Analysis of Austrian Cultural Landscapes

ANALYSIS OF
AUSTRIAN CULTURAL LANDSCAPES
MAPPING GUIDE
Johannes P E T E R S E I L
Thomas W R B K A
Impressum
This field guide was developed within the projects SINUS Structural Indicators for
Sustainable Land Use and OER7 Landscape Development Model for the
Bohemian Region.
It was published for internal use only and was developed and created by
Dr.Thomas WRBKA and Mag. .Johannes Peterseil
(Univ.Wien- Institute for Ecology and Nature Conservation
Dep. for Conservation Biology, Vegetation and Landscape Ecology,
Althanstrae 14, A-1091 Vienna)
With the help of following experts:
Dr.F.M.Grnweis
Dr.Mag.K.Reiter
Mag.R.Vierlinger
C.Ott
H.Pfeiler
M.Schneidergruber
E.Szerencsits
B.Thurner
Alle Rechte befinden sich bei den Autoren und MitarbeiterInnen sowie beim
Auftraggeber, dem Bundesministerium fr Wissenschaft, Verkehr und Kunst. Eine
wissenschaftliche Verwendung darf auerhalb der genannten Forschungsprojekte
des BMWVK-Leitschwerpunktes Kulturlandschaftsforschung nur mit
ausdrcklicher Erlaubnis der Autoren erfolgen. Eine kommerzielle Nutzung, etwa im
Rahmen von Auftragsarbeiten fr Dritte, ist erst nach Abschlu der
Forschungsarbeiten (ca.1998) und unter Beachtung des Urheberrechts mglich.
Auflagenzahl (engl. version.):
25
Erscheinungsort:
Vienna
Erscheinungsdatum:
23.08.2001
ANALYSIS OF
AUSTRIAN CULTURAL LANDSCAPES
MAPPING GUIDE
VOLUMNE I
Guidelines
and
Forms
F IELD G UIDE A NALYSIS
OF
A USTRIAN C ULTURAL L ANDSCAPES
Field Guide
M APPING AND A NALYSING
1 Introduction
The results of this mapping project are the base for the description of Cultural Landscape
Types. Based on this cultural landscape types regionalized ## statements ## (Aussagen)
could be made.
The subdivision of the landscape is based on the analysis of landscape plots (##
Landschaftsausschnitten ##) in terms of structure, landscape inventory (## Ausstattung ##)
and ecological quality of landscape elements. The results of the mapping of these landscape
plots are analysed and then are extrapolated to the total landscape, based on the ideas of
stratified random sampling design.
The levels of landscape perception and analysis in terms of this project are the following:
1. LEVEL OF NATURAL AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE TYPES this is the level on which the total
landscape is subdivided into homogenous parts by the stratified random sampling procedure
on the base of several data sets (geology, terrain model and analysis of satellite images and
areal photographs).
Based on the data and findings of the analysis at the end of the mapping period a new and
more detailed map of cultural landscape types for the study area can be derivied.
2. LEVEL OF THE LANDSCAPE PLOTS the landscape plots of 1x1 km are the base units for the
mapping and analysis procedure.
On this level the attributes of matrix, networks and patches of the landscape are assigned to
the landscape elements of a landscape plots. This landscape plots can be exactly allocated
by referring to the coordinates.
3. LEVEL OF THE LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS landscape elements are the smallest distinctable
spatial and functional units of the landscape mosaic, that can be distinguished on a 1 : 5.000
scale on a b/w areal photograph. Functional homogenous landscape elements sometimes
can exist of different spatial distinguishable partial units, the so called partial landscape
elements.
We can distinguish between the functional homogenous unit, the so called MAIN LANDSCAPE
ELEMENT (MLE) and the spatial homogenous unit, the so called PARTIAL LANDSCAPE ELEMENT
peter@pflaphy.pph.univie.ac.at
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(PLE). A main landscape element can exist of one or several partial landscape elements,
which can be differentiated by different land use (land use types) but are connected to a
functional unit, i.e. a corridor. The connection of the different parts of a main landscape
elements is more than the sum of parts. They create a new quality.
On this level the attributes of function, structure and history of the landscape elements are
assigned to the landscape elements.
4. LEVEL OF THE VEGETATION (VEGETATION TYPES) the partial landscape elements are
described or further differentiated by vegetation samples. But there is no difference in the
land use within a spatial homogenous partial landscape element. According to slightly
different site conditions (light, nutrients, disturbance, ) on a fine scale it is possible to get
different species combination within a homogenous land use.
The analysis of Level I are carried out before the mapping period to get the base units for the
outdoor mapping and after the mapping period to get a new and surface covering map of
cultural landscape types and their ecological values.
Data for the Level II. to IV. are gathered during the outdoor mapping period. They are the
base for further analysis.
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2 Basic Outlines for Outdoor Mapping

In this short chapter a short overview about the method of the outdoor mapping should be
given. A more detailed description of the different items is given in the following chapters of
the manual.
2.1 Forms
For the documentation for the data different forms are available:
? Form A level of the landscape plots
? Form B level of the landscape elements
? Form C corresponding landscape elements
2.1.1 Form A level of the landscape plots

For each landscape plot a form with the essential information about the landscape plot have
to be recorded. This basic information about the landscape plot are:
? Internal number of the landscape plot
? Name of the landscape plot
? Project
? Short description of the landscape plot
? Date of recording and mapping
? Author
? Attributes of the matrix of the landscape

? Attributes of the networks of the landscape
? Description of the historical land use
2.1.2 Form B level of landscape elements

For each landscape element in the landscape plot following attributes have to be recorded on
the appropriate form. This are
On the level of Main Landscape Elements (MLE)

? Internal number of the landscape plot
? number of the main landscape element
? Date of recording and mapping
? Author
? Short description of the MLE
? Total width of MLE
? Total number of PLE in MLE
? Structural type of MLE
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? preliminary cultural landscape type

within the preliminary cultural landscape type in the landscape plot
? Affiliation of the landscape element to a matrix
? Affiliation of the landscape element to a network
? Corresponding MLE
On the level of Partial Landscape Elements (PLE) (within the MLE)

? Internal number of PLE-Type
? Total number of PLE of this PLE-Type within the MLE
? Surface portion (%) of the PLE-Type in the MLE
? Average width (m)
? Short description of the PLE
? Morphographical attributes (see later)
? Land use attributes (see later)
? Landscape ecological attributes including landscape element origin types

? Corridor attributes of landscape elements with corridor function
2.1.3 Form C Corresponding Landscape Elements

Landscape elements which are found with similar attributes several times in the landscape
plot can be recorded as Corresponding Landscape Elements, that means their attribute
values are the same as the master Main Landscape Element (MLE) they are assigned. The
appropriate database entries are generated automatically within the database application
JOKL.
Following attributes have to recorded for each corresponding landscape element:
? internal number of the landscape element (must be a unique number within the
landscape plot)
? Land use type (according the list)
? Notes
? Difference to the master Main Landscape Element and the changes in attribute
values which have to be made manually by the author (i.e. slope, )
2.2 Numbering the Landscape Elements

2.2.1 Level of the Main Landscape Elements (MLE)
Each MLE gets a unique number within the landscape plot, that means that adjacent
landscape element with the same land use and landscape element origin attribute values
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have to get different numbers. So we can respond to every single MLE by its unique
landscape element number. Usually the number starts with 1 in each landscape plot. The
maximum number then is the total count of MLE within the landscape plot.
Also every MLE which is created by the Corresponding Landscape Element procedure with
JOKL have to get a unique landscape element number within the landscape plot.
2.2.2 Level of Partial Landscape Elements (PLE)

The PLEs of a MLE which have the same attribute values are summarised to so called PLEtypes. For this PLE-types the total count of PLE that are summarised by this PLE-type and
the surface portion of the PLE-type within the MLE are recorded.
The numbering of PLE-types within the MLE is sequentially starting with 1. The first PLE-type
with the number 1 is the most dominant, frequent or important PLE within the MLE, i.e. the
road within a roadside corridor landscape element.
Example: Roadside corridor consisting of road, road slopes and road ditches along the road.
By smaller approach roads dissected road slopes are summarised to one PLE-type road
slope for which the attributes are recorded. The road as the most dominant and important
partial landscape element within the MLE gets the PLE-Type-Number 1.
2.3 Graphical representation (field map)

2.3.1 Level of the landscape plots
PRELIMINARY CULTURAL LANDSCAPE TYPES Within the landscape plot the different
preliminary cultural landscape types have to be delineated by the author. According to the
geomorphological and the land use situation homogenous parts with similar and repeating
spatial geomorphologic and land use patterns are summarised to so called PRELIMINARY
CULTURAL LANDSCAPE TYPES and delineated.
This Preliminary Cultural Landscape Types are the base for the matrix, network and
historical land use attributes. They also act as comparison for the results of the analysis of
the landscape structure.
MATRIX the delineation, description and attribution of the matrix within a landscape plot is
carried out for each Preliminary Cultural Landscape Type within the specific landscape plot.
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The appropriate landscape elements are assigned to the matrix. The result is a map with the
matrix elements.
NETWORK the delineation, description and attribution of the networks within a landscape
plot are carried out for each Preliminary Cultural Landscape Type within the specific
landscape plot. The appropriate landscape elements are assigned to the network. The result
is a map with network elements.
HISTORICAL LAND USE within each Preliminary Cultural Landscape Type of the landscape
plot the historical land use of the matrix have to be recorded. In addition to that the historical
land use situation should be described in short within the description of the landscape plot.
The historical land use is recorded as a non formalised text with less than 120 characters.
2.3.2 Level of the landscape elements

