamt ‗Rarjdrkltcm Klmfcea‛ jdr cts kltarclg
mde`ctcde, cts rajaraema td lgkdst cejrlstrumturlg agakaets, cts
mlplmcty jdr l`lptltcde le` mflena, le` jdr cts smaednrlpfcm
mde`ctcde, eautrlg aedunf, td juemtcde lgkdst gcia l tfaltra,
l stlna jdr gcja, cts `rlparcas le` tfa lmtcvctcas hafce` tfa
smaeas. Pfa eautrlg splmas lra ga jraa jdr tfa stu`aets td ce- ce -
tarprat le` jraa jdr tfa usars td cetarvaea ls tfay pgalsa. Ce tae-
scde wctf tfa rcnc`cty dj tfa strumturas le` tfa eautrlgcty dj tfa
splmas, spamcm `avcmas lra `avcsa` tflt lmtcvlta tfa juemtcdes
raqucra` ce tfa mdetast prdnrlk.

:2 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< :<

Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde

Pfasa `avcmas lra? `drkctdry mlpsugas (sklgg flhctlhga kd`ugas tflt mle ha kdva`
le` pdsctcdea` ls tfa stu`aet wlets), parjdrklema mflcrs (tfa lu`ctdrcuk fls ml-
plmcty jdr =22 mflcrs, hut ce l klttar dj kceutas ct mle ha mdevarta` cetd l jraa rddk
jdr kugtcpga lmtcvctcas, galvcen tfa mflcrs suspae`a` ce tfa lcr), tfa hrc`na mrlea
(wctf ct wa lggdw stu`aets ce tfa wdrisfdps td kdva falvy dhoamts, tfa hucg`cen fls
l jdrigc td rlcsa kltarclgs dr ley dhoamt jrdk tfa nrdue` ddr le` tfae ha lhga td
kdva ct ce tfa wdrisfdp mdkjdrtlhgy wctf tfcs `avcma), tfa mglssrddk kd`uga (tfa
suppdrt kd`ugas saplrlta tfa `caraet mglssrddks, tfay mle ha kdva`, mdetrlmt-
mdetrlmt-
cen le` axple`cen tfa lral, ncvcen nraltar axchcgcty dj usas) le` tfa avaet huhhga
(l kugtcpurpdsa splma jdr `caraet sctultcdes, tfcs huhhga lggdws tfa axplescde dj
tfa pglma, gctarlggy, le` mle ha usa` jdr axfchctcdes, avaets, mdejaraemas, plrtcas,
kaatcens, atm). Pfcs prdoamt nlva us tfa dppdrtuecty td rasalrmf le` prdoamt de tdp-
cms dj dur cetarast. Ct hamlka l talk mdestrumtcde dj dur dhsasscdes le` lrmfctam-
turlg jatcsfas.
 Lhdut mdkkuecmltcde
mdkkuecmltcde
Pfa mdkkuecmltcde dj c`als, ce tfcs typa dj mdetast, cs assaetclg td trleskct lgg dur
cklnceltcdes ce tfa hast wly. Jdr tfcs prdoamt, wa ue`arstdd` tflt tfa usa dj pgles
le` samtcdes, mglsscm `rlwcens td `asmrcha l hucg`cen, hut wctf le cetaetcdelggy plr-
tclg le` gckcta` jrlka, `c` edt mdevay tfa prdoamt ce tfa hast wly. ^a ue`arstle`
tfa lxdedkatrcas le` =@ `clnrlks lra kdra lmmurlta le` lttrlmtcva, ls wagg ls tfa
rae`arcens dj tfa hucg`cen jrdk `caraet pdcets dj vcaw. @urcen tfa prdmass, wa
flva galrea` tflt =@ kd`agcen le` pravcdus rae`arcens lra l fcnfgy vlgulhga prd-
 oamt ceput, wfcmf
wfcmf fagp dtfar
dtfar nrlpfcm pcamas td klia le` mmdkpgakaetl
dkpgakaetlryry `amcscdes,
lgsd fagp `aea kltarclgctcas le` mdgdrs, ls wagg ls spltclg qulgctcas. Mdkkuecml-
Mdkkuecml-
tcde, ce dur dpcecde, kust juggg l `duhga juemtcde, mglrcjycen le` dr`arcen c`als jdr
l qucmi ue`arstle`cen dj wfdavar saas tfa prasaetltcde, wfcga lttrlmtcen lttaetcde
le` naearltcen l ice` dj wdw jlmtdr, sdkatfcen tflt xas tfa prdoamt ce kakdry
(edt degy hamlusa dj tfa prdpdslg), ct wdug` ha l mdgdr tflt stdd` dut, l strcicen
nrlpfcm, l uecqua elka.
td tfacr juemtcde le` gavag dj lmmass saaks gdncmlg
le` lpprdprclta. Pfa strltancm pglmakaet dj tfa
klmfceary tflt l hucg`cen tfcs scza wdug` raqucra
wls lgsd vary sklrt, le` tfa jlmt tflt sustlce-
lhcgcty klttars wara cemdrpdrlta` lt `caraet gav-
gav -
ags wls vary kumf lppramclta`.‛ Pfa ou`nkaets
kl`a hy tfa oury surprcsa` us le` gga` us wctf
prc`a, wa lppramclta tfacr lttaetcde td tfa c`als
prasaeta`.
^rctcen tfcs taxt klias us raamt de tfa prdmass-
prdmass -
as, strltancas le` c`als tflt ga` us td mlrry dut tfa
mdetast. ^a hagcava tflt, l prcdrc, tfara lra sdka
prdoamt prdmass gdncms tflt mle ha trlesjarlhga,
hut wa ue`arstle` tflt tfay lra hucgt lmmdr`cen
td tfa cetarasts le` trlcecen dj almf `ascnear le`
edt avarytfcen cs trlesjarlhga. Pfa prdmassas lra
edt tfa slka. Pfay lra uecqua. Pfara lra ed kln-
cm ramcpas. Almf dea naearltas cts dwe tddgs le`
`apgdys tfak ce l uecqua wly ce almf cestlema.
Pd ae`, wa wleta` td tflei jdr tfa dppdrtuecty
td sflra dur wdri le` c`als. ^a lra vary flppy
td ha lhga td wrcta tfcs lrtcmga ce Lrmfctamtura
Mdkpatctcdes Salrhddi
Salrhddi 828<, ct fls ncvae us tfa
mflema td ravcsct le` raamt de dur prdoamt prd -
mass le` sflra ct wctf dtfar stu`aets ls wagg ls
lrmfctamts.

 Lhdut tfa oury

Pfa oury kl`a up dj L``ae`l lrmfctamts, Hloat Ncrlkã, Gaiu ]tu`cd le` Kdetsarrlt
Zcgglvar`a, fcnfgcnfta` tfa galp hatwaae dur prdoamt mdkplra` td tfa rast. Qelec-
kdusgy, le` jrdk tfa hanceecen, tfay pdceta` dut tflt wa ndt lgg tfa iay pdcets dj
tfa prdoamt rcnft. Pfay fcnfgcnfta` tfa rasdgutcde dj tfa prdoamt lt lgg smlgas, jrdk
cts ckpgakaetltcde td sklggar cetarcdr splmas. Pfay akpflscza` tflt tfa prdpdslg
ndas hayde` wflt wls raquasta`, le` ‗(...) `c` edt degy prdvc`a le lpprdprclta
sdgutcde jdr lgg tfa raqucrakaets ncvae hy tfa hrcaj, hut lgsd `amc`a` td cemdrpdrlta
tfa eacnfhdurcen tarrlce (murraetgy
(murraetgy edt hacen usa`) td tralt ct, ckprdva ct, le` ncva
ct hlmi td tfa mcty ce tfa sflpa dj le urhle jdrast, nlr`aes le` lrals jdr dtfar sdmclg
le` mugturlg lmtcvctcas‛. Pfa oury ramdnecza` tflt dur prdoamt mdetakpgltas l stap
rlcscen dvar tfa trlce trlmis, le agakaet tflt wcgg fagp td uecta hdtf sc`as dj tfa
mcty le` wcgg ture tfa Mlkpus cetd l trua gcei lgden tfa lxcs hatwaae tfa hucg`cen
dj Nrdpcus le` tfa eaw Hluflus Kusauk. De tfa ckpgletltcde tfay fcnfgcnfta`
tfa jdrmajug pdsctcde tflt tfa klce hucg`cen tlias wctfce tfa ncvae tarrlce, mraltcen
l hlrrcar wctf l martlce parkalhcgcty hatwaae tfa rdl`s le` tfa mcty, wfcmf lgsd lg-
gdws ct td naearlta le ckpdrtlet cmdednrlpfcm cklna de hdtf sc`as. De tfa hucg`cen
ctsagj tfay slc` tflt ‗Cesc`a tfa hucg`cen tfa drnleczltcde dj tfa splmas lmmdr`cen
 :8 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< :=

 
<st prcza

– -
 

Pfa Ilcrl Gddrd Mdkpatctcde

.
.
. ,

. -
.

‛
.
 
^dkae–s Fdusa ‛  

,
.

,
.
, , , .
– Pfa dhoamtcva dj tfcs yalr–s a`ctcde dj tfa Ilcrl Gddrd cetareltcdelg lrmfctam-
- , .
tura. mdkpatctcde wls td `ascne l wdkae–s fdusa mralta` td prdkdta nae`ar
.
,
aqulgcty ls l `atarkcecen jlmtdr jdr `avagdpkaet ce rurlg Ljrcml. Rlrtcmcplets
jrdk lgg dvar
, tfa wdrg` suhkctta` tfacr lrmfctamturlg
lrmfctamturlg prdpdslgs, hlsa` de ce-
,
,edvltcva le` sustlcelhga
, `ascne le` `astcea` td lmmdkkd`lta lwlraeass-
, , ..
. rlcscen lmtcvctcas le` trlcecen cectcltcvas
cectcltcvas lcka` lt `avagdpcen tfa vcgglna, ce tfa
 
, O , , ,

, ,
, ,
elka dj aqulgcty.
,
Pfa
, wceears wara sagamta` hy le cetareltcdelg oury.
, O - , ,
, –
. Xurlg `avagdpkaet, l ra`umtcde ce `csmrckceltcde le` tfa mraltcde dj l sustlcelhga
aevcrdekaet lgg `apae` de tfa flr` wdri wfcmf avary kakhar dj sdmcaty cevasts,
I C
r mf tc m t ur
G
k t tc c e t
FC
u
hdtf `cramtgy le` ce`cramtgy, ce tfa mdggamtcva. Nae`ar aqulgcty cs mrumclg td tfa mde -
C C
r t fu k e tc r c e r o m t
. cr g r . m k ” ce cr g r .m. m k 

strumtcde dj le aquctlhga sdmcaty ce wfcmf avarydea mle klia l jue`lkaetlg mde-

trchutcde td sustlcelhga `avagdpkaet. Aqulgcty cs edt degy l jue`lkaetlg fukle
rcnft, hut l eamasslry mde`ctcde jdr l prdspardus wdrg`. Pflt–s wfy ct–s eukhar va prdoamt elka
de tfa gcst dj ‗]ustlcelhga @avagdpkaet Ndlgs‛ astlhgcsfa` hy tfa Qecta` Eltcdes?
agckcelta lgg jdrks dj `csmrckceltcde le` vcdgaema, sljanulr` tfa rcnfts dj lgg nae-
^dkae–s Fdusa
`ars, le` prdvc`a sdmclg prdtamtcde sarvcmas, tfus nulrletaacen jaklga plrtcmcpl-
lutfdr
tcde lt lgg gavags dj `amcscde klicen. Hlsa` de tfasa mdesc`arltcdes, tfa dhoamtcva
Oule Rlhgd Gdpaz Cslhaggl
dj tfa 828< a`ctcde dj tfa Ilcrl Gddrd Cetareltcdelg Lrmfctamtura Mdkpatctcde wls
Qrunuly
td sagamt le lrmfctamturlg kd`ag jdr l ‗^dkae–s Fdusa‛ td ha hucgt ce Ljrcml, ls wagg
ls td rlcsa lwlraeass ce tfa cetareltcdelg mdkkuecty ranlr`cen tfa tdpcm dj aqulg
dppdrtuecty ce `avagdpcen mduetrcas le` td suppdrt tfa mflrcty prdoamts prdkdta`

hy tfa Hlgdud ]lgd fuklectlrcle drnleczltcde.
Pfa lrmfctamtura raquasta` hy tfa mdkpatctcde wls l sykhdgcm le` amdgdncmlg =22
squlra katar splma cespcra` hy gdmlg trl`ctcdes, tflt mle ha sagj-mdestrumta` wctf
tfa haeattcen mdkkuecty ctsagj. L splma ce wfcmf lssdmcltcdes le` kakhars dj
sdmcaty mle kaat le` `csmuss tfa tdpcms dj aqulgcty le` fukle rcnfts, nulrletaa-
cen cevdgvakaet le` aklemcpltcde dj tfa jaklga mdkkuecty ce jlvdr dj tfa ra-
ncde–s sdmclg, amdedkcm, le` pdgctcmlg `avagdpkaet. Pfa prdoamt lral cs ce sdutfare
]aeanlg, wfara Hlgdud ]lgd fls haae lmtcva scema 82<0 wctf tfa mraltcde dj vlrcdus
cejrlstrumturlgg prdoamts tflt flva jlmcgctlta` lmmass td pdtlhga wltar, aemdurlna` a`u-
cejrlstrumturl
mltcde, le` prdkdta` sustlcelhcgcty le` fukle rcnfts. Pfcs cs dea dj tfa galst `a-
vagdpa` lrals ce ]aeanlg? tfa pdvarty rlta cs lpprdxckltagy 32%9 slectlry mde`ctcdes
lra lkden tfa wdrst ce tfa mduetry wctf degy 6% dj tfa pdpugltcde flvcen lmmass td
gtara` wltar9 le` >2% dj tfa pdpugltcde gcvas ce fdkas wctfdut lmmass td agamtrcmcty.
agamtrcmcty.
C
e tfa vcgglnas dj ]dutfare ]aeanlg lrmfctamtura cs mgdsar td alrtf. Jaemas lra
kl`a dj stcmis, `waggcens pra`dkceletgy kl`a dj strlw le` l`dha - tfdsa
lra tfa sattcens jdr l sckpga le` saesctcva gcja wfdsa axcstaema cs ckkarsa`
ce l prd`cncdus eltura. Lhdva tfcs trdpcmlg gle`smlpa, jrlka` hy tfa Pleelj Zlggay
le` `dtta` hy tfa prasaema dj rdhust le` taelmcdus gdmlg traas, gcas tfa ^dkae°s
Fdusa. Gdmlta` ce tfa vcgglna dj Hlnfãra, de tfa pgdt dj gle` lttlmfa` td tfa gd -
mlg kuecmcplgcty ce jrdet dj tfa rdl`, wctf l lt le` sle`y tarrlce, wctf lmlmcl le`
klend traas ce tfa hlminrdue`, le aemgdsura cs pgleea` td fdg` lwlraeass, trlce-
cen lmtcvctcas, le` prdkdta tfa nrdwtf dj tfa rancde ue`ar tfa scne dj aqulgcty.
Astlhgcsfcen l `clgdnua wctf tfa scta, l sgae`ar pcama dj gltarcta alrtf stle`s rkgy
de tfa nrdue`, darcen l kaatcen pglma jdr tfa Ljrcmle wdkae. Cesc`a tfa kltarclg,
le cetcklta le` wlrk vdc` cs kd`aga`, tfdunft td ha ceflhcta`, le` tflt lt tckas
gddis dutwlr`s cetanrltcen eltura.

:0 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< :1

<st prcza <st prcza

Xacetarpratcen tfa nura dj tfa mcrmga - prasaet ce tfa sattgakaets dj prckctcva mug-
mug -
turas -, twd sakcmcrmgas jdrna tfa splma, darcen tfa vcsctdr l `yelkcm le` cetarlm-
cetarlm -
tcva smdpa, ramaptcva td fdstcen vlrcdus ctcearlrcas. Qe`ar tfcs nastura, tfa prdnrlk
cs lrtcmuglta` ce l axchga le` dpae wly, wflt klias pdsschga tfa cetanrltcde dj
dut`ddr splmas tflt prasaet l jrlei ragltcdesfcp wctf tfa aevcrdekaet, wctf tfa
`clgdnua le` mdggamtcva lmtcvctcas rddks, lggdwcen tfacr axplescde. Pfasa rddks
lra mdkpgakaeta` wctf sarvar splmas sumf ls klelnakaet le` drnleczltcde,
l rastrddk le` l stdrlna.
Pfa jdrklg parmaptcde dj tfa kdedgctfcm pcama cs lgtara` hy tfa mdevaxcty le` mde-
mlvcty dj tfasa agakaets9 tflt sflpa le aetrlema tfrasfdg` wctf le dplqua le`
sfl`a` `aptf, le` l sklgg dlscs tflt mdeeamts tfa cetarcdr sarvcen ls sfagtar le`
mdetakpgltcde raspamtcvagy. Pfa mdkpdsctcde cs prdtamta` ue`ar l wdd`ae nrc`
tflt suppdrts tfa rddj.
Kltarclgs
Pfa prdoamt lcks td rasakhga trl`ctcdelg mdestrumtcde tamfecquas. C tfcei tflt dea dj tfa mflrks dj
]aeanlgasa mugtura tflt cs raamta` ce tfacr lrt, cs tfa qulgcty dj axprasscen jaagcens wctf hlscm kl -
tarclgs sumf ls alrtf le` sle`. Pfa flrkdecm hlglema astlhgcsfa` hatwaae varelmuglr mdestrum-
tcdes le` eltura, tfa usa dj kltarclgs tflt lra prasaet ce tfa pglma ce l sdhar wly, lra nasturas
tflt ncva mflrlmtar td l splrsa le` sckpga lrmfctamtura tflt cs mdesc`ar ls l rajaraema td prdoamt.
Ce cts staradtdkcm qulgcty, tfa wlgg strumtura le` plvakaet lra kd`aga` de gdmlg kltarclgs sumf
ls gltarcta alrtf, ra` mgly, strlw, sle` le` nrlvag. Jrdk tfa tamtdecm pdcet dj vcaw, tfa rddj tflt
uejdg`s jrdk tfa nrdue`, cs kl`a up dj gdmlg wdd`, le aevagdpa dj hlkhdd le` sfaats dj zcem.
Mdestrumtcde
De rk elturlg nrdue` rasts, tfa l`dha plvakaet kl`a de mdkplmta` gltarcta nrlvag hlsa, td
wfcmf cs l``a` l pdgyatfygaea gk tflt lmts ls l vlpdr hlrrcar le` ramacvas tfa kcxtura kl`a
hatwaae ra` mgly le` sle`.

Pfa axparcaemas dj tcka le` sdue` lra ue`argcea` hy tfa cetrd`umtcde dj gcnft
le` wltar, mdkkde agakaets ce tfa fdkas dj yastaryalr. Pfa vchrlet Ljrcmle sue
sealis ce, cetaesa hut tfce, tfdunf l mcrmuglr nlp ce tfa rddj le` hatwaae tfa sgcts
dj l tfcmi vacg dj hlkhdd. Pfa gcnft cs mdetlcea` hy tfa splma, pglstara` hy tfa tar-
rlmdttl kltarclg tflt ct cggukceltas ce l ice` le` kystarcdus wly. Pfa `aesa ]ae-
anlgasa rlces lra tralsura` ce tfa squlra jduetlce dj tfa sakcmcrmuglr pltcd, tfa
wltar hamdkas l mraltcva kltarclg, fc`cen cts `aptf ue`arealtf tfa sfcey surjlma ct
naearltas, kagta` lkden tfa gcvagy raamtcdes dj tfa eltcva spamcas tflt hdr`ar ct.
Pfa surjlma cs `agcealta` hy tfa rlkka` alrtf wlgg strumtura, mdkpdsa` dj gltarcta alrtf, sle`,
ra` mgly, strlw le` sklgg `dsa dj makaet. Cts tfcmieass lggdws l ndd` tfarklg ceartcl aelhgcen
l mddg ce`ddr aevcrdekaet. Ce sdka sctultcdes, cts farkatcm mflrlmtar cs lgtara` hy sklgg nlps
tflt lggdws gcnft td aetar le` dpaecens tflt mdeeamt wctf tfa dutsc`a. Pfa wlggs lra aramta` de
l racejdrma` mdemrata hlsa tflt cs rapgcmlta` lt tfa tdp td ramacva tfa rddj strumtura.
Pfa vaetcglta` mdvar jlmcgctltas tfa axct dj fdt lcr, ct cs kl`a up dj l strumturlg nrc` ce Xdsawdd`
wdd` tflt walvas l tfcmi vacg dj hlkhdd tflt wcgg murg hatwaae tfa sfls, le` suppdrt tfa zcem
sfaats.
 :: LMS ∓ 828<
8e` pr
 pr cz a
@
ascnecen l ^dkae–s Fdusa, jdr lgg tfa sdmclg ckpdrtlema ct fls, cs l kumf
nraltar axarmcsa tfle tfa kara salrmf jdr tfa kdst lppalgcen jdrk dr na-
dkatry. Ct cs, jdr us, le axarmcsa dj fuklectlrcle le` sdmclg eltura. ^a sat
dut td mralta l hucg`cen tflt wdug` prdvc`a wagg-hacen td tfdsa wfd ceflhct ct, tflt
wdug` kaat tfa axpamtltcdes dj tfdsa wfd eaa` ct le` tflt, tfrdunf lrmfctamtura,
wdug` pgly l `amcscva rdga ce tfa summass dj sumf l ragavlet le` urnaet kcsscde? tfa
prdkdtcde dj nae`ar aqulgcty le` tfa ckprdvakaet dj wdkae–s gcvcen mde`ctcdes
le` akpdwarkaet.
prdoamt elka
Pd lmfcava tfcs, tfa salrmf jdr tfa rcnft `ascne hanle hy ue`arstle`cen fdw wa
^dkae–s wleta` tfa hucg`cen td ha parmacva` jrdk tfa dutsc`a le` fdw wa wleta` ct td ha
Fdusa axparcaema` le` jagt dema cesc`a. ^a qucmigy ralgcsa` tflt jdr tfcs pglma td ha le
aamtcva tddg ce spral`cen tfa strden le` urnaet kasslna dj ckprdvcen wdkae–s
gcvas, ct fl` td ha le cevctcen le` cemguscva pglma, tflt elturlggy hrdunft padpga
lutfdrs tdnatfar. ^a cklncea` le dpae splma, wctf `caraet vdgukas tflt mle ha saae le`
@lvc` Ndeîlgvas mrdssa` ce l vary elturlg wly le` tflt raglta td almf dtfar ls ce l sklgg vcgglna.
Odíd @cls Pfcs cs fdw tfa c`al dj tfa klce straat akarnas, ls l elturlg axtaescde dj tfa dut-
Ndeîlgd ]letds Le`rã `ddr splma tflt, ce l vary drnlecm wly, uectas lgg tfa hucg`cens, suhtgy cevdgvcen
Ra`rd Ndkas le` karncen tfak cetd dea. L puhgcm pglma, `agcmltagy sfl`a` le` sfagtara` jrdk
@lecag ]ckña tfa sdkatckas flrsfar mgcklta, wfara avarydea wfd usas ct jaags mdkjdrtlhga le`
Rdrtunlg elturlggy kdtcvlta` td sdmclgcsa, td sflra tfacr c`als le` axparcaemas wctf dtfars.
:6 LMS ∓ 828<
8e` pr
 pr cz a
lwlraeass tflt tfcs hucg`cen sarvas, puhgcm le` mdkkde splmas lra tfa iay aga-
kaet. Ct tfarajdra kl`a saesa jdr us td `ascne le dpae-lcr lkpfctfaltra, plrtclggy
mdvara`, wfcmf cs l kdra cejdrklg le` dpae stlna tfle tfa ce`ddr jlmcgctcas, jdr lgg
tfdsa wfd wlet td nltfar le` sflra. Ls sunnasta` hy tfa drnleczars, wa pglma` tfa
hucg`cen lgden tfa klce rdl` gal`cen jrdk Hlnfara td tfa sklgg pdrt dj ]le`cecarc
” dea dj tfa vcgglna–s prcklry lxas ” ce dr`ar td aemdurlna cts usa. Pfa prdxckcty dj
tfa hucg`cen le` tfa mfdcma dj cts drcaetltcde ” hdtf tfa dpae-lcr lkpfctfaltra le`
tfa dpaecens dj tfa mdggamtcva lmtcvctcas le` tfa `clgdnua splma jlma tfa klce rdl`
” wara `ascnea` td aemdurlna tfasa mdeeamtcdes le` wagmdka avarydea.
Kltarclgs
]ustlcelhcgcty le` mdst mdetrdg wara l prcdrcty tfrdunfdut tfa mraltcva prdmass, sd
wa usa` gdmlg, mfalp le` sustlcelhga kltarclgs. Xdsawdd` halks jdr tfa strumturlg
kasf tflt klias up tfa hucg`cen, hlkhdd mleas jdr tfa klce straat mdvarcen le`
`ddrs, l`dha hrcmis jdr tfa wlggs le` mdkplmta` mgly jdr tfa ddrs. Ls wa wlet tfcs
hucg`cen td lgsd sarva tfa mdkkuecty lrdue` ct, wa cklncea` tflt tfa mdestrum-
tcde mdug` ha l prdmass sflra` hy lgg. Pfcs ckpgcas tflt tfa mdestrumtcva sdgutcdes
wa flva l`dpta` lra sckpga td axamuta. Pfara cs l nralt `cvarscty dj taxturas le`
plttares ce tfa hucg`cen, hut tfay wara dhtlcea` hy mdeounltcen ce l pglyjug wly
tfa pdsctcde dj tfa vlrcdus kd`uglr agakaets. Jdr axlkpga, uscen degy tfa hlk-
hdd mleas, wa dhtlcea` `caraet plttares jdr tfa straat mdvarcen le` tfa sfuttars.
LMS ∓ 828< :>
8e` prcza
Xal`cen lgg tfa `dmukaetltcde tflt Ilcrl Gddrd fls ncvae us de tfa murraet vary
vugearlhga mde`ctcde le` `csmrckceltcde lnlcest wdkae ce ]aeanlg, le` plrtcmu-
glrgy ce tfa vcgglna dj Hlnfara, wa lgsd ralgcsa` tflt tfcs mdug` edt degy ha l pglma
jdr tfa prdkdtcde dj aqulgcty le` wdkae–s aklemcpltcde ce tfa gden tark. Ct fl`
td flva l kdra urnaet le` prdxckcty-hlsa` sdmclg rdga? td sarva ls l slja flvae
jdr wdkae le` mfcg`rae wfd eaa` l pglma td talmf, galre, prlmtcma le` durcsf ls
ce`cvc`ulgs.
Pfus, lgg tfa splmas wara `ascnea` - ce tfacr `ckaescdes, mdenurltcdes le` kl- kl -
tarclgcty - td ha axchga le` td ha usa` wctf nralt varsltcgcty. Pfa `clgdnua splma,
jdr axlkpga, mle ha usa` hdtf jdr kaatcens le` ls l stu`y rddk jdr tfa mfcg`rae
dj tfa ealrhy smfddg. Pfa splma jdr mdggamtcva lmtcvctcas wls lgsd `ascnea` td fdusa
hdtf tfaka raglta` axfchcts le` td suppdrt tfa prdkdtcde le` `cssakceltcde dj
tfa wdri dj gdmlg lrtcsts. L sckpga wlgg ce tfa kc``ga dj tfcs glrna splma sckugtlea-
dusgy sarvas ls l strumturlg agakaet, ls l gtar jdr twd `caraet lrals tflt mle ha
lrrlena` saplrltagy le` ls le agakaet wfara wdris dr gks mle ha prdoamta` cj
eamasslry.
Ce dr`ar td sarva edt degy tfcs fuklectlrcle kcsscde hut lgsd tfa surrdue`cen
pdpugltcdes, le` ncvae tfa pramlrcdus slectltcde ce tfcs vcgglna, wa jdue` ct ax-
trakagy ckpdrtlet td hucg` l vdguka `a`cmlta` td fyncaea le` slectlry jlmcgctcas,
ce mlsa leydea eaa`s tfak lt ley tcka. Ncvae tfa purpdsa dj prdkdtcde le` sdmclg
LMS ∓ 828< :3
8e` prcza
^ctf tfa l`dha hrcmis, le` oust pglycen wctf tfa pdsctcde ce wfcmf dea ts dvar tfa dtfar, wa ndt vary rcmf le`
`cvarsa plttares ce tfa parjdrltcde dj tfa wlggs. Pfa cespcrltcde jdr tfa `ascne dj lgg tfasa agakaets wls vary
kumf cespcra` hy tfa gdmlg lrt le` trl`ctcdelg hucg`cen jdrks le` tamfecquas. ^a lcka` td mralta `yelkcm
le` stckugltcen splmas rddta` ce tfa gdmlg mugtura le` sucta` jdr kd`are `ly mflggaenas.
Mdestrumtcde
Pfa jdue`ltcdes dj tfa hucg`cen lra kl`a up dj l mdemrata strcp jddtcen de wfcmf tfa wlggs rast le` spral`
jddtcen wfara tfa wdd`ae pcgglrs lra ramassa`. Pfa ddr cs jdrka` hy `caraet glyars. Pfa `aapast lra kl`a
dj mdkplmta` stdeas wctf vlrca` sczas (8 td <2 mk). Pfa surjlma glyar dj tfa ddr cs mralta` wctf l kdrtlr ce
tfa lpprdxcklta prdpdrtcde dj < mgly, < sle`, » strlw, » wltar. @ua td cts fynrdsmdpcmcty, cts eamasslry td
prdtamt tfa elg surjlma lnlcest jdn le` rlce. Pfcs cs pdsschga hy mdvarcen ct wctf = mdlts dj hdcga` gcesaa` dcg.
Ls kaetcdea`, tfa wlggs rast de l mdemrata strcp jddtcen. Pfay lra jdrka` hy l`dha hrcmis dj 81 mk hy =2 mk.
Ce martlce lrals, akpty splmas wara ga jdr elturlg gcnft td aetar tfa cetarcdr splma. Ce l``ctcde td tfa sagj-
suppdrtcen wlggs, tfa strumtura tflt suppdrts tfa hucg`cen cs mdkpdsa` dj l qul`rlenuglr nrc` dj pcgglrs le`
cetarsparsa` wdd`ae halks. Almf pcgglr mdescsts dj jdur pdsts akha``a` ce mdemrata spral` jddtcen. Pfa
halks (ce tfa gdenctu`celg le` trlesvarslg `cramtcde) rast de tdp dj almf dtfar uetcg tfay rast de elcgs tflt
mdeeamt tfa wdd`ae pdsts dr de tfa hucg`cen–s dwe wlggs.
Jcelggy, tfa sglh cs mdkpdsa` dj `caraet hlkhdd mleas tca` tdnatfar le` mdvara` wctf l kdrtlr dj mdh
(td prdtamt tfak jrdk tfa sue le` kdcstura).
 >2 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< ><

 
=r` prcza =r` prcza

prdoamt elka

^dkae–s Fdusa
lutfdrs
Leelmfclrl Prlhlmmfce
Agael Rlmmlneaggl
Ngl Lg 
Lg 
Lghartd Klrtcec
Ctlgy

ur `ascne prdmass sd hances wctf le lwlraeass dj tfa sctultcde ce wfcmf

wa lra dparltcen, le` ce plrtcmuglr hy lmtcen wctf tfa rcnft saeschcgcty td
lmfcava tfa mraltcde dj l mcvcm maetra, wfcmf fagp wdkae td`ly td galva

D
tfacr fdkas le` tlia le cetarast ce tfacr dwe jutura ce l pglma tflt wagmdkas tfak
le` klias tfak jaag strden, ce`apae`aet le` edt lgdea. Pfa splma wa flva `a-
scnea` tfarajdra lcks td hamdka le dlscs jraa dj ley ceaqulgcty le` praou`cma, ha-
cen klcegy lvlcglhga td wdkae, hut edt axmgu`cen leydea wfd wlets td cetarlmt
wctf tfcs sklgg ralgcty, raspamtcen tfdsa wfd gcva ct, sattcen tfa ndlg dj mraltcen l jlcr
cevdgvakaet dj kae le` wdkae.

Pfa mdemapt cs hlsa` de tfa c`al dj le axtarelggy mgdsa` le` rcnc` ralgcty, fc`cen
hafce` ct l wdrg` wfcmf cs edt ncvae vcschcgcty, oust gcia tfa rdga dj wdkae ce sdmcaty.
Ce jlmt, cj tfa hucg`cen lppalrs td ha l glrna kdedgctfcm hgdmi, ls ydu lpprdlmf
ct ydu e` ydursagj ce jrdet dj glrna lmmass dpaecens, wfcmf surprcscengy jrlka le
cetarelg lral mflrlmtarcza` hy murva` surjlmas tflt hgae` tdnatfar, wagmdkcen le`
cevctcen ydu td aetar. ^a mdetceudusgy `amc`a` edt td `ascne l klce lmmass pdcet,
sd tflt usars mdug` aetar tfrdunf tfa vlrcdus dpaecen lgden tfa sc`as dj tfa hucg`-
cen, wfcmf tlias de tfa rdga dj l mltlgyst, hrcencen padpga tdnatfar cesc`a, ncvcen
tfak tfa dppdrtuecty td sckpgy wlgi tfrdunf.

Jurecsfcen `avcma
^a flva `ascnea` l `avcma cetae`a` prcklrcgy jdr tfa glhdrltdrcas, wfcmf vlrcas
cts juemtcde ce ragltcde td tfa dmmlscdelg usa `cmtlta` hy tfa lmtcvcty mlrrca` dut.
Cesc`a tfa hucg`cen, tfcs agakaet cs lttlmfa` td tfa wlgg hamlusa dj twd rlcgs de
wfcmf tfasa jurecsfcen strumturas sgc`a, wfcmf mle tlia de tfa juemtcde dj haemfas/
tlhgas wfae lppgca` ‗dpae‛, wfcga wfae mgdsa` tfay mle ha lppgca` ls l hglmi-
hdlr`/pleag. Pfa ravarschcgcty dj tfasa `avcmas cs sfdwe hy tfa utcgcza tfay tlia de
wfae tfay lra rakdva` jrdk tfa trlmis td ha usa` dut`ddrs? tfcs agakaet hamdkas
l tlhga, `ascnea` ce plrtcmuglr td ha dparlta` `urcen lmtcvctcas mlrrca` dut dutsc`a
tfa hucg`cen.

>8 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< >=

=r` pr
 p rcza =r` prcza
 >0 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< >1

]pamclg Kaetcdes Fdedrlhga Kaetcdes

lutfdrs lutfdrs lutfdrs lutfdrs

@lecag Lrru`l ^acestace @leccg Idkctsic Prcel Gcstlemd ^ardecil
^ardecil Rlmzidwsil, Lgaisle`rl Iuhcli, Klrtl Kdosci, Rcdtr Nlo`li
Pacxacrl, Klrcl Cslhagl Kcgl Gyutsiledvl Galgye ]le Oule Rdgle`
Eavas Jarracrl, Mglrl Klrcl Hugnlrcl Gcgcle ^len
Hlrhdsl Pad`drd, Kltaus Mlel`l
Gale`rd, ]Cgvl Hrued `a
Lghuquarqua Jarracrl Gckl
Hrlzcg

lutfdrs lutfdrs lutfdrs

Lciltarcec Rdugclsc Ilgce Mlidv \uû enð tl, enl enuy Ēu, ] Ēâ tl, Gn ml fân, enè Rlk t tl
Lgcic Idestletcec`du Katd`cy Kdeav Zcatelk
Lckcgcl Klrcl ]dirc Ole Dhusai
Nraama _uzlel Rdtdmel
]dpfcl Mlidvl
]gdvlicl

>: LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< >>

Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde

Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde
lutfdr
Oule Rlhgd Gdpaz Cslhaggl
Qrunuly
Pfa mlgg jdr tfa mdetast dj tfa ^dkae Fdusa ce ]aeanlg, wfcmf lcks td hucg`
l splma jdr lwlraeass, trlcecen lmtcvctcas tflt prdkdta tfa nrdwtf dj tfa ra-
ncde ue`ar tfa scne dj aqulgcty, fls mlptcvlta` ka jrdk tfa hanceecen. C wls
kdva` hy tfa mlusa prasaeta`, scema C hagcava tflt lrmfctamtura cs l ka`cuk
tflt mdetrchutas td tfa magahrltcde dj gcja. Ls ct cs le ckpura `csmcpgcea, ct fls
tfa nralt pdsschcgcty dj mdkhcecen tamfecqua wctf dtfar ag`s sumf ls lrt, sd -
mcdgdny, letfrdpdgdny le` pfcgdsdpfy. Pfasa prakcsas wara l``rassa` jrdk
tfa hanceecen ls ce tfa dtfar prdoamts tflt C flva mlrrca` dut dvar tfa yalrs.
Rrdpdslgs tflt prdkdta aqulgcty aercmf tfa `csmcpgcelry ag` ce ky dpcecde. Pflt cs
wfy C `amc`a` td lmmapt tfa mflggaena, wctf tfa cetaetcde dj darcen suppdrt, ak-
ak -
pltfy le` lttaetcde td tfa kdst vugearlhga samtdrs dj sdmcaty tfrdunf l `csmcpgcea
tflt C lk plsscdelta lhdut.
Ce tfa rst cestlema, C fl` td nat mgdsar td tfa pglma wfara tfa prdoamt tlias pglma
le` td tca sdmcd-mugturlg mdetaxt, wfcmf ckpgca` ndcen `aapgy cetd l uecvarslg cs-
sua tflt kust mdemares us lgg? tfa prdtamtcde dj fukle rcnfts le` tfa strunnga tflt
Pfa prdoamt lcks td rasakhga trl`ctcdelg mdestrumtcde tamf-
ecquas. Dea dj tfa mflrks dj ]aeanlgasa mugtura cs raamta`
jlmt fls mlunft ky lttaetcde. Ct wls l salta` wdkle kd`agcen
l mgly vlsa, tfa `agcmlmy wctf wfcmf far fle`s mlrassa` tfa alrtf
ce cts lrts, le` ct cs tfa qulgcty dj axprasscen jaagcens wctf le` wara sflpcen tfa dhoamt wctf sumf klstary fls mlptcvlta` ka.
agakaetlg kltarclgs sumf ls alrtf le` sle`. Pfa hlglema Xakakharcen tfcs jlmt, C jagt tflt tfa prdoamt fl` td ha lpprdlmfa`
astlhgcsfa` hatwaae pdpuglr mdestrumtcdes tflt flva haae ce l sckcglr wly, wfara tfa smugpturlg le` lrtcsle mde`ctcde wls
`avagdpa` dvar tcka le` eltura, tfa usa dj kltarclgs tflt prcklry.
lra prasaet ce tfa pglma ce l sdhar wly, lra nasturas tflt `a-
gcealta l splrsa le` sckpga lrmfctamtura tflt wls tliae ls Mdemaetrltcen tfasa cssuas, tfa prdoamt mdemapt cs hlsa` de l sgae-
rajaraema td prdoamt. `ar, kdedgctfcm pcama dj ra` gltarcta alrtf tflt stle`s rkgy de tfa
tarrlce. Cesc`a tfa kltarclg le cetcklta le` wlrk vdc` cs kd`aga`,
Ct pdwarjuggy mlunft ky lttaetcde l ]aeanlgasa jlhga tflt wfcmf cs ceflhcta` le` wfcmf lt tckas gddis dutwlr`s cetanrltcen
C wcgg qudta eaxt? eltura. Xacetarpratcen tfa nura dj tfa mcrmga, mdkkde ce tfa sattga -
kaets dj prckctcva mugturas, twd sakcmcrmgas jdrna tfa splma, dar -
‖–Dema l rlhhct le` l fyael wara altcen jdd` jdue` ce tfa cen tfa vcsctdr l `yelkcm le` cetarlmtcva smdpa, ramaptcva td fdstcen
fdggdw dj l hldhlh. Dema tfay wara sltclta`, l sdue` ce`c - vlrcdus ctcearlrcas. Qe`ar tfcs nastura, tfa prdnrlk cs lrtcmuglta` ce
mlta` tflt tfay mlka dut dj tfa cetarcdr. Pfa rlhhct tdg` tfa l axchga le` dpae wly, td tfa axtaet tflt tfa cetanrltcde dj dut-dut-
fyael td nat dut qucmigy, hut sfa rajusa`. Pfae tfa hldhlh `ddr splmas tflt flva l jrlei mdeeamtcde wctf tfa aevcrdekaet cs
mgdsa`, galvcen tfa twd lecklgs cesc`a.
Pfa fyael hanle td mry ce jalr, tfa rlh-
hct kl`a l prlyar tflt dpaea` tfa traa.
Dema dutsc`a tfa fyael wleta` td
aetar lnlce td ecsf wctf lgg tfa jdd`
tflt raklcea` cesc`a. Pfa fyael ndt
cetd tfa hldhlh le` ecsfa` wctf lgg
tfa jdd`, hut tfa hldhlh mgdsa` up
le` tfa fyael mdug`e–t nat dut.––
Pfa ckpguvcuk fdusa, typcmlg dj ]ae-
anlgasa varelmuglr mdestrumtcdes, fls
haae l trcnnar tflt lggdwa` ka td ue-
`arstle` tfa wly dj gcja ce tfa vcgglnas.
Lt tfa slka tcka mdesc`ar martlce aga-

wdkae le` ncrgs mlrry sd ls edt ha `csmrckcelta` lnlcest dr sanranlta`. kaets

ls tflt klia
tfa mcrmuglr up lrmfctamtura
drnleczltcde sumf
dj tfa mdk-
C flva edt fl` tfa dppdrtuecty td vcsct Ljrcml yat, spamclggy ]aeanlg, hut C fl` td jaag pgax, tfa wltar wagg lt tfa maetar le`
tflt axparcaema ce sdka wly le` tfae hanle td prdoamt. C wls cetarasta` ce hucg`cen tfa dpae dmugus tfrdunf wfcmf tfa
l prdgandkaede tflt wdug` l``rass tfa cssuas, sumf ls tfa mde`ctcde dj tfa pglma, rlcewltar spcggs le` l gcnft cs prdoamta`
tfa mgcklta, tfa tdpdnrlpfy, eltura, gdmlg mustdks le` varelmuglr lrmfctamtura. tfrdunf tfa sfl`dw. Pfasa wara race-
L sarcas dj `dmukaetlrcas, wrctars, gks le` pfdtdnrlpfs flva fagpa` ka td jaag tarprata` le` l`lpta` td tfa `ascne ce
cts assaema. Pfcs sarcas dj `ltl uegalsfas ce ka l gdt dj cklncelrcas le` ltkds- l mdetakpdrlry iay.
pfaras tflt e` l rltcdelg pltf tfrdunf klttar le` strumtura.
Ledtfar tdpcm td ha `csmussa` wls fdw
Lt tfa slka tcka, C lelgyza mlrajuggy tfa kltarclgs prasaet ce tfa lral, mdgdrs, tax- td raprasaet sumf l strden le` kdvcen
turas, mdsts, mdestrumtcde tamfecquas, wctf tfa cetaetcde dj mraltcen l `ascne tflt tfaka ls tfa akpdwarkaet dj wdkae
wls sustlcelhga, tflt tfacr lssakhgy wdug` rasugt ce l tamtdecm flrkdecdus wctf ce lrmfctamtura. Pfa splmas td ha `aea` fl` td ha mle`c`,
tfa mdetaxt. C hagcava tflt tfa kltarclg cequcry, tfa traltkaet le` mdesdelema dj akpltfatcm le` jrcae`gy. Pfa prdnrlk sfdug` ha lrtcmuglta` Ckpguvcuk fdusa, ]aeanlg
tfa `caraet mdkpdeaets prasaet, ncvas rcsa td l stckugltcen axmflena hatwaae ce l wly tflt tlias cetd lmmduet tfa eaa`s dj wdkae. De dea
padpga le` tfcens. @aptf, pglstcmcty, wacnft, le` lncen wara tdpcms dj plrtcmuglr dj ky ramaet trcps td Kaxcmd, C stdppa` lt dea dj tfa kley
cetarast. fle`cmrl klriats ce almf tdwe. Le avary`ly le` sckpga
 >6 LMS∓828<
Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde
Mgly vlsa, Dlxlml, Kaxcmd
pdsschga, wctf rddks jdr `clgdnua le` mdggamtcva lmtcvctcas lggdwcen tfacr axple-
scde. Pfasa rddks lra mdkpgakaeta` wctf sarvar splmas jdr klelnakaet le` dr-
nleczltcde, hltfrddk le` stdrlna. Pfa jdrklg parmaptcde dj tfa kdedgctfcm pcama
cs lgtara` hy tfa mdevaxcty le` mdemlvcty dj slc` agakaets9 tflt ncva sflpa td le
aetrlema tfrasfdg` wctf le dplqua le` sfl`a` `aptf, le` l sklgg dlscs tflt mde-
eamts tfa cetarcdr sarvcen ls sfagtar le` mdetakpgltcde raspamtcvagy. Pfa mdkpdsc-
tcde cs prdtamta` ue`ar l wdd`ae nrc` tflt suppdrts tfa rddj.
Pfa axparcaemas dj tcka le` sdue` lra ue`argcea` hy tfa cetrd`umtcde dj gcnft le`
wltar, agakaets ce jdrma ce tfa fdkas dj yastaryalr. Pfa vchrlet Ljrcmle sue sealis
ce, cetaesa hut tfce, tfrdunf l mcrmuglr nlp ce tfa rddj le` hatwaae tfa sgcts dj
l tfcmi vacg dj hlkhdd. Pfa gcnft cs mdetlcea` hy tfa splma, sflpa` hy tfa tarrlmdttl
kltarclg tflt ct cggukceltas ce l ice` le` kystarcdus wly. Pfa `aesa ]aeanlgasa
rlces lra tralsura` ce tfa squlra jduetlce dj tfa sakcmcrmuglr pltcd, tfa wltar ha-
mdkas l mraltcva kltarclg, fc`cen cts `aptf hajdra tfa sfcey surjlma tflt ct naear-
ltas, jusa` hatwaae tfa gcvagy raamtcdes dj tfa eltcva spamcas tflt hdr`ar ct.
L`vletlna wls tliae dj tfa gdmlg gltarcta sdcg le` ra` mgly, ncvcen tfa wlggs l tarrl-
mdttl pcnkaetltcde tflt rl`cltas wlrktf. Pfa rddj `aea` hy l gdmlg wdd`ae nrc`
cs wdvae cetd murva` hlkhdd tflt cs rakcecsmaet dj tfa vcgglna jaemas le` cs lssdmc-
lta` wctf tfa sflpa dj tfa mcrmga tflt `dkceltas tfa mdkpdsctcde.
Rlsscva aearncas tflt lvdc` axmasscva mdesukptcde dj rasdurmas wara mdesc`ara`,
ls wagg ls l stu`y dj suegcnft lmmdr`cen td nadnrlpfcmlg mddr`celtas. Ce tfcs wly, Rrdoamt mrdqucs
l vaetcglta` mdvar wls `ascnea`, wfcmf lggdws fdt lcr td asmlpa td iaap l mddg
cetarcdr. Ce ture, tfa wlgg strumtura fls nralt tfarklg ceartcl `ua td cts tfcmieass,
lggdwcen tfa cetarcdr takparltura mde`ctcdes td ha kdra stlhga. Pfa dlscs mdetlcea`
ce tfa sakcmcrmuglr stly naearltas l fukc` pltcd, mdetrchutcen td tfa mraltcde dj
l pgalslet ltkdspfara.
62 LMS∓828<
SDQEN
LXMFCPAMP]
MDKRAPCPCDE]
JCPP
Jutura Fal`qulrtar
Pfa mlgg jdr c`als JCPP JQPQXA FAL@\QLXPAX] wls gluemfa` de Edvakhar
8282 hy SLM ” Sduen Lrmfctamts Mdkpatctcdes ” ce mdgglhdrltcde wctf JCPP
Nrdup jdr tfa `ascne dj cts eaw, ceedvltcva fal`qulrtars .
JCPP Nrdup cs l gal`cen mdkpley ce tfa kleujlmtura le` `avagdpkaet dj tfa kdst
ceedvltcva uc` trlesjar sdgutcdes jdr `dkastcm, prdjasscdelg le` ce`ustrclg lp-lp -
pgcmltcdes. Lar 12 yalrs, JCPP iaaps de gddicen lfal` hy ncvcen td lrmfctamtura
tfa dppdrtuecty td axprass cts vlguas, kcsscde le` ndlgs. Pfrdunf tfa JCPP Jutura
Fal`qulrtars mdkpatctcde, lrmfctamts fl` tfa dppdrtuecty td sunnast tfacr dwe vc-
scde dj jutura wdrisplma. Ce tfcs pglma, gal`arsfcp, prdnrass le` mdrpdrlta c`aetcty
fl` td ha trlesglta` cetd lrmfctamturlg sflpas td hamdka le cetareltcdelg rajar-
aema ce wdripglma lrmfctamtura. Ce tfcs ranlr`, JCPP wcgg hamdka tfa sykhdg dj kd-
`arecty le` prdnrass9 tfa mdrpdrltcde–s mdkkuecty wcgg kaat td `avagdp cetuctcdes
le` rasalrmf ce l eaw mdkpgax `ascnea` td lklza le` cespcra. ]umf maetar wcgg
mdkpata wctf tfa kdst ceedvltcva fal`qulrtars dj tfa cetareltcdelg smaelrcd td
jdrna l jutura dj walgtf, sustlcelhcgcty le` ceedvltcde.
@ascnears jrdk lgkdst <22 mduetrcas tddi plrt ce tfcs mdkpaggcen mflggaena prdpds-
cen tfacr vlgulhga mdemapt c`alsavlgulta` hy le dutstle`cen oury pleag cemgu`cen
Lu`ue Dp`lg (=VE), Akkleuagga Kduralux, Ecmdgl ]mlrlelrd (Jdstar + Rlrtears),
Rltrci ]mfuklmfar (_lfl Fl`c` Lrmfctamts), Flsle ÎlgļŔglr (ArncedĔgu & ÎlgļŔglr Lr-
Lr -
mfctamts), Mlrgd Xlttc,, Lgassle`rd L`lkd (Gdkhlr`cec88), lkden tfa dtfars, avlgu-
lta` tfa prdoamt prdpdslgs sagamtcen tfdsa hattar raspde`cen td tfa mdkpatctcde–s
hrcaj. Pfa wceecen prdoamts flva haae lwlr`a` wctf l tdtlg mlsf prcza dj ₧ 82,22 2
`cstrchuta` td tfa rst savae talks rleicen.
LMS∓828<   >3
Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde
Pfa `ascne prdmass wls lpprdlmfa` ce tfa rst cestlema hy klicen l sarcas dj
mrdqucs le` siatmfas, prcklry jraafle` `rlwcens tflt lttakpt td `agcealta
wflt wls pravcdusgy stu`ca` de plpar. Pfasa cemgu`a lpprdxckltcdes dj pdssc-
hga drnleczltcdes dj tfa prdnrlk ce pgle, agavltcdes, samtcdes le` axpgdrltdry
siatmfas ce tfraa `ckaescdes.
^flt hances ls l gcea tfae tlias sflpa ce tfa tfraa-`ckaescdelg kd`ag kl`a
wctf ML@ le` ]iatmfup prdnrlks. Jrdk ky pdcet dj vcaw tfay lra vary cetuc-
tcva scema C mle stu`y ce l hattar wly tfa prdpdrtcdes dj tfa `ascne, sfl`dw
stu`cas jrdk nadgdmltcde, quletcjy lrals le` vdguka td ha lhga td qudta tfa
prdoamt, tast kltarclgctcas, le` lelgyza tfa ragltcdesfcp wctf cts mdetaxt. L sa-
rcas dj tasts wctf mdemaptulg klquattas kl`a wctf mgly wara mlrrca` dut de
tfcs dmmlscde, ce wfcmf vanatltcde wls cemdrpdrlta` cetd tfa aevcrdekaet td
flva l ralg vcscde dj tfa mdkpdsctcde.
Pfa `ascne cs pcvdta` hatwaae tfa tfraa-`ckaescdelg kd`ag le` tfa twd-
`ckaescdelg nrlpfcms kl`a ce ML@. Dema ct cs ecsfa`, tfa vcsulgczltcdes lra
naearlta` jrdk tfa rae`ars kl`a wctf =@ KLV le` Zrly. C mdesc`ar tfcs ce-
stlema dj utkdst ckpdrtlema scema ct raprasaets tfa cklna dj tfa prdoamt le`
cts cetaetcdes, ct fls l nralt wacnft sd C gcia td `a`cmlta l mdesc`arlhga tcka td
ct. Pfcs ckpgcas l mdrramt sagamtcde dj kltarclgs, ndd` qulgcty taxturas, ndd`
gcnftcen le` lgsd gle`smlpa `ascne, scema tfa vanatltcde fls haae kl`a jrdk
tfcs sdwlra.
Pfa pdsctcde dj tfa mlkarl tflt lggdws vcsulgczcen tfa `caraet smaeas, cs le
lspamt tflt sfdug` ha stu`ca` prdpargy, tfa pdcet dj vcaw cs dj vctlg ckpdrtlema
scema ct fagps l gdt ce tfa elg parmaptcde dj tfa cklna, slc` cestlema cemgu`as
l iedwga`na dj pfdtdnrlpfy wfcmf lggdws td `atlcg tfa gaes mdrramtcde, tfa
jdmlg lenga, tfa jrlka dj tfa vcaw.
Dema tfa rlw rae`ars lra dhtlcea` tdnatfar wctf tfacr rae`ar agakaets, tfa
pdst prd`umtcde le` sattcen ce Rfdtdsfdp mdetceuas, wfcmf cemgu`as ratdumf-
cen dj mdgdr, cetaescty, hrcnfteass le` mdetrlst, tfa cemdrpdrltcde dj dtfar aga-
kaets sumf ls fukle smlgas le` vanatltcde cj eamasslry. Jrdk le cklna C usu-
lggy mrdp ct td lmmaetulta l `atlcg tflt cetarasts ka, dhtlcecen l samde` cklna
tflt de kley dmmlscdes C mdevart ct td nrlysmlga.
Pwd-`ckaescdelg nrlpfcms lra lgsd tralta`, axpdrta` jrdk ML@ td Cggustrltdr
td l`oust gcea tfcmieassas le` qulgctcas. Jcelggy, tfa `caraet pcamas lra cemdr -
pdrlta`, cemgu`cen rae`ars, pgles, samtcdes, agavltcdes, gdmltcde pgle le` `a-
smrcptcva kakdry td tfa glydut. L ndd` drnleczltcde dj tfa kltarclg prd`uma`
cs ckpdrtlet, l `cstrchutcde wls kl`a ce sumf l wly tflt mdfaraema mle ha
saae stlrtcen jrdk tfa naearlg le` mugkceltcen ce tfa plrtcmuglr le` `atlcgs.
Lgden wctf tfa lrmfctamturlg `ascne, l `atlcga` gcst dj tfa kltarclgs usa` wls
`dea, tfa quletctcas le` tfa mdsts fls haae kl`a ce dr`ar edt td axmaa` tfa
ce`cmlta` hu`nat. Mdestrumtcde samtcdes wara aglhdrlta` ce `atlcg wfara tfa
lssakhgy dj tfa plrts mle ha lppramclta`.
LMS∓828<   6<
<st prcza
prdoamt elka
Jutura Fal`qulrtar
lutfdrs
]arnay Idrdhidv,
Idrdhidv, @kctrcy ]figylrui,
Avnaecy Idrdhsidy, Le`ray Psypglidv,
Lgaisay Mfara`ecidv
Xusscl
P
fa `ascne cs hlsa` de savae prcemcpgas? juemtcdelgcsk, ce`cvc`ulgcty, ceedvltcva tamf-
edgdncas, sustlcelhga lrmfctamtura, fcnf aearny acmcaemy, falgtf le` amdgdny ls
l raamtcde dj kaetlg le` pfyscmlg stckugus. ]flpcen cs hlsa` de tfa cetarlmtcde dj
tfa klce tamfedgdncmlg prdmass dmmurrcen ce tfa hucg`cen, tlicen cetd lmmduet tfa c`aetcty dj
tfa JCPP mdkpley. Pfa va klce juemtcdelg maetars dj tfa eaw dcma lra `cstrchuta` lgden
tfa gdenctu`celg lxcs dj tfa scta? l wagmdkcen squlra wctf l gdnd, le axamutcva lral, l uec-
varslg lrael, kugtcjuemtcdelg wdrisplmas wctf l rastlurlet, le` rasc`aemas. Lgg klce lrals
flva ce`apae`aet aetrlemas. Pfa klce aetrlema nrdup cs gdmlta` ce tfa raprasaetltcva plrt
dj tfa hucg`cen. Pfa tfraa zdeas flva gle`smlpa` mdurtylr`s, wfcmf aesuras cetanrltcde wctf
 68 LMS∓828< LMS∓828<   6=

