Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Name___________________________________
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 x
-1
-2
-3
2) Decreasing 2)
f(x)
3
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 x
-1
-2
-3
1
3) Increasing 3)
g(x)
5
-2 -1 1 2 3 4 x
-1
4) Decreasing 4)
g(x)
5
-2 -1 1 2 3 4 x
-1
5) Increasing 5)
h(x)
3
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 x
-1
-2
-3
2
6) Decreasing 6)
h(x)
3
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 x
-1
-2
-3
7) Increasing 7)
f(x)
3
-2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
-1
-2
-3
8) Decreasing 8)
f(x)
3
-2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
-1
-2
-3
3
9) Increasing 9)
f(x)
3
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
-1
-2
-3
A) (-∞, -3), (3, ∞) B) (-3, 0), (3, ∞) C) (-∞, -3), (0, 3) D) (0, 3)
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
-1
-2
-3
Suppose that the function with the given graph is not f(x), but f′(x). Find the open intervals where f(x) is increasing or
decreasing as indicated.
11) Increasing 11)
y
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
4
12) Decreasing 12)
y
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
5
15) Increasing 15)
y
5
4
3
2
1
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
2 3 3 2
17) f(x) = x + x - 27x + 2 17)
3 2
9 9 9 9
A) 3 B) - , C) - ,3 D) -3,
2 2 2 2
-6x
19) f(x) = 19)
x-1
A) None B) 1 C) 6, 0 D) -1
6
Find the open interval(s) where the function is changing as requested.
23) Increasing; y = 7x - 5 23)
A) (-∞, ∞) B) (-5, 7) C) (-5, ∞) D) (-∞, 7)
1
27) Increasing; f(x) = 27)
x +1
2
A) (1, ∞) B) (0, ∞) C) (-∞, 0) D) (-∞, 1)
x+6
30) Decreasing; f(x) = 30)
x-2
A) (-∞, 2), (2, ∞) B) (-∞, 6), (6, ∞) C) (-∞, -2) D) none
34) A manufacturer sells telephones with cost function C(x) = 6.68x - 0.0002x2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 800 and 34)
revenue function R(x) = 9.2x - 0.002x2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 800. Determine the interval(s) on which the profit
function is increasing.
A) (50, 650) B) (700, 800) C) (0, 7700) D) (0, 700)
7
35) The cost of a computer system increases with increased processor speeds. The cost C of a system as 35)
a function of processor speed is estimated as C(s) = 6s 2 - 7s + 1300, where s is the processor speed
in MHz. Determine the intervals where the cost function C(s) is decreasing.
A) (-∞, 0.6) B) (0.6, ∞) C) Everywhere D) Nowhere
36) The number of people P(t) (in hundreds) infected t days after an epidemic begins is approximated 36)
by
10 ln(0.29t + 1)
P(t) = . When will the number of people infected start to decline?
0.29t + 1
A) Day 8 B) Day 9 C) Day 7 D) Day 10
37) Suppose a certain drug is administered to a patient, with the percent of concentration in the 37)
5t
bloodstream t hr later given by K(t) = . On what time interval is the concentration of the drug
t +1
2
increasing?
A) (0, 5) B) (5, ∞) C) (0, 1) D) (1, ∞)
38) The percent of concentration of a drug in the bloodstream x hours after the drug is administered is 38)
t
given by K(t) = . On what time interval is the concentration of the drug increasing?
t + 16
2
A) (-4, 4) B) (0, 5) C) (0, 4) D) (1, 4)
1 -x2 /2
39) A probability function is defined by f(x) = e . Give the intervals where the function is 39)
6π
increasing and decreasing.
A) increasing on (0, ∞); decreasing on (-∞, 0) B) increasing on (-∞, ∞)
C) increasing:on (-∞, 0); decreasing on (0, ∞) D) decreasing on (-∞, ∞)
Find the location and value of all relative extrema for the function.
40) 40)
8
41) 41)
42) 42)
43) 43)
44) 44)
9
45) 45)
46) 46)
A) Relative minimum of 0 at 0.
B) Relative maximum of 5 at -2 ; Relative minimum of 0 at 0 ; Relative maximum of 1 at 2.
C) Relative maximum of 5 at -2 ; Relative maximum of 1 at 2.
D) None
47) 47)
10
48) 48)
A) Relative minimum of 1 at 1.
B) Relative maximum of -1 at -1 ; Relative minimum of 1 at 1.
C) None
D) Relative maximum of -1 at -1.
