08 - Chapter 03 PDF

‚L$fZ-3
ı\phf rdgL$[_p
lı[p¨[f_u ‚qæ$ep
‚L$ f Z-3
ı\phf rdgL$ [ _p lı[p¨ [ f_u ‚qæ$ e p
3.1 ı\phf rdgL$ [
3.1.1 ı\phf rdgL$[_u Ïepøep
3.1.2 ı\phf rdgL$[_p ‚L$pfp°
3.1.3 ı\phf rdgL$[ ‚ps‡[_u fu[p°
3.2 dpqgL$u lL$_u [`pk
3.2.1 ‚ı[prhL$ [\p dl–h
3.2.f dprgL$u lL$_u [`pk
3.2.3 ]$uhp_u L$p°V$p£dp¨ ip°^
3.2.4 rdgL$[_u cp•r[L$ [`pk
3.2.5 bu≈ L$pe]$p/r_edp° gpNy `pX$hp A¨N°
3.3 ı\phf rdÎL$[_y¨ ]$ı[ph°∆ g°M_
3.3.1 ]$ı[ph°S>_y¨ hZÆ_
3.3.2 [pfuM
3.3.3 `nL$pfp°
3.3.4 L$\_p°
3.3.4 Ah°S>
3.3.6 `lp¢Q-sıhL$pf
3.3.7 rdgL$[_y¨ hZÆ_

3.3.8 A`hp]$p° A_° depÆ]$pAp°
3.3.9 L$fpf_u if[p°
3.3.10 kpnuL$fZ
3.3.11 `nL$pfp°_u klu
3.3.12 D`k¨lpf
3.4 ı\phf rdÎL$[_y¨ h°QpZ
3.4.1 rdgL$[_u [b]$ugu
3.4.2 h°QpZ
3.4.3 A°L$g dprgL$u A_° kldprgL$u [\p kldprgL$ hX°$
lı[p¨[f
3.3.4 ı\pr`[ A_° ApL$sıdL$ dprgL$u
3.3.5 ı\phf rdgL$[_u _p¢^Zu
3.4.6 ı\phf rdgL$[_p k¨]$cÆdp¨ ıV°$Á` X$ÈyV$u
3.4.7 kyMpr^L$pf_p lı[p¨[f_° gN[p ‚b¨^p°
3.` ı\phf rdÎL$[ k¨bû[ rhrh^ øepg
3.5.1 iy›^ bys¬^_p Mfu]$_pf
3.5.2 rb_r_hpku cpf[ue - ı\phf rdgL$[ Mfu]$u A¨N°

3.5.2rb_r_hpku
3.5.
3.5.33 Ly$gdyM–epf _pdp_p Ap^pf° Mfu]$-h°QpZ \[u ı\phf
rdgL$[p° rhi°
3.5.4 rlS>f[u rdgL$[p° A¨N°
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3.5.5 hpfkpB rdgL$[ A¨N°
3.5.6 AOpV$ h°QpZ rhi°
3.5.7 L$b≈°
49
‚L$ f Z-3
ı\phf rdgL$ [ _p lı[p¨ [ f_u ‚qæ$ e p
3.1 ı\phf rdgL$[ :
3.1.1 ı\phf rdgL$[_u Ïepøep :
rhrh^ L°$fi÷ue L$pe]$pAp°dp¨ ""ı\phf rdgL$['' (Cddyh°bg

‚p°`V$w)_p° DÎg°M L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°. ≈° L°$ Apdp_p L$pC
° `Z L$pe]$pdp¨
Ap iÂ]$ ‚ep°N dpV°$ L$p°C ApMfu Ïepøep Ap`hpdp¨ Aph°g _\u.
ı\phf rdgL$[ A¨N_° p° kp•\u dl–h_p° L$pe]$p° V≤$pfikaf Ap°a ‚p°`V$w A°L$V$-
1882 R>°. Ap V≤$pfikaf Ap°a ‚p°`V$w A°ºV$dp¨ `Z Ap iÂ]$ ‚ep°N_u
Ïepøepdp¨ AdyL$ hı[yAp° _\u Aph[u.
(A°) rdgL$ [ lı[p¨ [ f ^pfp-1882 _u L$ g d-3 A_y k pf

""ı\phf rdgL$[dp¨ Dcp gpL$X$p, DN[p `pL$p° A_° Opk_p° kdph°i _\u
\[p°.''
Apd Ap L$pe]$pdp¨ AdyL$ hı[yAp°_° bpL$p[ L$fu_° Ap iÂ]$ ‚ep°N_u

Ïepøep L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°. ""dL$p_'' A° A°L$ ı\phf rdgL$[ b_° R>°
A_° Ap dL$p_dp¨ gpc]$peL$ Dèp°N L$fhp dpV°$ \C_° diu_fu b°kpX$hpdp¨
Aph°g lp°e [p° [° diu_fu_° `Z dL$p__p A°L$ cpN° [fuL°$ NZhpdp¨
Aph° R>° [°dS> S>° S>du_ D`f [° diu_fu R>° [°_° `Z A°L$ ı\phf
rdgL$[ [fuL°$ NZhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.
(bu) S>_fg ºgp°TuT A°L$V$-1897_u L$gd-3 (26) A_ykpf

""ı\phf rdgL$[''dp¨ S>du__p° kdph°i \pe R>°. [°dS> S>du_dp¨\u
Dcp \[p gpcp°, S>du_, ^f[u kp\° S>X°$gu L$p°C `Z hı[yAp° A\hp
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Aphu ^f[u kp\° S>X°$gu L$p°C`Z hı[yAp° kp\° L$pedu ^p°fZ° ≈°X$hpdp¨
Aph°gu L$p°C `Z hı[y_p° kdph°i \pe R>°. ı\phf rdgL$[ A¨N°_u Ap
Ïepøep `Z k¨`Z
| Æ A_° Ïep`L$ _\u.
(ku) _p¢ ^ Zu ^pfp° - 1908_u L$gd 2(6) dp¨ ""ı\phf

rdgL$[''_u Ïepøep _uQ° ‚dpZ° L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°.
""ı\phf rdgL$[dp¨ S>du_, dL$p_, hpfkpN[ Ry>V$L$pfp°, ‚h°i_p

Ar^L$pfp°, huS>mu-‚L$pi, a°fuAp°, dpR>udpfu A\hp S>du_dp¨\u
D]π$ch[p Afie L$p°C `Z gpcp° [°dS> S>du_-^f[u kp\° S>X°$gu Aphu
hı[yAp° kp\° L$pedu fu[° ≈°X$pe°gu lp°e [°hu hı[yAp°_p° kdph°i \pe
R>°, `f¨[y [°dp¨ Dcp gpL$X$p, DN[p `pL$ A\hp Opk_p° kdph°i \[p°
_\u.''
_p¢^Zu ^pfp°-1908 L°$ S>° S>Ády A_° L$pÌduf fpƒe rkhpe kdN∞
cpf[dp¨ gpNy `X°$ R>°. [° khÆN∞plu R>° D`f_u Ïepøep dp¨\u Ap`p°Ap`
A° A\Æ _uL$m° R>° L°$ ı\phf rdgL$[_u Ïepøepdp¨ dL$p_ _p° kdph°i \pe
R>°. _uQ°_u hı[yAp°_° ı\phf rdgL$[ [fuL°$ NZhpdp¨ Aph°g R>° :-
cpXy$ DOfphhp dpV°$_p° Ar^L$pf, ı\phf rdgL$[dp¨\u \[u

AphL$dp¨ ∆h_ èØ[_y¨ lu[, ‚h°i_p° Ar^L$pf, a°fu (]$fuepC L$u_pfpAp°
D`f hl_ dpV°$_u khg[), dpR>udpfu, S>du__p° cpX$p`V$p.°
(X$u) BfiL$d V°$ºk A°ºV$-1961_u L$gd 269 ey.A°. (X$u) dp¨

ı\phf rdgL$[_u Ïepøep _uQ° ‚dpZ° L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°.
(1) L$pC
° `Z S>du_ A\hp L$pC
° `Z dL$p_ A\hp dL$p__p° L$pC
°
cpN A_° Aphu L$pC
° `Z S>du_ A\hp L$pC
° `Z dL$p_ A\hp dL$p__p°
L$p°C cpNdp¨ fl°g diu_fu, ‡gpfiV$, af_wQf, auV$v¡k-S>X$[fp° A\hp
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Afie hı[yAp°_p° `Z ı\phf rdgL$[dp¨ kdph°i \i°.
(2) L$p°C `Z S>du_ A\hp L$p°C `Z dL$p_ A\hp dL$p__p

L$p°C cpN (`R>u cg° [°dp¨ L$p°C diu_fu, ‡gpfiV$, a_wQf, auV$u¡k-
S>X$[f A\hp Afie hı[yAp° kdprhÙ$ lp°e L°$ _p lp°e) S>°dp¨ bp¨^L$pd
\e°g lp°e, A\hp bp¨^L$pd \hpdp¨ Aph_pf lp°e [°dp¨ kÊe b_hp\u
A\hp klL$pfu d¨X$mu_p A\hp Ïesº[Ap°_p Afie L$pC
° Sy>\-kdyl_p i°f
d°mhhp\u A\hp L$pC
° L$fpf ‹pfp A\hp Afie L$pC
° `Z ‚L$pf_u Ïehı\p
‹pfp D`f_p Ap S>du_-dL$p_dp¨ L$p°C`Z ‚L$pf_p° Ar^L$pf ‚p‡[ \[p°
lp°e `Z S>° Ar^L$pf Aphu S>du_-dL$p__p h°QpZ Ïehlpf A\hp
b]$gp° A\hp cpX$p`V$p_p Ïehlpf\u ‚p‡[ \[p° lp°e [° Ar^L$pf
rkhpe_p Ar^L$pfp° ı\phf rdgL$[ [fuL°$ NZu iL$pe.
3.1.2 ı\phf rdgL$[_p ‚L$pfp° :
(A°) Abpr^[ Ar^L$pfhpmu ı\phf rdgL$[ :
Abpr^[ Ar^L$pf A° A°L$ Mpk Ar^L$pf R>°. S>°dp¨

L$p°C AQp°Ω$k kde depÆ]$p hNf rdgL$[_p° k¨`|ZÆ`Z°
Dèp°N L$fhp_p° Ar^L$pf dm° R>°. Ap iÂ]$ ‚ep°N_p°
Dèp°N dL$p_ A_° S>° S>du_ D`f [° dL$p_ Dcy lp°e [°
S>du__u rdgL$[ b¨_°_u dpguL$u hZÆhp dpV°$ \pe R>°.
L$pC
° `Z rdgL$[ D`f_p k¨`Z
| `
Æ Z° Ar^L$pf_° [° rdgL$[dp¨
k¨`|ZÆ`Z°_y¨ Abpr^[ lu[ (‰u lp°ÎX$ CfiV$f°ıV$) L$l°hpdp¨
Aph° R>°. A°V$g° L°$ Ap rdgL$[ D`f Afie L$p°C_p° bl°[f
Ar^L$pf _\u. bu≈ iÂ]$p°dp¨ L$luA° [p° A°hu rdgL$[ L°$
S>°_u kuû S> ı`Ù$ dpguL$u R>°. A_° [° dL$p_ [°dS> S>°
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S>du_ D`f [° dL$p_ Dc°gy R>° S>du__u dpguL$u AedÆ]$p
kde kyû [°_p S>° [° dpguL$_u R>°. S>°dp¨ dpguL$_°
dmhp`p” \[p [dpd dl—d Ar^L$pfp° dm° R>°. L$p°C
Ïesº[ ap° lp°ÎX$ rdgL$[_u dpguL$ lp°e, [p° [°_p° A\Æ A°d
\i° L°$ Afie L$p°C Ïesº[_° [° rdgL$[ D`f Ar^L$pf _\u
A_° Ap dpguL$ S> [°_p° ıh[¨” Ar^L$pfu R>°.
(bu) cpX$p`V°$ fMpe°g rdgL$[ :
cpX$ p `V$ p ° (guT lp° Î X$ ) rdgL$ [ _u dpguL$ u _

[b]$ugu L$epÆ hNf, AdyL$ Qp°Ω$k kde kyû [° dpV°$_y¨
Ah°S> QyL$hu_° [° rdgL$[_° ^pfZ L$fhp_p° A\hp Dèp°N
L$fhp_p° Ar^L$pf R>°. guT A°N∞ud°fiV$ (L$fpf) A\hp
L$p°fiV≤$pºV$ _Ω$u L$fpe°g kdeNpmp kyû A_° Ω$u L$fpe°g
Ah°S> QyL$hu_° [° rdgL$[_p L$b≈_p° ApNhp° rhiuÙ$
Ar^L$pf Ap`° R>°. `f¨[y [° rdgL$[_u dpguL$u Ap`[p°
_\u. Ap rdgL$[_u ApMfu dpguL$u rdgL$[ A¨N_° p° Aphp°
Ar^L$pf Ap`_pf Ïesº[_u fl° R>°. guT lp°ÎX$_° A°L$
ı\peu AıL$epd[ (auL$ıX$ A°kV° $) [fuL°$ NZhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.
guT_u kde depÆ]$p `yfu \[p¨ rdgL$[_u dpguL$u [°d_p
dpguL$ A\hp S>du_-dpguL$_° `f[ ≈e R>°. guTA° A°L$
L$fpf_u Í$A° _Ω$u L$fpe°g kdeNpmp kyû S>°_p dV$p° Ah°S>
QyL$hhpdp¨ Aph°g lp°e R>° [°hu ı\phf rdgL$[_p° Dèp°N
L$fhp_p° Ar^L$pf R>°. (guT `yfu \[p rdgL$[ `f[ Apù
]°$hp_u fl° R>° A\hp if[p° A_ykpf fufiey \C iL°$ R>°.)
guT lp°ÎX$ rdgL$[ Mfu]$ L$fhp_u \pe –ep°f S>°
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rdgL$[ lp°e [° A°V$g° L°$ ag°V$, A°`pVÆ$dfi° V$, S>du_ rhN°f_° p°
_Ω$u L$f°gp kdeNpmp kyû L$b≈° fpMhp rkhpe Afie
h^y L¨$C Mfu]$[p _\u. Ap\u guThpmu rdgL$[dp¨ L°$V$gp
a°fapf L$fu iL$pe [°_p° Ap^pf guT_u if[p° D`f fl° R>°.
A_° dL$p_ dpguL$ Ap D`fp¨[ Afie if[p° `Z gp]$u iL°$
R>°.
(ku) dL$p_ (rbÎX$vN) :
rbÎX$vN_u Ïepøepdp¨ S>du_-^f[u_p [m D`f

A\hp `pZu-S>m_u k`pV$u D`f, L$pd QgpD A\hp
L$pedu ‚L$pf_p L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g ı\peu bp¨^L$pd_p° kdph°i
L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. [°dS> A°L$ dpmMy S>°_° [dpd bpSy>\u
blpf_u cu[p° ‹pfp bp¨û ]°$hpdp¨ Aph°g lp°e A_° [°_°
AdyL$ `]$p\p£_p këp°S>_, duÓZ\u bp¨^hpdp¨ Dcp
L$fhpdp¨ A_° Qp°L$W$p b_phhpdp¨ Aph°g lp°e A_° [°_p
D`f R>p`fy _p¨Mhpdp¨ Aph°g lp°e A_° Ap [dpd hı[yAp°
Mk°X$u iL$pe [°hu A\hp ı\peu b¨_° ‚L$pf_u lp°e S>°_p
hX°$ Ïesº[ ìyAp° A\hp Afie rdgL$[p° dpV°$_y¨ ApÓe
ı\p_ b_[y lp°e [°_° ""dL$p_'' (rbÎX$vN) L$lh° pdp¨ Aph°
R>°.
L$p°C `Z Dèp°N dpV°$ A\hp L$b≈ dV$p° ApÓe

b_u iL°$ [°hp dpmMp_° rbÎX$vN L$l°hpe R>°. rbÎX$vNdp¨
L$p°W$pf, amu_ÿ R>p`fÿ, ıV$p°f, ]y$L$p_, lp°V°$g, a°L$V$fu A\hp
h°f lpDk (Np°]$pd) Aphu iL°$ R>°, S>°dp¨ L$pC
° `Z ‚L$pf_u
dp_hue ‚h©r— \C iL°$ R>° `f¨[y [°dp¨ L$p°C `Z ‚L$pf_p
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dp°bpCg lp°d (lf[p af[p Of) d_p°fS
¨ >_ dpV°$_p hpl_,
bp° V $ (S>lpS>) A\hp [¨ b y _ p° kdph° i \[p° _\u.
rbÎX$vNA° A°L$ ıh[¨” Dcy dpmMy R>° S>°dp¨ A°L$ \u h^y
Í$d A_° S>NpAp° lp°e R>° S>° R>p`fp ‹pfp Y¨$L$pe°g lp°e R>°
A_° kpdpfie fu[° S>° blpfu cv[p° ‹pfp A\hp hucpS>_
f[u cv[p° ‹pfp b¨^pe°g lp°e R>°. S>° cv[p° dL$p__p
`pep\u (apDfiX°$i_) gC_° R>p`fp, R>[ kyû b¨^pe°gu
lp°e R>°. dL$p__p bp¨^L$pd\u Agpe]$p-AgN fMpe°g
V$p°eg°V$-bp\Í$d, fkp°C Of A_° N°f°S>_° AgN rbÎX$vN
[fuL°$ NZhpdp¨ Aph[p _\u.
(X$u) ag° V $ :
dlpfpÙ≤$ Ap°_fiu` ag°V$ A°L$V$ 1963 dp¨ ag°V$_u

Ïepøep Ap ‚dpZ° Ap`hpdp¨ Aph°gu R>°. ""fl°W$pZ dpV°$
Dèp°Ndp¨ g°hp[u A\hp Dèp°Ndp¨ g°hp_p° Apie lp°e
[°hu AgN A_° Agpe]$u S>Np A\hp L$p°C `Z D¤p°N
A\hp ^¨^p° Qgphhp dpV°$ Dèp°Ndp¨ g°hp_u [°hu Ap°auk,
ip°-Í$d, A\hp ]y$L$p_ A\hp Np°X$pD_ A_° [°dp¨ N°f°S>_p°
`Z kdph°i \i°, S>° S>Np L$pC
° A°L$ dL$p_ (rbÎX$vN)_p
rlıkp [fuL°$ lp°e A_° [°dp¨ A°`pVÆ$d°fiV$_p° `Z kdph°i
\i°.''
(C) A°`pVÆ$d°fiV$ :
dlpfpÙ≤$ A°`pVÆ$d°fiV$ Ap°_fiu` A°ºV$ 1970dp¨

A°`pVÆ$dfi° V$_u Ïepøep Ap ‚dpZ° Ap`°gu R>°.
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""rdgL$[_p° A°L$ A°hp° rlıkp° S>°_p° ıh[¨” fu[°
Dèp°N L$fhp_p° Apie lp°e A_° S>°dp¨ fl°W$pZ L$p°C `Z
Ïehkpe A\hp L$pC
° `Z ^¨^p° A\hp Aphp ‚L$pf_p Afie
L$pC
° `Z ıh[¨” Dèp°N L$fhp dpV°$ L$pC
° blzdpmu dL$p__p
A°L$ A\hp [°\u h^y dpm D`f A°L$ A\hp [°\u h^y
M¨X$p° (Ap°fX$pAp°-Í$dp°) A_° b¨^pe°gu S>¡epAp° Aph°gu
lp°e A_° S>°dp¨\u ≈l°f i°fu D`f ku^y S> S>C iL$p[y
lp°e A\hp ≈l°f dpNÆ A\hp lpCh° A\hp Aphu i°fu
dpNÆ A\hp lpCh° D`f S>hp_p kluepfp rhı[pfdp¨\u
ku^y S> blpf S>C iL$p[y lp°e [°_° A°`pVÆ$dfi° V$ L$lh° pe.''
(A°a) D`cp°N_p° Ar^L$pf :
CTd°fiV$ fpCV$ A°L$ L$p_y_u kp^_ R>°. S>°dp¨ S>du__p

dpguL$u lΩ$_u [b]$ugu L$epÆ hNf AdyL$ S>du_ D`f
`pZu_p lΩ$p° A\hp Afie khg[p°_u gpC_p° _pMhp
dpV°$_p Ar^L$pfp° Ap`hpdp¨ Aph° R>°, h°Qhpdp¨ Aph° R>°
A\hp Aphp Ar^L$pfp° g°hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. lL$pfp–dL$
CTd°fiV$ lp°e [p° [°dp¨ CTd°fiV$_p dpguL$_° L$fpfdp¨ ]$ipÆÏep
A_ykpf_p l°[y dpV°$ S>du__p° Dèp°N L$fhp_p° Ar^L$pf dm°
R>°. _L$pfp–dL$ CTd°fiV$ L$p°C Mp_Nu rdgL$[_p dpguL$
kp\°_p° A°hp° L$fpf R>° S>°dp¨ [°_u S>du_ D`f L$p°C Mpk
‚L$pf_p rhL$pkL$pdp° L$fhp D`f ‚r[b¨^ lp°e R>°.
CTd°fiV$_p° Ar^L$pf A°V$g° rdgL$[_p AdyL$ rlıkp_p°

Dèp°N L$fhp_p° A°hp° Ar^L$pf S>° D`f [° rdgL$[_p°
dpguL$ L$p°C `Z ‚L$pf_p° rhL$pk L$fhp_p° [°d_p° Ar^L$pf
56
S>[p° L$f° R>°. Ap Ar^L$pf l°W$m dpguL$ rkhpe_u Afie
Ïesº[Ap°_° `Z rdgL$[ D`f ‚h°i A\hp h`fpi_u Ry>V$
dm° R>°. Apdp `pX$pi
° u_u S>du_ A\hp S>m dpNÆ D`f\u
lgpZ_p° lΩ$ `Z Aph° R>°. ""‚h°i-lgpZ_p° Ar^L$pf''
A° kpdpfie fu[° kp•\u h^y Ar^L$pf h`fp[p° lp°hp R>[p¨
Afie OZp Ar^L$pfp° R>° S>°hp L°$ Afie_u S>du_dp¨\u S>[p
b]$N]$p (V$_g)_p° Dèp°N L$fhp_p° Ar^L$pf, _lphp-
^p°hp, kpa kapC L$fhp dpV°$_p Í$d_p° Dèp°N L$fhp°,
^yhpX$p° A\hp hfpX$ L$pY$hp, V≤$pfikdiu_ (k¨Qpf) V$phfp°
`pk°\u `kpf \hy, X$p°L$ A_° Ly$hp_p° Dèp°N L$fhp° A°hp°
Ar^L$pf A\hp rhi°j khg[ S>° Afie S>du_ D`f\u
L$pC
° Ïesº[_° lgpZ A\hp ‚h°i A\hp blpf _uL$mhp_p/
≈hL$_p Ar^L$pf [fuL°$ lp°e, [°dS> Afie Ïesº[_u
S>du__p° depÆ]$u[ Dèp°N L$fhp_p° Ar^L$pf Ap Ar^L$pf
dl]π$ Aï° dpguL$ ‹pfp g°rM[dp¨ Ap`hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. A_°
Aphu S>du_ D`f [° Afie Ïesº[_y¨ A°L$ ≈[_y¨ lu[ Dcy
L$ f ° R>° [° d S> dpguL$ u lΩ$ D`f A° L $ ≈[_p° bp° ≈ °
S>hpb]$pfu Dcp L$f° R>°. ]$p.[. dpguL$ [fuL°$ [d° [dpfu
rdgL$[dp¨\u L$p°C `Z khg[_u gpC_p° _pMhp dpV°$_p
CTd°fiV$ Ar^L$pf Ap`hp_u C√R>p fpMu iL$p° R>p°, A_°
kpdphpmp –epf° [° S>du__p° Dèp°N gpC_p° buR>phhp dpV°$
L$fu iL°$ R>°.
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(∆) `fhp_p° (gpekfik)
û CfiX$ue_ CTd°fiV$ A°ºV$-1882dp¨ gpekfik_u