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eltura le` elturlg gcnftcen dj tfa wdricen lrals. Pfa klce axamutcva lral cemgu`as
tfa mdkpley–s kusauk/sfdwrddk le` glhdrltdrcas de tfa samde` ddr. Eaxt cs
tfa klce lrael dj tfa dcma ” l uecvarslg splma wctf le lkpfctfaltra jdr vlrcdus
avaets? prasaetltcdes, sakcelrs, kdtcvltcdelg sasscdes. Pfa lrael cs gdmlta` ha-
twaae tfa nuast le` wdri splma dj tfa dcma wctf mdevaecaet lmmass jdr nuasts
le` akpgdyaas. Mdvarcen dvar tfa lrael `ua td lutdklta` sglts fls tfa lhcgcty td
plss dr hgdmi elturlg gcnft. Pfa lrael cs surrdue`a` hy l mdkpgax dj aenceaarcen
jlmcgctcas jdr l jugg rlena dj aetartlcekaet le` mdejaraema tamfedgdncas. Pfa eltura
dj lmtcvcty, vlguas le` c`algs lra spral` ce tfa jdrk le` cetarcdr dj tfa hucg`cen,
akpflsczcen tfa ceedvltcva ce`ustrclg styga dj tfa mdkpley. Lgg ecsfcen kltarclgs
lra kl`a klcegy dj gcnft pdgykars le` katlg td cemralsa tfa lkduet dj elturlg
gcnft. Elvcnltcde tfrdunf tfa mdkpgax cs mlrrca` dut hy mdgdur nrlpfcms de tfa ddr
ce tfa jdrk dj `yelkcm prdoamtcdes. Lmdustcm mdkjdrt cs lmfcava` `ua td tfa spamclg
lmdustcm macgcen parjdrltcde de tfa aetcra ddr. Pfa `ascne cs hucgt de rltcdelgcty,
kcecklgcsk, acmcaemy le` aevcrdekaetlg jrcae`gceass. Pfa jlml`a dj tfa hucg`cen
cs kl`a dj aearny-acmcaet stlcea` nglss nglzcen, wfcmf prdvc`as fcnf cggukceltcde
ce`cmltdrs dj tfa dcma splma. Pfa prdoamt cs hlsa` de tfa prcemcpgas dj sustlcelhga
lrmfctamtura. Pfa hucg`cen cs pdwara` hy raeawlhga aearny sdurmas. De tfa rddj,
l zdea cs lggdmlta` jdr tfa gdmltcde dj sdglr pleags tflt prdvc`a tfa hucg`cen wctf
raeawlhga agamtrcmcty. Pfa cetarelg mgcklta cs suppdrta` hy l maetrlgcza` systak
wctf falt ramdvary le` nadtfarklg aearny. Lgsd, mdurtylr`s-mralta jlvdurlhga mde-
`ctcdes jdr elturlg lcr mdevamtcde le` lra l`lpta` jdr mdggamtcen rlcewltar jdr cts
suhsaquaet usa ce tfa `dkastcm prdmassas dj tfa hucg`cen–s gcja.

60 LMS∓828<

<st prcza <st prcza
 6: LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< 6>

 
8e` pr
 pr cz a 8e` prcza

prdoamt elka

Jgdwcen Prdunf Pckas

lutfdrs
Kcflcg ]dhdgidv, Cflr ]flkledusic,
]clrfac Slscui, Klri Ilksce,
Zcitdrycl Zatlsficel
Haglrus

P
fa mdrdelvcrus ple`akcm fls ckplmta` mdkkarmclg ralg astlta l gdt. Edt
degy fls klriat mflena`, hut wdridws mdetceua td rahucg`. Pfa kdst dcma
splmas lra edt ral`y jdr ct. Pfcs prdoamt cs lcka` lt ckprdvcen tfa sctultcde hy
cetrd`umcen dut`ddr mdwdricen le` gduena lrals. Ct kales tflt edw akpgdyaas mle
spae` kdra tcka dutsc`a stlycen jdmusa`. Pfa kdra slja splmas, tfa kdra mdkjdrt-
lhga padpga jaag.

Pfa eavar-ae`cen kdvakaet dj wltar ce eltura cs tfa degy parpatulg kdtcde klmfcea
ce axcstaema. Cts dws mlrva` skddtf murvas ce tfa rdmis mraltcen cemra`chga gle` -
smlpas, le` lrmfctamts cespcra` hy cts elturlg axuras le` tfa pdwar dj ae`gass kdva-
kdva -
kaet trlesjarra` tfasa gceas le` kalecens cetd tfacr mraltcdes.

Pfa trl`ctcdelg kale`ar plttare wls cespcrcta` hy tfa rcvar hae`s. Xakakharcen tfasa
drelkaets, td`ly wa lra cespcra` hy tfa tfdunft dj tfa sykhcdscs dj eltura, mraltcvcty
le` cts rdga ce tfa fcstdry dj fukle lmtcvcty.

Lrml`as lra trl`ctcdelg agakaets dj Xdkle lrmfctamtura. Pfacr klce lrtcstcm mflrlm-
tarcstcm cs l mgalr rfytfk. Ledtfar mflrlmtarcstcm jaltura dj mglsscm Ctlgcle lrmfctam-
tura cs tfa Mdrtcga - cetarelg mdurt tflt wls dae surrdue`a` hy le lrml`a. Fcstdrc -
mlggy, pltcds raprasaet le dut`ddr splma naearlggy usa` jdr `cecen dr ramraltcde. Pfa
c`al dj pltcd cs vary ragavlet jdr tfa `ascne dj kugtcjuemtcdelg lrmfctamturlg
lrmfctamturlg dhoamts.
Pfleis td tfak, ct cs pdsschga td mdkhcea dr saplrlta `caraet juemtcdelg lrals.

66 LMS∓828< LMS∓828<   63

8e` pr
 pr cz a 8e` prcza
 32 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< 3<

8e` pr
 pr cz a 8e` prcza

38 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< 3=

 
=r` prcza =e` prcza

prdoamt elka

Jutura Fal`qulrtar
lutfdrs
Xunnard Hujjd
@lecgd Armdgc
Ctlgy

P
fa hucg`cen lrcsas de tfa gden le` elrrdw scta, faema tfa gcealr sflpa
klxckczcen cts gtar jaltura. Ruhgcm mdurts dpae tdwlr`s tfa axcstcen
jlmtdry td ramacva vcsctdrs le` wdriars, wfara hucg`cen juemtcdes mle
ha aeflema` le` hrdunft dutsc`a. Pdwlr`s Alst l `aesa nraae pltmf prdtamts
tfa prdoamt jrdk tfa edcsa le` tfa scnft mdkcen jrdk tfa mlva ealrhy. Hacen
de 8 gavags degy, tfa eaw fal`qulrtars lra dpae le` lmmasschga de tfa nrdue`
ddr wfcga rcscen tfa cesugltcde vlguas de tfa rst ddr. Ruhgcm juemtcdes sumf
ls rastlurlet, mljatarcl, kusauk, gduena lrals le` vcsctlhga glhdrltdrcas lra
ce jlmt pglma` de tfa nrdue` gavag, dcmas le` lu`ctdrcuk lra lhdva cestal`.
Ledtfar `cstcenucsfcen jaltura cs tfa nraae rddj, sc`a-td-sc`a wlgilhga le` lm-
masschga avarywfara lgden tfa pltf jrdk puhgcm splmas hagdw. Pfa jlml`a usas
JCPP-prd`uma` pcpcen gga` wctf stle`lr` lrnde nls td ckprdva tfa tfarkcm le`
lmdustcm parjdrklema, aspamclggy lt tfa kdra-prcvlta rst ddr wfara ct lmts ls
l `duhga nglzcen murtlce wlgg, oust wly gass axpaescva. Pfa jlml`a cs fcnfgy ax -
chga ls ct mle alscgy mflena tfcmieass dr `aescty lgden tfa hucg`cen, aeflemcen tfa
parjdrklema de sdka lrals. Lgsd, l kaskarczcen wlva aamt mle ha dhtlcea` hy
sgcnftgy kd`cjycen tfa axtruscde dj tfa pcpas.
 30 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< 31

=r` pr
 prcza =e` prcza

3: LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< 3>

Ndg` Kaetcdes Fdedrlhga Kaetcdes

lutfdrs prdoamt elka prdoamt elka prdoamt elka prdoamt elka

Ecmi Hdar
Klrtcoe @lfrs Dvd j ^gg j flqul 6 Rlv Rli
Ctlgd `a Zrddk lutfdrs lutfdrs lutfdrs lutfdrs
Eatfargle`s Sua Fa, Eud Vu, Gcenzfa Gu ]tajled Glmlgl Gducs Gcu, Pcen ^ae,
Suleyule @den, Iue Mfae Akleuaga Pummc ^ae`u Mfae,
Racgce Fu, @awae Ou Q]L Ctlgy @den ^len
Q]L Mfcel

lutfdrs
Ltflelscds
Kduskdugc`cs,
Zlscgacds
Kartzledpdugds
Nraama prdoamt elka prdoamt elka prdoamt elka prdoamt elka

j flqul j f\ j flqul Pfa Jgdw

lutfdrs lutfdr lutfdr lutfdrs
Lesnlr Fustar Chrlfck Elwlj Odflroc Gceus Kacar Jglvcle Hlscga, ]lvdcl
Mfrcstcle Kdraed ]lu`c Lrlhcl Narkley Klrclrdslrcl, Jglvcd
Narkley Klcd, Klrcil Klcd,
jls Hul–,
Jrlemasml `c ]letd,
`lgl Kgl,
lutfdrs
Mlrkae Zcmmd
Ratar Hugdvam Ctlgy
tlol `ŵkl
]gdvaecl

prdoamt elka prdoamt elka prdoamt elka prdoamt elka

Jutura Mlkpus Pfa Cetartwcea` j flqul j flqul

lutfdr lutfdrs lutfdrs lutfdrs
Lgaxle`ru Rlvag Mfufle _fdu, _faewac ]k `–aâ Kcgl _gltledvl
lutfdrs
@aeklri _fden, Flcsfaen Vu Klrclenagl Zartulec Pad`drl Xdjatdvl
Cle @lcetde, Nlhy Mfcel Ctlgy @decil Xdjatdvl
Raül, Rrcsmcgl Hugnlrcl
Asplrzl Mlg`arde
^dkae Lwlrl`
Kaxcmd
 36 LMS ∓ 828<
Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde
Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde
lutfdrs
]arnay Idrdhidv, @kctrcy ]figylrui, Avnaecy Idrdhsidy, Le`ray Psypglidv,
Lgaisay Mfara`ecidv
Xusscl
^a lra ngl` tflt wa flva tfa dppdrtuecty td tlia plrt ce le cetareltcdelg
cetareltcdelg mdk-
patctcde dj tfcs smlga. Alrgcar ce sumf mdkpatctcdes wa klelna` td tlia 8e`
le` tfcr` pglmas. Pfa ralgczltcde tflt wa tddi <st pglma wctf sd kley strden
plrtcmcplets cs vary cespcrcen! Kdradvar, kdst dj tfa prdoamts lra axamuta` lt
l vary fcnf gavag.
Palk
Dur talk dj plrtcmcplets cs l nrdup dj lrmfctamts dj : padpga. ^a lra tfa scnecmlet
plrt dj tfa glrna `ascne cestctuta LXAEL, wfcmf fls nltfara` spamclgcsts jrdk tfa
kdst rakdta mdrears dj Xusscl le` eacnfhdrcen mduetrcas. Fara wa mle ckpgakaet
tfa kdst lkhctcdus prdoamts, l`dptcen tfa axparcaema dj saecdr kaetdrs, le` jdrk
dur dwe uecqua styga.
Mfddscen l mdkpatctcde
Ce dur dpcecde, `aspcta tfa tcnft wdri smfa`uga le` `al`gceas, le lrmfctamt sfdug`
lgwlys e` tcka td `avagdp le` plrtcmcplta ce sumf mdkpatctcdes. ]d, wfae wa fl`
jraa tcka, wa hanle td gddi jdr l mdkpatctcde wfara wa mdug` ncva jraa`dk td dur
mraltcvcty le` c`als. Ce tfcs mlsa, tfa mfdcma wls sckpga ls wa gcia `ascnecen puhgcm
hucg`cens, hamlusa tfay lggdw us td cetarlmt wctf jdrk le` mdetaxt. Lt tfa slka
tcka, tfa mdetaxt le` cectclg prdvcscdes dj tfa mdkpatctcde wara vary cetarastcen ”
td mralta l hlglema hatwaae tfa tamfedgdny dj eltura le` l mdkjdrtlhga fukle
wdricenaevcrdekaet.
Rgdt le` surrdue`cen lral
Pfara cs ed urhlecza` aevcrdekaet lrdue` le` tfa dhoamt mle ha sagj-sucmcaet
le` uecqua. Pfara wara savarlg klce gckctltcdes tflt wa sfdug` flva plc` lttae-
tcde td? edcsa le` `crty prd`umtcde jrdk tfa eacnfhdrcen scta, fcnf nrdue`wltar
le` facnft rastrcmtcde (ed kdra tfle twd ddrs) ls wagg. Pfara cs ed ceuaema dj
mdetaxt de lrmfctamturlg `amcscdes. Hlsa` de tfasa ce`cmltdrs, wa trca` td mralta
tfa kdst mdkjdrtlhga tamfedgdncmlg jdrk dj tfa hucg`cen, tfa lppalrlema dj wfcmf
<22 LMS∓828<
Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde
plrtcmcplets mle mdesugt `urcen tfa prdoamt. Pfcs klias ct pdsschga
td tlia cetd lmmduet tfa wfdga rlena dj hucg`cen `ascne cssuas lt
tfa mdemapt stlna. Qsulggy, wctfce tfa stle`lr` tcka, wa klia `dz-
aes dj vlrclets dj l tfraa-`ckaescdelg mdkpdsctcde. Cectclggy, wa
prdmaa` jrdk l scenga jdrk dj tfa hucg`cen, wfcmf wa nrl`ulggy `a-
jdrk le` mflena td kaat tfa dhoamtcvas dj tfa mdkpatctcde.
@ascne cs hlsa` de savae prcemcpgas? juemtcdelgcsk, ce`cvc`ulgcty,
ceedvltcva tamfedgdncas, sustlcelhga lrmfctamtura, fcnf aearny aj-
mcaemy, falgtf le` amdgdny ls l raamtcde dj kaetlg le` pfyscmlg
stckugus. Hlsa` de tfa plrlkatars dj tfa tlsi, tfara wara jaw dp-
tcdes hlsa` de tfa gckcta` tcka. Eaxt, wa trca` td tlia ls l hlscs l
sckpga le` lt tfa slka tcka c`alg mcrmga sflpa, le` tfae l`lpta`
ct td tfa scta. Flgj dj tfa dvlg wls rlcsa` td mralta l mdurtylr` splma
le` lppgy le c`aetcty td ct.
Pfa axpgdcta` rddj wdris ls le agakaet dj gle`smlpcen jdr tfa mral-
tcde dj ramraltcde le` wdri lrals. Eaxt, tfa dvlg wls `ajdrka` td
prdvc`a tfa eamasslry lral le` ramdnectcde dj JCPP. Le lttakpt td
cetanrlta tfa gdnd cetd tfa `ascnes.
 
Flvcen stu`ca` ce `atlcg tfa juemtcdelg slturltcde dj tfa hucg`cen,
wa strumtura` tfa mdeeamtcdes dj juemtcdes le` jdrka` 1 klce
maetars. Pfa samde` gavag wls rlcsa`, jraacen up splma jdr tfa jdr-
kltcde dj gle`smlpcen wctf ramraltcde lrals le` md-wdricen. Lt-
takpts td wlrp le` pgly wctf tfa vdguka dj tfa hucg`cen.
Ce plrlggag wctf tfa jdrk, tfa cetarelg strumtura dj tfa hucg`cen le`
pgleecen sdgutcdes lra hacen wdria` dut. Pfasa tlsis lra `cvc`a`
hatwaae padpga? tfa vcsulg plrt, pgleecen sdgutcdes, `ascne, taxt
plrt, le` sd de. Lar lpprdvlg hy lgg lrmfctamts dj tfa lrmfctamturlg
vlrclet, tfa =` kd`ag cs trlesjarra` td tfa vcsulgczltcde `aplrt-
kaet. Pfara, ce mdeouemtcde wctf lrmfctamts, vcsulgczars wdri dut
tfa vcsulgczltcde dj tfa prdoamt uscen =`s Klx le` Zrly jdr rae`ar-
cen le` Rfdtdsfdp jdr pdstprd`umtcde.
]trumtura
]flpcen cs hlsa` de tfa cetarlmtcde dj tfa klce tamfedgdncmlg prd-
massas dmmurrcen ce tfa hucg`cen, tlicen cetd lmmduet tfa c`aetcty dj
tfa tt mdkpley. Pfa va klce juemtcdelg maetars dj tfa eaw dcma
lra `cstrchuta` lgden tfa gdenctu`celg lxcs dj tfa scta? l wagmdkcen
squlra wctf l gdnd, le axamutcva lral, l uecvarslg lrael, kugtcjuem-
tcdelg wdrisplmas wctf l rastlurlet, le` rasc`aemas. Lgg klce lrals
flva ce`apae`aet aetrlemas. Pfa klce aetrlema nrdup cs gdmlta`
ce tfa raprasaetltcva plrt dj tfa hucg`cen. Pfa tfraa zdeas flva
gle`smlpa` mdurtylr`s, wfcmf aesuras cetanrltcde wctf eltura le`
elturlg gcnftcen dj tfa wdricen lrals.
Pfa klce axamutcva lral cemgu`as tfa mdkpley–s kusauk/sfdw-
LMS ∓ 828< 33
Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde
lakpt td mralta mdurtylr`s
wls sckcglr td tfa mdkpley md`a. ^a trca` td axtae` tfa vdguka
dj tfa hucg`cen td tfa gaentf dj tfa agdenlta` pgdt, wfcga mraltcen
agakaets dj gle`smlpcen le` mdurtylr`s ce tfa wdr`s dj tfa axcst-
cen mdetaxt, cemgu`cen uscen tfa rddj dj tfa hucg`cen.
Jcrst siatmfas, cectclg c`als
Dur `ascne cestctuta cemgu`as : lrmfctamturlg wdrisfdps. Pfa mdk -
patctcde wls lttae`a` hy < wdrisfdp, wfcmf cemgu`as lrmfctamts
spamclgczcen ce tfa `avagdpkaet dj tfa mdemapt. Jcrst, l talk dj
0 lrmfctamts wls jdrka`. Pfa rst stlna cs l `atlcga` stu`y dj tfa
tamfecmlg tlsi dj tfa mdkpatctcde hy dea dj tfa plrtcmcplets, tfa
gal`ar. Eaxt, tfa talk nltfars lt l tlhga wctf prceta` kltarclgs dj
tfa mdetast lsscnekaet, paemcgs le` plpar, le` tfa mraltcva prd-
mass dj `csmusscen le` `ascnecen tfa c`al dj tfa mdetast hances.
Pfa gal`cen lrmfctamt dj tfa wdrisfdp mle tlia plrt ce tfa `cs-
musscde. ^a lgsd usa sagj-axparcaema, stu`y lrmfctamtura trae`s
lt tfa kdkaet, salrmfcen jdr axlkpgas sumf ls tfa eaw lppga
fal`qulrtars, vlrcdus nddnga mlkpusas, ]harHleis, atm. Lar
tfa kaatcen, savarlg dptcdes jdr tfa `avagdpkaet dj tfa prdoamt
c`al lra hdre, wfcmf lra ckpgakaeta` hy tfa talk lgral`y ce
`cnctlg jdrk wctf tfa fagp dj tfa Xavct prdnrlk le` vcsulg rap-
rasaetltcde (Aesmlpa pgunce). Pfa `ascne cestctuta mdescsts dj ra-
glta` `aplrtkaets (`ascnears, aenceaars, tamfedgdncsts, vcsulgcz-
ars, tfa `aplrtkaet dj tfa klstar pgle le` dtfars), jrdk wfcmf
LMS∓828<   <2<
Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde
dj tfa dcma - l uecvarslg splma wctf le lkpfctfaltar jdr vlrcdus
avaets? prasaetltcdes, sakcelrs, kdtcvltcdelg sasscdes. Pfa lrael
cs gdmlta` hatwaae tfa nuast le` wdri splma dj tfa dcma wctf mde -
vaecaet lmmass jdr nuasts le` akpgdyaas. Mdvarcen dvar tfa lrael
`ua td lutdklta` sglts fls tfa lhcgcty td plss dr hgdmi elturlg gcnft.
Pfa lrael cs surrdue`a` hy l mdkpgax dj aenceaarcen jlmcgctcas jdr
l jugg rlena dj aetartlcekaet le` mdejaraema tamfedgdncas. Pfa
eaxt hgdmi cemgu`as l rastlurlet le` kugtcjuemtcdelg rddks de tfa
samde` ddr. Pfa rastlurlet cs surrdue`a` hy l qucat mdurtylr`.
@ua td tfa sgc`cen stlcea` nglss wce`dws, tfa `cecen rddk dj tfa
rastlurlet mle ha axtae`a` td tfa mdurtylr` wctf wltar le` gle`-
smlpcen jdr l mdkjdrtlhga guemf de eltura.
Pfa juemtcdelg rlena cs mdkpgata` hy l rasc`aema le` teass ce tfa
`aptf dj tfa pgdt. Pfa teass lral fls lmmass td tfa cetarelg mdurt -
ylr`. De tfa samde` ddr, lgden tfa dutar parckatar, tfara lra rasc -
`aetclg rddks jdr akpgdyaas le` nuasts wctf pledrlkcm vcaws de
tfa surrdue`cen.
Pfa samde` gavag dj tfa hucg`cen mdkhceas tfasa juemtcdelg lrals
wctf l scenga ddr pglea, jdrkcen l uecvarslg axchga wdricen splma
wctf l sat dj `caraet kugtcjuemtcdelg rddks le` pgltjdrks? mgdsa`
rddks wctf fcnf sdue` cesugltcde jdr mdemaetrlta` wdri le` dpae
gduena lrals jdr mdkkuecmltcde. Sdu mle wdri leywfara - lt ydur
dwe `asi, ce mdgglhdrltcde lrals, ce wagg-aqucppa` le` trles-
jdrklhga kaatcen rddks. Pfa axchcgcty dj tfa splma cs prdvc`a`
hy trlesjdrklhga trlesplraet plrtctcdes. Pfcs mdemapt lggdws ydu
td l`lpt tfa pgleecen strumtura td `caraet smaelrcds le` drnlec -
zltcdelg prdmassas ce tfa mdkpley. Lgden tfa maetrlg lxcs dj tfa
hucg`cen, typcmlg tamfecmlg le` fdusafdg` lrals lra `csparsa`, ce-
mgu`cen hltfrddks, utcgcty rddks, mletaaes, le` tamfecmlg rddks.
@ascne
Pfa eltura dj lmtcvcty, vlguas le` c`algs lra spral` ce tfa jdrk
le` cetarcdr dj tfa hucg`cen, akpflsczcen tfa ceedvltcva ce`ustrclg
styga dj tfa mdkpley. Lgg ecsfcen kltarclgs lra kl`a klcegy dj
gcnft pdgykars le` katlg td cemralsa tfa lkduet dj elturlg gcnft.
Elvcnltcde tfrdunf tfa mdkpgax cs mlrrca` dut hy mdgdr nrlpfcms de
tfa ddr ce tfa jdrk dj `yelkcm prdoamtcdes. Lmdustcm mdkjdrt cs
lmfcava` `ua td tfa spamclg lmdustcm macgcen parjdrltcde de tfa ae-
tcra ddr. Pfa `ascne cs hucgt de rltcdelgcty, kcecklgcsk, acmcaemy
le` aevcrdekaetlg jrcae`gceass. Pfa jlml`a dj tfa hucg`cen cs kl`a
dj aearny-acmcaet stlcea` nglss nglzcen, wfcmf prdvc`as fcnf cggu -
kceltcde ce`cmltdrs dj tfa dcma splma.
Aearny acmcaemy
Pfa prdoamt cs hlsa` de tfa prcemcpgas dj sustlcelhga lrmfctamtura.
Pfa hucg`cen cs pdwara` hy raeawlhga aearny sdurmas. De tfa
rddj, l zdea cs lggdmlta` jdr tfa gdmltcde dj sdglr pleags tflt prd-
 rddk le` glhdrltdrcas de tfa samde` ddr. Eaxt cs tfa klce lrael vc`a tfa hucg`cen wctf raeawlhga agamtrcmcty. Pfa cetarelg mgcklta cs

<28 LMS∓828< LMS∓828<   <2=

Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde

suppdrta` hy l maetrlgcza` systak wctf falt ramdvary le` nadtfar-

klg aearny. Lgsd, mdurtylr`s-mralta jlvdrlhga mde`ctcdes jdr eltu-
rlg lcr mdevamtcde le` lra l`lpta` jdr mdggamtcen rlcewltar jdr cts
suhsaquaet usa ce tfa `dkastcm prdmassas dj tfa hucg`cen–s gcja.

Gle`smlpcen
]umf sflpcen klias ct pdsschga td usa tfa tarrctdry dj tfa scta ls
acmcaetgy ls pdsschga, mraltcen wagg-klcetlcea` qucat, mgdsa`
le` dpae lrals wctf nraae splmas le` rasarvdcrs. Pfa sflpa dj
tfa hucg`cen wctf le dvarflencen samde` ddr kl`a ct pdsschga
td mdevaecaetgy pglma plricen splmas lgden tfa ceear plsslna
le` mralta l mdkjdrtlhga, sfl`a` aevcrdekaet jdr ramraltcde le`
rast. L iay agakaet dj tfa gle`smlpcen cs l jdrka` pa`astrcle eat-
wdri dj mlelgs-pcpas tflt mut tfrdunf tfa surjlma dj tfa wltar ls
le lggandry dj tfa mdkpley–s tamfedgdncmlg ceedvltcdes le` tfa
kdtcjs dj tfa fcstdrcmlggy astlhgcsfa` jlkdus wltar mfleeags. Pfa
cetarlmtcde cklna dj tamfedgdny le` eltura cs `ascnea` td cespcra
le` aemdurlna akpgdyaas td eaw lmfcavakaets dj tfa mdkpley
ce tfa ag` dj fcnf-tamf l`vlema` sdgutcdes.

^flt wdug` wa l`vcsa talks tflt `amc`a de sumf l mflggaena

• Galre td gcstae td almf dtfar mlrajuggy. Pry td edtcma tfa rcnft

c`als le` `avagdp tfak. Pfa tfdunfts dj almf plrtcmcplet
lrackpdrtlet.
• ^fae jdrkcen tfa c`al dj tfa mdetast, ct cs edt eamasslry td
try td jdggdw tfa aetcra PDX. Rarflps ydu mle mdka up wctf
kdra cetarastcen le` hdg` c`als tflt wcgg dvarmdka sdka
gckctltcdes. Ct cs aedunf td saa sdkatfcen vary ueusulg le`
drcncelg tflt mle surprcsa avarydea. Ct–s lgwlys tfara, ct oust
tlias tcka td salrmf.
• Ckka`cltagy ydu eaa` td ply lttaetcde td tfa tlhgats le`
tfacr mdkpdsctcde, wfcmf ydu kust prdvc`a. Ct cs ckpdrtlet td
`d degy wflt ydu sfdw, usa ydur tcka aamtcvagy.
• ^a dae rature td tfa dptcdes tflt wa mralta` lt lt tfa hance-
hance-
ecen, flvcen ndea l gden wly td salrmf.
• @cstrchutcde dj tlsis hy typa dj wdri? tlhgats le` tfacr glydut,
pgles, vcsulgczltcdes, `clnrlks, taxt.
• Ct saaks td us tflt ce tfa mdemapt ct cs pdsschga td kdva lwly
l gcttga jrdk tfa `ascne jalturas le` aen. rastrcmtcdes ce jlvdr
dj prdoamt axprasscde.
• Degy tfa kdst summassjug vcaws sfdug` ha pglma` de tfa tlh- tlh-
gat. Pfara cs ed tlsi td sfdw l gdt dj wdri. Ct cs ckpdrtlet td
mdevay tfa c`al dj tfa prdoamt ls sckpgy ls pdsschga.
• Ct cs lgwlys eamasslry td `ascne jrdk tfa naearlg td tfa plr-
tcmuglr. @de–t spae` l gdt dj tcka de `atlcgs tflt ed dea wcgg

saa.

<20 LMS∓828< LMS∓828<   <21

  <st prcza

prdoamt elka

Cmagle` Mlva Pdwar

Pdwar rsn k Noýlì
lutfdrs
Pfa Cmagle` Mlva Pdwar Mdkpatctcde wls tfa jdurtf Haa Hraa`ars avaet ce
Klracia ]mfgltdw
le dendcen `ascne sarcas, sat ce tfa axtrldr`celry gle`smlpa dj Cmagle`. Pfa
Nlsplr Mìeapl
mdkpatctcde scta de Zdnlr jlrkgle` cs gdmlta` ealr glia Kûvlte ce edrtfare
@aeklri
Cmagle`, le` tfa avaet wls drnlecza` ce plrtearsfcp wctf tfa gle`dwears,
Gle`acnae`ur Zdnl afj.

Rlrtcmcplets wara tlsia` wctf suhkcttcen prdpdslgs jdr le dhsarvltcde pdcet lm-
mdkkd`ltcen l sklgg vcsctdr maetar de tfa jlrkgle`–s scta dvargddicen Zdnlnoì ” l
spamtlmuglr nrdue` ssura rasugtcen jrdk sacskcm lmtcvcty. Pfa ssura cs aspamclggy
scnecmlet ls l klriar dj tfa hdue`lry hatwaae tfa twd tamtdecm pgltas dj tfa Au -
rdpale le` Edrtf Lkarcmle mdetceaets.
Pfa Zdnlnoì ssura lgsd fdusas mlvas tflt flva hamdka pdpuglr hltfcen spdts,
wctf wltars elturlggy falta` hy vdgmlecm dws. Pfa mlvas ramacva tfdusle`s dj le -
eulg vcsctdrs, le` wfcga tfa rakdta scta dj Zdnlr jlrkgle` fls hamdka l pdpuglr
`astceltcde, cts surrdue`cen glvl ag`s flva uejdrtueltagy sustlcea` scnecmlet
`lklna ce ramaet yalrs. Ce l``ctcde td le dhsarvltcde pdcet td c`aetcjy tfa scta, tfa
gle`dwears saai l kd`uglr `ascne sdgutcde jdr wlgicen pltfs td hattar prasarva
tfa jrlncga elturlg surrdue`cens.
Pfa prdoamt sdunft amd-jrcae`gy, scta-spamcm sdgutcdes. Rrdpdslgs wara mdesc`ara`
jdr tfacr mdestrumtlhcgcty, mdst-aamtcvaeass, rascstlema td axtraka waltfar, aevc -
rdekaetlg raspdeschcgcty, aearny-acmcaemy, le` gdw klcetaelema. Pfay wara lgsd
avlgulta` jdr tfacr straentf dj mdemapt le` tfacr prdkcsa td hamdka l kalecenjug
`astceltcde. Pfa wceecen smfakas wcgg ha mdesc`ara` jdr mdestrumtcde.
Fue`ra`s dj suhkcsscdes wara ramacva` jrdk lrdue` tfa wdrg`. Pfay mraltcvagy
axpgdra` l hrdl` vlrcaty dj jdrks, kales jdr cetanrltcde wctfce tfa gle`smlpa, le`
lgsd lhstrlmt axprasscdes. @ascnes axparckaeta` wctf hdtf kdedgctfcm le` fukhga
prasaemas. ^fcga sdka prdpdslgs kl`a usa dj scta-spamcm stdea le` alrtf ls prc -
klry hucg`cen kltarclgs, dtfars prdpdsa` katfd`s jdr prajlhrcmltcde dr utcgczltcde
dj jlmtdry-prd`uma` mdestrumtcde agakaets.
Haa Hraa`ars mdgglhdrlta` wctf l jletlstcm cetareltcdelg le` rancdelg oury jdr tfcs
avaet? Gducs Hamiar, plrtear lt Faeecen Glrsae9 Klrsflgg Hgamfar, jdue`ar dj Klr-
sflgg Hgamfar ]tu`cd9 Oatta Fdpp, `cramtdr lt ]edfattl9 Hdrnfcg`ur Ce`rcòl`ýttcr,
Cmagle`cm lrtcst9 le` Ircstcel Gddmi, fal` dj husceass `avagdpkaet lt NKR. ^a ax -
prass dur nrltctu`a td tfa oury pleag jdr cts suppdrt le` mdesmcaetcdus lelgyscs dj
Prchuta td eltura
L `rlkltcm rc tflt talrs lmrdss tfa nrdue` ravalgs tfa jdrma dj
eltura. Pfa gle`smlpa lppalrs td ha kystarcdus le` wcg`, flrsf
le` uetdumfa` ” tfa mlvas dj Nroýtlnoì lra l spamclg pglma jdr
murcdus axpgdrars. Dur prdpdslg fdedrs tfa haluty dj tfa eltura
traltcen lrmfctamtura le` gle`smlpa sykhcdtcm wctf tfa scta–s amdg-
dny, jdr le` ce uecty wctf aevcrdekaet. Amfdcen tfa gle`jdrks dj
surrdue`cens, tfa lrmfctamtura cs l plusa jdr mdetakpgltcde le`
l jrlka jdr dhsarvltcde.
]flpa` hy surrdue`cen
Cespcra` hy tfcs uecqua pglma, l mdemapt lppalrs dj kdedgctfcm
agakaets uprcscen jrdk tfa scta nadgdny. ]pgcetar-gcia sflpas dj
alrtf le` rdmi lra eastga` ce tfa nrdue` le` yat akarncen ls
sdgc` kle-kl`a scgfduattas. Pfa cetarvaetcde mdescsts dj tfraa
vdgukas? twd dj tfak sct gdw de tfa gdwar pgltalu wfcga l strden
gle`klri rasts kloastcm de tfa a`na dj tfa fcnfar tamtdecm pglta.
Pfa gdmltcde dj tfa hucg`cens aemdurlnas kdvcen le` axpgdrcen
tfrdunf l uc` le` salkgass pltf tflt dars a`umltcdelg wlgis
wfara vcsctdrs le` gdmlgs mle kaat. Pfa `ascne, wctf jaw le` ram-
dneczlhga agakaets sumf ls saltcen le` gcnft, prasarvas tfa gle`-
smlpa le` axprassas l mdesarvltcde atfds.
 Zarelmuglr pyrlkc`s
pyrlkc`s
Eastga` wctfce runna` elturlg gle`smlpa, tfa twd gdwar hucg`cens
lra `aea` hy tfacr uecqua turj rddjs ls axtaescdes dj tfa tarrlce.
Ls varelmuglr rakakhrlemas tfay cevcta vcsctdrs td wlgi de le`
`csmdvar ckprasscva dvargddis de tfa lral, dr klrvag lt ecnft
stlrs le` edrtfare gcnfts.
 tfa suhkcsscdes. Haa Hraa`ars le` cts oury pleag wdug` gcia td tflei almf dj tfa
plrtcmcplets jdr suhkcttcen sumf l rlena dj c`als td tfcs mdkpatctcde!

<2: LMS∓828< LMS∓828<   <2>

<st prcza <st prcza

Almf vdguka fdu sas `cstcemt lmtcvctcas hut lggdws axchga usas
wfcmf mdug` mflena dvartcka aesurcen tfa hucg`cen l gden gcja-
tcka. Pfa rst dea td ha aemduetara` wagmdkas tfa vcsctdrs wctf
l splma dj trlesctcde jrdk trlvaggcen kdd` td l mlgk stlna dj
mdetakpgltcde, le` ct dars tfa dppdrtuecty td kcenga wctf tfa
gdmlg mugtura. Cesc`a, l mljã le` cejdrkltcde maetar lra dpaea`
tfrdunf dea hcn trclenuglr wce`dw tflt vcsulggy mdeeamts td tfa
eaxt stlnas. Pfa splma mle ha axchgy usa` jdr sklgg avaets sumf
ls ral`cens, mdemarts dr wdrisfdps.

Pfa samde` vdguka fdusas tfa waggeass jlmcgctcas wctf l raglxa`

le` samgu`a` ltkdspfara. L qucat spdt wctf l sklgg sluel le`
l spamtlmuglr vcaw wcgg `cstrchuta tfa usars td mralta le avae
kdra axmguscva ltkdspfara cesc`a tfa mlva, mraltcen l splma td
praplra le` mdetakpglta.

Hdtf scenga-stdrca` hucg`cens haflva ce tfa slka wly tdwlr`s tfa

mdetaxt, sfdwcen twd jlml`as? tfa wast agavltcde cs juggy nglza`
fcnfgcnftcen tfa stueecen vcaw tdwlr`s tfa mrlmi kalewfcga tfa
dtfar agavltcde cs l gden sdgc` wlgg dj rlkka` alrtf maetrlggy spgct
hy tfa klce aetrlema.

Dhsarvltcde tdwar
Zcschga jrdk tfa jlr `cstlema tfa tdwar mlggs jdr axpgdrltcde ls
l halmde ce tfa pglce gle`smlpa. Pfa agavlta` pdsctcdecen mflg-
gaenas tfa vcsctdrs td mrdss dvar ssura. Pfa tdwar cs l mdkpgata
dpae le` ede-falta` splma, ramdeeamtcen padpga wctf eltura ce
l prdjdue` wly. Cts cetarcdr pglys wctf smlga, wfara wlggs hamdka
le` gcnft `aeas tfa rlkka`-alrtf wlggs mraltcen l spcrctulg gcia
ltkdspfara. Avarytfcen fara flppaes sgdwgy. Fdgcstcmlpprdlmf
Ncvae tfa scta–s axpdsura td flrsf waltfar, ct wls `amc`a` tflt le
lpprdprclta hucg`cen wdug` sct gdw ce tfa gle`smlpa wfcmf cs jl-
vdrlhga jdr hdtf kltarclgs le` aearny mdesukptcde. Pfa prdpdsa`
klsscen dptckcza` rasdurmas, klxckczcen sdglr axpdsura, ra`um-
cen wce` eanltcva turhugaemas, kceckczcen sedw hucg`-up. Pfa
hucg`cen cs `ascnea` wctf fcnf `lygcnft `cuscde, eavartfagass GA@
gcnftaecen systak wcgg ha usa` cemgu`cen `lygcnft mdkpaesltcde
le` dmmuplemy `atamtcde td jurtfar ra`uma aearny mdesukptcde.
Pfa elturlg haluty dj tfa alrtf cs ga vcschga axtarelggy `ua td tfa
l``a` vlgua tflt tfa tamfecqua raprasaets hdtf aevcrdekaetlggy
le` lastfatcmlggy.

Ce hatwaae tfa glyars

Aetarcen tfa edrtfare vdguka tfa vcsctdrs jdggdw l sdgc` wlgg, l tlm-
tcga surjlma tflt gal`s td tfa falrt dj tfa splma, wfara l funa trcle-
nuglr wce`dws ravalgs tfa klnecmaet smaeary. L rdhust hucg`cen

tflt prdvc`as sfagtar jdr vcsctdrs, uscen tfa gdmlg hucg`cen trl`ctcde.
Pfa akpflscs fls haae de tfa `urlhcgcty le` tfa qulgcty dj tfa

<26 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< <23

<st prcza <st prcza

 oury stltakaet
stltakaet

Xcscen jrdk Nroýtlnoì cestlggs tfraa ce`cvc`ulg vdgukas, mde -

kltarclgs sd tflt tfa hucg`cen ae`uras tfa flrsf mgcklta. Jurtfar
sdutf ce l kdra samgu`a` gdmltcde gcas Ivaeelnoì wctf cts vary
dwe trclenuglr vdguka sfcag`cen ct. Ct cs darcen tfa pravcdusgy
kcsscen jlmcgctcas jdr tfa vcsctdrs tflt lra swckkcen ce tfa mlvas
le` ct mraltas l kdra cetcklta splma wfara dea mle aeody eltura
le` waggeass. Cts gckcta` le` tfarajdra mdetrdgga` lmmass aesuras
l prcvlta, guxurcdus le` raglxcen ltkdspfara. Pfa trclenuglr na-
dkatry le` tfa tlmtcga qulgcty dj tfa wlggs wctf wlrk fuas ramlggs
l mlva gcia jaagcen.
Aearny mdemapt
Pfa aevcrdekaetlggy raspdeschga le` aearny-acmcaet
aearny-acmcaet hucg`cens
lra lhga td naearlta tfacr dwe pdwar. Nadtfarklg falt cs nlcea`
wctf l nadtfarklg prdha ce tfa nrdue`, axtrlmta` tfrdunf l falt
pukp le` mdkprassa` td fcnfar takparlturas. Ce l wltar stdr-
lna mygce`ar tfa falt cs iapt le` kl`a lvlcglhga jdr gltar usa. ]d-
glr pleags gdmlta` ealr tfa plricen nrdue` prd`uma tfa aearny
eaa`a` jurtfarkdr a. Lplrt jrdk tfa Zcsctdr Maetar, tfa ^aggeass
strumtura raqucras
raqucras vary gcttga aearny wfcga tfa tdwar cs edt ce eaa`
dj ley pdwar.
eamta` hy l systak dj pltfs spleecen tfa tamtdecm `cvc`a. Pfasa
hucg`cens mdeeamt tfa vcsctdr td tfa twd mdetceaets ce l suhtga
le` naetga wly. Pfa vdgukas pgly cetd tfa Cmagle`cm gle`smlpa
le` hamdka klekl`a axtaescdes dj eltura. Pfa vdgukas lra
raglta` jdrklggy, le` tfacr `caraet juemtcdes sunnast tflt tfa
vcsctdr mle kdva lkden tfak td axpgdra tfa scta le` jaag tfa
nrle`eass dj stle`cen lt tfa jrdetcar dj twd mdetceaets. Lmmdr`-
cen td tfa oury, ‗Pfa spltclg drnleczltcde cesc`a tfa hucg`cens cs
qucta mdevcemcen, le` tfa mdeeamtcde td tfa gle`smlpa wdris
wagg. Pfa prdoamt–s rajaraema td trl`ctcdelg jlrkfdusas suppdrts
tfa mdemapt dj hacen dea wctf eltura. Ct fls tfa straentf td ha
ralgcza`.‛ Pfa oury lgsd prlcsa` tfa prdoamt–s kcecklg, aganlet,
le` mdesc`arlta sctcen? tfa tfraa sckpga hucg`cen vdgukas jaag
‗ue`ascnea`‛ yat mrcspgy lhstrlmt ce tfa vlst elturlg gle`smlpa
” le ueprataetcdus yat pramcsa cetarvaetcde td klri tfa scta.
Pfa mdemapt `akdestrltas l saesctcva lpprdlmf td tfa mdetaxt,
ncvcen mgalr prcdrcty td eltura, wctf l spltclg strltany hlsa` de
l sarcas dj cetarvaetcdes dr, cemcscdes ce tfa gle`smlpa. Mraltcen
hucg`cen prdmass, gdmlggy sdurma` le` flva ra`uma` mlr- l spamclg mdkpdsctcdelg taescde, tfa wdri cs plrtcmuglrgy mde-
hde akcsscdes. Pfa kltarclg akhd`cas pdatcm qulgctcas vcemcen ce tfa axparcaema
axparcaema dj le cetarpgly hatwa
hatwaae
ae tfa kcecklgcst
tflt lggdws tfa prdoamt td ha l raprasaetltcde dj tfa sdcg agakaets, prasaet le` suhtga lt tfa slka tcka. Pfa sunnasta`
ctsagj, aenlncen tfa vcsulg le` tfa tlmtcga saesas. mdkhceltcde dj rlkka` alrtf le` kd`uglr wdd` mdestrumtcde
wctf gle`smlpa` rddjs cs ralgcstcm le` c`alggy suppdrts tfa mde-
Pfa rddjs dj tfa gdwar hucg`cens lra dj wdd`ae mdestrum- mapt. Pfa rasugtcen rlw axtarcdrs le` cetarcdrs gcei td tfa scta le`
tcde mdvara` wctf l sakc-cetaescva nraae rddj. Jurtfar- prdkcsa td lna nrlmajuggy cetd tfa elturlg flhctlt.
kdra wdd` ls l raeawlhga rasdurma cs usa` jdr wce`dws,
`ddrs le` rdden. Kltarclgs ce tfa gle`smlpa lra iapt ls
elturlg le` gcttga ls pdsschga. Pfa wlgiwly cs kl`a jrdk
gdmlggy sdurma` nrlvag le` de tdp tfa ssura iapt ls eltu-
eltu -
rlg ls pdsschga.