49) 49)
Suppose that the function with the given graph is not f(x), but f′(x). Find the locations of all extrema, and tell whether
each extremum is a relative maximum or minimum.
50) 50)
y
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
11
51) 51)
y
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
52) 52)
y
2
3 x
12
53) 53)
y
3
-3 3 x
-3
54) 54)
y
6
5
4
3
2
1
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
13
55) 55)
h(x)
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
56) 56)
h(x)
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
14
57) 57)
g(x)
5
4
3
2
1
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
Find the x-value of all points where the function has relative extrema. Find the value(s) of any relative extrema.
58) f(x) = x2 + 2x - 3 58)
A) Relative minimum of -4 at -1. B) Relative minimum of -2 at 0.
C) Relative minimum of 0 at -2. D) Relative maximum of -4 at -1.
15
x2 + 1
63) f(x) = 63)
x2
A) Relative maximum of 50 at 0 ; Relative minimum of 0 at 10.
B) Relative maximum of 50 at 0.
C) No relative extrema.
D) Relative minimum of 0 at 10.
1
64) f(x) = 64)
x2 - 1
A) Relative maximum of 0 at 1. B) No relative extrema.
C) Relative maximum of -1 at 0. D) Relative minimum of -1 at 0.
1
67) f(x) = 67)
x +1
2
A) Relative maximum of 1 at 0. B) No relative extrema.
C) Relative minimum of 0.5 at 0. D) Relative maximum of 0 at 1.
16
72) f(x) = (ln 3x)2 , x > 0 72)
1
A) (3e, 0), relative minimum B) , 0 , relative minimum
3
x5
76) f(x) = 76)
6lnx
5 -1
A) Relative minimum of - e at e-1/5
6
5
B) Relative maximum of 0 at 0; relative minimum of e at e1/5
6
C) Relative minimum of 0 at 0
5
D) Relative minimum of e at e1/5
6
Use a graphing calculator to find the location of all relative extrema (to three decimal places).
79) f(x) = x4 - 3x3 - 21x2 + 74x - 69 79)
A) Relative maximum at x = 1.604; Relative minima at x = -3.089 and x = 3.735
B) Relative maximum at x = 1.519; Relative minima at x = -3.098 and x = 3.656
C) Relative maximum at x = 1.651; Relative minima at x = -3.045 and x = 3.824
D) Relative maximum at x = 1.656; Relative minima at x = -3.185 and x = 3.806
17
80) f(x) = x4 - 4x3 - 53x2 - 86x + 92 80)
A) Relative maximum at x = 0.969; relative minima at x = -3.268 and x = 7.038
B) Relative maximum at x = 0.92; relative minima at x = -3.237 and x = 7.137
C) Relative maximum at x = 0.954; relative minima at x = -3.103 and x = 7.054
D) Relative maximum at x = -0.944; relative minima at x = -3.192 and x = 7.136
83) The annual revenue and cost functions for a manufacturer of precision gauges are approximately 83)
R(x) = 480x - 0.01x2 and C(x) = 160x + 100,000, where x denotes the number of gauges made. What
is the maximum annual profit?
A) $2,660,000 B) $2,760,000 C) $2,560,000 D) $2,460,000
84) Find the number of units, x, that produces the maximum profit P, if C(x) = 20 + 52x and 84)
p = 72 - 2x.
A) 208 units B) 52 units C) 20 units D) 5 units
85) Find the maximum profit P if C(x) = 85 + 28x and p = 56 - 2x. 85)
A) $902 B) $13 C) $98 D) $987
86) Find the price p per unit that produces the maximum profit P if C(x) = 85 + 12x and p = 48 - 2x. 86)
A) $40 B) $26 C) $36 D) $30
87) P(x) = -x3 + 15x2 - 48x + 450, x ≥ 3 is an approximation to the total profit (in thousands of dollars) 87)
from the sale of x hundred thousand tires. Find the number of hundred thousands of tires that
must be sold to maximize profit.
A) 3 hundred thousand B) 8 hundred thousand
C) 5 hundred thousand D) 10 hundred thousand
88) S(x) = -x3 + 6x 2 + 288x + 4000, 4 ≤ x ≤ 20 is an approximation to the number of salmon swimming 88)
upstream to spawn, where x represents the water temperature in degrees Celsius. Find the
temperature that produces the maximum number of salmon.