Ïepøep Ap ‚dpZ° Ap`hpdp¨ Aphu R>°. ""ƒepf° A°L$
Ïesº[ Afie Ïesº[_° A\hp L$p°C Qp°Ω$k k¨øep ^fph[u
Ïesº[Ap°_° [°_u ı\phf rdgL$[ D`f A\hp [°_u A¨]$f
AdyL$ ‚h©r— L$fhp_p° A\hp Aphu ‚h©r— L$fhp_y¨ Qpgy
fpMhp_p° Ar^L$pf Ap`° S>°dp¨ ≈° Aphp° Ar^L$pf A`pe°g
_p lp°e [p° [°hu ‚h©r— N°fL$p_y_u NZu iL$pe [°_° gpekfik
L$lh° pe R>° A_° Ap Ar^L$pf rdgL$[ D`f L$pC
° CTd°fiV$_p°
Ar^L$pf A\hp L$p°C lu[_p lΩ$ b_[p _\u.'' [°_°
gpekfik L$lh° pdp¨ Aph° R>°.
gpekfik Ap`_pf_p Ïehlpf `f Ap^pqf[ Ap

gpekfik ı`Ù$ `Z° g°rM[ ıhÍ$`dp¨ A\hp Ncw[/kyrQ[
A\Ædp¨ lp°C iL°$ R>° A_° CTd°fiV$_u khg[ Ap`[p° L$fpf
A°d L$lu iL$pe `Z lL$uL$[dp¨ Aphu khg[_p° Ar^L$pf
dm[p° _\u A_° Ap L$fpf A°L$ gpekfik b_u fl° R>°.
dlpfpÙ≤$ f°fiV$ L¨$fiV≤$p°g A°LV$-1999_u L$gd 7(5)

A_y k pf gpekfik ""L$ b ≈'' `y f [y S> depÆ ] $ u [ R>° .
(gpekfik A°V$g° L$b≈° fpMhp_p° Ar^L$pf)
(A°Q) cpX$p`V$p° :
ı\phf rdgL$[_u guT ‹pfp [b]$ugu A°V$g° ı`Ù$

fu[° Ïeº[ L$f°g A\hp Ncw[ fu[° Ap`p°Ap` r_^pÆfu[
\[p° lp°e [°V$gp kde `yf[y A\hp l¨d°i_°/k]$pL$pm dpV°$
Ap rdgL$[_p° cp°NhV$p,° Dèp°N L$fhp dpV°$_u [b]$ugu L$fu
58
Ap`hu S>°_p Ah°S> dpV°$ cph QyL$h°gp° lp°e A\hp QyL$hu
Ap`hp_y¨ hQ_ Ap`°g lp°e A\hp Ah°S> [fuL°$ _pZp¨
M°[uhpX$u `pL$dp¨ cpNu]$pfu, L$p°C `Z k°hp A\hp `yŒe
^fph[u L$pC
° `Z hı[y QyL$hhpdp¨ Aph°g lp°e S>° kdep¨[f°
V≤$pfikafu ([b]$ugu d°mh_pf) A° V≤$pfikaff ([b]$ugu L$fu
Ap`_pf) _° L$fpf_u if[p° A_ykpf QyL$hu Ap`hp_p fl°
R>°.
3.1.3 ı\phf rdgL$[ ‚ps‡[_u fu[p° :
(1) L$b≈\u : hpı[rhL$ kd|[Æ hı[y_p° ıh–h`|ZÆ

dprgL$u Ar^L$pf L$b≈\u dmu iL°$ hı[y_p° Apkfi_ L$b≈° ‚–en
L$b≈° dmhp\u ‚p‡[ \pe [°_u dprgL$u L$p_|_u fu[° ‚p‡[ \pe
[°_° lL$uL$[u fu[° L$b≈\u d°mhu iL$pe. ƒepf° k¨`r—_u L$b≈°
g°hpdp¨ Aph° –epf° [° k¨`r— L$pC
° _u dpguL$u_u _ lp°e [p° L$b≈°
‚p‡[ L$f_pf_° kdN∞ S>N[ rhÍ$¬^ ıhp–hpr^L$pf dm° R>°.
(2) kdSy > [u\u A\hp L$fpf\u : khÆ k ¨ b ¨ ^ L$

ıhp–hpr^L$pf_p° ‚r[cpS>_, lı[p¨[f [\p A_y]$p_\u D–`fi_ \pe
R>°. ‚r[cpS>_\u Ası–h ^fph[p Ar^L$pfp°_ÿ lı[p¨[f \pe R>°.
(3) hpfkp\u : NyS>f_pf Ïesº[ S>° Ar^L$pfp° ^fph[u

lp°e [° Ar^L$pfp° [°_p d©–ey `R>u [°_p ‚r[_uû_°-hpfk]$pf_° dm°
R>°. NyS>f_pf_p° hpfk]$pf (‚r[_uû) NyS>f_pf_ÿ Ïesº[–h ‚p‡[
L$f° R>°. A_° [°_u hpfkp`p” [dpd k¨`r— ‚p· L$f° R>°. L$pfZ L°$
hpfkp°A° L$p_y_u A_° L$pÎ`_uL$ fu[° NyS>f_pf_p Ïesº[–h_° Qpgy
fpMhp_u ‚\p R>°. Agb—, Ap fu[° rdgL$[ ‚p· L$f_pf
hpfk]$pf NyS>f_pf Ïesº[_u af≈° A]$p L$fhp A_° hpfkp°_° rh[fZ
59
L$fhp_u S>hpb]$pfu_p b^p k¨`p[p° sıhL$pf° R>°. S>°d ]$fL° $ Ïesº[_p
Ar^L$pfp° d©–ey `R>u l•ep[ fl° R>° [° fu[° S>hpb]$pfuAp° `Z Qpgy
S> fl° R>°. A_° [° [°_p hpfk]$pfdp¨ sı\f \pe R>°. Ap fu[°
S>hpb]$pfu_p° sıhL$pf A° hpfkpN[ rdgL$[ ‚p‡[ L$fhp_u A°L$
Ar_hpeÆ if[ R>°.
(4) rQfL$pgu_ Ar^L$pf : rQfL$pgu_ Ar^L$pf A°V$g° kde_p

hl_\u Ar^L$pf_u ‚p·u A\hp _pi. kde_y¨ hl_ A°L$ A°hy¨
[–h R>° L°$ S>° ı\p`L$ [\p D–\p`L$ [fuL°$ L$pd L$fu iL°$.
rQfL$pgu_[p b° ‚L$pf_u lp°C iL°$ (A°) rh^°ep–dL$ A\hp ‚pr·
L$[pÆ rQfL$pgu_[p (bu) r_j°^p–dL$ A\hp Ar^L$pf rh_pjL$
rQfL$pgu_[p. ]$p.[. L$p°C dpNpÆr^L$pf_p° Dèp°N A_° Dèp°N lz̈
L$p°C `Z ≈[_p A¨[fpe L°$ X$Mg hNf 20 hjÆ kyû L$fÿ [p° A°
Ar^L$pf_p° dpguL$ \C ≈h Ry>¨ Ap rh^°ep–dL$ rQfL$pgu_[p \C.
S>°\u Ar^L$pf ‚ps‡[ \C. ≈° lz¨ dpfu g°Zu `X$[u fL$d dpV°$
]°$Z]$pf D`f ”Z hjÆ kyû ]$php° L$Í¨$ _lu [p° dpfp° ]$php° L$fhp_p°
Ar^L$pf _Ù$ \pe Ap r_j°^p–dL$ ANf Ar^L$pf kdpr‡[_u qæ$ep
\C.
3.2 dpqgL$u lL$_u [`pk :
3.2.1 ‚ı[prhL$ [\p dl–h :
rdgL$[, hpfkpN[ hp`fhp dpV°$ gp¨bu [`pk dp¨Nu g° R>°

A_° Aphu [`pk L$f[p¨ `l°gp¨, ]$fL° $ fp°L$pZL$pf° rdgL$[_p h°`pfuA°
A_° rdgL$[_p Mfu]$_pf° A°hu Mp[fu L$fhu ≈°CA° L°$ [°_ÿ fp°L$pZ
≈°Md frl[ R>°. ]$f°L$ ""Mfu]$_pf° k≈N fl°hy¨'' A° rk¬^p¨[
A_ykfhp° ≈°CA°. ]$f°L$ Mfu]$_pf° k≈N fl°hp_y¨ AphÌeL$ A_°
60
[°_u M|b S> AN–e_u afS> R>°. A_° S>° rdgL$[ `p°[° Mfu]$[p°
lp°e [° rdgL$[_p lL$p° QL$pkhp_u `Z, V°$L$_uL$g A\Æ dyS>b, Ap
QL$pkZu_° ""lL$_u [`pk'' L$lh° pe R>°. rdgL$[_p lL$_u [`pk,
r_ÛZp¨[ A\hp A_ychu gp°L$p° A\hp hL$ugp° ‹pfp L$fhpdp¨ Aph°
R>°.
Mfu]$_pf° A\hp g°Z]$pf° A\hp r^fpZ L$f_pf° rdgL$[_p

lL$[_u NyZh—p_p ‚L$pf A_° r_ÛZp¨[ L$pDfik°g_u kgpl g°huA°
l¨di
° _° dpV°$ kgplceyØ R>°. A° ›ep_dp¨ fpMhy¨ L°$ dpguL$u_p lL$_u
[`pk_p° l°[.y
(1) rdgL$[_u dpguL$u, k¨`|ZÆ R>° L°$ _lv A_° [dpd bp°≈
≈°Md A\hp rl[p°\u dyº[ R>° L°$ _rl [°_u Mp[fu L$fhp_p°
R>°.
(2) rdgL$[ ANpD h°Qhpdp¨ A\hp [b]$ug L$fhpdp¨ Aphu R>°

L°$ _rl A\hp h°Qhp A\hp [b]$ug L$fhp k¨dr[ Apù R>°
L°$ _rl [°_u Mp[fu L$fhp_p° R>°. [°_p _p¢^pe°g ]$ı[ph°≈°
A¨N_° u Mp”u L$fhu.
(3) k|rQ[ h°Q_pf° L°$hu fu[° rdgL$[ k¨`p]$_ L$fu R>° A°V$g° L°$
h°QpZ, hug\u, bnuk, hpfkplL$, L$b≈° A_° rdgL$[_p
L$b≈_p° ‚L$pf_u Mp[fu L$fhp_p° R>°.
lL$_u [`pk A_° MfpC L$fhp `pR>m_p d|mc|[

øepg A°hp° R>° L$° Mfu]$_pf iy¨ Mfu]$u f¸p° R>° A\hp L$p_° u
kp\° Ïehlpf L$fu f¸p° R>° [° A_° ı`Ù$ lL$(V$pCV$g
qL$gef) d°mh° R>° [° ≈Zhÿ ≈°CA°. dprgL$u lL$ ÏepS>bu
i¨L$p\u `f A_° h°QpZ ep°¡e lp°hp° ≈°CA°. [`pk ]$fÁep_
61
L$pC
° Mpdu S>Zpe [p° h°Q_pf° ky^pfhp_u A_° ]y$f L$fhp_u
R>°.
* S>du__y¨ hNwL$fZ
d|mc|[ fu[° S>du_ dyº[ fu[° ^fphu lp°hu ≈°CA°. `V°$

^fphu lp°e [° D[fp¨[ kfL$pfu k¨`pq]$[ S>du_ lp°hu ≈°CA°. Ap
‚L$p_u S>du_p° _uQ° ‚dpZ° R>°.
(1) Mp_Nu S>du_p°, kfL$pfu _pTyg S>du_, hL$a S>du_ A_°

il°fu A°ıV°$V$, dyº[ ^fph°gu S>du__p AdyL$ hNÆ_p R>°.
(2) `V$p ^fphhp_p ^p°fZ° Mp_Nu A_° kfL$pfu S>du_, `V°$

^fph°gu S>du__p hNÆ_u R>°.
(3) Mp_Nu S>du_, kfL$pf `p°[p_p Dèp°N_p l°[y dpV°$ A\hp

L$̈`_u A\hp D¤p°N_p l°[y Dèp°N dpV°$ k¨`p]$_ L$fu iL$pe
R>°.
(4) V≤$ıV$u_u dprgL$u_u S>du_ A_° rdgL$[ V≤$ıV$_u S>du_

L$lh° pe R>°. S>du_, L$gb, kp°kpeV$u A_° ^prdÆL$ k¨ı\p_u
dprgL$u_u `Z lp°e R>°.
kpdpfie fu[° cpf[dp¨ A_° Ny S >fp[ fpƒedp¨

≈°hpdp Aph° [p° M°[u_u S>du_ _uQ° ]$ipÆhg
° ‚L$pf_u lp°e
R>° A_° [° S>du_p° A° dyS>b ‚p‡[ \C iL°$ R>° A_° [°_u
‚p‡[ \[p_u kp\° S> [° [b]$ugu`p” R>° L°$ _lu [°_u
≈°NhpC [°_p ‚L$pf kp\° S> lp°e R>°. Apuh S>du_p°
Mfu]$[p `l°gp [°_p° k—p ‚L$pf bfpbf QL$pku_° ≈°hu
≈°CA° OZu A°hu `Z S>du_p° lp°e R>° S>° [b]$ug_° `p”
62
lp°[u _\u. dpV°$ M°[u_u S>du_ Mfu]$[p `l°gp¨ [°_u BÌey
\e°g k_¨]$ A\hp [p° fS>hpX$p_p kde_u lp°e [p° [°_p°
g°M D`gÂ^ lp°e R>° A_° [°_p S>Í$fu L$pNmp°dp¨ [°_y¨
V$u‡`Z d°mhu_° [°_u QL$pkZu L$fu_° –epf bp]$ [°_u Mfu]$u
L$fhu ≈°CA°. lh° _uQ° [°_p ‚L$pfp° ≈°CA° A_° [°_u kp\°
[° [b]$ug_° `p” R>° L°$ L°$d [° `Z ≈°CA°.
(1) q]$h°guey S>du_ (C_pdu ‚L$pf_u)
fp≈ fS>hpX$p [fa\u Ap`hpdp¨ Aph°g A_° Mpk fpd∆

d¨q]$f_p S>° `y≈fu lp°e [°_p NyS>fp_ Qgphhp dpV°$ A_° d¨q]$f_p
[°g-q]$h°g, `y≈ `pW$_p MQÆ dpV°$ S>° S>du_ fpd∆ d¨q]$f_p
`y≈fu gp°L$p°_° apmhhpdp¨ Aph[u [°_° q]$h°guep ‚L$pf_u S>du_
[fuL°$ Ap°mMhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.
S>°_y¨ ıhÍ$` C_pdu lp°e R>° A_° lpg_p k¨≈°Np°dp¨ Aphu

S>du_ apmhhpdp¨ Aph[u _\u `f¨[y S>° ANpD_p kdedp¨
apmhpe°gu lp°e [° [°_p hpfk]$pfp°_° S> D—fp°—f `y≈-`pW$_p
MQÆ kbb S> dm° R>°. Ap q]$h°guep ‚L$pf_u S>du__° [b]$ug
L$fu iL$p[u _\u. V|$̈L$dp¨ Afie iøkp°_° h°QpZ L°$ Afie fu[° V≤$pfikaf
L$fu iL$p[u _\u.
(2) Np•Qf_u S>du_
S>du_ dl°kg
y L$pe]$p_u L$gd-39dp¨ Np•Qf_u S>du_ A¨N°
≈°NhpC L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°. Np•Qf_u S>du_ A°V$g° Npd_p Y$p°f_°
Qfphhp_u S>¡ep. Np•Qf_u S>du_dp¨ [° S> Npd_p gp°L$p°_p Y$p°f_°
Qfphu iL$pe R>°. Np•Qf S>du_ k¨b¨û [L$fpf-r_hpfZ dp”
63
L$gL° $V$f_u k[p_° Apr^_ S> R>° A_° L$gL° $V$fÓu_p° r_ZÆe S> ApMfu
fl° R>°. Np•Qf_u S>du_dp¨ da[ Qfphhp_p° lL$ R>°. (1) rb_M°X$y[
hNÆ_p Y$p°f (2) M°Xy$[p°_p Y$p°f (3) dpg^pfu_u Npep°. Np•Qf
dpV°$_y¨ dyL$ff ^p°fZ 100 Y$p°f dpV°$ Qpguk A°L$f S>du__y¨ R>°.
kpdpfie fu[° h°ıV$ g°fiX$ `Z L$lu iL$pe.
S>du_ dp°V$u lp°e [p° CfiX$ıV≤$uT_° [b]$ug kfL$pf L$fu iL°$

R>°. Np•Qf_u S>du_dp¨ ≈° dpV$u hN°f° lp°e [p° Ly¨$cpf_° [°_u
A_yd[u d°mhu gC iL$pe R>°. Npd[m_u A¨]$f Aph°g lp°e [p°
[°_u dpguL$u `¨Qpe[ lı[L$ lp°e R>°.
(3) cy]$p_dp¨ Ap`°g S>du_ ([b]$ug `p” _\u)
rh_p°bp cph°_p kdedp¨ S>° S>° M°Xy$[p°, fS>hpX$p `pk° h^y

S>du_p° l[u [° h^pfp_u S>du_p°_ÿ S>° M°X$y[p° `pk° kph S> S>du_
_ l[u A_° S>° M°[u Ïehkpe kp\° ≈°X$pe°gp l[p [°hp gp°L$p°_°
h^pfp_u S>du__u apmhZu L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g A°V$g° L°$ S>du_p°_ÿ ]$p_
L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g [°\u [°_° cy]$p__u S>du_ L$l°hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. Ap
‚L$pf_u S>du_ [b]$ug `p” _\u. C_pdu ‚L$pf_u S>du_ L$lu
iL$pe.
(4) kp¨\Zudp¨ dm°g _hu if[_u S>du_
Apr\ÆL$ fu[° _bmp hNÆ_p gp°L$p°, lfuS>_, M°[ dSy>fhNÆ

_° dp” A_° dp” M°[u_p l°[y dpV°$ apmhhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. S>°
r‚dued cfu h°QpZ L$fu iL$pe R>°. A_° kpdpfie fu[° Apuh
S>du_ 15 hjÆ\u _hu if[dp¨ Ap`hpdp¨ Aph° R>° A_° –epf bp]$
≈° _pZp¨L$ue l°[y dpV°$ L°$ Ly$V$̈yb_p NyS>fp_ Qgphhp dpV°$ h°QpZ L$fhy
64
lp°e [p° dpdg[]$pfÓu_u d¨Sy>fu\u L$fu iL$pe R>°. S>° r‚dued
`p” M°[u l°[y dpV°$ 25% A_° bu_M°[u dpV°$ 40% A°d Ly$g 65%
r‚dued cepÆ bp]$ l°[y a°f \C iL°$ R>° A_° h°QpZ L$fu iL$pe R>°.
[° kfL$pf_p [p. 4-07-2008_p `fu`” A_ykpf \pe R>°.
r_h©—(dp∆)k•r_L$p°_° Ap`hpdp¨ Aph° [° `Z kp¨\Zudp¨ Apù
L$lu iL$pe.
(5) _hu if[\u Ap`° [°_° _hp Npd[m_u S>du_ L$l°hpi°.
kpdpfie fu[° _hp Npd_° hkhpV$ L$fhp dpV°$ apmhhpdp:

Aph[u lp°e [°hu S>du__° _hp Npd[m_u S>du_ L$lh° pe.
(6) Ah°X$p_u S>du_
kpdpfie fu[° Ah°X$p_u S>du_ kdı[ Npd_p Y$p°f-Y$p¨Mf

dpV°$_p `pZu_u Ïehı\p A°V$g° Ah°X$p_u S>du_.
kpdpfie fu[° S>° L$pr° jep° lp°e R>° S>° Ap Ah°Xp$dp¨ Y$pf° dpV°$
`pZu cfhp_y¨ L$pd L$f° R>° [°_° [°_p `fuhpf_p NyS>fp_ dpV°$ S>du_
Ap`hpdp¨ Aph[u S>°\u S>du_ Ah°X$p ‚L$pf_u L$lh° pe R>°.
NyS>fp[ fpƒe dlpfpÙ≤$\u ƒepf° AgN `X$Èy –epfbp]$

1961dp¨ NyS>fp[dp¨ `¨Qpe[ fpS> Adgdp¨ Aph°g –epf\u Aphp°
Npd_p° Ah°X$p° cfhp_u S>hpb]$pfu S>° [° `¨Qpe[_u b_u A_° S>°
L$p°rjep gp°L$p°_° S>° [° hM[° S>du_ apmh°g [° _hu if[_u S>
S>du_ L$lh° pi° A_° [°_u [b]$ugu D`f ≈°ep dyS>b S> \i°.
(7) hpmp_u S>du_ ([b]$ug `p” _\u)
kpdpfie fu[° hpmp_u S>du_ Npd_p¨ Ïesº[_p dL$p__u

`pR>m [\p kdN∞ Npd_p gp°L$p° dpV°$ Npd_u bpf° `Z lp°C iL°$
65
R>°. hpmp_u S>du_ A°V$g° Y$pf° kpQhhp dpV°$ S>° S>du_ apmhhpdp¨
Aph° [°_° hpmp_u S>du_ L$l°hpe R>°. S>° d˛e°\u [°_° AgN\u
h°QpZ L$fu iL$p[y _\u A°V$g° L°$ [° L$pC
° `Z fu[° [b]$ugu_° `p”
_\u.
(8) MpZ M_uS> L$pY$hp_p l°[y dpV°$_u S>du_
kpdpfie fu[° S>° [° gp°L$p° Aphy gpekfik ^fph[p lp°e [°_°

A\hp [p° L$̈`_u_° Apuh MpZ M_uS>_p D–`p]$__p l°[y dpV°$ guT
(99 hjÆ_p cpX$p`V°$) Ap`hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. ƒepf° Ahpu S>du_
guT `f lp°e –epf° [°_u depÆ]$pdp¨ flu_° L¨$`_u/Ïesº[A° M_uS>
L$pY$hp_ÿ lp°e R>°. [°_p° L$hp°V$p _Ω$u S> lp°e R>°.
kpdpfie fu[° NyS>fp[dp¨ kfL$pf ‹pfp L$̈`_u_° Aphu S>du_p°

