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Faunistic study on tachinid flies of the subfamily Dexiinae (Diptera:

Tachinidae) in northwestern Iran

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ISSN 0945-3954 Studia dipterologica 21 (2) 2014: 243–256

Faunistic study on tachinid flies of the subfamily Dexiinae

(Diptera: Tachinidae) in northwestern Iran
[Eine faunistische Studie zu den Raupenfliegen der Unterfamilie Dexiinae
(Diptera: Tachinidae) im nordwestlichen Iran]

by
Farnaz SEYYEDI SAHEBARI, Samad KHAGHANINIA and Joachim ZIEGLER

Tabriz (Iran) Tabriz (Iran) Berlin (Germany)

Abstract
In order to identify the parasitic flies of the subfamily Dexiinae (Diptera: Tachinidae) in northwest Iran, a survey was conducted
during the period between 2009 and 2013. A total of 17 species belonging to 14 genera in three tribes was identified. Of these,
14 species and ten genera are recorded for the first time from Iran. Collection data for all 17 species are listed together with their
current general distribution as well as their host insects as reported in the literature. The distinguishing characters of the species
newly recorded from Iran are given and are partially documented with photographs.
Key words
Tachinidae, Dexiinae, Palaearctic Region, Iran, Turkey, new records

Zusammenfassung
Im Zeitraum von 2009 bis 2013 wurde im nordwestlichen Iran eine faunistische Studie zu den Raupenfliegen der Unterfamilie
Dexiinae (Diptera: Tachinidae) durchgeführt. Insgesamt wurden 17 Arten aus 14 Gattungen festgestellt, die zu drei Triben
gehören. Davon sind 14 Arten und zehn Gattungen erstmals im Iran gefunden worden. Für alle 17 nachgewiesenen Raupen-
fliegenarten werden die Sammeldaten aufgelistet und die jeweilige Gesamtverbreitung sowie die aus der Literatur bekannten
Wirtsnachweise werden genannt. Für die erstmals im Iran nachgewiesenen Arten sind die Unterscheidungsmerkmale angegeben
und teilweise auch durch Fotographien dokumentiert.
Stichwörter
Tachinidae, Dexiinae, palärktische Region, Iran, Türkei, neue Nachweise

Introduction
The Tachinidae is a large family of Diptera with a worldwide distribution. From this family 409 genera
(O’Hara 2014) and more than 1600 described species are known in the Palaearctic region (Tschorsnig &
R ichter 1998). Nearly all members of this important family are parasitoids of insects. Their hosts are mainly
larvae of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera or Hymenoptera. Adults of Coleoptera, Heteroptera and Orthoptera, and
larvae or adults of some other orders are also parasitized (Stireman et al. 2006).
The monophyly of the subfamily Dexiinae is morphologically well-founded by autapomorphic characters
especially from male postabdomen (Tschorsnig 1985). Also new molecular phylogenetic studies support the
status of the subfamily as a monophyletic unit (Winkler et al. 2015).
The Dexiinae includes 54 genera in the Palaearctic region (O’Hara 2014). Generally, dexiines tend to be larger,
rather long legged flies that most commonly parasitize larval Coleoptera (mostly Scarabaeidae) and Lepidoptera.
They have also been reared from Hymenoptera and Diptera (Tabanidae) (Herting 1960, Mesnil 1944−75, 1980).
In a large proportion of the Dexiinae, notably the tribe Dexiini, the females do not interact with their hosts
directly, but rather they broadcast their eggs in the vicinity or appropriate microhabitat of the host. The planidial

© Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, 2015 243

Seyyedi Sahebari et al.: Tachinid flies of the subfamily Dexiinae (Tachinidae) in northwestern Iran

larvae then burrow into the substrate in search of suitable hosts. This allows the parasitization of hosts that are
concealed in soil, in wood, or in plant tissues (Mesnil 1980).
The Iranian fauna of Tachinidae is not well known. Most of the records in Iran are scattered in the literature and
there are only some short notes published on Iranian Dexiinae. Samet et al. (1977) reported the Dexiinae species
Billaea biserialis (Portshinsky, 1881), Billaea zimini Kolomiets, 1966 and Periscepsia carbonaria (Panzer,
1798). Later Herting (1984) added Estheria pallicornis (Loew, 1873) and Parchami Araghi (1995) Voria
ruralis (Fallén, 1810). Gheibi et al. (2008, 2009) reported (apart from Estheria spec.) four species belonging
to the subfamilies Dexiinae from Fars province [Athrycia impressa (van der Wulp, 1869), Cyrtophloeba ruricola
(Meigen, 1824), Periscepsia carbonaria (Panzer, 1798) and Thelaira solivaga (Harris, 1780)]. Lutovinovas
et al. (2013) recorded Dinera fuscata Zhang & Shima, 2006, from Mazanderan province and Ziegler et al.
(2015), added a record of this species from East Azerbaijan. Herein we report 17 tachinid species of the sub-
family Dexiinae from northwestern Iran.