A) 20°C B) 4°C C) 8°C D) 12°C
18
90) f(x) = 2x4 - 7x2 + 6 90)
A) 24x2 - 14 B) 8x2 - 14 C) 8x2 - 14x D) 24x2 - 14x
1
92) f(x) = 92)
x2 - 1
6x2 + 2 6x2 + 2 6x2 - 2 6x2 - 2
A) B) C) D)
(x2 - 1)3 (x2 - 1)4 (x2 - 1)3 (x2 - 1)4
x
96) f(x) = 96)
x+1
A) (x + 1)-3 B) (x + 1)-2 C) -2(x + 1)-2 D) -2(x + 1)-3
ln x
98) f(x) = 98)
6x
-7 - 2 ln x -3 - 2 ln x -3 + 2 ln x - ln x
A) B) C) D)
7x3 6x 6x3 6x3
19
101) f(x) = 7x2 + 8x - 2; Find f′′ (0). 101)
A) 14 B) 0 C) -14 D) 7
x
102) f(x) = ; Find f′′ (2). 102)
x+1
1 2 2
A) B) C) 0 D) -
9 3 27
ln x
104) f(x) = ; Find f′′ (1). 104)
5x
1 ln 2 3
A) - B) 15 C) D) -
10 10 5
1
108) f′′′ (x) of f(x) = 108)
x+1
A) 6(x + 1)-4 B) 6(x + 1)-3 C) -6(x + 1)-3 D) -6(x + 1)-4
x
109) f′′′ (x) of f(x) = 109)
x+1
A) -6(x + 1)-3 B) -6(x + 1)-4 C) 6(x + 1)-4 D) 6(x + 1)-3
20
Find the open intervals where the function is concave upward or concave downward. Find any inflection points.
110) 110)
A) Concave upward on (0, ∞); concave downward on (-∞, 0); inflection point at (0, -1)
B) Concave upward on (0, ∞); concave downward on (-∞, 0); inflection points at (-4, 0), (-1, 0),
7
and , 0
2
C) Concave upward on (-1, ∞); concave downward on (-∞, 2); inflection points at (-1, 0) and (2,
-3)
D) Concave upward on (-1, ∞); concave downward on (-∞, 2); inflection point at (2, -3)
111) 111)
A) Concave upward on (-∞, -3) and (2, ∞); concave downward on (-3, 2); inflection points at
(-1, -3) and (1, -2)
B) Concave upward on (-∞, -1) and (1, ∞); concave downward on (-1, 1); inflection points at
(-3, -5), (0, -1), and (2, -2)
C) Concave upward on (-∞, -1) and (1, ∞); concave downward on (-1, 1); inflection points at
(-1, -3) and (1, -2)
D) Concave upward on (-∞, -1) and (2, ∞); concave downward on (-1, 2); inflection point at (0,
-1)
21
112) 112)
A) Concave upward on (-2, ∞); concave downward on (-∞, -2); no inflection points
B) Concave upward on (-2, ∞); concave downward on (∞, -2); inflection point at (-2, 2)
C) Concave upward on (-∞, -2); concave downward on (-2, ∞); no inflection points
D) Concave upward on (-∞, -2); concave downward on (-2, ∞); inflection point at (-2, 2)
Find the largest open intervals where the function is concave upward.
113) f(x) = x2 + 2x + 1 113)
A) None B) (-∞, ∞) C) (-∞, -1) D) (-1, ∞)
6
116) f(x) = 116)
x
A) (0, ∞) B) (-∞, ∞) C) (0, ∞), (-∞, 0) D) (-∞, 0)
3
118) f(x) = 118)
x+2
A) None B) (-2, ∞) C) (-∞, ∞) D) (-∞, -2)
x
119) f(x) = 119)
x +1
2
22
120) f(x) = x4 - 8x 2 120)
A) (-∞, -2 3/3) B) (2 3/3, ∞)
C) None D) (-∞, -2 3/3), (2 3/3, ∞)
5 5
C) Inflection point: (0, 0) D) Inflection point at - ,
2 2
32x
124) f(x) = 124)
x2 + 16
A) Inflection points at (0, 0), (-4, -4), (4, 4)
B) Inflection points at (-4, -4), (4, 4)
C) Inflection points at (0, 0), -4 3, - 8 3 , 4 3, 8 3
D) No inflection points
23
Suppose that the function with the given graph is not f(x), but f′(x). Find the open intervals where the function is
concave upward or concave downward, and find the location of any inflection points.