`phf ‚p°S>°ºV$ dpV°$ apmh° R>° S>° guT D`f lp°e R>° [°_° h°QpZ\u
Ap`hpdp¨ Aph[u _\u. guT_p° kde `yfp° \e° afu `pR>p° fufiey
L$fu iL$pe R>°.
(9) ap°f°ıV$_u S>du_
S>¨Ng_u kp\° k\p° ]$fuepC `V$u_u S>du_ `Z kfL$pf

lı[L$ lp°e R>°. kpdpfie fu[° ap°fı° V$_u S>du_ [b]$ugu_° `p” _\u
S>°\u kfL$pf S>¨Ng rhı[pf_u S>du__ÿ h°QpZ L$fu iL$[u _\u.
`f¨[y ]$fuepC `V$u_° gN[u S>du_ kfL$pf ‹pfp rhfiX$ apdÆ

L¨$`_u_° guT D`f Apù iL°$ R>°. [°dS> ]$fuepC `V$u_° gN[u
S>du_ duW$p_p ANf dpV°$ `Z ANfuepAp°_° guT D`f Apù
iL$pe R>°.
66
* [`pk_u fu[ :
dprgL$u lL$_u [`pk_u fu[ [dpd qL$ıkpdp¨ lp°e R>° [°hu

S> R>° `Z S>du__p AdyL$ hNp£dp¨ Mpk L$pm∆ g°hp_u lp°e R>°.
Mp_Nu dyº[ S>du__p gnZp° kp]$p R>° `Z [°_u [`pk S>V$ug R>°
A_° rhrh^ ‚L$pf_u R>°. Mp_Nu A_° dyº[ S>du__u dprgL$u_u
[`pk dpV°$ Sy>]$p Sy>]$p `pkp ›ep_dp¨ fpMhp_p R>°. dprgL$u lL$_u
[`pk_p ”Z `pkp _uQ° dyS>b R>°.
(1) dprgL$u lL$_p ]$ı[ph°≈° ≈°hp
(2) [b]$ug L$f_pf_u rdgL$[ [b]$ug L$fhp_u nd[p
(3) kfL$pfu f°L$XÆ$, hpı[rhL$ MfpC A_° [`pk kp\° dprgL$u

lL$_p ]$ı[ph°≈°_u rhN[p° A°L$W$u L$fhu A_° `fı`f k¨b¨^
dpV°$ dl°kg
y A_° bu≈ kfL$pfu Mp[pAp° f°L$X$Æ ip°^hp° A_°
_L$gp° d°mhhu.
* dprgL$u lL$_p ]$ı[ph°≈° ≈°hp
]$f°L$ rdgL$[ dpV°$ dprgL$u lL$_p° ]$ı[ph°S> lp°e R>° S>°

Ïesº[_u dprgL$u ≈l°f L$f° R>°. (1) h°QpZ M[ (2) brnk
M[ (3) hpfkp ‚dpZ`” (4) dl°kyg f°L$XÆ$_u _L$g A\hp
7/12 _p D[pfp (5) `V$ p M[ (6) k¨ ` pq]$ [ S>du__p
]$ı[ph°S> A\hp (7) L$pV° $Æ _p lzL$d_pdp hN°f° lp°C iL°$.
dprgL$u lL$_p ]$ı[ph°≈° Mf°Mf OZp¨ AN–e_p R>° A_°

Qp°øMp A_° h°QpZ ep°¡e dprgL$u lL$_p° r_ZÆe L$f[p `l°gp
bpfuL$ fu[° ≈°hp_p° lp°e R>°.
67
dprgL$u lL$_u [`pk dpV°$_p dym S> AN–e_p° ]$ı[ph°S> h°QpZ
M[ A\hp dprgL$u lL$ M[ R>°. [°_u [`pk _uQ° dyS>b L$fhpdp¨ Aph°
R>°.
* dprgL$u lL$ M[ A\hp h°QpZ ]$ı[ph°S>_u rhN[p°
h°QpZ ]$ı[ph°S>, ]$ı[ph°S>_y¨ OX$[f, L$fpf A_° ı\pr_L$

A_° kpdpfie L$pe]$pAp°_u S>Í$qfep[p°_y¨ [b]$ug L$f_pf `pk°\u
[b]$ug L$fphu g°_pf_° Qyı[ `Z° [b]$ug L$fhp dpV°$ `pg_ L$fhp_y¨
lp°e R>°. dprgL$u lL$_p M[dp¨ _uQ°_u rhN[p° lp°hu ≈°CA°.
(A°) dprgL$u lL$_ÿ M[ L$epÆ_u [pfuM, dy]$[ Ar^_ued [°dS>

f∆ıV≤°$i_ Ar^r_ed_p l°[y dpV°$ k¨b¨r^[ R>° [°hp `yfphp
A_° kV$wapCX$ _L$gp°.
(bu) [b]$ug L$f_pf A_° [b]$ugu\u g°_pf_u rhN[p°, M[_u

[pfuM `R>u Ap`hpdp¨ Aph° R>° [°dp¨ [b]$ug L$f_pf A_°
[b]$ugu\u g°_pf_p _pd, r`[p_y¨ _pd A_° kf_pdy
]$ipÆhhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. `nL$pfp° Ly$]$f[u Ïesº[Ap° S>°hu L°$,
L$p°`p£f°i_, L¨$`_u, V≤$ıV$, kp°kpeV$u rhN°f° _ lp°e [p°
Ar^_ued A\hp Ar^L$pf S>°_p l°W$m [°_u fQ_p L$fhpdp¨
Aphu lp°e A\hp f∆ıV$f L$fhpdp¨ Aphu lp°e [° L$pe]$p_ÿ
hZÆ_ Ap`hy¨ ≈°CA°. _uQ°_p `pkp `Z ›ep_dp¨ gC
iL$pe.
(1) fiepeuL$ Ïesº[Ap° S>°hu L°$, L$p°`p£f°i_, kp°kpeV$u,

L¨ $ ` _u rhN° f ° bpb[dp¨ [° d _p _pd f∆ıV≤ $ p f
Ap°auk_y¨ kf_pdy¨ A_° S>°_p l°W$m [°_u fQ_p
68
L$fhpdp¨ Aphu lp°e [° Ar^_ued_y¨ _pd r_q]Æ$Ù$
L$fhÿ.
(2) `°Y$u_u bpb[dp¨, `°Y$u_u rdgL$[ [b]$ugudp¨ [dpd

cpNu]$pfp° `nL$pf b_° R>°.
(3) L$pe]°$kf Aiº[ \e°g Ïesº[ lp°e S>°hu L°$ kNuf

A_° _p]$pfp°_p h[u [°d_p Ar^L©$[ ‚r[_uûAp°
]$ı[ph°S> L$f° R>° Aphp ‚r[r_ûAp°_p° Ar^L$pf
L$pm∆`|hÆL$ ≈°hp° ≈°Ci°. kNuf dpV°$ [°_p Ly$]$f[u
hpgu A\hp L$pV° $£ r_d°gp L$pe]°$kf_p hpgu_p dprgL$u
lL$ S>Zphhp ≈°CA°. ƒepf° Ïesº[ L$p°V£$ r_d°g
L$pe]°$kf_p hpgu [fuL°$ ]$ı[ph°S> L$f° L$p°VÆ$_p lzL$d_u
rhN[p° ≈Zhu ≈°CA°.
(ku) rdgL$[_u AdyL$ rhN[p° [°dS> cy[L$pm_u A_° lpg_u

rdgL$[_p dprgL$_u rhN[p° S>Zphhu. [b]$ugu_p° Dÿ°i
A_° l°[y A°V$g° L°$ h°QpZ, brnk A\hp b]$gp° S>Zphhp°.
(X$u) Ah° S > A° , L$ f pf_y ¨ S>Í$ f u [–h R>° . [dpd Ïehlpfp°

Ah°S>_p b]$g° \pe R>° `R>u [° (h°QpZ M[) ‚L$pf
(b]$gp°) A\hp ‚°d A_° gpNZu (brnkM[) lp°e
cpf[ ıV°$Á` Ar^_ued_u L$gd-27 _p l°[y dpV°$ `yf`
° fy p
Ah°S>_u fL$d S>Zphu ≈°CA°. ıV°$Á` X$ÈVy $u kp\° L$pC
° `Z
M[_u QpS>Æ `p”[p_° Akf L$f[u bu∆ [dpd lL$uL$[p°
A_° k¨≈N
° p°_u rhQpfZp k¨`Z
| `
Æ Z° A_° kpQu fu[° dprgL$u
lL$_p M[dp¨ S>Zphhp_u lp°e R>°.
69
(C) `lp¢Q, Ap cpNdp¨ Ah°S>_u fL$d d˛ep_u `lp¢Q lp°e
R>°.
(A°a) ]$ı[ph°S>\u [b]$ug L$f°g rdgL$[ dyøe M[_u bp°X$udp¨

A\hp [°_u kp\° ≈°X°$gu A_yk|rQdp¨ `yf°`yfu A_° k¨`|ZÆ
hZÆhu ≈°CA°. rdgL$[_p hZÆ_dp¨, f°hfiey/Áeyr_rk`gdp¨
rdgL$[_p° rhı[pf lp°hp° ≈°CA°. rdgL$[_u l]$p° hZÆhu
≈°CA°.
(∆) b¨_° `nL$pfp°_° b¨^_L$[pÆ Ïehlpf_u bp°guAp° A_° if[p° R>°

dp” L$pe]°$kf_u dpfie if[p° b¨^_L$[p R>° L$pe]$p l°W$m
dp_ugu^°g AdyL$ lL$p° A_° S>hpb]$pfuAp° rdgL$[ [b]$ugu
Ar^_ued-1882 _u L$gd-55dp¨ S>Zph°gu R>°.
(A°Q) M[_p° R>°Îgp° cpN ep°¡e fu[° kpnuAp° ipM L$f°g,

[b]$ug L$fu Ap`_pf_u klu Aph° R>°. h°QpZ M[_u
bpb[dp¨ [b]$ugu\u g°_pf_u h°QpZ M[dp¨ klu lp°[u
_\u. [° d R>[p¨ `V$ p M[_u bpb[dp¨ , b]$ g p A_°
brnkdp¨ b¨_° `nL$pfp°A° M[dp¨ klu L$fhp_u lp°e R>°.
D`f S>Zph° g dpNÆ ] $iÆ _ k¨ c rh[ Mfu]$_pf°

rdgL$[_u dprgL$u_u lL$_u Mp”u dpV°$ ≈Zhy¨ S>Í$fu R>°,
[°Zu L$fg
° u Mfu]$u r_ed A_ykpf A_° Mfu]$_pfpdp¨ dpfie
dprgL$u lL$p° r_lu[ \pe R>° [°_u Mp”u L$fhp dpV°$ S>Í$fu
R>°. dprgL$u lL$dp¨ Ap`°gu Sy>]$u Sy>]$u lL$uL$[p° S>du__p
‡gp°V$, kh£ _¨bf, S>du__p dprgL$u lL$, dl°kygu k—p
d¨X$mp° rhN°f° `pkpAp°_ÿ f°L$X$Æ _p k¨b^
¨ dp¨ ip°^ L$fu_° MfpC
L$fhp_u lp°e R>°.
70
* ı\pr_L$ L$pe]$p gpNy `pX$hp bpb[
]$f°L$ fpƒedp¨ fl°[u Ïesº[dp¨ opr[ A_° L$p°d_p ]$php°

L$fhp_p l°[y dpV°$ [°dp¨ Sy>]$p Sy>]$p ‚L$pf_p L$pe]$p OX$hpdp¨ Aph°g R>°
[°Ap°A° [dpd fpƒep° M°[u_u S>du__u V$p°Q depÆ]$p A_° Vy$L$X$p
`X$[p AV$L$phhp A¨N° r_e¨”Z k¨br¨ ^ L$pe]$p OX$Èp R>°. Ap `pkp
A¨N° AdyL$ AN–e_p A_° kpdpfie gnZp° _uQ° ‚dpZ° ]$ipÆh°g
R>°.
* S>du__p° r_L$pg L$fhp D`f r_e¨”Z
M°[u_u S>du__u [b]$ugu_u fu[ ıh[¨”[p `R>u dy]$[dp¨

dl–h_u fu[° b]$ghpdp¨ ApÏep R>°, [°_° rh^p_ `¬^r[dp¨
kpdp∆L$ rhQpf kfZu_p° Ap°` Ap`hpdp¨ Aph°g R>°. S>du_]$pfu
`¬^r[ _pby]$ L$fu R>° A_° OZp Ar^_uedp° Nfub A_° S>du_
rhlp°Zp gp°L$p_° ° d]$]$ A_° klpe L$fhp ky^pepÆ R>°. AdyL$ AN–e_u
≈°NhpCAp° S>°, S>° _pby]$u A\hp ky^pf°g A\hp L$f°g R>° [°
]$p.[. S>du_ dl°kg
y Ar^_ued, V°$_fiku Ar^_ued, `X$pi
° lL$,
Ar^_ued, S>du]$pf _pby]$u Ar^_ued, V≤$ıV$ Ar^_ued rhN°f°
R>°. _pZp¨ ûfhp bpb[ Ar^_ued A\hp bu≈ [°hp S> ı\pr_L$
L$pe]$pAp° l°W$m S>du_ [b]$ug L$fhp D`f r_e¨”Z R>°. l¨d°i
M°[u_u S>du_p° Mfu]$hp A_° Ïehlpf L$f[p `l°gp k¨b¨r^
fpƒedp¨_p ı\pr_L$ L$pe]$pAp° l°W$m_p k|rQ[_pdp A\hp r_e¨”Z
≈°hp_y¨ kgpl cf°g R>°. ı\pr_L$ L$pe]$pAp° A_° [° gpNy `pX$hp
bpb[_p° AÊepk A°hp° r_ZÆe [fa ]$p°fu S>i° L°$ h°Q_pf_°
rdgL$[_p° r_L$pg L$fhp_p° L$pe]°$kf_p° lL$ R>°.
71
* S>du_ ^fphhp D`f V$p°QdepÆ]$p
Sy>]$p Sy>]$p ı\pr_L$ L$pe]$pdp¨ V$pQ

° depÆ]$p W$fphu R>° [°_u blpf
M°[u_u S>du_ L$p°C `Z Ïesº[ fpMu iL$[u _\u [°\u Ïesº[
dp” A° hu S>du_ L$pe]°$kf h°Qu iL°$ R>° S>° [° `p°[° L$pe]°$kf
^fphu iL°$. Ïesº[ L$pe]°$kf fu[° ı\pr_L$ L$pe]$pdp¨ W$fph°gu V$p°Q
depÆ]$p_u blpf S>du_ Mfu]$u iL$[u _\u. V$p°QdepÆ]$p\u h^y
^fph°gu S>du_ Ap`p°Ap` N∞pd kcp A\hp bu≈ W$fph°gp k—p
d¨X$mdp¨ r_lu[ \pe R>°. [° D`fp¨[ ı\pr_L$ L$pe]$p il°fu S>du_
(V$pQ
° depÆ]$p) A_° r_ed_ Ar^_ued-1976_p° L°$fi÷ue Ar^_ued
R>°. S>° il°fu rdgL$[p° A¨N° V$p°QdepÆ]$p W$fph° R>° [° cpf[_p OZp
Mfp [dpd fpƒep°_° gpNy `X$[p° l[p°. (lh° Ap L$pe]$p° f]$
L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°. A_° [°_p A_yk¨^p_° ]$f°L$ fpƒep°A° `Z [°_p
Ap_yjp¨NuL$ L$pe]$pAp° f]$ L$fg
° R>°.)
* S>du_ h°Qhp_u `fhp_Nu
OZp¨ fpƒe Ar^_uedp° [°dZ° ^fph°gu S>du_ hl¢QZu

dpV°$_p rlÁd[ L$f[u AdyL$ hNÆ_u Ïesº[Ap°_° fnZ Ap`hp_u
≈°NhpC L$f° R>°. [°d R>[p¨ Aphu Ïesº[Ap° ‹pfp S>du__p h°QpZ
dpV°$ `fhp_Nu Ap`hp_u L$p°VÆ$_° k—p Apù R>° [°hu S> fu[°
A_yk|rQ[ ≈r[, A_yk|rQ[ Apq]$≈[u_p kÊep° D`f L$p°VÆ$_u
`fhp_Nu rkhpe M°[u_u S>du_ [b]$ugu L$fhp dV$p° r_e¨”Z
dyºep R>°. cy]$p_dp¨ d°mh°u S>du_ [b]$ugu L$fu iL$p[u _\u.
rdgL$[ Mfu]$[u Ïesº[A° A°hu Mp[fu L$fhu ≈°CA° L°$, ""h°Q_pf
`p°[p_u rdgL$[ [b]$ug L$fhp knd R>° A_° ƒepf° S>Í$f `X°$
–epf° knd k—pr^L$pfu `pk°\u L$pV° $Æ `pk°\u S>du_ [b]$ug L$fhp
72
dpV°$ k—pr^L$pfu `pk°\u `fhp_Nu g°hpdp¨ Aphu R>°.'' [° A¨N_° p
]$ı[ph°≈° d°mhu g°hp_p fl° R>°.
* S>du__p Dèp°N_y¨ Í$`p¨[f
OZp Mfp fpƒep°dp¨ M°[u_u S>du__p° bu_M°[u_p l°[y dpV°$

Dèp°N AdyL$ r_e¨”Zp°_° Apr^_ R>° ]$p.[. NyS>fp[_p S>du_]$pfu
_pby]$u A_° S>du_ ky^pfZp Ar^_ued_u ≈°NhpCdp¨ A°hu
≈°NhpC L$fu R>° L°$ S>du_]$pf_u S>du_ M°[u_p¨ l°[y dpV°$ Dèp°N
L$fhpdp¨ Aph[p° _ lp°e [p° rhı[pf_p ApkuıV$fiV$ L$gL° $V$f `p°[p_u
d°m° A\hp Af∆ L$e,£ [`pk L$epÆ `R>u, A°hÿ S>Zph[u ≈l°fp[
blpf `pX$i° L°$ S>du_ lh° M°[u_u S>du_ flu _\u A_° k¨br¨ ^[
L$pe]$p gpNy `X$i° _lu Aphu S>du__p bu_M°[u_p Dèp°Ndp¨ fk
^fph[p Mfu]$_pf° ApkuıV$fiV$ L$g°L$V$f `pk°\u ep°¡e ≈l°fp[
d°mhhp_u fl°i.°
* _pTyg S>du_
_pTyg S>du_ kfL$pf_u dpguL$u_u lp°e R>°. A_° [°_p°

Dèp°N kfL$pfu ≈l°f _pdp A_° `fu`”p° ‹pfp r_edu[ \pe R>°
A_° gpNy `X°$ R>°. Aphu S>du_ kfL$pf_u dy_kau\u bNuQp,
b≈f, d°mhp, ‚]$i_Æ p°, L$bı∞ [p_, OpkQpfp, ≈l°f Dèp°Nu[p,
dL$p_ hN°f° dpV°$ h`fpe R>°. f°hfiey f°L$XÆ$dp¨ S>du_ Apbp]$u [fuL°$
]$ipÆhu lp°e R>°. `Z _pTyg S>du_ NZhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. `Z [°
dpfie øepg _\u. Mfu]$_pf° _pTyg S>du_ kp\° k¨L$mpe°gu
rdgL$[ Mfu]$[p `l°gp kphQ°[u g°hu ≈°Ci° A_° r_edp°_p
`pg__u [°_u [b]$ugu A_° Dèp°N k¨b¨r^ A_° hM[p° hM[
73
blpf `pX°$gp r_edp°, ≈l°f_pdp A_° `fu`”p°_p `pg__u `Z
Mp[fu L$fhu ≈°CA°.
* hL$a S>du_
kluepfp Dèp°N dpV°$ dyıgudp° ‹pfp brnk Ap`°gu, ]$p_

L$f°gu A\hp kdÆr`[ L$f°g S>du_ S>°_p° kMph[u A_° ^prdÆL$
Dèp°N R>° [° hL$a_u rdgL$[ L$lh° pe R>°. hL$a Ar^r_ed-1995
Sy>_p° L$pe]$p° 1954 \u [dpd hL$a rdgL$[p° [°_° hL$a Ar^_ued
gpNy `X°$ R>°. A_° hL$a Ar^_ued l°W$m hL$a bp°XÆ$ fQ°g R>°.
NyS>fp[, rblpf, S>Ády-L$pÌduf, D—f ‚]°$i A_° `rÚd b¨Npm
hL$a S>du__p Ïehı\p L$fhp dV$p_° p Ar^_uedp° R>°. hL$a S>du_p°
dyº[ S>du_ R>° `Z hL$a S>du__p Ïehlpf hL$a bp°XÆ$ ‹pfp \pe
R>°. hL$a bp°XÆ$ S>du_ f°L$XÆ$ fpM° R>° A_° hL$a S>du__p° Ïehlpf
L$f[p `l°gp [°_u Ap°akdp¨ ip°^ L$fu iL$pe. hL$a bp°X$Æ Ap hNÆ_u
S>du_p° [b]$ u g A\hp `V° $ Apù iL° $ R>° . il° f u S>du_
(V$pQ
° depÆ]$p A_° r_ed) Ar^_ued hL$a S>du__° `Z gpNy `X°$
R>°. lh° Ap il°fu V$pQ
° depÆ]$p L$pe]$p° f]$ \e°g R>°.
* `V°$ ^fph°gu S>du_
Mp_Nu dyº[ S>du_ dpguL$ `V°$ Apù iL°$ R>°. Ap `V$p°

gp¨bpNpmp_p° A\hp Vy¨$L$pNpmp_p° lp°C iL°$ R>°. Vy¨$L$pNpmp_p° `V$p°
A°V$g° fl°W$pZ A\hp bu≈ Dèp°N dpV°$ R>°. S>°dp¨ `°V$p cpX°$
Ap`hp_p° A\hp `V°$ Ap`°gu S>du_dp¨ a°fapf L$fhp_p° A\hp
kp¢`hp_p° kdph°i \[p° _\u. [° dpkuL$ lp°C iL°$ A\hp hprjÆL$
lp°C iL°$. S>du_ dpguL$/`V°$ Ap`_pf_p dprgL$u lL$_u [`pk
L$fhu ≈°CA°. kpdpfie fu[° Vy¨$L$p Npmp_p `V$pdp¨ Ap ‚qæ$ep
74
L$fhp_u S>Í$f _\u. gp¨bpNpm_p `V$pdp¨ `V$p_p° l°[y gp¨bpNpmp_u
‚h©r—Ap° S>°hp L°$ dL$p_, apdÆ lpDk bp¨^hp dpV° Apù iL$pe.
`°V$p cpX°$, kp¢`Zu A_° a°fapf_p° lL$ [°_u kp\° kpdpfie fu[°
≈°X$pe°gp° lp°e R>°. `V°$_p lL$\u f°hfiey f°L$X$Ædp¨\u A\hp dprgL$u lL$
M[ dpfa[° 30 hjÆ dpV°$ R>° L°$ L°$d [° [`pkhp_y¨ `V°$ fpM_pf
A\hp `°V$p `V°$ fpM_pf A\hp `V$phpmu rdgL$[_u kpd° _pZp¨
ûf_pf°,
- `V°$ Ap`_pf/S>du_ dprgL$u_p dprgL$u lL$_p° Acph/QL$pkZu

L$fhu ≈°CA°.
- `V°$ Ap`_pf_p dprgL$p° A_° QL$pkhu ≈°CA°.
- `V$pM[_u Mpk L$fu_° bp°guAp° A_° if[p°_p° AÊepk L$fhp°