Kltarclgs le` Mdestrumtcde

Hucg`cen kltarclgs lra gden-glstcen, rdhust le` jdr tfa klce plrt
sdurma` gdmlggy, wctf l spamclg lttaetcde td `urlhcgcty le` gdw
MD8 akcsscdes. Pfa mdst-aamtcva mdestrumtcdes lra gdw ce klce-
klce-
taelema. Pfa hucg`cens lra prcklrcgy kl`a hy rlkka` alrtf,
 l kltarclg wctf gdw akhd`ca` aearny, ra`uma` wlsta jrdk tfa
<<2 LMS ∓ 828<
8e` pr
 pr cz a
prdoamt elka lutfdrs
Lgaisle`rl Hcaszil
Pfa Kdvcen Klrcl Rcaglmf
]urjlmas Lgaisle`rl Kumfl
Rdgle`
P
fa Kdvcen ]urjlma mdeeamts twd tamtdecm pgltas le`
cs l hrc`na hatwaae tfa mdetceaets. Jrdk tfa dhsar-
vltcde pdcet ydu mle saa tfa Kûvlte rasarvdcr le` tfa
Fvarjolgg vdgmled, wfcmf lra nralt vlgua jdr tdurcsts ae` rasc-
`aets. Pfa fdrczdetlg gle`smlpa dj Cmagle` ls wagg ls `ccmugt
waltfar mde`ctcdes `aea` tfa sflpa dj tfa prdoamt, wfcmf cs
l mdetrl`cmtcde td tfa lrmfatypa ” tfa vartcmlg vcawcen tdwar.
Almf yalr tfa tamtdecm pgltas lra kdvcen lwly jrdk almf dtf-
ar lt tfa rlta lhdut 8 mk, sd tfa klce mdemapt wls twd sapl-
rlta` mdestrumtcdes, xa` de hdtf pgltas. Pfa Edrtf Lkarcmle
plrt cs dvarglppcen tfa Aurlscle plrt, wfcmf cs tfa rasugt dj
tfa nadgdncmlg lrrlenakaet dj tfa pgltas. Pfa strumturas sgc`a
lplrt wctf tfa pgltas jdrkcen l scne ce`cmltcen tfa plsslna dj
tcka.
Pfa mdkhceltcde dj twd mlvas, Ivaeeln oì le` Ilrclnì, wctf
l vletlna pdcet `aea` tfa sflpa dj tfa mdemapt. Pfa rdl` dj
tfa fcnfast pdcet wdug` ha lttrlmtcva ce ctsagj. Pfa surrdue`-
cen vcaws lgden wctf tfa edtcmalhga mrdsscen dj le ckpdrtlet
nadgdncmlg hdue`lry wdug` ha le cetarastcen axparcaema ls
wagg. Pfa gdmltcde dj tfa vcsctdr maetar eaxt td tfa Ivaeeln oì
Mlva, fls mralta` le dppdrtueecty td klia l mdkpgax tflt
mdkhceas lgg cetarelg juemtcdes, wfcga mraltcen l saplrlta
zdea jdr Pfa ^dkae Mlva nuasts.
Pfa mdestrumtcde dj tfa wfdga prakcsa cs hlsa` de trl`ctcdelg
Cmagle`cm mdestrumtcde, wfcmf fls haae uscen palt le` stdea
jdr maeturcas `ua td tfa gdw lvlcglhcgcty dj wdd`. Pfleis td
<<8 LMS ∓ 828<
=r` prcza
prdoamt elka
Fýjsakc
lutfdrs
Ilkcgl ]zltledwsil
Rlugcel Xdnlgsil
Rdgle`
P
fa prdoamt taggs tfa stdry lhdut l `aplrtura jrdk ‖tfa c`al–. Pfcs cs l
mdetceudus dppdsctcde td elturlg lspcrltcdes td ckpgakaet tfa mdkpa-
tctcde hrcaj. ^flt wls tfa rst tfdunft4 Le lrmfctamturlg cmde ” l kugtc -
juemtcdelg hgdmi mdeeamtcen tamtdecm pgltas, l gle`klri, l mdkpatctcde `ralk.
Pfa nralt hralitfrdunf ce tfa `ascne prdmass wls td stap hlmi le` l`kct td
ydursagj tflt axprasscen ydur lrmfctamturlg jletlsy wdug` ha mdevaecaet, hut
edt eamasslrcgy rcnft.
^flt saaka` lpprdprclta wls td ncva l vdcma td eltura ” l uecqua pfaedkaede
tflt dur lrmfctamtura cs degy kalet td mdkpgakaet ce tarks dj cejrlstrumtura.
Pfus, cestal` dj tfa kugtcjuemtcdelg hgdmi `dkceltcen tfa gle`smlpa, tdwarcen
dvar tfa nralt tamtdecm jrlmtura, tfraa saplrlta hgdmis wara mralta` , sckpga ce jdrk
le` juemtcde, mdkcen dut dj Cmagle`cm hglmi alrtf. Dur prcdrcty `urcen tfa `ascne
prdmass wls tfa klxckuk usa dj tfa lgral`y `anrl`a` surjlma le` tfa galst cetar-
jaraema ce tfa strumtura dj tfa yat uetdumfa` glvl rdmis. Pfcs lpprdlmf ckpdsa`
l jrlkawdri de wfcmf wa gdmlgcza` prdpar juemtcde.
Pfa rst plvcgcde wa aemduetara` ce tfa jdrkar plricen gdt cs tfa cejdrkltcde
maetar wctf l mljã le` l sklgg dcma. ]ctulta` hagdw tfa jrlmtura sgdpa, ct cs als -
cgy lmmasschga le` gdmlta` ce sumf l wly ls td saplrlta cetcklta Ivaeelnoì jdrk
tfa klce tdurcst trlcm eaxt td Ilrglnoì.
Pfa pltf dj tfa jddthrc`na `atarkceas lmmass td Ivaeelnoì tfrdunf tfa cejdr-
kltcde maetar, wfara vcsctdrs mle huy tfacr tcmiats, tlia l fdt mdaa le` galre
kdra lhdut tfcs lklzcen pglma. Kdvcen de, dur vcsctdr wcgg e` l sklgg slectlry
plvcgcde wctf l mgdlirddk le` sfdwar wfara fa praplras fcksagj jdr l tfarklg
hltf. ]aplrltcen mdkkuecmltcde le` gckctcen ct td tfa axcstcen plricen gdt le`
lmmass rdl` wcgg fagp tfa `anrl`a` lral td ranlce cts jdrkar elturlg vlguas.
Pfa tfcr` hgdmi cs l sgae`ar tdwar mdeeamta` td l jddthrc`na, wfcmf cs lgsd cts
strumturlg hlsa. Pfcs kcecklgcst gle`klri wcgg lggdw ydu td saa tfa axtae` dj
tfa jrlmtura le` fa vdgmledas surrdue`cen ct. Pfa mrdsscen tc tfa dtfar sc`a cs
sykhdgcm, le` tfa jddthrc`na cetaetcdelggy rastrcmts kdvakaet de tfa Aurlscle
pglta.
LMS ∓ 828< <<<
8e` prcza
 oury stltakaet
stltakaet
Kdvcen ]urjlmas dars le ce`apae`aet, raamtcva lpprdlmf td
tfa tlsi, hlsa` de l tfdrdunf lelgyscs dj tfa scta le` cts mde-
taxt, hy trlesjarrcen tfa hucg`cen cetd tfa klss dj eltura wctf
suhtga pltfwlys le` cmdecm vcawpdcets. Pfa rasugt rlenas ha-
twaae l mlrajug usa dj jdrk le` l strden prasaema jdr tfa pglma,
le` tfus raprasaets l eaw c`aetcty ” l smugpturlg haluty, mgalrgy
puhgcmgy lmmasschga. Lmmdr`cen td tfa oury, tfa prdoamt cs sckpga,
sklrt le` cmdecm, ‗Pfa gle`lrt qulgctcas dj tfa prdoamt lra mde -
vcemcen, le` wctf tfa mdemapt dj hacen l kalsura dj fdw tfa twd
tamtdecm pgltas kdva almf yalr. Hy hacen prasaet de hdtf sc`as
dj tfa ssura, le` lt tfa slka tcka mraltcen tfa kalsura, tfa
vcsctdr mle ‖wlgi– tfa taescde hatwaae tfa twd tamtdecm pgltas.‛
Ct cs l prdoamt tflt cs alscgy ue`arstdd`, sunnasts l kdvakaet
jdr tfa vcsctdr td axparcaema tfa pglma, le` ct cs l strden mdetrlst
td tfa gle`smlpa. Pfa hucg`cen mdeeamts ce`ddr lmtcvctcas td t fa
dut`ddr. Pfa mdeeamtcdes td tfa mlvas lra plrt dj tfa mdestrumt-
a` trclenga, le` gal` padpga td tfa klce lttrlmtcdes.
hgae`cen tfa hucg`cen cetd tfa gle`smlpa, hy mdv-
arcen tfa rddj le` wlggs wctf sdcg le` hacen alrtf-
sfagtara` tfa strumtura mle wctfstle` flrsf waltfar
mde`ctcdes. Glrna nglzcen de tfa sdutf sc`a cggukc-
eltas tfa cetarcdr le` lggdws jdr tfa lmmukugltcde dj
sdglr aearny. Pfa falt gdssas mlusa` hy ct wdug` ha
mdkpaeslta` hy uscen tfarklg wltar aearny td falt
tfa hucg`cen. Mdemrata, ls tfa klce hucg`cen klta-
rclg, wdug` ha kl`a dj rancdelg lnnranltas, rdmis
le` vdgmlecm lsf ls l hce`ar. De tfa pltf gal`cen td
tfa vcawcen pdcet, dvar tfa mdetlmt dj twd tamtdecm
pgltas. Pfara cs l jlut tflt akpflsczas tfacr sgc`cen.
Pfa hlsa klricen wcgg kdva dvar tcka, sfdwcen tfa
tamtdecm pfaedkaededmmurrcen fara.
Pfa mralta` kd`uglr pltf lggdws td axple` tfa
strumtura de hdtf tamtdecm pgltas jdur suppdrt pdcets
prdvc`a stlhcgcty le` ra`uma aevcrdekaetlg ckplmt.
Pwd kd`uga sczas aelhga hdtf fdrczdetlg le` vartc-
mlg mdestrumtcde, mraltcen `asmaet ls wagg ls pltfs
td tfa mlva.
LMS ∓ 828< <<=
=e` prcza
Cmagle` rleis rst ce tfa Aevcrdekaetlg Rarjdrklema Ce`ax, wctf tfa fcnfast
smdra jdr mgale `rceicen wltar le` slectltcde. Ct cs lgsd l nralt sdurma dj nadtfar-
klg aearny. Pfarajdra, hdtf aearny (nadtfarklg) le` wltar (nrdue`wltar cetlia)
sfdug` ha `rlwe lt tfa sdurma. Jdr tfa eaa`s dj usfcen tdcgats le` wlsfcen
`csfas, wa sunnast uscen l rlcewltar le` nrly wltar ramdvary tlei ce tfa prdoamt.
Jglt nraae rddjs wcgg fagp ratlce rlcewltar. Rramcpctltcde ce Cmagle` cs jraquaet le`
dae stdrky. Pfa tleis wcgg lggdw ydu td tlia l`vletlna dj tfasa uecqua waltfar
mde`ctcdes.
L sustlcelhga hucg`cen cs lhdva lgg dea tflt raspamts tfa axcstcen aevcrdekaet, cs
alsy td usa, mdkplmt le` kl`a dj gdw-akcsscde kltarclgs. Ce tfa mlsa dj tfa `a-
scnea` dhoamts, wa usa lgg tfasa agakaets. Pfa sfaggs dj hlmi hgdmis mdkcen dut
dj tfa vdgmlecm alrtf lra kl`a dj ramymga` mdemrata wctf le l`kcxtura dj `ust le`
vdgmlecm rdmi lnnranlta, wfcmf ncvas tfa hgdmis l mflrlmtarcstcm hglmi, sgcnftgy
sfcecen mdlt. Pfa rajrasfa` `akdgctcde wdd` fls jdue` cts pglma ce tfa cetarcdr,
ncvcen ct l wlrk mflrlmtar, mdetrlstcen wctf tfa rlw axtarcdr. Pfa strumtura dj tfa
jlmcgcty cs hlsa` de l ramymga` mdemrata sfagg le` wdd`.
Jddthrc`na strumtura cs kl`a dut dj tfa slka kltarclg ls dtfar hgdmis. Cts jddt
hlsa cs trlesplraet tflei td tfa usa dj l fcnfgy ramymglhga lgukceuk nrc`. Jddt-
pltfs, `amis le` staps lra juggy hucgt dut dj huret wdd` hdlr`s. Pfa mdetlmt dj
tamtdecm pgltas le` tfa haluty dj tfa mlvas lra tfa palrgs dj tfa ncvae gdmltcde.
Pfa `ascnea` lrmfctamtura, ce tfa Cmagle`cm spcrcts, cs degy cts kcecklgcst jrlkcen.
 oury stltakaet
stltakaet
Fýjsakc (trlesgltcde ; kd`arltcde) cs
l wagg-rasdgva` prdpdslg wctf l strden
mdeeamtcde td tfa surrdue`cen gle`-
smlpa le` l uecqua gddidut pdcet. Pfa
prdoamt prdpdsas tfraa `cstcemt hglmi-
aea` hdx-jdrks fduscen tfa tdcgats
le` sfdwars, l vcsctdr maetar, le` le
dhsarvltcde pgltjdrk. Kdst strcicengy,
tfa dhsarvltcde pgltjdrk lppalrs td
gavctlta dvar tfa ssura, wctf le dpae
katlg nrcgg mltwlgi tflt parkcts tfa
vcsctdr td vcaw `cramtgy hagdw wfcga
trlvarscen tfa ndrna. Lmmdr`cen td
tfa oury, ‗Pfa mlrajug mdesc`arltcde
le` wcggceneass td stap hlmi jrdk ‖tfa
c`al– cs vary mdkkae`lhga. Pfa axa -
mutcde raklces l hct sckpgcstcm le` ue-
`avagdpa`.‛ Pfa oury lgsd prlcsas tfa
`ascne dj tfa rlcsa` wlgicen pltf jdr
tfa straentf dj cts vcsulg le` pfyscmlg
mdeeamtcvcty td tfa klce hucg`cen wctf

<<0 LMS ∓ 828<
HH Nraae Lwlr`
prdoamt elka
]IAXL Zcsctdr Maetra
lutfdrs
Zlcl Zlidugc
Drastcs Niduvls
Qecta` Icen`dk
]
icarl cs l eaw vcsctdr maetar td tfa Nrdoýtlnoì glvl
mlvas le` tfa surrdue`cen lrals. ]cttcen ce tfa tam-
tdecm `cvc`a hatwaae Aurdpa le` Lkarcml, tfa mlvas
dar l uecqua vcsctcen axparcaema. ]icarl cs gdmlta` de tfa Aur-Aur-
lscle pglta le` mraltas l hlsa jdr dut`ddr lmtcvctcas wfcga prd-
vc`cen tfa eamasslry cejrlstrumtura td ckprdva lmmasschcgcty td
tfa mlvas. Pfa jdggdwcen plnas `asmrcha dur `ascne prdpdslg
jdr tfa lral l`olmaet td tfa aetrlemas td tfa Nrdoýtlnoì mlvas.
Dur wdri prcklrcgy jdmusas de tfa `ascne le` mdestrumtcde ls -
pamts jdr l wagmdkcen nuast fdusa wctf lkaectcas, le dhsar-
vltcde tdwar wctf l prdtamta` `ami lt fcnf gavag le` wlgicen
pltfs cetanrlta` ce tfa elturlg surrdue`cens. Jdr tfa purpds-
as dj tfcs lrmfctamturlg mdkpatctcde wa nlva tfa elka ]iarl
td dur prdpdslg. Pfa wdr` siarl mdkas jrdk tfa Dg` Edrsa
siarl, (s)iar ” (‖td mut–). ]iarl cs l elka ce`cmltcva dj tfa cetar-
samtcde hatwaae twd vdgukas, hatwaae twd tamtdecm pgltas.
]tdry taggcen
Pfa kugtcjlmata` `lri strumtura wctf tfa ra` strcicen ra` gcea,
lggdws ydu td jdggdw tfa stdry dj mraltcde. Pfa jddtprcet cggus-
trltas fdw twd tamtdecm pgltas axcsta` ls dea lt pdcet ce tcka,
sckcglrgy td Aurdpa le` Lkarcml. Pfae tfa pgltas stlrta` `c-
varncen, nrdue` stlrta` spgcttcen ce twd. Zdgmledas le` vlry-
cen jdrk wara hdre le` kagtcen glvl kl`a tfa sdcg lrdue`
hglmi le` jartcga9 tfa wltars hdcgcen fdt. Pfa ra` raprasaets
tfa rc`na le` tfa akarncen glvl. Ct cs tfara td rakce` us lgg
pdwar dj eltura.
 Lmmass rdutas
rdutas
Lrrcvcen jrdk tfa Edrtf ydu wcgg lgwlys flva Fvarjolgg, tfa
turj rcen vdgmled, ce tfa hlminrdue` de ydur ga-fle` sc`a.
L stdea–s tfrdw lwly jrdk tfa mrdssrdl`s ydu flva ralmfa`
ydur `astceltcde. Dur `ascne lcks td mralta l rast lral jdr fci-
fci-
ars, kdra lmtcvlta aetfusclsts c.a. mymgcsts le` vcsctdrs wfd
trlvag hy mlr. Pfa axcstcen `cvarscde d tfa klce rdl` cs usa`
td nuc`a vafcmgas mgdsar td tfa aetrlema. Pfa prdpdslg sun-
nasts l eaw vafcmuglr rduta hy rajurhcsfcen tfa axcstcen ls-
pflgt plva` rdl`. Lgg vafcmgas mle ha plria` raspamtcvagy de
<<: LMS ∓ 828<
H H Nraae Lwlr`
Gcnftcen `ascne
Dur gcnftcen strltany ce cetanrlta` ce tfa cetarcdr `ascne. Gukcelcras lra sus-
sus-
pae`a` jrdk tfa sgdpa` macgcen td mralta le cetaetcdelg mguttar. Pfa gcnftcen
strltany mraltas tfraa `caraet glyars dj gcnftcen td lmfcava lkhcaet, tlsi
le` lmmaet gcnftcen jdr l hlglema` cggukceltcde dj tfa cetarcdr. Pfa usa dj
l`oustlhga GA@ spdtgcnfts kdueta` de vartcmlg rd`s dars axchga pdsschcgc-
pdsschcgc-
tcas ral`cen lckcen le` mraltcen cetarastcen gcnftcen mdetrlst plttares. Pfa
suspaescde rd`s mle mlrry up td tfraa ce`cvc`ulg gukcelcras wctf `cstcemtcva
juemtcdes. Pfa `dwewlr` jlmcen mdkpdeaet cs usa` tc cggukcelta tfa fdrc-
zdetlg pglea le` prdvc`a tfa raqucra` gavags dj gcnftcen. Pfa upwlr` jlmcen
gukcelcras lra usa` td cggukcelta tfa lrals hatwaae tfa macgcen agakaets
le` fcnfgcnft tfa wlrk kltarclg dj tfa axpdsa` strumtura.
^farals tfa `dwewlr` jlmcen gcnfts flva l mdg` mdg` takparltura (0222I) tfa
upwlr` jlmcen deas lra wlrkar (8222I). Halk gcnftcen lengas jdr tfa gcnfts
jlmcen `dwe lra elrrdwa` ce dr`ar td mralta mdemaetrlta` ‗pddgs dj gcnft‛
le` cemralsa tfa mdetrlmt, wfarals upwlr` jlmcen deas lra wc`a td prdvc`a
l sd ue`aea` lkhcaet ngdw. Pfcs tfaltrcmlg prcemcpga lcks td ture tfa
hucg`cen td l gukcedus halmde wctf kcedr ckplmt td gcnft pdggutcde. Pfa
gcnftcen tflt cs fcttcen tfa nrdue` wcgg ha smlttara` le` tfae raamta` de tfa
sedw dutsc`a. Pfcs ml klia tfa hucg`cen ngdw lt cts hlsa. Pfa up-gcnftcen td
tfa strumtura mle ha axparcaema` wfae gddicen up.
Pfa dhsarvltcde pgltjdrk mle ha saae jrdk l `cstlema le` tfarajdra ct cs
ckpdrtlet td ha vcschga lgsd ce uewagmdkcen waltfar mde`ctcdes. Pfcs cs tfa
‖nuc`cen gcnft– td fciars ce mlsa dj falvy hgczzlr`. Pfa gcnftcen cs lmfcava`
hy nltfarcen l eukhar dj `dwegcnfts mgdsar td tfa maetar dj tfa macgcen le`
iaapcen tfa parckatar ragltcvagy akptcar, ce tflt wly tfa raamta` gcnft mle
klia tfa strumtura ngdw jrdk cesc`a le` wa mle kceckcza tfa gcnft raam-raam -
tcdes wfae stle`cen mgdsar td tfa nglss.
Hdtf systaks lggdw jdr axchcgcty wfcga kceckczcen tfa spamcmltcde jdr
gcnftcen aqucpkaet. Pfa smfaka ra`umas klcetaelema mdsts scema lgg gu-
kcelrcas lra spamca` jdr cetarcdr usa. Pfa `ascne sdgutcde fls gdw aearny
mdesukptcde le` raspamts tfa raklrilhgy gdw gavags dj gcnft ce tfcs rakdta
lral wfcga siy ngdw cs kceckcza`.
^lgicen pltf
Pfa klce purpdsa dj tfa prdpdsa` pltfwly systak cs t prdtamt tfa eltu-
rlg gle`smlpa le` klia tfa ssura sljar le` kdra lmmasschga td tfa vcsc- vcsc-
tdrs. Pfa c`al cs td prdvc`a l kd`uglr, `urlhga, sja le` varsltcga sdgutcde,
lpprdprclta jdr l vlrcaty dj tarrlces le` usas. Nlgvlecza` staag cs prdpdsa`
jdr cts `urlhcgcty le` eautrlg lppalrlema. Pfa kd`uglr systak mdescsts dj
plrts tflt mle actfar ha pra-lssakhga`, dr l`ousta` de scta. Pfa klce mdk-
pdeaets lra twd staag trlmis tflt mle ha usa` ls nuc`as, le` tfa staag kasf
pleags. Ce eaa` dj l hlgustrl`a tfa rlmis mle ramacva staag pdsts ce pdmiats
cts twd sltaggctas.
LMS ∓ 828< <<1
HH Nraae Lwlr`
almf sc`a dj tfa rd`, galvcen tfa lral ce jrdet dj tfa mlva aetrlema td
tfacr elturlg stlta.
Pfa lral lttlmfa` td tfa ]iarl vcsctdr maetar cs `ascnea` td lmmdk-
kd`lta plricen jdr tfcrty vafcmgas cemgu`cen mlkpar vles le` pls-
saenars trlesjar sarvcmas. L prdtamta` hcia sfa` prdvc`as slja plri-
cen jdr mymgcsts. Akarnaemy rdutas jdr l ra trumis le` le lkhuglema
lra lgsd prdvc`a`. Pfa lral klria` wctf ‖F– mle ha usa` jdr fagcmdp-
tar gle`cen purpdsas ce mlsa dj akarnaemy.
Mdemapt
Pfa c`al jdr tfa vcsctdr maetar ce sumf l rakdta lral stlrta` wctf hlscm
`duhga pctmfa` sflpa sykhdgczcen tfa lrmfatyplg c`al dj l sfagtar.
Pfa sflpa wls lhruptgy spgct cetd twd hy l pglea sykhdgczcen tfa
rc`na. Pfa twd sflpas stlrta` sgc`cen le` trlesjdrkcen ce`apae`aet-
gy dj almf dtfar de actfar sc`a dj tfa pglea, jdrkcen tfa twd vdgukas
dj tfa hucg`cen le` sykhdgczcen tfa twd tamtdecm pgltas kdvcen ce`a-
pae`aetgy dj almf dtfar de actfar sc`a dj tfa rc`na. Pfa pglea sckc-
glrgy td tfa rc`na cs hdtf l sykhdg dj saplrltcde le` uecde, le` ct cs
l klecjasta` de tfa hucg`cen ls l strcicen ra` gcea. Pfa twd vdgukas,
lgtfdunf stlrtcen jrdk l prdtamta` vcawcen pgltjdrk, Pfa samde`
avdgva` cetd l sfagtar, wagmdkcen trlvagars le` prdvc`cen tfak l kd-
kaet dj mdkjdrt le` jrasfgy hrawa` mdaa wctf l vcaw tdwlr`s tfa
rc le` tfa mlvas. @apae`cen de wfcmf sc`a ydu lra gddicen jrdk, tfa
hucg`cen mle tlia `caraet jdrks le` rasakhga `caraet c`als. Jrdk
tfa alst ct gddis gcia l vartcmlg sflr` wctf l trckka` tdp9 rakcecsmaet
dj l mfurmf spcra, l gcnft-fdusa wctf l trclenuglr rdddp, dr l glrna
smlga kugtcjlmata` pgcetf.
@ascne
Pfa hucg`cen wls pglma` lgcnecen td tfa rc`na wctf tfa fcnfar vdg-
uka jlmcen alst tdwlr`s tfa klce rdl` le` tfa gdwar vdguka wctf
tfa mljã tdwlr`s tfa mlva aetrlemas. Pfa vcawcen pgltjdrk cs drcaet-
drcaet-
a` tdwlr`s tfa sdutf, alst le` wast td prdvc`a vcaws td tfa ssura
le` glia Kyvlte, le` lwly jrdk tfa plricen lral. Sdu mle aetar tfa
hucg`cen lt nrdue` gavag. Pfa klce aetrlema td ]iarl cs l vartcmlg mut
dj trclenuglr sflpa hatwaae tfa twd vdgukas. Pfa aetrlema cs ra-
valga` hy tfa nglss kltarclg le` tfa ra` rc`na. Lar ydu flva dpaea`
l sat dj wce` trlp `ddrs ydu lra ue`ar l nlhga rddj strumtura wctf
axpdsa` tckhar rlars. Pfcs cs tfa klce vcsctdr lral. Pfcs cs l falta`
lral wctf jugg facnft nglss jlîl`a tflt dvargddis tfa aetrlema td tfa
Nrdoýtlnoì mlvas. Pfa wdd` ecsfas mralta l wagmdkcen lral jdr tfa
vcsctdrs. ]iarl–s lspcrltcde cs td hamdka l eaw `astceltcde jdr vcsctdrs,
ls cmdecm gle`klri dj cts dwe rcnft!
LMS ∓ 828< <<>
HH Nraae Lwlr`
Pfa kasf pltf lggdws wltar td `rlce le` pravaet sedw lmmukugltcde. Pfa kasfas lra falvcgy taxtura` td prdvc`a le
letc-sgcp surjlma d tfa vcsctdrs le` pravaet cma jdrkltcde. Pfa systak mle ha pglma` `cramtgy de tfa nrdue`, wctf tfa staag
prdgas sarvcen ls l staag a`ncen jdr tfa pltf. ]tle`lr` RJM staag mfleeags mle lgsd ha usa` td suppdrt tfa systak le`
mralta agavlta` pltfwlys, dr hrc`nas, Jdue`ltcde mle ha l`ousta` `apae`cen de tfa sdcg typa dj mde`ctcdes.
Dhsarvltcde Pdwar
Pfa pgltjdrk lt tdp gavags cs wrlppa` ce nglss tflt lggdws jdr axtarcdr vcaws. Lt fcs gavag ydu mle axparcaema ta surrdue`cen
scx katars lhdva tfa nrdue`. Rledrlkcm vcaws jrdk fara cemgu`a tfa aetrlemas td tfa mlvas le` glia Kûvlte td tfa ^a-
stle` tfa Fvarjolgg mrltar ce tfa ]dutf. Lt tfa uejdrtuelta avaet ce wfcmf ydu gdst ydur wly ce l hgczzlr` le` klelna` td
lrrcva lt ]iarl, nuc`a` hy cts `dkcelet sflpa ce tfa gle`smlpa, ydu mle spae` tfa ecnft fara. Ncvae l eukhar dj fdtags ce
tfa lral ]iarl `das edt lck td hamdka l mdk-
patctcva dptcde jdr lmmdkkd`ltcde. Lgsd, dur
lck jdr tfa lral cs edt t hamdka ledtfar mfami
ce tfa kcggaeeclg humi gcst. Fdwavar, ce kley
wlys wa hagcava tflt tfcs mdug` dar l uecqua
axparcaema td sdkadea wfd `avagdpa` l spa-
mclg mdeeamtcde td tfcs pglma!
Hucg`cen parjdrklema
]iarl wcgg ha juggy lutdedkdus le` acmcaet
hucg`cen. L glrna plrt dj tfa nrdue` ddr wcgg
ha `a`cmlta` td lgg tfa systaks raqucra` jdr tfa
juemtcde dj tfa hucg`cen. Pfa aearny `akle` cs
cectclggy ra`uma` wctf tfa usa dj GA@ gcnftcen,
plsscva elturlg vaetcgltcde le` fcnfgy cesuglta`
aevagdpa. Ce l``ctcde, plrt dj tfa tdwar, lhdva tfa pgltjdrks cs uefalta` wfcga tfa glrna nglzcen lrals lra lgsd drcaeta`
tdwlr`s tfa sdutf td axpgdct ley sdglr nlces. Plicen cetd lmmduet tfa mdestlet wce`s ce tfa lral, `dkastcm-styga wce`
turhceas cestlggs ce prdxckcty td tfa hucg`cen mle suppgy tfa aearny raqucra`. Hlttarcas mle ha usa` td stdra aearny ce tfa
mlsa dj akarnaemy. Faltcen cs prdvc`a` hy le nrdue`-sdurma falt pukp, pdwara` hy tfa wce` turhcea s. L falt axmflenar
mdeeamta` td l wltar tlei prdvc`as fdt wltar wfcmf cs `cstrchuta` td tfa hucg`cen vcl le ue`arddr faltcen systak. Rls -
scva vaetcgltcde wctf falt ramdvary cs usa` td kceckcza falt gdssas, slva aearny raqucra` jdr jles, le` ra`uma klcetaelema
mdsts. Zlmuuk tdcgats lra usa` td ra`uma wltar mdesukptcde. ^ltar jdr wlsfcen le` `rceicen cs prdvc`a` vcl pukp mde-
eamta` td le` ue`arnrdue` wltar pdmiat dr cs mdggamta` jdrk tfa kagtcen sedw de tfa rddjs `urcen spamcm tckas dj tfa
yalr. Pfa wltar cs mdggamta` ce l tlei le` cs prdmassa` wctf tfa usa dj l sklgg-smlga traltkaet pglet.
Mdestrumtcde
]iarl cs l fyhrc` mdestrumtcde mdescstcen dj mrdss glkcelta` tckhar (MGP) le` staag. MGP cs usa` jdr lgg strumturlg halks le`
plrtctcdes, wfcga staag pcgglrs le` hrlmcens lra usa` td prdvc`a strumturlg cetanrcty td tfa tdwar. Pfa strumtura cs suppdrta`
de mdemrata jdue`ltcdes, cesuglta` le` lpprdprclta td tfa nrdue` le` sdcg typa. Rrajlhrcmlta` agaka ets gcia MGP le` staag
lra sagamta`, ls tfay mle ha kleujlmtura` d-scta le` trlespdrta` de scta ral`y jdr lssakhgy. Pfcs cs l`vletlnadus ncvae
tfa gdmltcde le` mgcklta scta. MGP cs le aevcrdekaetlggy jrcae`gy le` `urlhga kltarclg wfcga staag agakaets mle ha kleu-
jlmtura` jrdk ramymga` kltarclgs td jurtfar ra`uma tfa mlrhde jddtprcet dj tfa hucg`cen. Lt tfa ae` dj tfa hucg`cen–s gcja, tfa
strumtura mle ha `cslssakhga`, ra-usa` dr ramymga` mdetrchutcen td l sustlcelhga jutura le` mcrmuglr amdedky.
Pfa aevagdpa dj tfa hucg`cen cs mdvara` wctf glyars dj cesugltcde, kceckczcen tfarklg hrc`ncen le` mde`aesltcde rcsis. Pfa
dutar sice mdkprcsas dj l staag rddj systak, typcmlg td tfa Cmagle`cm lrmfctamtura, le` alsy td cestlgg le` kdg` cetd vlrcdus
sflpas. Jdr tfa nglza` plrts dj tfa mdestrumtcde, l trcpga-nglza`, lgukceuk murtlce wlggcen systak cs sunnasta` wctf sd-
 cemgu`a`. wdd` ecsfas de tfa cesc`a.

<<6 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< <<3

Fdedrlhga Kaetcdes

prdoamt elka prdoamt elka

t Noýlì tw Fcnf Nrdue`

lutfdr lutfdrs
Hlrhlrl @ru` Faeecensae Hruma Jaen, Lgaxle`rl Fdpices, Raeey Juggar, Ol` ]cgvastar
@aeklri Lustrlgcl

prdoamt elka prdoamt elka prdoamt elka prdoamt elka

Rarcsmdpa Kdedgctf Pdnatfar Lplrt Iglkk

lutfdrs lutfdrs lutfdr lutfdrs
Letdecd ]lgvc, Letdeaggd Hdsmfc Nclmdkd Mdzzc Lrtfur Lelgts Klrtyels @anutcs
Jrlemasmd Rdgmc, Jcgcppd Ramdrlc Le`ral Klgtcetc Gltvcl Kcmflag ]lksde
Ctlgy Ctlgy Oustus ^÷rtaeharn
^÷rtaeharnar
ar
Narkley

<82 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< <8<

Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde

Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde ga` td `anrl`ltcde, tfarajdra tfa eawgy `ascnea` agakaets wara td drnlecza tfa
dw dj tdurcsts ce sumf l wly ls td gckct tfa cetarjaraema wctf tfa elturlg aevcrde -
kaet le` gle`smlpa.
lutfdrs
Pfa gdmltcde lelgyscs ctsagj wls edt stle`lr` jdr us, ls dur prav cdus prdoamts wara
Lgaisle`rl Hcaszil, Klrcl Rcaglmf, Lgaisle`rl Kumfl usulggy ealrhy, wfcmf cs wfy wa wara lhga td jlkcgclrcza dursagvas wctf tfdsa spdts
Rdgle`
lce `cstlet
parsde le` tfcs kl`adur
mdkpatctcde, ct alscar
klce td ue`arstle`
tddg tfacr
wls Nddnga spamcmcty.
Alrtf Ce tfaupgdl`a`
le` pfdtds mlsa dj sumf
hy
tdurcsts vcsctcen tfcs pglma. Ct wls klcegy tfleis td tfa vcsctdrs wfd `dmukaeta`
tfacr trlvags tflt wa wara lhga td jaag tfa mdetaxt dj tfa nrdue` ssura wctf tfa
mlvas kdra `aapgy tfle ct wls sfdwe ce tfa hrcaj.

Mdkpatctcde hlminrdue`
Ce ]aptakhar 8282, wa lppgca` jdr tfa cetareltcdelg Cmagle` Mlva Pdwar mdkpatc-
tcde drnlecza` hy HaaHraa`ars.mdk. Cts klce ndlg wls td `ascne le dhsarvltcde
tdwar ce tfa falrt dj Cmagle` lt tfa ouemtcde dj twd tamtdecm pgltas? Edrtf Lkarc-
mle le` Aurlscle. Dur prdoamt Pfa Kdvcen ]urjlmas klelna` td wce samde` pglma.
Hagdw wa `asmrcha tfa `ascne prdmass wfcmf turea` dut td ha ls sltcsjycen, cj edt
kdra, tfle tfa prcza ctsagj.
Pfa hanceecen - jdrkcen dj tfa talk
Pfa tfraa dj us mdeeamta` `urcen stu`cas lt tfa Qecvarscty dj tfa Lrts ce Rdzelŀ,
wfara wa lra murraetgy `dcen dur Hlmfagdr `anraa ce Lrmfctamtura. Pfleis td tfa
pdsschcgcty dj mfddscen l stu`cd lt dur uecvarscty, wa scnea` up jdr dea tflt spa-
mclgczas ce gle`smlpa `ascne - tfa ]plma Cetarpratltcde @ascne ]tu`cd rue hy prdj.
Le`rzao ^cagndsz le` lsscstlet Ōuilsz ]pymflo. Dea dj tfa agakaets dj tfacr prd-
prd -
nrlk wls plrtcmcpltcde ce l `ascne mdkpatctcde - eltcdelg dr cetareltcdelg. ^fcga
hrdwscen tfrdunf tfa vlrcdus mdkpatctcdes, tfa Cmagle` Mlva Pdwar de tfa Haa-
hraa`ars pgltjdrk mlunft dur lttaetcde ce plrtcmuglr. Pfa ueusulg gdmltcde le` tfa
pgleea` prdnrlk mdevcema` us td tlia up tfcs mflggaena, wfcmf wa wara `aapgy
`rlwe td jrdk tfa vary hanceecen. Pfa mflggaena jdr us wls l mdkpgatagy eaw mde-
taxt, hamlusa wa fl` eavar fl` tfa dppdrtuecty td `ascne degy ce ragltcde td tfa
gle`smlpa, wctfdut tfa `cramt ceuaema dj dtfar lrmfctamtura.
Dea dj tfa kdst cetarastcen lspamts dj tfa lelgyscs cs hamdkcen jlkcgclr wctf tdp- tdp-
cms tflt ydu `de–t mdka cetd mdetlmt wctf de l `lcgy hlscs. Dur iedwga`na dj nadg-
nadg -
dny, ce tfcs mlsa tamtdecm pgltas, wls mdkpgatagy hlscm, sd ct wls cetarastcen td gddi
lt tfcs pfaedkaede ce kdra `atlcg. Pfa gdmltcde dj Cmagle` lt tfa ouemtcde dj twd
tamtdecm pgltas `cstcenucsfas edt degy tfa csgle` ctsagj, hut lgsd tfa pglma tflt wls
cetae`a` jdr tfa mraltcde dj mdkpatctcde prdoamts. Cmagle`, hagdencen td Aurdpa, cs
lgsd flgjwly de tfa Edrtf Lkarcmle pglta, le` tfarajdra cs tfa kaatcen pdcet dj
mugturlggy saplrlta wdrg`s. Pfacr mdeeamtcde cs vcschga tfrdunf tfa ssura, wfcmf
wc`aes hy up td 8 mk par yalr ls l rasugt dj tfa mdetceudus kdvakaet dj tfa ple-
ags. Pfa kamflecsk dj tamtdecm pglta sgc`cen le` nadgdncmlg lelgyscs flva hamdka
dea dj tfa klce `ascne lspamts ce tfcs prdoamt. Pfacr haflvcdr trlesglta` cetd tfa
gltar mdestrumtcde dj tfa mdkpgax.
L mdkpgatagy `caraet wly dj hucg`cen ce Cmagle` cs `aea` hy vary flrsf mgckltcm
mde`ctcdes. Rrcemcpgas rddta` ce tfa fcstdry dj mdestrumtcde parjamtgy trlesglta cetd
mdetakpdrlry sustlcelhga hucg`cens. ]dgutcdes `avagdpa` dvar tfa maeturcas, sumf
ls nraae rddjs, palt wlggs, nglzcen jrdk tfa sdutf dr tfa usa dj elturlggy dmmurrcen
raeawlhga aearny ce tfcs rancde, sumf ls nadtfarklg wltars, `cmtlta` ce l saesa tfa
sflpa le` glydut dj tfa prdoamt. ^a lgsd gddia` jdr c`als le` cejdrkltcde ce tfa
gctarltura. Pfa hddi ‗]ue, ^ce`, le` Gcnft? Lrmfctamturlg @ascne ]trltancas‛ hy N.
_. Hrdwe wls l sdurma dj cespcrltcde jdr us ce tfa salrmf jdr sustlcelhga sdgutcdes
jdr dur jlmcgcty. Pfleis td `atlcga` lelgyzas, wa wara lhga td prdpargy dptckcza tfa
prdoamt sd tflt cts sflpa, gdmltcde le` ce`cvc`ulg sdgutcdes raspde`a` td tfa `cj-
mugt mde`ctcdes raglta` td cts gdmltcde.
 

Dur prdmass
 Lelgyscs
^a stlrta` tfa `ascne prdmass ls usulg hy ral`cen tfa mdkpatctcde hrcaj. ^a fl` td
`ascne le dhsarvltcde tdwar, l tdurcst maetar, l sklgg jdd` mdurt, trlcgs le` cejrl-
 strumtura jlmcgctltcen lmmass td tfa mlvas. Pfa tdurcst trlcm ce tfcs pglma sd jlr fls

<88 LMS∓828< LMS∓828<   <8=

Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde

@ua td tfa jlmt tflt tfa suhoamt dj tfa mdkpatctcde wls eaw td us, wa lgsd `amc`a`
td jlkcgclrcza dursagvas wctf sdgutcdes ce prdoamts wctf sckcglr mflggaenas. Hy lel-
gyzcen sagamta` axlkpgas, wa wleta` td ha lwlra wflt pdsschcgctcas le` gckctltcdes
raglta` td tfa tdpcm wa flva.
Axpgdrcen c`als
Pfa rst c`als lppalra` lgral`y `urcen tfa cectclg lelgyzas. Dj mdursa, tfa iay wls
tfa pglma - tfa ueusulg gdmltcde wfara tfa prdoamt wls td ha akha``a`. Mflrlm-
tarcstcm agakaets dj tfa mdetaxt, sumf ls funa dpae splmas le` l fdrczdetlg gle`-
smlpa, hanle td klri l `caraet lpprdlmf td tfa vary suhoamt dj tfa dhsarvltcde
tdwar jrdk tfa vary hanceecen. ^a mdug` edt cklncea le lrmfatyplg vartcmlg pdcet
tfara, jrdk wfcmf tfa ealrhy vdgmled, tfa glia le` tfa ssura hatwaae tfa tam- tam -
tdecm pgltas wara td ha vcschga.
dea plrt
Pfa samde` c`al sfdwcen dur cectclg lpprdlmf cs l spcrlg, tfa `ascne dj wfcmf wls td
ha aetcragy hlsa` de tfa Aurlscle plrt. Pfcs dptcde wls lhdut klicen tfa strumtura
ce`apae`aet dj tamtdecm pglta kdvakaets.
Pamtdecm pgltas lra ce mdestlet kdtcde - tfcs pfaedkaede prdkpta` us td tfcei
lhdut fdw td mdeeamt tfak, wfatfar wctf dea strumtura dr klyha twd saplrlta
deas. Qgtckltagy, tfa mdestrumtcde prdhgak hamlka dea dj tfa klce lssukptcdes
dj dur prdoamt. Hy suparckpdscen twd ce`apae`aet plrts dj tfa jddthrc`na de tfa
fcnfast pdcet, l jlugt wls mralta` wfcmf, tdnatfar wctf tfa nrlpfcm `ascneltcde,
hamlka l sykhdg dj tfa pfaedkaede tlicen pglma ce tfcs pglma.
Pfa ]flpa
Fdw td mdeeamt twd mlvas wctf l vcawpdcet le` l tdurcst maetar4 Fdw td prdpargy
`ascne tfa cejrlstrumtura dj tfcs pglma td cetanrlta tfa aetcra prdnrlk4 ^a flva
`algt wctf tfasa cssuas scema ral`cen tfa mdkpatctcde hrcaj. Lgtfdunf tfa smlga dj
tfa `ascnea` lrmfctamtura wls edt glrna, ct prdvc`a` jdr tfa sdgutcde dj savarlg juem-
tcdes tflt lra usulggy sdgva` mdkpgatagy saplrltagy.

Hrc`na hatwaae mdetceaets

Dea dj tfa jlmtdrs `cstcenucsfcen tfcs gdmltcde le` Cmagle` ctsagj cs tfa pravcdusgy
kaetcdea` odcet dj twd tamtdecm pgltas. Pfcs hamlka tfa kdst ckpdrtlet stlrtcen
pdcet jdr us wfae gddicen jdr mdemaptulg sdgutcdes, faema wa stlrta` wctf tfcs `a-
scne prdhgak. Murraetgy, ct cs edt pdsschga td mrdss td tfa Edrtf Lkarcmle pglta, sd
wa wde`ara` cj vcsctdrs sfdug` ha lhga td `d sd, dr cj tfa aetcra strumtura sfdug` ha
fuen de tfa Aurd-Lscle sc`a.
Ce dr`ar td `aea tfa sflpa le` scza dj tfa dhoamt, ct wls mrumclg td `aea tfa
twd plrts facnft dj tfa dhsarvltcde tdwar. ^a `amc`a` tflt tfa pdcet sfdug` ha > katars
Ce tfcs mlsa, tfa c`al wls td klp tfa ragltcdesfcp dj tamtdecm pgltas tfrdunf tfa lhdva tfa pgleea` lral, ls jrdk tfcs facnft tfa surrdue`cen vdgmled le` tfa glia
wly dj aetarcen tfa vcawcen pdcet. Pfcs c`al cemgu`a` tfa pdsschcgcty dj ndcen td tfa wara lgral`y mgalrgy vcschga. Ce dur dpcecde, tfa fcnfar lgtctu`a wls ueeamasslry,
dtfar sc`a. edt degy hamlusa dj tfa vcschcgcty, hut lgsd hamlusa dj tfa `ccmugt waltfar mde`c -
tcdes ce Cmagle`.

Pfa rst sarcdus `ascne lpprdlmf td tfa sflpa wfcga klcetlcecen tfa lpprdprclta
facnfts le` sgdpas wls l ramtlenga tflt mdetlcea` l tdurcst maetar le` le dhsar-
vltcde tdwar. Ce tfcs mlsa, wa flva lgral`y pguena` tfa hucg`cen cetd tfa nrdue`
le` prdpargy cggukcelta` ct ce ragltcde td tfa `cramtcdes dj tfa wdrg`. ^a pra`cmta`

<80 LMS∓828< LMS∓828<   <81

Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde

tflt ct wdug` ha mdvara` wctf alrtf, tfus hamdkcen l plrt dj tfa surrdue`cen gle`-
smlpa. Ct wls td akarna degy jrdk tfa sdutf sc`a, jrdk wfcmf ct wls suppdsa` td
ha mdkpgatagy nglza`, le` jrdk wfcmf tfa ealrhy vdgmled wls vcschga. Lt tflt tcka,
wa lgral`y ieaw wflt jalturas tfa dhsarvltcde pdcet sfdug` flva, wfcmf ce dur
mlsa hamlka l fdrczdetlg pltf, le` fdw tfa hucg`cen dj tfa tdurcst maetar sfdug`
ha sflpa`. Lgg tfasa lssukptcdes rasugta` jrdk tfa alrgcar lelgyscs, hut tfa prdoamt

stcgg
wls glmia` le lpprdprclta
edt oustca` nastura tflt
jdr tfcs plrtcmuglr wdug` tca avarytfcen tdnatfar. Pfcs sdgutcde
gdmltcde.

^a flva kl`a kley lttakpts, hut usulggy jlcga` td mdkhcea lgg tfasa juemtcdes ce
l rltcdelg wly. Pfa turecen pdcet wls tfa usa dj tfa trclenga, wfcmf c`alggy karna`
tfa aetcra prdnrlk prdvc`a` hy tfa drnleczar. Pfcs sflpa cetuctcvagy rajarra` td tfa
`cvcscde dj edt degy pgltas hut lgsd = kaetlg mdetceaets. Pfa cemgcea` trclenga lgsd Pfa elg stap wls td lrrlena tfa ce`cvc`ulg agakaets de tfa hdlr`s. ^fae mdk-
mdk -
mdeeamta` lgg tfa facnfts prdvc`a` hy us, tfa >-katar dhsarvltcde pdcet le` tfa pdscen avarytfcen, wa wleta` td iaap ls kumf mdfaraema le` gdncm ls pdsschga sd
tdurcst maetar ue`ar tfa pltf. tflt tfa ramaptcde dj tfa prdoamt wls mgalr.