127) 127)
y
120
80
40
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-40
-80
-120
A) Concave upward on (-∞, 0); concave downward on (0, ∞); inflection point at 0
B) Concave upward on (-∞, -2) and (2, ∞); concave downward on (-2, 2); inflection points at
-120 and 120
C) Concave upward on (-2, 2); concave downward on (-∞, -2) and (2, ∞); inflection points at -2
and 2
D) Concave upward on (-∞, -2) and (2, ∞); concave downward on (-2, 2); inflection points at -2
and 2
128) 128)
y
120
80
40
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-40
-80
-120
A) Concave upward on (-∞, 0); concave downward on (0, ∞); inflection point at 0
B) Concave upward on (-∞, -2) and (2, ∞); concave downward on (-2, 2); inflection points at -2
and 2
C) Concave upward on (-2, 2); concave downward on (-∞, -2) and (2, ∞); inflection points at -2
and 2
D) Concave upward on (-2, 2); concave downward on (-∞, -2) and (2, ∞); inflection points at
-120 and 120
24
129) 129)
y
120
80
40
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-40
-80
-120
A) Concave upward on (-∞, 0); concave downward on (0, ∞); inflection point at 0
B) Concave upward on (-3, 3); concave downward on (-∞, -3) and (3, ∞); inflection points at -3
and 3
C) Concave upward on (-∞, -3) and (3, ∞); concave downward on (-3, 3); inflection points at -3
and 3
D) Concave upward on (-∞, -3) and (3, ∞); concave downward on (-3, 3); inflection points at
-20 and
20
130) 130)
y
8
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-2
-4
-6
-8
A) Concave upward on (-∞, 0); concave downward on (0, ∞); inflection point at 0
B) Concave upward on (-1, 0) and (1, ∞); concave downward on (-∞, -1) and (0, 1); inflection
points
at -1, 0, and 1
C) Concave upward on (-∞, -1) and (0, 1); concave downward on (-1, 0) and (1, ∞; ); inflection
points
at -1, 0, and 1
D) Concave upward on (-1, 0) and (1, ∞); concave downward on (-∞, -1) and (0, 1); inflection
points
at -3, 0, and 3
25
Decide if the given value of x is a critical number for f, and if so, decide whether the point is a relative minimum,
relative maximum, or neither.
131) f(x) = -x2 - 16x - 64; x = 8 131)
A) Critical number, relative maximum at (8, -144)
B) Critical number, relative minimum at (8, -144)
C) Critical number but not an extreme point
D) Not a critical number
1
133) f(x) = (x2 - 6)(2x - 3); x = 133)
2
A) Not a critical number
1 23
B) Critical number, relative maximum at ,
2 2
1 23
C) Critical number, relative minimum at ,
2 2
D) Critical number but not an extreme point
1
137) f(x) = x2 - x - 6; x = 137)
2
1 25
A) Critical number, relative minimum at ,-
2 4
B) Not a critical number
C) Critical number but not an extreme point
1 25
D) Critical number, relative maximum at ,-
2 4
26
138) f(x) = (x + 7)4 ; x = -7 138)
A) Critical number but not an extreme point
B) Not a critical number
C) Critical number; relative maximum at (-7, 0)
D) Critical number; relative minimum at (-7, 0)
8
139) f(x) = x15/7 + x8/7 ; x = 139)
15
8
A) Critical number, relative minimum at ,0
15
B) Not a critical number
8
C) Critical number, relative maximum at ,0
15
D) Critical number but not an extreme point
141) Find the point of diminishing returns (x, y) for the function R(x) = 3000 - x3 + 36x2 + 700x, 141)
0 ≤ x ≤ 20, where R(x) represents revenue in thousands of dollars and x represents the amount
spent on advertising in tens of thousands of dollars.
A) (55.43, -17,897.38) B) (12 , 14,856)
C) (14.4, 17,558.98) D) (14 , 17,112)
142) The population of a certain species of fish introduced into a lake is described by the logistic 142)
equation
12,000
G(t) = ,
1 + 24e-1.2t
where G(t) is the population after t years. Find the point at which the growth rate of this
population begins to decline.
A) (3.56, 9000) B) (3.81, 6000) C) (5.13, 9000) D) (2.65, 6000)
The function gives the distances (in feet) traveled in time t (in seconds) by a particle. Find the velocity and acceleration
at the given time.