Main Landscape Elements (MLE)
Every MLE have to be delineated on the field map based on a 1 : 5.000 b/w areal photograph
either as shape, line or point. To each MLE-feature on the field map the MLE-number have to
assigned.
The delineation has to be done on a transparent film with water resistant pens. Base of the
field map is a 1 : 5.000 areal photograph or a copy that is zoomed to that scale.
Partial Landscape Elements (PLE)

PLE arent delineated on the field map. They are recorded on the appropriate forms. The
surface coverage within the MLE have to be recorded. This is a very important information.
2.4 Digital Data

Database JOKL-LSD
The recorded data are feeded into the Landscape Structure Database by the database
application JOKL-LSD. The appropriate forms are present for the data input.
GIS ArcView and Arc/Info

The field maps are digitised by the authors of the outdoor mapping with the programs
ArcView or Arc/Info. Digital maps of the landscape plots are generated.
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3 Field Guide Landscape Plots

Underlined words (i.e. TEST) refer to attribute inscriptions on the forms. Words in rectangular
brackets (i.e. [RAI]) refer to values, which can be set for the appropriate attribute.
With the key word STATUS obligatory or optional attributes are marked.
3.1 Form A Landscape Plot
Fig.2-0 Form Landscape Plot
M AP A R E A N R internal number of the landscape plot
Status: obligatory
Number code of the landscape plot. Usually generated from the coordinates of the lower left
corner of the landscape plot. In addition to the number code a name for the landscape plot
should be recorded. This name should be the name of a location which can be found on a
topographical map.
P ROJECT (Number or Letter) Code of the Project
Status: obligatory
Short code of the project for which the mapping is carried out, i.e. [OER7], [IN2],
D A T E Date of recording and mapping
Status: obligatory
Date of description and mapping.

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M A P P E R Author of mapping and description
Status: obligatory
D E S C R I P T I O N Short description of the landscape plot
Status: obligatory
Short description of the geomorphological, land use and historical land use situation of the
landscape plot. The most important characteristic features should be described in short.
M ATRIX Attributes for the Matrix
Status: obligatory
The matrix consists of those landscape elements, which are most connected and extended
and which play a key role in controlling the main ecological functions and processes of the
landscape (FORMAN & GODRON 1986; FORMAN 1995).
The definition of different matrix types within the preliminary cultural landscape types of a
landscape plot should be based on a broad view and knowledge of the landscape plot and its
surrounding. A matrix type which has only a small portion within the landscape plot can be
very extended outside the landscape plot.
Guideline for defining and delineating the matrix

? first the preliminary cultural landscape types within the landscape plots have to be
identified and delineated based on the geomorphology and land use. Homogenous
part according to this two attributes are delineated and described as preliminary
cultural landscape types.
? the matrix have to be the most extended and connected element type within the
preliminary cultural landscape of a landscape plot.
? the surrounding of the landscape plot have to be taken into consideration before
defining and delineating the different matrix types for the preliminary cultural
landscape types of a landscape plot.
? is there a mixture of several land use types with similar portions and connectedness
more than one matrix type within a preliminary cultural landscape type of a
landscape plot have to be defined and delineated (i.e. mixture of crop land and
meadows in similar portions in the mixed agriculture of the hercynian uplands).
? normally there should be not more than three matrix types within one preliminary
cultural landscape type of the landscape plot.
CL-TYP-NR Number for the Preliminary Cultural Landscape Type
Status: obligatory
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First the preliminary cultural landscape types within the landscape plots have to be identified
and delineated based on the geomorphology and land use. Homogenous part according to
this two attributes are delineated and described as preliminary cultural landscape types.
The Preliminary Cultural Landscape Types are numbered sequentially starting with the value
1.
M-ID Number of the Matrix
Status: obligatroy
Within the Preliminary Cultural Landscape Types the different Matrix types if present are
defined, delineated and numbered sequentially. This number is assigned to the Main
Landscape Elements (MLE) which belong to the matrix.
M ATRIX -T YPE Type of the Matrix
Status: obligatory
The type of the matrix is recorded

[ACK]
crop land
[WEI]
viticulture
[GRU]
meadows and pasture
[WAL]
forests
[SIE]
settlement
[SGR]
subalpine grassland
[FEL]
alpine rock and ice region
Beside the matrix type the different land use types which belong to the matrix can be listed.
Example: Mixed Agriculture

CL
01
01
M-ID
01
02
MATRIX-TYPE
ACK / AI, AMI, AHI, AHM
GRU / WII, WMI
GRAIN & CONNECT

2
2
BORDERLINE
2
2
If there is a mixture of different land use types that form a homogenous mosaic of the matrix,
i.e. crop land and meadows of the typical agriculture of the hercynian uplands compose a
checkerboard shaped mosaic of the different matrix types. In this case two matrix types are
defined and delineated: first the crop land matrix that is dense connected with the second
matrix type the grassland matrix.
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G RAIN & C O N N E C T Grain size and Connectedness of the Matrix
Status: obligatory
Attribute of the matrix which describes the grain size and the connectedness of the matrix.
The values are set according to the following scale:
Type:
MATRIX
GRAIN SIZE AND CONNECTEDNESS
Level:
Landscape Plot
V ALUE
F EATURE
EXPRESSION
Fine grained matrix

with a
low connectedness value
(Mig vernetzte, feinkrnige Matrix)
4 Grain
Size
Coarse grained matrix

with a
low connectedness value
and
(Mig vernetzte grobkrnige Matrix)
E XAMPLE
mixture from different land use types
with small field plots that can hardly
be differentiated (i.e. fine grained
crop land / grass land matrix,
suburban settlement areas, )
small plots with similar land use but
highly dissected by corridors and/or
patches (i.e. settlement areas,
viticulture with terraces, )
mixture from different land use types
with big field plots that can hardly be
differentiated (i.e. fine grained crop
land / grass land matrix, suburban
settlement areas, )
big plots with similar land use but
highly dissected by corridors and/or
patches (i.e. industrial areas,
subalpine grass land, )
5 Conne
ctedness
Fine grained matrix

with a
high connectedness value
(Hochvernetzte feinkrnige Matrix)
Coarse grained matrix

with a
high connectedness value
(Hochvernetzte, grobkrnige Matrix)
Regions dominated by fine grained

crop land of grass land
Extended forests with high site or
usage differentiation
Regions dominated by coarse

grained crop land or grass land
Extend forests with low site or use
differentiation
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B ORDERLINE Length and permeability of the borderline between the different matrix types
Status: obligatory
Attribute of the matrix which describes the length and permeability of the borderline between
the different matrix types within a landscape plot. Every matrix type have to be taken into
consideration, not only the matrix types within the Preliminary Cultural Landscape Types.
Type:
MATRIX
LENGTH AND PERMEABILITY OF THE BORDERLINE BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT MATRIX TYPES
Level:
Landscape Plot
V ALUE
F EATURES
1
2
3
EXPRESSION
Short and permeable or diffuse

borderline
Length and
permeability
of the
common
borderline
between the
actual matrix
type to the
adjacent
matrix types
Short and impermeable or sharp

borderline
E XAMPLE
Edge of green and interdigited
settlement area (settlement with
singular houses)
Big
compact
clearings
(Rodungsinsel), lakes or mixture of
crop land and grass land with big
plots, etc.
Long and permeable or diffuse

borderline
Subalpine Kampfwald, diffuse edge

of settlement areas with a portion of
green areas
Long and impermeable or sharp

borderline
A big amoebic clearing or a complex

of several small compact clearings,
A big amoebic lake or a complex of
several small compact lakes,
mixture of crop land and grass land
with small narrow plots, etc.
A short borderline indicates a clear separation between the adjacent landscape elements of
the different matrix types. If one matrix type is interspersed by landscape elements belonging
to a second matrix type, i.e. mixture of crop land and grass land in the typical agriculture of
the hercynian uplands, so the length of the common borderline increases dependent on the
degree of interspersion.
Permeable or diffuse borderlines we find in those cases where no clear differentiation

between two adjacent matrix types could be made. The two matrix types are mostly
interdigitated. Impermeable or sharp borderlines we find where a clear distinction between
the adjacent matrix types could be made, i.e. big compact clearings in the hercynian uplands.
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ADDITIONAL NOTE DELINEATION OF THE MATRIX ON THE FIELD MAP