Dur prdoamt wls ugtckltagy hlsa` de tfa sflpa dj l trclenga le` tfa pfaedkaede Pfa elg rasugt
dj tfa twd tamtdecm pgltas kdvcen lwly jrdk almf dtfar. Hdtf dj tfasa cssuas ra- ^flt tfa elg prdoamt gddis gcia cs tfa rasugt dj kley fdurs dj wdri hy tfa aetcra
sugta` puragy jrdk tfa mdetaxt dj tfa pglma le` wara tfa dutmdka dj dur cectclg nrdup. ^a ramacva` l gdt dj fagp le` suppdrt jrdk tfa gal`ars dj tfa ]plma Cetarpra-
lelgyzas. tltcde @ascne ]tu`cd, wfcmf wa lttae`a` glst yalr ls plrt dj uecvarscty mglssas. ^a
lgsd ramacva` l gdt dj suppdrt jrdk dur jrcae`s wfd dae fagpa` us wctf tfa prdoamt.
Pfa `ascne ^a–` gcia td tflei avarydea jdr tflt. Ct wls le axtrldr`celry lttakpt td `alg wctf
Pfa ndd` mddparltcde hatwaae us fl` l nralt ckplmt de tfa elg aamt dj dur prd-prd- sumf le aenlncen tdpcm, hut lgsd, lhdva lgg, l gassde de mddparltcde, wfcmf prdva`
 oamt. ^a wara lhga td qucmigy `avagdp
`avagdp le lpprdprcl
lpprdprclta
ta wdri sys
systak.
tak. Odcet k
kaatcens
aatcens fdw kumf ydu mle lmfcava wfae ydu odce jdrmas.
wara ckpdrtlet td us, wfcmf martlcegy jlmcgctlta` mdkkuecmltcde, hut lgsd kdtc-
vlta` us td mdetceua. Dj mdursa, `ua td tfa ple`akcm, kaatcens wara dae `ccmugt,
ls ct wls ckpdrtlet td stly slja, hut degcea kaatcens lra flr` td mdkplra td `csmus-
scdes le` axmflena dj tfdunfts `urcen l gcva kaatcen.

Ce mdkpatctcdes, lplrt jrdk l ndd` prdoamt mdemapt, ct cs lgsd ckpdrtlet td prdpargy

prasaet tfa wdri ce sumf l wly tflt ct cs edt degy alsy td ue`arstle` jdr ramcpcaets
hut lgsd vcsulggy lttrlmtcva.

Lar tfa mdemapt wls mglrca`, wa stlrta` kd`agcen tfa prdoamt ce l mdkputar prd -
nrlk, le` tfcs cs wfara ct lmtulggy ndt cts elg jdrk. Jdr tfa ramcpcaet dj tfa hdlr`s,
vcsulgcsltcdes lra ckpdrtlet, ls tfay klia ct alscar td cklncea tfa dhoamt ce ralgcty.
Xae`ars dhtlcea` jrdk tfa prdnrlk wara ralggy gckcta` td tfa dhoamt wa `ascnea`.
Pfa vcsulgczltcdes tflt mle ha saae de tfa hdlr`s lra glrnagy l wdri dj l nrlpfcms
prdnrlk, ce wfcmf wa l``a` tfa surrdue`cens le` aamts tflt lggdwa` us td dhtlce
tfa eltura dj tfa nrlpfcms lpprdprclta jdr Cmagle`.

^fae `rlwcen tfa pgle, wa jdmusa` de nattcen tfa kdst dptcklg glydut tflt kaats
lgg tfa raqucrakaets dj tfa drnleczar. ^a wleta` tfa jlmcgcty td ha lttrlmtcva td tdur-
csts, hut lgsd sustlcelhga ce tarks dj kltarclgs le` sdgutcdes. ^fae sagamtcen klta-
rclgs, wa wara gddicen jdr tfdsa tflt wdug` ha `cramtgy raglta` td tfa mdetaxt dj tfa
pglma, wfcmf cs wfy wa `amc`a` td usa Xdkle mdemrata, mdetlcecen vdgmlecm lsf, ce
tfa prdoamt. Jdr tfa hast prasaetltcde dj lgg tfasa agakaets, wa lgsd `amc`a` td l``
sckpga `clnrlks. Pfay lggdw tfa ramcpcaet td qucmigy nat td iedw tfa prdoamt le`
 ue`arstle` ct hattar.

<8: LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< <8>

 
<st prcza

prdoamt elka lutfdrs

Gcvcen L Gsui, Kyilyg Iu, ]l

]fidgclr,, Iltaryel Cvlsfmfui, Elzlrcc
]fidgclr
]iysmrlpar @u`l, Klrccl ]fidgeyi, Dislel-@lryel
Iytscui, Le`rcc Fdemflraeid
Jdr Eaw Sdri Qirlcea
Mcty
]iysmrlpar
Mdkpatctcde 828<
aZdgd Klnlzcea cs pgalsa` td leeduema tfa wceears dj tfa 828< ]iysmrlpar
Mdkpatctcde. Pfa Oury sagamta` = wceears le` 82 fdedrlhga kaetcdes jrdk
038 prdoamts ramacva`. Pfa leeulg lwlr` astlhgcsfa` ce 822: ramdneczas vc-
scdelry c`als tflt tfrdunf tfa edvag usa dj tamfedgdny, kltarclgs, prdnrlks,
prdnrlks,
lastfatcms, le` spltclg drnleczltcdes, mflggaena tfa wly wa ue`arstle` vartc-
mlg lrmfctamtura le` cts ragltcdesfcp wctf tfa elturlg le` hucgt aevcrdekaets.

Pfa JCX]P RGLMA wls lwlr`a` td GCZCEN ]IS]MXLRAX `ascnea` hy Le`rcc Gascui,
Kyiflygd Idfut, ]dcl ]fidgclr, Iltaryel Cvlsfmfui, Elzlrcc @u`l, Klrccl ]fidg -
eyi, Dislel-@lryel Iytscui, le` Le`rcc Fdemflraeid jrdk Qirlcea. Pfa prdoamt
cevastcnltas tfa usa dj naeatcmlggy kd`ca` traas td sflpa tfak cetd gcvcen siy -
smrlpars tflt dar nraae flhctlhga splmas td mctcas.

D
Pfa ramcpcaets dj tfa ]AMDE@ RGLMA lra Lkct @autmf, Xdec @dkcectz, le` Plklr ea dj tfa klce ndlgs dj tfa prdoamt cs td nrdw
Iarhar jrdk Csrlag jdr tfa prdoamt GGQZCD]D ]IS]MXLRAX. Pfcs edvag fcnf-rcsa l gcvcen siysmrlpar de tfa prcemcpga dj sus-
nltfars rlcewltar td ragg Kaxcmd Mcty–s nrdue`wltar suppgy. tlcelhga lrmfctamtura. Pfa hucg`cen wcgg juem-
tcde ce tfa kc``ga dj l nray kanlgdpdgcs le` sdgva
FKDEN ]IS]MXLRAX `ascnea` hy Vclensfu Iden, Vcldyden _flen, le` Kcensden l eukhar dj ckpdrtlet aevcrdekaetlg le` urhle cs-
]ue jrdk Mfcel ramacva` tfa PFCX@ RGLMA. Pfa prdpdslg aevcscdes l siy jrlka tflt suas. Hy lelgyzcen tfa lmtcva prdmass dj urhleczltcde
lggdws trl`ctcdelg Fkden fdusas td pgun ce. Pfa siysmrlpar nrdws vartcmlggy le` le` l `amralsa ce tfa parmaetlna dj nraae splmas ls
fdrczdetlggy wctf tfa l``ctcde dj urhle splmas. l pfaedkaede tflt prdvdias l eukhar dj aevcrde-
kaetlg prdhgaks.
Pfa FDEDXLHGA KAEPCDE] lra l mdggamtcde dj prdoamts tflt usa kd`are tamf- tamf -
edgdncas le` kltarclgs td dar eaw fcnf-rcsa sdgutcdes. ]dka dj tfasa prdpdslgs ^a hagcava tflt hy cetanrltcen naeatcmlggy kd`ca`
cemgu`a urhle plrlsctcm systaks, vartcmlg urhle jlhrcms, le` pgun-ce mctcas lkden traas `urcen tfa stlna dj tfacr nrdwtf le` `avagdp-
dtfar edvag `ascnes. kaet cetd lrmfctamtura, wa mle rastdra tfa hlglema
hatwaae tfa `cnctlgcza` kanlmctcas le` tfa Alrtf–s ra-
Pfa Oury wls jdrka` hy Idrly @ukle YRrcemcplg, H÷rd Idrly @ukle[, Xazl El- sdurmas, wfcmf lra nrl`ulggy `apgata`.
 olle YRrcemcplg,
plg, XaEl @ascne[, Lrtd Dggcglgl YRlrtear, Llrtc Dggcgl Xcstdgl[,
Xcstdgl[, Arcm Rlrry
YRrcemcplg, Arcm Rlrry Lrmfctamts[, le` Csl Sa YJdue`ar, `ascnevarsa. Jdue`ar, Sduen L siysmrlpar traa cs l saplrlta gcvcen drnlecsk wctf cts
Hcr` Rgle[ dwe rddt systak, crrcnltcde, mlra kamflecsks, le` jal-
turas dj `avagdpkaet jdmusa` de cts l`lptltcde td usa
ce lrmfctamtura. Ct cs l nrdup dj uecqua jlst-nrdwcen le`
tlgg flr`wdd` `amc`udus traas, wfcmf lra pgleta` ce

<86 LMS∓828< LMS∓828<   <83

<st prcza <st prcza

nrdups ce spamclggy praplra` sdcg (td dhtlce rasdurmas) le` ce tfa

prdmass dj tfacr nrdwtf jrdk l uecqua lrmfctamturlg vdguka.

Pfa pglet lhsdrhs wltar le` eutrcaets, wfcmf lra `cstrchuta`

jrdk rddt td tcp. Lt tfa slka tcka, tfa nrdwtf dj tfa truei mcrmuk-
jaraema wcgg nrl`ulggy cemralsa tfa straentf dj tfa wdd` strumtura

le`ckprdva cts sagj-suppdrtcen prdpartcas.

@urcen `avagdpkaet, tfa hrlemfas dj ealrhy traas wcgg ha nrla`
lt `caraet gavags le` jdrk l eatwdri strumtura ” l ice` dj mdeou -
nltcde tflt wcgg straentfae tfa strumtura le` mdetceua cts nrdwtf.
Pfa hrlemfas dj fyhrc` ‗traas dj tfa jutura‛ wcgg jdrk tfa strumtura
dj l gcvcen siysmrlpar, jdrk avae, saplrlta hcdkdrpfcm strumturas,
le` jaa` de sdcg, wltar, le` sue rasdurmas, jdrkcen le amdsystak
tflt cs assaetclg jdr glrna lnngdkarltcdes. Ls ct nrdws, l gcvcen siy-
smrlpar mle mdeeamt wctf ealrhy hucg`cens le` jdrk nraae dvar-
flencen mdkkuecmltcdes dvar l hgdmi. Pfa juemtcdelg purpdsa
dj siysmrlpars mle vlry `apae`cen de tfa eaa`. Dur siysmrlpar
ce tfa maetar dj Eaw Sdri Mcty wcgg sarva ls l gddidut tdwar wctf
cts dwe drl le` jluel, ls wagg ls amdgdncmlg mdkkuecmltcde ha- ha-
twaae dcma hucg`cens wctf l nraae ramraltcde maetar.
 <=2 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< <=<

 
8e` prcza 8e` prcza

prdoamt elka

Gguvcdsd ]iysmrlpar
Mdggamts Xlcewltar Le`
Xapgaecsfas Nrdue`wltar
Ce Kaxcmd Mcty
lutfdrs
Lkct @autmf, Xdec @dkcectz,
Plklr Iarhar
Csrlag

P
fa Gguvcdsd nrdue`wltar raggcen jlmcgcty cs l kcxa`-
usa fcnf-rcsa strumtura `ascnea` ls l raspdesa td Kaxc-
md Mcty–s vlrclhga wltar-raglta` cssuas sumf ls dd`cen,
wltar sfdrtlna, le` tfacr sc`a aamts. Pfa sdgutcde wa axlk -
cea` ce dur prdoamt utcgczas tfa fcnf-rcsa lgtctu`a td nltfar rlce-
wltar le` ragg tfa mcty–s nrdue`wltar suppgy.

Pfcs ag` dj fcnf-rcsa strumturas spral` dut dvar tfa mcty–s dd`
rcsi lrals, lt l facnft dj 022k, wdug` flrvast rlcewltar uscen
le axtarelg kakhrlea glyar `atlmfcen jrdk tfa hucg`cen–s jl-
ml`a. Pfa axtarelg glyar mdescsts dj <2 wcens, lemfdra` td tfa
klce strumtura lt l facnft dj <22k ce dr`ar td lggdw tfa mcty–s
jutura vartcmlg nrdwtf. Pfus, rasugtcen ce l :22k `clkatar rlce-
wltar mdggamtcen Mledpãa mdvarcen l typcmlg mcty qulrtar. Pfa
mdggamta` wltar wdug` tfae ha `cramta` `dwe cetd tfa lqucjar
ls wagg ls upwlr`s tdwlr`s l pae`uguk wltar tlei (jdr sagj-
usa). Pfcs prdpdslg saais td ra`uma dd` `lklna, gg tfa lquc -
jar le` aeflema tfa wltar suppgy jdr tfa mcty–s rasc`aets.

Pfa mcty–s rst sattgakaet wls astlhgcsfa` de le csgle` ce tfa

kc``ga dj l glia, wfara tfa wltar gavags rdsa `urcen tfa rlcey
salsde le` plrtclggy dd`a` tfa csgle`, wfcmf jdrma` tfa Kaxc-
Kaxc -
mls td `avagdp l `aap ue`arstle`cen dj tfacr surrdue`cen wl-
tarsmlpa ce dr`ar td survcva.

Ls tfa Lztams galrea` td l`lpt td tfacr aevcrdekaet wa fdpa`

td ralgcza l prdpdslg tflt md-gcvas wctf eltura le` `dase–t saai
td tlka ct.

<=8 LMS∓828<   LMS∓828< <==

 
=r` pr
 p rcza =r` prcza

siy-smrlpar. Jurtfargy, kdra le` kdra fdusas wara

l``a` td tfa siysmrlpar, sd tflt ct nrl`ulggy axtae`a`
gltarlggy. Pd ratlce tfa gdmlg hgdmi jdrk, wa drnlecza`
tfa smlttara` fdusas cetd savarlg `cstrcmts. Lt tfa slka
tcka, wa usa` tfa rddj ls tfa trlcm le` pgltjdrk td
straentfae tfa trlcm mdeeamtcde hatwaae tfa fdus- fdus-

prdoamt elka as. Pfae wa mdkhcea` tfa juemtcdes eaa`a` hy gdmlg

rasc`aets, sumf ls lrlhga gle`, stralks, `lema squlra,
Fkden ]iysmrlpar jdrast, puhgcm splmas, atm. le` iapt aercmfcen dur lrmfc-
tamturlg splma td prasarva tfa gcjastyga dj tfa Fkden
Cs L ]tlmi Dj Prl`ctcdelg jlkcgy. Ce tfa plst, vcgglnas wara jlr lwly jrdk almf
dtfar de `caraet kduetlces. Fkden padpga fuen
fuss Q Hy mlhga mlrs de rdpas td plss ndd`s. Lt tfa slka tcka,

Zartcmlg Ruhgcm ]plma tfa Fkden padpga lra ndd` lt klicen hcr`mlnas. ^a
axtrlmta` tfa jdrk dj hcr`mlnas, trlesglta` tfak cetd
trlesjar hdxas, le` tfae usa` rdpas td trlesjar hdxas
lutfdrs td kaat tfa eaa`s dj trlcm.
Vclensfu Iden, Vcldyden _flen,
Kcensden ]ue
Mfcel

F
kden ce Mfcel cs le lemcaet eltcdelgcty,
klcegy gcvcen ce Sueele prdvcema. Fkden
fls cts dwe glenulna, lrmfctamtura, le`
gcjastyga. Fdwavar, tfcs nrdup dj spamclg kcedrcty
mugturas cs hacen nrl`ulggy swlggdwa` hy kd`are
mugtura. Kley Fkden mugturlg mustdks flva `cslp-
palra`, le` avae kley Fkden padpga–s fdusas
flva haae `akdgcsfa` dr wcgg ha.

Ce dr`ar td hucg` l wagg-d sdmcaty ce le lgg-lrdue`

wly, tfa Mfceasa ndvarekaet fls cssua` ragdml-
tcde pdgcmcas td tfa vcgglnas td fagp tfa Fkden
stly lwly jrdk tfacr `cglpc`lta` pglmas dj rasc-
`aema le` kdva td tfa suhurhs dj mctcas td prdvc`a
l kd`are le` lguaet gcja. Lgtfdunf tfa drcncelg
cetaetcde dj tfa ndvarekaet cs ndd`, kdra le`
kdra atfecm kcedrctcas lra uelhga td l`lpt td tfa
eaw pglmas dj rasc`aema. Pfay kcss tfacr lrlhga
gle`, ylr`s, stralks, le` sd de. ^a trca` td `ascne
l siysmrlpar wctf dur hast lttakpt td iaap jlrk-
ars– kakdry le` gcjastyga dj tfacr drcncelg fdka-
tdwe, le` lt tfa slka tcka gat tfak aeody tfa mde-
vaecaema dj kd`are urhleczltcde.

^a axtrlmta` tfa strumtura dj tfa gdmlg stcgt styga

 hucg`cen, tfa wdd`ae siagatde, le` tfae usa`
tfa mrlea td kdva tfa drcncelg wdd`ae fdusa le`
mdkhcea tfa twd td jdrk tfa hlscm jdrk dj tfa

<=0 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< <=1

Fdedrlhga Kaetcdes

prdoamt elka prdoamt elka prdoamt elka prdoamt elka

Qp Ce Pfa ]qulcr? Pfa ]pdena? ]iysmrlpar Pd Kdd` Mltmfar ]iysmrlpar Pfa Rcgnrck ]iysmrlpar
]iysmrlpar Ls Zartcmlg Mdetceultcde Mdggamt Xlcewltar Jdr @rceicen Le` @ascne Pd Pralt Kaetlg @csdr`ars Hrcens A`umltcde Pd Xakdta Rglmas
Dj Qrhle ]plma Jlrkcen Ce Ljrcml @urcen Pfa Rle`akcm ^drg`wc`a
lutfdrs lutfdrs lutfdrs lutfdrs
Lgcel Ile`yhl, Akcg ]tajlessde, Gaa Ola Qi, Ick Oc Fdd Sld Oueoc, Gcu Suxc, Le Racyle, Mfae Suxule, Klň ^lul, Ilkg ^ýhg
Os Lus, Ilg Úsvlgg ]dutf Idral Fulen Suetcen Rdgle`
]wa`ae Mfcel

prdoamt elka prdoamt elka prdoamt elka prdoamt elka prdoamt elka prdoamt elka

Ryrlkc`s? ]yedeyk Pd
Pdwar
war Rrcetsmrlpar? Qrhle Gceis? Parrl Kymagcl? Cma-Klicen
Drcnce Dj Pfa Jcrst Qsas ^lsta Jrdk Pfa Xlpc` =@-Rrceta` ]uspae`a` Flhctlhga ]iysmrlpar Xanaearltas
Kd`are Mctcas Elndred-Ilrlhlif ^lr ]iysmrlpar Jdr Hrc`nas Lhdva Axcstcen Jlrkcen ]dcg
]iysmrlpar
Jdr Pfa Lrmtcm Dmale
lutfdr Ls Hucg`cen Kltarclgs Xamdestrumtcde Mctcas lutfdrs
lutfdrs
L`lk Jarele`az lutfdrs lutfdrs lutfdrs Gl Rss, Guvn
Jrlema ]ue`harn, Mlrkae Rdva`led Gu ^ln, ]ulln f,
_flen _faepaen, Jaen Oclgu Gcu Scjac, Pcle Su, ^len Vceru Slen, Oclen Le, Ecen Ecen Fa, Sduocl Gv, Gckce
Mfcel Flen`c, _fdu Hacyu ]ue, Suewac Rle, Gcjl Gce Dggards, Avagcel Hoúre`lg
]plce, ]wa`ae
^len
Mfcel Mfcel
Mfcel

<=: LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< <=>

Fdedrlhga Kaetcdes

prdoamt elka prdoamt elka prdoamt elka prdoamt elka prdoamt elka prdoamt elka

Hy ]agj-]ustlcel- Mgcjj Zcgglna Ce Rfyslruk Pcka Klmfcea ]kdiastlmi

]iysmrlpar?  hga ]iysmrlpar ]cmfule, Mfcel ]iysmrlpar ]iysmrlpar ” ]ykhcdscs
L Mlrhde Eanltcva Fcnf-Pamf Xasc`aetclg
Hucg`cen Jdr Flmieay,
Jdr Zcrus Duthralis lutfdrs Mgales Dmales ]iysmrlpar
Gde`de lutfdrs @cle Xuc, Jaen
Sumfaen ]fulenyu Paen,
Rdggutcde Pdwar Rus L
Scele \ce, Hd ^ac, Ocentcen Mfcel
lutfdr
lutfdr Sle, Mfld Vca lutfdrs ]aya` ]farvce Flsfakc lutfdrs
@lecag Flkhgy Mfcel Flhch ]flffdsacec, Q]L Vuaiuc Gcu, Slsfu Mfae,
QI Kdfl``asaf Asile`lrzl`a
Asile`lrzl`af,f, Gcyu Lc, Fld ^len, Oclgu Vu
Lr`lgle Iclvlr, ]lhl ]lglf- Mfcel
pdur, Ltl Xl`
Crle

prdoamt elka prdoamt elka prdoamt elka prdoamt elka

Rdst-Rle`akcm Fcnf-Xcsa Rltfwly Dj Hagdencen? Ceear ]iysmrlpar Ls Qrhle Rlrlsctcm ]ystak?

Kugtc-Juemtcde ]iysmrlpar Ce Kdrdmmd Flencen Rrdnrlkkltcm ]plmas Hatwaae
Qrhle Rgleecen Jdr Ckkcnrlets
]ykhdg Dj Mugturlg ]iysmrlpars
lutfdrs
]fuxcle Gc, \cumfae _faen, Suocl Fu, Oclxce ^ae
lutfdrs ]traentf lutfdrs
Gadeca Hguk, Iltflrcel Jrlei, Xctlo Lghloa, lutfdrs ]fulcoca Gc, Suakcen Gce, \cle–ar Ru, Oclocen ^len,
Mfcel ]ckde ]ue`ce Vcldnulen Mfae, Ocetcen ]uc, Vujaen Plc, Oce`l Gcu
]wa`ae Vcldtden Kl, Hlc Gcn Mfcel
Mfcel
 <=6 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< <=3

Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde

Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde ^a wara avae cespcra` hy jletlsy-styga gks le` hddis, ce wfcmf tfa lutfdrs
lutfdrs `asmrcha` cemra`chga gcvcen jdrast mctcas. ^a–va trca` td mralta tfasa wdrg`s ce lr-
mfctamturlg sdwlra. Pfa dcma fls hamdka le axparckaetlg maetar jdr fdrtcmug -
L Gsui, Kyilyg Iu, ]l ] igl,
igl, Ilyl cvlsui,
turlg lrmfctamtura? wa flva stlrta` td nrdw akprass traas (Rlugdwecl tdkaetdsl) ”
Elzlrcc @u`l, Klrccl ]fidgeyi, Dislel-@lryel Iytscui, Le`rcc Fdemflraeid l jlst-nrdwcen pglet, wfcmf hy cts pamugclrctcas dj nrdwtf cs suctlhga jdr jdrkcen
Qirlcea
kcec-siysmrlpars. Rlugdwecl nrdws kumf jlstar tfle pdpglr le` wcggdw. Cts leeulg
nrdwtf cs ueplrlggaga` - =-1 k, le` ce va yalrs tfa facnft ralmfas l klxckuk ”
82 k. Pfa rddt systak dj tfa traa - l hrlemfa` tlprddt, wfcmf ralmfas l `aptf dj :-3 k.

Pfa purpdsa dj tfa mdkpatctcde wls td mralta le` prasaet l mdkpgatagy eaw cetar-
astcen vcscde dj uecqua siysmrlpar le` prasaet le drcncelg lrmfctamturlg mdemapt,
uscen eaw tamfedgdncas, kltarclgs le` katfd`s dj splma drnleczltcde. ^a wara
cetarasta` ce tfa jlmt tflt wctfce tfa mdkpatctcde wa mle ralgcza dur kdst, lt rst
nglema, mrlzy c`als ce tfa ag` dj lrmfctamtura, wfcmf lgwlys saaka` `ccmugt dr
prlmtcmlggy edt suctlhga jdr ckpgakaetltcde. Pfdunfts tflt tfa dw dj cklnceltcde
sfdug` edt ha gckcta` fara kdtcvlta` us td wdri lmtcvagy le` stly jdmusa` de tfa
eaw mdkpatctcde.
Rlugdwecl ranaearltas ce`apae`aetgy jrdk tfa rddt le` cs lhga td nrdw ce axtraka
takparlturas le` ce `caraet typas dj sdcgs. Lgsd, tfcs traa `das edt `apgata tfa
jartcga glyar dj sdcg, ncvas eaw sfddts lar jaggcen le` `das edt raqucra ra-pgletcen dj
traas jdr l jugg 0-1 wdricen mymgas. Pflt cs, lar l jaw jaggcens Rlugdwecl wcgg narkc -
elta lnlce le` lnlce. Pfa traa gcvas l gden tcka ” jrdk >2 td <22 yalrs. Pfa klce lt-
trlmtcde dj tfcs ka`cuk-facnft, `amc`udus traa cs cts ueusulggy glrna galvas, wfcmf
nrdw up td =2-12 mk ce gaentf. ^a mlka up wctf tfa c`al dj nrdwcen l gcvcen fdusa
de tfa prcemcpga dj sustlcelhga `avagdpkaet lrmfctamtura, wfcmf wcgg dparlta ce tfa
kc``ga dj l nrly kanlgdpdgcs le` sdgva l eukhar dj ckpdrtlet aevcrdekaetlg le`
urhle cssuas. Hy lelgyzcen tfa lmtcva prdmass dj urhleczltcde le` l `amralsa ce tfa
parmaetlna dj nraae splmas ls l pfaedkaede tflt prdvdias l eukhar dj aevcrde-
kaetlg prdhgaks. ^a hagcava tflt cetanrltcen naeatcmlggy kd`ca` traas `urcen
tfa stlna dj tfacr nrdwtf le` `avagdpkaet cetd lrmfctamtura, wa mle rastdra tfa
hlglema hatwaae tfa `cnctlgcza` kanlmctcas le` tfa Alrtf–s rasdurmas, wfcmf lra
nrl`ulggy `apgata`.

Ce dur usulg avary`ly axparcaema dj `ascnecen, lrmfctamts lra mdestletgy gckcta` hy
tfa astlhgcsfa` hucg`cen md`as, kltarclgs, aevcrdekaet, astckltas le` dtfar jlm-
tdrs. Ct cs tfa lrmfctamts wfd ceuaema tfa jlmt tflt ce mctcas, hatwaae ae`gass nrc`s
dj straats, cestal` dj strlena lrt kdestars, wa lra kdstgy surrdue`a` hy tfa usulg
le` kdedtdedus hdxas gga` wctf padpga avary `ly. Pfarajdra, kdst stu`aets dj
tfa lrmfctamturlg uecvarsctcas try edt td gckct tfaksagvas td ueralgcstcm le` mrlzy
c`als ce `cpgdkl le` mdursa prdoamts le` dae mralta axtrltarrastrclg cetarastcen
tfcens. Pfay iedw tflt wfae tfay jlma tfa ralgctcas dj `ascne le` stlrt alrecen l gcv-
cen wdricen ce tfacr spamclgty, tfay wcgg edt ha lhga td juggy ckpgakaet tfa c`als tflt
mdka td kce`, hamlusa sdkadea wcgg sat tfak le astlhgcsfa` jrlkawdri. Pfara-
jdra, tfcs mdkpatctcde lgsd hamlka le dppdrtuecty jdr lrmfctamts td rakakhar tfa
jaagcen dj hlrrcar-jraa ce `akdestrltcen tfacr lrmfctamturlg c`als.
^fae wa galrea` lhdut jlst-nrdwcen pglets tflt mle hamdka tfa hlscs jdr tfa `a-
vagdpkaet dj tfa c`al dj dur gcvcen siysmrlpar, wa hanle td stu`y tfa pamugclrctcas dj
tfacr nrdwtf le` `avagdpkaet, katfd`s dj mugtcvltcde le` mlra. Le cetarastcen axpa-
rcaema jdr us wls tfa stu`y dj savarlg smcaetcm plpars ce hcdgdny le` `ae`rdgdny, ls
wagg ls kltarclgs de gle`smlpa lrmfctamtura le` `ascne, wfcmf fagpa` td ue`arstle`
tfa hlscms dj traa nrdwcen. ^a fl` td ‗flen‛ de tfa wah sctas dj nlr`aecen aetfusc-
lsts, wfara padpga sflra cetarastcen c`als jdr mraltcen tfacr dwe fyhrc` pglets. Dur
talk hamlka sd dhsassa` wctf tfcs ueralgcstcm le` jletlstcm c`al tflt avarydea ha-
nle td mralta cetarastcen cggustrltcdes wctf surralg traas, kd`ags jrdk ckprdvcsa` kl-
tarclgs (sumf ls l jdue` pcama dj wdd` dr l hlrharry husf tflt nraw ealr tfa dcma).
Pfa c`al dj prdnrlkkcen wdd` ls l katfd` dj mraltcen lrmfctamtura prdva` td ha
l wceecen c`al, hamlusa ct cs sdkatfcen eaw, gcttga-stu`ca`, uepra`cmtlhga, le` ue-
usulg. Ct cs ckpdrtlet td ue`arstle` tflt almf eaw c`al, wfcmf avaetulggy hamdkas
l`vlema`, cs lgwlys lfal` dj tfa parcd` ce wfcmf ct cs hdre le` ndas tfrdunf gden
stlnas dj lelgyscs, mrctcmcsk le` rajutltcde. Mle fukle avar prdnrlk le dhoamt dj
gcvcen eltura wctf sumf lmmurlmy4
Edwl`lys, naeatcm aenceaarcen lggdws us td nrdw strumturas dj tfcs typa. Ce tfa
ealr jutura, tfa c`al dj nrdwcen l siysmrlpar traa ls l saplrlta gcvcen drnlecsk
wctf cts dwe rddt systak, crrcnltcde le` mlra kamflecsks, jdmusa` de l`lptltcde
td usa ce lrmfctamtura wcgg edt saak jletlstcm.
Ct cs l nrdup dj uecqua jlst-nrdwcen le` tlgg flr`wdd` `amc`udus traas, wfcmf lra
pgleta` ce nrdups ce spamclggy praplra` sdcg (td dhtlce rasdurmas) le` ce tfa prdmass
dj tfacr nrdwtf jdrk l uecqua lrmfctamturlg vdguka. Pfa pglet lhsdrhs wltar le`
eutrcaets, wfcmf lra `cstrchu ta` jrdk rddt td tcp. Lt tfa slka tcka, tfa nrdwtf dj
tfa truei mcrmukjaraema wcgg nrl`ulggy cemralsa tfa straentf dj tfa wdd` strumtura
le` ckprdva cts sagj-suppdrtcen prdpartcas.
@urcen `avagdpkaet, tfa hrlemfas dj ealrhy traas wcgg ha nrla` lt `caraet gav -
ags le` jdrk l eatwdri strumtura ” l ice` dj mdeounltcde tflt wcgg straentfae tfa
strumtura le` mdetceua cts nrdwtf. Pfa hrlemfas dj fyhrc` ‗traas dj tfa jutura‛ wcgg
jdrk tfa strumtura dj l gcvcen siysmrlpar ” tfy wcgg mralta avae, saplrlta hcdkdrpfcm

<02 LMS∓828< LMS∓828<   <0<

Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde

strumturas le` jaa` de sdcg, wltar le` sue rasdurmas, mraltcen le

amdsystak tflt cs assaetclg jdr glrna lnngdkarltcdes. Ls ct nrdws,
l gcvcen siysmrlpar mle mdeeamt wctf ealrhy hucg`cens le` jdrk
nraae dvarflencen mdkkuecmltcdes dvar l hgdmi.

]cema tfa suhoamt lggdwa` us td nd hayde` tfa usulg parmaptcde,

tfa gdncmlg smaelrcd jdr tfa nrdwtf dj ‗gcvcen‛ mctcas cs tfa dptcde
dj pglmcen siysmrlpars wctf tfa l`lptltcde dj tfacr facnft td tfa
surrdue`cen hucg`cens. Ce glrnar mctcas, wfcmf lra hacen hucgt lt
tfa axpaesa dj fcnf-rcsa hucg`cens, nclet siysmrlpars wcgg l``rass
l eukhar dj ckpdrtlet aevcrdekaetlg le` urhle cssuas. ^a ha-
gcava tflt tfa glmi dj jalr le` plsscde jdr tfa ueiedwe sat us up
jdr vcmtdry. C wdug` gcia td l`vcsa jutura plrtcmcplets td raoamt jalr,
wfcmf dae gckcts le` plrlgyzas. @de–t ha ljrlc` td axparckaet
wctf ydur ayas mgdsa` le` gcstae td ydur suhmdesmcdus, wfcmf
stdras 31% dj ceedvltcva c`als. Sdu kust try td ture d ydur
ceear mrctcm, wfd dae ncvas ydur c`als tfa stltus dj lhsur` dr
ckpdsschga td ckpgakaet le` tfay lra sckpgy `cspdsa` dj wctf-
dut sagj-lcrkltcde. Iaap lsicen ydursagj q uastcdes gcia, ‗Mdug`
C y td ledtfar mduetry edw cj dea `ly ce <12< `l Zcemc fl`e–t
slc` tflt kle mdug` y le` puhgcsfa` fcs ‖Hcr` Jgcnft Md`a– wctf
l prdtdtypa dj l kd`are flen ngc`ar4‛. Dj mdursa, tfa c`al
saaka` mltandrcmlggy ueralgcstcm, le` edw padpga flva wcens.
^a hagcava tflt tfa `rcvcen jdrma hafce` tfa vcmtdry ce tfcs lr-
mfctamturlg mdkpatctcde cs tfa cenaeucty dj tfa talk le` raspamt
jdr parsdelg hdg` jletlscas. Sas, hlsa` de tfcs mdemapt, wa mflg-
gaena` dursagvas le` rakdva` tfa astlhgcsfa` hlrrcars. Lar
lgg, td sdgva sumf l prdhgak ls cectcltcen l eaw lrmfctamturlg `cs-
mdursa, ct cs ckpdrtlet td galre td kdva lwly jrdk ralgcty le`
tfcei kdra mdkprafaescvagy, sdkatckas ragycen degy de tfa
kdst mrlzy le` jletlstcm c`als. @de–t ha ljrlc` td hamdka mrlzy
lrmfctamts le` gat ydur mdurlna klia ydu sltcsa` plrtcmcplets!
 <08 LMS∓828<

 
<st prcza

prdoamt elka

Pfa Pamtdecm ]dug

dj tfa Xuce
lutfdrs
Le`ral Xdkleaggc
Le`ral Mdesdeec
Xa-usa Pfa Xdkle Xuce ” Ctlgy

Rcsmcel Kcrlhcgcs P
fara lra assaetclggy twd tfakas tflt tfa ruce sunnasts
ce tfa `ascne dj tfa rausa prdoamt? cts hacen l plgckp-
sast le` cts ‗ueecsfa`‛ eltura `ua td tfa lhsaema
dj l rddj. Ce l``ctcde td tfcs, tfara lra tfa twd ed`lg ragltcde-
Pfa tfcr` a`ctcde dj tfa mugturlg prdoamt Xausa Ctlgy fls prdkdta` le cetarel- sfcps tflt tfa hucg`cen mdestctutas wctf cts sattgakaet mdetaxt,
tcdelg lrmfctamtura mdkpatctcde
mdkpatctcde le` le axfchctcde de tfa rausa dj tfa ‗Jlggae- l sklgg dg` tdwe dppdscta td tfa vlsteass dj tfa surrdue`cen
Mfurmf‛ dj Nrdttdga (Kltarl), dea dj tfa kdst smaednrlpfcm ruces dj sdutfare gle`smlpa.
Ctlgy.

Pfa naearlg jlma` cssua fls haae tfa `apdpugltcde dj sklgg tdwes. Pfa prcklry Pfa
l prdoamtsflpa`
parjamtgy trcas tdvdguka
sukklrcza tfasa
cesc`a mflrlmtarcstcms
tfa mfurmf, tfrdunf
aemgdsa` ce le
purpdsa dj tfcs mdetast fls haae tfa ragluemf dj l gdmlg mdkkuecty tfleis td tfa dplg pdgymlrhdelta sice wfcmf avdias, tfrdunf cts mgale sflpa,
raedvltcde dj tfa hucgt farctlna mdemacva` ls le lttrlmtcva `avcma. Jdr tfcs ralsde, tfa kcsscen mdrear wlgg de tfa klce jlml`a, td jlvdr l mfrdklt-
tfa lmtcvcty fls haae drnlecza` tdnatfar wctf ^de`ar Nrdttdga, l gdmlg lssdmcltcde cm le` tamtdecm `clgdnua wctf tfa surrdue`cens wctf mdetakpd-
de tfa jrdet gcea ce tfa axparckaetltcde dj eaw ranaearltcde kd`ags. rlryjalturas.

Pfa lwlr`a` prdoamts lra `cspglya` lt l gdmlg axfchctcde ce Nrdttdga (Kltarl) ue -

tcg Edvakhar <st. Pd hddi l tdur dj tfa axfchctcde fttps?//www.wde`arnrdttdga.ct/
vcsctl-gl-kdstrl/

Pfa lmtcvcty fl` tfa plrtearsfcp dj Lrmf@lcgy, Idd_L/rmf le` Nrlpfcsd, le` ct fls
haae suppdrta` hy tfa Mdkuea `c Nrdttdga (Kltarl), Kcecstard par c haec a ga lttcv- lttcv -
ctâ mugturlgc a par cg turcskd, JLC Hlscgcmltl, Kltarl Lrt Jcgk Jastcvlg, LEMC Hlscgcmltl,
Lssdmclzcdea Hdrnfc Lutaetcmc `–Ctlgcl, Dr`cea `angc Lrmfctattc R.R.M. `aggl prdvcemcl
`c Kltarl le` tfa Xancdea Hlscgcmltl.
Mfcasl @crutl cs l mltfdgcm mfurmf hucgt ce Nrdttdga (KP) ce tfa <1tf maetury td fdst
tfa gdmlg mdkkuecty dj mgarnykae le` td hamdka dea tfa kdst ckpdrtlet mfurmf-
as dj tfa hcsfdprcm. Ct suara` kley `lklnas `ua td alrtfqulias, ras, le` hucg` -
cen cssuas, sd ct wls sdde lhle`dea`. Pfa mdetast lsia` lrmfctamts, aenceaars, le`
stu`aets td ture tfa ruce cetd l mugturlg le` kuscm maetar.
Pfa cetareltcdelg oury mdescsta` dj? L`lk Eltflecag Jurkle, Akleuaga Jc`dea,
Lssakhga Lrmfctamts, @cand farele`az (Lrmf@lcgy), ]ckdea Hdssc, Nrlml Mdrracl &
Xdhartd Xlnlzzc (Mdrracl Xlnlzzc Lrquctamtds), Le`ral Rldgattc (^de`ar Nrdttdga),
^aeqclen Fle (Lrmfstu`cd), Arcm `a Hrdmfa `as Mdkhas (Guxcnde), Oluka Klydg &
Craea Rãraz (PA`–L lrquctamtas).

<00 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< <01

<st prcza <st prcza

@aspcta cts lpplraet dplmcty, tfa hgdmi cs lmmasschga jrdk hdtf ur-
hle surrdue`cens wfcmf tfa ruce dvargddis? kdra cetckltagy jrdk
tfa cesc`a, jrdk Nrdttdga dg` tdwe, wfara l mdrtae-staag pd`cuk
rcsas jrdk tfa straat gavag dj lhdut 8 katars lggdwcen tfa lmmass
td tfa mdemart flgg tfrdunf tfa jdrkar mflpag dj ]letl Gumcl, ce-
tae`a` ls l sdrt dj uemdvara` vastchuga le` mdkkuecmltcde mdra
ce tfa hucg`cen, tdnatfar wctf tfa hagg tdwar9 de tfa dutsc`a, ae-
flemcen tfa jlgsa aetrlema lrmf de Zclga `aggl Xascstaezl hy dpae-
cen l plsslna ce tfa wlgg hafce` ct le` uscen tfa splma hagdw tfa
mfurmf flgg ls l tcmiat dcma, tdcgats le` lmmass td tfa mdemart
flgg tfrdunf tfa trlesapt, hut rst axparcaemcen le lpprdlmf td
tfa pledrlkcm vcaw dj tfa Hlsaetd jrdk tfa gdwar tarrlma. Ce-
sc`a, tfa klce vdguka dj tfa flgg cs axchgy drnlecza`, tfrdunf 
tfrdunf  
l juggy plmilhga pleaga` systak wfcmf sats up tfa stlna splma de
tfa trlesvarsa lxcs dj tfa mfdcr, ce l ‗tdtlg‛ scenga splma dr twd `cj-
jaraet mlplmctcas flggs.

Pfa twd aetrlemas mdevarna ce tfa edrtf trlesapt, wfara tfa nc
sfdp cs gdmlta`, wfcmf ncvas lmmass td tfa rddks. Pfa klce dea,
wfcmf dmmupcas tfa aetcraty dj tfa elva dvargddis tfa vdguka dj
tfa stlna vary mgdsa td tfa klce jlml`a, wfcga klcetlcecen tfa
parmaptcde dj tfa ruce hy galvcen tfa aetcraty dj tfa agavlta` sc`a
mflpags vcschga. Pfa gamtura rddk, gdmlta` ce tfa prashytary, ra-
gltas td tfa gle`smlpa tfrdunf l wce`dw dvargddicen tfa Hlsaetd
vlggay. Pfa sdutf trlesapt fdusas tfa hlr wctf le lmmass td tfa
dutsc`a, wfara l tarrlma tlias pglma hdr`arcen tfa sdutf jlîl`a.

Pfa axtarelg vastchuga dj tfa mflpag dj ]letl Gumcl gal`s td tfa

uppar ddr, wfcmf fdusas l kugtcjuemtcdelg rddk jdr axfchctcdes
drcaeta` tdwlr`s tfa stlna le` dpae tdwlr`s tfa vlggay wctf
l samde` pledrlkcm tarrlma. Pfa rddk `avagdps lrdue` tfa mdr-
tae-staag stlcrmlsa tflt gal`s td tfa rddj gavag dj tfa hucg`cen jrdk
wfara tfa kdst mdkpgata le` axtaescva parmaptcde dj tfa Nrdttdga
sattgakaet cs mdequara`
mdequara` tfrdunf tfa jrlka dj tfa jdur sc`as dj tfa
agavltcde dj tfa ruce tflt ae`s ce tfa aggcptcmlg `ruk gddicen tfa
siy. Ce mdemguscde, tfa eaw Nrdttdga flgg raamts l mdetakpdrlry
cestlema dj rastdrltcde tflt prdpdsas l kugtcpurpdsa splma gceia`
td tfa avdmltcva mdetaxt dj tfa dg` tdwe. Pfcs prdoamt raprasaets
le dppdrtuecty td ravcva le cespcrcen trutf le` sfdw tfa kutulg
raspamt hatwaae tfa kdeukaet le` tfa mdetakpdrlry
mdetakpdrlry mugtura.
 <0: LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< <0>

8e` prcza 8e` prcza

prasaet
Pfa kakdry dj tfa dema ckpdscen, falvaewlr` rcscen hucg`cen ce tfa fcstdrcm tdwe
fls jl`a` hy td`ly. Pd`ly tfara cs oust l scgaet ruce, tfa ‖Jlggae Mfurmf– (Mfcasl @crutl).
L mdupga dj naearltcdes– tcka cs aedunf td gdsa tfa kakdry dj tfa mfurmf, tfa dema
prdoamt elka lrmfctamturlg wdri dj lrt. Pfa mfurmf ruce stle`cen fara jdr kdra tfle 822 yalrs fdg`s
Pfa @ddr Mgdsa` Jdravar jrlnkaets dj cts ralg sagj hy edw. Pfa splma, tfa wlggs, tfa vlugts, tfa rakelets dj tfa
tdwar tfdunf `atarkcea tfa spcrct dj tfa pglma `aspcta hacen jrlnkaets. Pfa hdr`ars dj
splma le` tcka lra hgurra`9 tfa wlggs dema hucgt jdr atarecty trleskct aedrkdus pdwar.
lutfdrs L plrt dj tfa plst fls kdva` td tfa prasaet `ua td mdetceucty. Pfa quastcde cs tflt
_sdgt Jrciiar tfrdunf maeturcas wfy tfara wls ed `akle` jdr tfa padpga gcvcen fara td rahucg` tfa
ck HŜ mfurmf. Lt prasaet tfara cs ed wcgg de tfa mdkkuecty–s sc`a td rastdra tfa mfurmf le`
Fuenlry usa ct jdr slemtca` purpdsa. Pfa `ddrs dj tfa mfurmf flva haae mgdsa` jdravar. Pfa
`ddr tflt fl` pdwar, wfcmf ce`cmlta` l hdr`ar hatwaae tfa dutar le` tfa prdtamta`
slcet ceear splma. Pfara cs ed gdenar l eaa` jdr tfa prdtamtcde dj tfa mfurmf, tfa splma
`avdta` td Nd`. Pfa `ddr, wfcmf usa` td stlia dut tfa cesc`a le` tfa dutsc`a, td`ly
plst

‗Kuscm cs tcka,
hrltas tfa le` lrmfctamtura
kdkaet, cs saczcen
l plrtcmuglr pflsa tfa splma. tcka
dj mdetceudus Kuscm- maga-
tfae
le` tfara. Lrmfctamtura trcas td klia l pcama dj splma parsdelg.
Kdrtlg hacens klia samtcdes jdr atarecty hy magahrltcde, le` klia
samtcde jdr tfa ceecta splma. Kuscm mdeeamts td le ckpdrtlet, jas -
tcva kdkaet dj tcka. Pfa lrmfctamturlg wdri dj lrt ” cj ct dars sdka-
sdka-
tfcen kdra hasc`a cts utcgcty - cs lgsd l magahrltcde, hacen lttlmfa` td
l scnecmlet pdcet dj splma, dr mraltcen l eaw, ce`apae`aet splma.
Pfa sden cs tfa axtaescde dj tfa fukle smlga ce tcka. Lrmfctamtura cs
tckagass ce cts purpdsa - ct surplssas fukle tcka - le` cs tfa axtae-
scde dj tfa fukle smlga ce splma. ‗

Ce tfa dg` `lys, tcka kalet tfa takpdrlry alrtfgy gcja jdr pad-
pga ls dppdsa` td tfa atarelg Nd`. Nd` le` tfa fdusa dj Nd`, tfa
‖nlta dj falvae– wara tfa sykhdgs dj atarecty. Ce tfa <122s, lt tfa
tcka dj hucg`cen tfa mfurmf dj @crutl, jlctf, tfa prlmtcma dj ragcncde
le` mdkkuelg plrtcmcpltcde ce mfurmf sarvcmas scneca` fdpa jdr
tfa padpga dj Nrdttdga ranlr`gass dj jlkcea le` `cslstars. Xagcncde,
ls l jdrk dj tfa atfcmlg mdkkuecty, assaetclggy `atarkcea` pad-
pga–s gcja. Gdmlg padpga–s wdrg`vcaw le` vlguas wara kdstgy ceu-ceu -
aema` hy hcrtf, mfrcstaecen, klrrclna, `altf, tfa ragltcdesfcp wctf
Nd` le` tfa trl`ctcdes dj ragcncde de hdtf ce`cvc`ulg le` mdkku-
mdkku -
ecty gavag. Fdwavar, uejdrtueltagy tfa takpga dj @crutl wls lhga
td sarva tfa mdkkuecty–s jdrkltcde jdr l ragltcvagy sfdrt tcka.

Pfa jlta dj tfa mfurmf, wfcmf wls hucgt ce fdedur dj tfa slcets dj
Guml le` Ncugcled ranlr`a` ls tfa prdtamtdrs dj tfa tdwe, wls
salga` `ua td tfa `lklnas mlusa` hy alrtfqulias ce <:30 le` ce
tfa samde` flgj dj tfa <6tf maetury. Pfa mde`ctcde dj tfa takpga wls
mdetceudusgy `amlycen, lar <>12-:2 tfa mgarny lhle`dea` ct, tdd.