Material and Methods

Materials were collected using a standard entomological hand net from grasslands and forests situated in
Ardebil, East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan and Kurdistan provinces in the period between 2009 and 2013
(Fig. 1). Collected specimens were deposited at the Insect Collection of Professor Hasan Maleki Milani,
Tabriz, Iran (ICHMM). The third author has added a few first records for the adjacent Turkey from the private
collection of J. Ziegler, Bernau, Germany (CZB). The morphological terminology follows Tschorsnig &
R ichter (1998), but we used the term “seta” instead of “bristle”. The specimens were identified based on the
keys of Tschorsnig & Richter (1998) and Cerretti (2010) [genus level] and Mesnil (1944–1975, 1980) [species
level]. Unfortunately the revision of the Palaearctic Dexiinae by Mesnil is still incomplete. As a reference for
species determination, the keys of Zimin et al. (1988) and Tschorsnig & Herting (1994) have been used.

Fig 1: The regions of northwest Iran where specimens have been collected.

Results
Seventeen species belonged to 14 genera and three tribes of the subfamily Dexiinae were collected, identified
and the data are listed in order of the catalogue of Herting (1984). Ten genera and 14 species are newly recorded
for the Iranian insect fauna, and are marked with an asterisk. For the first recorded genera and species we added
their diagnostic characters which are partially documented with photographs.

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Tribe: Dexiini
Dexia Meigen, 1826 *
Type species: Musca rustica Fabricius, 1775.
Diagnostic characters: Antenna usually at most as long as height of gena (Fig. 2); facial carina developed; arista
long plumose (Fig. 3); parafacial wide and bare; eye bare; prementum at least three times as long as its diameter;
back of upper head with black setulae; first postsutural supra-alar seta distinctly shorter than notopleural setae;
2nd costal sector of wing setulose ventrally; bend of M with an extension which is approx. 0.5 times as long as
crossvein r-m (Fig. 4); hind tibia with 2 dorsal apical spurs; middorsal depression on 1 + 2 syntergite extending
back to hind margin of that segment.

Dexia rustica (Fabricius, 1775) *

(Figs 2–5)
Material examined: IRAN: Ardebil province: Khiyav (Hetem Meshesi), 38°18.840'N 47°23.835'E, 1581 m, 3 ♂♂ 1 ♀,
3.viii.2013, leg. S. K haghaninia. East Azerbaijan province: Arasbaran Forests (Chichakli), 38°37.169'N 46°26.536'E, 1534 m,
14 ♂♂, 21.viii.2012, leg. S. K haghaninia; Horand (Qere Dervish), 38°54.926'N 47°16.935'E, 1365 m, 2 ♂♂ 2 ♀♀, 23.v.2013,
leg. S. K haghaninia; Kaleiber, 38°51.077'N 46°59.932'E, 1367 m, 2 ♂♂, 1.vii.2013, leg. S. K haghaninia.
Diagnostic characters: Wing with a costal spine; lower calypter without long fine setulae at their edge;
3 katepisternal setae; abdominal tergites on their whole length covered with pruinosity, abdomen in males
yellow with a black dorsal longitudinal stripe (Fig. 5).
Distribution: ASIA: New record for the Iranian insect fauna. Turkey [see remarks below]; Transcaucasia, south-
west Siberia (Herting, 1984), China (Zhang et al. 2010). EUROPE: From the British Isles and Finland in the north
to Italy and Greece in the south; from Spain in the west to Ukraine and Russia in the east (Tschorsnig et al. 2004).
Remarks: The species was also found in Turkey for the first time: TURKEY: Antalya province, Toros Mountain
Range near Akseki, 31.v.1998, 5 ♂♂, leg. Lange & Ziegler (CZB).
Host range: Melolontha species, Amphimallon solstitialis Linnaeus, Phyllopertha horticola Linnaeus, Rhizotro-
gus aequinoctialis Herbst, R. marginipes Mulsant (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) (Tschorsnig & Herting 1994).

Zeuxia Meigen, 1826 *

Type species: Zeuxia cinerea Meigen, 1826.
Diagnostic characters: Antenna usually at most as long as height of gena (Figs 6, 10); arista pubescent or plumose
(Figs 7, 11); prementum 4–8 times as long as its diameter; scutellum entirely black in ground colour; both lap-
pets of posterior spiracle small and about equal in size; tegula black; basicosta usually black; costal spine at
least as long as r-m (Figs 8, 12); bend of M with an extension which is 0.5–3.0 times as long as crossvein r-m
(Figs 8, 12); hind tibia with 2–3 dorsal apical spurs.

Zeuxia cinerea Meigen, 1826 *

(Figs 6–9)
Material examined: IRAN: West Azerbaijan province: Urmia (Marmisho), 37°35.045'N 44°38.130'E, 1353 m, 1 ♂, 26.v.2014,
leg. S. K haghaninia. Kurdistan province: Saqqez, 36°10.471'N 46°20.290'E, 1603 m, 2 ♂♂, 16.vi.2013, leg. S. K haghaninia.
Diagnostic characters: Parafrontalia with a row of outer orbital setae [the longest about as strong as the posterior
frontal setae] (Fig. 6); arista long plumose, first flagellomere as long as pedicel (Fig. 7); palpus thin, yellowish,
sometimes dark brown; four or five postpronotal setae in a straight line; petiole of wing cell r4+5 at least as long
as two-fifths of the postangular vein (Fig. 8); tergites on their whole length with dense grey pruinosity (Fig. 9).
Distribution: AFRICA: Algeria. ASIA: New record for the Iranian insect fauna; Turkey (K ara 1999); Israel,
Transcaucasia, Kazakhstan (Herting 1984). EUROPE: From Portuguese in the west to Ukraine and Russia in

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the east; northwards distributed to Middle France, northern Germany and Poland, in the south to Spain, Italy
and Greece. Not on the British Isles and not in Scandinavia (Tschorsnig et al. 2004).
Host range: Cleonus mendicus Gyllenthal, Larinus obtusus Gyllenthal, L. planus Fabricius (Coleoptera:
Curculionidae) (Tschorsnig & Herting 1994).