≈°BA°.
- A°hu Mp[fu L$fhu ≈°CA° L°$ S>°_p dpV°$ rdgL$[_p° Dèp°N L$fhp_p°
lp°e A\hp rdgL$[ hp`fhp_u lp°e [° l°[_y u `V$pM[dp¨ Ry>V$ Apù
R>° A_°
- `V$pM[\u gp°_ g°hp dpV°$ rdgL$[ Nufp° dyL$hp_u Ry>V$ Ap`hpdp¨

Aphu R>°.
* k¨`pq]$[ S>du_
S>du_ L$p¨[p° kfL$pf ^fph° R>° A\hp gp°L$p° `pk°\u kfL$pf

k¨`p]$_ L$f° R>°. S>du__y¨ k¨`p]$_ ≈l°f l°[yAp° S>°hp L°$, dpNÆ,
`phf ıV°$i_p°, L$p°Áey_uV$u lp°g, k¨fnZ A\hp f°Îh° rhN°f° dpV°$
L$f°g lp°hÿ S>Í$fu R>°.
75
* k¨`pq]$[ S>du__p¨ `V$p° bpb[
kfL$pf Mp_Nu S>du_ Sy>]$p Sy>]$p ≈l°f l°[A

y p° dpV°$ S>du_
k¨`p]$_ Ar^_ued l°W$m k¨`pq]$[ L$fu iL°$ R>°. Aphu k¨`pq]$[
S>du_ `R>u fl°Zp¨L$, Ap•¤p°NuL$ A\hp bu≈ l°[yAp° dpV°$ `V°$
Ap`hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. k¨`pq]$[ L$fhpdp¨ Aphu lp°e A_° `V°$
Ap`hpdp¨ Aphu lp°e [° S>du__p dprgL$u lL$p°_u [`pk dpV°$
_uQ°_p ]$ı[ph°S> QL$pkhp ≈°CA°.
(1) S>du_ k¨`p]$_ Ar^_ued_u L$gd-4 l°W$m ≈l°f_pdp_u

_L$g

_L$g

_L$g
(4) S>du_ k¨`p]$_ Ar^_ued_u L$gd-11 l°W$m L$fg

° A°hp°X$Æ_u
_L$g
(5) L$bS>° gu^p_ÿ ]$ipÆhp[ÿ L$b≈ ‚dpZ`”
(6) `V°$]$pf_° L$b≈° ky‚[ L$f[y ]$ipÆh[ÿ L$b≈ ‚dpZ`”
(7) `V°$]$pf_u [fa°Zdp¨ ep°¡e fu[° f∆ıV$f L$f°g `V$pM[_u

_L$g.
Ap ]$ı[ph°≈° OZp AN–e_p R>° [°\u [° A°hÿ ]$ipÆh° R>° L°$,

S>du_ L$pe]°$kf fu[° k¨`pq]$[ L$fu iL°$ R>° A_° L$pe]°$kf fu[° `V°$
Apù R>°. OZu hM[ A°hp°X$Æ_° L$pV° $Ædp¨ `X$L$pfhpdp¨ ApÏep° lp°e R>°.
76
Aphp L°$kdp¨ L$pV° $Æ_p° a¢kgp° `Z L$pm∆ `|hLÆ $ hp¨Qhp° ≈°CA°. ƒepf°
L$gL° $V$f A°hp°X$Æ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° R>° L°$ _lu A\hp Ap`hpdp¨ ApÏey
R>° L°$ _lv [°hu lL$uL$[ [° ›ep_dp¨ gu^p rkhpe L$b≈° g° –epf°
S>du_ fpƒedp¨ r_lu[ \pe R>°.
* V≤$ıV$ S>du_
^prdÆL$ A_° kMph[u V≤$ıV$ cpf[dp¨ OZp¨ kpdpfie R>°.

fl°Zp¨L$ ^¨^p° A_° M°[u_p¨ l°[y dpV°$ V≤$ıV$_u S>du__p° øepg Ap°R>p°
‚hÆ[° R>° A_° cpf[dp¨ gpNy `X°$ R>°. Mp_Nu V≤$ıV$ l°W$m S>du_,
dL$p_ A_° a¨X$ V≤$ıV$dp¨ ı\`pe R>° A_° ı\p`L$ dprgL$u`Zÿ Nydph°
R>°. L$pfZ [°Z° V≤$ıV$_° rdgL$[ brnk Ap`°gu V≤$ıV$ ip[ R>° A_°
lpg_p A_° crhÛe_p gpc]$peuAp° dpV°$ V≤$ıV$uAp° ‹pfp hluhV$ \pe
R>°. V≤$ıV$_u dprgL$u_u rdgL$[p°_u ep°¡e [`pk L$fhp dpV°$ rdgL$[_u
Ïehı\p L$fhp_u dpV°$ V≤$ıV$uAp°_u k—p V≤$ıV$ l°W$m k¨cpm`yhÆL$
AÊepk L$fhp° ≈°CA°.
3.2.f dprgL$u lL$_u [`pk :
rdgL$[ hpfkpN[ A°L$ Ïesº[ `pk°\u bu∆_° _pd R>° A_°

N∞pÁe rhı[pfdp¨ k¨L$g__u L$peÆhplu ]$fÁep_ S>du_dp¨ h^pfp°
A\hp OV$pX$p° \pe R>°. Ap L°$kp°dp¨ dprgL$u `Zp_u kprb[u
rhı[pfdp¨ dl°kg
y u f°L$X$Ædp¨_u _p¢^ R>° S>° rdgL$[_u dprgL$u, kl-
dprgL$p°_p _pd, cpXy$Ap[p° rhN°f° ]$ipÆh°g lp°e R>°. ]$ı[ph°S>
D`f\u A°L$ hM[ dprgL$u lL$ _L$L$u \C ≈e `R>u S>Zph°gu
rhN[p° h^y k¨br¨ ^[ NZpe R>° A_° Sy>]$u Sy>]$u L$Qf° uAp°dp¨ fpMhpdp¨
Aph[p f°L$X$Æd\
¨ u [° ip°û L$Y$pe R>° Ap ‚qæ$ep\u A°hu Mp[fu \pe
R>° L°$ M[_p dprgL$u lL$dp¨ S>° L$p¨C S>ZpÏey¨ R>° [° kfL$pfu f°L$XÆ$
77
A_° hpı[rhL$ [`pk kp\° dm[y Aph° R>° A_° kfMp`œ R>°.
ip°û L$pY$hp_p° l°[y rdgL$[_p dprgL$u lL$_u kp¨L$m [°_u kp\°
k¨L$mpe°gu depÆ]$p A_° rdgL$[ kp\° L$p°C ≈°X$pe°g lp°e [p° [°
bp°≈° ≈°hp_u R>°. h°Q_pf [°_p dprgL$u lL$ k¨b¨r^ dprl[u `yfu
`pX°$ R>° `f¨[y AdyL$ lL$uL$[p° S>° [° dprl[u Mfu]$_pf_° S>Zphhp
dp¨N[p° _\u [° f°L$X$Æ ip°^[p dmu Aph° R>°. NyS>fp[ fpƒedp: lL$
]$ı[ph°≈_° y L$pÁ° ‡eyV$fpCT°i \e°g lp°e _uQ° dyS>b_u Ap°aukp°dp¨\u
ip°^ L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.
(1) R>°Îgp 30 hjÆ dpV°$ kb-f∆ıV≤$pf.
(2) [gpV$u-L$d-d¨”u A_° [°lkug]$pf ‹pfp R>°Îgp 30 hjÆ dpV°$

S>Zph°g dl°kygu f°L$XÆ$.
(3) `¨Qpe[, _Nf krd[u, Áeyr_ku`pguV$u A\hp L$p`

° p£fi
° _.
(4) S>du_ k¨`p]$L$ Ar^L$pfu.
(5) L¨$`_u/kp°kpeV$u/klL$pfu d¨X$mu_p f∆ıV≤$pf.
* ”uk hjÆ dpV°$ dprgL$u lL$_u kp¨L$m
kb-f∆ıV$f_u Ap°aukdp¨_y A\hp f°hfiey f°L$X$Ædp¨_y¨ R>°Îgp

30 hjÆ_ÿ f°L$X$Æ ip°û_° ]$fL° $ rdgL$[_p dprgL$u lL$p° ≈°hp_ÿ l¨di
° p
kgpd[ R>°. R>°Îgp 30 hjÆ dpV°$ ip°^ L$fhp `pR>m Qp°Ω$k l°[y
A° R>° L°$, ]$fL° $ rdgL$[_u dprgL$u 12 hjÆ `yfp \ep `R>u ‚r[Ly$m
L$b≈ ‹pfp A`‚h°i L$f_pfdp¨ r_rl[ \pe R>°. Ap dy]$[ cpf[
dy]$[ Ar^_ued-1963 l°W$m rdgL$[ `pR>u d°mhhp_p° D`pe
_pi `pÁep° lp°e [° `R>u dy]$[ depÆ]$p ı\p`°g R>°. h^ydp¨ dprgL$u
lL$_u kp¨L$m R>°Îgp 30 hjÆ dpV°$ QL$pkhpdp¨ _ Aph° [p° S>° Ïesº[
78
`yø[ he_u \ep `R>u rdgL$[dp¨ `p°[p_p lL$_p° ]$php° L$f° [°
rdgL$[dp¨ rl[ ^fph[u Ïesº[ lp°C iL°$. kNuf 18 hjÆ_u Jdf
`yfu L$e£ `yø[ he_p° b_° R>° A_° `yø[ he_p° \ep_p 12 hjÆ_u
A¨]$f [°_p rlıkp_u dp¨NZu L$fu iL°$ R>°. lh° NyS>fp[ fpƒedp¨
Aphp f°L$X$Æ _ÿ L$pÁ° ‡eyV$fpCT°i_ L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°.
* h°Q_pf A\hp [°_p A°S>fiV$_u nd[p
L$fpf M[ Mfu]$_pf_u [fa°Zdp¨ h°Q_pf° L$fhp_y¨ lp°e R>°,

h°Q_pf Ly$]$f[u A\hp L$p_y_u Ïesº[ lp°C iL°$. Ly$]$f[u Ïesº[...
(1) `p°[°
(2) `p°[p_ÿ Ly$gdyM–epf_pdy ^fph[p A°S>fiV$ dpfa[.
(3) kNuf_u bpb[dp¨ (ep°N¡e `fhp_Nu) [°_p° Ly$]$f[u hpgu dpfa[°

A\hp
(4) kNuf, `pNg A\hp Akº[ Ïesº[_u bpb[dp¨ L$pV° $£ _ud°g hpgu
dpfa[° L$fpf L$fu iL°$ R>°.
* dl°kygu f°L$XÆ$dp¨ ip°^
N∞Áe A\hp [pgyL$p L$npA° [gpV$u-L$d-d¨”u A\hp

dpdg[]$pf° fpM°g dl°kygu f°L$XÆ$, S>du__u dpguL$u`Zp_p ‚L$pf
]$ipÆh° R>°. A_° [°dp¨ _p¢^°g rdgL$[_p L$b≈_p° ‚L$pf ]$ipÆh° R>°.
_uQ°_p k¨b^
¨ dp¨ dl°kg
y u f°L$X$Æ ip°^hpdp¨ Aph° R>°.
(1) dyº[ ^fph[u S>du_ `pR>gp 30 hjÆ dpV°$ A\hp R>°Îg°

A°L$W$p L$epÆ_u [pfuM\u.
(2) kfL$pfu S>du_ `pR>gp 12 hjÆ dpV°$
79
(3) `V$p° ^fph[u S>du_ `V$p_p k¨`p]$__u [pfuM\u.
(4) L¨$`_u_u S>du_ `pR>gp 30 hjÆ dpV°$.
* dl°kygu f°L$XÆ$ ip°^hp_p Dÿ°ip° :
dl°kg
y u f°L$X$Ædp¨ Mfu]$_pf ‹pfp _p¢^ ≈°hp_u flu ≈e [p°,
[° ≈ZubyTu_° [`pkdp¨\u N°flpS>fu NZpi°. kpdpfie fu[° _uQ°_u
bb[p° ≈°hp dl°kg
y u _p¢^ ≈°hpdp¨ Aph° R>°.
(1) L$b≈_p° ‚L$pf ]$p.[. dpguL$, M°Xy$[ A\hp A`‚h°i

L$f_pf [fuL°$
(2) dpguL$ L°$ dpguL$p_° p _pd
(3) dpguL$u lL$_u kp¨L$m
(4) klL$pfu d¨X$m `pk°\u L©$rj gp°_ A\hp rdgL$[ D`f

bp°≈,° f°hfiey f°L$X$Æ dp¨ gpgiplu\u gM°g lp°e R>°.
(5) S>du__y¨ h°QpZ A\hp bu∆ [b]$ugu.
(6) ≈° [°Z° S>du_ Mfu]$u lp°e A\hpS>du_ hpfkpdp¨ dm°g

lp°e [p° h°Q_pf_p _pd_u a°fb]$gu.
Apd, ip°^ L$fhpdp¨ Ap f°L$XÆ$dp¨\u dmu iL°$ [°hu

lL$uL$[p° dm° R>° A_° [°Z° [•epf L$fg
° ÿ [dpd f°L$X$Æ ep°¡e fu[°
gMu g°hy¨ ≈°Ci° S>°\u L$fu_° h°Q_pf° `yfu `pX°$g dpguL$u
lL$_p M[ kp\° kfMphu A\hp d°mhu iL$pe. f°L$XÆ$
D`f\u A°L$W$u L$fg
° u lL$uL$[_u kb-f∆ıV≤$pf_u L$Qf° udp¨ h^y
MfpC L$fhu ≈°CA°.
80
* kb-f∆ıV≤$pf L$Q°fudp¨ ip°^
kb-f∆ıV≤$pf L$Qf° udp¨ ip°^ L$fhp_p° l°[,y ≈° h°QpZ, Nufp°

A\hp [`pk l°W$m dpguL$u lL$ k¨b¨r^[ bu∆ [b]$ugu_u
L$pC
° `Z _p¢^ lp°e [p° [° ip°^hp_p° R>°.
]$ı[ph°S> f∆ıV≤°$i_ L$fphhp_p° l°[y : ]$php-]y$hu_y¨ L$pd

OV$pX$hp_p°, ı\phf rdgL$[_p h°QpZ_p k¨b¨^dp¨ R>°[fphp_u [L$p°
OV$pX$hp_p° R>°. f∆ıV≤$°i__p° Mfp° l°[y L$`V$ kpd° rdgL$[_u [S>huS>
L$f[u ]$fL° $ Ïesº[ _Ω$u L$fhp_p° A_° ≈l°f frS>ıV$f fpMhp_p° R>°.
3.2.3 ]$uhp_u L$p°V$p£dp¨ ip°^ :
[pgyL$p A\hp rS>Îgp_u ]$uhp_u L$p°VÆ$dp¨ ip°^ L$fhp_p° l°[y

A°hu Mp[fu L$fhp_p° R>° L°$ hp¨^phpmu rdgL$[, L$p°C`Z L$pfZkf
]$phpL$pd l°W$m _\u. rdgL$[_u rhcpS>_ k¨b¨û A\hp h°Qhp_p°
ANpD_u L$bg
| p[_° A¨[° A\hp `pX$pi
° u lL$p° dpV°$_p ]$phpL$pd lp°C
iL°$. ı\phf rdgL$[_p° L$p°C lL$ kuû fu[° A_° Mpk L$fu_°
hpN∞ı[ lp°e [°hp° ]$php° A\hp L$peÆhplu Qpgy lp°e [° ]$frdep_,
[°hp L$p°C `Z `nL$pf\u [° fiepepge_p Ar^L$pf l°W$m [°_°
fiepepg W$fph° [°hu iL$[p° lp°e [° rkhpe [°_p bu≈ `nL$pfp°_p
gpcdp¨ [° ]$phpdp¨ S>° lzL$d_pdp A\hp lzL$d \pe [° lL$_° Akf
`lp¢Q° [° fu[° rdgL$[ [b]$ug L$fu iL$pi° _lu A\hp Afie\p
[°_u Ïehı\p L$fu iL$pi° _lu. Ap Qpgy ]$php_p° rk¬^p¨[ R>°. ]$php°
r_L$pg bpL$u lp°e [° ]$fÁep_ [b]$ugu_u Ry>V$ Apù lp°e [p°
hp]$u_p° L°$k, a¢kgp° A\hp lzL$d_pdp `l°gp¨ `Z r_Ûam S>i°.
L$p°V$p£dp¨_y¨ f°L$XÆ$, [dpd ‚L$pf_u A°V$g° L°$ khÆAr^L$pfhpmu

rdgL$[, `V$phpmu S>du_, kfL$pfu, k¨`pq]$[ A\hp L¨$`_u
81
S>du__p k¨b¨^dp¨ ip°^hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. `pR>gp 30 hjÆ dpV°$_u
ip°^ L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.
f° L $ X Æ $ _ u [`pk : ]$php° dp¨X$Èp_p `p_y frS>ıV$f [`pk

L$fhp_y¨ AN–e_y¨ f°L$XÆ$ R>°. k¨b¨r^[ L$p°VÆ$_° Af∆ L$epÆ `R>u [°
[`pku iL$pe R>°. `pR>gp 3 hjÆ dpV°$ ]$php dp¨X$Èp_y¨ f∆ıV$f,
h¢Q_pf_ÿ _pd, hp]$u A\hp ‚r[hp]$u [fuL°$ S>Zpe R>° L°$ L°$d, [°
ip°^hp dpV°$ [`pk L$fhu ≈°CA°.
3.2.4 rdgL$[_u cp•r[L$ [`pk :
dpguL$u lL$_u [`pk_p¨ [dpd L°$kp°dp¨, rdgL$[_u

cp•r[L$ [`pk `Z Myb S> S>Í$fu R>°.
(1) _L$ip A_° h°QpZ_p lL$M[dp¨ Ap`°g hZÆ__p° A\hp

f°hfiey f°L$X$Æ _p k¨]$cd
Æ p¨ rdgL$[_ÿ ı\p_.
(2) h°Q_pf_p M[dp¨ A\hp f°hfiey f°L$XÆ$dp¨ Aph°gp hZÆ__p

k¨]$cd
Æ p¨ rdgL$[_p° rhı[pf.
(3) h°Q_pf_u rdgL$[_u l]$ rhN°f_° u [`pk
(4) `lp¢Qhp_ÿ A_° rdgL$[dp¨ S>hp_p fı[p_ÿ ı\m
(5) L$pC
° `Z `X$pi
° lL$ A\hp qfhTÆ__u L$gd_y¨ Ası[–h.
(6) h°Q_pf_p° L$b≈° [\p S>du_ `f L$p°C ]$bpZ L°$ ]$php° L°$
A`‚h°i lp°e [° qL$ıkpdp¨, [°_p lp°hp_u A\hp ]$php_u
Akf _p¢^hu ≈°Ci°.
`X$p°i lL$ A° dyøe V°$_pd°fiV$ dpV°$_p° lL$ R>°. `X$p°i lL$

AdyL$ fu[° `p°[p_u S>du_ hp`fhpdp¨\u S>du__p dpguL$_° fp°L$u
82
iL°$ R>°. S>hp_p° lL$_p°, ‚L$pi_p° lL$ rhN°f°_u `Z [`pk L$fhu
≈°CA°.
3.2.5 bu≈ L$pe]$p/r_edp° gpNy `pX$hp A¨N° :
ı\pr_L$, fpƒe A_° L°$fi÷ue L$pe]$pAp° [\p r_edp°_u

Akf `Z ≈°hu [`pkhu ≈°CA°. h°Q_pf ^d£ dyıgud
lp°e [p° hL$a L$rdi_f_u Ap°aukdp¨ A_° kpdphpmp_u
rdgL$[_u L$ıV$p°X$ue__u Ap°aukdp¨ ip°^ L$fhu S>Í$fu R>°.
rlfi]y$ ]$—L$ N∞lZ A_° cfZ`p°jZ Ar^_ued, 1956
_uL$ g d-27 A\hp 29 l° W $ m cfZ`p° j Z_p ]$ p hp_y ¨
∆h_r_hpÆl [`pkhÿ ≈°CA°.
Apd, L$p°C`Z rdgL$[ Mfu]$ Mf[u hM[° D`f

S>Zph°g bpb[p° Mpk fu[° [`pk L$fu, ip°^ L$fu_° Mfu]$
L$fhp_p° ApN∞l fpMhp° ≈°CA°. h°Q_pf `Z `p°[p_u D—d
≈Z dyS>b S>hpb Ap`hp b¨^pe°g R>°.
3.3 ı\phf rdÎL$[_y¨ ]$ı[ph°∆ g°M_ :
3.3.1 ]$ı[ph°S>_y¨ hZÆ_ :
I¡g°fiX$dp¨ ]$ı[ph°S>_° L$fpf [fuL°$ Ap°mMhpdp¨

Aph[p°. cpf[dp¨ kp°gukuV$fp°A° ]$ı[ph°S> g°M_dp¨ A¨N∆
°∞
`¬^r[ sıhL$pf°g lp°hp\u Ap`Z° –ep¨ `Z ]$ı[ph°S> L$fpf
[fuL°$ Ap°mMpe R>°. `f¨[y lh° Ap iÂ]$ \p°X$p° `yfpZp° \C
Nep° R>°. lh° Ap`Z° –ep¨ `Z `nL$pfp° h√Q°_p Ïehlpf\u
A\hp [p° ]$ı[ph°S>_p rhje hı[y `f\u Ap°mMphp_ÿ iÍ$
\C Ne°g R>°. S>°d L°$ Nufp° ]$ı[ph°S>, h°QpZ ]$ı[ph°S>,
cpX$p rQÃ$u rhN°f.°
83
ƒepf° A°L$ S> ]$ı[ph°S>dp¨ A_°L$ Ïehlpfp°_p° kdph°i
\[p° lp°e A_° [° Sy>]$p Sy>]$p L$p_y_u _pdp°\u Ap°mMpe [°hp°
lp°e [°dS> ]$ı[ph°S>_ÿ OX$[f L$f_pf_° `Z ]$ı[ph°S>_° L$eÿ
_pd Ap`hy¨ [° rhi° Qp°Ω$k _ lp°e –epf° Ap ]$ı[ph°S> [°d
gMhÿ h^pf° rl[phl R>°.
3.3.2 [pfuM :
]$ı[ph°S>_p hZÆ_ bp]$ ]$ı[ph°S> S>° q]$hk° `yfp°