1
143) s = ,t=3 143)
t+1
1 2 2 1
A) v = - ft/s, a = ft/s 2 B) v = ft/s, a = - ft/s 2
16 64 64 16
2 1 1 2
C) v = - ft/s, a = ft/s 2 D) v = ft/s, a = - ft/s 2
64 16 16 64
27
145) s = 8t3 + 4t2 + 7t + 7, t = 3 145)
A) v = 48 ft/s, a = 96 ft/s 2 B) v = 247 ft/s, a = 152 ft/s 2
C) v = 96 ft/s, a = 48 ft/s 2 D) v = 152 ft/s, a = 247 ft/s 2
147) s = t2 - 5, t = 3 147)
3 5 3 5
A) v = - ft/s, a = ft/s 2 B) v = ft/s, a = - ft/s 2
2 8 2 8
5 3 5 3
C) v = - ft/s, a = ft/s 2 D) v = ft/s, a = - ft/s 2
8 2 8 2
149) True or false? If the graph of a function f is concave down on its entire domain, then fʹ is 149)
increasing.
A) True B) False
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
152) You are applying the second derivative test and you find that fʹ(a) = 0 and fʹʹ(a) = 0. What 152)
does that tell you? What would be your next step?
153) Give an example of a function for which the first derivative is always positive and the 153)
second derivative is always negative.
154) Give an example of a function for which the first derivative is always negative and the 154)
second derivative is always positive.
155) Give an example of a function for which the first derivative and the second derivative are 155)
both always positive.
156) Give an example of a function for which the first derivative and the second derivative are 156)
both always negative.
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Sketch the graph and show all extrema, inflection points, and asymptotes where applicable.
28
157) f(x) = 2x 3 + 9x2 + 12x 157)
y
24
12
-8 -4 4 8 x
-12
-24
12
-8 -4 4 8 x
-8 -4 4 8 x
-12
-12
-24
-24
C) Rel max: (0, 0), Rel min: (-6, 216) D) Rel min: (1, 10)
Inflection point: (-3, 108) No inflection points
y y
24 24
12 12
-8 -4 4 8 x -8 -4 4 8 x
-12 -12
-24 -24
29
158) f(x) = 10x2 + 20x 158)
y
200
100
-10 10 x
-100
-200
100 100
-10 10 x -10 10 x
-100 -100
-200 -200
100 100
-10 10 x -10 10 x
-100 -100
-200 -200
30
159) f(x) = x1/3(x2 - 28) 159)
y
400
200
-20 -10 10 20 x
-200
-400
3 3
A) Rel max: (-2, 24 2), Rel min: (2, -24 2)
Inflection point: (0,0)
y
400
200
-20 -10 10 20 x
-200
-400
200
-20 -10 10 20 x
-200
-400
31
C) No extrema
Inflection point: (0, 0)
y
400
200
-20 -10 10 20 x
-200
-400
200
-20 -10 10 20 x
-200
-400
x2
160) f(x) = 160)
x2 + 5
y
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 x
-1
32
A) Rel min: (0, 0) B) Rel min: (0, 0)
No inflection points 15 1 15 1
Inflection points: - , , ,
y 3 4 3 4
y
1
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 x
-1
-1
1 1
C) Rel min: 0, - D) Rel min: 0,
5 5
No inflection points No inflection points
y y
1 1
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 x -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 x
-1 -1
1
161) f(x) = 161)
25 - x2
3 y
-4 -2 2 4 x
33
1
A) Rel min: 0, B) Rel min: (0, 1)
5
No inflection points
No inflection points y
3 y 1
-1 1 x
-1
-4 -2 2 4 x
1
C) Rel max: (0, 1) D) Rel max: 0,
5
No inflection points
No inflection points
y
1 3 y
-1 1 x
-1
-4 -2 2 4 x
1
162) f(x) = 162)
x - 2x - 8
2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8x
-1
-2
-3
34
7 1 7 1
A) Rel min: - , B) Rel max: - ,-
4 9 4 9
No inflection points No inflection points
y y
3 3
2 2
1 1
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8x
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
5 1 5 1
C) Rel min: - , D) Rel max: - ,-
4 9 4 9
No inflection points No inflection points
y y
3 3
2 2
1 1
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8x
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
3x
163) f(x) = 163)
x - 25
2
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10 x
-1
-2
-3
35
A) No extrema B) No extrema
Inflection point: (0, 0) Inflection point: (0, 0)
y y
3 3
2 2
1 1
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10 x -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10 x
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
1 1
C) Rel min: 0, D) Rel max: 0, -
25 25
No inflection points No inflection points
y y
3 3
2 2
1 1
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10 x -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10 x
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
36
A) No extrema B) No extrema
No inflection points No inflection points
y y
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x
-5 -5
-10 -10
C) No extrema D) No extrema
No inflection points No inflection points
y y
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x
-5 -5
-10 -10
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
37
A) No extrema B) Rel min: (1, 0)