Zeuxia erythraea (Egger, 1856) *

(Figs 10–13)
Material examined: IRAN: East Azerbaijan province: Arasbaran Forests (Chichakli), 38°37.169'N 46°26.536'E, 1534 m, 1 ♂,
27.vii.2010, leg. S. K haghaninia; Kaleiber, 38°51.077'N 46°59.932'E, 1367 m, 1 ♂, 1.vii.2013, leg. S. K haghaninia. Kurdistan
province: Saqqez, 36°10.471'N 46°20.290'E, 1603 m, 1 ♂ 5 ♀♀, 24.vi.2013, leg. S. K haghaninia.
Diagnostic characters: Parafrontalia with outer orbital setae (Fig. 10); arista short plumose, first flagellomere
shorter than pedicel (Fig. 11); palpus black; face flat; wing cell r4+5 open, last section of CuA1 as long as dm-cu
(Fig. 12); anepimeral setae long, equal in length to katepisternal setae; four postpronotal setae, middle basal
seta displaced anteriorly; abdomen black, on sides reddish, with light whitish pruinosity (Fig. 13).
Distribution: ASIA: New record for the Iranian insect fauna; Turkey (Doğanlar 1982), Transcaucasia (Herting
1984), China (O’Hara et al. 2009). EUROPE: Italy, Balkans, Greece, Ukraine, Russia. Not in North, West and
Central Europe (Tschorsnig et al. 2004).
Host range: Unknown.

Zeuxia nudigena (Belanovsky, 1951) *

Material examined: IRAN: East Azerbaijan province: Arasbaran Forests (Chichakli), 38°37.169'N 46°26.536'E, 1534 m,
1 ♂, 27.vii.2010, leg. S. K haghaninia.
Diagnostic characters: Parafrontalia in males without outer orbital setae; three postpronotal setae in a
straight line; first flagellomere 1.5 times longer than pedicel; parafacialia in male without setulae; abdomen
on sides usually reddish, setulae on male abdomen depressed.
Distribution: ASIA: New record for the Iranian insect fauna; Caucasus, Turkmenistan (Herting 1984).
EUROPE: Only known from Ukraine (Tschorsnig et al. 2004).
Host range: Unknown.

Tribe: Voriini
Eriothrix Meigen, 1803 *
Type species: Musca lateralis Fabricius, 1775.
Diagnostic characters: Arista bare (Fig. 14); first flagellomere at most 1.5 times as long as pedicel (Fig. 14); lower
facial margin strongly turned forwards (Fig. 14); eye covered with dense hairs; prementum 8–15 times as long
as its diameter, setulae on posteroventral half of head predominantly white; postpronotum with 3 basal bristles
in a straight line, 1–2 anterior setae placed before; lateral scutellar setae absent or hair like; costal spine on wing
longer than cross vein r-m (Fig. 16); hind tibia with two dorsal preapical setae; preapical posteroventral seta on
hind tibia nearly as long as preapical anteroventral seta; middorsal depression on abdominal syntergite 1 + 2
extending back to hind margin of that segment (Fig 17).

Eriothrix apennina (Rondani, 1862) *

Material examined: IRAN: East Azerbaijan province: Arasbaran Forests (Aynali region), 38°55.725'N 46°47.589'E, 1358 m,
2 ♂♂ 2 ♀♀, 27.vii.2010, leg. S. K haghaninia; Arasbaran Forests (Chichakli), 38°37.169'N 46°26.536'E, 1534 m, 3 ♂♂ 2 ♀♀,
30.vi.2014, leg. S. K haghaninia.
Diagnostic characters: Arista thickened at least at basal third; back of head with only one row of black set-
ulae; abdomen reddish on sides of tergites 2–4, with broad bands of pruinosity; wing cell r4+5 open. Males:

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Parafrontalia without outer orbital setae but with strong lateroclinate upper orbital setae; frons 0.50–0.65
times as wide as one eye; frontal setae reaching down about to the middle of pedicel; epandrium about 1.5
times as long as segment 7 + 8.
Distribution: AFRICA: Morocco. ASIA: New record for the Iranian insect fauna; Turkey (Doğanlar 1982)
[as E. latifrons Brauer], Israel, Transcaucasia, Kazakhstan (Herting 1984), China (O’Hara et al. 2009).
EUROPE: Only in South and East Europe, not known from North Europe and from parts of Central Europe.
From Spain in the west via Italy and Balkans to Central Russia in the east (Tschorsnig et al. 2004).
Host range: Unknown.