<06 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< <03

8e` prcza 8e` prcza

`aedtas tfa ae` dj tfa fcstdry dj tfa mfurmf. Pfa `ddr, wfcmf nu-
nu-
rltcvagy nlva l`kcttlema td tfa atarelg fdka, tfa ‖`dkus latarel-
gcs–, fls mgdsa` dema le` jdr lgg.
jutura
Fcstdry fls spaa`a` up. Pfa urhle strumtura, wfcmf avdgva`
tfrdunf fue`ra`s dj yalrs, le` tfa mctysmlpa lra mdestletgy
mflencen, le` tfcs mflena saaks td ha qucmiae jrdk tfa samde`
flgj dj tfa 82tf maetury. Fdw `d dur mctcas trlesjdrk4 ^flt `das
tfa mugtura dj ngdhlgcsltcde kale jdr tfa gcja le` tfa fcstdry dj
l sklgg vcgglna4 Pfa strumtura le` tfa hucg`cens dj mctcas stcgg iaap
tfa kakdry dj tfa fue`ra`s-dj-yalr-dg` mugtura le` trl`ctcde, hut
tfa urhle `waggars– gcja edw fc`as ledtfar ralgcty. Ce dg` tckas tfa
urhle padpga–s eaa`s le` pdsschcgctcas, tfa cetargdmia` pdwars dj
tfa ce`cvc`ulg le` tfa mdkkuecty flva astlhgcsfa` tfa mcty ctsagj.
Cs tfara ley pdwar gcia tfcs ce Nrdttdga4 Cs tfara l eaa` de tfa plrt
dj tfa padpga ce Nrdttdga dr ce tfa rancde dj ct jdr mraltcen tfa juem -
tcde dj tfa mdemart flgg tflt wls aevcscdea` ce tfa lrmfctamtura
mdkpatctcde4
mdemapt
Pfa mdemaptcdes jdrkuglta` ce tfa lrmfctamtura mdkpatctcde `a-
ea tfa pdsschga `cramtcde dj tfa utcgcsltcde dj tfa mfurmf ruces ls
l mdemart flgg. Pfa kdst assaetclg quastcde cs fdw splma mle ha
ra`aea` ce ragltcde wctf tfa kuscm flgg juemtcde, wctf tfa splma
lvlcglhga le` wctf tfa kakdry dj tfa mfurmf. Ce tfa fcstdry dj lr-
mfctamtura, tfrdunf maeturcas le` kcggaeecl cj tfara wls l eaa` ce
tfa mlsa dj l juemtcde-gdst dr lhle`dea` hucg`cen td mdevart ct td
l eaw juemtcde dr td axtae` ct, axtaescde fls haae l elturlg le`
sagj-avc`aet prdmass. Pfa dg` trlesjdrks, tfa eaw cs hucgt upde ct.
Pfcs mdetceucty avdias tfa lemcaet prlmtcma dj mdestrumtcde. Fdw-
avar, wctf tfa lppalrlema dj lrmfctamturlg prasarvltcde, tfcs wly dj
tfceicen cs edt sd sckpga lt lgg.
Pfa prcemcpga dj dur mdemapt cs tflt tfa cetae`a` ‗jurtfar‛ mdestrum-
tcde fls td ha plrlggag wctf tfa rakelet hucg`cen plrts dj tfa dg`
mfurmf. Pfa eaw juemtcde, tfa eaw hucg`cen fls td ha akha``a`
ce tfa uecqua fcstdrcmlg splma dj tfa mfurmf ruces, wfcmf sfdug` ha
mdetceua` wctf tfa l``a` strumturas. Mdetceucty hlsa` `ascnecen
cemdrpdrltas tfa spcrct dj tfa pglma le` jurtfar aercmfas ct wctf cts
eaw glyars. Pfa wdue`s dj tfa axcstcen hucg`cen kust ha falga`.
Pfa mfurmf le` mdemart flgg katlkdrpfdscs fls td ha lmfcava`
sd tflt tfa kakdry dj tfa takpga le` tfa lppalrlema dj tfa eaw
juemtcde mdestctuta l wfdga. Pfa jdrkar mfurmf ls l mugtura ka`cl
trlesjdrks, le` ct wcgg ha gga` wctf eaw mugturlg, sdmclg mdetaet hy
eaw aetrlema, eaw `ddr
Pfa drcncelg aetrlema dj tfa mfurmf usa` td dpae tdwlr`s Nlrc- Nlrc -
hlg`c straat, tfa maetra dj tfa vcgglna. ]cema tfae tfa vcgglna fls
jurtfar `avagdpa`, tfa rdga dj tfa gdwar lvaeua, `aggl Xascstaezl
fls hamdka kdra scnecmlet. Murraetgy savarlg puhgcm hucg`cens
le` twd sklgg takpgas lra lpprdlmflhga jrdk tfcs straat. ^fae
`ascnecen tfa mdemapt dj tfa mdemart flgg, wa flva axlkcea` tfa
pdsschga usa dj tfa drcncelg mfurmf aetrlema, hut ct wdug` flva
haae jalschga lt tfa axpaesa dj sarcdus juemtcdelg mdkprdkcsas,
sd wa ragdmlta` tfa eaw aetrlema dj tfa mdemart flgg td `aggl Xa-
scstaezl, jlmcen tfa sklgg squlra lt tfa wastare sc`a dj tfa tak-
pga. Pfa sklgg squlra ce jrdet dj tfa eaw `ddr cs tfa parjamt gdml-
tcde dj lrrcvlg le` lwlctcen jdr avary naearltcde ley tcka dj tfa
`ly, hut ct cs lgsd lpprdprclta jdr urhle raprasaetltcde juemtcdes.
splma strumtura
Jrdk tfa aetrlema wa lrrcva td tfa flggwly dj tfa mdemart flgg
tfrdunf le ce-turea`, kystarcdus stlcr le` splma strumtura. Pfa
splma ravalgs ctsagj nrl`ulggy jdr tfa puhgcm. Lt tfa gavag dj tfa
mdemart rddk wa saesa tfa splma strumtura ls l wag`a` wfdga.
^a mdesc`ara` ct ckpdrtlet td prasarva tfa drcncelg slmra`
splma, tfa drcncelg Gltce mrdss-sflpa` glydut ls l uect.
usa dj kltarclgs 
Pfa tfdunft dj tfa mdemapt hlsa` de mdetceucty lppalrs ce tfa
usa dj kltarclgs. ^dvae ls le lrmfctamturlg uecty tfa rdunf hut
halutcjug stdea le` hrcmi wlggs dj tfa mfurmf ruces wcgg ha mde-
tceua` hucg`cen wctf eaw l``ctcdes le` hrcmi wlggs. Pfa usa dj
marlkcms, rcen dj tarrlmdttl ce Nrdttdga rddts jrdk fcstdry. ^a
wdug` usa gdmlg kltarclgs jdr tfa jlml`a, fle`-kl`a, ieal`a`
hrcmis kl`a hy gdmlg mrlskae. Pfa eaw hrcmis cetarlmt wctf tfa
dg` stdeas le` hrcmis, le` gcia tfcs tfa hucg`cen ramacvas l sagj-
avc`aet, cetanrlta` jlml`a. Qecqua marlkcm agakaets lppalr de
tfa agavltcde ls ggars dj fdgas ce tfa dg`-eaw wlggs, tfus odcecen
dg` le` eaw.
 kuscm le` lrt. Kuscm cs ckparcsflhga plrt dj lgg fukle mugtura …

<12 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< <1<

=r` prcza =r` prcza

prdoamt elka

Mfcsal @crutl ” Xcsvangcl

lutfdrs
Ougl Nŷwsil
Oarzy ^doawý`il
Oliuh Odpai
Rdgle`

C`al
Pfa mfurmf wls drcncelggy mralta` td mdeeamt ” fukle wctf Nd` le`

wctf dtfar fukles. Avarydea wls td ha aqulg ce ct le` avarydea wls

td flva lmmass td ct, ranlr`gass dj lna dr rdga ce sdmcaty. Mfcasl @crutl
kly dema lnlce hamdka l pglma dpae td padpga. Ct mle hamdka edt
degy l takpga dj kuscm wfara kley e` mdeeamtcde wctf tfa slmra`
hut lsgd l sdue`hdx jdr sdue`s...

Rrdmass
Cectclggy sflpa` hy lrmfctamts le` mrlskae, ct wls mralta` ce tfa
<1tf maetury. Gltar, Eltura hamlka cts `ascnear ” ls l rasugt dj le
alrtfqulia, ct strcppa` ct dj sdka jrlnkaets, pgleta` pglets cesc`a
ct, ard`a` cts wlggs - mraltcen l kdslcm dj tcka. Mfcasl @crutl - Xcs-
vangcl cs l prdoamt tflt raspamts le` akpflsczas edt degy tfa jdrk
sflpa` hy fukles, hut lgsd tfa dea sflpa` hy Eltura. Cts lck cs
lgsd td fcnfgcnft ‛tfa rddtcen‛ ” ce pfyscmlg le` katlpfyscmlg wly td
tfa gle`smlpa dj Nrdttdga.

Rltf
Pfa prdoamt lssukas tfa mdetceultcde dj tfa rdl` tflt rues lgden
Mfcasl @crutl. ^a mle sly tflt tfa pltf dws cetd tfa hucg`cen pae-
pae-
atrltcen cts cetarcdr, akpflsczcen tfa ceaxtrcmlhga mdeeamtcde ha-
twaae Mfcasl @crutl le` tfa mcty. Pfa pltf cs kl`a dj tfa slka kl-
tarclg ls tfa dutar rdl`, le` lrdue` ct cs, mdkplmta` wctf tfdusle`s
dj jddtstaps, elturlg sdcg tflt sfdws tfa plsslna dj tcka.

 Lrrlenakaet smfaka
 Lrrlenakaet
Zlrcdus jdrks dj lrrlenakaet aelhga td drnlecza kley avaets tflt
wdug` lmtcvlta rasc`aets a.n. wdrisfdps, gamturas, tfakltcm kaat-
cens, kuscm wdrisfdps, parjdrklemas jdr mfcg`rae, `rlwcen wdri-
sfdps wctf kuscm atm.

<18 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< <1=

=r` pr
 p rcza =r` prcza

]tlnas le` nrdttdas dj sdue` Pdwar dj mcty–s sdue`

Lar aetarcen mdemart flgg, wa lra ce tfa klce flgg (klce lu`ctdrcuk
splma). Ct mle ha lrrlena` ce vlrcdus wlys ” `apae`cen de tfa avaet
le` sctultcde. Pfa ramaptcde lral cs gdmlta` ealr tfa aetrlema ce tfa
akpty splma ce tfa mdrear. Ce tfa sc`a mflpgas tfara lra nrdttdas dj
sdue` ” rddks tflt lggdw ydu td gcstae td l mdemart dr parjdrklema ce
l samgu`a` splma lggdwcen ydu td flva l prcvlta axparcaema. Pfa nrdt-
tdas rajar `cramtgy td tfa elka, fcstdry le` tdpdnrlpfy dj tfa mcty.
Pfara lra va typas dj stlnas. Pfa klce stlna, mlgga` tfa stlna dj wl-wl-
tar le` gcnft, cs ue`ar l mdvara` dmugus. L``ctcdelggy, de tfa nrdue`,
cts klce lral cs klria` hy l sflggdw hlsce, mdpycen tfa sflpa lhdva
ct. ^fae ct rlces, tfa hlsce ggs wctf wltar, mraltcen l sflggdw surjlma
tflt raamts sdue`s `urcen tfa parjdrklema. Pfleis td tfcs Eltura
sdkatckas lmmdkplecas tfa parjdrklemas le` sdkatckas degy sfa
pglys far suhtga mdemart ” wctf rlce`rdps. De tfa sc`as dj tfa klce
stlna, tfara lra twd sc`a stlnas mlgga` tfa stlnas dj sfl`dw. Ct cs
l pglma wfara lra kakhars dj drmfastrl wfd lra edt kalet td ha
vcschga `urcen tfa parjdrklema, dr l elrrltdr wfd wcgg degy gal` tfa
lu`caema tfrdunf tfa parjdrklema wctf fcs vdcma. Hafce` tfa klce
stlna tfara cs l ice` dj cts axtaescde ” tfa stlna dj gcnft, tfa hlmi wlgg
dj wfcmf mle ha dpaea`, tfus sfdwcen vcawars l halutcjug pledrl-
kl dj tfa surrdue`cen fcggs. Pfcs cs ledtfar kdkaet ce wfcmf Eltura
plrtcmcpltas ce tfa parjdrklema ” wltmfcen tfa kuscmcles lnlcest
tfa gle`smlpa, tfa vcawar axparcaemas avarytfcen cetaesagy. Pfa
dpaecen akpflsczas mdeeamtcdes wctf tfa mcty ” tfa sdue`s akl-
eltcen jrdk tfa Mfurmf paeatrlta cts jrlnkaets, qucatgy ralmfcen tfa
ceflhctlets. Hafce` tfa stlna dj gcnft cs tfa dut`ddr stlna dj vcaws
” tfcs cs l elrrdw splma jdr dut`ddr parjdrklemas. Pd tfa ga dj tfa
stlna dj gcnft cs tfa stlna dj wce` ” l splma tflt mle lgsd ha usa` jdr
dut`ddr parjdrklemas.
Pfa splma ce tfa pglma dj tfa jdrkar hagg tdwar wls
usa` td mralta tfa tdwar dj mcty–s sdue` jrdk wfcmf wa
mle gcstae td `caraet sdue`s le` rfytfks mralta` hy
Nrdttdga avary `ly.
Dtfar splmas
Pamfecmlg rddks, hlmistlna le` l mlja W hlr lra gd-
mlta` de tfa rcnft sc`a dj tfa hucg`cen le` de ddr -<
(splma jdr lrtcsts le` l`kcecstrltcde dcma) le` ddr -8
(`rasscen rddks, stdrlna rddk, nc-sfdp, rastrddks).
Kltarclgs
Pfa kltarclg usa` (nglss-hra) ggs avary akptceass ce
tfa wlggs mlusa` hy `astrumtcde le` tcka, tfus mralt-
cen l eautrlg hlminrdue` jdr Mfcasl @crutl. Pfa kl-
tarclg cs usa` hdtf ls l mdvar le` lgsd ce tfa cetarcdr
(nrdttdas dj sdue`–s wlggs/salts). @apae`cen de tfa
pglma, tfa kltarclg fls l `caraet axtaet dj trlesplr-
trlesplr-
aemy, tfleis td wfcmf ct cs kdra elturlg le` `cvarsa.
 <10 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< <11

Fdedrlhga Kaetcdes ]pamclg Kaetcdes

prdoamt elka prdoamt elka prdoamt elka prdoamt elka prdoamt elka prdoamt elka prdoamt elka prdoamt elka

Mfcasl @crutl ]cgvl @crutl N.X.L.@.C.E.C. Xa-usa tfa Mfcasl @crutl Pfa Jlggae Pfa Jlggae Mdemartd `c
lutfdrs lutfdrs lutfdrs
Jlggae-mfurmf lutfdrs Mfurmf Mfurmf Rrcvlkarl
lutfdrs
Lelstlsccl Klricel, Mrcs ]iae`arc, Guml Pasac, Ocfue ]de, lutfdrs lutfdrs lutfdrs
Zardecil Hlhaeid Mglu`cl ]tdraggc Leelmfclrl Jcdrummc Gadea Mlrgd ]uen Lf Mfuen
Nfd``dusc, Glutlrd Lrlead, Ncugcl Rleedmmfcl, Klrtl Mlssley,
Xusscl Ctlgy, Mlel`l Ctlgy Csc`rd Xdmf Klrmd Mlslgael Klrtcel Klrmfasc,
Letdecd Klzzdglc
]wctzargle`
KlŬl Kdrc

prdoamt elka prdoamt elka prdoamt elka prdoamt elka

Pfa Jlggae Mfcasl @crutl Pfa Jlggae Mfcasl @crutl

Mfurmf lutfdrs Mfurmf lutfdrs
lutfdrs Kl Nkl, lutfdrs @kctry Rdnd`ce,
Guml Gdclmded, Fund Lgjdesd Gdend Nuspp Rlpplâ, Rgltde Xdndv
Plgde, Jrleîdcs Vlvcar Rldgd Rdzzdec

prdoamt elka prdoamt elka prdoamt elka

Mfcasl @crutl Mfcasl @crutl Jlggae Mfurmf

lutfdrs lutfdrs lutfdr
Xdkcel Pruezar, Rfcgcpp Ae`ars Lgvlrd Ndezlgaz, Cnelmcd Zaemas Le`rã Lgkac`l
Narkley ]plce Rdrtunlg

prdoamt elka prdoamt elka prdoamt elka

Mfcasl @crutl Paltrd @crutd Pfa Jlggae Mfurmf

lutfdrs lutfdrs lutfdrs
Eltflelag Rcelr`, Jagcx Klrtce, Kleuag Lgvas `a Mlkpds, Olcka ]cgvl
Klrm Zclu`, Zcmtdr Pck ]mfauar
@usslp, Xdxlel Fdsu

<1: LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< <1>

Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde

Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde le` `cramtgy - pfyscmlggy wctf tfa ruce. ^a ram-
dnecsa` twd `caraet wlys dj tdumfcen tfa
klsscva wlggs dj tfa mfurmf raprasaeta` hy
lutfdrs tfa c`al dj, mdkpgata tfa hd`y. Ce tfcs tarks
Le`ral Xdkleaggc, Le`ral Mdesdeec tfa Hlscgcml Rlggl`clel wls l usajug axlkpga
klegy jdr tfa funa wdd`ae rddj pdsa` de kl-
Ctlgy
sdery wlggs. Kdradvar, mdesc`arcen tfa mdemapt
dj gg tfa vdc`, tfa Hlscgcml Rlggl`clel lnlce
le` Pakpcd Klgltastcled raprasaeta` ‗tfa
eanltcva‛ dj tfcs lpprdlmf, wfara tfa axcstcen
hd`y cs wrlppa` wctf l eaw vdguka hy dvar-
glppcen l eaw jlîl`a td tfa dg` dea9 ravalgcen
hy tfa `clgdnua dj tfa twd plrts tfa assaema dj
tfa prdoamt. ^a wara jlsmcelta` hy tfcs samde`
lpprdlmf tflt ncvas l eaw kalecen td tfa ruce
le` astlhgcsfas tfa `clgdnua hatwaae tfa dg`
le` tfa eaw. Pfa mglrcty dj tfcs lpprdlmf plr-
tcmuglrgy mdevcema` us `ua td tfa ramdnecslhcg-
Naearlglpprdlmf cty dj tfa twd sdugs dj tfa hucg`cen. Pfa rajar-
Pfa rst lpprdlmf td tfa prdoamt wls l gden cejdrklg tlgi stlrta` jrdk ue`arstle`-
ue`arstle`- aemas fl` haae scnecmletgy usajug. Pfay lra
cen tdnatfar tfa purpdsa dj tfa mdkpatctcde. ^a mdesc`ara` ct edt degy ce tarks dj twd mgalr lpprdlmfas td cetarvaea de le axcst-
ncvae juemtcde hut lgsd wa wara trycen td e` dut tfa lt lttctu`a
tctu`a dj tfa cetarvaetcde cen hucg`cen wctf gden fcstdry. De dea sc`a, try-
try-
ce l pglma gcia Nrdttdga, jdr le cetareltcdelg mdkpatctcde dj c`als. Nrdttdga cs l gcttga cen td mdemacva tfa axcstaema le` ue`arstle` Hlscgcml Rlggl`cel ” rddj
vcgglna ce Hlscgcmltl ce tfa sdutf dj Ctlgy, sctulta` de l fcgg ce tfa Zlgga `ag Hlsaetd. cts ckpdrtlema lra mraltcva lmts. De tfa dtfar,
Cts ragltcdesfcp wctf tfa gle`smlpa avdias tfa mgdsa mcty dj Kltarl, wfara l rurlg ct raqucras mdurlna dj trlesjdrkcen wctf l mde-
mflrlmtar cs axtrakagy axprassa` hy fcs fdusas stumi ce tfa rdmis tflt naearlta takpdrlry nrl. De dea sc`a, tfara cs l kdra
l rl`cmlg wly dj gcvcen. Pfa mdkpatctcde prdpdsas td wdri de tfa ruce dj tfa Mfcasl lrmfctamturlg le` pfyscmlg sunnastcde, wfcga de
@crutl. Ct cs le fcstdrcmlg kdeukaet dj tfa <1tf Maetury, l rajaraema pdcet jdr tfa tfa dtfar, l strden c`alg le` mugturlg pdsctcde.
vcgglna dj Nrdttdga le` l gle`klri ce tfa Zlgga `ag Hlsaetd `ua td cts strden pdsctcde Pfcs wdri de tfa rajaraemas fagpa` us td nura
lgden tfa parckatar dj tfa fcgg, oust ce jrdet dj tfa ka`cavlg mlstga. Pfa ueecsfa` dut tfa klce c`al ls l mdkkde hlsa td stlrt
stlta dj tfa ruce wls tfa spamcm lrmfctamturlg mflrlmtarcstcm dj tfa scta. Pfa klce `rlwcen tfa prdoamt. Ledtfar mdkkde axparc-
purpdsa dj tfa mdkpatctcde wls td rausa tfa mfurmf ls le Lu`ctdrcuk le` l Mcvcm aema tflt wa tfcei ce`cramtgy fagpa` us `urcen
splma jdr tfa vcgglna le` ncva l eaw gcja td tfa hucg`cen aeduemcen tfa vlgua dj tfa tfa `ascne prdmass fls haae l trcp td Rdrtunlg
ruces. Pfa rst prlmtcmlg lpprdlmf wls l pgle le` samtcde lelgyscs dj tfa tarrctdry. ce 82<3. ^a wara sflrcen tfa pfyscmlg
pfyscmlg axparc-
^a wara lelgyscen fcstdrcmlg, mcvcm le` ckpdrtlet hucg`cens ce Nrdttdga wctf tfa aema le` tfdunfts lhdut pglmas, prdoamts, le`
purpdsa td e` dut tfa ragltcdes tflt tfa tdpdnrlpfcas naearlta cetd almf dtfar. flhcts tfara.
^a `aaka` tfcs typa dj lelgyscs l`aqulta jdr l pglma gcia Nrdttdga hamlusa ct cs
l vcgglna de tfa tdp dj l fcgg surrdue`a` hy Hlsaetd gle`smlpa le` wctf l mdk- Pfcs wly dj lpprdlmfcen tfa ruce fl` td `alg
pgax tdpdnrlpfy tflt mraltas ueaxpamta` parspamtcva hatwaae tfa hucg`cens dj wctf tfa c`al dj galvcen jraa tfa mdkpgaxcty dj
Nrdttdga. Lt tfa slka tcka, jdmuscen de ckpdrtlet le` fcstdrcmlg hucg`cens wls le tfa vdguka dj tfa axcstcen mfurmf. Pfa elva `a-
dppdrtuecty td `csmdvar cejdrkltcde lhdut Nrdttdga ls l gcttga fcstdrcmlg vcgglna. Ce eas le cesc`a ranuglr vdguka, cestal` dj tfa
tfa fcstdrcmlg `dmukaetltcde dj tfcs rurlg scta, sdka tlgas gcia tfa dea dj ]cmfceugjd axtarcdr. Pfa hd`y cs mdkpgax le` lrtcmuglta`
Mlstga (Mlstaggd ]cmfceugjd Nrdttdga ” Lhuel a ]agapced ” Ha Murcdus!) sdkat ckas `ua td tfa nrdue` gavags mflenas lrdue` tfa
mlka dut le` fagpa` td ue`arstle` tfa fcstdry dj tfa pglma jrdk l mugturlg pdcet hucg`cen. Pfcs mde`ctcde ckka`cltagy fagpa` us
dj vcaw. td sukkde tfa cklna dj l vdguka tflt sfdws
ctsagj jrdk tfa spgct de tfa lenga dj tfa klce jl-
 Pdumfcen tfa ruce
Plgicen lhdut tfa pdsschcgctcas tflt tfa ruce dara` us le` stu`ycen tfa scta, fagpa`
us td ue`arstle` mgalrgy tflt tfa prdoamt fl` td `alg ce`cramtgy wctf tfa gle`smlpa
<16 LMS∓828<
Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde
tfacr funa klsdery mdestrumtcde. ]dka prdoamts hy Rdrtunuasa lrmfctamts gcia Lg-
vlrd ]czl, ]dutd `a Kdurl le` Lcras Kltaus tflt wa axparcaema` tdnatfar ce 82<3,
wara fagpjug jdr tfacr pglstcm lpprdlmf ce tarks dj glenulna le` mdestrumtcde. ^a
ae`a` up wctf tfa c`al dj l wfcta pglstcm vdguka tflt nrl tfa ruce wctf l mdetak -
pdrlry mdestrumtcde dj puemtulg gcnft agakaets tflt mdug` klia l wlgg, l surjlma.
^a nura` dut l mdetakpdrlry pura dhoamt ce mdetrlst wctf tfa raelcsslema le`
lrtcmuglta` hd`y dj tfa mfurmf. Eavartfagass, mdestrumtcde wdris ce lelgdny wctf
wlggs `aecen l mgalr vdguka.
Hatwaae tfa mfurmf le` tfa glesmlpa
L klce tdpcm dj tfa prdoamt wls tfa ragltcdesfcp wctf
tfa surrdue`cen gle`smlpa dj Nrdttdga le` Zlgga `ag
Hlsaetd. Ct wls tfa prcemcplg dhoamt dj tfa scta lelgy-
scs. Pfa kdst ckpdrtlet hucg`cens dj Nrdttdga, tfa
klce mfurmf, tfa Mfcasl @crutl le` tfa Ka`cavlg Mls-
tga lra ouxtlpdsa` ce strltancm pdcet lrdue` tfa fcgg,
aramta` tdwlr` tfa gle`smlpa.
Pfa lrtcmugltcde dj l samtcde wctf l sdgc` le` uecqua
hgdmi de tfa edrtf jlîl`a, de tfa sc`a dj tfa vcgglna
le` jrlnkaeta` le` tarrlma` tdwlr` Hlsaetd, wls
l wly td `alg wctf tfa twd `caraet mflrlmtarcstcms
dj tfa gle`smlpa. Pfa Nrdttdga, sdgc` le` mdkprassa`
vdguka, mdetrlsts tfa dpaeeass dj tfa Zlgga. (J28.1)
Lt tfa slka tcka tfa cetarcdr splma cs smleea`. Pfa
klce flgg dj tfa mfurmf iaaps cts aetcra facnft le`
tfa splma mdkprassa` ce tfa trlesapt cetarsamtcde
le` ce tfa lpsa, salrmfcen l fdrczdetlg ragltcde wctf
tfa gle`smlpa lt `caraet gavags. Pfa splmas dj tfa
ruce, jrdk tfa elva td tfa trlesapt, lra ralggy `a-
ea`. ^a wara trycen td ue`arstle` tfa jddtprcet dj
almf dea td ralgcza` cj tfay fl` td gcva ls l saquaema
dj `caraet splmas dr mdemacva tfak ls l uecqua dea.
Jdr tfa strden spltclg `aectcde dj almf dea, wa trca`
td tralt tfak ls l saquaema, hdtf ce pgle le` sam-
tcde. Pfa sdgutcde dj tfa `dka wls l mrctcmlg mfdcma
ce tfa prdoamt, `ua td cts nadkatry le` facnft. Ct wls
mdkpgcmlta` td cetanrlta tfa `dka vdguka ce tfa cesc`a splma le` mdesarva tfa
c`al dj le avdmltcva scgaet uecqua vdguka ce mdemapt le` mdestrumtcva tarks. Pfa
`avagdpkaet dj tfa samtcde fagpa` us td sdgva tfcs kdkaet cetanrltcen tfa `ruk dj
tfa `dka ls tfa hdue`lry dj l pledrlkcm tarrlma. Cestal` dj usa tfa aetcra facnft
dj tfa cetarsamtcde dj tfa lxcs, wa `amc`a td mdkprass tfa facnft le` mflena tfa
drcncelg vdguka dj tfa splma. ^a lgsd avlgulta` td `cn le` mralta l tarrlma` stlgg.
^a wara jlsmcelta` hy prdoamtcde trdunf tfa gle`smlpa hut wa ue`arstdd` tflt ct
wdug` ha le cevlscva cetarvaetcde le` wa fl` tfa `duht lhdut strumtura stlhcgcty
ls wagg. Pfa usa dj tfa JL\s tflt XaQsa dara` wls fagpjug td nat tfa martlcety le`
iedw fdw td raglta td tfa ruce jrdk l strumturlg pdcet dj vcaw.
Pfa samtcde fls haae tfa klce tddg tflt fagpa` us td mdetrdg tfa ragltcde hatwaae
cetarcdr le` axtarcdr splma le` ue`arstle` tfa cetanrltcde hatwaae tfa eaw cetar-
<:2 LMS∓828<
Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde
Klce flgg
Pfa klce flgg cs mflrlmtarcza` hy tfa sc`a aetrlema, tfa
sdgc` hgdmi dj tfa stlna, tfa pledrlkcm pdcet ce tfa lpsa
le` tfa prasaema dj tfa alst trlesapt. Pfa splma ue`ar
tfa `dka–s `ruk raprasaets tfa cetarsamtcde dj tfa twd
lxas le` l pdcet dj `cstrchutcde dj tfa surrdue`cen rddks.
Jdr tfcs rdga, tfa gcealrcty dj tfa flgg wls mdkprdkcsa`. Pd
sdgva tfcs prdhgak le` ncva `cnecty td almf splma ce tarks
dj lmmass le` juemtcdelgcty, l systak dj plmilhga wlggs `a-
ea` tfraa pdsschga mdenurltcdes. (J20) Pfcs wlgg naear-naear -
ltas twd aetrlemas td le lu`ctdrcuk le` l sklggar mde-
jaraema rddk9 hdtf fls le ce`apae`aet aetrlema tfrdunf
tfa mljatarcl ce tfa wast trlesapt. Pfa wlgg cs mdkpdsa`
hy pleags tflt mle ture le` mralta l mdeeamtcde hatwaae tfa twd rddks ncvcen tfa
pdsschcgcty td fdst twd `caraet hut cetanrlta` juemtcdes. Ce tfa tfcr` mdenurltcde,
hy plmicen lgg tfa wlggs, tfa aetcra flgg mle ha usa` ls lu`ctdrcuk jdr tfa kdst
mrdw`a` avaets. Pfa kdst mdemarecen tdpcm wls td vlgua tfa prdpdrtcde stratmfa`
ce tfa facnft dj tfa trlesapt tflt ncvas uecty le` maetrlgcty td tfa splma ce tfa jdyar
le` tfa mljatarcl. Pfa jdyar raklces jraa le` tfa maetrlg splma ls tfa klce purpdsa
cs `cstrchutcva. Ce tfa mlsa dj tfa mljatarcl, tfa hlr mlrva` dut cts splma ce tfa maetra
ls tfa klce jaltura dj tfa splma. Pfa plmilhga wlgg cs tfa rst wly td mdetrdg tfa
`cstrchutcde. Prycen td ra`uma ct ncvas kdra splma td tfa twd flggs le` ct lgsd par-
kcts td mdemacva tfa flgg ls l hcnnar dea. ^a mdesc`ara` ct ls l ragavlet sdgutcde,
hamlusa wa lgral`y fl` l jdyar avae cj tfa ‗ue`ar tfa `dka‛ splma mdug` ha drnle-
cza` cetd tfa tfraa rddks klicen tflt cetarsamtcde kugtc-juemtcdelg.
 Zartcmlg prdnrlk
prdnrlk
Pfa samtcde naearltas l saquaema dj splmas lt `caraet facnft. Pfa gdmltcde dj
l stlcr le` l gc wls l mrctcmlg hut ckpdrtlet kdkaet. ^a ue`arstdd` tflt tfa axcst -
cen tdwar mdug` ha le dppdrtuecty td fdst l gc systak rltfar tfle l stlcr hamlusa
dj cts prdpdrtcdes. Pfa prdoamt dj tfa gc ce Mlrgds Z Rlglma lt tfa Lgflkhrl ce Nrl -
el`l hy Pdrramcggls wls l ndd` rajaraema td cklncea fdw l gc, l tamfecmlg le` mde -
takpdrlry dhoamt mdug` t ce tfa vdc` dj l klsscva tdwar. Mdemarecen tfa stlcr, twd
klce tdpcms wara ragavlet jdr tfa `ascne. Jcrstgy, wa wara tfceicen lhdut puttcen ct
cesc`a tfa flgg le` `ascnecen l kdeukaetlg stlcr. Pfcs c`al `c` edt mdevcema us ha-
mlusa tfa flgg fl` lgral`y l `aea` mdenurltcde le` wa `amc`a` td galva ct jraa
jrdk dtfar agakaets tflt mdug` mflena tfa parmaptcde dj tfa flgg. Pfa twd klce
mflrlmtars dj tfa splma fl` td ha tfa stlna, tfa ruce le` tfa gle`smlpa. Mdesc`arcen
tfa kdst juemtcdelg sdgutcde jdr tfa splma, tfa gc tdwar fl` td ha mdeeamta` fdrc -
zdetlggy wctf tfa trlesapt td ralmf lt tfa rst ddr tfa kugtc-purpdsa splma wctf
l wlgiwly suspae`a` de tfa dg` Mflpag dj ]letl Gumcl. Ls tfa mflpag cs mdemacva`
ls le aetrlema, tfa stlcrs sucta` ce tfa vastchuga le` ct cs `rlwe ls plrt dj tfa gc–s
wlgiwly. Ce tfcs wly tfa mflrlmtar dj tfa mflpag ls le aetrlema cs akpflscza` le`
tfa vartcmlg `cstrchutcde systak wdri ls dea.
îl`a. (J2<) Ledtfar mflrlmtarcstcm dj tfa Mfcasl
@crutl tflt plrtcmuglrgy ceuaema` tfa rst lp-
lp -
prdlmf wls tfa klsscvaeass dj tfa wlggs le` Hlscgcml Rlggl`cel ” pgle
LMS∓828<   <13
Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde
vaetcde le` tfa axcstcen mfurmf. (J28.2-28.<-28.0) Lt tfa slka tcka tfa pdsctcde dj
tfa stlna fls haae `csmussa` ls l mfdcma tflt drnlecsa tfa klce flgg. Lgwlys tfcei-
cen lhdut tfa mdesaquaemas naearlta` wctf tfa aetrlema le` tfa samtcde `avagdp-
kaet, wa wara trycen td klia ct juemtcdelg le` mdetrdg tfa elrrltcva saquaema dj
tfa splmas sumf ls l wly dj axparcaema tfa lu`ctdrcuk, tfa ruce le` tfa gle`smlpa.
^a avlgulta` tfraa `caraet pdsschcgctcas. Pfa rst dea cemgu`a` tfa stlna ce tfa
cetarsamtcde dj tfa trlesapts, tfa samde` ce tfa lpsa (ce tfcs rst twd mfdcmas wa
prasarva` tfa trl`ctcdelg drcaetltcde dj tfa mfurmf), le` tfa glst dea wctf tfa stlna
de tfa klce jlîl`a, dvarturecen tfa `cramtcde dj tfa smaea.
Pfa turecen pdcet fls haae td cetanrlta tfa aetrlemas systak ce tfcs
`ascne pflsa le` ce plrtcmuglr tfa pra-axcstcen mflpag dj ]letl Gu-
mcl de tfa edrtf sc`a. ^a ue`arstdd` jrdk l scta vcsct tflt tfa mdk-
prassa` splma dj tfa mflpag `asarva` l wdrtfy rdga. Ct mdug` mralta
l pgalslet ltkdspfara wfcga aetarcen tfa hucg`cen jrdk tfa vcgglna
scta. Ct wdug` ha kdra cetcklta le` saquaema` aetrlema ce mdkplrc-
sde wctf tfa dea de tfa klce jlîl`a le` saaka` td t prdpargy td
elrrdw le` `dkastcm straats ralmfcen tfa hucg`cen jdrk tfa rurlg
scta. Pfa raprasaetltcva aetrlema cestal` cs gdmlta` de tfa gdwar
ddr de tfa sdutf sc`a dj tfa mfurmf. Pfa mdeeamtcde dj tfa twd ae-
ae-
trlemas naearltas l `cstrchutcde hle` wctf tfa alst trlesapt ls kd-
kaet dj trlesctcde. Pfay iaap tdnatfar tfa aetrlemas le` haflva ls
l jdyar td lmmass tfa klce flgg.
Pfa scta vcscts flva haae `dea pfyscmlggy le` kley tckas. ^a `c`e–t nd td vcsct tfa
scta degy ce tfa rst plrt dj tfa prdoamt. Pfa kdra usajug vcscts wara tfa deas `urcen
tfa `ascnecen prdmass. Ct wls l usajug kdkaet td avlgulta ce scta tfa dptcdes wa
fl` haae `csmusscen hajdra. Avae cj wa gcia` tfa `caraet dptcdes jdr tfa aetrlemas,
jdr axlkpga tflt parkct td aetar jrdk tfa maetrlg lxcs dj tfa splma de tfa klce jl-
îl`a, wa ue`arstdd` tflt wa fl` td raeduema td tfdsa c`als. Ct fagpa` us td mdka
td tfa mdemguscdes tflt l kdra saquaema` aetrlema wdug` ha kdra cetarastcen jdr
tfa vlgua dj tfa gltarlg splmas. Pfa scta vcsct fls haae l kdkaet tflt mflena` dur
c`als hut nlva us l mgalrar `cramtcde. Aetar tfa klce flgg jrdk tfa sc`a ts wagg wctf
tfa c`al dj flvcen twd pdgas, tfa stlna de tfa edrtf le` tfa gle`smlpa ce tfa sdutf,
cestal` dj mdkprasscen tfa twd kdkaets ce tfa splma dj `a lpsa.
Pfcs pdglr systak fls lgsd l pdsctcva mdesaquaema de tfa samtcde. Ls tfa stlna le`
lgg tfa sarvcmas lra stdmia` ce l sdgc` vdguka tflt ggs tfa vdc` de tfa ueecsfa`
mdrear, naearltcen tfa axpamtltcde dj tfa avdmltcva vdguka dj tfa cesc`a, tfa vcaw
tdwlr` tfa gle`smlpa cs ga jraa. Pfa rst ddr lgsd haeats jrdk tfa pdsctcde dj
tfa stlna ls ct hamdkas l sdrt dj hlgmdey hatwaae tfa smaea le` tfa gle`smlpa.
Pfa drcaetltcde dj tfa stlna, tfa aetrlema systak le` tfa samtcde lrtcmugltcde flva
haae tfa iay mfdcmas de wfcmf wa `avagdpa` tfa aetcra prdnrlk dj tfa lu`ctdrcuk.
Pfa lrtcmugltcde dj tfa prdnrlk fls haae `rlwe ce `atlcgs ce tfraa kdkaets mde-
marecen tfa klce flgg, tfa samtcde prdnrlk le` tfa raprasaetltcva aetrlema le`
sarvcmas. Ce tfcs rst `ascne plrt, wa klcegy usa` 8@ @rlwcens, ce plrtcmuglr tfa gde-
gde -
nctu`celg samtcde, td ue`arstle` tfa ragltcde hatwaae tfa ruce le` tfa eaw cetar-
vaetcde. Ct gat us nura dut, jdr axlkpga wfcmf wara tfa rajaraema fdrczdetl
fdrczdetlgg gceas
sunnasta` hy tfa ruce tflt wa mdug` usa td t tfa eaw `ascne le` usa tfa samtcde td
axprass ls kdra ls pdsschga dur cetaetcdes.
LMS∓828<   <:<
Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde
dr`celry agakaet. Pfa kugtcjuemtcdelg rddk cs le l``ctcdelg splma
l``a` td tfa prdnrlk tflt mle fdst `caraet ice` dj juemtcde. Ct fls
l vcaw de tfa klce flgg de dea sc`a le` le lmmass td l pledrlkcm tar-
rlma tdwlr`s tfa gle`smlpa de tfa dtfar. Pfa tarrlma mdug` lgsd wdri
ls l splma wfcmf mle axple` td tfa dutsc`a tfa lmtcvcty dj tfa kugtc-
purpdsa splma. Jrdk tfcs gavag l gcealr maetrlg stlcr gal`s td tfa ue-
axpamta` lgg-rdue`a` tarrlma ue`ar tfa `ruk dj tfa `dka. Pfa var-
tcmlg `cstrchutcde cs mdemacva` ls l pltf tfrdunf `caraet kdkaets
td ralmf avary splma. Ct mraltas l saquaema le` aelhgas axparcaema
tfa ruce le` ragltcdesfcp wctf tfa gle`smlpa le` tfa vcgglna ce `cj-
jaraet wlys, ls sdkatfcen td `csmdvar. ^a lgwlys tfdunft lhdut tfa
aetrlema le` tfa axct dj almf splma td ue`arstle` fdw tfa saquaema
wdris. Ce tarks dj kltarclgcty tfa `caraetcltcde dj tfa `cstrchutcdes
agakaets ls stlcrs uscen Mdrtae fagpa` us td klia ct ramdneczlhga le`
`alg wctf tfa kltarclgcty dj tfa axcstcen ruce.
Klce aetrlema
Pfa klce aetrlema de tfa gdwar ddr trcas td rausa le` ncva `cnecty td
tfa kdra sarvlet splmas de tfa straat ‗Zclga `aggl Xascstaezl‛ wfcmf
rues lgden tfa sdutf sc`a dj Nrdttdga. Pfa maetrlg aetrlema gal`s td
l stlcr ce tfa rddk de tfa ga. Pfa vcsctdrs mdug` tlia tfa stlcrs le` lr -
rcva lt tfa uppar ddr wltmfcen tfa Zlgga `ag Hlsaetd. Pfa lrrcvlg splma
cs l tarrlma mdeeamta` td tfa trlesapt tflt fls l rdga dj jdyar.
Xaprasaetltcde
Dur klce purpdsa wls td raprasaet tfa c`al ce tfa mgalrast pdsschga wly tflt wdug`
trleskct td tfa ral`ars wfcmf wara tfa kdst ckpdrtlet tdpcms dj tfa prdoamts. Ls splmas tflt wara kdra ckpdrtlet jdr tfa prd-
wa fl` td `agcvar degy dea L<, wa fl` td mfddsa jaw `rlwcens tflt mdug` syetfa- nrlk le` sfdwa` tfa tfaka dj tfa `ascne aj-
scza tfa aetcra prdoamt. Pfa kdra tamfecmlg `rlwcens, ls pgle le` samtcde, try td jamtcvagy. ^a `amc`a` td l`` l kdra smfakltcm
`asmrcha tfa eaw le` tfa axcstcen plrt dj tfa prdoamt le` tfacr kutulg cetanrltcde plrt td raprasaet tfa sdutf jlîl`a le` ce `atlcg
ls wagg ls sfdw tfa juemtcdelgcty dj tfa splmas. Pfa `atlcgs dj tfa axcstcen ruce wara tfa rdga dj tfa plmilhga wlgg ce `aecen tfraa
ckpdrtlet. ^a wara trycen td `rlw tfak ce l wly tflt wcgg aelhga c`aetcmltcde. mdenurltcdes. Pfa glst smfaka wls ckpdrtlet
Jurtfarkdra , lt tfa slka tcka t fay sfdug` flva fl` sckcglr nrlpfcmlg qulgcty le` td axpglce tfa mdemapt dj tfa cetarvaetcde le`
ckpdrtlema. Pfcs stlrts wctf tfa quastcde, wfcmf wls tfa fcarlrmfy hatwaae tfa varcjy ct lt tfa ae` dj tfa `ascne prdmass. Ct fls
plrts dj tfa `rlwcen4 Pfa gdenctu`celg samtcde hattar axpglce fdw tfa prdoamt `alg haae usajug trycen td syetfascza lgg tfa prdmass
wctf tfa ruce, tfa prdnrlk, le` tfa gle`smlpa, tfae tfa trlesvarslgs deas kdra ce oust tfraa staps, hdtf jdr tfa prasaetltcde dj
usajug ce `atlcg smlga. L pramcsa prdnrlk wls raglta` td tfa pgles td klia ue`ar- tfa prdoamt le` jdr us ls l elg varcmltcde.
stle` fdw wa wdria` de tfa ncvae prdnrlk le` fdw tfa juemtcde dj almf splma cs
sdgva`. Ct wls ckpdrtlet jdr us td klia tfa prdoamt mdkprafaeschga degy hy ral`cen ^a fl` tfa dppdrtuecty td l`` l taxt dj `a-
tfa `rlwcens. smrcptcde. Ct fls haae le ckpdrtlet kdkaet td
klia ue`arstle` tfa elrrltcva dj tfa prdoamt
Dea dj tfa kdst assaetclg tdpcms wls tfa ragltcdesfcp hatwaae tfa avdmltcva vdg- vdg - le` cetanrlta tfa `rlwcens wctf tfa kcsscen ce-
uka le` tfa ruces. Pfa twd axtarcdr cklnas flva haae usajug td axpglce fdw tfa jdrkltcde. Pfa dtfar wrcttae plrt wa mdug` l``
prdoamt cs trycen td `amglra ctsagj strdengy ce sdka pdcets le` td ha kdra scgaet jrdk wls tfa tctga dj tfa prdoamt. Ls tfa prdoamt wls
dtfar pdcet dj vcaws. Pfa slka cklnas try td axpglce tfa `duhga smlga ragltcde- `agcvara` wctfdut tfa pdsschcgcty dj axpglcecen
sfcp wctf tfa mdetast, tfa `dkastcm dea dj Nrdttdga le` tfa wc`a dea dj Zlgga `ag ct le` ce tfcs tarks mdevcema, l pramcsa le` aj-
 Pfa dutsc`a stlcr hrcens jrdk tfa aemgdsa le` cetcklta splma dj tfa mflpag td tfa
wlgiwly tflt farlg`s l pledrlkcm vcaw le` gal`s td tfa mdkprassa` splma ce
tfa uppar ddr dj tfa trlesapt lmmasscen tfa kugtc-purpdsa splma. Pfa stlcr fls
haae sdgva` hy cetanrltcen ce tfa `ascne tfa `cstrchutcde dj tfa agavltdr le` ls le
Hlsaetd. Pfa stlrtcen pfdtds jdr tfa cklnas fl` haae `dea wctf l `rdea, ct turea` jamtcva tctga wls l ndd` wly td prasaet tfa prd-
dut td ha usajug jdr l pglma gcia Nrdttdga. ^a gcia tfa c`al dj uscen tfdsa pfdtds td  oamt jdr l rst scnft ou`nkaet.
raprasaet ce tfa hast wly tfa ruce. Pfa cetar cdr cklnas raprasaet tfa twd kdra
scnecmlet le` mflrlmtarcstcm splmas dj tfa `ascne trycen td axprass tfa taescde
hatwaae tfa eaw cetarvaetcde, tfa ruce, le` tfa gle`smlpa. ^a mfdsa tfa twd

<:8 LMS∓828< LMS∓828<   <:=

 
<st prcza

M
prdoamt elka ME^ cs gdmlta` strltancmlggy ce tfa falrt dj Dsgd, Edrwly.

Mugturlg Maetra L`olmaet td tfa ckpdrtlet jarry le` mrucsa tarkcelgs,

tfa scta dars trakae`dus =:2-`anraa vcaw tdwlr`s tfa
jdr Edrwancle eltura, fcstdrcmlg `cstrcmt le` tfa eaw hlr-md`a `cstrcmt. Ce tfa
gdmltcde wctf tfa huscast pcars ce Dsgd, tfa scta fls hamdka l pd -
^ltarjrdet taetclg pdcet dj lttrlmtcde jrdk tfa sal lmtcvctcas ls wagg ls dtfar
plrts dj tfa mcty.

#D]GDMLGG
lutfdrs
Olaeas Hden Edrwly cs vary-wagg iedwe wctf cts prasarva` elturlg rcmf-
\uaael ^len eass le` fls hamdka cts tdurcsk wle`argust. Lstdecsfa` hy
Kcen Psa Gce cts kduetlces le` wltarjlggs axparcaema ce wcetar, tfa `ascne

]tlrt Jdr Plgaets Mdkpatctcde Cvle Mfc

Fden Iden
cetaet cs td ra-amfd tfa trlcg axparcaema ce Edrwancle kduetlce
le` mdejrdeta` hy tfa elturlg jrdzae cmy wltarjlgg. MME^ jdmus
de prdvc`cen tfa klxckuk dj mcvcm splmas le` axparcaetclg odur-
eay jrdk nrdue` td tdp rddj tarrlma wfcmf cs lmmasschga lt `cj-
Pfa cetaetcde dj dur mdetasts cs td dpae le cetareltcdelg `ahlta ce wfcmf jaraet gavags. Pfa klce prdnrlkkas sumf ls gchrlry, axfchctcde
stu`aets jrdk `caraet mugturas mle mdejrdet le` sfdw d tfacr tlgaet. Ct cs splmas le` lu`ctdrcuk lra lgsd lrrlena` nrl`ulggy stlmicen up
ckpdrtlet tflt yduen prdjasscdelgs hucg` l vlgulhga pdrtjdgcd td mdkpgakaet td 8:k rddj tarrlma gavag jrdk tfa nrdue` darcen tfa hast vcaws
tfacr trlcecen sicggs td sat up l prdjasscdelg jutura
jutura hlsa` de sdgc` sicggs. dj Dsgd. Hdtf dut`ddr mcvcm splmas ce l jdrk dj rddj gle`smlpa

le` ce`ddr prdnrlkkas lra wagg cetarmdeeamta`. Pfasa aga-

Pfa mfdcma dj pglmas de wfcmf td cetarvaea, lmmdr`cen td dur kcsscde, kust eavar kaets lra wrlppa` aganletgy wctf kdedgctfcm mrystlggcza` nglss
gdsa scnft dj tfa c`aetcty dj tfa pglmas9 almf prdoamt kust raprasaet
raprasaet le agakaet dj jlîl`a le` vartcmlg jalturas aeflemcen tfa drelkaet qulgcty dj
ragluemf jdr lhle`dea` lrals wfara ct cs eamasslry td ncva l eaw cetarpratltcde td jrdzae wltarjlgg. Pfa vartcmlg jalturas lgsd sarva ls sfl`cen es
gdmlg fcstdry. DsgdMlgg, cs l mdetast ce wfcmf tfa plrtcmcplets wara lsia` td tfcei hut yat tfa jlml`a cs vary trlesplraet. Pfa hucg`cen nadkatry
dj l Mugturlg Maetar, l mdetakpdrlry fuh ce wfcmf lrmfctamtura mdug` hamdka sgdwgy akarnas jrdk tfa nrdue` up klricen cts prasaema ls eaw
l mdetlcear dj cetaggamtulg stckugc ce tuea wctf tfa jarkaet tflt mflrlmtarczas dea cmde jdr l mugturlg maetra ce Dsgd. Ce sukklry, tfa prdoamt ctsagj
dj tfa mlpctlgs ce nraltar trlesjdrkltcde. <== prdpdslgs wara avlgulta`, 3 prdoamts axprassas tfa mdg`eass de tfa axtarelg sfagg kckcmicen tfa cmy
tflt `asarva` td ha cemgu`a` ce tfa elg rleicen? tfa prdoamts tflt wa mdesc`ara` wltarjlgg le` tfa wlrkeass ce tfa cesc`a, wctf sd gle`smlpa
wdrtfy flva dara` jdd` jdr tfdunft tflt cs edt usulg hut mlplhga dj ka`cltcen tarrlmas gcia tfa kagtcen sedw ce tfa kduetlce–s vlggay.
wctf tfa trl`ctcde dj tfa pglma. Lttaetcde td cetarelg le` axtarelg rdutas, tfa mfdcma
dj ceedvltcva kltarclgs le` tfa `yelkcm `ascne dj tfa vdgukas wara tfa vlguas
tflt wa kdst lppramclta` ce tfa sagamta` prdpdslgs.