L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° lp°e [°_u [pfuM gMhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.
S>°dL°$, ""h°QpZ_p° L$fpf k_° 1984_p A°r‚g dlu_p_u
17du [pfuM° (17-04-1984)_p fp° S > L$fhpdp¨
ApÏep°.''
]$ı[ph°S>dp¨ [pfuM _ lp°e [p° `Z ]$ı[ph°S> k¨`Z

| Æ
`Z° kpQp° A_° bfpbf R>°. ≈° ]$ı[ph°S>dp¨ [pfuM _ lp°e
A\hp Aiºe [pfuM (]$p.[.31-04-1984) _p¨Mhpdp¨
Aphu lp°e [p° S>Í$f `X$e° ]$ı[ph°S> L$C [pfuM° OX$hpdp¨
ApÏep° [° k¨b¨r^ dp•rML$ `yfphp° N∞p¸ R>°. Apd R>[p¨
]$ı[ph°S> L$C [pfuM\u Adgdp¨ Aph° R>° [° ≈Zhp dpV°$
[pfuM dl–h_u R>°. Ap\u ]$ı[ph°S>dp¨ [pfuM _p¨Mhu
kgplceyØ R>°. cpf[ue _p¢^Zu Ar^_ueddp¨ A°hu ≈°NhpC
R>° L°$, ]$ı[ph°S> afrS>ep[ _p¢^Zu_° `p” lp°e [° ]$ı[ph°S>,
]$ı[ph°S> \ep_u [pfuM\u 4 dpkdp¨ _p¢^Zu dpV°$ fSy>
L$fu ]°$hp° ≈°CA°. Ap\u _p¢^Zu L$fph[u hM[° ]°$rM[u fu[°
S> _p¢^Zu L$f_pf Ar^L$pfu ]$ı[ph°S>_u [pfuM rhi° `©√R>p
84
L$fi°. [° S> fu[° kde depÆ]$p_p° L$pe]$p° gpNy `pX$hp dpV°$
[pfuM ≈Zhp_y¨ dl–h_y¨ R>°. Ap\u [pfuM dp•rML$
`yfphp\u _Ω$u L$fhp ]°$hp_° b]$g° l¨d°ip ]$ı[ph°S>dp¨ S>
[pfuM _p¨Mhu. [pfuM_° ]$ı[ph°S>_u A°L$ AN–e_u rhN[p°
[fuL°$ NZhu ≈°CA°.
S>° q]$ h k° ]$ ı [ph° S >_p `nL$ p fp° [° `| Z Æ L$ f ° [°

]$ı[ph°S>_u [pfuM R>°. ƒepf° ]$ı[ph°S>dp¨ A°L$ S> `nL$pf
lp°e ANf h^pf° `nL$pfp° lp°e [° [dpd A°L$ q]$hk° klu
L$ f ° [p° [pfuM\u _Ω$ u L$ f hp_y ¨ kfm b_° R>° . `f¨ [ y
]$ı[ph°S>_p Sy>]$p Sy>]$p `nL$pfp° AgN AgN q]$hk° klu L$f°
–epf° ]$ı[ph°S>_u [pfuM L$C NZhu [° ‚Ò _Ω$u \C
iL$[p° _\u. kpdpfie r_ed A°hp° R>° L°$ ]$ı[ph°S>dp¨ S>°
R>°Îgu [pfuM lp°e [° ]$ı[ph°S>_u [pfuM NZhu. R>[p¨ Ap
r_ed k¨`Z
| Æ _\u A_° [°_p A`hp]$p° lp°C iL°$ R>°. L$pfZ
L°$ ]$ı[ph°S>dp¨ L$C [pfuM° klu L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>° [° dl–h_y¨
_\u. lL$uL$[° ]$ı[ph°S> L$C [pfuM° Adgdp¨ Aph° R>° [°
dl–h_y¨ R>°. [pfuM b_° –ep¨ kyû iÂ]$pd
° p¨ gMhu A\hp
[pfuM iÂ]$p°dp¨ gMhp_u kp\° [pfuM L$p¶kdp¨ Ap¨L$X$pdp¨
gMhu ƒepf° ]$ı[ph°S>dp¨ A°L$ L$f[p h^y `nL$pfp° lp°e –epf°
]$f°L$ `nL$pf° `p°[p_u klu S>° q]$hk° L$fu lp°e [° [pfuM
_p¨Mhu ≈°CA°.
3.3.3 `nL$pfp° :
[pfuM S>ZpÏep bp]$ ]$ı[ph°S>_p `nL$pfp°_p _pdp°

A_° [°d_y¨ hZÆ_ Aph° R>°. L$p°C S>Í$fu `nL$pfp° R>°. A_°
85
L$pC
° ep°¡e `nL$pfp° R>° [° ]$fL° $ L°$kdp¨ k¨≈N
° p° D`f Ap^pf
fpM° R>°. H¡g°fiX$dp¨ lı[p¨[f_p [dpd ]$ı[ph°≈d
° p¨ lı[p¨[f
L$[pÆ A_° lı[p¨[f N∞rl[p b¨_° `nL$pfp° b_phhp_p° qfhpS>
R>°. Ap`Z° –ep¨ r_ed A°hp° R>° L°$ cpX$p `V$p_p L$fpfdp¨
cpX$p`V$p° Ap`_pf A_° cpX$p`V$p° sıhL$pf_pf b¨_° `nL$pfp°
[fuL°$ lp°hp° S>Í$fu R>°. Ap rkhpe_p ]$ı[ph°≈°dp¨ lı[p¨[f
N∞rl[p_° S>Í$fu `nL$pf [fuL°$ NZhpdp¨ Ahp°g _\u. `f¨[y
S>° qL$ıkpdp¨ lı[p¨[f N∞rl[ [fa\u `Z L$p¨CL$ L$fpf
L$fhpdp¨ Aph[p° lp°e –epf° lı[p¨[f N∞rl[p S>Í$fu `nL$pfp°
b_° R>°.
ƒep¨ lı[p¨[f N∞rl[p [fa\u L$pC

° L$fpf _ \[p° lp°e
–ep¨ [° S>Í$fu `nL$pf _\u S>°d L°$, brnk_p° ]$ı[ph°S>
R>[p: lı[p¨[f N∞rl[p ep°¡e `nL$pfp° [p° R>° S> Ap\u
ı`Ù$[p Mp[f [°_° `nL$pf [fuL°$ [°_° Dd°fhp° S>Í$fu R>°.
lı[p¨[f `|ZÆ L$fhp dV$p° ANf lı[p¨[f N∞rl[p_° `|ZÆ lL$
Ap`hp dpV°$ L°$V$guL$ hM[ ”prl[ Ïesº[_u k¨dr[_u S>Í$f
`X$[u lp°e R>°. Aphp qL$ıkpAp°dp¨ ”prl[ Ïesº[_° `nL$pf
[fuL° $ ≈° X $u iL$pe. L° $ V$guL$ hM[ Afie Ïesº[Ap°
]$ı[ph°S>dp¨ L$fpf L$f° R>° A_° Ap\u [°d_° `Z `nL$pf
[fuL°$ ≈°X$u iL$pe. Aphp qL$ıkpAp°dp¨ æ$ddp¨ lı[p¨[f L$[pÆ
‚\d S>°_u k¨dr[_u S>Í$f lp°e [°_p° _¨bf bu≈° A_°
lı[p¨[f N∞rl[p_p° _¨bf ”u≈° Aph°.
Ap°mMhpdp¨ dyÌL°$gu _ `X°$ A°V$gp Mp[f `nL$pf_p

_pd kp\° [°_ÿ `yf[y hZÆ_ Ap`hy¨ ≈°CA°. cpf[dp¨ r`[p_y¨
86
_pd, ≈r[, ^¨ ^ p° , Jdf, fl° W $ p Z rhN° f ° Ïesº[_°
Ap°mMhp dpV°$ `yf[y NZpe R>°. Ap rkhpe Ïesº[_°
Ap°mMhpdp¨ klpeL$ [–h R>° [°_p fl°W$pZ_p kf_pdp
]$ipÆh[p `yfphpAp° hN°f_° p° Dd°fp° L$fhp° ≈°CA°.
"lı[p¨[f_p `nL$pf [fuL°$ ∆h¨[ Ïesº[ _ lp°e [°hÿ

`Z b_°. [° `nL$pf L¨$`_u, d¨X$m, Ïesº[Ap°_p° kd|l,
d|r[Æ, A°L$d, r_Nd, L°$ rdgL$[ ^pfZ L$fhp A_° L$fpfp°
L$fhp knd Afie L$p°C L$p_|_u Ïesº[ lp°C i°L$. A]$pg[
rdgL$[ ^pfZ L$fhp A_° L$fpfp° L$fhp knd _\u. A_°
≈du_ M[p° A]$pg[_p _pd_p _lu `f¨[y [°_p Ar^L$pfu_p
_pd `f L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. L¨$`_u kd|l r_Nd_y¨ `yfp
_pd\u hZÆ_ L$fhy ≈°CA° S>°dL°$, Ar_ kp°ÎV$ L¨$`_u [°
L¨$`_u ^pfp-1956 l°W$m ep°¡e fu[° r_Ndu[ \e°gu A_°
[°_ÿ hXy$̈ d\L$ ApN∞p eyr_hrkÆV$u [° ApN∞p eyr_hrkÆV$u A°L$V$-
1926 l°W$m r_Ndu[ \e°g.'
≈d_Nf ∆Îgp_p M¨cpguep [pgyL$p_p tklZ

Npd_p `p]$fdp¨ ı\pr`[ L$fhpdp¨ Aph°gu Qpdy¨X$p dp[p_u
dyr[Æ, L°$ [°_p `y≈fu Óu ""A°'' dpfa[.
L$fpf L$fhp_u Akd\Æ[p ^fph[p Ïesº[Ap° rdgL$[_y¨

lı[p¨[f L$fu iL°$ _lu. ≈° ]$ı[ph°S>dp¨ L$p°C L$fpf L$fhpdp¨
Aph°[p° lp°e [p° lı[p¨[f l°W$m [°Ap° rdgL$[ sıhL$pfu `Z
iL$[p _\u. [°d_p [fa\u L$fhpdp¨ Aph°gp° L$fpf Ïe\Æ R>°.
Aphu Ïesº[Ap° kNufp° A_° q]$hp_pAp° R>°.
87
kNufp° A°hu Ïesº[Ap° R>° L°$ S>°d_u Jdf 18
hjÆS>\u Ap°R>u lp°e `f¨[y ≈° kNuf_p° A]$pg[ [fa\u
hpgu r_dhpdp¨ lpÏep° lp°e [p° [° kNuf 21 d° hj£ `yø[
b_° R>°. kNuf_u rdgL$[_y¨ lı[p¨[f [°_p Ly$]$f[u L°$
L$pe]°$kf_p hpgu dpfa[ \hy¨ ≈°CA°. A_° S>Í$f S>Zpe
–ep¨ A]$pg[_u `yhÆ `fhp_Nu d°mhhu ≈°CA°. [°_ÿ ıhÍ$`
Aphy lp°C iL°$ S>°dL°$,
""A°'' kNuf [°_p° Ly$]$f[u hpgu ""L$'' dpfa[

hpgu_p° k¨[p_p° `Z ]$ı[ph°S>dp¨ DÎg°M \hp° ≈°CA°.
""h° Q _pf kNuf ""A'' _° ky f [$ ∆Îgp_p

fiepepûi [fa\u [p. 17-10-2013_p fp°S> r_dhpdp¨
Aph°g hpgu R>°.''
≈° A]$pg[ [fa\u hpgu r_dhpdp¨ Aph°g lp°e [p°

[°_° A]$pg[_u `yhÆ `fhp_Nu rkhpe kNuf_u rdgL$[_y¨
(`p¨Q hjÆ\u h^pf° _lu A°V$gp dpV°$ cpX$p `V$p° rkhpe)
lı[p¨[f L$fu iL°$ _lu. rlfi]y$ kNuf_p Ly$]$f[u hpgu_p
Ar^L$pfp° rlfi]y$ kNuf–h A_° hpgu`Zp_p° L$pe]$p°-1956
dp¨ ]$ipÆhhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°. rdgL$[_y¨ lı[p¨[f L$fhp_u ≈°
A]$pg[ [fa\u `yhÆ `fhp_Nu d°mhhpdp¨ Aphu lp°e [p°
[°_p° DÎg°M ]$ı[ph°S>dp¨ \hp° ≈°CA°. ≈° ]$ı[ph°S>
L$fhpdp¨ kNuf A_° hpgu b¨_° ≈°X$p [p° [°_y¨ hZÆ_ Ap
‚dpZ° L$fhy¨ ≈°CA°. ""A'' [° `p°[p_p h[u ""L$''
kNuf_p hpgu [fuL° $ kNuf_p hpgu rhi° _ u D`f_u
kyQ_pAp° q]$hp_u Ïesº[_p d°_S
° >f_° `Z gpNy `X°$ R>°.
88
"b¨ ^ pfZ Adgdp¨ ApÏep bp]$ b¨ ^ pfZ_p
A_y √ R>° ] $-299(1) dy S >b L° $ fi÷dp¨ ı\pr`[ \e° g u
rdgL$[_p k¨b¨^dp¨ L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g L$fpfp° A_° lı[p¨[fp°
fpÙ≤$ ‚dyM_p _pd\u A_° fpƒedp: ı\pr`[ \e°gu
rdgL$[_p k¨b¨^dp¨ L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g L$fpfp° A_° lı[p¨[fp°
fpƒe_p Nh_Æf_p _pd\u Ïeº[ \hp ≈°CA°. Ap A_y√R>°]$
‚dpZ° Ap A_y√R>°]$\u Ap`hpdp¨ Aph°gu k—p l°W$m
L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g ]$ı[ph°≈° fpÙ≤$ ‚dyM h[u ANf fpƒe_p
NhÆ_f h[u [°d_u kyQ_p dyS>b Ar^L©$[ Ïesº[Ap° [fa\u
\hp ≈°CA°. ≈° A_y√R>°]$-299(1) dyS>b L$fpfp° L°$
lı[p¨[fp° L$fhpdp¨ Ap Aph°g lp°e [p° [° r_f\ÆL$ R>°.'(9)
]$f°L$ hM[° `nL$pfp°_ÿ `yfy _pd A_° hZÆ_ gMhp_°

b]$g° [°_° Vy¨$L$u köp\u Ap°mMhp_y¨ kfm b_° R>°. ]$p.[.
h°Q_pf L°$ Mfu]$_pf rhN°f° _pdp°\u k¨bp°^_ L$fhp_y¨ A_yL$|m
fl° R>°. `nL$pfp°_p _pd A_° hZÆ_ d\pm° S>ZpÏep `R>u
Ap köpAp°dp¨ bpSy>dp¨ L$p¶kdp¨ ]$ipÆhhu ≈°CA°. S>°d L°$,
""h°QpZ_p° L$fpf "A' (lh° `R>u S>°_° ""h°Q_pf'' [fuL°$
Ap° m Mhpdp¨ Aphi° . ) A_° "b' (lh° `R>u S>° _ °
""Mfu]$_pf'' [fuL°$ Ap°mMhpdp¨ Aphi°.) h√Q° [pfuM
17-04-2011 _p fp°S> \e°g R>°.''
3.3.4 L$ \ _p° :
L$\_p° b° ‚L$pf_p lp°e R>° (1) hZÆ_p–dL$ L$\_p° :

Ap L$\_p° lı[p¨[f \e°g rdgL$[ kp\° k¨b¨^ ^fph° R>°.
rdgL$ [ `f_p° lL$ L° $ h u fu[° ‚p‡[ \ep° `nL$ p fp° _ p°
89
]$ı[ph°S>_p rhje hı[y kp\° ip° k¨b¨^ R>° [° Ap`° R>°.
(2) `qfQep–dL$ L$\_p° [° ]$ı[ph°S> L$fhp `pR>m_p° l°[y
kd≈e R>°. ≈° lı[p¨[f N∞rl[p lı[p¨[f \e°g rdgL$[_p°
k¨`|ZÆ ep_° Ly$g dprgL$ lp°e [p° [°_° k]$flz¨ rdgL$[ L°$hu
fu[° ‚p· L$fu rhN°f° rhN[p° S>Zphhp_u S>Í$fu _\u `f¨[y
≈° lı[p¨[f \e°g rdgL$[_p° Ly$g dprgL$ _ lp°e [p°
rdgL$[dp¨ [°_° Ly$V$gÿ rl[ R>° A_° ºep¨ lL$ l°W$m [° rdgL$[
^pfZ L$fu fl°g R>° [° S>Zphhy¨ S>Í$fu R>°. [° S> fu[° L$p°C
]$ı[ph°S> ANf Mpk L$pe]$p\u rdgL$[ lı[p¨[f L$fhp_p° ≈°
[°_° Ar^L$pf d˛ep° lp°e [p° [° `Z S>Zphhy¨ ≈°CA°.
]$p.[. A]$pg[ [fa\u kNuf_p r_dpe° g hpguA°
A]$pg[_p lzL$d_u rhN[ A_° A]$pg[_u `yhÆ `fhp_Nu
d°mhu lp°hp_y¨ L$\_ L$fhy¨ ≈°CA°. [° S> fu[° ƒepf° AdyL$
k¨≈N
° p°dp¨ S> rdgL$[ lı[p¨[f L$fhp_p° Ar^L$pf ‚p· \ep°
lp°e [p° Aphp k¨≈°Np°dp¨ Ası[–h ^fph[p lp°hp_y¨ L$\_
lp°hÿ ≈°CA°.
`qfQep–dL$ L$\_p°dp¨ ºep¨ L$fpf_° Akf Ap`hp_u

R>° [° dyøe R>° `f¨[y ≈° L$fpf g°rM[ lp°e [p° L$fpf_y¨ ı\m
A_° [pfuM_u rhN[p° Ap`hp_u S>Í$f _\u. R>[p¨ [°
kpdpfie iÂ]$p°dp¨ A_° Vy¨$L$pZdp¨ Apù iL$pe. [° S> fu[°
hZÆ_p–dL$ L$\_p°_° k¨br¨ ^[ Afie `qfQep–dL$ L$\_p° Apù
iL$p. L$\_p° M|b S> kphQ°[u\u Dd°fhp S>CA° _lu [p° [°
L$fpf_p dyøe cpN_° Akf L$fi°. A\hp `nL$pf dpV°$
‚r[fp°^_p° rk¬^p¨[ D–`fi_ L$fi° `f¨[y ≈° ]$ı[ph°S>_p°
dl–h_p° A_° AdgL$pfu cpN ≈° ı`Ù$ A_° k¨q]$¡^ li°
90
[p° L$\_p° [°_° Akf L$fi° _lu. Ap\u rb_S>Í$fu L$\_p°_p°
–epN L$fhp° ≈°CA°.
Vÿ$L$dp¨ L$\_p°dp¨ ]$ı[ph°S>_p rhje hı[y_u D–`r—,

[°_y¨ Aı[u–h, Sy>]$p Sy>]$p ‚k¨Np°A° [°_u dpguL$u, [°_u
h[Æ d p_ sı\[u hN° f ° _ p° kdph° i \pe R>° . Ap\u
]$ı[ph°S>dp¨ r_q]Æ$Ù$ L$fpe°g rdgL$[_p R>°Îgp 50 hjÆ_p
V$pCV$Îk QL$pku g°hp S>Í$fu R>°. S>Í$f `X$È° [° A¨N° h[Ædp_
`”dp¨ ≈l°f _p°V$uk `Z Ap`hu ≈°CA°. ]$f°L$ L$\_ Sy>]$p
aL$fpdp¨ gMhÿ kgplceyØ R>°.
3.3.4 Ah°S> :
L$p°C `Z ]$ı[ph°S>dp¨ Ah°S> A° AN–e_ÿ A¨N R>°.

Mpk L$fu_° h°QpZ ]$ı[ph°S> lp°e –epf° Ah°S>_u fL$d L$p_° p
[fa\u, ºepf°, L$p_° ° Ap‡ep°, fp°L$X$° \u L°$ Q°L$\u, ≈° Q°L$\u
Ap‡ep° lp°e [p° Q°L$ _¨bf, [pfuM [\p b¢L$_ÿ _pd rhN°f°
rhN[p° Ap`hu ≈°CA°. ıV°$Á` X$ÈVy $u _Ω$u L$fhp dpV°$ `Z
Ah°S>_p° DÎg°M L$fhp° S>Í$fu R>°.
3.3.6 `lp¢Q-sıhL$pf :
Ah° S > d˛ep_u Sy > ]$u `lp¢ Q Ap`hp_° b]$g°

]$ı[ph°S>dp¨ S> [°_u `lp¢Q L°$ sıhL©$r[ Apù iL$pe R>°.
]$p.[. Mfu]$_pf° h°Q_pf_° S> qL≠$d[ QyL$hg
° lp°e [°_u `lp¢Q
sıhL©$[u ]$ı[ph°S>dp¨ Apù iL$pe. S>°d L°$, Ap rdgL$[_p
\e° g h° Q pZ `° V ° $ Mfu]$_pf [fa\u h° Q _pf_° Í$p.
4,00,000/- A¨L°$ Í$rèp Qpf gpM `yfp Q°L$\u Q°L$ _¨.
795092 ıV$V° $ b¢L$ Ap°a Br_X$ep_p° [p. 20-10-2013_p°
91
ApS> [pfuM 23-10-2013 _p fp°S> QyL$[° rlkpb `°V°$
dm°g R>°.
3.3.7 rdgL$[_y¨ hZÆ_ :
kpdpfie iÂ]$p°dp¨ ‚\d rdgL$[_y¨ hZÆ_ L$fhy¨

S>?BA° A_° S>° rdgL$[ lı[p¨[f\u `kpf \hp_u lp°e [°_ÿ
hZÆ_ L$fhpdp¨ Mpk L$pm∆ fpMhu ≈°CA°. S>Í$f L$f[p
h^pf° hZÆ_ L$fhy¨ _lu. _lu [p° S>° rdgL$[_y¨ lı[p¨[f
L$fhp_p° Cfp]$p° _ lp°e [°_p° `Z kdph°i \C S>i°.
L°$V$guL$ hM[ rdgL$[_p° _L$ip° Ap`hp_u `Z S>Í$f

`X°$ R>°. rdgL$[_u Myb S> Qp°L$kpC`|hÆL$ Ap°mM \C iL°$
A° hpı[° S> Apd L$ f hpdp¨ Aph° R>° . Aphp° _L$ i p°
]$ı[ph°S>_u kp\° ≈°X$hp° ≈°CA°. rdgL$[_u kp\° ≈° L$p°C
kyMpr^L$pf lp°e [p° [°_ÿ hZÆ_ `Z Ap`hy¨ ≈°CA°. M°[u_u
S>du_ k¨b^
¨ dp¨ S>du__p° rhı[pf, kh£ _¨bf, k_¨]$ _¨bf
A_° [pfuM, Npd_y¨ _pd, [pgyL$p°, A_° ∆Îgp_y¨ _pd
Ap`hy¨ ≈°CA°. lpg L$p°_u `pk° L$b≈° fl°g R>°. A_° [°
ºep¨ lL$ \ u [° _ u `pk° R>° [° `Z S>Zphhy ¨ ≈° C A° .
bu_M°[u_u S>du__p k¨b¨^dp¨ [°_y¨ Qp°Ω$k ı\m rhı[pf
A_° Q[y:q]$ip Ap`hu ≈°CA°.
3.3.8 A`hp]$p° A_° depÆ]$pAp° :
]$ı[ph°S> gMu Ap`_pf rdgL$[ lı[p¨[f L$f[u

hM[° ≈° [° `p°[p_u [fa°Zdp¨ L$p°C A`hp]$ L°$ L$p°C lL$
A_pd[ fpMhp B√R>[p° lp°e [p° ]$ı[ph°S>dp¨ [°_p° ı`Ù$
DÎg°M \hp° ≈°CA°. ≈° ]$ı[ph°S>dp¨ A`hp]$ L°$ A_pd[
92
[fuL°$ [°_p° DÎg°M _ L$fpep° lp°e [p° [° A¨N° rdgL$[
lı[p¨[f L$f_pf_p° L$p°C lL$ fl°[p° _\u. A_° [° cpN
rdgL$[ lı[p¨[f_u kp\° rdgL$[_p cpN Í$`° `kpf \pe
R>°.
[° S> fu[° rdgL$[ L$p°C depÆ]$p_° Apr^_ lp°e [p°