Eriothrix rufomaculata (De Geer, 1776) *

(Figs 14–17)
Material examined: IRAN: Ardebil province: Khiyav (Hetem Meshesi), 38°18.840'N 47°23.835'E, 1581 m, 8 ♂♂ 5 ♀♀, 3.viii.2013,
leg. S. Khaghaninia. East Azerbaijan province: Qurigol, 37°55'N 46°41'E, 1915 m, 2 ♂♂, 28.vii.2013, leg. S. Khaghaninia;
Maragheh (Kurde Deh), 37°25.315'N 46°25.097'E, 1787 m, 1 ♂ 4 ♀♀, 1.vi.2013, leg. S. K haghaninia. West Azerbaijan province:
Khoy (Pere), 38°44.320'N 44°52.997'E, 1405 m, 18 ♂♂ 9 ♀♀, 16.v.2013, leg. S. K haghaninia. Kurdistan province: Saqqez,
36°10.471'N 46°20.290'E, 1603 m, 2 ♂♂ 3 ♀♀, 16.vi. 2013, leg. S. K haghaninia.
Diagnostic characters: Arista thickened at least at basal third (Fig. 14); back of head with 2–3 rows of black
setulae; wing cell r4+5 petiolate (Fig. 15); abdomen reddish with black dorsal stripe and with narrow bands
of pruinosity (Fig. 17). Males: Parafrontalia without outer orbital setae, with or without lateroclinate upper
orbital setae; frons 0.68–0.90 times as wide as one eye; frontal setae reaching down to about the end of pedicel;
epandrium shorter as segment 7 + 8.
Distribution: ASIA: New record for the Iranian insect fauna. Turkey (Doğanlar 1982), Israel, Transcaucasia,
Central Asia, South Siberia, Russian Far East (Ziegler & Shima 1996); China (O’Hara et al. 2009). EUROPE:
From the British Isles, Norway and Finland in the north to Spain, Italy and Greece in the south; from Portuguese
in the west to Ukraine and Russia in the east (Tschorsnig et al. 2004).
Host range: Crambus hortuellus Huebner (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) (Tschorsnig & Herting 1994).

Athrycia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830

Type species: Athrycia erythrocera Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830.

Athrycia trepida (Meigen, 1824) *

(Figs 18–20)
Material examined: IRAN: East Azerbaijan province: Maragheh (Kurde Deh), 37°25.315'N 46°25.097'E, 1787 m, 1 ♂,
1.vi.2013, leg. S. K haghaninia. West Azerbaijan province: Khoy (Pere), 38°44.320'N 44°52.997'E, 1405 m, 1 ♂, 16.v.2013,
leg. A. Pourhaji.
Diagnostic characters: Proepisternum bare, 3–4 downwardly-directed strong parafacial setae (Fig. 18); arista
thickened more than on its basal half, pedicel usually black, seldom brownish or reddish yellow (Fig. 19); the
distance from the bend of M to the posterior wing edge is 0.77–1.07 as long as the postangular vein (Fig. 20).
Distribution: ASIA: New record for the Iranian insect fauna. Turkey (see remarks below); Israel, Transcaucasia,
Central Asia, Mongolia, Southeast Siberia, Russian Far East, Japan, China (Ziegler & Shima 1996, O’Hara et al.
2009). EUROPE: From the British Isles, Norway and Finland in the north to Italy and Greece in the south; from
Spain in the west to Ukraine and Russia in the east (Tschorsnig et al. 2004).
Remarks: The species was collected also in adjoining TURKEY: Kayseri province, Tahtalı Mountain Range
near Taşci, 29.v.1998, 1 ♂, leg. Lange & Ziegler (CZB). Konya province, Kızılören Mountain Range near
Sefaköy and Kızılören, 23.v.1998 and 31.v.1998, 1 ♂ 4 ♀♀, leg. Lange & Ziegler (CZB).
Host range: Various Noctuidae (Lepidoptera), especially Orthosia species (Tschorsnig & Herting 1994).

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2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13

14 15 16 17

18 19 20 21
Figs 2−21: Morphological characters of species of subfamily Dexiinae collected in Iran. − 2−5: Dexia rustica (Fabricius): head
of male in lateral view (2), antenna (3), wing with bend of M with extension (4), abdomen with black dorsal longitudinal stripe (5);
− 6−9: Zeuxia cinerea Meigen: head of male in lateral view (6), antenna (7), wing with petiole of cell r4+5 (8), abdomen dorsally
with dense grey pruinosity (9); − 10−13: Zeuxia erythraea (Egger): head of male in lateral view (10), antenna (11), wing with open
cell r4+5 (12), abdomen in dorsal view (13); − 14−17: Eriothrix rufomaculata (De Geer): head of male in lateral view (14), wing with
petiole of cell r4+5 (15), costal spine of wing (16), abdomen in dorsal view (17); − 18−20: Athrycia trepida (Meigen): head of male in
lateral view (18), antenna (19), wing (20); − 21: Klugia marginata (Meigen): head of female, lateral view.