No inflection points Inflection point: (1, 0)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 x
-2
-4
-6
-8
38
1 5
A) Rel max: (0, -3), Rel min: (ln 4, 3 - 5 ln 4) B) Rel min: ln 4, - ln 4
2 2
1 5
Inflection point: ln 4, - ln 4 No inflection points
2 2
y
y 8
8
6
6
4
4
2
2
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 x -2
-2
-4
-4
-6
-6
-8
-8
C) Rel min: (2, -2) D) Rel max: (0, -3), Rel min: (ln 4, 3 - 5 ln 4)
No inflection points No inflection points
y y
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 x -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
-8 -8
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
39
168) a) Continuous and differentiable for all real numbers 168)
b) f′(x) < 0 on (-∞ , -3 ) and ( 3 , ∞)
c) f′(x) > 0 on (-3 , 3)
d) f′′ (x) > 0 on (-∞ , 0 )
e) f′′ (x) < 0 on ( 0 , ∞)
f) f′(-3) = f′(3) = 0
g) An inflection point at (0,0)
6 y 6 y
-6 6x -6 6x
-6 -6
40
171) The given graph is that of the derivative of a function f. Using information obtained from 171)
the graph of fʹ and the fact that f(-2) = 4, sketch the graph of f. Explain how you obtained
the graph of f.
6 y 6 y
-6 6x -6 6x
-6 -6
172) The given graph is that of the derivative of a function f. Using information obtained from 172)
the graph of fʹ and the fact that f(1) = 1, sketch the graph of f. Explain how you obtained
the graph of f.
6 y 6 y
-6 6x -6 6x
-6 -6
173) The given graph is that of the derivative of a function f. Using information obtained from 173)
the graph of fʹ and the fact that f(2) = -4, sketch the graph of f. Explain how you obtained
the graph of f.
6 y 6 y
-6 6x -6 6x
-6 -6
41
174) The given graph is that of the derivative of a function f. Using information obtained from 174)
4
the graph of fʹ and the fact that f(-1) = - and f(-3) = 0, sketch the graph of f. Explain how
3
you obtained the graph of f.
6 y 6 y
-6 6x -6 6x
-6 -6
175) The given graph is that of the derivative of a function f. Using information obtained from 175)
2 2
the graph of fʹ and the fact that f(-1) = - and f(1) = , sketch the graph of f. Explain how
3 3
you obtained the graph of f.
6 y 6 y
-6 6x -6 6x
-6 -6
176) The graph of fʹ(x) is a parabola with vertex at (a, 0). The parabola opens up. What does this 176)
information tell us about the concavity associated with f(x)? Explain.
177) The graph of fʹ(x) is a parabola with vertex at (a, 0). The parabola opens down. What does 177)
this information tell us about the concavity associated with f(x)? Explain.
42
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED5
1) D
2) B
3) C
4) A
5) B
6) D
7) D
8) A
9) C
10) A
11) C
12) B
13) C
14) A
15) A
16) B
17) C
18) C
19) A
20) B
21) D
22) C
23) A
24) D
25) C
26) D
27) C
28) D
29) C
30) A
31) C
32) D
33) A
34) D
35) A
36) C
37) C
38) C
39) C
40) D
41) C
42) C
43) A
44) B
45) C
46) A
47) D
48) C
49) A
50) A
43
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED5
51) D
52) A
53) C
54) C
55) A
56) C
57) B
58) A
59) C
60) B
61) A
62) A
63) C
64) C
65) D
66) A
67) A
68) A
69) B
70) D
71) D
72) B
73) C
74) D
75) B
76) D
77) D
78) D
79) A
80) D
81) D
82) D
83) D
84) D
85) B
86) D
87) B
88) D
89) B
90) A
91) C
92) A
93) C
94) D
95) B
96) D
97) B
98) C
99) A
100) A
44
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED5
101) A
102) D
103) B
104) D
105) D
106) D
107) D
108) D
109) C
110) A
111) C
112) C
113) B
114) C
115) A
116) A
117) D
118) B
119) C
120) D
121) A
122) B
123) D
124) C
125) B
126) C
127) D
128) C
129) C
130) B
131) D
132) B
133) A
134) C
135) D
136) B
137) A
138) D
139) B
140) D
141) B
142) D
143) A
144) B
145) B
146) A
147) B
148) A
149) B
45
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been proposed as theoretically useful. Sedatives, like aconite,
conium, digitalis, veratrum viride, ipecacuanha, and tartar emetic are
useful, either alone if pain be absent or combined with opiates if the
patient is suffering. Dover's powder or tartar emetic and morphia in
small doses was formerly in general use. If there be a disposition to
nausea the substitution of aconite for antimony is of great value. A
combination of morphia, bromide of potassium, and chloral hydrate
often gives excellent results. Paraldehyde may be preferable to
chloral by reason of its more thoroughly sedative effect. Derivative
measures—mercurial cathartics, cupping, leeching, or even general
bleeding—may become necessary in certain cases. After the acute
stage is passed blisters behind the ears should be employed. In the
sleeplessness of acute mania Newington28 has used mustard baths
with great satisfaction.