Pfa wceecen prdoamt, scnea` hy yduen lrmfctamts jrdk tfa Fden Iden lral, stdd`
dut jdr cts lhcgcty td ncva tfcs kugtcjuemtcdelg maetar kalecens le` aqucpkaet ce gcea
wctf tfa `akle`s dj tfa mdkpatctcde. Cts cklna, tdtlggy nglza`, rajars td tfa sflpa
dj l nglmcar, fara prdtamta` hy l samde` sice ce wdd`ae sglts eamasslry td klia tfa
mdkpdsctcde kdra drnlecm le` mfleeag tfa elturlg gcnft cewlr`s. @duhga-facnft
rddks `dkcelta tfa maetrlg splma wfcga tfa cetarelg pltfs lra cetarrupta` hy rast
pdcets tflt hamdka dhsarvltcde pdcets de tfa pledrlkl pglma` lt `caraet facnfts.
Pfa lrtcmclg gcnftcen tflt mdkas dut dj tfa wce`dws ce tfa avaecen cggukceltas tfa
aetcra eacnfhdrfdd`, le ce`ustrclg lral tflt wcgg lttrlmt eaw vcsctdrs hy prdkdtcen
tfa mdeeamtcde hatwaae tfa mcty maetar le` tfa suhurhs dj tfa mcty. Pfa nrlpfcm
smfaka dj tfa prdoamt pleag sfdws juemtcdelg nrlpfcms, pgleckatrcm `rlwcens le`
=` ramdestrumtcdes wfcmf, ce tfa vcscde dj tfa prdoamt ls l stdry, klia mgalr t fa
`ascnears cetaetcdes. Xaspamt jdr trl`ctcde le` jdr tfa pglma lra tfa vlguas tflt wa
saai wctfce almf dj dur mdkpatctcdes le` wfcmf jdr DsgdMlgg flva prdkpta` us td
ramdnecza ce tfa lwlr`-wceecen prdpdslg tfa dea dj nraltast vlgua.

<:0 LMS∓828< LMS∓828<   <:1

<st prcza <st prcza

Pfa mcvcm odureay stlrts jrdk tfa lrtcmclg glia lt tfa jddtfcgg wctf le
dut`ddr lkpfctfaltra jdr puhgcm saltcen le` dmmlscdelg dut`ddr
parjdrklemas. Jurtfar up td nraae tarrlmas, vcsctdrs wcgg stdp hy lt
tfa vcawcen `ami wctf `cramt lmmass td G= klce axfchctcde flgg pra-
juemtcde. Mdetceucen up de tfa wast sc`a, tfara cs l trlcg wctf sarcas
dj saltcen lral wctf vcaw tdwlr`s pcars le` fcstdrcmlg `cstrcmt. Lt tfa
eaxt `astceltcde, tfa vcsctdrs lrrcva lt tfa samrat nlr`ae plrtclggy ae-
mgdsa` hy axtarelg nglss jlml`a9 akhaggcsfa` wctf Edr`cm tlgg traas
le` galvcen l murcdscty jrdk tfa straat vcschcgcty. Pfa samrat nlr`ae
cs lmmasschga td tfa lu`ctdrcuk gavag le` juemtcde ls le axtaescde
dj tfa dut`ddr pra-juemtcde. Ls tfa odureay ndas de, tfa vcsctdrs - -
elggy lrrcva lt tfa fcnfast pdcet dj rddj tarrlma. Pfcs cs tfa mgcklx
dj odureay darcen tfa =:2-`anraa vcaw td tfa mcty dj Dsgd. Pfa tdp
rddj tarrlma cs plrtclggy prdtamta` hy tfa jlîl`a de tfa ]^ le` EA
prdtamtcen ct jrdk tfa `dkcelet wce`s. Ct dpaes up tdwlr`s tfa sal
de tfa ]A le` tfa ]aetruk de tfa E^.

@aspcta tfa prdnrlkka stlmicen lrrlenakaet, tfa cetarelg mcrmu-

gltcdes lra iapt acmcaetgy axchga. Pfrdunf tfa puhgcm splma, tfa
vcsctdrs aetar td tfa gdhhy, darcen l nrle` vdguka dj ltrcuk wctf
mljã gduena le` saltcen lral lt tfa nrdue` gavag. Pfa stappcen hlg-hlg -
mdecas lt tfa lrrcvlg gdhhy ncva l elturlg saesa dj wly-e`cen td tfa
dtfar prdnrlkkas? gchrlry lt G8, axfchctcde flggs wctf glhdrltdrcas
lt G= le` lu`ctdrcuk lt G0 le` G1. Pfa vartcmlg mcrmugltcdes sumf
ls gcs stdp lt avary gavag jrdk H8 td G1. Lgtareltcvagy, le axprass
gc cs lgsd prdvc`a` jdr puhgcm td nd up `cramtgy td tdp rddj tarrlma.
Pfcs gc dmmlscdelggy mdug` lgsd sarva ls tfa lu`ctdrcuk lrtcst hlmi -
stlna aetrlema jrdk hlsakaet gavag. Pfa cetarelg puhgcm mcrmugltcde
lgden tfa dutar jlîl`a gats vcsctdrs aeody tfa Dsgd vcaw jrdk cesc`a
tfa hucg`cen. Pfa tckhar cetarcdr ecsf `dkceltas tfa splma td ce- ce-
trd`uma l sd le` wlrk wagmdkcen ce tfa cesc`a ls wagg ls td tfa
dutsc`a.
 <:: LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< <:>

 
8e` prcza 8e` prcza

prdoamt elka

Jdrtrass
dj Mugtura
lutfdrs
Zlgaetcel ]mclmml
Jrlemasmd ]ckdece
Kll Hsâ
Ctlgy

P
fa fypdtfascs dj dur `ascne lrcsas jrdk tfa `ascra td
lssckcglta le` racetarprat tfa nuras le` pcamas dj lr -
mfctamtura tflt mflrlmtarcza tfa Dsgd wltarjrdet. Pfa
`ascne prdmass wls tfarajdra hdre jrdk tfa c`al dj lelgyzcen
tfa kalecen le` tfa mdescstaemy dj tfa pdrt lral le` sal pdrts
ce naearlg, mdetrlsta` wctf tfa eltura dj tfa fcstdrcm mcty ” tfa
jdrtrass le` hlstcde.

Pfa hgae`cen dj tfasa twd ‗dppdscen‛ glenulnas prasaet ce tfa

mcty dj Dsgd cs edt degy hlsa` de tfa kcxtura dj kltarclg le`
jdrks le` cs plrtcmuglrgy vcschga ce tfa lral dj tfa Zcppatlen-
ilcl prdoamt.

Pfa nuras le` pcamas dj lrmfctamtura tflt lmmdkpleca` dur

`ascne prdmass lra tfa jdrtrass le` tfa mdetrdg tdwar. Pfa jdr-
trass, tfa hlstcde le` tfa jdrtcmltcdes lra tfa rajaraema le`
c`aetcmltcde pdcet dj tfa fcstdrcm mcty, akpflscza` hy tfa
`dkcelet klss, tfa kltarclgcty, tfa mdkplmteass dj tfa dhoamt
le` tfa sdgc` lttlmfkaet td tfa nrdue`. Pfa mdetrdg tdwar, pdrt
strumtura le` rajaraema pdcet jdr elvcnltdrs, lra, de tfa mde-
trlry, ‗apfakarlg‛ strumturas tflt wdri wctf gcnft le` wfcmf,
tfleis td ‗trlesplraemy‛ le` gcnftcen systaks pglma` lt tfa
tdp, gddi gcia l gcnftfdusa ” l nulr`cle dj tfa sal.

Pfa prdoamt hlscmlggy mdescsts dj tfraa plrts tflt lra ce mde-

tceudus `clgdnua hatwaae almf dtfar. Pfa glrna hlsa fdusas
lgg cetarcdr rddks? flgg, lu`ctdrcuk, le lral jdr pfdtdnrlpfcm
axfchctcdes, glhdrltdrcas le` raglta` sarvcma lrals, aemgdscen
l puhgcm nraae mdurtylr` dpae td tfa mcty, pglma` lgden tfa pltf
tflt c`aetcas tfa klce lxcs dj tfa mcty - sal mdeeamtcde. Pfa
hlsa mdvar cs l mdetceucty dj tfa axtarelg mdurtylr` gdmlta` de
tfa nrdue` ddr wfcmf `avagdps tfrdunf l wc`a rlkp uetcg ct
hamdkas l pledrlkcm tarrlma le` l puhgcm squlra lt fcnf lgtc-
tu`a. Pfa tarrlma dvargddis tfa hlr le` rastlurlet mdetlcea`
wctfce tfa twd tdwars (wfcmf lra kl`a up dj dcmas, tfa gchrlry
le` tfa ral`cen rddk lt tfa tdp).

<:6 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< <:3

8e` prcza 8e` prcza

Pfa tdwar, wfcmf lrcsas jrdk tfa glrna

hlsa, spgcts tdwlr`s tfa tdp le` ha-
mdkas trlesplraet ce l wly tflt nulr-
letaas tfa pledrlkcm vcaw tdwlr`s tfa
sal , wfcmf cs suppdsa` td rasakhga tfa
gcnftfdusaa pdrt.
gcnftfdus

Pfa prdoamt wls tfarajdra hdre ls l ju-

scde hatwaae tfa twd rajaraema pdcets
dj l pglma tflt, lghact mdetrlstcen ce
sflpa le` klttar, raprasaet le` c`ae-
tcjy tfaksagvas ls ‗gle`‛ le` ‗klrcea‛
agakaets. Pfa mugturlg maetar tfrcvas
de tfcs `duhga sdug le` tfcs mdetceudus
`clgdnua tflt tlias pglma hatwaae tfa
twd glenulnas wfara tfa hlsa klta-
rclg, strdengy lttlmfa` td tfa nrdue`, cs
trlesjdrka` le` `avagdpa` cetd facnft
ls l gcnftfdusa dpae td tfa sal. Gle`
le` sal, jdrtrass le` gcnftfdusa ” tfay
wdri tdnatfar td jdrk l mdkpgax cklna
tflt racetarprats tfa ‗lemcaet‛ typdgdny
tflt flva lgwlys hrdunft tfa lrmfctam-
tura dj tfa mcty td gcja.
 <>2 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< <><

 
=r` prcza =r` prcza

prdoamt elka

XltgoÝ
Xltgo Ýst
lutfdrs
Zardecml Lrplcl
Letdeced Mlrc`c
`lv mlslg
]cgvcl Mdmdr`l
Ctlgy

D
sgd cs dea dj tfa kdst aearnatcm le` `avagdpa` Au-
rdpale mctcas dj dur tcka, jrdk fcstdry td ceedvltcva
mucscea, jrdk tfa ag` dj jlsfcde le` lrt td kuscm.
@aspcta tfa prasaema dj sdka dj tfa kdst ckpdrtlet Aurdpale
gle`klris, tfa mcty klelnas td klcetlce l rajrasfcen mgdsa-
eass td eltura tflt jaw dtfar mlpctlgs mle kltmf.

Xasugtcen jrdk l mlrajug raamtcde de tfa scta le` vlrcdus sun -

nastcdes prdvc`a` hy tfcs edrtfare Aurdpale mcty, tfa prdoamt
lcks td mralta l juemtcdelg le` ceedvltcva mugturlg maetar tflt
`clgdnuas de dea sc`a wctf tfa urhle plrt le` de tfa dtfar
dea wctf tfa halutcjug wltar kcrrdr wfcmf ct jlmas. Pfa c`al
wls hdre ce dr`ar td mralta edt degy l hucg`cen tflt fdsts le
lu`ctdrcuk le` sdka axfchctcde rddks, hut l pglma tflt,
tfleis td tfa mdetaxt ce wfcmf ct cs cesarta`, mle ha le cespcrl-
tcde jdr leydea wfd gcvas tfara.

Pfa mdemapt cs vary sckpga, `rcvae hy twd maetrlg tfakas.

Jcrst ”tfa mcty td tfa edrtf, jrdk wfcmf tfa stlcrwly hances,
gal`s td l tarrlma de wfcmf ct cs pdsschga td aeody tfa spgae`c`
vcaw dj tfa Edrwancle jodr`s. ]amde` ” tfa plrtcmuglrgy ce`us-
trclg pdrt jddtprcet dj tfa scta, aspamclggy tfa ckpdscen hucg`cen
 oust td tfa sdutf dj tfa scta.
scta. Pfcs ga`tfa prdoamt td `avagdp tfa
tfa
klce juemtcdes lgden twd pltfs - td aemdurlna tfa lmmass td
tfa elturlg gcnft ce rddks sumf ls axfchctcde flggs, glhs le` gc-
hrlry, hut lgsd td aesura tflt tfa gle`smlpa lmmdkplecas vcsc-
tdrs cesc`a tfa maetar.
Jcelggy, tfa vdguka dj tfa sdgc` le` ckpdscen lu`ctdrcuk lt
tfa maetar dj tfa mdkpgax, lgkdst gcia le lrk tflt stratmfas
dut tdwlr`s tfa mcty, cevctas vcsctdrs td lppramclta, ce lgg cts
jdrks, le` axprasscde, tfa lrt cesc`a.
Pfa dutar sfagg cs mflrlmtarcza` hy l gukcedus jlml`a `dea klcegy ce nglss, mdvara` hy le cr-
ranuglr parjdrlta` lgukcecuk sfaat. Ct trlesgltas cetd l `duhga parkalhga sice tflt pglys wctf
tfa gcnft cesc`a tfa splmas le` aercmfas tfa parspamtcvas tdwlr`s tfa dutsc`a. Pfcs mceakltcm
lpprdlmf pglys wctf tfa kdvakaet le` tfa dw dj tfa ]ilnarrli. Pfa degy axmaptcde cs tfa
mdemrata wlggs dj tfa lu`ctdrcuk, wctf tfa lkhctcde dj akpflsczcen tfa ckpdscen mflrlmtar
le` klicen l mdetrlst wctf tfa gcnfteass dj tfa jlml`a tflt lgkdst aetcragy mflrlmtarczas tfa
hucg`cen.
Pfa pltf cesc`a cs `ascnea` ce sumf l wly tflt leydea aetarcen, cs wagmdka` hy l glrna le`
hrcnft flgg wfara tfara cs splma jdr tfa `cecen lral, wfcmf sarvas tfa aetcra strumtura. Pfa
`cstrchutcde cs lrtcmuglta` ce le aganlet le` wc`a mcrmuglr stlcrmlsa lmmdkpleca` hy twd agavl-
tdrs tflt rue lgden tfa aetcra hucg`cen up td tfa tarrlmas. Lgg dj tfa juemtcdelg splmas dj tfa
lu`ctdrcuk, sumf ls sarvcmas, mgdlirddk, `asi le` l tarrlma, wfcmf cs gdmlta` hagdw tfa stlggs,
lra drnlecza` de tfa uppar ddr dvargddicen tfa mcty.
Ndcen up wa e` l gchrlry wctf cts dwe sarvcmas le` l `cecen rddk, sdka axfchctcde rddks

<>8 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< <>=

=r` pr
 p rcza =r` prcza

mdeeamta` td tfa uppar ddr, almf wctf tfacr glhdrltdrcas le` tfa dcmas
tflt tlia mlra dj tfa klelnakaet dj tfa aetcra strumtura. Martlcegy, tfa
juemtcdelg lspamt fls edt ndea cetd tfa hlminrdue`9 ce jlmt, tamfecmlg
splmas raqucra` hy tfa prdnrlk le` splmas jdr gdncstcms lra gdmlta` de
tfa nrdue` ddr.

Pfa prdoamt lcks td ha l plrt dj l kugtcmdgdra` gle`smlpa, oust ls tfa dea

ce Dsgd, wfcmf puts lrt le` mugtura ce tfa rst pglma, hy edt degy prdpdscen
eaw lrmfctamturlg c`als, hut lgsd prdkdtcen splmas le` cemuhltdrs dj eaw
lrtcstcm jdrks td mdetrchuta, ce cts dwe wly, td tfa mugturlg `avagdpkaet
dj tfcs wde`arjug mcty.
 <>0 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< <>1

Fdedrlhga Kaetcdes

lutfdr lutfdr lutfdrs lutfdr

Pckur Xlzlidv Klrclk _agcknar Ratrds ]tlvrlics Gdraezd Klnncd
Xusscl Xusscl Igaletfc Eadigadus Ctlgy
Myprus

lutfdr lutfdr
Lnrledvsilyl @lrcl @clel Nlecavl
Xusscl Xusscl

<>: LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< <>>

Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde

Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde

lutfdrs
Olaeas Hden, \uaael ^len, Kcen Psa Gce, Cvle Mfc
Fden Iden

Pfa talk hlminrdue`s
Dur talk cs hlsa` ce Fden Iden ]LX hut wa lra lgg jrdk `caraet mugturlg hlmi- hlmi-
nrdue` le` mduetry drcnce. Iedwe ls tfa Lscl–s cetareltcdelg elemclg fuh, Fden
Iden fls lgsd hamdka l nlta dpae td tfa wdrg` tlgaets. Pfa talk kat lt wdripglma
le` ranuglr wdrisfdp fl` haae mde`umta` tfrdunfdut tfa `ascne prdmass. Avary
`csmcpgcea mrdssa` dvar td prdpdsa leytfcen jdr tfa ndd` slia dj tfa prdoamt. Pfara
wls ed gckct dj lna, axpartcsa dr parsdelg styga. Hut dea tfcen tflt cs ckpdrtlet td
tfa talk cs raspamt. Pfa talk gal`ar wdug` lmt ls l gal`ar `cramtcen le` l `amcscde
kliar, wfcga tfa dtfar kakhars wcgg ha tfa talk pglyar. Pfa kutulg ue`arstle`-
cen cs assaetclg.
Ls wa lgg iedw tflt Fden Iden ]LX cs l `avagdpa` katrdpdgctle mcty wfara l gle`
cs vary vlgulhga. Mdvara` hy kdstgy fcggs le` kduetlces, l uslhga lt gle` cs rlra.
mdetaxt surrdue`cen
dr mrucsa. Pfa lral cs ce`aa` tfa mrucsa tarkcelg pdrt. Oust
gcia l typcmlg mrucsa pdrt urhle glydut, wctfce 812k rl`cus,
tfara lra? hus cetarmflena, glrna prcvlta mlr plri gdt, jarry
pcars, mdkkarmclg astlhgcsfkaet wctf dcmas, tdurcstcm lt -
trlmtcde sumf ls fcstdrcmlg hucg`cens, puhgcm wltarjrdet le`
tfa mrucsa tarkcelg ctsagj. ^ctfce 122k rl`cus, ct mdvars rasc-
`aetclg lral, MH@ lral, Dsgd maetrlg trlce stltcde, Dsgd dparl
fdusa le` Fdva`dyl tfa Slmft Mguh Csgle` de tfa sdutf sc`a.
Jrdk urhle parspamtcva, ct cs l fcnfgy vcscta` lral wctf vary
fcnf padpga trlcm.
Rrdoamt pdsctcdecen le` vcscde
Pfa cectclg prdnrlkka prdpdslg jrdk tfa drnleczar ls par hagdw?
Flgg? <22 sqk + Lu`ctdrcuk? 122 salts + 8 Axfchctcde flggs jdr tak -
pdrlry pfdtdnrlpfcm axfchctcdes? <22 sqk jdr almf dea + 8 Glhd -
rltdry (pcmtura le` smugptura)?
smugptura)? <22 sqk jdr almf dea + Gchrlry? =22
sqk + Mdaa splma? 822 sqk + Pamfecmlg rddk (jdr wltar le` HDF
klmfcea rddks) <22 sqk + < puhgcm tdcgat jdr pgle? = jdr kle, = jdr
wdkle, < jdr `cslhga` + 0 Dcmas? 82 sqk almf rddk + @rasscen
rddk jdr stl?12 sqk + Nraae puhgcm lral? jraa td prdpdsa.
^ctf aetfusclstcm jaagcen jdr tfa jutura `avagdpkaet dj Dsgd, tfa

Ce l pglma gcia tfcs, wa lra dae pusfa` td tfcei vartcmlggy ce le dptcklg wly. Ls  Mdetaxt surrdue`cen
l talk tdwlr`s tfcs kce`sat, wa vlgua puhgcm splma jdr mdkkuecty usa ce ley mcr- Dur talk `csmusscde wls ga` td tfa quastcde dj wfatfar dr
mukstlemas. ^a hagcava tflt dur hlminrdue` lamts tfa mflrlmtarcstcm le` kce` - edt tfara cs l pdtaetclg jutura ra`avagdpkaet lrdue` tfa
sat dj avary `ascnear, aspamclggy de fdw wa mdejrdet tfa mflggaenas le` prdvc`a scta. ^a hagcava` tflt dur vcscde eaa`a` td ha hrdl`ar tfle
tfa sdgutcdes.  oust wflt
wflt td hucg`de scta. Pf
Pfaa Dsgd dparlfdusa fls hamdka
hamdka
tfa klce lttrlmtcde pdcet, aspamclggy jdr leydea wfd lrrcvas
Hagdw lra tfa mrctcmlg pdcets ls dur katfd`dgdncmlg prdmass de fdw td lrrcva td tfa ce Dsgd hy trlce le` lgsd mdevaecaetgy lmmasschga jrdk tfa mcty
`ascne `amcscde? maetra. De tfa dtfar fle`, tfa klce mrucsa pdrt cs oust flgj
icgdkatra lwly. Pfa wltarjrdet prdkael`a lrdue` tfa Dsgd
• Mdetaxt ue`arstle`cen dparl fls haae `avagdpa` jdr vcsctdrs le` mdkkuecty. Pfa
• Rrdoamt pdsctcdecen le` vcscde prdkael`a murraetgy stdps lhruptgy lt tfa hus cetarmflena.
• @ascne strltany Gddicen lt tfa paecesugl, ct cs flr` td cnedra tfa jlmt tflt
• Mdemapt le` lppgcmltcde tfara lra `astceltcde pdcets jdr vcsctdrs sumf ls tfa ndurkat
talk strdengy hagcavas tflt tfa dpae splma jdr puhgcm cs tfa assae-
tclg iay pdcet td tfa prdoamt. Hajdra prdmaa`cen wctf tfa `ascne,
tfa jdggdwcen pdcets lra iay jlmtdrs tflt wa eaa` td tlia cetd lm-
mduet?
• Plrnat lu`caema? ^fd lra tfa pdtaetclg usars ce tfa jutura4
• Rrdoamt pdsctcde? ^flt cs tfa pdsctcde dj tfcs mugturlg maetra4
• Qrhle raspdesa? Fdw td lvdc` hgdmicen tfa vcsulg le` pfysc-
mlg mdeeamtcde wctf tfa prasaema dj tfa eaw hucg`cen4
• Rrdpdsa` sdgutcde? Fdw td elrrdw `dwe kugtcpga c`als4
Plrnat lu`caema
Pfa Dsgd mrucsa pdrt lttrlmts edt degy `dkastcm vcsctdrs hut lgsd

Mdetaxt ue`arstle`cen
Pfa mdkpatctcde scta cs gdmlta` ce Dsgd, lt tfa sdutf sc`a dj tfa mcty maetra. Pfa scta
cs murraetgy usa` ls l mlr plri gdt jdr padpga wfd wcgg eaxt mdkkuta wctf hus, jarry
klriat, jarry stltcde le` tfa ylmft mguh. Dur mdemguscde ha -
gcavas tflt tfara sflgg ha l klodr ra`avagdpkaet td mdetceua
tfa wltarjrdet prdkael`a lgg tfa wly jrdk Nlkga Dsgd (Dg`
Mcty dj Dsgd) td tfa mrucsa tarkcelg. Pfarajdra, tfcs jlmtdr wcgg
ha le ckpdrtlet pdcet td pdsctcde le` `aea tfa jutura mug- mug -
turlg maetra hucg`cen.
cetareltcdelg vcsctdrs. Kley dj tfak lra jrdk tfa eacnfhdurcen
mduetrcas gcia Narkley, @aeklri, ]wa`ae, Rdgle`, atm. Pfa pdrt
le` tfa maetrlg trlce stltcde lra saae td ha l trlesct pdcet jdr tfak
hajdra tfay flva td mdetceua tfacr mdkkuta td tfa mcty maetra dr

<>6 LMS∓828< LMS∓828<   <>3

Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde

dtfar plrt dj Edrwly. Ct mdug` ha hy jarry, hus dr hy trlce. Pfa `dkastcm jddt prcet ls kumf ls pdsschga le` prdhlhgy tfa hucg`cen kust ha ls
vcsctdrs lra klcegy tfa gdmlgs jrdk tfa csgle`s, wfd mdka hy jarry le` tfa trlesplraet ls pdsschga td lggdw lt galst mglrcty td l vcsulg mdeeamtcde td
gdmlgs jrdk dtfar mctcas tflt mdkkuta wctf hus le` trlce. Ls tfara lra ndv- tfa wltarjrdet. De tdp dj ct, wa fl` td ncva kdra naeardus puhgcm splma
arekaet hucg`cens, mdkkarmclg dcmas, tdurcstcm lttrlmtcdes, le` rasc`aem-
rasc`aem - le` tfa degy pglma td `d tflt wdug` ha de tdp dj tfa hucg`cen. Ls tfa
as, tfa ralsde dj vcsct mdug` ha vlrcdus gcia husceass kaatcens, wdripglma, cectclg prdnrlkka cs edt ncvcen ley gckct td tfa dpae splma, tfae, wa
tdurcsk, nrdmarcas, le` trlesct pdcet. `amc`a` td sle`wcmf tfa hucg`cen wctf mcvcm splmas. Ct wls ce`aa` le
lkhctcdus lpprdlmf le` wa fl` td klia ct wdri.
Rrdoamtpdsctcde
Hy ue`arstle`cen tfa tlrnat lu`caema dj tfa mugturlg maetra, tfa talk Rrdpdsa`sdgutcde
stlrta` td hrlce-stdrk de wflt sdrt dj mcvcm splma jdr puhgcm tflt wa mle Rrcdr td dur ranuglr wdrisfdp, tfa talk fl` `dea sdka qucmi siatmfas
cetrd`uma tflt cs vary lmmasschga, jrcae`gy le` ha l `astceltcde jdr lgg ice` jdr sarcas dj c`al de fdw td fle`ga tfa sdgutcde. Ct wls dea dj tfa cetar-
dj lu`caemas. Pfa hucg`cen wcgg sarva edt degy cetrd`umcen tfa mugturlg lm- astcen kaatcens ls wa elggy lrrcva` de tfa lrmfctamturlg prdpdslg. Pfa
tcvctcas le` lgsd tfa elturlg sc`a pragckcelry c`al wls td agavlta avarytfcen le` flvcen tfa hucg`cens sct
dj Edrwly. ^a lgsd galret tflt de tfa pcgdtcs, lggdwcen jugg dpae splma de tfa nrdue` gavag. ^a tfdunft
tfa gdmlg Edrwancle gdvas axpgdr- tflt ct wls l gcttga utdpcl le` tdd gctarlg
cen ce eltura ce wfcmf tfay dae ls sdgutcde. Ct saaka` tflt wa jdmusa`
spae` tcka `urcen tfacr tcka-d. tdd kumf de tfa mcvcm splma wfcga tfa
^fy edt prdvc`cen l vary eltu- hucg`cen axparcaema wls edt juggy mdesc`-
rlg splma gcia l kcec jdrast wfara ara`. Pfa eaxt lttakpt wls td lssura, ce
padpga mle nat gdst le` jdrnat jdr plrlggag, tflt tfa aetrlema td tfa hucg`-
l kdkaet tflt tfay lra ce l mcty4 cen cs yat vary wagmdkcen.
^a lnraa` de cetrd`umcen kug-
tcpga dut`ddr-ce`ddr cetarlmtcde Dur elg mrctarcl dj hucg`cen wls td lggdw
splmas, splmas jdr padpga td rast, tfa aetrlema td tfa gdhhy td ha maetrlg-
axpgdra le` `csmdvar wctf saesa cza` le` lmmasschga, tfa stlrt dj odureay
dj `astceltcde le` lmfcavakaet. td tfa kcec jdrast fl` td ha wagmdkcen
hut yat mraltcen sdka ice` dj kystary
Qrhle raspdesa le` l `astceltcde tflt cs hraltf-tlicen
Pfa scta cs murraetgy usa` ls td vcsctdrs.
l mlr plri gdt. Ra`astrcles usa ct
td wlgi tfrdunf td tfa wltarjrdet.
Pfa dtfar haeat dj murraet stlta @ascne ]trltany
dj tfa scta cs tflt ct cs akpty le` Pfa talk stlrta` td tfcei fdw td icmi
dpae hamlusa tfara cs ed hucg`cen d tfa `ascne le` klsscen strltany jdr tfa prdoamt. ^a wara klcegy
scttcen de ct yat. L eaw hucg`cen gddicen cetd tfa prcklry le` samde`lry lmmasschcgcty td tfa mrucsa le` cectclg =@ kd`ag stu`y de mdetaxt kd`ag
tflt akarnas ce tfa kc``ga dj le jarry tarkcelg hamlusa naearlggy tflt wls tfa icmi d pdcet. Gltar wa
akpty splma cs sdkatckas ranlr`a` ls l sagsf pcama dj dhoamt, tflt ce sdmc - jdue` dut tflt tfa ndvarekaet hucg`cens le` kusauk lgden tfa prc-
siatmf de tfa hdlr` `urcen `csmusscde
aty padpga–s ayas, ct wcgg degy flrk cts surrdue`cens. Pfae, fdw td prdpdsa klry lmmass rdl` de tfa wast sc`a dj tfa scta wls de `caraet spdt gavag
l hucg`cen tflt haeats avaryhd`y4 ce facnft wfcmf mraltas l wlgg. Pflt wdug` kale tflt edt kley padpga
wdug` wlgi lgden tfa pa`astrcle sc`a. Pfa degy pa`astrcle dw jrdk
Lgtfdunf, tfa scta cs gdmlta` dvar 1222 kcgas lwly jrdk Fden Iden, tfa tfa wast wls prdhlhgy jrdk tfa hcia plricen. ^ctf tfcs ue`arstle`cen,
talk ranuglrgy cetae`a` td saai l taetltcva sdgutcde lrdue` tfak. Ls dea klce padpga dw wdug` flppae klcegy jrdk tfa alst le` sdutf wctf
dj mctcas ce tfa wdrg` wctf l ramdr` dj `akdgcsfcen le axcstcen hucg`cen td tfa prasaema dj wltarjrdet prdkael`a, hus cetarmflena, jarry tarkcelg
rahucg` sdkatfcen kdra prdtlhga, Fden Iden fls mralta` l wly dj sd- le` mrucsa tarkcelg.
mlgga` l wce-wce `alg sdgutcde? cj ydu wlet td tlia sdkatfcen tflt cs mdesc`-
ara` vlgulhga jrdk sdmcaty, ydu kust ncva kdra tfle wflt tfay axpamt. Pfa Pfa scta dars l =:2 `anraa lklzcen vcaw. Ct `das edt degy dar tfa sal
dea-kcggcde-`dgglr quastcde cs fdw td `d tflt td tfcs scta4 vcaw hut lgsd tfa fcstdrcmlg qulrtar dj Dsgd, Mcty maetra wctf tfa eaw
MH@ lral (tfa Hlr Md`a) le` lgsd sarcas dj csgle`s. Lgg ce lgg, tfa scta scts
Pfa rst ralmtcde wls tflt wa fl` td ncva hlmi tfa gle` td tfa padpga hy de tfa mrucsa pdrt lral wfcmf tfa wfdga `avagdpkaet cemgu`cen tfa mcty
iaapcen ct akpty le` dpae. Hut fdw4 Rrdhlhgy ct wls hy kceckczcen tfa maetra cs `avagdpa` hamlusa dj tfa prasaema dj tfa pdrt. Lplrt jrdk

<62 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< <6<

Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde

flvcen l maetrlgcza` aetrlema td tfa hucg`cen, wa `amc`a` td flva tfa puhgcm ncle eltura le` edt leywfara agsa. Edrwly
splmas de tfa nrdue` le` tfa rddj tdp td ha jlmcen tfa sdutf alst mdrear. Radpga cs vary-wagg iedwe wctf cts prasarva` elturlg
ckka`cltagy ralgcza tfa klce vcaw dj tfa lral cs lgden tfa paecesugl a`na le` rcmfeass le` fls hamdka cts tdurcsk wle`ar-
wflt wa wdug` gcia td dar wls l hrdl`ar vcaw jrdk l fcnfar pdsctcde wfcmf wls gust. Lstdecsfa` hy cts kduetlces le` wltar-
de tfa rddj. jlggs axparcaema ce wcetar, tfa `ascne cetaet cs
td ra-amfd tfa trlcg axparcaema ce Edrwancle
Pfa cectclg prdpdsa` prdnrlkkas wara qucta sckpga le` mgalr. ^a hanle td kduetlce le` mdejrdeta` hy tfa elturlg jrd-
`cstcenucsf wfcmf prdnrlkkas wls tfa Jrdet dj Fdusa (JDF) le` wfcmf deas zae cmy wltarjlgg. MME^ jdmus de prdvc`cen
wls tfa Hlmi dj Fdusa (HDF) cemgu`cen gdl`cen le` uegdl`cen (G/QG) lral ce tfa tfa klxckuk dj mcvcm splmas le` axparcaetclg
hlsakaet. Pfae, wa sdrta` tfa JDF splmas hlsa` de wflt ice` dj axparcaema  odureay jrdknrdue` tdtdp rddjtarrlmawfcmf
tflt wa wdug` ncva td tfa jutura usars ce tfa hucg`cen. Lgsd, wa ieaw tflt tfa cs lmmasschga lt `caraet gavags. Pfa klce prd-
prd -
`astceltcde prdnrlkka fara wls tfa lu`ctdrcuk flgg9 tfarajdra wa put ct de tfa nrlkkas sumf ls gchrlry, axfchctcde splmas
tdp ddr. le` lu`ctdrcuk lra lgsd lrrlena` nrl`ulggy
stlmicen up td 8:k rddj tarrlma gavag jrdk
^a stlrta` td tfcei almf prdnrlkka gcia l hgdmi glc` de tfa nrdue`. ^ctf tfa tfa nrdue` darcen tfa hast vcaws dj Dsgd.
mdemapt dj klxckczcen tfa G< nrdue` gavag td ha ls akpty le` dpae ls kumf Hdtf dut`ddr mcvcm splmas ce l jdrk dj rddj
ls pdsschga, wa `amc`a` td flva degy tfa aetrlema le` dtfar eamasslry dea td gle`smlpa le` ce`ddr prdnrlkkas lra wagg
ha lt G< gavag. Dtfar prdnrlkkas fl` td dlt ce tfa lcr. ^ctf tfa c`al dj hrcen - cetarmdeeamta`. Pfasa agakaets lra wrlppa`
cen padpga td tfa tdp dj tfa hucg`cen, wa stlmia` tfa hgdmis gcia staps wctf tfa aganletgy wctf kdedgctfcm mrystlggcza` nglss jlîl`a le` vartcmlg jalturas aeflemcen
lu`ctdrcuk td ha lt tfa tdp ls `astceltcde prdnrlkka. Fara lra tfa kdra `atlcg tfa drelkaet qulgcty dj jrdzae wltarjlgg. Pfa vartcmlg jalturas lgsd sarva ls sfl`cen elgcza` =@ lrmfctamturlg kd`ag
lrrlenakaet dj tfa prdnrlkkas le` tfakas dj gle`smlpa nlr`aes? es hut yat tfa jlml`a cs vary trlesplraet. Pfa hucg`cen nadkatry sgdwgy akarnas
jrdk tfa nrdue` up klricen cts prasaema ls eaw cmde jdr l mugturlg maetra ce Dsgd. Ce
• G<, tfa nrle` aetrlema gdhhy lssdmclta` wctf l mljã (alsy lmmass jdr ratlcg sukklry, tfa prdoamt ctsagj axprassas tfa mdg`eass de tfa axtarelg sfagg kckcmicen
tflt cs lmmasschga jrdk cesc`a le` dutsc`a). HDF l`kce dcma splma cs put tfa cmy wltarjlgg le` tfa wlrkeass ce tfa cesc`a, wctf sd gle`smlpa tarrlmas gcia tfa
d scnft jrdk tfa puhgcm le` lmmasschga jrdk tfa stl aetrlema lt tfa hlmi kagtcen sedw ce tfa kduetlce–s vlggay.
dj tfa hucg`cen.  
• G8, tfa gchrlry lssdmclta` wctf puhgcm tdcgat (alsy lmmass jdr tfa rst puhgcm Pfa mcvcm odureay stlrts jrdk tfa lrtcmclg glia lt tfa jddtfcgg wctf le dut`ddr lkpfc - Xaklris
lkaecty prdnrlkka mdesc`arcen ic`s le` l`dgasmaets ls klodrcty dj tfa tfaltra jdr puhgcm saltcen le` dmmlscdelg dut`ddr parjdrklemas. Jurtfar up td nraae Ls wa kaetcdea` lt tfa hanceecen dj tfcs
klsscen stu`y de prdnrlkk
prdnrlkkas
as
jutura usars). tarrlmas, vcsctdrs wcgg stdp hy lt tfa vcawcen `ami wctf `cramt lmmass td G= klce axfchc- lrtcmga, wa hagcava tflt savarlg jlmtdrs
• G=, tfa axfchctcde flggs le` mgdlirddk lssdmclta` wctf tdcgat le` HDF lm- lm- tcde flgg pra-juemtcde. Mdetceucen up de tfa wast sc`a, tfara cs l trlcg wctf sarcas dj wcgg ceuaema almf `ascnear–s katfd`dg-
katfd`dg -
mass `cramt jrdk tfa G/QG lral ce tfa hlsakaet. Pfa ltagcar dr glh jdr smugp- saltcen lral wctf vcaw tdwlr`s pcars le` fcstdrcmlg `cstrcmt. Lt tfa eaxt `astceltcde, dny, pfcgdsdpfy le` hagcaj ls l `ascne lp-
tura le` pfdtdnrlpfy lra gdmlta` jurtfar `dwe ue`ar tfa lu`ctdrcuk flgg. tfa vcsctdrs lrrcva lt tfa samrat nlr`ae plrtclggy aemgdsa` hy axtarelg nglss jlml`a9 ak- prdlmf. Dur `ascne lpprdlmf cs td prdpdsa
@cramt lmmass cs pdsschga hy axprass gc wctf stl-degy lmmass mlr`. haggcsfa` wctf Edr`cm tlgg traas le` galvcen l murcdscty jrdk tfa straat vcschcgcty. Pfa l `ascne prdmass tflt mdevarna l elrrltcva

• G0 le` G1, tfa lu`ctdrcuk le` tfa jdyar lssdmclta` wctf tdcgat HDF lmm lmmass
ass samrat nlr`ae cs lmmasschga td tfa lu`ctdrcuk gavag le` juemtcde ls le axtaescde dj tfa wctf katlpfdr. ^a stlrta` hy ue`arstle`-
`cramt jrdk tfa G/QG lral ce tfa hlsakaet. Ce l``ctcde, tfa jdyar cs axtae`- dut`ddr pra-juemtcde. Ls tfa odureay ndas de, tfa vcsctdrs elggy lrrcva lt tfa fcnfast cen fdgcstcmlggy lhdut tfa scta surrdue`cen
lhga td tfa dutsc`a nlr`ae wfcmf mle ha usa` dmmlscdelggy jdr tfa axtaescde pdcet dj rddj tarrlma. Pfcs cs tfa mgcklx dj odureay darcen tfa =:2-`anraa vcaw td tfa le` cts mugtura. Dur jdmus de l prdoamt cs td
dj martlce avaet. mcty dj Dsgd. Pfa tdp rddj tarrlma cs plrtclggy prdtamta` hy tfa jlîl`a de tfa ]^ le` EA put tfa puhgcm mcvcm splma ls l prcdrcty. ^a
• Ruhgcm nlr`aes le` dpae splmas, l odureay cs elrrlta` jrdk G< lgg tfa wly td prdtamtcen ct jrdk tfa `dkcelet wce`s. Ct dpaes up tdwlr`s tfa sal de tfa ]A le` tfa hagcava tflt tfcs cs l iay agakaet de fdw td
tfa rddj tdp. ^a prdpdsa` tfa dpae lkpfctfaltra saltcen lral lt G<, fcicen ]aetruk de tfa E^. ckprdva tfa mdeeamtcvcty hatwaae tfa sur-
trlcg axparcaema nlr`ae tflt mdeeamts td tfa G= axfchctcde flgg jdyar, samrat rdue`cens. ^a akpflscza de tfa elrrltcva
jdrast nlr`ae lssdmclta` wctf l mljã-rastd tflt mdeeamts td G0 lu`ctdrcuk @aspcta tfa prdnrlkka stlmicen lrrlenakaet, tfa cetarelg mcrmugltcdes lra iapt aj-  odureay wctfce tfa prdnrlkka
prdnrlkka cetargceicen
jdyar le` elggy tfa rddj tdp nlr`ae wctf =:2 vcaw dj Dsgd. mcaetgy axchga. Pfrdunf tfa puhgcm splma, tfa vcsctdrs aetar td tfa gdhhy, darcen l wctf tfa dut`ddr splmas.
nrle` vdguka dj ltrcuk wctf mljã gduena le` saltcen lral lt tfa nrdue` gavag. Pfa
Mdemaptle` lppgcmltcde stappcen hlgmdecas lt tfa lrrcvlg gdhhy ncva l elturlg saesa dj wly-e`cen td tfa dtfar Jdr us, ct cs lgwlys jue td plrtcmcplta ce tfa
MME^ stle`s jdr Mugturlg Maetra jdr Edrwancle ^ltar. ^a `c` flva l flhct td prdnrlkkas? gchrlry lt G8, axfchctcde flggs wctf glhdrltdrcas lt G= le` lu`ctdrcuk c`al mdkpatctcde ls ct cs l wly td axprass
lhhravcltaa ley ice` dj `asmrcptcva elkas. Edt degy ct cs sckpga hut lgsd mle ha
lhhravclt lt G0 le` G1. Pfa vartcmlg mcrmugltcdes sumf ls gcs stdp lt avary gavag jrdk H8 td G1. ydur `ascne katfd`dgdny le` pfcgdsdpfy
 qucta mltmfy. Dur wceecen prdoamt fls haae iedwe ls MME^. Cj ydu edtcma tflt Lgtareltcvagy, le axprass gc cs lgsd prdvc`a` jdr puhgcm td nd up `cramtgy td tdp rddj hafce` l prdoamt, hatwaae axparckaetlg
wa lgsd mralta` l gcttga gdnd tflt wa glc` de tfa tdp rcnft mdrear dj tfa hdlr`. tarrlma. Pfcs gc dmmlscdelggy mdug` lgsd sarva ls tfa lu`ctdrcuk lrtcst hlmistlna ae-
ae- le` prlmtcmlg. Le c`al mdkpatctcde cs, ce
Ct cs l sklgg adrt le` yat ckpdrtlet td flva lu`caema lttaetcde td tfa mdkpatc - trlema jrdk hlsakaet gavag. Pfa cetarelg puhgcm mcrmugltcde lgden tfa dutar jlîl`a l wly, mflggaencen hamlusa ydu mdkpata
tcde hdlr`. Jdr tfa mdemapt dj tfa `ascne, wa cetae`a` td gale tdwlr`s sdka- gats vcsctdrs aeody tfa Dsgd vcaw jrdk cesc`a tfa hucg`cen. Pfa tckhar cetarcdr ecsf wctf padpga tflt cs edt gckcta` hy lna, hlmi-
tfcen tflt stcmis td tfa c`aetcty dj Edrwly, sdkatfcen tflt axcsts ce tfa Edrwa- siatmf jdr tfa hucg`cen jlîl`a cetaet `dkceltas tfa splma td cetrd`uma l sd le` wlrk wagmdkcen ce tfa cesc`a ls wagg ls nrdue` le` prdjasscdelgcsk.
td tfa dutsc`a.

<68 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< <6=

 
<st prcza

prdoamt elka

Parrlma` Zceaylr`s
Fdstag
lutfdrs
Hlrhlrl Jdesaml
Odld Lcras Eavas
Jrlemcsmd Ndkas
Mlrdgcel Mglrd
Rdrtunlg

Cespcrltcde Fdstag
]
urrdue`a` hy kduetlces le` eastga` lgden tfa edrtfare

Mdkpatctcde 8282 hleis dj Glm Gãkle, tfa Zceaylr` Fdstag akarnas ce tfa kc` -
`ga dj tfa sw dj Glvlux.

Hgleiatcen tfa fcggs oust kceutas dutsc`a twd pcmturasqua vcgglnas, tfa
vceaylr`s lra cemra`chga tarrlma` ag`s dj nrlpavceas. Pfcs wcea ra -
Pfa purpdsa dj tfa mlgg wls td aemdurlna ceedvltcva prdpdslgs, mdkkctta` tdl ncde–s cemdkplrlhga haluty nuassas td ha tfa parjamt pglma td ramde-
strltany dj ckpgakaetcen muttcen-a`na, mdetakpdrlry lrmfctamtura ce l eltu- mcga gacsura wctf rajuna ce l mdestlet sdmclg, tdpdnrlpfcm le` elturlg
rlg aevcrdekaet, wctf lpprdlmfas tflt gal` td syearncas hatwaae tfa mdetaxt ce-hatwaaemde`ctcde.
le` tfa hucg`cen ctsagj.

Ls almf yalr, tfa mdkpatctcde wls dpae td lgg lrmfctamts, `ascnears, lrmfctamtura
stu`aets le` td padpga lrdue` tfa wdrg` cetarasta` ce tfa tdpcm. Mdkpatctdrs
mdug` suhsmrcha ce`cvc`ulggy dr ls l talk dj klxckuk dj 1 padpga. Pfcs yalr, tfa
mdkpatctcde ramacva` <<: prdpdslgs jrdk kdra tfle 82 `caraet mduetrcas.

^a ramacva` l gdt dj cetarastcen c`als dj splmas tflt prdkdta l `aap ue`arstle`cen

le` lssckcgltcde dj eltura. Pfa oury jdmusa` ce sagamtcen prdoamts tflt gal` tfrdunf
tfacr lrmfctamtura td saesctcvcty, lwlraeass, ue`arstle`cen, aetfusclsk le` mdk-
kctkaet td tfa elturlg aevcrdekaet lrdue` tfak.

<60 LMS∓828< LMS∓828<   <61

<st prcza <st prcza

^cea qulgcty lsc`a, dvargddicen tfa glia wctf tfa Jraemf Lgps ce tfa `cs-
tlema, ct cs tfa stueecen vceaylr`s tfaksagvas tflt lra tfa klodr `rlw.
Pfcs ramtcgcealr hut drnlecm `ascne, ce tarrlmas tflt jdrk `caraet pgl -
talus, lggdws tfa xltcde dj l prdnrlkka tflt cetae`s td ha l ratralt
mlplhga dj `algcen wctf tfa splmas dj dea dr kley, wctf tfa c`al dj
rajuna dr mdevcvclgcty.

Pfa fdstag, ls le aqucpkaet, cs hdre tlicen l`vletlna dj tfasa facnft

`caraemas. Cj tfa mcrmugltcde cs kl`a ce l mdestlet prdkael`a ha- ha -
twaae tfa wlggs tflt `agckcts tfa tarrlmas, tfa rddks lra hdre hurca` ce
tfak, pursucen tfa c`al dj sfagtar. Pfa mdkkde splmas akarna jrdk
tfa alrtf le`, ce dppdsctcde, lssuka tfaksagvas ls gle`klris ce tfcs
tamtdecm gle`smlpa.
 <6: LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< <6>

<st prcza <st prcza

Pfa vlrcdus rddks, wfcmf saak td ha smlttara` tfrdunfdut tfa tarrctd-

ry, lra drnlecsa` de l scenga edrtf-sdutf lxcs, ce l mdetceudus wlgg tflt
mdeeamts tfa glia td tfa kduetlce, fcarlrmfczcen tfa `caraet prcvlmcas
le` usas dj tfa splma. Pfa rddk dj scgaema cs tfa axmaptcde? jrlka` hy
tfa jdrast, ct cs tfa splma tflt cs sdunft hy eamasscty le`, ls sumf, eaa`s
cts dwe pltf mlplhga dj mraltcen pfyscmlg le` kaetlg `cstlema.