[°_p° DÎg°M ]$ı[ph°S>dp¨ L$fhp° ≈°CA°. S>°d L°$, rdgL$[
`f Nufp° D–`fi_ L$fpe°gp° lp°e [°_p `f bp°≈° lp°e L°$ [°_p
`f L$pC
° _p° L$pC
° ‚L$pf_p° kyMpr^L$pf Ası[–h ^fph[p° lp°e
[p° rhN[p° kp\° [°_ÿ hZÆ_ ]$ı[ph°S>dp¨ L$fhy¨ ≈°CA°. ƒepf°
Aphu depÆ]$p_p° DÎg°M L$fpep° lp°e –epf° [° rdgL$[ Aphu
depÆ]$p kp\° lı[p¨[f N∞rl[p_° `kpf \pe R>°.
3.3.9 L$fpf_u if[p° :
]$ı[ph°S> l°W$m_p° L$fpf S>° S>° if[p°_° Apr^_ flu_°

L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g lp°e [° if[p°_p° ı`Ù$ DÎg°M ]$ı[ph°S>dp¨
L$fhp° ≈°CA°. Aphu if[p° h[Ædp_ L°$ crhÛe_u lp°C iL°$
R>°. S>°d L°$ rdgL$[ `f_p g°Zp¨ R>°Îg° kyûdp¨ L$pZ
° ° cf`pC
L$f°g R>° [\p lh° `R>u L$p°_° cfhp_p R>° [°_u rhN[p°
]$ı[ph°S>dp¨ gMhu ≈°CA°. S>° `nL$pf° S>° iL$[p° dyL°$g
lp°e [° if[p° kp\° lp°e [°_ÿ `pg_ L$p_° p [fa\u \hp_y¨ R>°
[° `Z ı`Ù$ L$fhy¨ ≈°CA°. Aphu if[ L$fpf `pg__p
kde, QyL$hZu, g°Zu fL$d_u hkygp[ rdgL$[ L°$ rlıkp_u
hl¢QZu rhhp]$_p ‚k¨N° r_L$pg_u fu[ rhN°f° k¨b¨r^ lp°C
iL°$ R>°. S>°d L°$, `nL$pfp° rdgL$[ `f_y¨ cy[L$pm_y¨ bpL$u
g°œ¨ cfhp_u S>hpb]$pfu h°Q_pf_u _Ω$u L$fu iL°$ R>°. [° S>
93
fu[° `nL$pfp° `p°[p_u h√Q°_u crhÛe_u L$p°C `Z [L$fpf
A¨N° A]$pg[dp¨ S>hp_° b]$g° ghp]$u `¬^r[\u r_h°X$p°
gphhp_u if[ _ºL$u L$fu iL°$ R>°.
3.3.10 kpnuL$fZ :
]$fL° $ ]$ı[ph°S>dp¨ kpnuAp°_u klu S>Í$fu lp°[u _\u.

brnk, hkue[, Nufp° ]$ı[ph°S>dp¨ kpnuAp°_u klu
Ar_hpeÆ R>° . Apd, R>[p¨ ]$f° L $ L$fpf L$f[u hM[°
kpnuAp°_u klu L$fphhu rl[phl R>°. kpnuAp°_u klu
A°V$g° Ap°R>pdp¨ Ap°R>p b° kpnuAp°_u klu L°$ S>°dZ°
]$ı[ph°S> L$f_pf_° ]$ı[ph°S> L$f[p A_° [°_u klu L$f[p
≈°eg
° lp°e.
3.3.11 `nL$pfp°_u klu :
]$ı[ph°S>_p A¨[° `nL$pf°/`nL$pfp°A° `p°[ `p°[p_u

klu L$fhu ≈°CA°. ]$ı[ph°S>_p A¨[° `nL$pf_u klu
]$ı[ph°S> `|ZÆ \ep_u lL$uL$[ fSy> L$f° R>°. `nL$pf_u klu
\ep bp]$ kpnuAp° A ° `p° [ p_u klu L$fhu ≈° C A° .
`nL$pfp°_u klu L$fhp A¨N°_p r_edp° kpdpfie fu[° _uQ°
‚dpZ° R>°.
(A°) kNuf A_° q]$hp_u Ïesº[ h[u [°_p Ly$]$f[u hpgu A\hp
A]$pg[u hpgu ≈° lp°e [p° A° klu L$fhp_u lp°e R>°.
(bu) cpNu]$pfu `°Y$u_u bpb[dp¨ cpNu]$pf° klu L$fhp_u lp°e R>°.
(ku) r_Nd h[u [° k¨b¨^dp¨ Ar^L©$[ L$fpe°g Ïesº[_u klu

L$fhp_u lp°e R>°.
94
(X$u) L¨$`_u_p k¨b¨^dp¨ L¨$`_uA° Ar^L©$[ L$f°g Ar^L$pf_u klu
L$fhp_u lp°e R>°.
(C) kfL$pfu h[u \e°g ]$ı[ph°S>_p k¨b^

¨ dp¨ cpf[ue b¨^pfZ_p
A_y√R>°]$-299 l°W$m Ar^L©$[ L$fpe°g Ar^L$pfu_u klu
L$fhp_u lp°e R>°.
3.3.12 D`k¨lpf :
S>° rhN[_p° D`f S>Zph°g dymc|[ [–hp°dp¨ kdph°i

_ \[p° lp°e [°hu L$pC
° rhN[_p° Ap d\pmp l°W$m kdph°i
L$fu iL$pe. S>°d L°$ ]$ı[ph°S>_u kp\° Afie L$p°C ]$ı[ph°≈°
L$p°C `nL$pf_° kp¢`hpdp¨ Aph°g lp°e A\hp ]$ı[ph°S>_u
kp\° L$p°C `qfriÙ$ k¨g¡_ L$f°g lp°e [p° [°hu rhN[p°_
kdph°i ]$ı[ph°S>dp¨ L$fhp° ≈°CA°.
3.4 ı\phf rdÎL$[_y¨ h°QpZ :
3.4.1 rdgL$[_u [b]$ugu :
[b]$ugu iÂ]$_p° kpdpfie fu[° A\Æ A°L$ Ïesº[

`pk°\u [°_p° dpguL$u lΩ$ Afie Ïesº[_° kp¢`hp° [°_°
Ap`hp° A\hp [°_p D`f `kpf L$fhp° A°d L$fhpdp¨ Aph°
R>°. ""û V≤$pfikaf Ap°a ‚p°`V$w A°L$V$-1882'' [dpd
‚L$pf_u rdgL$[_u [b]$uguAp°_p Ïehlpf D`f _ued_
(Nh_Æ) L$f° R>°.
(A°) A\Æ (A\ÆOV$_)
L$gd-5dp¨ V≤$pfikaf Ap°a ‚p°`V$w iÂ]$ ‚ep°N_u Ïepøep L$epÆ

A_ykpf ""Aphy L$peÆ S>° ‹pfp A°L$ ∆rh[ Ïesº[, h[Ædp_ kdedp¨
95
A\hp crhÛedp¨ Afie A°L$ A\hp [°\u h^y ∆rh[ Ïesº[Ap°_°
A\hp [°d_° My]$_° A_° Afie A°L$ A\hp [°\u h^y ∆rh[
Ïesº[Ap°_° rdgL$[ `kpf L$f° R>°. Ap L$gddp¨ ""∆rh[ Ïesº[''
_p iÂ]$ ‚ep°Ndp¨ L$p°C `Z L¨$`_u A\hp L$p°C Sy>\-k¨NW$_
A\hp Ïesº[Ap°_p d¨X$m_p° kdph°i \pe R>°, S>° _p¢^pe°g lp°C
iL° $ A\hp rb__p¢ ^ pe° g `Z lp° C iL° $ R>° . Ap ^pfpdp¨
""‚p°`V$w'' iÂ]$_p° Dèp°N [°_p A–e¨[ rhipm A_° khÆ
kpdpfie/Ïep`L$ L$p_y_u A\Ædp¨ L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°. Ap\u, L$p_y_u
L$peÆhplu L$fu iL$pe [°hp ]$php_° [°dS> S>du__u `y_:‚p· (fu-
L$_he°fik) d°mhhp_p Ar^L$pf `Z ""rdgL$['' [fuL°$ DÎg°Mu
iL$pe R>°. ≈° L°$, r_dœ¨L$ L$fhp_u k—p L°$ A°L$ rdgL$[ _\u.
(bu) lı[p¨[f :
""lı[p¨[f'' iÂ]$_u Ïepøep ""L$fih°'' (Ap`hy,¨ `lp¢Qhy,

`kpf L$fhy) iÂ]$_p k¨]$cÆdp¨ L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°. cpf[dp¨
""V≤$pfikaf'' iÂ]$_p° Dèp°N [°_p Ïep`L$ A\Ædp¨ L$fhpdp¨ Aph°
R>°. [°dp¨ rdgL$[ kp¢hp_u kp\° kp\° rdgL$[_y¨ lu[ V≤$pfikaf \hp_p°
`Z kdph°i \pe R>°. Ap iÂ]$_p° Dèp°N b° `nL$pfp° h√Q° \e°g
Mp[fuAp°_u Aph°g_p Ïep`L$ A\Ædp¨ `Z \pe R>°, S>°d L°$ Nufp°,
bp°≈°-gue_, guT, brnk, [b]°$gu_u A_ydr[, dpguL$u
Ap`[u ≈l°fp[ rhN°f° Ap iÂ]$p°dp¨\u hug (hkue[_pdy) ‹pfp
\e°g V≤$pfikaf_° bpL$p[ fpMhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°, L$pfZ L°$ rhg_u
Adghpfu rhg L$f_pf_p d©–ey_u [pfuM bp]$\u \pe R>°.
rdgL$[_u [b]$ugu aº[ h[Æd_ kdedp¨ S> _\u \C iL$[u.
96
`f¨[y [° crhÛe dpV°$ `Z \C iL°$. ≈° L°$ [° dpV°$ rdgL$[_y¨
Aı[u–hdp¨ lp°hy¨ S>Í$fu R>°. Aı[u–h_p lp°e [°hu rdgL$[_u
[b]$ugu \pe [p° [°_p° ‚cph crhÛedp¨ `pg_ L$fhp_p fl°[p
L$p°fiV≤$pºV$ [fuL°$ fl° R>°. Apdp, S>°hÿ rdgL$[_ÿ Ası[–h Dcy \pe
–epf° Ap L$p°fiV≤$pL$V$ (L$fpf) A¨N° Mpk/rhiuÙ$ `pg_ L$fhp_y¨ fl°
R>°.
"V≤$pfikaf A°V$g° lı[p¨[f, [b]$ugu, ıh–hp`ÆZ, A¨[fZ,

b]$gu. Ap iÂ]$_p° A\Æ A_° Ïep` rhipm R>°. [° rhrh^
L$pe]$pdp¨ h`fpe R>° S>°d L°$, Apdw A°L$V$-V$1959,L$.2(L°$),
CfiL$dV°$n A°ºV$-1961, L$.2(47), V≤$pfikaf Ap°a ‚p°`V$w A°ºV$
hN°fd
° p¨ Ap iÂ]$ hp`fpep° R>°. A°L$ lp\dp¨\u bu≈ lp\dp¨ L°$ [°_u
k—pdp¨ S>hÿ L°$ Aphhÿ [° V≤$pfikaf_ÿ gnZ R>°.'
(ku) rdgL$[ :
A\Æ rdgL$ [ rhjeL$ ıhprd–hk| Q L$ khÆ b ¨ ^ L$ k¨ b ¨ ^

Ar^L$pf A°hp° L$f° R>°.-kpgdfiX$
V≤$pfikaf Ap°a ‚p°`V$w A°L$V$_u L$gd-6dp¨ A°hu ≈°NhpC R>°

L°$ L$pC
° `Z ‚L$pf_u rdgL$[_u [b]$ugu \C iL°$ R>° rkhpe L°$ Ap
^pfpdp¨ Afie fu[° d_pC L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g lp°e A\hp [p° Adgdp¨
lp°e [°hp Afie L$pC
° `Z L$pe]$p l°W$m d_pC afdphhpdp¨ Aph°g
lp°e.
Apd, L$gd-6dp¨ A°hu ≈°NhpC R>° L°$ L$p°C `Z ‚L$pf_u

rdgL$[_u [b]$ugu \C iL°$. ≈° L°$ Ap ^pfpdp¨ A\hp Adgdp¨
lp°e [°hp Afie L$p°C `Z ^pfp l°W$m [b]$ugudp¨ A`hp]$_u
≈°NhpC lp°e, [p° Aphu rdgL$[_u [b]$ugu L$fu iL$pe _lu. Ap
97
L$gddp¨ ApNm D`f [b]$ugu \C _p iL°$ [°hu ]$k ‚L$pf_u
rdgL$[p° ]$ipÆhg
° R>°.
(X$u) lı[p¨[f_u Adghpfu :
A°L$ kpdpfie _ued ‚dpZ° ƒepf° `Z L$p°C Ïesº[ [°_u

rdgL$[_° Afie Ïesº[_p _pd° V≤$pfikaf L$f° R>° –epf° V≤$pfikafff
([b]$ug L$f_pf) _° [° rdgL$[dp¨ S>° S>° lu[p° ‚p· lp°e [° fu[p°
V≤$pfikafu ([b]$ugu d°mh_pf)_° V≤$pfikaf \pe R>°. ≈° L°$ Ap_p\u
AgN Apie ]$ipÆhhpdp¨ Aph° A\hp AhÌe`Z° Ncw fu[°
[b]$ugu \[u _p lp°e, [p° rdgL$[_y¨ k¨`|ZÆ rl[ rdgL$[
V≤$pfikaf_u kp\° V≤$pfikafu _° dm° _lu (`pk _p \pe). L$gd-
8dp¨ h^ydp¨ L$l° R>° L°$ rdgL$[ ƒepf° A°L$ S>du_ [fuL°$ lp°e –epf°
Ap V≤ $ p fikaf _\u \[u, `f¨ [ y [° _ u kp\° [° _ p CTd° fi V$ k
(cp°NhV$p, khgp°[) L°$ S>° S>du__° gpNy `X$[p lp°e V≤$pfikaf bp]$
dmhp`p” \[p cpX$pAp° A_° _apAp° A_° [° ^f[u kp\° ≈°X$pe°g
[dpd hı[yAp° V≤$pfikaf \pe R>°.
ƒepf° dL$p_ V≤$pfikaf L$fhpdp¨ Aph°, –epf° Ap dL$p_ kp\°

[°_° gpNy `X$[p° CTd°fiV$k (cp°NhV$pAp° ≈l°f khg[p° rhN°f°)
V≤$pfikaf L$epÆ bp]$ dmhp`p” \[p cpX$p A_° _apAp°, gp°L$k
([pmpAp°), du≈NfpAp°, QphuAp°, ]$fhp≈Ap°, bpfuAp° A_°
L$pedu Dèp°N dpV°$ S>° Afie [dpd hı[yAp° [°dp¨ b°kpX°$g lp°e
[° `Z V≤$pfikaf \pe R>°. rdgL$[ ≈° ]°$hp kpd° A\hp Afie
L$p_y_u L$peÆhplu_p ]$php kpd° lp°e [p° [°_u [dpd ≈du_NufuAp°
V≤$pfikaf \ep `l°gp bpL$u fl°[y QX$[ ÏepS> rdgL$[ [fuL°$ AphL$
Ap`[p _pZp A\hp Afie L$pC
° rdgL$[ V≤$pfikaf L$fhpdp¨ Aph° [p°
98
V≤$pfikaf \ep bp]$ S>° ÏepS> Aph° A\hp [° D`f \[u S>° AphL$
\pe [° gpNy `X°$ R>°.
3.4.2 h° Q pZ :
h°QpZ_u Ïepøep QyL$h°g qL≠$d[ b]$g A\hp QyL$hhp_u

\[u qL≠$d[ QyL$hu Ap`hp_p hQ_ b]$g A\hp Ap¨riL$ fu[°
QyL$h°g qL≠$d[ b]$g A\hp QyL$hhp_u \[u qL≠$d[_u Ap¨riL$ fL$d
QyL$hu Ap`hp_p hQ_ b]$g, dpguL$u lΩ$ V≤$fikaf L$fhp° A°d \C
iL°$. Í$p. 100/- A\hp [°\u h^y qL≠$d[ ^fph[u hpı[rhL$
ı\phf qdgL$[_p h°QpZ Ïehlpf_u V≤$pfikaf A°L$ _p¢^pe°gp kp^_
(f∆ıV$XÆ$ BfiıV≥$d°fiV$) ‹pfp \C iL°$ R>°. Í$p. 100/- \u Ap°R>u
qL≠$d[ ^fph[u hpı[rhL$ ı\phf rdgL$[_p h°QpZ Ïehlpf_u
_p¢^pe°gp kp^_ ‹pfp A\hp rdgL$[_p° L$b≈° (X$uguhfu) Apù_°
\C iL°$ R>°.
"qL≠$d[u Ah°S> dpV°$ rdgL$[_y¨ ıhp–hp`ZÆ. A°dp¨ lpef

`fQ°T\u Mfu]$ L$f° [°_p° `Z kdph°i \pe. `f¨[y Nufp° L°$
ApX$Nufp° kdprhÙ$ _\u.-k° fi V≤ $ g k° g V° $ n A° L $V$-
1956,L$.2(∆), rd.ıh.Ar^.L$gd-54 l°W$m A° qL≠$d[ kpV°$
L$f°gy¨ dpg_y¨ ıh–hp`ÆZ R>° S>°dp¨ qL≠$d[ Apù lp°e L°$ Ap`hp_y¨
hQ_ Ap‡ey lp°e. k°g Ap°a NyX$T A°L$V$-1930, L$.4(3) l°W$m
A° qL≠$d[ dpV°$ dpg_u L$f°gu [b]$ugu R>°. ƒep¨ dpg_u [b]$ugu
crhÛedp¨ L$fhp_u lp°e –ep¨ [°hu kdS|>[u_° A°N∞ud°fiV$ Vy$ k°g L$l°
R>°.'
99
* h°QpZ_p° L$fpf :
ı\phf rdgL$[_p h°QpZ A¨N°_p° L$fpf A°L$ A°hp° L$fpf R>°

S>°dp¨ A°d bp¨l^
° fu Ap`hpdp¨ Aph° R>° L°$ k]$flz L$fpfdp¨ S>° if[p°
_Ω$u L$fhpdp¨ Ahp°g R>° [° if[p°_° Apr^_ Ap rdgL$[_y¨ h°QpZ
L$fhpdp¨ Aphi°. h°QpZ dpV°$_p Ap L$fpf\u Aphu ı\phf rdgL$[
D`f L$p°C lu[ ı\`p[y _\u. (S>°d L°$ cpXy$, ape]$p° d°mhhp_y¨)
A\hp L$p°C bp°≈° g]$p[p° _\u( S>°d L°$ ÏepS> QyL$hhy¨) h°QpZ
dp°_p° Ap L$fpf dpguL$u lL$L$_u [b]$ugudp¨ `fuZd[p° _\u `f¨[y
rdgL$[_u dpguL$u bpb[dp¨ A°L$ ‚L$pf_u S>hpb]$pfu Dcu \pe
R>°. h°QpZ _p dl–h_p A¨Np° _uQ° ‚dpZ° R>°.
(A°) `nL$pfp° :
kNuf he_u Ïesº[ (bpmL$) A\hp Ası\f dNS>_u

Ïesº[ V≤$pfikafff A\hp h°fiX$f (h°Q_pf) b_u iL°$ _lu L$pfZ L°$
BfiX$ue_ L$p°fiV≤$pºV$ A°L$V$-$1872 _u L$gd-11 l°W$m Aphu Ïesº[
L$fpf L$fhp dpV°$ knd _\u. ≈° L°$ A°hy W$fphhpdp¨ Aph°g R>° L°$
kNuf he_u Ïesº[ A\hp Ası\f dNS>_u Ïesº[_y¨ ‚r[_ur^–h
[°d_p hpgu ‹pfp L$fhpdp¨ Aph° [p° Aphu Ïesº[ h°QpZ ‹pfp
A\hp Nufp° ‹pfp \e°g V≤$pfikaf_p V≤$pfikafu A\hp Mfu]$_pf b_u
iL°$ R>°.
Ïesº[, `p° [ p_u rdgL$[ [b]$ug L$fhp ºepf°

N°fL$pe]°$kf lp°e R>°.
rdgL$[ [b]$ugu Ar^_ued_u L$gd-6(A°Q) dp¨ _uQ°_u

Ïesº[Ap°_° [b]$ugu L$fhp ‚r[b¨^ d|L$° R>°.
100
(1) kNuf
(2) `pNg
(3) _p]$pf
(4) ıh–hpr`Æ[ rhfp°û
(5) `pÎe L$p°VÆ$ ‹pfp hluhV$ \[p° lp°e [°hu [°_u rdgL$[
^fph[u Ïesº[Ap°.
(bu) rhje hı[y :
V≤$pfikaf_u rhje hı[yA° V≤$pfikaf \hp `p” ı\phf rdgL$[

R>°.
(ku) Ah°S> :
h°QpZ_p [dpd Ïehlpfdp¨ Ah°S> (qL≠$d[, h°Îey) A° A°L$

AphÌeL$/S>Í$fu [–h R>° A_° qL≠$d[ A\hp Ah°S>_u N°flpS>fdp¨
V≤$pfikaf_° h°QpZ [fuL°$ NZhpdp¨ Aph[u _\u. h°QpZ ‹pfp L$fpe°g
V≤$pfikaf, qL≠$d[ d˛ep_p b]$gpdp¨ \e°g lp°hu S>Í$fu R>°. A°hy
W$fphhpdp¨ Aph°g R>° L°$ dp°V$° cpN° qL≠$d[ (‚pCT) _p° A\Æ _pZp
\pe R>°. Ap qL≠$d[ (‚pCk) k¨`Z
| Æ QyL$[° fp°L$X$dp¨ QyL$hhpdp¨ Aph°
R>° A\hp [° Ap¨riL$ fu[° QyL$hhpdp¨ Aph° R>° A_° bpL$u fl°[u fL$d
crhÛedp¨ QyL$hu Ap`hp dpV°$_y¨ hQ_ Ap`hpdp¨ Aph°g R>°. Ap
qL≠$d[ rdgL$[_p° lp\ b]$gp°-L$fih°efik L$f[p `l°gp `nL$pfp°_u
kld[u hX°$ _Ω$u L$fu iL$pe R>°. Ap qL≠$d[ ep°¡e cph\u _Ω$u
L$fhp_u fl° R>°.
101
(X$u) rdgL$[_u kp¢`Zu :
Í$p. 100/- \u Ap°R>u qL≠$d[_u hpı[rhL$ ı\phf rdgL$[_p

h°QpZ_y¨ V≤$pfikaf L$fhp_y¨ lp°e [p° Aphu V≤$pfikaf _p¢^pe°g kp^_
(]$ı[ph°S>) ‹pfp \C iL°$ R>°. A\hp [p° Mfu]$_pf A\hp
Mfu]$_pf L$l° [° Ïesº[_° [° rdgL$[_p° L$b≈° kp¢ù_° V≤$pfikaf L$fu
iL$pe R>°. h°QpZ_p° Ah°S> Í$p. 100/- \u h^y lp°e –epf° kp^_
(CfiıV≥$d°fiV$-h°QpZ ]$ı[ph°S>) _° f∆ıV≤°$i_ A°ºV$-1908 l°W$m
_p¢^phhp_p° fl° R>°.
(C) h°QpZ L$epÆ `l°gp h°Q_pf_u af≈° :
(1) L$pC
° dl–h_p nr[/Mpdu lp°e [p° [° ≈l°f L$fhu.
(2) V$pCV$g (dpguL$u) _p ]$ı[ph°≈° fSy> L$fhp.
(3) rdgL$[_° gN[p A\hp [°_u dpguL$u_° gN[p ‚Òp°_p S>hpb