28 Brain, vol. i. p. 126.
Coma.
Lethargy.
A pathological variety of sleep, in which the repose of the body is
even more complete than in coma. The victim of coma often
presents a countenance suffused with blood; the pulse beats
vigorously, and respiration may become stertorous. But in lethargy
the abolition of bodily movements is almost total. In the milder forms
of this disorder the patient may be partially roused, so as to attempt
an answer when addressed, appearing like a person in very
profound sleep; but in the majority of cases he remains insensible,
unconscious, and utterly irresponsive to ordinary forms of irritation.
Respiration and circulation are reduced to a minimum, even
becoming for a time imperceptible. Uncomplicated with hysteria, the
disorder is rapidly fatal, but according to Rosenthal32 hysterical
lethargy is never mortal.
32 Real Encyc. der ges. Heilkunde, vol. viii. p. 276.
Apparent Death.
Lucid Lethargy.
Many similar narratives have been duly authenticated, but the limits
of the present article will not permit a discussion which properly
belongs to an investigation of the phenomena of trance. The
important fact for present consideration is the persistence of
conscious life despite the appearance of death. In this preservation
of consciousness, notwithstanding temporary suspension of certain
forms of sensibility, together with loss of the power of voluntary
motion, may be discovered a relationship between the events of
lucid lethargy and various somnambulic modifications of sleep which
have been previously passed in review.
Heat-Exhaustion.
Any one who has been long exposed to a high temperature under
circumstances requiring physical exertion must have noticed the
feeling of general weakness and relaxation which results. Thus far
reaches our every-day experience, but cases in which acute
symptoms are severe enough to cause alarm occur, although
somewhat infrequently. The attack may come on slowly, but may be
as abrupt as that of true sunstroke, and the severest cases may
happen in those who have been in robust health as well as in the
weak and feeble. The mind is usually clear, the pulse rapid and
feeble, the surface cool, the voice very weak, muscular strength
greatly lessened, and the feeling of exhaustion extreme. If this
condition be intensified, syncope may be developed with its usual
symptoms. In all this there is nothing peculiar and little that is
necessary to notice here; but there is a form of heat-exhaustion in
which the heart does not seem to suffer principally, but in which there
is collapse with palsy of the vaso-motor system, great fall of the
bodily temperature, and marked general nervous symptoms. At the
International Exhibition of 1876 a very powerful man, whilst working
in an intensely hot, confined space, fell down without giving warning,
and was brought into the hospital. He was in a state of restless,
delirious unconsciousness, incessantly muttering to himself, and
when shaken and shouted at responding only by a momentary grunt.
The pulse was rapid, fluttering and feeble. The surface was covered
with a very heavy sweat and exceedingly cold. The muscular
relaxation was extreme. The facies was that of collapse, and the
temperature, as taken in the mouth, 95.25° F.
The PATHOLOGY of heat-exhaustion is best discussed in conjunction
with that of thermic fever, and will therefore be for the present
postponed.
Thermic Fever.
SYNONYMS.—Coup de soleil, Sunstroke, Heat apoplexy, Heat
asphyxia, Heat fever, Sun fever, Thermohæmia, Erethismus tropicus,
Insolation.
Until very recently the existence within the United States of this class
of cases has not been recognized. But in a very able article in the
Therapeutic Gazette of March 16, 1885, John Guiteras shows that
the so-called typhoid fever of Key West is the disease described by
Morehead.
Thermic fever in the adult and in this latitude is usually first seen by
the physician after the stage of insensibility has been reached. In
many cases this condition comes on with great suddenness, but in
other instances there are distinct prodromata, such as inaptitude and
disinclination to exertion, vertigo, headache, confusion of ideas,
great oppression or distress at the præcordia or epigastrium, and
disturbances of the special senses. Swift has noticed a peculiar
chromatopsia, the sufferer seeing everything of a uniform color, in
most cases blue or purple, but in others red, green, or even white,
and W. H. Kesteven3 has reported a case in which a man, after
exposure to an excessively hot sun, was seized with severe
headache, saw everything red or green, and had for some days a
distinctly impaired color-sense.