Ct cs l pglma tflt lggdws savarlg pdsschcgctcas. Pd ha up, `dwe, lmmdk-

pleca`, lgdea, ce praplrltcde, ce prd`umtcde. Fara, tfa mymga dj Eltura
cs tfa karncen hatwaae tfa prd`umtcva mymga dj wcea le` tfa mraltcva
mymga dj tfa lrtcst. Oust gcia wcea, tfa lrtcst eaa`s ndd` sdcg, ndd` tralt-
kaet, csdgltcde le` rast.

<66 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< <63

 
8e` prcza 8e` prcza

prdoamt elka

\ultra Mdurts
lutfdr
Olspar vle Qctart
Pfa Eatfargle`s

^
fae tfa rst mdurtylr` wls jdue`a` ce tfa jdur-jdur -
taaetf maetury ce tfa Eatfargle`s, l gden lrmfc-
tamturlg trl`ctcde hanle. ]cema tfae, tfa mdurtylr`
fls haae plrt dj tfa @utmf hucg`cen mugtura le` tfa typdgdny
fls prdvae ctsagj ls l sustlcelhga jdrk dj gcvcen. L mdurtylr`
mle hast ha `asmrcha` ls l mgdsa`, nraae gcvcen aevcrdekaet
wctf sklgg fdusas lrdue` le ceear nlr`ae wctf l mdkkuelg
aetrlema. Hucgt ce axcstcen hgdmis, tfasa mdurtylr`s jdrk le
dlscs dj mlgk ce tfa mcty. L parsdelg cetarast ce tfcs jdrk dj
fduscen wls tfa ralsde td jurtfar `avagdp tfcs typdgdny ls le
cespcrltcde fdstag. Lar lgg, tfa typdgdny cs parjamt jdr l qucat
le` cespcrcen aevcrdekaet lwly jrdk tfa fustga le` hustga
dj tfa mcty.

Le lssakhga` mdurtylr` cs `ascnea` ce l typcmlg hucg`cen hgdmi

ce tfa <>tf Odr`lle `cstrcmt ce tfa mcty dj Lkstar`lk. Jdur
mdurtylr`s lra cetrd`uma` ls mlrrcar dj tfa fdstags `ascne.
Pfa `ascne fls l raprasaetltcde dj typcmlg @utmf fdusas jlm-
cen tfa straats, tfa mdurtylr`s flva l trl`ctcdelg mflrlmtar. Jl-
ml`a lrtcmugltcde le` vlrcltcdes ce rddj sflpa ncva tfa `ascne
l ral`lhga smlga. Almf mdurtylr` mdescsts dj l sklgg eukhar
dj fdusas tflt raprasaet tfa fdstag rddks. Mdkhcea` wctf l
(sakc) puhgcm juemtcde, tfay `atarkcea tfa usa le` mflrlmtar
dj tfa mdurtylr`s? lrt, gacsura, stu`ycen, kuscm le` ka`ctltcde.
Pfa mdurtylr`s juemtcde ls nltfarcen lrals le` tfarajdra sarva
ls tfa fdstags gcvcen rddks.

^ctfce l mdfaraet mdgdur smfaka, vlrcltcdes ce vdguka, rddj

sflpa, `atlcgs le` jlml`a dpaecens mraltas `caraet mdurtylr`
mflrlmtars. Pfa jlml`as lra `ascnea` wctf tfa trl`ctcdelg aga-
kaets dj pgcetf, kc``ga samtcde le` mrdwe. Mdeeamtcde wctf
 tfa @utmf hucg`cen trl`ctcde cs kl`a hy uscen tfa trl`ctcdelg
le` gdmlg kltarclgs dj klsdery le` elturlg stdea. @caraemas
ce tfa `atlcgcen dj tfa cetarcdr (pgcetf, macgcen kdug`cen, kltarc-
lg) ncva tfa `caraet rddks tfacr dwe mflrlmtar wfcmf kltmfas
tfa mflrlmtar dj tfa mdurtylr`s.

<32 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< <3<

8e` prcza 8e` prcza

<38 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< <3=

 
=r` prcza =r` prcza

prdoamt elka

Fdstag de
l Ka`ctarrleale

mdlst
lutfdr
@lvc`a Rcvl
Ctlgy

 L 
rt lcks td ncva us l ngckpsa dj tfa ceecta. Pfa lmt dj klicen
lrt, ce avary jdrk, rakce`s us dj l hcnnar `ckaescde, sdka-
tfcen tflt cs hayde` dursagvas le` tflt wa usulggy strunnga
td saa hamlusa dj dur gcjastyga le` flhcts dr `cstrlmtcdes wa lra sur-
rdue`a` hy.

Pfcs prdoamt try td sflpa l pglma wfara ct cs pdsschga td mdeeamt wctf

tfa rddts dj dur axcstaema, dr lt galst td rakdva lgg tflt cs ueeamas-
slry, ncvcen splma jdr mraltcvcty, cespcrltcde le` mdetakpgltcde. Pfa
fdstag cs gdmlta` de l mdlst dj tfa Ka`ctarrleale ]al hamlusa ct cs
fcstdrcmlggy haae l pglma dj axmflena, dj mugtura, dj axpgdrltcde, le`
hamlusa dj cts elturlg pdatcm qulgcty. Lgg tfa prdoamt cs hlsa` de l :
katars hy : katars nrc`. Pfcs cs vcschga ce tfa nadkatry dj tfa pgle hut
lgsd ce tfa jlml`a. Pfa hucg`cen ctsagj cs mdemacva` ls l prdkael`a
jrdk tfa aetrlema tdwlr`s tfa sal. ^fae aetarcen tfa fdstag, tfara
cs l flgg aegcnftae jrdk lhdva tfrdunf l mcrmuglr dpaecen. Jrdk fara
ct cs pdsschga td lmmass hdtf tfa nlggary le` tfa klce splma rasarva`
td tfa nuasts.

Xddks lra gdmlta` de twd gavags lrdue` tfa maetrlg mdurt. Pfasa lra
mdkpdsa` hy l ha`rddk le` le ltagcar, ce `caraet `ckaescdes le`
gcnft mde`ctcdes td leswar tfa `cvarsa eaa`s dj tfa nuasts. Pfa klce
splma cs l `duhga facnft mdurt wctf jdur pltcds wfcmf aegcnftae tfa ae-
vcrdekaet. Fara lra pglma` tfa gcvcen rddk, tfa ictmfae le` l axchga
splma tflt mle ha `cvc`a` wctf murtlces lgden tfa mdgukes nrc`. Pfcs cs
l huar zdea jrdk tfa dutsc`a td tfa cesc`a le` mle ha usa` jdr nrdup
lmtcvctcas, parjdrklemas le` axmflenas hatwaae lrtcsts. Rlsscen
tfrdunf tfcs glst rddk cs pdsschga td lmmass tfa gchrlry de twd ddrs,
le` l sklgg tueeag tflt gal`s td tfa tfaltar ce jrdet dj tfa sal. Pfcs
cs `ascnea` td ha l splma jdr parjdrklemas le` nrdup lmtcvctcas, ls
 wagg ls jdr mdetakpgltcde. Jcelggy, tfa tarrlma cs lmmasschga jrdk tfa
mdurt, actfar wctf tfa maetrlg stlcrmlsa dr wctf tfa agavltdr eaxt td tfa
aetrlema. De tfa tarrlma tfara lra l mcrmuglr scgaema rddk mgl``a` ce
trlesgumc` nglss le` l squlra nrdup rddk. Edeatfagass, tfa tarrlma
dars l mgalr vcaw de tfa fdrczde.

<30 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< <31

=r` pr
 p rcza =r` prcza

<3: LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< <3>

Fdedrlhga Kaetcdes

prdoamt elka lutfdr prdoamt elka lutfdrs

Le`ral Rcea`l Lrelu` Lndstd, Sdussaj Liicj
Mlsl ]urralgcstl Kaxcmd Xamdequast Jrlema

tfa ltgletciwlgg

prdoamt elka lutfdr

Sleecmi Klrquas ]mfrda`ar
Aetra `ds Xalgc`l`as ]plce

prdoamt elka lutfdrs

Klcidg Raracrl Hagklr
Xasc`aemcl Jagcpa \ucard Ruaetas
`a Lrtcstls Olvcarl Xucz Nuce
Ecmdga Asplrzl Ra`rards
Mfcga

prdoamt elka lutfdrs

Ecmdgl Rltareudstrd, Klrcleel Kaetd
Gl Hlgzlel Ctlgy
 <36 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< <33

Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde

Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde ^a lra cetarasta` ce tfa mdejrdetltcde le` sykhcdscs hatwaae tfa mcty
le` tfa mduetrysc`a. ^a ramurraetgy axpgdra tfa ragltcdesfcp dj lrmfctam-
tura wctf tfa parmaptcde dj tfa rfytfk dj gcja le` tfa mymgcmlg mflrlmtar
lutfdrs dj eltura. ^a mdesc`ar tflt tfasa tfakas lra dae lt tfa hlscs dj tfa
Hlrhlrl Jdesaml, Odld Lcras Eavas, Jrlemcsmd Ndkas, Mlrdgcel Mglrd avdgutcde dj dur tfceicen. ^a dae try td raspde` td tfa ckpdrtlema dj
hdtf, splma le` tcka, hy mraltcen prdoamts tflt mdkhcea c`als dj sus-
Rdrtunlg
tlcelhcgcty, parkleaema le` jraa`dk, lrtcmugltcen le` magahrltcen plst
axparcaemas wctf l mdesmcdus vcscde jdr tfa jutura. Hacen lwlra tflt wa
lra degy lt tfa hanceecen, wa jaag tflt jrdk dur ceaxparcaema kly lrcsa
dppdrtuectcas td jurtfar axpgdrltcde tfa tfakas tflt jlsmcelta us. Pfa
Cespcrltcde Fdstag mdkpatctcde wls dea dj tfak.

 Lhdut us
^a kat `urcen tfa rst yalr dj tfa lrmfctamtura mdursa ce Gcshde lt Cestctutd ]upa -
rcdr Pãmecmd. Hy wflt wa hagcava td ha jdrmas dj mcrmukstlemas, jrdk alrgy de wa
stlrta` td wdri tdnatfar de savarlg dmmlscdes. Pfa `caraet pltfs tflt almf dea
fl` tliae uetcg tfae, ls wagg ls `caraet wlys dj tfceicen, parspamtcvas le` wlys
dj ue`arstle`cen le` lpprafae`cen tfa wdrg`, ae`a` up mdkcen tdnatfar. Jrdk
tfara lrdsa tfa `ascra td salrmf jdr l mdfascva glenulna tflt wdug` raamt lgg tfcs
`cvarscty. Pfa axpgdscde dj c`als le` dpcecdes nlva rcsa td wdris le` wlys dj tfcei-
cen tflt flva klria` dur pltf scema tfa hanceecen. Pfa wcgg td mralta l mdkkde
nrdue` tflt akhrlma` le` cetanrlta` us lgg, wctf
tfa tcka wa ceavctlhgy sflra` (le` stcgg sflra) td-
natfar, nlva rcsa td l strden jrcae`sfcp.
Hasc`as tfa tcka wa gcva` le` sflra` tdnatfar
ce Gcshde, ce tfa lml`akcm aevcrdekaet le` edt
degy, lgsd tfa lutdedkdus axparcaemas tflt almf
dea fl` scema tfae, mdetrchuta` td dur nrdwtf
ls l mdggamtcva. ^a ga jdr Kuecmf le` Glusleea,
wfara wa fl` tfa dppdrtuecty, tfrdunf ce`a-
pae`aet axparcaemas, td stu`y lrmfctamtura le`
gcva ce tfa mctcas `caraet jrdk durs. Cj tfara cs
dea tfcen wa vlgua, ct cs td nat dut dj dur mdk-
jdrt zdea9 td ha mdestletgy mflggaena` le` mde-
Mdetaxt/Rrdmass
Pfa `amcscde td plrtcmcplta ce tfa Cespcrltcdelg Fdstag mdkpatctcde mlka
jrdk tfcs `ascra le` wls `avagdpa` hatwaae Gcshde le` Glusleea, ls
wa wara edt tdnatfar lt tfa tcka. ^a jdue` ct mflggaencen td wdri plrtgy
lt l `cstlema. ^a jdue` dursagvas ce l sctultcde tflt wa tfcei kly ha
ramurraet ce tfa jutura le` wls ckpdrtlet ls le axparcaema. Pfa jraa-
`dk, ls l klce mflrlmtarcstcm dj tfa mdkpatctcde, wls sdkatfcen tflt
mlptcvlta` le` kdtcvlta` us jrdk tfa vary hanceecen, aspamclggy ranlr`-
cen tfa mfdcma dj tfa cetarvaetcde scta. Jurtfarkdra, tfa pdsschcgcty dj
tfceicen lhdut le cetrdspamtcva le` mraltcvaa rajuna jdr lrtcsts lgsd lt-
trlmta` us. ” Rarflps hamlusa wa tfdunft dj dursagvas ls lrmfctamts le`
tfa dppdrtuecty wflt ct wdug` ha td axparcaema le` gcva ce l pglma wctf
tfasa mflrlmtarcstcms.
Pfa kdst `amcscva kdkaet ce dur prdmass wls tfa mfdcma dj tfa pglma
wfara wa wdug` cetarvaea. Pfcs mfdcma lrdsa `urcen salrmfcen jdr
l pglma tflt wdug` hlglema tfa wcgg td axpgdra tfa sykhcdscs mcty/mdue-
trysc`a, le` tfa c`als dj prd`umtcde, raprd`umtcde le` mddparltcde. Ct
wls iedwe tflt tfa tfaka dj lrtcstcm prd`umtcde wdug` ue`argca tfa
wfdga prdoamt. Kdra pramcsagy, tfa mymga dj lrtcstcm prd`umtcde, wfcmf
qucmigy ga` us td tfa mymga dj lnrcmugturlg prd`umtcde le` td tfa rurlg ae-
vcrdekaet ls tfa ugtcklta rajuna dj cetarcdrcty le` cetcklmy. Lar sav -
arlg mdevarsltcdes, `ahltas, le` rasalrmf, wa mlka lmrdss tfa Glvlux
wcea rancde ce ]wctzargle`. Lral cs gdmlta` oust l jaw kceutas lwly jrdk
twd pcmturasqua vcgglnas. Pfcs rancde cs mflrlmtarcza` hy vceaylr`s dr-
nlecza` ce tarrlmas tflt jdggdw tfa sgdpa dj tfa gle` hatwaae tfa kdue-
tlce le` tfa glia. Pfcs pglma raprasaets le ce-hatwaae stlta, mdkhcecen
tdpdnrlpfcmlg le` elturlg ralgcty wctf wflt wa cklncea` td ha l pds-
schga sdmclg mde`ctcde lmfcava` tfrdunf tfdsa wfd wdug` takpdrlrcgy
ceflhct ct. Pfa klce lttrlmtcde wara tfa vceaylr`s drnlecza` ce sgdpas,
lpplraet tarrlmas dj ranuglr le` ramtcgcealr hut sckugtleadusgy drnlecm
`ascne. ^a wara ckka`cltagy `rlwe td tfa cespcrltcde tflt tfcs pglma
mdug` hrcen td tfa lrtcsts plsscen tfrdunf, ls kumf dr avae kdra tfle

jrdeta`. ^a jaag tflt almf dea–s axparcaemas flva
mdetrchuta` scnecmletgy edt degy td tfa wly wa
raglta td almf dtfar hut klcegy td tfa wly wa saa
lrmfctamtura, tfa rdga ct pglys ce dur gcvas le` tfa
pltf wa wlet td jdggdw tdnatfar, tfa jdur dj us.
ct cespcra` us. Pfa wlggs `aecen tfa `caraet tarrlmas lppalra`, ce dur
suhmdesmcdus, ls wlggs tflt mdug` `aea `caraet prdnrlks. Pfa pltfs
mralta` hatwaae tfasa wlggs flva lgral`y sunnasta` `caraet wlys dj
plsscen tfrdunf tfa fdstag. Juscen tfa mymga dj lrtcstcm prd`umtcde wctf
tfa mymga dj lnrcmugturlg prd`umtcde wls wflt nlva kalecen td tfa c`al

822 LMS∓828< LMS∓828<   82<

Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde

dj l fdstag cetanrlta` cetd tfcs gle`smlpa, wfara hdtf sfagtar le` mdevcv- cen dut fdw tfcs c`al mdug` ha kltarclgcza`. ^a usa` l mrdss samtcde dj tfa
clgcty wdug` ha assaetclg mde`ctcdes. Lar mfddscen Glvlux ls tfa stlna tarrlce td ue`arstle` tflt dea dj dur klce dhoamtcvas wdug` ha td mlkdu-
jdr tfa axpgdrltcde dj tfcs fdstag, wa stlrta` cetaesa rasalrmf lhdut tfcs lna tfa mdestrumtcde dj tfa fdstag. Ct mle tlia l`vletlna dj tfa sgdpa le`
rancde. ^a wara lelgyzcen edt degy mugturlg lspamts hut lgsd cts kdrpfd- mralta splmas tflt wdug` degy dmmlscdelggy stle` dut jrdk tfa surjlma, ls
gdncmlg mflrlmtar. ^a `a`cmlta` dursagvas td l stu`y kd`ag dj tfa tarrlce, gle`klris. Pfa raklcecen splmas wdug` ha hucgt cetd tfa tarrlmas. ^ctf ed
wfcmf lggdwa` us td hattar ue`arstle` cts mdestrlcets le` pdsschcgctcas. prdnrlk `aea` yat, tfa pgle wls dutgcea`.
Hasc`as tfa kd`ag, wa mdggamta` lgg tfa agakaets tflt fagpa` us ce hattar
ue`arstle`cen tfa tarrctdry, sumf ls cklnas le` Pfa eaxt pflsa wls td ralgcza tfa splma tflt almf
pgles tflt raprasaeta` tfa rdunf tarrlce. Pfay agakaet dj tfa fdstag wdug` dmmupy. Qscen tfa lr-
gat us syetfascza le` hattar ramdnecza tfa wfdga als pra-`aea` hy tfa mdetast–s leeduemakaet, wa
lral le` cts surrdue`cens. praplra` mdgglnas tflt dvarglppa` tfa pravcdusgy
`aea` cetaetcdes. Pfay wara ls jdggdwcen? tfa mdg-mdg -
^a mlka td savarlg mdemguscdes wfcga rasalrmf- gamtcva prdnrlk wdug` ha `cramtgy l`olmaet td tfa
cen. Cj wa wleta` td cetanrlta le` karna tfa maetrlg lxcs ” ramaptcde, gcvcen rddk, gchrlry, axfchc-
fdstag cetd tfcs gle`smlpa, cetd tfcs wcea prd- tcde nlggary, lkden dtfars9 tfa prdnrlk wctf l kdra
`umtcde systak, wa wdug` lgsd flva td mralta cetarcdr mflrlmtar wdug` kdva lwly jrdk tfa slka
le lrmfctamturlg systak9 le drnlecsk `aea` hy lxcs, lggdwcen jdr kdkaets dj nraltar rajuna ” tfa
sckpga le` mgalr rugas tflt wdug` ha raamta` ce rddks le` nrdup rddks lssdmclta` td almf dea.
cts lpprdprcltcde le` usa. ^a jagt tflt rasdrtcen td tfasa mdgglnas uehgdmia`
`duhts le` rastgasseass tflt wara raklcecen uetcg
Pfcs wls jdggdwa` hy l salrmf jdr axcstcen prd- tfae.
 oamts rajaraemas.
rajaraemas. Pfay lggdwa`
gdwa` us td ue`arstle`
ue`arstle`
fdw dtfar, `caraet wlys dj lpprdlmfcen tfcs Dema lnlce akpflsczcen tfa jraa`dk wa jagt
tfaka fl` haae ralgcza`. L prdoamt hy Mdrracl/ tfrdunfdut tfa mdkpatctcde prdmass, wa `amc`a` td
Xlnlzzc, jrdk 82<:, Lnrdtdurcsk ce Kagnlîd, l`` td tfa prdnrlk martlce agakaets tflt wdug` ncva
axpgdras mflrlmtarcstcms tflt cetarasta` us? tfa mdfascde td tfa wfdga prdoamt. Jdr axlkpga, wa prd-
mdkhceltcde dj l spamcm prdnrlk wctf l rurlg pdsa` tfa wceary `cramtgy gceia` td tfa wcea prd`um-
mdetaxt, mflrlmtarcza` hy vceaylr`s, le` lnrc- tcde ce tflt rancde, ls wagg ls tfa trlce stltcde tflt
mugturlg prd`umtcde splmas `aea` hy wlggs. lgral`y axcsta` le` wfcmf wa `amc`a` td ra`ascne.
Ledtfar prdoamt hy Harnkacstarwdgj Lrmfctaitae Hy cemdrpdrltcen tfak ce tfa prdoamt, wa wdug` mra-
jrdk 82<0 lgsd l``rassas tfasa tfakas suk- lta l pdcet dj lmmass, dj `aplrtura le` lrrcvlg td tfa
klrczcen tfa prdnrlk ce tfa lpprdlmf aetctga` fdstag, ls wagg ls tfa wly td axpdrt wflt wdug` ha
]tumturas ce tfa ]gdpa. prd`uma`tfara.

Lar stu`ycen le` ue`arstle`cen tfa rajar- rajar- Pfa drnlecsk tflt wa cetae`a` td mralta wctf dur ce-
aemas wa fl` lt dur `cspdslg le` wfcmf wa mde- tarvaetcde cs summcemtgy mflrlmtarcza` hy tfraa mymgc-
sc`ara` partceaet ce tfcs mdetaxt, ct wls tcka td mlg le` trlesvarslg pflsas, hdtf ce lnrcmugturlg prd-
kdva jdrwlr` wctf dur lpprdlmf. Ce le lttakpt `umtcde (ce tfcs mlsa wcea prd`umtcde) le` ce lrtcstcm
edt degy td dvarmdka tfa mflrlmtarcstcm sgdpas prd`umtcde, karncen tfak le` klicen tfak suhscst
dj tfcs tarrctdry hut lgsd td usa tfak td dur l`- le` survcva ce tfa slka ag`? l eaw mdkkde ag`.
vletlna. Pfa lcks, dj mdeeamtcen tfa kduetlce Cetrdspamtcde, prd`umtcde, le` sflrcen lra tfa tfraa
td tfa glia le` l trlesvarslg lxcs akarna` td tfa pflsas tflt wa ramdnecza ls klicen up tfcs systak.
`avagdpkaet dj tfa wcea tarrlmas, wara `aea`. Jrdk tfcs lxcs, wfcmf dr - Cetrdspamtcde rajars td l rst kdkaet ce wfcmf almf dea wctf`rlws le`
nlecza` le` stlhcgcza` tfa wfdga lmtcvcty, tfa rast dj tfa prdnrlk wdug` tures td deasagj. Ct cs l kdkaet ce wfcmf tcka plssas sgdwar, ce wfcmf tfa
 akarna. ^a tfus lrrcva` lt tfa rst siatmf. Ct wls l scenga nastura tflt salrmf jdr cespcrltcde mdkhcea` wctf rast le` mlgk sattgas `dwe. Rrd`um-
raprasaets dur klce cetaetcde. tcde tlias pglma lgwlys ce salrmf dj mraltcen sdkatfcen eaw. Pfa wcea le`
lrtcstcm axprasscdes lra tfa klce prd`umts. ]flrcen jdmusas de tfa mdggam-
Jrdk tfae de, wa wara trycen td syetfascza le` kceckcza tfa klxckuk tcva kdkaets ce wfcmf wflt fls haae mralta` cs elggy kl`a iedwe, ce
ckplmt tflt le avaetulg mdestrumtcde wdug` flva de tfcs tarrctdry. ^a kdkaets dj mdenranltcde tflt hrcen tdnatfar lgg tfdsa wfd flva haae
mdetceua`, tfrdunf siatmfas tflt lgwlys raprasaeta` cetaetcdes, nur-
nur - plrt dj tfcs prdoamt. Pfara cs edt degy dea wly td axparcaema tfcs drnlecsk.

828 LMS∓828< LMS∓828<   82=

Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde

Pfasa tfraa pflsas tflt wa cklncea` lra cetarmflenalhga, dar `caraet
jraa`dks le` klia tfcs fdstag l wdrg` tflt avarydea fls tfa pdsschcgcty
td `csmdvar lt tfacr dwe plma. Pfa drnlecsk mralta` fara dars l hlsa jdr
dmmupltcde le` axparckaetltcde, le` jrdk tfara, ley wly dj gcvcen ct cs
aqulggy vlgc`. Pfa kdra `cvarscty le` jraa`dk tflt mflrlmtarczas axpa-
rcaemas, tfa kdra strcicen tfay hamdka.Pfa systak wls mdkpgata. Pfa
mflggaena edw wls td e` tfa hast wly td prasaet le` mdkkuecmlta ct,
hdtf td tfa oury le`, klcegy, td dursagvas.
Rrd`umtcde
@ua td dur nadnrlpfcmlg saplrltcde, ct hamlka avae kdra partceaet td
drnlecza l wdri systak hlsa` de l `cvcscde dj tlsis. Hamlusa sdka dj us
wara wdricen rakdtagy, tfa eaa` td flva l mgalr, strumtura`, le` `cvc`a`
wdri pgle hamlka avae kdra avc`aet le` mrumclg. Ce dr`ar td trleskct
klxckuk aearny cetd tfa prd`umtcde plrt, ct wls ckpdrtlet td astlhgcsf
l sdrt dj hlsa ce Gcshde, wfara wa `avagdpa` tfa mdra dj dur c`als le`
wfara wa stlrta` prd`umcen tfa pfyscmlg agakaets, gcia tfa smlga kd`ag.
^a stlrta` hy tfrdwcen `dwe de plpar tfa rst c`als, rasalrmfcen sckcglr
wdris le` `cvcen cetd cklnas le` taxts lhdut tfa pglma. ^a pdsta` tfak
de tfa wlgg le` surrdue`a` dursagvas wctf cejdrkltcde. ]d, ce tflt rddk,
dvar l `aea` wdri kltrcx, wa ieaw tflt lgg tfa mde`ctcdes td lttlmi tfa
stltakaet wara kat. ]cema ct wls l mdkpatctcde, ct wls assaetclg td ue-
`arstle`, jrdk tfa hanceecen, wfcmf cejdrkltcde wls tfa kdst ckpdr-
tlet. ^a wara gddicen jdr tfa hast sdgutcde td axpdsa ct ce l wly tflt tfa
plsscen kasslna mdug` ha ue`arstdd`. Pfa lwlraeass dj tfa suppdrt, dj
tfa splma dmmupca` hy tfa `rlwcens le` agakaets td ha prd`uma` le` dj
tfacr lssartcvaeass wls ckpdrtlet jdr us td gluemf dursagvas cetd tfa prd-
nrlk le` edt td dpae tdd kumf splma jdr `avcltcdes. Ce tfcs cectclg pflsa,
ed klttar fdw kley agakaets wa prd`uma dr fdw kley c`als wa flva,
wa hagcava tflt tfa pdwar dj syetfascs le` tfa mlplmcty jdr prlnkltcsk
sfdug` lgwlys lmmdkpley us. Jurtfarkdra, wa hagcava ct cs le l``ctcdelg
vlgua td gddi lt dtfar mdkpatctcdes, dtfar paars– pleags, dr avae pravc-
dus a`ctcdes dj tfa mdkpatctcde wa lra aetarcen. ]d, wa `aea` l glydut,
l wdri hlsa. ^a ieaw fdw kumf splma wa fl` lvlcglhga le` ce wflt
smlgas wa mdug` wdri. Jrdk tfae de, tfa `csmusscde wls lhdut tfa mfdcma
dj glenulna, typdgdny, tfa pdsctcde dj tfa `rlwcens de tfa sfaat le`, ce
jlmt, tfa mfdcma dj tfa agakaets tfaksagvas.
Ce l vary prlnkltcm wly, wa lrrcva` lt tfa pgle-agavltcde raprasaetltcde.
^a ieaw - hamlusa tfa kd`ag fl` lgral`y fagpa` us ce tfcs raspamt - tflt
tfa quastcde dj tdpdnrlpfy wls qucta ravalgcen. Jrdk tfa plrtcmuglrcty
dj tfa tarrlce hacen drnlecza` ce tarrlmas, wfara ct wls pdsschga td nuass
l ice` dj mdkkde lspamts hatwaae lnrcmugturlg le` lrtcstcm prlmtcma,
akarna` tfa lkhctcde td `avagdp tfa fdstag prdnrlk lgden cts tdpdn-
rlpfy hy uscen ct, suhtgy jdrkcen ct, le` elggy hamdkcen plrt dj ct. Hlsc -
`c` ct lggdw us td mdkhcea twd agakaets dj raprasaetl-
tcde cetd dea hut ct lgsd fagpa` us td trleskct (ce l kdra
lssartcva wly) tfcs cetaetcde tflt tfa fdstag wls ndcen
td `avagdp `dwe tfa kduetlce, raspamtcen tfa elturlg
sgdpa. Hasc`as tfa prd`umtcde dj tfasa kdra trl`ctcdelg
lrmfctamturlg raprasaetltcdes - sumf ls tfa pgles ” wa
jagt tfa eaa` td l`` l ice` dj elrrltcva dj tfa pglma wa
wara mraltcen. ^a stlrta` hy cklncecen wflt ct wdug` ha
gcia td axcst ce tflt pglma le` wflt ckplmt ct mdug` flva
de tfa lrtcstcm prd`umtcde dj tfa vcsctdrs le` ceflhctlets.
]d, ce l spdetleadus wly le` tfrdunf qucmi siatmfas
wctf sdka `atlcg, wa `amc`a` td c`algcza l ice` dj lt-
kdspfaras dj tflt pglma. Hlscmlggy, tfrdunf tfcs ice` dj
axparckaetltcdes de ralgcty, wa ralgcza` tflt tfa kdst
lpprdprclta wly td trleskct tfa axparcaema dj tflt pglma
le` mdetaxt wdug` ha tfrdunf l kdra pglstcm glenulna
ls dppdsa` td mraltcen l sat dj fypar-ralgcstcm cklnas.
Hamlusa wa fl` mdka lmrdss @lvc` Fdmieay–s wdri de
ledtfar dmmlscde ragltcvagy ramaetgy, ct saaka` td klia
tfa wdri dj lrtcstcm prd`umtcde le` mraltcde cs. Jurtfarkdra, wa hagcava` ct
td ha puragy dur cetarpratltcde dj l mralta` elrrltcva tflt wa wara sflrcen
wctf tfa oury. ^a lgsd wara galvcen tfa pdsschcgcty jdr tfdsa wfd slw dur
pleags td jaag actfar jlkcgclr wctf dur cetarpratltcde dr lvlcglhga td `ralk.
Mdkkuecmltcde
Pfa wly wa wdug` mdkkuecmlta dur c`als wls tfa suhoamt dj kley `cs-
musscdes. ^a ieaw tflt wa wleta` td sfdw tfa prdoamt wctf `cstcemt aga-
kaets hut, lt tfa slka tcka, tfay mdug` trleskct tfa edtcde dj mdetceucty
le` mdkpgakaetlrcty. Almf dea wls ravalgcen l plrt dj tfa prdoamt hut
tdnatfar - cts tdtlgcty. Ce tfcs wly, tfa pgles le` tfa samtcde, wctf l far-
katcm le` kltfakltcmlg glenulna, cetae` edt degy td raspde` td tfa prd-
nrlkkltcm eaa`s ckpdsa` hy tfa mdkpatctcde hut lgsd td jdrklgcza tfa
lrmfctamturlg prdoamt. Pfus, tfay ravalg tfa ragltcdesfcps mralta` hatwaae
tfa prdoamt le` tfa scta. Pfay mglrcjy tfa juemtcdecen le` lrtcmugltcde dj
tfa systak mralta`. ^ctf tfa lppgcmltcde dj taxturas, wfcmf hrcen tfa `rlw-
cens mgdsar td tfa cetae`a` ralgcty, wa sdunft td lkpgcjy tfa ragltcdesfcps
hatwaae tfa hucgt le` elturlg aevcrdekaets sd tflt tfay wdug` hamdka
ls avc`aet ls pdsschga. Ce tfa ltkdspfaras, wa salrmfa` jdr tfa `lcgy lp-
prdprcltcde dj tfa splmas. Pfa cesartcde dj mdkkde dhoamts, pglets, hddis
le`, klcegy, mflrlmtars
mflrlmtars raamt tfa eaa`s. De dea fle`, tfay fagp ue`ar
ue`ar--
stle` fdw tfa splmas mle ha usa`. De tfa dtfar, tfay mdkkuecmlta tfacr
flhctlhcgcty le` cetcklmy. Pfa prdmass dj mdgglna, wctf cklnas, taxturas,
le` mflrlmtars, drnlecza` glyar hy glyar ce pfdtdsfdp, `cstlemas ctsagj
jrdk tfa ralgcsk dj rae`arcen, mdeedtcen parspamtcva, `agcharltagy, wctf
l pcmtdrclg tdea. Pfus, tfa raprasaetltcdes lspcra td l nurltcva `ckae-
`ckae-
scde tflt klias tfak lhga td tagg tfacr dwe stdry. Pfa gctarlg rajaraemas
`aeduema dur cetaetcdes le` lra `amcscva td ue`arstle` tfa lkhcaeta dj
tfa c`algcza` splma. Ce dur dpcecde, tfcs tamfecqua prdva` td ha aamtcva
ce mdkkuecmltcen tfa pdtaetclg usa dj tfa splmas, ls wagg ls fcnfgcnftcen
le` vlgucen tfacr klce mflrlmtarcstcms? vdgukatry, nadkatry, klttar, tax-
tura, gcnft le` sfl`dw. Ce tfa `asmrcptcva elrrltcva wa mfdsa td trleskct
tfa splmas wa prdoamta` tfrdunf l rst-parsde `csmdursa. Pfa mraltcde dj
l mtcdelg mflrlmtar cs hdre jrdk tfa slka murcdscty td gcva le` jaag tfa
splmas wa mralta le`, lt tfa slka tcka, tfa wcgg td cevcta tfa ral`ar td l
parsdelg axparcaema, lspcrcen td l `cramt `clgdnua hatwaae us le` tfdsa
wfd vcsct us.
^fltraklces
Pfa wly wa lpprdlmfa` tfcs mdkpatctcde wls mru-
mclg jdr dur `avagdpkaet. Ce jlmt, tfa wcgg td put cetd
prlmtcma c`als tflt tfa jdur dj us fl` haae axpgdr-
cen jdr sdka tcka, twctmfa` ce dur enars. ^a kcnft
wde`ar wfcmf mlka rst, tfa c`al dr tfa siatmf,
scema tfa rst `rlwcens wara lgral`y vchrltcen, (lg -
kdst) uetfceicengy, cesc`a us. Hut tfa quastcde wa
jlma` lt tfa ae` wls? wflt raklces lar tfcs axparc-
axparc -
aema4 Xalggy, wa degy edw stdppa` td raamt de tfcs
quastcde. Kdst dj tfa tcka wa lssckcglta tfcens ls
elturlg ce dur suhmdesmcdus hut wfae wa ragcva tfa
kdkaet, wa qucmigy mdka td tfa mdemguscde tflt
ct wls edt oust ley axparcaema. Ct wls, ce jlmt, dur
rst ralg mdkpatctcde. L hlmistlna wfara wa mdug`
sflra dur saesltcdes. Pfara wara ed talmfars, ed
stu`aets.. Pfara wara jdur nralt, `caraet jrcae`s,
stu`aets
wctf l mdkkde lkhctcde? td stlna c`als, axparc-
aemas, `ascras. ^a `lra td sly tflt tfa ‗tlrnat lu-
`caema‛ wdug` edt ha tfa oury dj tfcs mdkpatctcde,
hut dursagvas, ce l jaagcen dj wletcen td nd ls jlr ls
pdsschga le` td axmaa` dur axpamtltcdes - fcnf, hut
stcgg tckc`. Jdr us, ct cs mgalr, tflt avarytfcen wa `d,
hdtf ls stu`aets le` ce dur prdjasscdelg gcja, cs le
dpae-ae`a` prdmass. Oust ls lrmfctamtura cs edt wl-
tartcnft, wa tae` td hagcava tfara cs ed dea kd`us
dparle`c, ed dea kd`ag jdr lgg mdkpatctcdes. Pfa
sflrcen dj axparcaemas tflt rasugta` jrdk tfcs mdk-
patctcde wcgg elturlggy ha `caraet jrdk tfa eaxt,
le` sd de9 almf mdkpatctcde cs scenuglr, hut tfa
katfd` l`dpta` cs pgurlg, kutlhga, le` l`lptlhga
td mcrmukstlemas.Pfarajdra, wa `d edt wlet td wrlp
tfcs axparcaemca up wctf l gcst dj tfcens td `d (dr dj
tfcens wa `c`), hut rltfar dur trua parmaptcde lhdut
tfcs prdoamt, lhdut jlmcen tfcs spamcm mdkpatctcde,
wfcmf wcgg martlcegy gal` td kley dtfars.

mlggy, dur c`al wls td x tfa prdnrlk lgden l glrna sgdpa, ce l ice` dj tarrc -
tdrclg lmupuemtura. ^fcga wa wara `aecen dur axpamtltcde, tfa cemralsa
ce `cramt prdpdrtcde, tfa `ckaescdes dj tfa `rlwcens le` tfa eukhar dj
agakaets tflt wa wleta` td prasaet, stlrta` hacen vcschga. Ce tfcs saesa,
tfa pgle-agavltcde ravalga` ctsagj td ha le axmaptcdelg agakaet. Edt degy
saesa td rajar td tfcs lutfdr. Pfa pglstcmcty dj fcs wdris
le` tfa lhcgcty td pdrtrly ce tfa kc``ga dj tfa ralgcty le`
lhstrlmtcde jlsmcelta` us. ]cema tfcs wls l rajuna jdr lrt-
csts ce salrmf dj cespcrltcde, tfa splma wa wara mraltcen
sfdug` lgsd ha parkalhga td `caraet cetarpratltcdes, ls

820 LMS∓828< LMS∓828<   821

 
<st prcza

prdoamt elka

L Ecnft lt
tfa Kusauk
lutfdr

Pltclel ]idr`ugc
Xusscl

Pfa Gcvcen Kusauk

P
fa farctlna dj tfa ctlgcle lrtcst Mdstletced Ecvdgl cs
mdemaetrlta` ce fcs fdkagle`, Drlec. Pfa Ecvdgl ku-ku -
sauk–s mdggamtcde cs nrdwcen le` tfa hd`y dj tfa ku-
^ctf tfa lck dj cklncecen l kusauk mlplhga dj hralicen wctf tfa mdevae- sauk lra mdestletgy axple`cen. Hdtf tfa kusauk–s prdnrlk
tcdes dj tfa trl`ctcdelg, tfa mflggaena dj tfcs mdkpatctcde wls td cetanrlta le le` eaw mdetakpdrlry jalturas lra hacen cetanrlta`? ‖td`ly
lmmdkkd`ltcde prdnrlk ce tfa falrt dj tfa Ecvdgl Kusauk–s plri. Mdkpatc- tfa Ecvdgl lrt mdggamtcde cs hamdkcen kdra le` kdra tfa mug-
tdrs wara tfarajdra lsia` td cklncea le` `ascne mraltcva le` uemdevaetcdelg turlg le` sdmclg rajaraema pdcet dj tfa tdwe le` tfa aetcra
prdpdslgs td fdst tfdsa tdurcsts cetaet de trlvagcen tfrdunf tfa ]lr`cecle ce- surrdue`cen rancde–, ls stlta` ce tfa hrcaj. Pfa glrna tarrctdry
gle`, le` tfa cetareltcdelg lrtcsts wfd parcd`cmlggy ralmf tfa kusauk td sat dj tfa ]lr`cecle dgcva nrdva dvargddicen tfa pledrlkl dj tfa
up tfacr dwe axfchctcdes. mcty dj Drlec cs parmacva` edt degy ls le dppdrtuecty td lmmdk -
kd`lta tdurcsts-vcsctdrs dvarecnft le` tfarahy iaap tfak ce
Pfa lwlr`a` prdoamts wara lhga td cetarprat tfa mdetaxt ce l fcnfgy saesctcva wly, tfa lral. Ce ky prdpdslg, tfcs lral cs prcklrcgy le axtaescde
axparckaetcen wctf `caraet lrmfctamturlg lpprdlmfas mlplhga dj mraltcen uecqua dj tfa kusauk, le` tfa klce juemtcde raklces td axfchct tfa
le` drcncelg smaelrcds. Ct cs mgalr td edtcma tflt hdtf tfa fcstdry dj Mdstletced Ecvdgl
le` fcs wdris dj lrt, ls wagg ls tfa elturlg jalturas dj tfa scta, flva haae iay jlmtdrs
ce tfa `ascne dj tfa hast prdpdslgs.

  Drnlecza` hy ParrlZcvl Mdkpatctcdes, ce mdgglhdrltcde wctf tfa Ecvdgl Kusauk,

tfa mdkpatctcde wls dpae td stu`aets, lrmfctamts, `ascnears, lrtcsts, kliars, lmtcv-
csts le` leydea cetarasta` ce tfa ag`s dj `ascne le lrmfctamtura.
 82: LMS∓828< LMS∓828<   82>

<st prcza <st prcza

klnecmaet wdris dj lrt dj Ecvdgl, hut ce l kdra elturlg ae -

vcrdekaet ” ce tfa dpae lcr lkden tfa dgcva traas. Ls tfa lrt
nlr`ae ce fcs mdurtylr` de Gden Csgle`. Jdr almf smugptura
C prdpdsa l spamclg stygdhlta tflt akpflsczas le` lrtcmugltas
tfa smugptura. Le` tfa rddks lra gdmlta` ce tfa tfcmieass dj
tfcs stygdhlta.

L ecnft lt tfa kusauk cs l uecqua axparcaema. L ecnft lt tfa

kusauk sfdug` ha rakakhara` ls sdkatfcen spamclg. Pfara-
jdra, C `d edt strcva td mdkpgy wctf tfa stle`lr`s le` rugas jdr
`ascnecen rddks jdr `lcgy raet, hut de tfa mdetrlry, C try td
nat lwly jrdk tfa usulg jdrks, cesmrchcen tfa gcvcen splma ce
tfa ‗hlmi rddk‛ dj tfa kusauk. Almf rddk fls l wce`dw td-
wlr`s tfa mcty le` l `ddr yat td ha jdue`.

Ce ky prdpdslg, > lrtcjlmts lra prasaeta`, gddsagy pglma` de

tfa tarrctdry, `apae`cen de tfa ragcaj, vcaw lxas le` tfa gdml-
tcde dj dgcva traas. Gcvcen splmas lra fc``ae ce va lrtcjlmts,
tfa raklcecen twd lra mdkkde splmas cetae`a` jdr gacsura
le` mdkkuecmltcde dj nuasts, sdmclg le` mugturlg avaets atm.
Pfa stlna wctf l hraltftlicen vcaw dj tfa mcty sarvas ls l pglt-
jdrk jdr parjdrklemas edt degy ce tfa kusauk, hut lgsd jdr
tfa mdkuea dj Drlec.

826 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< 823

8e` prcza 8e` prcza

prdoamt elka

Lgkdst
Mdkkakdrltcva
lutfdrs
Klpga Gce
Vcewac Mfae
(Ltagcar VV)
Q]L

tfa plst ” tfa jutura

Pfa tdwe dj drlec cs lt l stlta dj cestlhcgcty, hrdunft hy tfa
mdejrdetltcde hatwaae cts plst le` prasaet, hatwaae tfa
lhle`dea` kcecen lmtcvctcas le` tfa nrdwcen yat cetarrupta`
tdurcsk, hatwaae tfa `amlycen gdmlg vcgglnars le` tfa rcscen
yat salsdelg vcsctdrs. @urcen tfa glst maetury, kcecen lmtcvctcas
fl` pglya` l maetrlg rdga ce tfa vcgglnars– avary`ly gcja. Ls tcka
plssas, tfa tdwe–s sdmclg rdga mflenas, sd `d cts `akdnrlpfcm
jalturas le` mdra vlgua? ls gdmlg vcgglnars kdva dut td saai eaw
dppdrtuectcas, tdurcsts lra lttrlmta` td drlec hy cts eaw mdra
vlgua hucgt upde kakdrcas ” tfa Ecvdgl Kusauk.

tfa kdeukaetlg ” tfa dr`celry

Pfa eaw spltclg mde`ctcde cs tfa trlesjdrkltcde dj tfa dr`celry
td tfa kdeukaetlg. Ls tfa lmt dj kcecen gdsa cts suhstletclg
vlgua, ct hamdkas l sykhdg tflt cs ncvae mdkkakdrltcva scn-
ecmlema. ^fcga tfa kusauk magahrltas mdkkakdrltcva scn- scn -
ecmlema ls l jdrk dj kdeukaet tflt cs `caraetclta` jrdk tfa
dr`celry, tfa prdoamt prdpdsas le lgtarelta cetarpratltcde dj
tfa mdejrdetltcde hatwaae tfa dr`celry le` tfa kdeukaetlg?
lppdsctcde. Pfa prasaet dr`celry cs mlptura` wctfce tfa jdrk
dj kdeukaetlg, wfara hdtf lra ncvae mdkkakdrltcva scnec-
scnec-
mlema, wfara tfa dtfarwcsa ueramdnecza` dr`celry hamdkas
 oust ls kakdrlhga
kakdrlhga llss tfa kdeukaetlg.
kdeukaetlg.

Pfa `atlmfa` ” tfa mdgglna`

^fcga dtfar gle`klris ce tfa vcgglna jdggdws rdws dj fdusas dr-
nlecza` lgden tdpdnrlpfy, tfa kusauk–s `cstlet gdmltcde le`
strden nadkatrcm jdrks `atlmf ct jrdk tfa vcgglna–s spltclg jlh-
rcm. Pfa kusauk cs l mdgglna dj l`lptcvagy usa` pctmfa` rddj
 fdusas, le l``a` stdea-wlgga` plvcgcde, le` le dut`ddr lrtc-
mclg nlr`ae. Pfasa `caraet spltclg mdgglnas lra lemfdra` de
tfa lrtwdris axfchcta`, de tfacr mdkkakdrltcva scnecmlemas,
wfae tfa vcgglna le` tfa kusauk lra mdgglna`, lemfdrcen de
mdkkakdrltcva dhoamt, l eaw spamclg mde`ctcde cs prd`uma`.

8<2 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< 8<<

8e` prcza 8e` prcza

Pfa dhoamt ” tfa ede-dhoamt

^fae tfa dr`celry le` tfa kdeukaetlg lra mdeea` hy tfa slka
spltclg `ckaescde, kdeukaetlgcty cs ed gdenar `aea` hy smlga, hut
sdgagy hy cts prdpartcas ls le dhoamt. Ls tfa ranuglr nrc` muts cetd tfa
fcgg, tfa tdpdnrlpfy cs `cvc`a`, le` ce`cvc`ulg kdedgctfs axtrlmta`.
Pfasa kdedgctfs hamdka dhoamts wfcga vdc`a` uectlry splma wctfce
tfa nrc` hamdkas ede-dhoamt. Axtrlmta` kdedgctfs lra smugptura`,
tfae pglma` hlmi cetd sdka dj tfa uectlry splmas mralta` hy tfa nrc`.
Pfay lra edw dhoamt td ha vcawa`.

Pfa lppramclta` ” tfa axparcaema`

Pfa hgdmis dj nrc` tflt muts cetd tarrlce mraltas twd ralgks. Ct `a-
eas, wctfce ctsagj, c`aetcmlggy `ckaescdea` splma mralta` jrdk
axmlvltcde ” tfa axparcaema` ralgk. Juggy aemgdsa` splma lra jdur
nuast rddks, twd stu`cds, l rastcen gdhhy le` l puhgcm rastrddk,
wfcga tfa dpae splma hamdka mdurtylr`s tflt fdst tfa axmlvlta`
le` smugpta` kdedgctfs. Fara, splmas lra axparcaema` ce tfa jdrk
dj dr`celry wle`ar le` aemduetars. ]pcrlg stlcrs ce sdka dj tfa
mdurtylr`s mdeeamt tfa axparcaema` ralgk td tfa uppar pgltjdrk
- tfa lppramclta` ralgk. Fara tfa kdedgctfs lra kdeukaets, prd-
tamta`, mdetrdgga`, td ha vcawa` lt `cstlema. Ct cs l gcvcen kusauk
wfara smugpta` kdedgctfs lemfdr tfa twd ralgks? tfa dr`celry ‗gcv-
cen‛ axparcaema` ce splma wctfce tfa nrc` mdupga` wctf tfa kdeu-
kaetlg ‗kusauk‛ lhdva wfara dhoamts lra lppramclta`.

8<8 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< 8<=

 
=r` prcza =r` prcza

prdoamt elka

Hamdkcen
Gle`smlpa
lutfdrs
Ecmdgø Nlgalzzc
Klrtcel ]lgvleasmfc
(Lssdmcltas)

Mdgglhdrltdrs?
Rcatrd Lgjled, Gadelr`d
Hrlemlgadec, Zgl`ckcr Hdlnfa,
Lgassle`rd Klrtce, Mlrgd Plklc
Ctlgy

P
fa prdpdslg jdr tfa Ecvdgl Kusauk–s lmmdkkd`ltcde
jlmcgcty cs tfa rasugt dj l mlrajug stu`y dj tfa scta, dj cts
fcstdry le` dj tfa lelgyscs dj tfa spdetleadus lrmfctam-
tura tflt `dts le` fls `dtta` tfa ]lr`cecle fcetargle` jdr mae-
turcas. Pfcs Lrmfctamtura cs mflrlmtarcsa` hy l strden cetrdvarta`
le` `ajaescva mflrlmtar, hlsa` de tfa prdjdue` hde` hatwaae
kle le` tfa gle`. Ct cs pramcsagy tfcs gcei hatwaae kle le` gle`
tflt ncvas rcsa td tfa c`al dj `ascnecen l ramaptcde strumtura tflt
lggdws tfa usar td gcva tfa lutfaetcm le` sykhdgcm axparcaema dj
`asmae`cen cetd tfa hdwags dj tfa alrtf.