Every matrix type within a Preliminary Cultural Landscape Type of the landscape plot gets a
unique number or ID. The edges of the matrix should be delineated on the field map on a
separate layer and the ID of the matrix should be assigned to the polygon.
The assignment of the matrix is done with a database application by assigning a matrix type
to a certain landscape element.
N ETWORK Attributes of the networks
Status: obligatory
On the level of the landscape plot landscape element which have a certain corridor function
and a certain land use type are united to network types.
Corridors are simple (line corridor) or more complex (strip and stream corridors) linear
features of the landscape who either connect or dissect the matrix. Normally they are
characterised by a sharp environmental gradient and phenomena (edge effect). They are
clearly separated from the surrounding matrix (FORMAN & GODRON 1986). There a three
different types of corridors (a) line corridors, (b) strip corridors and (c) zoned corridors. The
first is called a SIMPLE CORRIDOR and last two are called a COMPLEX CORRIDOR.
Networks have to be identified and delineated within a Preliminary Cultural Landscape Type
of the landscape plot. That means that one network type, i.e. high dissecting road networks,
can exist more than one time in a landscape plot. This is because the effect or benefits of
network are not the same in every landscape type. So we have to have a differentiated view
of the landscape.
Status: obligatory
1.
N-ID Number of the Network
Status: obligatroy
Within the Preliminary Cultural Landscape Types the different Network types if present are
defined, delineated and numbered sequentially.
This number is assigned to the Main Landscape Elements (MLE) which belong to the
network to get a detailed map of the networks within a landscape plot.
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N E T W O R K T Y P E Type of a Network
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Status: obligatory, if present
We are able to differentiate between certain network types based on the complexity of the
structure, the dominant corridor function and the dominant land use types.
[RAI]
field margin network type: normally consists of line corridors, i.e. field
margins, ...
[HEC]
hedgerow network type: normally consists of strip or zoned corridors, i.e.

stream corridors, ...
[GEW]
river network type: normally consists of line, strip or zoned corridors, i.e.
rivers, brooks or big ditches
[GRA]
ditch network type: normally consists of line corridors, i.e. ditches or sealed
brooks, ...
[VER1]
road network type with high dissecting value (highly sealed): normally
consists of line, strip or zoned corridors, i.e. big roads with ditches and road
slopes alongside, ...
[VER2]
road network type with a moderate dissecting value (moderate sealed):

normally consists of line, strip or zoned corridors, i.e. dirt roads with ditches
alongside, ...
[LEI]
line network type: normally consists of line corridors, i.e. overland high
voltage lines, ...
Separated by a slash it is possible to record information about the land use types of the
landscape elements belonging to the network type. This information is used for automatically
assignment with the appropriate database application JOKL-LSD.
Example: Mixed Agriculture

CL
01
01
01
...
M-ID
01
02
03
...
MATRIX-TYPE
RAI / FR
VER1 / VV
VER2 / VB
...
CONNECT
3
3
4
...
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C O N N E C T E D N E S S Connectivity of the Network type
Status: obligatory
The attribute describes the connectivity of the network, that means the number of
connections (crossings) between the different parts of the network, the landscape elements
who belong to the network.
Type
NETWORK
CONNECTIVITY OF THE PARTS OF THE NETWORK
Level:
landscape plot
V ALUE
EXPRESSION
E XAMPLE
Not connected
The parts of the network dont have
any connection or crossing with each
other
Some isolated dirt roads or sealed

roads who have no connection
togehter,
isolated, not connected brook
systems with no connection to an
other brook in the landscape plot
Low connected
Connections and crossing present,
some parts of the network are
connected together (1 to 5 crossing
points)
Some parts of a disintegrated

network of field margins are
connected together (i.e. coarse
grained crop land matrix)
Moderate connected
Several parts of the network are
connected together (more than 5
crossing points in the landscape plot)
Moderate connected road network

with connections between the parts
of the network in different segments
of the network; Moderate dense
network of field margins in a loose
network landscape
High connected
Many parts of the network are
connected together
Dense road network with many

crossing points with other parts of
the network, dense network of field
margins or hedgerows in a high
connected network landscape, ...
F EATURES
Connectivity
of the parts of
the network
ADDITIONAL NOTE DELINEATION OF THE MATRIX ON THE FIELD MAP

Every network type within a Preliminary Cultural Landscape Type of the landscape plot gets
a unique number or ID. The network should be delineated on the field map on a separate
layer and the ID of the network should be assigned to the polygon.
The assignment of the networkis done with a database application by assigning a network
type to a certain landscape element.
H I S T O R I C A L L AND U S E Historical Land Use in the Landscape Plot
Status: obligatory
To evaluate landscape changes in a landscape plot and the effects for the landscape it is
necessary to think about the historical land use with the Preliminary Cultural Landscape
Types of the landscape plot. As a time mark one should take the time after the second world
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war into consideration. In Austria there was a dramatic change in agriculture. It was the
change to the industrialised agriculture with a high amount of energy input to produce the
agricultural products.
Status: obligatory
1.
H I S T O R I C A L L AND U S E Historical Land Use in the Landscape Plot
Status: obligatory
The historical land use should be recorded with a short description of as assignment of land
use types (Landnutzungstypen).
Conclusion
The attribution of networks and the matrix should be done at the end of the outdoor mapping
in the landscape plot. The author of the field mapping should have a good knowledge and
overview about the situation in the landscape plot when the attribution of networks and the
matrix is done.
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4 Field Guide Landscape Elements

Underlined words (i.e. TEST) refer to attribute inscriptions on the forms. Words in rectangular
brackets (i.e. [RAI]) refer to values, which can be set for the appropriate attribute.
With the key word STATUS obligatory or optional attributes are marked.
4.1
Form B & C Landscape Element
Notes to the Form

The form consists of three parts: (A) first the part for information about the Main Landscape
Element, (B) second the part for information about the Partial Landscape Elements (there is
place for 5 PLEs) and (C) third the part to list Corresponding Landscape Elements.
[QU] Landscape plot and [MLE] MLE number
C
B
4.1.1
Part A Level of Main Landscape Element
In the grey part of the form the Landscape Plot and the Main Landscape Element (MLE)
Number is recorded divided by a slash.
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QU
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Number of the Landscape Plot
Status: obligatory
The number code for the landscape plot is a six to eight digit number code of the coordinates
of south-western corner point of the landscape plot, normally as BMN-Coordinates in Austria
or UTM-Coordinates in other countries.
We take the thousands part of the x- and y-coordinate of the south-western point of the
landscape plot.
Example: Landscape Plot Leithen / Eden (Upper Austria)

BMN-Coordinates (Austrian Version of Gau-Krger-Coordinates) of the south-western
corner of the landscape plot Leithen / Eden (working name)!
?
?
?
x-coordinate
y-coordinate
number code
MLE
COORDINATE
471.000
366.000
Number of the Main Landscape Element
CODE
471
366
471366
Status: obligatory
The Main Landscape Elements (MLE) are numbered sequentially within the landscape plot
starting by the number 1. Each MLE gets a unique number so that we can refer to it by a
single number, the MLE number code.
MLE with a similar land use management and situation have to get different MLE numbers.
The MLE number have to be unique. In this case you can use the corresponding landscape
elements to automatically generate a sequence of records in the database of similar
landscape elements based on a certain master landscape element.
DATE
Date of the recording and mapping
Status: obligatory
MAPPER
Name of the Author
Status: obligatory
WI D T H
Total Width of the Main Landscape Element
Status: obligatory
For complex landscape elements, i.e. a zoned corridor with more than one partial landscape
element one have to record the total width of the Main Landscape Element in m [meter].
N UMBER LE Total number of Partial Landscape Elements
Status: obligatory
The total number of Partial Landscape Elements (spatial homogenous partial units of the
functional homogenous main landscape element) have to be recorded. Just the number of
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different types of PLEs are recorded.

If the Main Landscape Element is recorded as SIMPLE PATCH or as LINEAR CORRIDOR, then it
consists only of one Partial Landscape Element. If it is recorded as COMPLEX PATCH or STRIP
CORRIDOR , then it consists of more than one Partial Landscape Elements.
MLE-D E S C R I P T I O N Short description of the MLE
Status: obligatory
A short description about the situation of the Main Landscape Element should be given. This
is done to get a better view about the landscape element during the analysis session. The
description should be short and significant.
T Y P E O F S TRUCTURE
Status: obligatory
We can divide the elements of the landscape into dot, line and polygon elements
(ZONNEVELD 1995). This is according to the differentiation of patch, corridor and matrix
elements (FORMAN & GODRON 1986; FORMAN 1995). But this types also have important
implications to their function and position in the landscapes ecology.
To get a first hint about their function its important to get an idea about the complexity of the
landscape element of its shape. Each landscape element have to assigned to one of the four
structural element types independent of its function as matrix, network or patch element in
the landscape mosaic.
SIMPLE PATCH
LINEAR CORRIDOR
x SP
x LC
x CP
x SC
COMPLEY PATCH
STRIP CORRIDOR
Patches
Patches are landscape elements with a small ground area or point elements who differ
markedly from their surrounding, either because of the distribution of environmental
resources, disturbance regimes or because of their age structure. They act as islands in the
sea of the surrounding matrix (FORMAN & G ODRON 1986; FORMAN 1995).
Size, shape and distribution of patches in the matrix are important characteristics which
interfere function and dynamic of the patches (FORMAN & GODRON 1986).
[SP] S I M P L E P A T C H is a isolated landscape element with a relative small area (in