3 Trans. Clin. Soc. of London, 1882, xv. 101.
About 1869, Eulenberg and Vohl9 advanced the theory that death
from sunstroke is the result of the sudden liberation of gases in the
blood; and Weikard affirmed that the death is due to the increase of
the coagulability of the blood and consequent formation of clots in
the vessels, being in this supported by Richardson of London.10
Contrasting with these in its being really an important contribution is
the article of Vallin:11 its chief merit is the conception of the idea of
the local heating of isolated parts of the body, and the devising of a
plan for carrying the idea into effect. The experiments of Vallin did
not themselves prove very much, and led him to the erroneous
conclusion, first, that the death in sunstroke is the result either of a
coagulation of the left ventricle or else of a disturbance of the
innervation of the heart by an action of the heat upon the nerve-
centres in the base of the brain; second, that these two forms of
death correspond to sthenic and asthenic varieties of insolation—
varieties which, I believe, have no proper existence.
9 Virchow's Archiv, t. lxii.
10 St. Bartholomew's Reports, vol. vii.
The above historical sketch shows that by many authors the relation
of sunstroke to fever had been more or less dimly perceived, and
that George B. Wood had very clearly stated the true nature of the
affection, in that it was simply the result of the direct action of heat.
Such statement, however, not resting upon proof, had not been
accepted: it was also wanting in detail, and where such details were
attempted the surmises were not always correct. Under these
circumstances my researches, made in 1870 and 1871, and first
published in 1872, led to the complete understanding of the
affection.
The space allotted to me in the present volume will not allow of any
detailed account of my experiments, but I shall quote from my
summing up of the results obtained by them. It was shown that
sunstroke may be produced in animals as readily as in man either by
natural or artificial heat; that the symptoms are similar to those seen
in man; that death takes place ordinarily by asphyxia; that after death
the characteristic lesions are alteration of the blood and rigidity of the
heart, with immediate or quickly-appearing post-mortem rigidity of
the general muscular system; that this rigidity of the heart comes on
in most cases after, not before, death, and is a result, not cause, of
death; that post-mortem rigidity is dependent upon coagulation of
myosin, and that the rigidity of the heart is of similar origin,
coagulation of the muscle-plasma occurring almost instantaneously
at 115° F., a degree almost attained in sunstroke; that when a
muscle has been in great activity immediately before death, myosin
coagulates at a much lower temperature, and that the cases of
sudden cardiac death occurring in battle among the East Indian
English troops were no doubt due to the coagulation of the heart's
myosin; that heating the brain of a mammal produces sudden
insensibility, with or without convulsions, at a temperature of 108° F.,
and death when a temperature of 113° is reached; that this effect of
the local application of heat is not due to induced congestion, but is
the result of the direct action of the heat upon the cerebrum, and that
consequently the nerve-centres are as perniciously affected by high
temperature as the muscles are; that the nerve-trunks bear a
temperature of 125° F. without their conducting power being
immediately affected; that whilst the general symptoms induced by
heating the brain of a rabbit are very different from those of
sunstroke, the nervous symptoms are exactly similar; that the life of
the blood is not destroyed by any temperature reached in sunstroke,
the amœboid movements of the white blood-cells and the absorption
power of the red disks not being injured; that the amount of oxygen
of the blood is greatly lessened, as the result of gradual asphyxia
combined with abnormal consumption of oxygen; that there is no
reason for believing that capillary thrombi are common in sunstroke;
that there is no specific poison developed in the blood; that the
deterioration of the vital fluid is due to the rapid tissue-changes
induced by the fever and the more or less complete arrest of
excretion; that such deterioration is secondary to the nervous
symptoms, not primary; that if the heat be withdrawn before it has
produced permanent injury to the nervous system, blood, or other
tissues, the convulsions and unconsciousness are immediately
relieved and the animal recovers.
It is of course possible that the external heat causes the fever, simply
by preventing the body from throwing off the caloric which it is
constantly forming. The extreme suddenness of the onset, however,
indicates that in at least many cases there is a sudden outburst, as it
were, in the production of heat in the body. This indication becomes
more important when it is remembered that in cerebral rheumatism,
so called, there is often an equally sudden attack of symptoms
plainly the result of a sudden production of animal heat.