L gden ratlcecen wlgg, hucgt uscen tfa gdmlg rlw alrtf mdestrum-
tcde systak, uejdg`s gcia l gcea tflt jdggdws tfa murvas dj tfa
gle`. Pfa gcea pfyscmlggy le` katlpfdrcmlggy mdeeamts tfa ku-
sauk td tfa pra-axcstcen `ry-stdea wlgg, wfara l sklgg mlval jdr
dut`ddr kaatcens fls haae l``a`.

Dur cetaetcde cs td `ascne l elrrltcva saquaema dj axparcaemas

tflt flva td `d wctf tfa kakdry dj tfasa pglmas. Galvcen tfa
kusauk squlra td tfa sdutf, dea -e`s fcksagj ce l wlgi lkden
tfa kley dgcva traas, ce wfcmf dea mle ramdnecza stlcrs gal`cen
up td tfa rddks. @asmae`cen sykhdgcmlggy le` pfyscmlggy cetd
alrtf, wa e` dursagvas cesc`a rddks tflt fls l ragltcde wctf
 tfa dutsc`a, jrlkcen tfa gle`smlpa.

Pfa prdoamt `das edt cescst de `aecen l plrtcmuglr jdrk, hut

rltfar mdemacvas lrmfctamtura ls l quastcde dj ragltcdesfcps nae-
arlta` hy nadkatry le` parmaptcdes. Le lrmfctamtura mdemacva`
td `cslppalr le` hamdka gle`smlpa.

8<0 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< 8<1

Ndg`ae Kaetcdes Fdedrlhga Kaetcdes

prdoamt elka prdoamt elka prdoamt elka prdoamt elka prdoamt elka prdoamt elka

_LXXL RLZCGCDE] KLICEN XAPXAL

XAPXALP
P Ceflhct A`nas Rdrta Lparta nrdue` // mut Mlsta` Mlhces
lutfdrs lutfdrs lutfdrs lutfdrs lutfdrs lutfdrs
Aercmd Zctd ]mcleelkad Kle Sle Kcggy Glk Hl Hllg, ]cgvcl @clz, Akkl _suzsl Ratar Eltflecag Hleis, Sc`-
A`dlr`d @lecaga ]tunncu _cwac Rlugl Gcu Ngl Lg Jcgcppc`as, \ucee Lustrcl cle Gcu (HG@N), @lecag
Ctlgy Fden Iden Cglty Ncrdux, Haeolkce Xal Lsdgc, @denkce ]fce
Ctlgy, QI, Q]L Q]L

prdoamt elka prdoamt elka prdoamt elka prdoamt elka

^dricen
Kltarclgs Gcvcen Kusauk Jdg`cen
Mdeeamtcde PD (NLPFAX)
DXLEC
lutfdrs
lutfdrs Eltlsfl Gvdvl lutfdrs lutfdrs
Ilrcea ]zaiaras, Xusscl Kl Hg, Klrcl Lraz Gdpas,
Ecmdgls ^cmlrt Mlrgd Ncdvleec ]lrlf Klgcedwsic,
(ãtu`as) Iglu`cl Hareyli Zcmaeta Kltaus
L`lkcli Ctlgy Rdrtunlg, Narkley
Hagncuk
prdoamt elka prdoamt elka

Gcvcen ]tu`cdgc ]tle`cen ]tdeas

lutfdr lutfdrs
Klrgaea ]dpfca Kaznar Gducs Hlumfat
]dpfca Klrca ]mfkc`t Ougca ]cdg
Eltlgcl ^yrwl (g–ltagcar hlscm)
Narkley, Rdgle` Jrlema
prdoamt elka prdoamt elka

Cl ]dpfcl QE@AX
lutfdr lutfdr
Oule Rlhgd Gdpaz Cslhaggl ]ãhlstcae Hdeeardt (]QRAX HQAED ]PQ@CD)
Qrunuly Jrlema

8<: LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< 8<>

Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde

Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde ce lgg cts klecjastltcdes. C ralgcza fdw mlrajug cetarvaetcdes sfdug` ha,
aspamclggy mdesc`arcen tfa murraet gdmltcde ” l sklgg tdwe ce tfa kc``ga
dj tfa Ka`ctarrleale csgle` ce Ctlgy. Ce Xusscl, wfara C mdka jrdk, de tfa
lutfdr mdetrlry, ravaraema jdr tfa eaw le` eangamt dj farctlna pravlcg. Iedwcen
Pltclel ]idr`ugc tfa twd axtrakas ncvas ka spamclg prdjasscdelg vcscde ” sd ct cs l mflg-

Xusscl gaena jdr ka td ha lhga td e` l hlglema hatwaae tfdsa, l mdkprdkcsa.

]dkatckas tfa jlkcgclr gdmltcde le` tfaka dj tfa mdkpatctcde
 prdkpts ydu td plrtcmcplta. Ce mdetrlst, uejlkcgclr suhoamt mle `cs-
mdurlna ydu. Hut gddicen jrdk tfa dtfar sc`a, tfcs mdug` ha le dmml-
 scde td galre
galre sdkatfcen eaw jdr ydur
ydursagj.
sagj.

Nattcen stlrta` cs lgwlys l rasalrmf cemgu`cen l stle`lr` gcst? elturlg,

fcstdrcmlg, sdmclg, le` dtfar mdetaxts, mflrlmtars, prdhlhgy vcsctcen l scta.
^fcga nltfarcen cejdrkltcde, C e` ct vary ckpdrtlet td falr le` trlmi
ky dwe ralmtcdes ce raspdesa td almf stu`ca` jaltura dj tfa tdpcm? jaag-
cens,kakdrcas,rajaraemas, axparcaema.

 Lrmfctamturlg mdkpatctcde cs l nralt dppdrtuecty td strlce ydur lrmfctamturlg
 Lrmfctamturlg lrmfctamturlg
hrlces de l mgalrgy lrtcmuglta` tlsi. Ct cs lgkdst ckpdsschga td ramacva sumf
l tlsi jrdk l ralg mgcaet ce ydur prdjasscdelg gcja, hut tfcs cs axlmtgy wflt ydu
lra `ralkcen lhdut. De tfa wahsctas dj lrmfctamturlg parcd`cmlgs, ydu mle e`
`asmrcptcdes dj murraet mdkpatctcd
`asmrcptcdes mdkpatctcdes
es - tlsis, oury mdkpdsctcde, nadnrlpfcm gd-
mltcdes, raqucrakaets
raqucrakaets jdr plrtcmcpltc
plrtcmcpltcde,
de, lwlr`s, tfa pdsschcgcty dj ralgczltcde.
 Lgg ydu flva td `d cs nd tfrdunf
tfrdunf tfak le` mfddsa dea lmm
lmmdr`cen
dr`cen td ydur tlsta.
tlsta.
^fae ydur wdri le` ydur c`al cs rawlr`a` - ct hamdkas tfa hast kdtcvltdr, tfa
aencea jdr kdvcen jdrwlr`!
Lar ky ramaet nrl`ultcde le` tfa Klstar–s, wfcmf usulggy tlias pglma ce l strassjug
kd`a lt l klxckuk mlplmcty, C fl` l jaagcen dj mraltcva vlmuuk? ed tlsis, ed `al`-
gceas. @ua td tfa mcrmukstlemas le` tfa celhcgcty td wdri lt tflt kdkaet, C `amc`a`
td try kysagj ce tfa lrmfctamturlg mdkpatctcdes. Rravcdusgy, C fl` axparcaema dj plr-
tcmcpltcen ce mdkpatctcdes ce mdgglhdrltcde wctf jrcae`s dr mdggalnuas, hut C eavar `c`
ct lgdea. Pfcs wls le ckpdrtlet psymfdgdncmlg stap.
Pfa Gcvcen Kusauk Mdkpatctcde drnlecza` hy tfa ParrlZcvl lttrlmta` ka wctf cts
prdnrlk le` gdmltcde. Pfa c`al dj cetanrltcen le lmmdkkd`ltcde prdnrlk tdnatfar
wctf l sklgg-smlga kusauk ndt ka fddia`. Ct parjamtgy raamts trae`s le` kaats
kd`are gcja mflenas? kcx avarytfcen wctf avarytfcen, kugtc-juemtcdelgcty, kdhcgcty,
hgurrcen hdue`lrcas. Pfa MDZC@ l``a` juag td tfa ra - tfa ple`akcm fls pusfa`
tfa wdrg` jdr l ra-tfceicen le` ra-avlgultcde dj sumf jue`lkaetlg gcja mdemapts ls
fduscen, fdka, takpdrlry fduscen, atm. Pypdgdny dj lmmdkkd`ltcde, vary stle`-
Mdstletced Ecvdgl. Fdeastgy, tfa lrtcst wls edt jlkcgclr td ka. Pfa ku-
sauk–s wahscta prdvc`as l gdt dj kltarclgs lhdut fcs parsdelgcty (l `a-
tlcga` hcdnrlpfy) le` fcs lrt (le lrmfcva dj wdris). Ls l varsltcga lrtcst fa
fl` savarlg stlnas dj mraltcva avdgutcde, jdggdwa` hy vlrcdus wdris? jrdk
funa wlgg kurlgs jdr kd`arecst gdhhcas td cetcklta tarrlmdttl nurceas.
Fara lra sdka dj tfa iaywdr`s? plcetcens, eltura, jakcececty, stdea
smugpturas, tarrlmdttl nurceas, sle`-mlstcen tamfecqua, smugptura, lrt
nlr`ae, tfa dpae-lcr rddk, jrcae`sfcp wctf kd`arecsts, ]lr`cecle ra- ra-
pglma, parndgl le` kdra. @duhtgass, tfara wls l gdt td ha cespcra` hy.
Pflt–s wfy lt rst tfara wls l strden `ascra td ckctlta dea dj fcs mraltcva
c`als (C flr`gy rastrlcea` kysagj jrdk ct). Lar stu`ycen tfasa kltarclgs,
l strden ckpugsa lrdsa ce ragltcde td tfcs lrtcst. C jagt tfa straentf le`
flrkdey ce fcs wdris le` C mdug` edt stdp `dwegdl`cen tfa cklnas dj
fcs wdris. Ce tdtlg, tfa vary rst ckprasscde tflt C edta` wls tfa aya-
wdrsfcp mlusa` hy fcs wdris, le fdeast l`kcrltcde.
Plicen cetd lmmduet tfa nrdwtf dj tfa mdggamtcde le` hd`y dj tfa ku-
sauk, cectclggy C cetarprata` tfa tlsi dj tfa mdkpatctcde ls ledtfar ‗ax-
taescde‛ dj tfa kusauk, ledtfar mflptar ce cts fcstdry. C raspamta` tfa fcggy sgdpa le` pledrlkcm vcaw dj tfa mcty - tfa par-
glyarcen mralta` hy plst mdetrchutdrs, almf lutfdr aercmfa` tfa kusa- jamt hlminrdue` wls lgral`y tfara!
uk wctf fcs dwe tdumf, hdtf cesc`a le` dutsc`a. Pd ue`arstle` tfasa
mdeeamtcdes, ct wls eamasslry td kd`ag axcstcen hucg`cens le` pglma Pfa mdkpatctcde hrcaj mlgga` jdr sklgg-smlga `a-
tfak ce tfa urhle le` elturlg mdetaxt. Jce`cen le` ue`arstle`cen tfcs tlcga` aglhdrltcde dj uects, rltfar tfle l mdemap-
ragltcdesfcp lgsd ncvas pdsschga `cramtcdes jdr tfa `avagdpkaet dj tfa tulg ratfceicen dj tfak, hut C `amc`a` td jdggdw
c`al. Lar lelgyzcen tfa axcstcen strumtura dj tfa kusauk, C fcnfgcnfta` ky saesdry parmaptcde le` prdpdsa ledtfar ax-
 lr`cza` le` tfarajdra hdrcen, mdug` ue`arnd le lklzcen trlesjdrkltcde. Prles-
jdrkltcde hdtf ce tfa pfyscmlg saesa, raspde`cen td tfa lgral`y axcstcen strumtura
prdnrlk dj tfa kusauk, le` ce tfa c`adgdncmlg saesa, aetarcen cetd l mugturlg `cl-
gdnua wctf tfa tfaka dj tfa kusauk. Hralicen stle`lr`s cs lgwlys le cetrcnucen
mflggaena jdr le lrmfctamt. Pfa samde` jaltura wls tfa nadnrlpfcmlg mdetaxt dj tfa
kusauk. C lk kdra dr gass jlkcgclr wctf tfa gdmltcde dj tfa mdkpatctcde? gcvcen ce
Ctlgy jdr 1 yalrs, C saa tflt fara, ls edwfara agsa, tfara cs l spamclg lttctu`a td fcstdry
tfcs plrtcmuglr jrlnkaet, sfdwe hagdw, lhdut tfa mdkpdsctcde dj tfraa?
smugptura, dgcva traa, rdmiy nrdue`.
]cema ky lttaetcde wls jdmusa` de fcs wdris, C wleta` td akpflscza, gct-
arlggy gc tfak td l pa`astlg. C `c` edt parmacva tfak ce l wfcta aemgdsa`
splma, typcmlg jdr l kusauk vdc`s, C eaa`a` l martlce hlminrdue` le`
le dpae lcr. L glrna lral wctf rdws dj dgcva traas, rdunf stdea gle`smlpa,
taescde dj tfa kusauk.
L ecnft lt tfa kusauk cs l uecqua axparcaema.
L ecnft lt tfa kusauk sfdug` ha rakakhara` ls
sdkatfcen spamclg. Ct kales aenlncen ce samramy,
trasplsscen, rcsicen. Xaamtcen de tfcs tdpcm, C ra -
kakhara` gks lhdut jrlu` le` tfa dj lrt dhoamts

8<6 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< 8<3

 
 

Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde

jrdk tfa kusauk, wfae tfa mflrlmtars fc` ce tfa hlmi rddk td raklce ueedtcma`, td cetaescjy tfa elrrdweass dj tfa splma. Pfcmi wlggs iaap wlrk ce wcetar le` ^fae tfa mdemapt wctf stygdhltas le`
le` wlcta` jdr tfa ecnftjlgg. Pfa tctga dj ky prdoamt - ‗Ecnft lt tfa Kusauk‛ - wls mddg ce sukkar. ceflhctlhga rddks ce tfacr tfcmieass
tliae jrdk tfa tctga dj tfa Fdggywdd` kdvca tflt cestletgy mdevays l saesa dj kys- wls jdrka`, C `atarkcea` tfa klce
tary + aetartlcek
aetartlcekaet.
aet. Ce ky prdpdslg, tfa > lrtcjlmts lra prasaeta` de tfa scta. Lgg dj tfak lra vcawpdcets wfcmf hattar raprasaet tfa
pglma` de tfa tarrctdry `apae`cen de tfa ragcaj drcaeta` tdwlr`s tfa mcty le` mdemapt. C–k cetarasta` ce vartcmlgcty
Iaapcen le ltkdspfara dj samramy ce ky fal`, C mlka up wctf lra gdmlta` hatwaae tfa rdws dj dgcva traas. Gcvcen splmas lra fc``ae ce va dj tfa pcmturas (l smugptura le` l ha`
tfa c`al td fc`a tfa gcvcen rddks sd tflt tfa rasc`aets mdug` lrtcjlmts, tfa raklcecen twd lra mdkkde splmas cetae`a` jdr gacsura le` hagdw ct). Ce tfa ae` C ndt = vartcmlg
nd ueedtcma`, `cssdgva ce tfa kusauk nlr`ae. Avae tfa ae- mdkkuecmltcde dj nuasts, sdmclg le` mugturlg avaets, atm. Pfcs cemgu`as le plcrs ce l rdw, le` C pglma` lxdedkat-
trlema `ddr fls td ha jdue`. Pfus, tfa raqucra` lmmdkkd`l- dpae-lcr mdkkuelg rddk le` le avaet lral. Ce tfa mdkkuelg rddk, C put rcm `rlwcens dj tfa rddks de tfa sc`as
tcde prdnrlk wls `agcharltagy fc``ae, cesarta` ce tfa ‗hlmi tdnatfar ctaks tflt `cramtgy rajar td tfa lrtcst. Ct cs l mgdsa` parckatar rddk dj tfa pleag. Eaxt, C wls aenlna` ce
rddk‛ dj tfa kusauk. Pfa dhtlcea` splma jdr takpdrlry gcv- wctf le dpae macgcen le` =-katar fcnf wlgg. Gddicen lhdva dea mle saa tfa l `ascne dj tfa naearlg lxdedkatry
cen ce tfa tfcmieass dj tfa stygdhlta cs cetae`a` td ha taesa, siy le` dgcva hrlemfas flencen `dwe de tfa sc`as dpae. Pfa ddr cs mdvara` le` tfa klstar pgle. Ls kaetcdea`
lwiwlr` le` ueusulggy tcnft. C `agcharltagy tlia tfa taelet wctf sle` `rccen jrdk tfa wce` le` mflencen plttare (sle`-mlstcen tamf- tamf - lhdva, tfa lrtcjlmts wara smlttara`
dut dj tfacr mdkjdrt zdea ls C flva `aea` tfcs axparcaema dj ecqua cevaeta` hy Ecvdgl ls l rajaraema). Pfara cs lgsd l ]lr`cecle trl`ctcdelg dvar tfa staap ragcaj, sd tfa ckpdrtlet
tfa usar ls ky ndlg. rapglma, wfcmf cs ndcen td wdri ls l nltfarcen pglma jdr rasc`aets, lrtcsts dr plrt wls td sfdw tfa mdetrlstcen tar-
vcsctdrs `ua td tfa lmtcvctcas, wdrisfdps. Pfa samde` mdkkde lrtcjlmt cs tfa rlce wctf sfl`dws. Xdws dj dgcva traas
Jdr ka, tfa tlsi dj tfa mdkpatctcde wls edt degy td prdvc`a smaea. Ct cs l lt squlra dpae td tfa mcty. Pfa stlna wctf l hraltftlicen vcaw lgsd sfdug` ha sfdwe, hamlusa tfa
l mdeeamtcde hatwaae tfa gcvcen rddks le` tfa kusauk, dj tfa mcty sarvas ls l pgltjdrk jdr parjdrklemas edt degy ce tfa kusauk, hut uects lra sctulta` hatwaae tfa traas
hut lgsd hatwaae tfa rasc`aets le` tfa lrtcst. Ls le dptcde, lgsd jdr tfa mdkkuea dj Drlec. le` edt vcma varsl.
C tfdunft lhdut tfa pdsschga pfyscmlg mdetlmt dj tfa taelet
wctf tfa pcama dj lrt hy pglmcen ct ce tfa rddks. Hut tfcs c`al Ce ky prdpdslg, tfa > lrtcjlmts lra prasaeta` de tfa scta. Lgg dj tfak lra pglma` Pd sukklrcza, C wdug` gcia td sly tflt
`c` edt wdri, hamlusa ce tfcs mlsa tfa prcvlta splma hamlka de tfa tarrctdry `apae`cen de tfa ragcaj drcaeta` tdwlr`s tfa mcty le` lra gd- tfa klce dutmdka dj tfa `ascne prd-
puhgcm le` vcma varsl... Ls l rasugt, tfa rasc`aet gcvas cesc`a mlta` hatwaae tfa rdws dj dgcva traas. Gcvcen splmas lra fc``ae ce va lrtc - mass cs l strden mdemapt. Pfa lrmfc-
tfa hlsa dj tfa smugptura. Ce ky dpcecde, sumf l spltclg ragltcdesfcp ncvas l saesa dj jlmts, tfa raklcecen twd lra mdkkde splmas cetae`a` jdr gacsura le` mdk- tamt–s kasslna kust raklce mgalr le`
aenlnakaet, klias tfa rasc`aet jaag tflt fa cs lgsd l fc``ae plrt dj tfa axfchctcde. kuecmltcde dj nuasts, sdmclg le` mugturlg avaets atm. Pfcs cemgu`as le dpae-lcr ral`lhga. Xanlr`gass dj tfa smlga dj
Lar tflt tfa mdemapt wls mderka`. Ct wls eamasslry td tfcei dvar le cggustrltcde mdkkuelg rddk le` le avaet lral. Ce tfa mdkkuelg rddk, C put tdnatfar tfa prdoamt. Cj tfa mdkpdeaets dj tfa
tflt wdug` ckka`cltagy axpglce ky c`al. ctaks tflt `cramtgy rajar td tfa lrtcst. Ct cs l mgdsa` parckatar rddk wctf le `ascne drnlecmlggy jdggdw tfa mdemapt,
dpae macgcen le` =-katar-fcnf wlgg. Gddicen lhdva dea mle saa tfa siy le` dg- cj tfara–s l vcschga le` edtcmalhga fcar-
]tygdhlta cs le axtae`a` vdguka mut cetd l staap tarrlce. Le axtrakagy elrrdw ram- cva hrlemfas flencen `dwe de tfa sc`as dpae. Pfa ddr cs mdvara` wctf sle` lrmfy dj tfa tamfecquas, ct cs l trua scne
tlenuglr splma cs jdrka` ce cts tfcmieass. L jugg-wlgg wce`dw lggdws ydu td hrali dut `rccen jrdk tfa wce` le` mflencen plttare (sle`-mlstcen tamfecqua cevaet - tflt tfa c`al cs ndd`. Lgg suhsaquaet
dj tfcs mdkprassa` splma le` ragcava taescde. Pfa wc`tf dj tfa lmmdkkd`ltcde uect a` hy Ecvdgl ls l rajaraema). Pfara cs lgsd l ]lr`cecle trl`ctcdelg rapglma, katfd`s kust ha suhdr`celta` td tfa
cs aqulg td tfa wc`tf dj tfa `duhga ha` wctf l sc`a plsslna, tfa facnft cs lhdut :-6 wfcmf cs ndcen td wdri ls l nltfarcen pglma jdr rasc`aets, lrtcsts, dr vcsctdrs klce c`al, edtfcen kust lppalr dut dj
katars. Avarytfcen tflt raklcea` wls td l`` tfa tae`areass dj tfa uttarcen trles - `ua td tfa lmtcvctcas, wdrisfdps. Pfa samde` mdkkde lrtcjlmt cs tfa smaea. edwfara, dtfarwcsa tfa fcarlrmfy kly
plraet jlhrcm hy tfa wce`dw le` gat tfa gcnft ce. C usa` l mdgglna tamfecqua ce L`dha Ct cs l lt squlra dpae td tfa mcty. Pfa stlna wctf l hraltftlicen vcaw dj tfa mrukhga le` lgg tfa wdri wcgg gdsa cts
Rfdtdsfdp. Pfa kd`ag wls prckctcva. Pfa kdd` le` parmaptcde dj tfa pcmtura cs mcty sarvas ls l pgltjdrk jdr parjdrklemas edt degy ce tfa kusauk hut lgsd jdr c`adgdncmlg jrlkawdri.
trleskctta` tfrdunf splma, gcnft le` vcaw td tfa gle`smlpa. Pfcs cs tfa iay vcaw, tfa mdkkuea dj Drlec.
ct pdps up ce tfa fal` ckka`cltagy lar tfa klce c`al cs `avagdpa`.

Lmmdr`cen td tfa mdkpatctcde hrcaj, tfa eukhar dj rddks sfdug` edt axmaa` 6. C fl`
`caraet typas dj stygdhltas C mdug` `ascne? l lt stygdhlta, l stygdhlta lt le lenga,
l stygdhlta wctf stlcrs, gga` wctf wltar dr wctf sle`, mlrva` cetd tfa rdmi. Pfa ceta-
ceta -
rcdr splma dj almf rddk wls sckcglr. Kdvcen de td tfa pgleecen sdgutcde, almf uect
fls l hlscm ‗fdtag‛ sat, wfcmf cemgu`as l sfdwar + tdcgat, l stdrlna rddk, l `duhga
ha`, le` l `asi wctf l mflcr. Pfa aetrlema zdea, stdrlna le` tdcgat wara gdwar wfcga
tfa facnft dj tfa gcvcen splma wls axlnnarlta`.

Pfa kltarclg dj ky cetarvaetcde cs l stdea. Pfa stdea wlgg, wfcmf mle ha saae ce dea
dj tfa hucg`cens dj tfa kusauk, saaka` td ka l vary drnlecm sdgutcde - tfa vdguka
cs `csnucsa` ls l tarrlce. Pfcs cs axlmtgy tfa prdparty dj tfa kltarclg tflt C eaa`a` td
`cssdgva tfa gcvcen uects cetd tfa gle`smlpa. C lgsd galva tfa rlw stdea cesc`a rddks

882 LMS∓828< LMS∓828<   88<

  <st prcza

prdoamt elka

Agakaetlry
]mfddg
lutfdrs
]letclnd Dsdrcd
Mlrgds Raül

]aeanlg Agakaetlry Klurcmcd ]uìraz

Mdgdkhcl

]mfddg
 Lrmfstdrkcen
tdrkcen iaaps wdric
wdricen
en de fuklectlrcle
fuklectlrcle lrmfctamtu
lrmfctamtura
ra le` tfcs eaw mdk-
patctcde tlias us td ]aeanlg (Ljrcml), l mduetry wctf rancdes wfara degy 12% dj
smfddg-lna mfcg`rae flva lmmass td a`umltcde le` wfara mglssrddks lra dae
mrlkka` wctf up td 62 stu`aets par mglss `ua td t fa gckcta` eukhar dj strumturas.
Ce tfcs prdoamt Lrmfstdrkcen mdgglhdrlta` wctf tfa END Gat–s Hucg` Ky ]mfddg
(GHK]), l QI rancstara` mflrcty wfcmf wls jdue`a` ce 82<: td hucg` smfddgs ce `a-
vagdpcen mduetrcas wctf l plrtcmuglr jdmus de rakdta lrals wfcmf glmi a`umltcdelg
jlmcgctcas. Hayde` `agcvarcen strumturas hucgt uscen gdmlggy sdurma`, sustlcelhga, ra-
mymga` kltarclgs, GHK] rasalrmfas le` lppgcas mdestrumtcde tamfecquas wfcmf `d
edt raqucra ley prcdr tamfecmlg sicggs ce mdestrumtcde sd tflt tfa gdmlg mdkkuecty
kly ha lhga td rapgcmlta tfa prdmass le` fagp td jurtfar `avagdp tfacr vcgglna gden
lar GHK] fls ga. Lrmfstdrkcen wls mlggcen jdr prdpdslgs td `ascne le agakae-
agakae -
tlry smfddg ce Klrslssduk, ]aeanlg. Pfa smfddg tflt cs murraetgy hacen usa` cs hucgt
uscen hlkhdd wlggs le` zcem rddjs le` ct cs ce vary hl` mde`ctcdes. Pfa mglssrddks
rlragy survcva tfa rlcey salsde le` tflt rasugts ce tfa mlemaggltcde dj mglssas le`
stu`aets jlcgcen tfacr lml`akcm yalr. Pfcs mdkpatctcde gddia` jdr ceedvltcva le`
gdw-mdst mdestrumtcde tamfecquas ce dr`ar td rapglma tfcs takpdrlry smfddg wctf
hucgt strumturas. Dea dj tfa kdst ckpdrtlet lspamts dj tfcs mdkpatctcde wls td ce -
spcra padpga sd tfay mle hucg` tfacr dwe fdusas uscen tfa slka tamfecqua dema tfa
mdestrumtcde dj tfa smfddg fls ecsfa`.
c`al
^flt cs tfa `uty dj lrmfctamtura ce `avagdpcen lrals4 
Prycen td sdgva tfcs quastcde, wa mflggaena dursagvas td `avag-
dp l prdoamt tflt wdug` saai td walva sdmcaty, tflt mdug` hae-
at, hamdka le ckpdrtlet maetar le` aeflema tfa qulgcty dj
tfa mdkkuecty. Mdesaquaetgy, tfa prdoamt prdpdsas le dut-
`ddr splma tflt wagmdkas tfa vcsctdrs, l sklgg squlra dpae
td avarydea tflt sarvas ls le axtaescde lral jdr tfa smfddg
le` tfa gchrlry wfcmf cs mlrajuggy gdmlta` td ha l iedwga`na
pgltjdrk edt degy jdr tfa stu`aets hut tfa wfdga mdkkuecty
dutsc`a.
naearlg `asmrcptcde
Pfa prdoamt cs pgleea` de dea scenga gavag td ra`uma tfa mde-
strumtcde mdst9 tfa splmas lra lrrlena` sd ls td mralta le dpae
maetrlg lral lckcen td raspamt le` fcnfgcnft tfa axcstaema
dj tfa traa wfara `caraet ice` dj lmtcvctcas tlia pglma. Pfa
splmas lra lgsd `ascnea` td mdejdrk tfa parckatar dj tfa pgdt,
ncvcen le cklna dj uecty le` `aecen mgalr hdue`lrcas alsy td

Pfa eaw smfddg wcgg eaa` > mglssrddks, l gchrlry, twd dcmas, le` gltrceas. Ce l``c-
l``c -
tcde, almf mdetastlet mdug` dptcdelggy cemgu`a l mletaae, le drmflr` le` l sklgg
mdrrlg ce tfa jlmcgcty. Axpart ou`nas wctf axparcaema ce Ljrcml, sumf ls Jrlemasml Zct-
tdrcec le` Le`ral Plhdmmfcec jrdk Ctlgy, Pdra Nrckstl` jrdk Edrwly, Qgrcmf Xúfgae
jrdk Narkley, _lec Ncmfuic jrdk Iaeyl, MdgamtcvdKAG jrdk Rdrtunlg dr Klrm Pfdr- Pfdr-
pa jrdk tfa Q]L tfdunftjuggy sagamta` tfa va wceears le` tae fdedrlhga kae -
 tcdes dj tfa mdkpatctcde.

888 LMS∓828< LMS∓828<   88=

<st prcza <st prcza

mdetrdg. Pfa drmflr` le` mdrrlg lrals lra gdmlta` ce jrdet dj tfa
mletaae, tfus jlmcgctltcen tfa prdvcscde dj tfa eamasslry suppgcas
ce tfa praplrltcde lral.

mdestrumtcdeprdmass
Jdue`ltcde?
L gcealr jdue`ltcde kl`a wctf slmis gga` wctf mgly, sle` le`
makaet cs prdpdsa` td dhtlce le dptcklg trlesjar dj gdl`s td tfa
nrdue`.

Aemgdsura?
Pfa wlggs lra kl`a dj hrcmis kleujlmtura` de scta hy Mcevl Xlk
klmfceas wctf l kdg` tflt lggdws almf hgdmi td ha lemfdra`
le` tfus kceckcza tfa usa dj kdrtlr9 tfasa hgdmis dar aedunf
tfarklg mlplmcty td iaap tfa cetarcdr splmas mddg. Pfa wdd`ae
`ddrs le` wce`dws flva jrlkas tflt lggdw lcr mcrmugltcde avae
wfae tfay lra mgdsa`, ce tfcs wly le` wctf tfa sgdpa` rddjs wa
lck td jraa tfa fdt lcr jrdk tfa cesc`a td tfa dutsc`a.

Xddj?
Pfa katlg sfaat rddjs lra suh`cvc`a` cetd ce`apae`aet splmas,
almf rddj glys `cramtgy de tfa wlggs wctf l systak dj katlg halks
tflt lggdws us td dhtlce l glrna splma wctfdut l``ctcdelg sup-
pdrts `apae`cen de tfa lral pgleea` jdr almf mglssrddk, tfa
rddjs lra mdeeamta` td l systak dj nuttars tflt stdra wltar ue`ar
tfa surjlma.

Ce almf dj tfa staps wa flva sdunft td `avagdp tfa klxckuk

pdsschcgctcas dj almf kltarclg ce dr`ar td dhtlce tfa nraltast hae-
at jrdk tfak ce tarks dj amdedkcms, prlmtcmlgcty le` mgcklta
mdkjdrt hut wa flva lgsd gddia` jdr tfa mraltcde dj l scenuglr
lrmfctamturlg cklna

880 LMS∓828< LMS∓828<   881

 
8e` prcza 8e` prcza

prdoamt elka mgly, sle` le` strlw, stlhcgcza` wctf l sklgg lkduet dj makaet td jurtfar spaa` up tfa prdmass.

Pfa Xcvar Gdmlggy-nrdwe hlkhdd mle ha usa` td klia trussas suppdrtcen tfa katlg rddj. Pfa rastrddk
pglmas tfa gltrcea pct mgdsa td tfa straat, wfara ct fls l sarvcma `ddr jdr alsy lmmass hy mgalecen
]mfddg sarvcmas. ]pamclgty tdcgats gcia tfa ]lPd systak mle prdvc`a l kdra fyncaecm axparcaema jdr tfa
gltrceas lt gdw mdst.

lutfdrs
Rrltfyusfl Zc``lk
Pcel Nld
Lky _flen
Q]L

G
–Amdga `u Jgauva `rlws cts cespcrltcde jrdk tfa rcvar
lgden wfdsa hlei tfa vcgglna dj Klrslssduk scts, wfcga
plycen fdklna td tfa trl`ctcde dj klicen le` uscen
humiats le` hlsiats ce ]aeanlg. Oust ls tfa rcvar cs maetrlg td
tfa rancde–s mugturlg le` amdedkcm gcja, tfa smfddg hamdkas
l eaw fuh jdr a`umltcde, mugtura le` amdedkcm dppdrtuecty
tfrdunf cts usa dj gdmlg kltarclgs, ldr`lhga mdestrumtcde tamf-
tamf -
ecquas, le` prdnrlkkcen.

L`dptcen tfa c`al dj l rcvar hae`, tfa hucg`cen lrms td jdrk

l prdtamtcva mdurtylr` lmmassa` tfrdunf twd `agtl-sflpa`
aetrlemas. Avary mglssrddk le` prdnrlk jlmas tfa mdurtylr`,
wfara mdggamtcva gcja le` mdkkuecty-hucg`cen uejdg`s. Lt cts
falrt cs tfa axcstcen traa. ]mfddg kakhars mle mdkjdrtlhgy ls-
sakhga ue`arealtf tfa traa–s axtaescva sfl`a, wfatfar cejdr-
klggy hatwaae mglssas dr jdr kdra drnlecza` avaets le` mag-
ahrltcdes. Pfa `ddrs dj tfa mglssrddks lra kl`a dj hlkhdd
smraaes wfcmf mle juggy dpae le` axtae` tfa mglssrddk cetd
tfa mdurtylr` ctsagj. Pfa smfddg lmmdkkd`ltas l sklgg ictmfae,
wfara eutrctcdus kalgs mle ha kl`a wctf vanatlhgas nrdwe
de-scta. ^ltar mle ha flrvasta` tfrdunf twd katfd`s.

Pfa nrdue` ce tfa mdurtylr` cs naetgy tarrlma` td mfleeag rlce-

wltar cetd twd parmdgltcde pde`s. Le up td 1k `aap fdga cs
`rcgga` ce almf pde`, le` l RZM pcpa wctf sgdts mut lgden cts
sc`a cs cesarta`. Pfa pcpas ramflrna wltar cetd tfa nrdue`, ra-
fy`rltcen tfa axcstcen wagg. Nuttars mle lgsd ha cestlgga` lgden
tfa rddj td mdggamt `cramtgy cetd l tlei gdmlta` ce tfa rastrddk.
Pfa ue`ugltcen dutar jlîl`a jalturas l`dha hrcmis kl`a uscen
pglstcm humiats ls kdg`s. Pfa hrcmis lra stlmia` ce l plttare
avdicen tfa cmdecm wly wdkae ce ]aeanlg hlglema hlsiats de
 tfacr fal`s, le` ply trchuta td l fukhga avary`ly dhoamt jrdk
gdmlg gcja. Pfa jlîl`a cetarpglys sdgc` kltarclg tfcmieass wctf
tfa gcnfteass prd`uma` hy tfa nlps hatwaae tfa humiat-hrcmis–
tlpara` scgfduattas, gattcen ce sue wfcga aesurcen stal`y vaetc-
gltcde. Pfa gdl`-halrcen wlggs lra kl`a dj l`dha mlst ce-sctu
uscen P-kdg`s, wfcmf cs l sckpga le` jlst wly td hucg` uscen

88: LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< 88>

=r` prcza =r` prcza

prdoamt elka spltclg `ascne

Pwd pflsas mdkpgata tfa smfddg–s mdestrumtcde. Rflsa dea prdvc`as tfa
Pydfl ]mfddg klxckuk eukhar dj mglssrddks (scx) wctf tfa talmfar–s rddk le` tfa `c-
ramtdr–s dcma. Rflsa twd mdkpgatas tfa prdnrlk raqucrakaets wctf dea
lutfdrs l``ctcdelg mglssrddk, tfa gchrlry, l icdsi/ictmfaeatta, le` l scei-ce mdurt-
Ecmdga Eclvl ylr` lrdue` tfa traa jdr altcen le` sdmclg cetarlmtcde. Pfa typdgdny dj tfa
Lu`a Kacsslea Idulssc rddj strumtura hrcens vlgua td tfa prdoamt hy jlmcgctltcen tfa mdggamtcde dj
MÐPA @–CZDCXA rlcewltar de-scta. Pfcs lrmfctamturlg agakaet cespcra` hy tfa ]aeanlgasa
varelmuglr mdestrumtcde dj tfa ‗ckpguvcuk‛ nulrletaas 0222gts dj wltar td
ha mdggamta` le` stdra` ce twd wltar tleis gdmlta` wctfce tfa smfddg. Dur
strltany–s acmcaemy ce kltarclgcty, mdestrumtcde, le` prdnrlkkltcm `cstrc -
hutcde wcgg ugtckltagy mralta l sustlcelhga mdkkuecty wfcga sattcen le ax-
lkpga jdr jutura hucg`cens td ckprdva ]aeanlg–s rurlg mdestrumtcde qulgcty.
`ascne Cetaet
Rrdvc`cen lmmass td a`umltcde ce rurlg lrals, lgdensc`a ra`umcen
tfa aevcrdekaetlg ckplmt dj tfa mdestrumtcde samtdr ce ]aeanlg,
cs ckparltcva. ^ctf tfcs prdoamt, wa `d edt wcsf td degy hucg`
l smfddg. ^a lck td trlesjdrk tfa mdestrumtcde prdmass cetd
l trlcecen prdnrlk jdr tfa ]aeanlgasa ydutf, hrcencen lwlra-
eass td tfa pdtaetclg dj trl`ctcdelg hucg`cen kltarclgs le` tfa
lrmfctamturlg katfd`s dj tfacr mugturlg ganlmy. Dur prdpdslg
fcnfgcnfts tfa usa dj vanatlhga hars lssdmclta` wctf ramymga`
le` ldr`lhga kltarclgs cetd l mugturlggy `rcvae, gdw tamfedg-
tamfedg-
dny lrmfctamtura.

cetrd`umtcde td Pypfl
Pfa Pypfl raa` fls hamdka cevlscva ce ]aeanlg–s fy`rdgdnc-
mlg lrals, klicen ct l scnecmlet prdhgak ce tarks dj hcd`c-hcd`c -
varscty, wltar rasdurma klelnakaet, falgtf, le` amdedkcms.
Pfrdunf rancdelg prama`aema, dur prdpdslg jdrkugltas le ce-
edvltcva wly td ra`uma Pypfl–s cevlscde ce tfa amdsystak. Pfcs
lhue`let vanatlhga har cs usa` td prd`uma aevcrdekaetlggy
jrcae`gy hucg`cen kltarclgs de-scta. Pypfl prdvc`as axmaggaet
tfarklg cesugltcde ce tfa wlgg le` tfa rddj, agckceltcen tfa eaa`
td vaetcglta tfa mglssrddks kamflecmlggy. Kdradvar, tfa usa dj
Pypfl ce mdestrumtcde cestal` dj trl`ctcdelg strlw wcgg mdesc`ar-
lhgy ckprdva tfa gdenavcty dj tfa lrmfctamtura lt l gdwar prcma.
Jrdk ddrcen td tfa rddj, cemgu`cen hrcmis le` ecsfas, Pypfl
cs trlesjdrka` le` lssdmclta` wctf ramymga` kltarclgs (tyras,
pglstcm hdttgas, plcet humiats, atm.) ls wagg ls gdmlggy sdurma`
sustlcelhga kltarclgs (Hce`url hlkhdd, sle`, gltarcta mgly, ea
le` mdlrsa lnnranlta.)

886 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< 883

=r` pr
 p rcza =r` prcza
 8=2 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< 8=<

]pamclg Kaetcdes Fdedrlhga Kaetcdes

prdoamt elka prdoamt elka prdoamt elka prdoamt elka prdoamt elka

Pfa Eaw ]mfddg ]lkhdu

]lkh du Pdurl @rlka ]aeanlg ]lkhdu Pdurl Fcnf ]mfddg Pfa Aqucgchruk
lutfdrs
Agakaetlry @rlka ]mfddg Klrslssduk lutfdrs
]mfddg Nucggarkd Hcde`d,
Jrlemasmd Mlscec, Ja`arcmd Mlsartl, Jclkkl Jcmml`aetc lutfdrs lutfdr
Pfclnd `a Rlugl Jagcx Axtde-]kctf Olvcar Mlhaggd,
Ctlgy lutfdrs
Elr`aggc, Eltlgcl Jar- QI
]ahlstcle Kurcggd
Mrcstcel Cdr`lmfa Mfcga
Lel @ceml ele`l Zcacrl _dcgd, Lel
Xdklecl Guczl @avctd Muaeml,
Klrmagl Jarrd Lnugfíd
Hrlscg

prdoamt elka prdoamt elka prdoamt elka prdoamt elka

Jrdk tfa
Nrdue` Qp Mfdrlga
lutfdrs
Pfa LggXdue`
]mfddg Galre, Rgly,
Hucg`. Md-Axcst
lutfdrs Gu`dvcml Mlsscel, lutfdrs lutfdr
@lvc` Zcgganls, Rlugl Mrcstcle Xlemltc, Pfdkls Nrleeaggs, Nur`av ]cenf
Mlstag, Ecmdga ]tapf- L Rlg Odfeey ]pruet Ce`cl
leca Mlr`del Hlrhdsl Pfa Eatfargle`s
QI
Kaxcmd, ]plce, Mdgdkhcl

prdoamt elka

Axpgdra, Akpdwar, Axparcaema

lutfdrs
Iusflg ]flf, Llscsf Olelr`fle, A`wce Olkas
Pfa Eatfargle`s, Ctlgy

prdoamt elka prdoamt elka

]lkhdu Pdurl @rlka ]mfddg Ckpguvcuk Nlr`ae
lutfdrs lutfdrs
]ale Le`arsde, Pdhcls Ockaeaz, _liy Xlkl`fle, Ougas Hurnuat, Ougcae ]lrlga, Xakc Karmflt,
LiilrlwceZlgcegumi Odeltfle Pfdgdeclt
Q]L Jrlema

8=8 LMS ∓ 828< LMS ∓ 828< 8==

Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde

Fdw wa wde tflt mdkpatctcde Fara cs dur rst tcp jdr tfdsa wfd wlet td plrtcmcplta ce lrmfctamturlg
mdkpatctcdes dr `a`cmlta tfaksagvas td tfa `ascne prlmtcma? @d edt
rusf td nat td tfa jdrk. Pfa jdrk dj l prdoamt dr cts cklna `das edt
lutfdrs eaa` td ha lgwlys axtrlvlnlet
axtrlvlnlet dr sd `caraet. Ct cs edt aedunf td `d l
 ndd` prdoamt le` l wceecen prdpdslg.
prdpdslg. Ct cs kdra ckpdrtlet td ue`ar-
]letclnd Dsdrcd, Mlrgds Raül, Klurcmcd ]uìraz
Mdgdkhcl  stle` wflt tfa prdoamt cs lhdut le` lrdue`
lrdue` tflt, wflt wa `aea ls
tfa c`al dj tfa prdoamt td mlrry dut axpgdrltcd
axpgdrltcdes
es wfcmf ce tfa ae` wa
gcia le` naearlta pdsctcva jaagcens.

@urcen tfa `dmukaetltcde prdmass wa stu`y tfa prdoamt jrdk tfraa `cj-
jaraet mdetaxts? sdmclg, mugturlg le` nadnrlpfcmlg.

Pfa ckpdrtlema dj lrmfctamtura mdkpatctcdes
Jdr us ls lrmfctamts, lrmfctamtura mdkpatctcdes raprasaet l nralt dppdrtuecty td galre, axpgdra
le` tfcei lhdut prdoamts tflt wa `d edt lgwlys flva tfa mflema td `ascne `ua td tfa `yelkcms
dj dur gdmlg klriats. Pfasa mdkpatctcdes lgsd kcnft ha ue`arstdd` ls tfa syedeyks dj l mflg-
gaenas. Pfacr strumtura `dase°t lggdw jdr l jraquaet cetarlmtcde wctf tfdsa wfd prdkdta tfa
prdoamt, tfus tfa wfdga `ascne prdmass cs le axmguscva raamtcde le` cetarpratltcde dj tfa `ascne
talk. Pfcs jlmtdr aercmfas tfa axparcaema le` lt tfa ae` ct cs pdsschga td saa vary mgalrgy tfa vlst
vlrcaty dj prdpdslgs le` cetarpratltcdes tflt mle ha `avagdpa` lrdue` tfa slka tdpcm.
Dur cetarasts ce tfa mdkpatctcde
Jdr tfa ]AEANLG AGAKAEPLXS ]MFDDG aetry, wa wara kdtcvlta` hy avary tfdunft `asmrcha`
pravcdusgy ls wagg ls hy tfa kalecen dj mraltcde dj le a`umltcdelg prdoamt ce l `avagdpcen mdue-
try. Pfcs c`al kl`a us avae kdra plsscdelta. Avae tfdunf Klrslssduk (tfa mcty jdr tfa prdoamt
ce ]aeanlg) cs gdmlta` vary jlr lwly jrdk dur fdkagle` Mdgdkhcl, wa mdug` parmacva kley sckc-
glrctcas wctf dur dwe mdetaxt. Ct kl`a us jaag vary mgdsa td tfa prdhgak le` fagpa` ce ue`ar-
stle`cen ct hattar. ^ctf lgg dj tfcs ce kce` le` wctf tfa jlctfjug mdevcmtcde tflt a`umltcde cs tfa
nraltast aencea jdr mflena, wa aetara` tfa mdetast drnlecza` hy LXMF]PDXKCEN. Le l``ctcdelg
jlmtdr tflt prdkpta` us td plrtcmcplta wls tfa martlcety tflt tfa wceecen prdpdslg wls ndcen td
ha kltarclgcza`.
Hanceecen dj prdmass
^fcga wa lra lpprdlmfcen le lrmfctamtura prdoamt, wa usulggy stlrt hy quastcdecen dursagvas
]dmclg mdetaxt
Xasalrmfcen lhdut tfa sdmclg mdetaxt, wa `csmdvara` l strden trl`ctcde
dj nrdupcen hy jlkcgcas. Pfa tarrctdry cs dmmupca` hy sklgg hucg`cens tflt
nrdw lrdue` l mdkkde splma. ^fae mfcg`rae nrdw up dr l kakhar
klrrcas, tfay hamdka ce`apae`aet hy jdrkcen sklgg vcgglnas dj drnlecm
sflpa le` `csparsa` vdgukas. Jdr tfcs, tfa wdri mlgga` ‗Gl Zcvcae`l
]aeanlgasl Lmtulg‛ hy Agael Xa Plrrard wls ckpdrtlet jdr us td ue`ar-
stle` fdw tfasa ragltcdesfcps lra raamta` ce tfacr lrmfctamtura le` wly
dj gcvcen.
Mugturlg mdetaxt
Ce dur lrmfctamturlg prlmtcma wa jlctfjuggy hagcava tflt lrmfctamtura cs
l mugturlg raprasaetltcde le` tflt tfa hucgt aevcrdekaets mdkkuecmlta
l wcs`dk tflt raamts dur dwe ue`arstle`cen dj tfa wdrg`. Pfarajdra
cevastcnltcen dtfar mugturlg lspamts sumf ls mrls, `lemas, kuscm, plcet-
plcet-
cen, atm. cs assaetclg td lhstrlmt trlesjarlhga mdemapts td tfa prdoamt. Jdr
tfcs ralsde, tfa prdoamt wls mdemacva` wctf l mdfaraet cklna cespcra` hy
trl`ctcdelg lrmfctamturlg axprasscde lssdmclta` wctf gdmlg kltarclgs tflt
flva spamcm mflrlmtarcstcms dj mdgdr le` taxtura.
Nadnrlpfcmlg mdetaxt
Pfa ue`arstle`cen dj tfcs tdpcm cs assaetclg hamlusa tfa prdoamt cs
l pfyscmlg agakaet tflt cetarlmts le` cs lamta` hy tfa pfyscmlg mde`c -
tcdes dj tfa pglma ce tarks dj suegcnft, rlcejlgg le` wce` drcaetltcde. Lgg
tfasa jlmtdrs kust ha rasdgva`. Pfcs cs edt eandtclhga ce lrmfctamtura.
^ltar klelnakaet wls le assaetclg lspamt. Pfa pglma prasaets salsdes
dj fcnf rlcejlgg jdggdwa` hy salsdes dj cetaesa sue, tfus mraltcen mfle-
eagcen le` stdrcen strltancas dj wltar wls plrt dj tfa prdpdslg. Pfa aeva-
gdpa dj tfa prdoamt fl` td lggdw tfa plsslna dj tfa wce` wfcga prdtamtcen
tfa prcvlmy dj tfa cetarelg splmas. Ce dr`ar td lssura tfasa mde`ctcdes,