comparison to the matrix), who has no further structural differentiation in its horizontal
dimension. Differences on the level of the vegetation which occur due to slightly different
land use regimes have to be recorded by vegetation samples.
A SIMPLE PATCH only consists of only one Partial Landscape Element who has the same
area as the Main Landscape Element. The functional unit and the spatial unit cover each
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other exactly.
Example: Crop Fields, meadows
[ C P ] C O M P L E X P A T C H is a isolated landscape element with a relative small area (in

comparison to the matrix), where the functional unit (Main Landscape Element) can be
divided into two or more spatial homogenous units (Partial Landscape Elements). A
COMPLEX PATCH can consists of two or more Partial Landscape Elements who are recorded
separately.
Within a Main Landscape Element (MLE) a Partial Landscape Element (PLE) is defined if it
differs in the land use type (land use regime) from other parts of the MLE. Differences in the
vegetation of a PLE due to slightly differences in the land use regime are recorded by
vegetation samples.
The combination and complex of the PLE of a MLE is more than the sum of parts because
they act as a functional unit in the landscape who interfere each other. The PLEs are
assigned to the MLE if there is a basic functional relationship.
PLEs dontt have to be delineated on the field map but the surface portion (%) which they
cover within the MLE have to recorded by a rough estimation!
The PLEs within a MLE are numbered sequentially starting with 1. The first PLE with the
number 1 is the most important or dominant PLE (see also STRIP CORRIDORS).
Example: Gravel pit with a small pond, young exploitation areas and fallow areas (Traisental)
The gravel pit is a functional unit (MLE) which can be divided into different spatial
units, the PLEs, i.e. the young exploitation areas (see Fig. 01)
The most dominant or the most important PLE gets the number 1. If it is an active
gravel pit, normally the young exploitation areas get the PLE number 1. If it is an
fallow gravel pit normally the fallow areas with different successional stages get
the PLE number 1.
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MLE
Fig. 01. COMPLEX PATCH: cross section through a gravel pit defining the MLE and PLEs
Example: Blockstreuwiesen meadows with stones and rocky outcrops

The characteristic ensemble of the landscape element is the combination of
stones and the meadows. There is a functional connection but also a connection
in the origin of the complex landscape element.
Corridors
Corridors are linear or strip shaped landscape elements who have either transportation or
barrier function. They are normally separated by sharp environmental gradients from their
surrounding, the matrix. Nearly all landscapes are both divided and at the same time tied
together by corridors (FORMAN & GODRON 1986; FORMAN 1995).
[LC] L I N E C ORRIDOR are simple structured linear landscape elements who have
either transportation and /or barrier function. Along the cross section there is no further
differentiation into structures or zones. He consists of only one zone or PLE.
Differences in the species composition along the corridor which occur due to slightly
differences in the land use regime (but the same land use type) are recorded by vegetation
samples.
Example:
ditches with a concrete bed, overland high voltage lines, small roads without
ditches or road slopes, ...
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[SC] S T R I P C O R R I D O R are complex linear landscape elements who have either

transportation and / or barrier function. Along the cross section of the strip corridor we can
find a clear differentiation into several clear separated zones or PLEs. A strip corridor have to
consists of at least one zone or PLE who we can find along the whole landscape element,
i.e. a brook or a road. Beside this central zone we can find one or more accompanied linear
or patchy landscape elements.
The central continuous and most important zone get the PLE number 1. The other PLEs or
zones are numbered sequentially with a unique number within the MLE.
Example:
rail corridor on a dam

This landscape element can be seen as a functional unit, a Main Landscape
Element (see Fig. 02). We find a central continuous, important zone or PLE,
the rail. This PLE gets the number 1.
Beside that we find the accompanying slopes of the dam with different
successional stages of the vegetation but with a certain homogenous way of
using or maintaining them. This accompanying PLEs get the number 2 and 3
and are treated as separate PLEs.
MLE
Fig. 02. railway on a dam defining the MLE and PLEs
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A similar situation we find with roadside corridors or artificial stream corridors.
Example:
natural stream corridor with accompanying wooded landscape elements
MLE
Fig. 03. stream corridor defining the MLE and PLEs
The stream and its accompanying landscape elements and structures can be
seen as a functional unit which is tied together by a certain natural disturbance
regime and by a certain distribution of environmental resources. So we can
define the stream corridor as a Main Landscape Element who has a
differentiation into different zones along the cross section of the corridor (see
Fig. 03).
We find a central, continuous landscape element, the brook or the river. This
landscape element is the continuous and most important. So it gets the PLE
number 1. The other accompanying landscape elements, who can either be
linear or patchy are numbered sequentially as in our example with the
numbers 2 and 3. They are treated as separate PLEs. The width and the
surface portion they are covering within the MLE have to recorded as a rough
estimation.
M A Membership of Matrix Type
The membership of a Main Landscape Element (MLE) to a Matrix Type could be done by
assigning the Matrix-ID (see M-ID; Form A Level of Landscape Plot) to the MLE.
N E Membership of Network Type
The membership of a Main Landscape Element (MLE) to a Network Type could be done by
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assigning the Network-ID (see N-ID; Form A Level of Landscape Plot) to the MLE.
4.1.2
Part B Level of Partial Landscape Element
If we find different spatial homogenous sub units within a functional homogenous Main
Landscape Element we have to record them as Partial Landscape Elements, who can be
differentiated by different land use types within the Main Landscape Elements (see
COMPLEX PATCH and STRIP CORRIDOR).
Note! Every Main Landscape Element consists of at least one Partial Landscape Element!
The attributes for the Partial Landscape Element could be divided into different parts which
provides us different important information about the landscape element.
? general part
? morphography
? land use
? origin and structure
4.1.2.1 General Part
PLE Partial Landscape Element Number
Status: obligatory
Similar Partial Landscape Elements within a MLE can be combined to a PARTIAL LANDSCAPE
ELEMENT TYPE. This Partial Landscape Element Types are numbered sequentially within the
MLE starting with the value 1. The maximum value is 99.
The central continuous (Strip Corridors) or most important PLE (Strip Corridor and Complex
Patch) get the PLE number 1. The other PLEs or zones are numbered sequentially with a
unique number within the MLE.
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N R Count of Partial Landscape Elements within the Partial Landscape Element Type
Status: obligatory
The number of PLE within a PLE Type (see above) should be counted to get a hint about the
complexity of the landscape element, i.e. a road slope which is dissected by approach roads
to the main road.
A RE % - Surface portion of the total PLE Type Area within the MLE
Status: obligatory
N O T E Short description of the PLE
Status: obligatory, if different to MLE
A short and significant description of the PLE (Type) should be given to get a better
understanding of the situation. It is important because mapper and analyser are different
persons.
With this description one could record information which he couldnt in formalised way
through the other attributes.
4.1.2.2 Morphography
W I D T H Average width of the PLEs of a PLE Type
For linear landscape elements the average width in m [meters] should be recorded. This is
also important to get a hint about the borderlength within the MLE.
H E I G T H Average height of the PLEs of a PLE Type
The average height of the structure of the landscape element should be recorded in m
[meters]. Its important to get a better idea about the geomorphologic structure within a
landscape plot. The height, i.e. of a road slope is estimated or exactly measured.
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V E G H Average height of the vegetation in m [meters]
Status: optional
The average height of the vegetation on a landscape element is important for view analysis.
It is an important information but or low priority.
I N C L Inclination or average slope of the PLE
Status: obligatory
The average slope of the PLEs within a PLE Type should be recorded. This is done by
assigning slope classes. If there are more than one slope classes present within the PLE
Type the most dominant slope class is recorded. The other should be mentioned as part of
the description of the PLE.
Is there a sharp change in the slope classes within a landscape element we have to
delineate new Main Landscape Elements.
Code
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
C la ss
plain to slight slopes
slight slopes to moderatly step
steep
very steep
rugged (Sturzhang)
Slope in
0 to 5
6 to 14
15 to 29
30 to 44
more than 45
Slope in %
0 to ~9%
9 to ~27%
27 to ~58%
58 to ~100%
more than 100%
E X P Expostion of the PLEs
Status: obligatory
The exposition of the PLEs within a PLE Type have to be recorded. This is done by
assigning exposition classes according the eight part compass card. If there are more than
one expostion classes present within the PLE Type the most dominant class is recorded. The
other should be mentioned as part of the description of the PLE.
[N]
[NE]
[E]
[SE]
north
north-east
east
south-east
[S]
[SW]
[W]
[NW]
south
south-west
west
north-west
[KEX]
[MEX]
plain (no certain expo.)