Ap`hp.
(4) lp\ b]$gp° kp¢`Zu L$fhu.
(5) rdgL$[ A_° dpguL$u ]$ı[ph°S>_u k¨cpm fpMhu A_°
(6) rdgL$[ D`f S>° L$fh°fpAp° (ApDV$ Np°I¡k) gpN[p lp°e

[° cfhp.
(A°Q)h°QpZ_p° Ïehlpf `yfp° \pe [° `l°gp Mfu]$_pf_u af≈° :
(1) rdgL$[_u hpı[huL$, cp•r[L$ qL≠$d[ h^pf° A°d lp°e [°hu

lL$uL$[ ≈l°f L$fhu.
(2) rdgL$[_u qL≠$d[ QyL$hhu.
(3) rdgL$[dp¨ _yL$ip_ ≈e [p° cp°Nhhy.
102
(4) ≈l°f h°fpAp° A_° cpX$pAp° cfhp.
(ApC)h°QpZ dpV°$_p° L$fpf - (kpV$pM[-A°N∞ud°fiV$ ap°f k°g)
h°QpZ dpV°$_y¨ L$fpf kpdpfie fu[° h°Q_pf_p hqL$g ‹pfp

[•epf L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. Ap L$fpf dp•rML$ A\hp g°rM[ lp°C iL°$
R>°. h°QpZ L$fhp dpV°$_p L$fpf_° _p¢^phhp° S>Í$fu _\u. kpdpfie fu[°
Aphp h°QpZ L$fhp dpV°$_p° L$fpf L$f[u hM[° bp_p_u fL$d
QyL$hhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. Ap bp_p_u fL$d Mfu]$_pf ‹pfp L$fpf_u
if[p°_y `pg_ L$fhpdp¨ Aphi° [° A¨N°_u Mp[fu dpV°$ QyL$hhpdp¨
Aph° R>° A_° h°QpZ Ïehlpf `yfp°-`|ZÆ L$fhpdp¨ Mfu]$_pf ≈°
r_Ûam ≈e [p° h°QpZ dpV°$_p L$fpfdp¨ kpdpfie fu[° _uQ°_u
bpb[p° kdprhÙ$ L$fhp_u fl° R>°.
(1) `nL$pfp°_p _pd A_° hZÆ_
(2) h°QpZ A¨N_° u lL$uL$[p°_ÿ krhı[pf hZÆ_.
(3) h°Qhpdp¨ Aph_pf rdgL$[_y¨ hZÆ_.
(4) Ah°S> dpV°$ _p° aL$fp°.
(5) h°QpZ gpeL$ dpguL$u lΩ$ (dpL£$V$°bg V$pCV$g)
(6) _ufunZ/AÊepk L$fhp dpV°$ dpguL$u lΩ$_p ]$ı[ph°≈° fSy>

L$fhp.
(7) d¨S>y fuAp° ≈° S>Í$f lp°e [p° d°mhhu.
(8) h°QpZ Ïehlpf `|ZÆ L$fhp_p° kdeNpmp° A_° h°QpZ

]$ı[ph°S> L$fu Ap`hp_p° kde.
(9) h°fpAp°, ]$fp°, Qp∆Æk QyL$hu Ap`hp.
103
(10) rdgL$[ A_° dpguL$u lΩ$_p ]$ı[ph°≈° kp¢`hp A¨N°_u
rhN[.
(S>°) h°QpZ ]$ı[ph°S> A\hp lı[p¨[fZ_p° ]$ı[ph°S> :
h°QpZ_p° ]$ı[ph°S> A\hp lı[p¨[fZ_p° ]$ı[ph°S> S>° [° fk

^fph_pf `nL$pfp° h√Q°, Mfu]$_pf A\hp [° L$l° [° Ïesº[ [°hu
Afie Ïesº[_u [fa°Zdp¨ L$fu Ap`hp_p° fl° R>°. h°QpZ M[dp¨
_uQ°_p aL$fpAp° kdprhÙ$ L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.
(1) ]$ı[ph°S> L$fpÏep_ÿ ı\m A_° [pfuM.
(2) `nL$pfp°_p _pd A_° hZÆ_.
(3) rdgL$[_y¨ hZÆ_.
(4) h°QpZ A¨N_° u rhN[p°_y¨ krhı[pf hZÆ_.
(5) Ah°S>
(6) Adghpfu_p° rhcpN-h°QpZ L$[pÆ Mfu]$_pf_u [fa°Zdp¨

rdgL$[_u [b]$ugu A\hp lı[p¨[fZ L$f.°
(7) A`hp]$p° A_° Ar^L$pfp°
(8) if[p° ≈° L$pC

° lp°e [p°
(9) bp¨l^
° fuAp° Mp[fuAp°
(10) Ah°S> d˛ep_u `lp¢Q
h°QpZ A_° h°QpZ L$fpf :
h°QpZ L$fhp dpV°$_u L$bygp[ A\hp S>°_° L$pQy kpV$pM[

A\hp bp_pM[ L$l°hpe R>° [° dp” `nL$pfp° h√Q° rdgL$[_p
104
h°QpZ dpV°$_u \e°gu kdSy>[u R>°. [°_p\u L$fpf_p `nL$pfp° h√Q°
\_pfp h°QpZ_u if[p° _Ω$u \pe R>°. Aphp° L$fpf A° dp” kdSy>[u
R>°. [°_p\u h°QpZ_p° ]$ı[ph°S> \[p° _\u. dp” h°QpZ L$fhy¨ R>°
A°hu `fı`f_u kdSy>[u R>°. ƒepf° `pL$p° ]$ı[ph°S> \pe –epf°
rdgL$[_p ıh–h_y¨ lı[p¨[f \pe R>°. [°\u `pL$p° ]$ı[ph°S> l¨d°ip
_p¢^Zu `p” R>°. h°QpZ_u kdSy>[u _p¢^Zu `p” _\u L$pfZ L°$
[°_p\u Mfu]$_pf_° Mfu]°$gu rdgL$[dp¨ L$pC
° lL$ L°$ Ar^L$pf D–`fi_
\[p _\u. Aphp h°QpZ_p L$fpf\u Mfu]$_pf_° dp” rdgL$[_y¨
lı[p¨[f [\p [° dpV°$ `pL$p° _p¢^pe°gp° ]$ı[ph°S> ‚p· L$fhp Ar^L$pf
dm° R>°. [°\u kdSy>[u ‚dpZ° `pLy$¨ h°QpZ L$fphhp [\p [° dpV°$_p°
`pL$p° ]$ı[ph°S> ‚p· L$fhp [° rhiuÙ$ ]$p]$_p° ]$php° L$fu iL°$ A\hp
_yL$ip_u d°mhu iL°$.
`pL$p h°QpZ ]$ı[ph°S>\u Mfu]$_pf_° [° h°QpZ \e°gu

rdgL$[ D`f khÆb^
¨ L$ Ar^L$pf ‚p‡[ \pe R>°. A_° [° rdgL$[dp¨
k¨]$cÆdp¨ S>N[ kdı[_u kpd° A°L$ r_f`°n A‚r[b¨r^[ k¨`|ZÆ
dpguL$ dm° R>°. ƒepf° dp” h°QpZ_u L$bygp[\u A°L$ A¨N[
Ar^L$pf D–`fi_ \pe R>°. rdgL$[dp¨ rl[ D–`fi_ \ep hNf
L$fpf `pg_ ANf _yL$ip_ hm[f_p° Ar^L$pf dm° R>°.
3.4.3 A° L $ g dprgL$ u A_° kldprgL$ u [\p kldprgL$ hX° $

lı[p¨[f :
L$pC
° `Z Ar^L$pf dp” A°L$ S> Ïesº[_u dprgL$u_p° A\hp
b° A\hp h^y Ïesº[Ap°_u dprgL$u_p° lp°C i°L$. ≈° Ar^L$pf dp”
A°L$ S> Ïesº[_u dprgL$u_p° lp°e [p° [°_° A°L$g dprgL$u L$l°hpe.
≈° h^y dprgL$u_p° Ar^L$pf lp°e [p° kl dprgL$u L$l°hpe. kl
105
dprgL$u_p° A\Æ A°hp° _\u \[p° L°$ Ar^L$pf ı`Ù$ Aï° ANf
rhcpNp°dp¨ hl¢Qpe°gp° lp°hp° ≈°CA°. kl dpguL$uhpmp° Ar^L$pf
r_rÚ[ fu[° A°L$ S> A_° Arhcpƒe Ar^L$pf R>°. dp” [°_y¨
ı\p`_ A°L$ S> hM[° h^y Ïesº[Ap°dp¨ \ey¨ lp°e R>°. Ap fu[° kl
dprgL$uA° rhrh^ ANf A_°L$ Ïesº[Ap°_u këºy [ dprgL$u_y¨ ıhÍ$`
R>°.
kdN∞ hı[y ANf rdgL$[_u kldpguL$uA° ı`Ù$ A_°

AgN AgN dprgL$p_° u A°L$ S> rdgL$[ L$f[p¨ Sy>]$u Sy>]$u hı[y R>°.
S>° nZ° kldprgL$p° Ar^L$pfp°_y¨ rhcpS>_ L$fu [°_p r_rÚ[ Aïp°
ANf rlıkp_ÿ dprgL$u `]$ ^pfZ L$f° [° nZ° kl dprgL$u A°L$g
dpguL$udp¨ `qfh[Æ_ `pd° R>°. Ap ‚qæ$ep_° rhcpS>_ L$l° R>°. S>°dp¨
k¨`r[dp¨ ‚–en rhcpS>_ kp\° [°_p Ar^L$pf_y¨ `Z `yhÆ rhcpS>_
\pe R>° A_° k¨`r[_p ‚–e°L$ rlıkp D`f AgN dprgL$p_° p° kyhp¨N
A°L$ Ar^L$pf iÍ$ \pe R>°. Ap fu[° kl dpguL$uA° A°L$ S>
Aq^L$pf_u ArhcprS>[ kdp_ dpguL$u R>°.
kl dpguL$u_p b° ıhÍ$`p° R>° . (1) kdp_ lL$\u

kldprgL$u (2) këºy [ dprgLu. b¨_° h√Q°_p° dl–h_p° [aph[ A°
R>° L°$ kl dprgL$p° `•L$u A°L$_p d©–ey\u k¨`r[_y¨ rhcpS>_ ANf
Ar^L$pf_ÿ rhcpS>_ _ \[p [° kldprgL$u_p° Ar^L$pf NyS>f_pf_p
hpfk]$pfp°_° hpfkp lL$\u dm° R>°. ƒepf° këyº[ dprgL$udp¨
dprgL$_p d©–ey\u dprgL$u`œ¨ kdp‡[ \pe R>°. A_° k¨`r[
D—f∆rh–h\u bu≈ l•ep[ dprgL$_° dm° R>°.
[°dS> L$pC
° ı\phf rdgL$[_p b° ANf h^y kldpguL$p° `•L$u
A°L$ knd kldpguL$ [° k¨`r[ ANf [°dp¨ fl°gÿ rl[ lı[p¨[f L$f°
106
[p° lı[p¨[f\u ‚p‡[ L$f_pf_° lı[p¨[f \[p¨ rlıkp [\p rl[_p
k¨]$cÆdp¨ [\p lı[p¨[f_° k¨`|ZÆ fu[° AkfL$pfL$ b_phhp dpV°$
lı[p¨[f L$f_pf_p° këyº[ L$b≈°, Ar^L$pf A\hp rb≈ kpdpfie
Aï[: D`cp°N_p° Ar^L$pf lı[p¨[f L$f_pf S>°hp S> A_° S>°V$gp
S> ‚p‡[ \pe R>° A_° S>° rlıkp ANf rl[_y¨ lı[p¨[f \ey¨ [°_°
lı[p¨[f_u [pfuM° S>° if[p° ANf S>hpb]$pfuAp° Akf L$f[u lp°e
[°_° Apr^_ flu_° `p°[p_° lı[p¨[f\u dm°g rlıkp ANf rl[_y¨
rhcpS>_ L$fhp_p° Ar^L$pf `Z ‚p‡[ \pe R>°. `f¨[y ≈° k¨`r—
ArhcL$[ këyº[ rlfi]y$ Ly$Vÿ$b_u lp°e A_° [°_p° rlıkp° ANf rl[
lı[p¨[f\u ‚p‡[ L$f_pf Aphp këºy [ Ly$V$̈yb_u kÊe Ïesº[ _ lp°e
[p° A° L$gd_p ‚b¨^\u [°_° këyº[ L$b≈° ANf këyº[ D`cp°N
ANf Aï[: D`cp°N_p° Ar^L$pf dmi° _lu.
Ap L$gd_p° rk¬^p¨[ ‚r[ı\p`__p° rk¬^p¨[ R>°. lı[p¨[f

L$f_pf_° ı\p_° lı[p¨[f\u ‚p‡[ L$f_pf_y¨ ‚r[ı\p`_ \C ≈e R>°.
lı[p¨[f L$f_pf kldpguL$_p L$b≈_p D`cp°N_p A_° rhcpS>_
klu[_p Ar^L$pfp° lı[p¨[f ‚p· L$f_pf_° dmu ≈e R>°. L$pfZ L°$
Ap b^p¨ Ar^L$pfp° lı[p¨[f L$f_pf kl dpguL$_p¨ [° rdgL$[dp¨
ı\pr`[ Ar_hpeÆ k¨`p[p° R>°.
k¨`r[_y¨ lı[p¨[f \ey¨ –epf° S>° A_° S>°hu depÆ]$pAp° L°$

‚r[b¨^p° kdN∞ k¨`r[_° bp^L$ lp°e [° lı[p¨[f\u ‚p· L$f_pf_°
`Z bp^L$ NZpe A_° Ap depÆ]$pAp° L°$ ‚r[b¨^p°_° Apr^_ flu_°
S> rhcpS>_ \C iL°$. këºy [ rlfi]y$ Ly$V$ÿb_u rdgL$[dp¨ lı[p¨[f\u
‚p· L$f_pf ”prl[ Ïesº[_° Aphp klD`cp°N këyº[ L$b≈°
Apù iL$pe _lu.
107
3.3.4 ı\pr`[ A_° ApL$sıdL$ dprgL$u :
ƒepf° dprgL$u_y¨ ıh–h Ar^L$pf `|ZÆ lp°e –epf° dprgL$u

ı\pr`[ L$lh° pe. `Z ƒep¨ kyû [° A`|ZÆ lp°e A_° AdyL$ if[p°
`yZÆ \[p¨ ı\pr`[ \hp_u iºe[p lp°e –epf° [° ApL$sıdL$ L$lh° pe.
ı\pr`[ dpguL$udp¨ dpguL$_p° Ar^L$pf A° r_f`°n R>°. ApL$sıdL$dp¨
A° Ar^L$pf if[u R>°. ı\pr`[ dprgL$p°dp¨ Ar^L$pf_p b^p S>
ı\p`L$ [’ep° k¨`|ZÆ lp°e R>°. ƒepf° ApL$sıdL$ dpguL$udp¨ A°
[–hp°_p° Acph lp°e R>°. A_° A° `yZ[Æ : `∞p· \[p kyû dprgL$p°
ApL$ıduL$ R>° A_° AphÌeL$ [’ep°, if[p° ANf `qfsı\[u `|ZÆ _
lp°e –ep¨ kyû dprgL$u ı\pr`[ \[u _\u. ]$p.[. A°L$ hkue[dp¨
A° L $ k¨ ` r[_p° dpguL$ hkue[\u `p° [ p_u `–_u_° Ap∆h_
D`cp°N\u k¨`r[ Ap`° A_° –epf `R>u [° rdgL$[ [°_p cpC_°
Ap`hp_y¨ W$fph° [p° hrke[L$pf ƒep¨ kyû ∆h[p° lp°e –ep¨ kyû
[°_u `p°[p_u dpguL$u ı\pr`[ R>° ƒepf° [°_u `–_u A_° cpC_u
dprgL$u ApL$ıduL$ R>°. hrke[L$pf_p d©–ey\u [°_u `s–__u dpguL$u
ApL$sıdL$ dV$u ı\pr`[ \i° A_° [°_p cpC_u dpguL$u `–_u_p
∆h_L$pm kyû ApL$ıduL$ R>°. S>° `–_u_° d©–ey\u ı\pr`[ \pe
Ap fu[° ApL$ıduL$ dpguL$u ı\pr`[ dpguL$udp¨ `qfZd° R>°.
3.3.5 ı\phf rdgL$[_u _p¢^Zu :
cpf[dp¨ dy¨bC, d÷pk [\p b¨Npg ‚p¨[dp¨ ]$ı[ph°≈°_u

_p¢^Zu_° gN[p _uQ° dyS>b AgN AgN f°¡eyg°i_ Adgdp¨
l[p.
(1) b¨Npgdp¨ k_° 1793 _p° 36dp° f°¡eygi

° _.
(2) d÷pkdp¨ k_° 1802 _p° 17dp° f°¡eygi

° _.
108
(3) dÿbCdp¨ k_° 1802 _p° 3≈° f°¡eygi
° _.
Afie ‚p¨[dp¨ `qf`”p° Adgdp¨ l[p. f°¡eyg°i_ dp”

h°QpZ, Nufp°, brnk, cpX$pM[, rhg [\p ]$—f g°hp_p
Ar^L$pf `”_u _p¢^Zu dpV°$ ≈°NhpC L$f[p¨ l[p. [°dp¨ dyøe b°
dyÿp l[p.
(A°) _p¢^Zu df∆ep[ l[u.
(bu) f∆ıV$XÆ $ ]$ı[ph° S > dp” kdp_ ‚L$pf_p¨ S>

A_f∆ıV$X$Æ ]$ı[ph°S> D`f AN∞[p cp°Nh[p [° `Z
A° if[° L° $ f∆ıXÆ $ ]$ı[ph° S >hpmu Ïesº[_°
A_f∆ıV$X$Æ ]$ı[ph°S> bpb[° ≈Z _ lp°e.
dy¨bCdp¨ k_° 1827 _p 1 gp f°¡eyg°i_ [\p 9 dp¨

f°¡eygi
° _\u ky^pfp L$fu f∆ıV$X$Æ ]$ı[ph°S>_° L$pC
° `Z A_f∆ıV$X$Æ
]$ı[ph°S> D`f AN∞[p Ap`hpdp¨ Aphu, D`f S>ZpÏep dyS>b
""≈Z''_p° (_p°V$uk) rk¬^p¨[ Qpgy l[p°.
dy¨bCdp¨ k_° 1843 _p ‚\d Ar^_ued ‹pfp f°¡eyg°i_

_pby]$ \ep° [\p Ar^L©$[ fu[° f∆ıV$XÆ$ ]$ı[ph°S>_° L$p°C `Z
A_f∆ıV$XÆ$ ]$ı[ph°S> D`f AN∞[p Ap`hpdp¨ Aphu `f¨[y d÷pk
[\p b¨Npmdp¨ dym f°¡eygi
° __u ≈°NhpC Qpgy flu.
]$ı[ph°S>_u _p¢^Zu_° gN[u [dpd ≈°NhpC k¨L$gu[ L$f[p°

‚\d k¨`Z
| Æ Ar^_ued 1864_p 16 dp¨ L$pe]$p\u `pk \ep°. [°
L$pe]$p ‹pfp k¨`|ZÆ rb∞V$ui BfiX$uepdp¨ AdyL$ hNÆ_p ]$ı[ph°S> dpV°$
af∆ep[ _p¢^Zu_u ‚\p ]$pMg \C.
109
–epfbp]$ k_° 1877dp¨ L$pe]$p_° afu k¨L$gu[ L$fu f∆ıV$XÆ$
]$ı[ph°≈_° ° (`R>u [° afrS>ep[ lp°e L°$ dfrS>ep[ [p° `Z) [dpd
A_f∆ıV$X$Æ ]$ı[ph°S> D`f AN∞[p Ap`hpdp¨ Aphu.
k_° 1908dp¨ ]$ı[ph°≈°_u _p¢^Zu_° gN[p [dpd L$pe]$p

afu\u k¨L$gu[ L$fu CfiX$ue_ f∆ıV≤$°i_ A°ºV$ 1908 ( k_° 1908
_p° 16dp°) `pk L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep°. S>° rb∞V$ui BfiX$uepdp¨ [p.01-
01-1909 \u gpNy `pX$hpdp¨ ApÏep°. [° ]°$iu fpƒep°_° gpNy
`X$[p° _ l[p° ]°$iu fpƒep°dp¨ `p°[p_p L$pe]$p Adgdp¨ l[p.
1947dp¨ cpf[ ıh[¨” \[p¨ cpf[dp¨ kdprhÙ$ \[p¨ [dpd
fpƒep°_° 1908 _p° L$pe]$p° gpNy `pX$hpdp¨ ApÏep° R>°.
k_° 1929dp¨ V≤$pfikaf Ap°a ‚p°`V$w A°ºV$ 1929(21 dp°)

`pk L$fu _p¢^Zu ^pfp_° AkfL$[pÆ L$l–h_p° ky^pfp° L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g.
[\p V$u.ù.A°ºV$_u L$gd-53 A° dyS>b `pVÆ$ `fap°dfik_p
rk¬^p¨[_° dpfie fpMu A_f∆ıV$XÆ$ ]$ı[ph°≈° `yfphpdp¨ N∞p¸
fpMhp W$fphhpdp¨ ApÏeÿ.
Ap ^pfp° gNcN [°S> ıhÍ$`dp¨ b^p fpƒep°dp¨ Adgdp¨

R>°. NyS>fp[ fpƒedp¨ k_° 1982 _p 7dp¨ L$gd 17(1) dp¨ M¨X$
(A°A°) ]$pMg L$fu rdgL$[_u [b]$ugu_p L$fpfp°_u _p¢^Zu
afrS>ep[ b_phu R>°. [\p k_° 1990 _p 18dp¨ L$pe]$p\u L$gd-
30 _u `°V$p L$gd(2) f]$ L$fu ‚°kuX$fiku V$pD__p frS>ıV≤$pf ‹pfp
_p¢^Zu_u ≈°NhpC _pby]$ L$fu R>°. [\p D`fp°º[ ky^pfp_° A_yÍ$`
Afie a°fapf \ep R>°.
110
_p¢^Zu_p° l°[y :
S>° ]$ı[ph°≈_° u _p¢^Zu afrS>ep[ R>° [°_u ep]$u Ap L$gddp¨