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22 23 24 25

26 27 28 29

30 31 32 33

34 35 36 37

38 39 40 41
Figs 22−41: Morphological characters of species of subfamily Dexiinae collected in Iran. − 22−23: Klugia marginata (Meigen):
abdomen of female in dorsal view (22), in lateral view, with median discal setae of tergites (23); − 24−26: Hypovoria hilaris Villeneuve:
male antenna (24), head of male in lateral view (25), wing with petiole of cell r4+5 (26); − 27−29: Phyllomya volvulus (Fabricius): head of
female in lateral view (27), head of female in dorsal view, frons with orbital setae (28), abdomen in lateral view, tergites with discal
setae (29); − 30−32: Stomina iners (Meigen): head of male in lateral view (30), parafrontalia (31), mid femur (32); − 33−34: Dufouria
nigrita (Fallén): head of male in lateral view (33), costal spine of wing (34); − 35−37: Microsoma exiguum (Meigen): head of female
in lateral view (35), abdomen with ovipositor in lateral view (36), wing (37); − 38−41: Freraea gagatea Robineau-Desvoidy: head
of female in lateral view (38), parafacialia (39), subscutellum in lateral view (40), terminalia in lateral view (41).

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Voria Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830

Type species: Voria latifrons Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830.

Voria ruralis (Fallén, 1810)

Material examined: IRAN: East Azerbaijan province: Arasbaran Forests (Chichakli), 38°37.169'N 46°26.536'E, 1534 m, 3 ♂♂
1 ♀, 21.viii.2012; 3 ♀♀, 30.vi.2014, leg. S. K haghaninia; Jolfa (Livarjan), 38°49.401'N 45°42.255'E,1158 m, 1 ♀, 12.v.2013, leg.
S. K haghaninia. Kurdistan province: Saqqez, 36°10.471'N 46°20.290'E, 1603 m, 2 ♂♂, 16.vi.2013, leg. S. K haghaninia. West
Azerbaijan province: Khoy (Pere), 38°44.320'N 44°52.997'E, 1405 m, 4 ♀♀, 16.v.2013, leg. A. Pourhaji.
Distribution: ASIA: Iran (Parchami A raghi 1995), Middle East, Transcaucasia, Central Asia, Mongolia,
Siberia, Russian Far East, Japan (Ziegler & Shima 1996), Pakistan, Nepal, India, Papua New Guinea.
EUROPE: In all regions of Europe, northwards to Scotland and northern Finland. Widespread in AFRICA,
AUSTRALIA, NORTH AMERICA and SOUTH AMERICA; almost cosmopolitan.
Host range: Autographa gamma Linnaeus (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) (Parchami Araghi 1995), also other
Noctuidae like Spodoptera exigua (Huebner) and Diachrysia chrysitis Linnaeus (Tschorsnig & Herting 1994,
Baur 2005).

Cyrtophloeba Rondani, 1856

Type species: Tachina ruricola Meigen, 1824.

Cyrtophloeba ruricola (Meigen, 1824)

Material examined: IRAN: West Azerbaijan province: Khoy (Pere), 38°44.320'N 44°52.997'E, 1405 m, 1 ♀, 16.v.2013, leg.
A. Pourhaji.
Distribution: ASIA: Turkey [see remarks below], Iran (Gheibi et al. 2008), Israel, Transcaucasia, Central Asia,
Mongolia, Siberia, Russian Far East (Ziegler & Shima 1996), China (O’Hara et al. 2009). EUROPE: From
the British Isles, Norway and Finland in the north to Italy and Greece in the south; from Spain in the west to
Ukraine and Russia in the east (Tschorsnig et al. 2004).
Remarks: The transpalaearctic distributed species was also commonly found in neighbouring Turkey by the
third author: 53 specimens were collected in the period from 1992 till 2002 by Lange & Ziegler (CZB) in the
provinces Antalya, Burdur, Konya, and Van.
Host range: Various Lepidoptera, especially Apopestes spectrum Esper (Noctuidae), also the Geometridae
Pachycnemia hippocastanaria Huebner (Tschorsnig & Herting 1994) and the Sphingidae Deilephila elpenor
Linnaeus (Baur 2005).

Klugia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 *

Type species: Tachina marginata Meigen, 1824 (monotypical genus).
Diagnostic characters: Arista bare, eye bare; facial ridge with setae on less than lower third; parafacialia with
4–6 proclinate setae (Fig. 21), back of head with white setulae; scutum with 3 postsutural dorsocentral setae;
anepimeral seta not differentiated from the usual anepimeral setulae; abdomen with pruinescence (Fig. 22);
middorsal depression on abdominal syntergite 1 + 2 not extending back to hind margin of that segment;
abdominal tergites 3 and 4 each with one pair of strong median discal setae (Fig. 23).

Klugia marginata (Meigen, 1824) *

(Figs 21–23)
Material examined: IRAN: East Azerbaijan province: Horand (Qere Dervish), 38°54.926'N 47°16.935'E, 1365 m, 2 ♂♂ 1 ♀,
6.vi.2014, leg. S. K haghaninia.

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Distribution: ASIA: New record for the Iranian insect fauna. Turkey (K ara 1999), Transcaucasia, Mongolia,
southeast Siberia (Herting 1984). EUROPE: From Norway and Finland in the north to Spain, Italy, and the
Balkans in the south; from Spain in the west to Central Russia in the east (Tschorsnig et al. 2004).
Host range: Unknown.

Hypovoria Villeneuve, 1913 *

Type species: Hypovoria hilaris Villeneuve, 1912.
Diagnostic characters: Arista bare (Fig. 24); Parafacial with fine hairs; height of gena about 2/5 vertical diameter
of eye or more ; prementum at least three times as long as its diameter (Fig. 25); back of head with white
setulae; thorax and abdomen black with grey pruinescence; anepimeral setae very strong and long; crossvein
dm-cu exceptionally oblique (Fig. 26); R4+5 setose at least halfway to crossvein r-m; abdominal tergites 3 and
4 without median discal setae.