many exposition
L A F O N Natural Landforms
Status: obligatory
Geomorphologic forms, landforms, according to a definition list (see list)
I-C O D E
100
110
111
112
120
121
122
130
131
132
C-C ODE
HANG
HAKV
HAKX
HAPL
OHAPL
OHAKX
OHAKV
MHAPL
MHAKX
MHAKV
MORPHOTOPE NATRLICH
MORPHOTYP E
Hang i.A. (incl. Halde)
konkave Hangformen (incl. Hangmulde Delle Kar Einsattelung)
konvexe Hangformen
plane Hangform
Oberhangsituation plan
Oberhangsituation konvex
Oberhangsituation konkav
Mittelhangsituation plan
Mittelhangsituation konvex
Mittelhangsituation konkav
NATURAL

140
141
142
150
200
210
310
320
330
340
410
510
520
530
611
612
613
614
615
710
810
820
831
832
833
900
910
UHAPL
UHAKX
UHAKV
HANFU
KEGEL
FAECH
BSC
RUECK
KUPPE
KAMM
DUENE
BLOCK
WAND
KANTE
SCHLU
KERBT
MULDT
TALBO
TALS
HOHLF
ALTAR
SCHUE
FURKA
MAEAN
LINEA
EBEN
TERRA
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Unterhangsituation plan
Unterhangsituation konvex
Unterhangsituation konkav
Hangfu
Schuttkegel (terrestrische Bildungen)
Schwemmkegel und -fcher (fluviatile Bildung)
Bschung Hangleiste Terrassensprung
Rcken- und Riedelsituationen
Kuppensituationen
Kamm Gra Gipfel t
dnenhnliche Aufschttung (incl. Uferwall Seedamm)
dune
Felsblockgebilde (Blockburg Blockstreu Blockstrom)
wall
Konglomerat- Lwand)
Gelndekante und -versteilungen
Schlucht Klamm
gorge
Kerbtlchen Tobel Graben
Muldentlchen
Talbden (Ebenheit 1) flunah
Talsohle
geschlossene Hohlform (incl. Doline Toteisloch Seebecken
Altarm (incl. Fluarm Totarm Trockenarm)
rezente fluviatile Aufschttung (incl. Delta Kiesbank Sand
Bach- bzw. Flulauf mit Furkation
Bach- bzw. Flulauf mit Mandern
Bach- bzw- Flulauf mit gestrecktem Verlauf
Verebnungen / Ebenheit (Ebenheit 3) flufern
periglaziale Terrassen (Ebenheit 2) flunah
L A F O A Anthropogenic Landforms
Status: obligatory
Geomorphologic forms, landforms, according to a definition list (see list)
4.1.2.3 Land cover and land use
L A C O Land cover or land use type
Status: obligatory
Land use type according to the definition list (see list). This is one of the most important
information. The attribute value is set according to the following list.
C-Code
AI
AMI
AE
AFF
AHI
AHM
AHE
Ackerland
Getreideacker intensiv
Getreideacker mig intensiv
Getreideacker extensiv
Acker mit Feldfutteranbau
Acker Hackfrucht intensiv
Acker Hackfrucht mig intensiv
Acker Hackfrucht extensiv
crop land
grain fields intensive
grain fields medium intensive
grain fields extensive
forage crops
root crop intensive
root crop medium intensive
root crop extensive
C-Code
BWJ
BWA
BWEJ
Grnland
Baumwiese jung
Baumwiese alt
Baumweiden jung
meadows & pastures

orchard young
orchard old
pasture with j o u n g t r e e s
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BWEA
WII
WMI
WIE
WEI
WEMI
WEE
Baumweiden alt
Wiese intensiv
Wiese mig intensiv
Wiese extensiv
Weide intensiv
Weide mig intensiv
Weide extensiv
pasture with old trees

meadow intensive
meadow medium intensive
meadow extensive
pasture intensive
pasture medium intensive
pasture extensive
C-Code
WGI
WGM
WGE
GP
Obst- u. Weinbau
Weingarten intensiv
Weingarten mig intensiv
Weingarten extensiv
Gehlzplantagen
vineyards & fruit planatations

vineyard intensive
vineyard medium intensive
vineyard extensive
fruit plantation
C-Code
W
WN
WMN
WFJ
WFA
W l d e r und F o r s t e
nicht beschriebener Wald
Wald naturnah
Wald mig naturnah
Wald Forst jung
Wald Forst alt
forests & timber plantations

forest undef.
natural forest
seminatural forest
timber plantation young
timber plantation old
C-Code
STK
STN
STL
PSK
PSN
GV
GMN
GN
PFK
PFN
Gewsser
Stillgewsser knstlich
Stillgewsser naturnah
Stillgewsser natrlich
periodisches Stillgewsser knstlich
periodisches Stillgewsser natrlich
Fliegewsser verbaut
Fliegewsser mig naturnah
Fliegewsser naturnah
periodisches Fliegewsser knstlich
periodisches Fliegewsser natrlich
running water & water bodies

lake artificial
lake s e m i n a t u r a l
lake natural
periodic pool artificial
periodic pool natural
stream artificial
s t r e a m seminatural
stream natural
periodic stream artificial
periodic stream natural
C-Code
BG
BS
BJ
Brachen
Brache mit Gehlzflur
Brache mit Staudenflur
Brache jung
fallow & set aside land

old fallow land with shrubs
old fallow land with tall herbs
young fallow land
C-Code
ALLJ
ALLA
HB
HS
EBJ
EBA
FG
FR
LKA
FKA
PKA
Kleinstrukturen
Allee
Allee
Hecke Baum
Hecke Strauch
Einzelbaum jung
Einzelbaum alt
Feldgehlz
Feldraine
Lineare Kleinarchitektur
flchige Kleinarchitektur
punktfrm. Kleinarchitektur
small biotopes
avenue withyoung trees
avenue with old trees
hedgerow of trees
hedgerow of shrubs
young solitary tree
old solitary tree
small woodlot
field margin
built up element linear
built up element
built up element punctif.
C-Code
VB
VV
VW
WS
VS
Verkehrswege
Verkehrswege begrnt
Verkehrsweg versiegelt
Verkehrsweg wassergebunden
wassergebundene Sonderflchen
versiegelte Sonderflchen
roads
roads vegetated
paved roads
dirt roads
Other unpaved areas
other paved areas
C-Code
MAT
DEP
PG
SG
SV
DFK
Siedlung u. Industrie
Materialentnahmestellen
Materialdeponien
Parks u. Grten
Siedlung grn
Siedlung versiegelt
Dorfkern
built up areas
mining, extraction areas
Deposition, land fill
Gardens, parks
Settlements, vegetated
settlements paved
Village