Hypovoria hilaris Villeneuve, 1912 *

(Figs 24–26)
Material examined: IRAN: East Azerbaijan province: Qurigol, 37°55'N 46°41'E, 1915 m, 1 ♂, 28.vii.2013, leg. S. K haghaninia.
Diagnostic characters: Prementum 5–6 times as long as its diameter (Fig. 25); wing cell r4+5 distinctly petiolate
(Fig. 26), R1 bare.
Distribution: AFRICA: Tunisia. ASIA: New record for the Iranian insect fauna. Turkey [see remarks below];
Israel, Transcaucasia, Central Asia, Mongolia, southeast Siberia (Herting 1984). EUROPE: Known from the
Canary Islands, mediterranean Spain, southern France, Greece and Cyprus (Tschorsnig et al. 2004).
Remarks: The species was also found in Turkey for the first time: TURKEY: Antalya province, Gümüşkavak
near Alanya, 20.v.1997, 1 ♀, leg. Lange & Ziegler (CZB).
Host range: Unknown.

Phyllomya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 *

Type species: Musca volvulus Fabricius, 1794.
Diagnostic characters: Arista pubescent; antenna distinctly longer than height of gena (Fig. 27); parafacial
setose over most of its length; frons with at most three orbital setae; postpronotum usually with three setae
arranged in a triangle; inner anterior surface of fore coxa bare.

Phyllomya volvulus (Fabricius, 1794) *

(Figs 27–29)
Material examined: IRAN: East Azerbaijan province: Arasbaran Forests (Chichakli), 38°37.169'N 46°26.536'E, 1534 m,
1 ♂ 3 ♀♀, 30.vi.2014, leg. S. K haghaninia.
Diagnostic characters: Parafacial black setose; 1–2 outer orbital setae; 1 lateroclinate upper orbital setae (Fig. 28);
postscuteral supra-alar setae strong; 0 + 2 intra-alar setae; 3 katepisternal setae; tergite 3, 4, and 5 with discal
setae (Fig. 29), tergite 3 and 4 also with laterodiscal setae.
Distribution: ASIA: New record for the Iranian insect fauna. Transcaucasia, southeast Siberia (Herting 1984).
EUROPE: Widespread through most of Europe, from British Isles, Norway and Finland in the north to Spain,
Italy, and the Balkans in the south; from Spain in the west to Central Russia in the east (Tschorsnig et al. 2004).
Host range: Pachyprotasis rapae Linnaeus, Macrophya albicincta (Schrank), Aglaostigma fulvipes Scopoli,
A. nebulosa André, and Tenthredo scrophulariae Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) (Tschorsnig &
Herting 1994).

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Seyyedi Sahebari et al.: Tachinid flies of the subfamily Dexiinae (Tachinidae) in northwestern Iran

Thelaira Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830

Type species: Thelaira abdominalis Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830.

Thelaira solivaga (Harris, [1780])

Material examined: IRAN: East Azerbaijan province: Arasbaran Forests (Aynali region), 38°55.725'N 46°47.589'E, 1358 m,
1 ♂, 14.vi.2010, leg. S. K haghaninia; West Azerbaijan province: Urmia (Marmisho), 37°35.045'N 44°38.130'E, 1353 m, 2 ♂♂,
26.v.2014, leg. S. K haghaninia.
Distribution: ASIA: Turkey [see remarks below]; Iran (Gheibi et al. 2008), Transcaucasia (Herting 1984), Russian
Far East (Ziegler & Shima 1996). EUROPE: From the British Isles and Norway in the north to Spain and Greece
in the south (Cerretti & Ziegler 2005). In east Europe known from Poland and Romania (Tschorsnig et al. 2004).
Remarks: The species has a disjunct Palaearctic distribution and is also known from the adjacent Turkish
area by the third author: TURKEY: Kayseri province, Tahtalı Mountain Range near Taşci, 29.v.1998, 1 ♂, leg.
Lange & Ziegler (CZB).
Host range: Phragmatobia fuliginosa Linnaeus; Arctia villica Linnaeus; A. caja Linnaeus; Ocnogyna corsica
R ambur (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae) (Tschorsnig & Herting 1994).

Stomina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 *

Type species: Stomina rubricornis Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830.
Diagnostic characters: Arista pubescent; lower facial margin visible in lateral view (Fig. 30); vibrissae arising
far above lower facial margin; parafacials setose, at least a few hairs below lowest frontal setae (Fig. 29); pre-
mentum shorter than height of head; upper part of head without black setulae behind the postocular row; on
scutum two postsutural intra-alar setae; scutellum with crossed apical setae; preapical anterodorsal seta on fore
tibia as long as or longer than preapical dorsal seta; preapical posteroventral seta on hind tibia distinctly shorter than
preapical anteroventral seta; middorsal depression on abdominal syntergite 1 + 2 extending back to hind margin.