DFKA
DFKV
DFR
DFRA
DFRV
EIG
EIGA
EIGV
EIH
EIHA
EIHV
BZA
BZV
IGA
IGV
OF
Dorfkern aufgelockert
Dorfkern verdichtet
Dorfrand
Dorfrand aufgelockert
Dorfrand verdichtet
Einzelgehfte und Kleinweiler
Einzelgehfte und Kleinweiler aufgelockert
Einzelgehfte und Kleinweiler verdichtet
Einzelhausbebauung
durchgrnte Einzelhausbebauung
verdichtete Einzelhausbebauung
Blockrand- bzw. Zeilenverbauung aufgelst
Blockrand- bzw. Zeilenverbauung verdichtet
Ind.- und Gewerbegeb. aufgelockert
Ind.- und Gewerbegeb. verdichtet
29
village vegetated
village paved
suburb
suburb vegetated
suburb paved
detached h.
detached houses veg.
detached houses paved
one-family h.
one-family houses veg.
one-family houses paved
blocks
blocks
industrial sites veg.
industrial sites paved
L A R E Land regime of the PLE
Status: obligatory
The land regime defines how the crops or the grass land is used exactly. It allows us to get a
finer understanding about the processes and disturbances going on at a landscape element.
The land regime is recorded according to the definition list (see list).
C R T Crop Type
Status: optional
The crop type, i.e. barley, clover, Arrhenatherum-grassland, ..., gives us a deeper
understanding in the way the landscape is used and about the threats coming from
agriculture. We also get a hint about crop rotation and fertiliser input.
Its important to record the actual crop on the landscape element. If its possible to get
information about previous crops on the landscape element this information should be
recorded in the description of the PLE.
The Crop Type is recorded according to the definition list (see list).
4.1.2.4 Origin and structure
H EM Hemerobic State
Status: obligatory
The hemerobic state is the effect of the anthropogenic influence to ecosystems. This concept
describes the molestation of the landscape so that we can define several stages from
natural, semi-natural to artificial. This classes can be assigned according to the
anthropogenic influence at the landscape element.
The concept of the hemerobic state was developed by Jalas (1955) and Sukopp (1969,
1972) and introduced to the European tradition of vegetation and landscape ecology. The
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hemerobic state in their sense could be understood as a measure for the anthorpogenic
influence to ecosystems. The estimation of the hemerobic state is based on the degree of
effects of those anthropogenic influences which interfere with the development of the
ecosystem to its klimax stage. A connected concept to define the degree of deviation from
the klimax stage is the POTENTIAL NATURAL VEGETATION (KOWARIK 1988). The PNV is the
Should-Value which can compared to the Is-Value, the actual vegetation.
NU M B E R C O D E
LETTER CODE
HEMEROBIC STATE
GERMAN NAME
[1]
[MEH]
metahemerob
paved, built up, destroyed
that means the anthropogenic influence is very strong and one sided, nearly every living creatures (wanted or not)
were killed.
i.e. roads, houses, sealed ditches
[2]
[POH]
polyhemerob
completely transformed
a strong anthropogenic influence is present. New combinations of different factors or an extreme concentrations
of a certain factor occur. Its typical that sites are developed in very short terms. Creation and destroying of this
sites is aperiodic and short termed.
i.e. fields with no weeds due to intensive management, species poor grasslands, species poor
artificial forest stands, viniculture with open soils, ...
[3/4]
[EUH]
euhemerob
ar t i f i c i a l a n d t a n s f o r m e d
This stage is characterised by a strong and continuing anthropogenic influence but its possible for the organisms
to adept to the artificial environment.
We can divide this stage into two sub stages: (aeuh) a-euhemerob and (beuh) -euhemerob.
[AEUH]
a -e u h e m e r o b
partly transformed
i.e. fields with weeds that belong to the site conditions, meadows with not many species,
simple forest stands with no differentiation into layers, ...
[BEUH]
-e u h e m e r o b
strongly influenced
i.e. species rich meadows and pastures, forest stands with a good differentiatian into layers,
intensively used pastures, ...
[5]
[MSH]
mesohemerob
moderately influenced
The sites show a weaker anthropogenic influence than the other stages. Normally there is a periodic circle of
disturbance so its easier for organisms to adopt to the situation at the landscape element.
i.e. long term fallow areas, extensively used grassland with different stages of succession,
used hedgerows, ...
[6]
[OLH]
oligohemerob
semi-natural
despite the weak anthropogenic influence we see the orignal, natural characteristics of the coenosis.
i.e. semi-natural biotopes, stages of the succession near to the klimax, ...
[7]
[AH]
ahemerob
no anthropogenic influence at all.
i.e. mires, primeval forests, ...
T RO amount of nutrients at the landscape element
natural
Status: obligatory
Trophy is the degree of supply with nutrients of an ecosystem at the site. This could
estimated for terrestrial as well as for hydro ecosystems.
In terrestrial ecosystems the estimation of the actual potential of nutrients available at the site
is done by indicator species (indicator values (see ELLENBERG 1974, 1979; ELLENBERG et.al
1992)) and with the ecological expert knowledge.
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T ROPHIC L EVEL
GERMAN NAME
[POT]
polytroph
very high nutrient supply
many indicator species who show a high concentration of nutrient accumulation are present at the site
i.e. dung hill, crops with a high fertiliser input (maize), soils with a very high nutrient supply,
riparian forests, ...
CODE
[EUT]
eutroph
copious nutrient supply
many indicator species for a good and copious nutrient supply are present at the site, the plants look fattened
(good nutrient supply especially nitrogen).
i.e. crops with high fertiliser input, riparian forests, clear cuts, high fertilised grassland, ...
[MET]
meso- to eutroph
[MST]
mesotroph
intermediate nutrient supply
average supply with nutrients at the site, no indicators species for high nutrient accumulation and no indicator
species for nutrient poorness are present at the site.
i.e. species rich grassland with low fertiliser input, crops with low fertiliser input over rich
soils, ...
[OMT]
oligo- to mesotroph
[OLT]
oligotroph
low nutrient supply
indicator species for nutrient poor site conditions are present at the site, the low nutrient supply also could be an
effect of a extreme acidification of the soils.
i.e. mires, alpine brooks, ...
In hydro ecosystems the estimation of the actual potential of nutrients available at the site is
done by the seeing depth in water (Sichttiefe).
DEPTH
0 to 20 cm
0 to 20 cm
20 to 50 cm
over 50 cm
CODE
[POT]
[EUT]
[MST]
[OLT]
T ROPHIC STATE
polytroph
eutroph
mesotroph
oligotroph
D IV a-Diversity
GERMAN NAME
very high nutrient supply

copious nutrient supply
intermediate nutrient supply
low nutrient supply
Status: obligatory
Vascular Plant Species richness of the landscape element.
C ODE
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
a-D I V E R S I T Y
species poor
moderate species poor
moderate species rich
species rich
Vascular plant species

1 to 10
11 to 30
31 to 50
over 50
4.1.2.5 Origintypes of landscape elements
Landscape elements can be described by their main force of development. We can separate
them into five different groups of origins:
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? environmental resource (water and nutrients)

? disturbance (natural or anthropogenic)
? regeneration (after a disturbance event)
? introduced (by humans)
? remnant (as the remnant of an older landscape)
DIL DIsturbance Landunits
The landscape elements are caused by a disturbance event in the homogenous matrix either
natural or anthropogenic. The disturbance event can be (a) chronical, (b) periodical or (c)
stochastic (non foreseeable). This has a major effect on the development, dynamic and
shape of a landscape element.
Chronic disturbance patches are mainly caused by human disturbances. Chronic natural
disturbance over a long time, such as regular flooding, large mammal trampling, or wildfire,
normally results in patch species that have adapted to the disturbance regime. Therefore, the
patch area, with a distinctive environment or resources, remains different from the
surrounding matrix and is in equilibrium with it (FORMAN & GODRON 1986:89).
We only record actual disturbances. If there are traces of older disturbance events we record
them as description of the PLE.
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Type:
DISTURBANCE - LANDUNIT (DIL-A)

ANTHROPOGENIC DISTURBANCE
Level:
Landscape Elements
V ALUE
EXPRESSION
E XAMPLE
[a]
episodic
disturbance
or
disturbance in long intervals (mostly [a] Femelschlag, Plenterwald
with a low take out for biomass)
or
[b] high take out of biomass with or
without soil wounding by in long [b] Kahlschlag, Schirmschlag
interval
[a] mild and periodic disturbance

(moderate take away of biomass
without soil wounding)
or:
[b] stronger disturbance but in longer
intervals (moderate to high take
away of biomass, with or withour soil
wounding)
3
4
BUT!:
F EATURE
Strength
and
frequency
of
biomass
export
and
tillage
[a] mild and periodic disturbance in

short intervals (moderate take away
of biomass without soil wounding)
or
[b] strong and non periodic
disturbance (high take away of
biomass without soil wounding)
[a] strong and periodic disturbance in
short intervals (high take away of
biomass with soil wounding)
or
[b] very strong disturbance in non
periodic intervals (high relocation
rate)
[a] Extensivwiesen (<einschrig),

Extensivweiden (Hutung, Triftweide,
groe
Standweide
m.geringer
Bestossung), Weidewlder,
[b]
Mittelu.Niederwlder,
Holznutzungs- und Flechthecken,
Feldgehlze, Energiewlder
[a] Zwei- bis mehrschrige Wiesen,
Intensivweiden
(Koppel
und
Standweiden m.hoher Bestossung),
[b]
Umbruchwiesen
des
Alpenvorlandes
und
Voralpengebietes
[a] cker, Dauerkulturen (Wein- u.
Hopfengrten,..) mit Bodenumbruch,
[b]
knstl.Umlagerungs-standorte
(Sand- Kiesgruben, Steinbruch..)
only for actual disturbance regime!
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Type:
OF
DISTURBANCE - LANDUNIT (DIL-N)

NATURAL DISTURBANCE
Level:
Landscape Elements
V ALUE
F EATURE
1
2
3
Strength
and
frequency
of
biomass
export
and
tillage
4
BUT!:
EXPRESSION
[a]
episodic
disturbance
or
disturbance in long intervals (mostly
with a low take out for biomass)
or
[b] high take out of biomass with or
without soil wounding by in long
interval
[a] mild and periodic disturbance
(moderate take away of biomass
without soil wounding)
or:
[b] stronger disturbance but in longer
intervals (moderate to high take
away of biomass, with or withour soil
wounding)
[a] mild and periodic disturbance in
short intervals (moderate take away
of biomass without soil wounding)
or
[b] strong and non periodic
disturbance (high take away of
biomass without soil wounding)
E XAMPLE
Zusammenbruchsphasen
naturnahen Wldern
in
unregelmig
berschwemmte
Standorte ohne Umlagerung
[a]
regelm.
berschwemmte
Standorte ohne Umlagerung
(Bachniederungen
mit
regel-m.
berschwemmungen)
[b]
Randbereiche
natrlicher
Umlagerungsstandorte,
natrliche
Brandstellen,
[a] natrliche Umlagerungsstandorte
[a] strong and periodic disturbance in (Regschutthalden)
short intervals (high take away of
biomass with soil wounding)
or
[b] very strong disturbance in non [b] natrliche Umlagerungs-standorte
periodic intervals (high relocation (Sand- Kiesbnke, Lawinenbahn,
rate)
Schutthalden..)
only for actual disturbance regime!
RGL ReGeneration Landunits
Landscape elements caused by regeneration are developed if after a singular or chronic

disturbance event the disturbance ends and the normal succession of the vegetation towards
a klimax stade. Remnat (see later) and Regeneration landunits can be similar but their
development is based on different mechanism. The first is a remnant of a older matrix and
the second is caused by succession after a disturbance of the matrix ends. It develops
towards a regional klimax (FORMAN & GODRON 1986).
Beside this scientific definition of regeneration landunits also the actual regeneration
potential and the successional stade are recorded with this attribute. To describe the
regeration potential of the landscape element one have to take the pre-successional
disturbance regime (strength and periodicity) and the length of available time for the
succession to take place (regenerationtime) into consideration. The value is set according
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35
to the following list (see definition list):