Stomina iners (Meigen, 1838) *

(Figs 30–32)
Material examined: IRAN: East Azerbaijan province: Arasbaran Forests (Chichakli), 38°37.169'N 46°26.536'E, 1534 m,
1 ♂, 30.vi.2014, leg. S. K haghaninia; West Azerbaijan province: Urmia (Marmisho), 37°35.045'N 44°38.130'E, 1353 m, 1 ♂,
26.v.2014, leg. S. K haghaninia.
Diagnostic characters: Parafrontalia with long black setulae, reaching down at least to the level of middle
of first flagellomere (Fig. 31); mid femur without anterior seta (Fig. 32); mid tibia with 2 anterodorsal setae.
Male postabdomen: Syncercus as long as oval surstyli.
Distribution: ASIA: New record for the Iranian insect fauna. Turkey (Doğanlar 1982); Israel (Herting 1984).
EUROPE: Distributed in southwest Europe (Iberian Peninsula, France) and in southeast Europe (from Czech
Republic in the northwest to Greece in the south and Ukraine in southeast). Not known from North Europe
and parts of Central Europe (Tschorsnig et al. 2004).
Host range: Unknown.

Tribe: Dufourini
Dufouria Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 *
Type species: Dufouria aperta Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830.
Diagnostic characters: Body shiny black or uniformly covered with very weak pruinescence; ocellar setae short,
usually hair-like; lower facial margin protruding, visible in lateral view (Fig. 33); setulae on posteroventral half of
head all black; anepimeral setae hair-like; katepisternum with two setae; two strong postsutural intra-alar setae;

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scutellum with strong crossed apical setae; postmetacoxal area membranous; middorsal depression on abdominal
syntergit 1 + 2 not extending back to hind margin; abdominal tergites 3 and 4 each with median discal setae.

Dufouria nigrita (Fallén, 1810) *

(Figs 33–34)
Material examined: IRAN: West Azerbaijan province: Urmia (Marmisho), 37°35.045'N 44°38.130'E, 1353 m, 7 ♂♂, 26.v. 2014,
leg. S. K haghaninia.
Diagnostic characters: The longest arista hairs are scarcely as long as the diameter of the thickened arista base;
distance of both intra-alar setae from each other is about as great as the interval of the anterior intra-alar to
the suture; one pair acrostichal setae present before the suture; costal spine shorter than r-m (Fig. 34); R4+5
covered with setulae between the base and r-m; fore tibia with 1 posterior setae; hind tibia with 2 dorsal
apical spurs; middle tibia with 2 anterodorsal setae. Male parafrontalia with long dense setulae, reaching down
at the level of middle of first flagellomere (Fig. 33); eyes hairy in males, bare or very sparsely dotted with
short hairs in females; tergite 2 in females without, in males with 2 dorsal marginal setae.
Distribution: ASIA: New record for the Iranian insect fauna; Turkey (K ara 1999), Transcaucasia, Israel,
Mongolia, southeast Siberia (Herting 1984). EUROPE: Widespread through the most of Europe from the
British Isles, Sweden and Finland in the north to Spain, Italy and Greece in the south; from Portugal in the
west to Ukraine and Russia in the east (Tschorsnig et al. 2004).
Host range: Unknown.

Microsoma Macquart, 1855 *

Type species: Microsoma nigra Macquart, 1855.
Diagnostic characters: Arista bare and thickened on less than basal half, vibrissae well-developed (Fig. 35);
face without carina; setulae on posteroventral half of head all black; katepisternum with two setae; scutellum
black and with only two pairs of setae along its margin; subapical scutellar setae not extending back to level
of apices of strong crossed apical setae; postmetacoxal area membranous; lower calypter not divergent from
scutellum; hind tibia with three strong dorsal preapical setae; middorsal depression of abdominal syntergite
1 + 2 not extending back to hind margin of that segment; abdominal tergites with discal and marginal setae,
whole abdomen covered with setae of uniform size; abdominal tergite 5 shorter than tergite 4; ovipositor of
female bill-shaped (Fig. 36).

Microsoma exiguum (Meigen, 1824) *

(Figs 35–37)
Material examined: IRAN: East Azerbaijan province: Arasbaran Forests (Aynali region), 38°55.725'N 46°47.589'E, 1358 m,
1 ♀, 14.vi.2010, leg. S. K haghaninia.
Diagnostic characters: Last section of CuA1 as long as 0.6–0.8 of dm-cu (Fig. 37). Male: antenna, palpus, halter,
calypter and scutum blackish. Female: First flagellomere orange (Fig. 35), palpus and halter yellowish, calypter
gray, scutum gray with 4 black longitudinal stripes.
Distribution: ASIA: New record for the Iranian insect fauna. Turkey (Aeschlimann 1990); Israel, Transcaucasia,
Russian Far East, Japan (Herting 1984). EUROPE: From the British Isles, Sweden and Finland in the north to
Spain and Bulgaria in the south; from France in the west to Ukraine and Russia in the east (Tschorsnig et al. 2004).
Host range: Sitona species, Hypera postica Gyllenhal, and Polydrosus inustus Germar (Coleoptera: Curculio-
nidae) (Tschorsnig & Herting 1994); Coniatus tamarisci Fabricius (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) (Baur 2005).

Freraea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 *

Type species: Freraea gagatea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (monotypical genus).