Type:
REGENERATION - LANDUNIT (RGL)
Level:
Landscape Elements
V ALUE
F EATURES
EXPRESSION
1
2
3
Presuccessional
disturbance
regime
(strength and
periodicity)
and the
length of
available
time
for the
succession
to take place
(regenerationti
me)
E XAMPLE
mild disturbance
and
long regeneration
Verjngungsnester
und
Initialphasen
in
naturnahen
Wldern;
Gehlzbrachen
extensiver
Nutzflchen (Weideverbuschung,
alte
Grnlandbrachen
mit
Gebschstadien,..)
strong disturbance
and
long regeneration
Hochstaudenfluren
und
Gebschstadien
"natrlicher"
Waldlichtungen
mit
Bodenumlagerung;
Gebsch- u.Vorwaldstadien auf
grerflchigen Waldschlgen,
Niederwald (>5 J.)
alte Brachen intensiver Nutzflchen
(Ackerbrachen mit Gebsch- und
Hochgrasstadien,..)
mild disturbance
and
short regeneration
Hochstaudenfluren "natrlicher "

Waldlichtungen
ohne
Bodenumlagerung;
Versaumungsstadien in brachem
oder untergenutztem Grnland,
strong disturbance
and
short regeneration
RML ReMnant Landunits
Pionierstadien
"natrlicher"
Waldlichtungen
mit
Bodenumlagerung;
junge
Brachen
intensiver
Nutzflchen (Ackerbrachen mit
Segetalveg.,..)
Remnants of an older matrix are developed if the matrix is disturbed widspread and only
small islands of the former matrix survive. In this remnants we find species, animal and
plants, of the former matrix (FORMAN & GODRON 1986).
Due to a chronic disturbance of the surrounding of the remnants, i.e. the middle european
cultural landscape, a new and chronic disturbed matrix is established in which the remnants
of the former woodland matrix are embeded like islands in a sea of disturbance. The invasion
of the species of the former matrix into the new disturbed matrix is prevented by the
disturbance regime of the new matrix.
To describe the remnants with this attribute one have to take the duration of development
(Entwicklungszeit) and the actual or potential disturbance, which prevents the development
into consideration. The value is set according to the following list (see definitionlist):
36
Type:
REMNANT - LANDUNIT (RML)
Level:
Landscape Elements
V ALUE
F EATURES
EXPRESSION
1
2
3
OF
Short duration of development

Strong and periodic disturbance
duration of
development
(Entwicklungs
-zeit)
and the
actual or
potential
disturbance,
which
prevents the
development
4
RSL ReSource Landunits
E XAMPLE
cker, Weingrten
frherer Matrix
als
Reste
Medium duration of development

mild and periodic disturbance, but
in short intervals.
Wiesen, Weiden als Reste frherer

Matrix
Long duration of development

mild and periodic disturbance, but
in long intervals or episodic
Feldgehlze und Baumhecken;

Waldreste mit hherem Anteil, an
Vorholzarten
(Wind-,
Vogelverbreitung!);
Very long duration of development

No disturbance present
alte
Waldreste
mit
standortgerechter Artengarnitur;
Landscape elements could be caused by a heterogenic distribution of important

environmental resources (i.e. water, nutrients, light, ) which causes specific structures of
the landscape element or a specific species composition adopted to the site conditions. The
species composition of resource patches differs markedly from the surrounding which
normally show an average supply with environmental resources.
The ecotone between the resource patch and the surrounding matrix can be either sharp of
diffuse depending on the environmental resource. Environmental resource patches normally
show a high persistence in time.
Due to the intensity of the environmental resource a specific and adopted species
composition could be found at the landscape element. The degree of adoptedness of this
specific species compositions can be valued with the help of ecological expert knowledge,
the knowledge about the ecological behaviour of plant assemblages and the ecological
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37
behaviour of singular plant species (see Ellenbergs Indicatorvalues for Plant species).
The resource potential of the landscape element was evaluated for

? potential W ATER (dryness / wetness)
Type:
RESSOURCE - LANDUNIT (RSL-W)

RESSOURCE WATER
Level:
Landscape Element
V ALUE
F EATURE
1
2
3
4
[T] dryness
? potential NUTRIENTS (poor / rich)
EXPRESSION
Environmental resources visible

(site potential, soil, )
Resourcepotential
( = deviation
to zonal
distribution
of
environmental
resources)
Resource indicating species

present
E XAMPLE
[T] artenarme Fettwiese an flachem
Sdhang,
[F] feuchte Delle in Intensivacker
ohne eig.Segetalvegetation;..
[T] mesophiler Laubmisch-wald mit
wrmeliebenden Saumelementen
[F] feuchte Delle in Intensivacker mit
eig.
feuchtezeigender
Segetalvegetation;
Resource indicating
vegetation types
present
[T]
punktuell
vorhandene
Trockenrasen"buckeln"
in
mittelgrndiger Weideflche;
[F]
punktuell
vorhandene
Niedermoorflecken
(kleine
Nagallen) in mig feuchter Wiese
Resource indicating
vegetation types
dominant
[T] Trockenrasen auf flachgrndiger

Felskuppe;
[F] Gewsser, Hochmoor,...
[F] wetness
38
Type:
RESSOURCE - LANDUNIT (RSL-N)

RESSOURCE NUTRIENTS
Level:
Landscape Element
V ALUE
F EATURE
1
2
3
EXPRESSION
Environmental resources visible

(site potential, soil, )
OF
E XAMPLE
[R] Delle in Intensivacker, mit
Zusammenschwemmungen,
ohne
eig.Segetalvegetation;
[A] artenarme Fettwiese an flachem,
steileren Sd-hang,..
Resourcepotential
( = deviation
to zonal
distribution
of
environmental
resources)
Resource indicating species

present
Resource indicating
vegetation types
present
Resource indicating
vegetation types
dominant
[A] nutrient poorness
INL INtroduced Landunits
[R]
Delle
mit
ZusammenSchwemmungen in Intensivacker mit
eig.
nhrstoffzeigender
Segetalvegetation; Delle in Wiese
mit Nhrstoffeintrag und eigenen
Nhrstoffzeigern;
[A] erste Verhagerungs-zeiger auf
Bschung mit ansonsten normaler
Wiesenartengarnitur
[A]
punktuell
vorhandene
Trockenrasen"buckeln"
in
mittelgrndiger Weideflche;
[A] Trockenrasen auf flachgrndiger

Felskuppe, Hochmoor,...
[R] Auwlder
[R] nutrient richness
Introduced landscape elements were introduced by humans. Species and built up structure
were brought into the landscape. The persistence and stability of these instroduced
landscape elements depends on the maintaining activities through the human society, that
means the input of energy in all forms to maintain the landscape element, i.e. a crop field.
We are able to differentiate between [PL] PLANTED SPECIES and [BU] BUILT UP STRUCTURES.
In highly transformed landscapes as we see the middle european cultural landscape the
matrix can be formed by introduced landscape elements, i.e. crop fields or grassland. A high
input of energy is necessary to maintain these landscape elements and to prevent that
succession is taken place (see hemerobic state).
The criteria for valuating the introduced landscape elements is the persistence of the
landscape element without further maintaining activities by the humans. The value is set
according to the following list (see definition list).
OF
Type:
INTRODUCED - LANDUNIT (INL-PL)

PLANTED SPECIES (VEGETATION)
Level:
Landschaftselmente
V ALUE
F EATURES
Low persistence
(Kurze Lebensdauer und
Umtriebszeit)
1
2
3
4
EXPRESSION
persistence
of
anthropogenic
landscape
elements
Medium persistence
(Mittlere Lebensdauer und
Umtriebszeit (ca. <30-40 Jahre))
High persistence
(Langlebigkeit und lange
Umtriebszeit (ca. >30-40 Jahre))
Very high
(dauerhaft und sehr langlebig)
39
E XAMPLE
einjhrige Kulturpflanzen-bestnde
(Getreide,
Hackfrchte,
lu.Futterpflanzen,..),
Einsaaten
("Grndecke")
m.kurzlebigen
standortsoder
gebietsfremden
Arten
(Phacelia,..),
einjhrige
Zierpflanzen
Robinienniederwlder,
Obstplantagen,
Weingrten
u.a.Sonderkulturen
(Spargel,
Hopfen...), Einsaaten ("Grnbrache")
m.langlebigen
standortsoder
gebietsfremden Arten (Lolium,..),
mehrjhrige Zierpflanzen
standortsfremde Fichtenforste, oder
Einzelbume
alte Obstbaumwiesen
Kultbume,
Hausbume
Friedenslinden,
40
Type:
INTRODUCED - LANDUNIT (INL-BU)