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Seyyedi Sahebari et al.: Tachinid flies of the subfamily Dexiinae (Tachinidae) in northwestern Iran

Diagnostic characters: Arista apparently bare (Fig. 38); parafacial with setulae over its whole length (Fig. 39);
subscutellum convex (Fig. 40); postmetacoxal area membranous; lower calypter not divergent from scutellum;
wing vein M gradually and evenly curved, extending to wing margin without an abrupt bend; abdomen without
any setae. Male: frons about as wide as 1/10 eye in dorsal view. Head of female covered with short spines,
without any longer setae (Fig. 38); abdominal tergite 5 exceptionally elongate, bent ventrally (Fig. 41).

Freraea gagatea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 *

(Figs 38–41)
Material examined: IRAN: East Azerbaijan province: Arasbaran Forests (Aynali region), 38°55.725'N 46°47.589'E, 1358 m,
2 ♀♀, 27.vii.2010, leg. S. K haghaninia.
Remarks: In Freraea gagatea the whole body is usually black. The female studied by the third author and
illustrated in figures 38–41 has the antennae and scutellum brownish and the femora yellowish. Mesnil
(1944–1975: 1374) wrote that the colour of specimens from historic collections had changed from black to
brownish. Perhaps the flies from Iran have lost their original colour due to their conservation in alcohol.
Studies of well-prepared and fresh specimens of both sexes could help to resolve the taxonomic status of this
“yellow-legged form” from Iran.
Distribution: ASIA: New record for the Iranian insect fauna; Mongolia (Herting 1984). EUROPE: Widespread
in Europe and known from the most of the countries. From the British Isles, Norway and Finland in the north to
Spain, Italy and Bulgaria in the south, and from the Iberian Peninsula in the west to Central Russia in the east
(Tschorsnig et al. 2004).
Host range: Harpalus rufipes De Geer, H. tardus Panzer, and Amara aulica Panzer (Coleoptera: Carabidae);
perhaps also Agrilus viridis Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) (Tschorsnig & Herting 1994).

Discussion
The present study with 17 identified species increases the number of known Iranian Dexiinae species from 9
to 23 because 14 of the 17 species are new records for Iran. All recorded species are first findings for northwest
Iran, but have wide West Palaearctic, Disjunct Palaearctic or Transpalaearctic distributions.
The more specious tribe Voriini comprises 9 genera and 10 species in the study areas, among them five
genera and seven species are new records for the Iranian insect fauna. The species Eriothrix rufomaculata
(De Geer), known as a parasitoid of Pyralidae (Lepidoptera), has the highest frequency in collections using
a hand net in the regions studied, but their relative abundance is not known. Prior to this study, the genus
Athrycia Robineau-Desvoidy with the species Athrycia impressa (van der Wulp) was reported from the Fars
province of Iran (Gheibi et al. 2009). In this paper the species Athrycia trepida (Meigen), a parasitoid of Noctuidae
(Lepidoptera), is recorded for the first time from Iran. Voria ruralis (Fallén) is common in different parts of
Iran. Parchami Araghi (1995) reported this species as parasitoid of Autographa gamma (Lepidoptera, Plusiidae)
larvae in Mazandaran province. The species Cyrtophloeba ruricola (Meigen), which was collected from
Khoy (situated in the north of West Azerbaijan province) is known as a parasitoid of Noctuidae, Sphingidae and
Geometridae larvae. This species was already reported from Fars province by Gheibi et al. (2009). Klugia
marginata (Meigen) and Hypovoria hilaris Villeneuve are reported here as new for the Iranian insect fauna.
Both are relatively rare species with unknown hosts. Phyllomya volvulus (Fabricius) was collected for the first
time in Iran from Chichakli region and parasitizes the larvae of the family Tenthredinidae (Hymenoptera).
Also Stomina iners (Meigen) is new for Iran. The Iranian records are the most easterly records of that West
Palaearctic species at present.
The Dexiini is another tribe of this subfamily, with two genera and four species new for the fauna of Iran in
the study areas. The genus Zeuxia Meigen with three species is the most specious genus in the present study.
The collected species are parasites of larval Coleoptera (as known so far).
The three genera Dufouria Robineau-Desvoidy, Microsoma Macquart and Freraea Robineau-Desvoidy belonging
to the tribe Dufourini were recorded for the first time from Iran. The host of the species Dufouria nigrita (Fallén) is

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still unknown. Microsoma exiguum (Meigen) has been reared as parasitoid of Curculionid larva. Freraea gagatea
Robineau-Desvoidy parasitizes Carabid and Buprestid larvae (Tschorsnig & Herting 1994).
The previously known fauna of the Dexiinae of northwestern Iran is similar to the fauna of the adjacent
Transcaucasia (R ichter 1971, 1972; Zeegers 2012) and of eastern Turkey (Doğanlar 1982, K ara 1999).
But the number of Dexiinae species from Transcaucasia is approximately four times greater than in our first
report. This certainly does not reflect a difference in biodiversity richness, and more intensive investigations
in northwest Iran should lead to a considerable increase in the number of species known from this area.

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Authors’ addresses
Farnaz Seyyedi Sahebari
Samad K haghaninia
University of Tabriz
Department of Plant Protection
Faculty of Agriculture
51664 Tabriz
Iran
E-mail: f_seyyedi_sahebari@yahoo.com
skhaghaninia@gmail.com

Joachim Ziegler
Museum of Natural History
Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science
10115 Berlin
Germany
E-mail: joachim.ziegler@mfn-berlin.de

The paper was accepted on 11 August 2015.

Editum: 14 December 2015.

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