BUILT-UP STRUCTURES
Level:
Landscape Element
V ALUE
F EATURES
1
2
3
OF
EXPRESSION
Low persistence
(Kurze Lebensdauer und
Umtriebszeit)
persistence
of
anthropogenic
landscape
elements
Medium persistence
(Mittlere Lebensdauer und
Umtriebszeit (ca. <30-40 Jahre))
High persistence
(Langlebigkeit und lange
Umtriebszeit (ca. >30-40 Jahre))
Very high
(dauerhaft und sehr langlebig)
CPL Change of Persistent Landunits
E XAMPLE
Misthaufen, Komposthaufen ohne
Vegetation,
kurzfristige
Deponiestellen
mittelfristige
Deponiestellen
Fischteiche, Weiher
Raine,
Bschungen,
Straenbschungen
und
Entwsserungsgben
Wiesenweg, Feldweg, Schotterwege
Gebude, versiegelte Flchen und

Verkehrswege
This attribute describes the degree of change the turn over of landscapes. Persistent
landscape elements are landscape elements which are remnants of a former landscape. This
remnants can be found in nearly every modern agricultural landscape in europe either as
persistent form of land use, persistent geomorphological structures (i.e. terrasses, ) or we
can see them because of the context of landscape elements in a certain landscape.
Whats important to see is how fast a landscape is transformed and to what land use system
it is transformed.
To get this value first we have to identify persistent landscape elements in our landscape
plot. To do this a certain time mark has to be established. In our case it is the transformation
from the pre-industrial to the industrial agriculture which has taken place in most parts of
Austria after the II.nd Worldwar during the late 40ies and 50ies.
Then we have to define the historical land use at that time (see HISTORICAL LAND USE) and
evaluate the deviation to the present state of the landscape. This deviation is the DEGREE OF
CHANGE OF PERSISTENT LANDUNITS .
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41
To estimate the degree of change to the traditional (see TIME MARK) land use we have to
look at:
? changes in the land use classes
? changes in the land use intensity
? changes in the land use system
in addition to that the condition of built-up structures was a important criteria to estimate the
CPL-Value.
CODE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
LAND USE CLASS

Ackerland
Wiesen- und Weideland
Wein- und Obstgrten
Wlder und Forste
Flie- und Stillgewsser
Brachen
Kleinstrukturen der Agrarlandschaft
Siedlung, Industrie, Gewerbe
Verkehrsflchen
Sonderbiotope
crop land
meadows and pastures
vineyards and orchards
forests and woods
rivers and lakes
fallow are
small biotopes in the agricultural landscapes
settlement areas
traffic areas
biotopes
CODE
1
2
3
4
5
LAND USE SYSTEM

Landwirtschaft
Forstwirtschaft
Siedlung
Industrie und Gewerbe
naturnahe (Rest)Flchen
agriculture
forestry
settlement
industry
natural and semi-natural areas
42
OF
According to those criterias the value is set according to the following defintion list:
Type:
(Degree of) CHANGE OF PERSITENT LANDUNITS (CPL)
Level:
Landscape Element
For persitstent landscape elements with no built-up structures present only the common criteria are applied.
Otherwise in addition to the common criteria the special criteria is applied.
C ODE
1
2
3
4
CRITERIA
COMMON
Land use
class
Land use
intensity
Land use
system
S PECIAL
Cond. Of built-up
str.
totally
changed
changed
changed
changed but still

visible
changed
changed
unchanged
changed but still

visible
moderatly
changed
unchanged
changed
unchanged
moderatly
altered
still visible
unchanged
unchanged
unchanged
unchanged
original
In addition to the degree of change of the landscape it is important to know about the hints the mapper got to be
able to make the estimation of the landscape changes. So the attribute CPLC (Degree of) Change of Persistent
Landunits Status gives us information about that subject.
CPLC
1
2
3
DESCRIPTION
Original
Remnants present
Traces visible in the landscape (also latent)
4.1.2.6 Corridor Attributes

If linear landscape elements also have certain corridor functions (habitat, conduit, filter,
source, sink) it is important to get that information. It is also important to get information
about the connectivity of those corridor landscape elements. This is done at two levels: first
at the level of the networks for the network as a whole and second at the level of the specific
landscape element.
Functional Type of Corridor Landscape Elements
Corridors are linear or strip shaped landscape elements who have either transportation or
barrier function. They are normally separated by sharp environmental gradients from their
surrounding, the matrix. Nearly all landscapes are both divided and at the same time tied
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43
together by corridors (FORMAN & GODRON 1986; FORMAN 1995).
Its important to know if a corridor has either a dominant connecting or dissecting function.
[CC] connecting
[IDC] indifferent
[IC] dissecting
Connecting corridors act as conduits. They enable migration along and through the corridor
structure. Dissecting or intersecting corridors act as barrier or filter for most of the organisms.
But every corridor has several function and not all organisms and species they are suitable in
the same way. So we have to be very careful with assumptions about the functions of
corridors if we dont have exact data. But nevertheless we get rough but important
information about the quality of corridors.
N CIR Connectivity of the Network Part
Connectivity, the number of breaks, the number of nodes and intersections and the width of a
corridor are key factors for the quality of a corridor (FORMAN & GODRON 1986; FORMAN 1983,
1995; MERRIAM 1984; BAUDRY 1984).
The number of nodes or intersections of the landscape element with other landscape
elements of the same network type is counted and recorded.
C ODE
[0]
[1 to 3]
[more than 3]
4.1.3
CONNECTIVITY
not nodes or intersections present
highly connected
Part C Corresponding Main Landscape Elements
C ORRESPOND . MLE Corresponding Main Landscape Elements
Status: optional
If there a similar landscape elements who also have similar landscape ecological attributes it
is possible to create a list of MLE numbers, which then are automatically generated by the
database application JOKL-LSD.
Its important to list the new MLE number and changes in the attributes if the master and the
slave landscape element arent total ident, i.e. this could be done in network landscapes with
similar network landscape elements i.e. field margins.
B UT every main landscape element have to get a U N I Q U E MLE N U M B E R within the
landscape plot!

Analysis of Austrian Cultural Landscapes

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Analysis of Austrian Cultural Landscapes

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ANALYSIS OF

AUSTRIAN CULTURAL LANDSCAPES

Auflagenzahl (engl. version.):

F IELD G UIDE A NALYSIS

A USTRIAN C ULTURAL L ANDSCAPES

F IELD G UIDE A NALYSIS

A USTRIAN C ULTURAL L ANDSCAPES

F IELD G UIDE A NALYSIS

A USTRIAN C ULTURAL L ANDSCAPES

2 Basic Outlines for Outdoor Mapping

2.1.1 Form A level of the landscape plots

? Name of the landscape plot

? Short description of the landscape plot

? Date of recording and mapping

? Attributes of the matrix of the landscape

2.1.2 Form B level of landscape elements

On the level of Main Landscape Elements (MLE)

? number of the main landscape element

? Date of recording and mapping

? Short description of the MLE

? Total width of MLE

? Total number of PLE in MLE

? Structural type of MLE

F IELD G UIDE A NALYSIS

A USTRIAN C ULTURAL L ANDSCAPES

? preliminary cultural landscape type

On the level of Partial Landscape Elements (PLE) (within the MLE)

? Short description of the PLE

? Morphographical attributes (see later)

? Land use attributes (see later)

? Landscape ecological attributes including landscape element origin types

2.1.3 Form C Corresponding Landscape Elements

2.2 Numbering the Landscape Elements

F IELD G UIDE A NALYSIS

A USTRIAN C ULTURAL L ANDSCAPES

2.2.2 Level of Partial Landscape Elements (PLE)

2.3 Graphical representation (field map)

F IELD G UIDE A NALYSIS

A USTRIAN C ULTURAL L ANDSCAPES

2.3.2 Level of the landscape elements

Partial Landscape Elements (PLE)

2.4 Digital Data

GIS ArcView and Arc/Info

F IELD G UIDE A NALYSIS

A USTRIAN C ULTURAL L ANDSCAPES

3 Field Guide Landscape Plots

3.1 Form A Landscape Plot

Fig.2-0 Form Landscape Plot

M AP A R E A N R internal number of the landscape plot

P ROJECT (Number or Letter) Code of the Project

D A T E Date of recording and mapping

Date of description and mapping.

F IELD G UIDE A NALYSIS

A USTRIAN C ULTURAL L ANDSCAPES

M A P P E R Author of mapping and description

D E S C R I P T I O N Short description of the landscape plot

M ATRIX Attributes for the Matrix

Guideline for defining and delineating the matrix

CL-TYP-NR Number for the Preliminary Cultural Landscape Type

F IELD G UIDE A NALYSIS

A USTRIAN C ULTURAL L ANDSCAPES

M-ID Number of the Matrix

M ATRIX -T YPE Type of the Matrix

The type of the matrix is recorded