Ap`hpdp¨ Aphu R>°. _p¢^Zu_p° l°[y ]$ı[ph°S> e\p_u kyQ_p blpf_p
kdpS>_° Ap`hp_p° R>°. _p¢^Zu_p° kpQp° l°[y A° hp[_u Mp[fu
d°mhhp_p° R>° L°$ rdgL$[_p° Ïehlpf L$fu[ ]$f°L$ Ïesº[, ƒepf°
Aphp Ïehlpf_u _p¢^Zu S>Í$fu lp°e –epf° _p¢^Zu`”L$dp¨ kdprhÙ$
rh^p_p° D`f S>°_p\u [°_p ıh–hpr^L$pf_° Akf \pe [°hp b^p
Ïehlpfp°_p `|ZÆ A_° k¨`|ZÆ Al°hpg [fuL°$ Ap–drhpk\u d|L$u
iL°$. _p¢^Zu\u AN∞ (`l°gp_p) Ïehlpfp° kpd° fnZ dm° R>°.
[°_p\u L$`V$ \[y¨ AV$L°$ R>°. afrS>ep[ _p¢^Zu_° `p” ]$ı[ph°S>_u
_p¢^Zu _ L$fphhpdp¨ Aph° [p° [°_p° Adg \C iL$[p° _\u A_°
A]$pg[dp¨ `yfphp [fuL°$ [°_p° sıhL$pf \[p° _\u.
3.4.6 ı\phf rdgL$[_p k¨]$cÆdp¨ ıV°$Á` X$ÈyV$u :
"ıV°$Á` X$ÈVy $uA° _pZp¨L$ue L°$ rdgL$[ Ïehlpf_p g°M D`f

ıV°$Á`_p ıhÍ$`dp¨ gp]$hpdp¨ Aph°g L$f R>° [° Ïehlpf D`f _lu
`Z ]$ı[ph°S> D`f g°hp`p” R>° [°\u Ïehlpf_p kpf S>°V$gp° S>
]$ı[ph°S>_p° _dy_p° AN–e_p° R>°. h°QpZh°fp_u S>°d S> ıV°$Á`
X$ÈVy $u_u D`S> A° `Z fpƒe dl°kg
| _p° AN–e_p° cpN R>°.'
]°$ihpkuAp° A°V$g° L°$ _pNqfL$p°_p Ïehlpfdp¨\u D`S>

d°mhhp_p° kp•‚\d øepg gNcN Qpfkp° hjÆ `l°gp¨ lp°g°fiX$dp¨
D–`fi_ \ep lp°hp_y¨ dp_hdp¨ Aph° R>°. [\p rhdp¨ kp•‚\d
ıV°$Á` A°ºV$ 1624 dp¨ `kpf \ep°. cpf[dp¨ khÆ ‚\d k_°
1806_p° 36dp° L$pe]$p°-cpf[ue ıV°$Á` Ar^_ued-1860 gpNy
`pX$hpdp¨ ApÏep°. –epfbp]$ k_° 1899_p° 2 ≈° L$pe]$p° cpf[ue
111
ıV°$Á` Ar^_ued-1899 Adgdp¨ Aph°g. S>° lpg_p kdedp¨
L°$fi÷ kpri[ ‚]°$ip°dp¨ [\p L°$V$gpL$ fpƒep°dp¨ Adgu R>°.
cpf[ ıh[¨” \[p¨ b¨^pfZ° Ïep`pfu ‚L$pf_p AdyL$ g°M

rkhpe_p g°Mdp¨ ıV°$Á` X$ÈVy $u hkyg L$fhp fpƒep°_° k—p Apù R>°.
k_° 1960 dp¨ NyS>fp[ fpƒe \[p [° S> L$pe]$p° A–epf° NyS>fp[_p
ky^pfp h^pfp kp\° Adgdp¨ R>°. A_° Ap°NZ”uk hM[ [°dp
ky^pfp h^pfp L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°.
k_° 1925dp¨ L$fh°fp krdr[A° _p¢^ guû l[u L°$ cpf[dp¨

ıV°$Á` X$ÈVy $u_p ]$f JQp R>° S>° hp[ ApS>° `Z [°V$gu S> kpQu R>°.
JQp ]$f_p L$pfZ° gp°L$p° Ap°R>u qL≠$d[_p ]$ı[ph°≈/
° g°Mp° b_phu ep
Afie fu[° A°V$g° L°$ `phf Ap°a A°V$_w dpfa[° kp°]$p `[phu ıV°$Á`
Qp°fu L$f° R>°. k¨\_dπ krdr[A° S>ZpÏey¨ R>° L°$ rdgL$[_p¨ lı[p¨[fdp¨
h^y L$pmp_pZp¨ D–`fi_ \pe R>°, NyS>fp[ L$fh°fp krdr[A° ıV°$Á`
Qp°fu AV$L$phhp b≈f qL≠$d[ D`f ıV°$Á` X$ÈyV$u g°hp cgpdZ
L$fu, [°_° `fuZpd° Ap L$pe]$pdp¨ [p. 04-05-1984 \u Adgu
rdgL$[_u b≈f qL≠$d[ D`f ıV°$Á` X$ÈyV$u g°hp ky^pfp° L$f°g R>°.
Aphu b≈f qL≠$d[ ‚dpZ° ıV°$Á` X$ÈVy $u g°hp NyS>fp[dp¨ ∆Îgphpf
[°_p rhı[pf ‚dpZ° A¤[_ b_ph°g A_° kdep¨[f° b≈f qL≠$d[
A_ykpf S>¨”udp¨ a°fapf L$fu Adgdp¨ Aph°g.
cpf[ue ıV°$Á` Ar^_ueddp¨ W$fph°gu ıV°$Á` X$ÈVy $u, AdyL$

S> ]$ı[ph°≈°_° gpNy `X°$ R>°. bu≈ ]$ı[ph°S>_p k¨b¨^dp¨ fpƒe
kfL$pf° W$fph°gp ]$fp° S>° [° fpƒedp¨ dpfie fl° R>°. A_° [° dyS>b
ıV°$Á` X$ÈyV$uÍ$ù dl°kyg (f°hfiey) hkyg g°hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. [\p
cpf[ue b¨^pfZ kdhpe ‚L$pf_ÿ lp°hp\u L°$fi÷ [\p fpƒe b¨_°A°
112
b_ph°gp L$pe]$p_ÿ `pg_ L$fhp_ÿ fl° R>°.
lpgdp¨ NyS>fp[ fpƒedp¨ _p¢OZu_u ‚qæ$epdp¨ k_° 2005dp¨

NyS>fp[ kfL$pf ‹pfp A`yf[u ıV°$Á` X$ÈyV$uhpmp ]$ı[ph°≈°/g°Mp°_u
_p¢^Zu b¨^ L$fg
° R>° A_° [°hp ]$ı[ph°≈° _p¢^Zu Ar^L$pfu kdn
fSy> L$fhpdp¨ Ahp° [p° Aphp ]$ı[ph°≈° _p¢^Zu r_funL$ MyV$[u
ıV°$Á` X$eyV$uhpmp g°Mp°_p° AsıhL$pf L$fi°. S>°\u lpgdp¨ NyS>fp[
kfL$pf° `yf[u ıV°$Á` X$ÈyV$uhpmp g°Mp°/]$ı[ph°≈° dp” _p¢^Zu_°
`p” b_ph°g R>° S>° A°L$ kfpl_ue bpb[ R>°. `f¨[y lSy> [°dp¨
X$ÈyV$u g°hp_u `p”[p Ap°R>u L$fhp_u S>Í$f R>° S>°\u gp°L$p° `yf[u
X$ÈyV$u cfhp kpd°\u ‚°fpi°. A_° Apd, kfL$pf_u f°hfieydp¨
_p¢^`p” h^pfp° \i° A_° Mp°V$p Ïehlpfp° A_° Ly$gdyM–epf_pdp_p
Ap^pf°_p h°QpZ Ïehlpfp° b_[p AV$L$i.°
R>°Îgp¨ L°$V$gpL$ kdedp¨ S> \C fl°gp L$p•cp¨X$p° `•L$u ıV°$Á`_°

gN[y `Z Lp•cp¨Xp°$ \e°g. S>° kfL$pf_p L$dÆQpfu AÂ]y$g L$fud
[°gNu ‹pfp S> dp°V$p `pe° L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g kfL$pfu diu_fu S>°hu
S> diu_fu_u d]$]$\u Mp°V$p ıV°$Á` b_phu A_° cpf[_p ]$f°L$
fpƒedp¨ [°_y¨ h°QpZ L$f°g. Apd, Aphp L$p•cp¨X$p° Ap°R>p b_° [°
l°[\
y u C-ıV°$Á`vN Adgdp¨ Aph°g.
C-ıV°$sÁ`≠N A\pÆ[π kp]$p iÂ]$pd

° p¨ L$luA° [p° fpƒe kfL$pf°
ıV°$Á` X$ÈyV$u_u ep¨r”L$ fu[° QyL$hZu L$fu_° Cg°L$V≤$p°r_L$ ıhÍ$`dp¨
ıV°$Á` `°`f_u Mfu]$u L$fhu. Ap ‚L$pf_u `¬^r[ ApS>_p _pNfuL$
kyû kfm[p, kyfnp, A_° Ly$im L$peÆ `¬^r[_u D`gsÂ^ L$fph°
R>°. C-ıV°$sÁ`≠N ‹pfp kpdpfie k¨≈N
° p°dp¨ ıV°$Á` X$ÈVy $u cfhp dpV°$
L°$ ıV°$Á` Mfu]$[u hM[° kde_p° ]y$ÏeeÆ L$fu_° gpC_dp¨ Dcp
113
fl°hp_u dyÌL°$gu, ıV°$Á`_u A`yf[u D`gsÂ^, ıV°$Á` d°mhhp dpV°$
b°tfiL$N kde_u depÆ]$p hN°f° S>°hu dyÌL°guAp°dp¨\u L$ped dpV°$
dysº[.
C-ıV°$sÁ`≠N `¬^r[_y¨ dl–h A° [° dprl[u_u kgpd[u A°

D√Q ArcNd R>°. [°_p gpcp°dp¨ [° 24 L$gpL$ L$peÆf[ R>° [° M|b
S> kyfrn[ A_° L$p°Á‡eyV$f krS>Æ[-kyfrn[ kyep°rS>[ R>° S>°
Ap°_gpC_ A_° –hqf[ frn[ Ïehı\p R>°. [°dS> ıV°$Á`_u
R>`pdZu, k¨N∞l, _p¢^Zu L°$ hl¢QZu S>Í$f _lv- M|b S> kfm
A_° 2 X$u bpf L$p°X$ ıV$uL$f gNph°g lp°hp\u [°_u kyfrn[[p h^y
Qp°Ω$k R>°.
rdgL$[ h°QpZ ]$ı[ph°S> _p¢^Zu kde° kfL$pf [fa\u

hk|ghpdp¨ Aph[u ıV°$Á` X$ÈVy $u_u AphL$p° A¨N° S>Zph[p k—phpf
k|”p°A° S>Zph°g R>° L°$, Sy>_-2011 `R>u Ad]$php]$ krl[
fpƒedp¨ ıV°$Á` X$ÈyV$u_u AphL$dp¨ A`°np L$f[p \p°X$p OZp Aï°
OV$pX$p° \ep° R>°. [°dS> S>¨”u_p° qf-kh£ Qpgu fl°g lp°e Ap
L$pfZp°kf k¨ch[: h[Ædp_ _pZp¨L$ue hjÆ_p A[ kyû ]$ı[ph°S>
_p¢^Zu h^° [p° r_rÚ[ `Z° f°hfiey° AphL$dp¨ h^pfp° \C iL°$ R>°.
S>¨”u_p ]$fp°dp¨ h^pfp bp]$ ]$ı[ph°S> frS>ıV≤$°i_dp¨ \p°X$p OZp Aï°
OV$pX$p° \ep° R>°. [°d R>[p¨ N[ hjÆ L$f[p ıV°$Á` X$ÈyV$u_u AphL$
hû_° 25% S>°V$gu \C R>°.
Í$qV$_ ]$ı[ph°S> _p¢^Zu L$peÆhplu_p° rk_°fuep° ≈°[p Ap hj£

ıV°$Á` X$ÈyV$u_u AphL$ h^pfhp dpV°$ dl°kyg rhcpN° hjÆ 1980
`l°gp\u L$pe]$pqL$e Ny¨Q, ıV°$Á` X$ÈyV$u_u ApL$pfZu S>°hp rhhp]$u
10,000 \u h^y L$k
° p°_p r_L$pg [fa ›ep_ Ne°g R>°. ƒepf° S>¨”u
114
Ası[–hdp¨ _ l[u –epf° dp” ıV°$Á` frS>ıV≤$pf, L$g°L$V$fp° ‹pfp
rdgL$[_u ApL$pfZu L$fu_° ıV°$Á` X$ÈVy $u hkygp[u l[u.
3.4.7 kyMpr^L$pf_p lı[p¨[f_° gN[p ‚b¨^p° :
‚–e°L$ kyMpr^L$pf A°L$ ı\phf rdgL$[_p rl[dp¨, [°_p

kpfpdp¨ kpfp D`cp°N dpV°$ D–`fi_ \e°gp° Ar^L$pf R>° A_° bu∆
Aû_ı\ rdgL$ [ D`f D–`fi_ \e° g y ¨ cpfZ R>° . A° V $ g °
lı[p¨[f_u ‚qæ$ep, `R>u [° ∆h_L$pm ]$fÁep_dp¨ Ïesº[_p L$fpf\u
\[p¨ lı[p¨[fp° lp°e L°$ Ïesº[_p d©–ey\u Ahrke[u L°$ hrke[u
hpfkp\u D–`fi_ \[p¨ lı[p¨[fp° lp°e L°$ L$p°C L$p_|_u ‚qæ$ep\u
D–`fi_ \[p¨ lı[p¨[fp° lp°e, kdN∞ ‚cy–hipmu k¨`r—_ÿ l¨d°ip
[°_u kp\°_p këºy [ kyMpr^L$pf kp\° lı[p¨[f \pe R>°.
lı[p¨[f_p° L$fpf L$f[u hM[° ≈° L$fpfdp¨ rh`fu[ if[

L$fhpdp¨ Aphu _ lp°e, [p° k¨`r— kyMpr^L$pf kp\° S> lı[p¨[f
\pe A_° lı[p¨[f\u ‚p‡[ L$f_pf rdgL$[ kyMpr^L$pf kp\° S>
d°mh°. kyMpr^L$pf rdgL$[ kp\° këºy [ fpMhpdp¨ ApÏep° R>° A°hÿ
r_Í$`Z ]$ı[ph°S>dp¨ L$fhp_u `Z S>Í$f fl°[u _\u. L$pfZ L°$
rdgL$[ ‚p‡[ L$f_pf klS> A_° ıhpcprhL$ fu[° kyMpr^L$pf `Z
‚p‡[ L$f° S>. A_° ≈° kyMpr^L$pf ≈° rdgL$[ kp\° lı[p¨[f
L$fhpdp¨ _ Aph[p° lp°e [p° Aphu r_j°^p–dL$ L$gd ]$ı[ph°S>
OX$[f L$f[u hM[° _p¨Mhu ≈°CA°.
lı[p¨ [ f `nL$ p fp° _ p¨ L© $ – e\u \pe ANf bu∆ L$ p ° C

Ïehı\p\u \pe, L$p°C lzL$d_pdp_u bS>hZu\u \pe, bu∆ L$p°C
115
L$p_y_u ‚qæ$ep\u `Z \C iL°$, dpguL$_p ∆h_L$pm ]$frdep_ \pe
L°$ hrke[\u ANf hpfkp\u d©–ey p]$ \pe `Z rdgL$[_p
lı[p¨[f\u kyMpr^L$pf_ÿ `Z lı[p¨[f \pe S> R>°.
ı\phf rdgL$[_y ¨ rhcpS>_ \pe A_° ‚cy – hipmu

rdgL$[_p Sy>]$p Sy>]$p cpN \C ≈e [p° kyMpr^L$pf [° AgN
AgN cpNp° kp\° A°L$ S> A_° këyº[ fl° R>°. A°L$ rdgL$[_p
A_°L$ cpN \[p kyMpr^L$pf dV$u A_°L$ \[p° _\u. Vy¨$L$dp¨ Ïesº[
b]$gp[p `qfsı\[u b]$gp[u _\u dpV°$ rdgL$[_u kp\° S> [°_p
kyMpr^L$pf _hp Mfu]$_pf_° Ap`p°Ap` ‚p‡[ \pe R>° A_° Apd
[°_ÿ lı[p¨[f L$fu iL$pe R>°.
3.` ı\phf rdÎL$[ k¨bû[ rhrh^ øepg :
3.5.1 iy›^ bys¬^_p Mfu]$_pf :
"A°L$ lep[ ÏeqL$[_° h[Ædp_ kdedp¨ A\hp crhÛedp¨

A°L$ Afie lep[ ÏerL$[ A\hp Aphu A°L$ \u h^y ÏeqL$[_° A\hp
[p° [°d_° ıhe¨ _° S> (L$p°B AgN ÏeqL$[–h nd[p l°W$m)
rdgL$[_p° lp\ b]$gp° lı[p¨[f L$f° (L$_h° L$f°) –epf° Ap lep[
ÏeqL$[A° Afie_p _pd° lp\ b]$gp° lı[p¨[fZ L$f°g qæ$ep L$peÆ_°
cpf[ue rdgL$[ ^pfp l°W$m ""rdgL$[_p° lp\ b]$gp°/lı[p¨[fZ''
L$lh° pdp¨ Aph° R>° A\hp [° fu[° [°_u Ïepøep L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.
cpf[dp¨ ı\phf rdgL$[_° gN[u [dpd L$peÆhpluAp°

`›^r[Ap° rdgL$[_p _pd° [b]$ug dpV°$_u d¨S>y fu A\hp rdgL$[_p
_pda°f_u [b]$ugu_u L$peÆhplu rdgL$[ L°$ rdgL$[ [b]$ugu ^pfp°-
116
1882 _p r_edp°_° Apû_ flu_° L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°, rkhpe L°$ Ap
^pfpdp¨ Q°‡V$f-II _u L$gdp° 5 \u 37 S>° l°W$m ı\phf A_°
S>¨Nd b¨_° rdgL$[p° A¨N°_u [b]$ugu_p r_edp° Aph°gp R>°. Alv
ApNm Ap g°Mdp¨ aL$[ ı\phf rdgL$[ rhi° S> QQpÆ L$fhpdp¨
Aph°g R>°. Ap\u ı\phf rdgL$[_u Ïepøep Ap`hu S>Í$fu R>°. S>°
Ïepøep BfiX$ue_ f∆ıV≤°$i_ A°L$V$dp¨ `Z Ap`hpdp¨ Aph°g R>°.
lpg_p Ap g°Mdp¨ iy›^ byr›^_p Mfu]$_pf (BONA FIDE
PURCHASER) _p Ar^L$pfp° rhi° QQpÆ L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°. Ap
Ar^L$pfp° Afie L$pB° `Z L$pe]$p l°W$m AgN\u Ap`hpdp¨ Aph°g
_\u `f¨[y Ap h•^pr_L$ V≤$pfikaf Ap°a ‚p°`V$w A°L$V$_u AdyL$ L$gdp°
hX°$ S> A`pe°g R>° A_° [°dp¨ rdgL$[_p° dprgL$u lΩ$ (V$pBV$g) ≈°
nr[N∞ı[ (X$ua°ºV$uh) lp°e [p° iy›^byr›^_p Mfu]$_pf_p Ar^L$pfp°
rhi°_u ≈°NhpB L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°. V≤$pfikaf Ap°a `∞p`
° V$w A°L$V$_u
[dpd L$gdp°dp¨ iy›^ bys›^_p Mfu]$_pf_p Ar^L$pfp°_y¨ A°L$
fM° h pm [fuL° $ fnZ L$f° R>° . Ap L$gdp° iy › ^ by s ›^_p
Mfu]$_pfpAp° A¨N° R>°. Ap fu[° Mfu]$_pfpAp° A\hp lı[p¨[fu[
\_pfpAp°_° Ap ^pfp l°W$m fnZ Ap`hpdp¨ ApÏey¨ R>°. A°V$g° L°$
V≤$pfikaf Ap°a ‚p°`V$w A°L$V$_u ^pfp l°W$m [°Ap°_p Ar^L$pf_° fnhpdp¨
ApÏep R>°.
V≤$pfikaf Ap°a ‚p°`V$w_p L$gd 6\u 16 III l°W$m ‚p‡[ \[p¨

Ar^L$pfp° L$gd 17 \u 19 IV iy›^ bys›^_p Mfu]$_pf_p fnZ
A¨N_° p kpdpfie r_edp°dp¨ A`hp]$p,° ApMfu [pfZ.
iy›^y bys›^_p Mfu]$_pfpAp°-A\Æ A_° rk›^p¨[
A°L$ ÏeqL$[ ‹pfp Afie ÏeqL$[_p _pd° rdgL$[_p _pda°f/
117
[b]$ugu_u ‚qæ$ep ]$frdep_ S>° ÏeqL$[_° rdgL$[_u [b]$ugu L$fu
Ap`° R>° [° ÏeqL$[_° [b]$ugu L$f_pf (V≤$pfikaf) L$lh° pdp¨ Aph° R>°
A_° S>° ÏeqL$[ Ap rdgL$[ Mfu]$ L$f° R>° A\hp S>°_p _pd° Ap
rdgL$[ [b]$ug \pe R>° [°_° Mfu]$_pf (`fQ°S>f) A\hp
[b]$ugu\u d° m h_pf (V≤ $ pfikafu) L$l° h pdp¨ Aph° R>° .
""bp°_papBX$'' iÂ]$ A° A°L$ g°V$u_ cpjp_p° iÂ]$ ‚ep°N R>°. S>°_°
kpdpfie fu[° ""iy›^ bys›^\u'' L$fg
° (L$pB° `Z L$peÆ) A°d \pe
R>°. Ap\u A°L$ ""bp°_papBX$'' ÏeqL$[ A°V$g° A°hu ÏeqL$[ S>°_p°
Apie, Bfp]$p° A\hp dpfie[p ıh√R>, r_õ$p`|hLÆ $_p A_° ‚dprZL$
R>°. rdgL$[p° A¨N°_p L$pe]$pdp¨ S>° L$p¨B`Z r_]$p£j ÏeqL$[ S>° [°
rdgL$[_p Afie ÏeqL$[_p hpı[rhL$ dprgL$u lΩ$ A¨N° A\hp ]$php
A¨N° A≈Z lp°e A_° Ap bpb[_u ≈Z hNf iy›^ ]$p_[\u S>
rdgL$[ Mfu]$ L$f° [°_p dpV°$ "bp°_p apBg `fQ°Tf' (iy›^
byr›^_p Mfu]$_pf) iÂ]$ ‚ep°N L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. Ap ÏeqL$[
A°L$ A°hu ÏeqL$[ R>° L°$ S>° rdgL$[ Mfu]$hp dpV°$ [°_u qL≠$d[ A\hp
[° b]$g_p° Ah°S> (L$fikuX$fi
° _) af∆ep[ `Z° QyL$h° R>° A_° _lv
L°$ Aphu ÏeqL$[ bnuk ‹pfp rdgL$[_p gpcp\w b_° R>°. L$pB° A°L$
`nL$pf W$NpB L$fu_° iy›^ bys›^_p Mfu]$_pf_p _pd° rdgL$[
[b]$ug L$f°, `R>u cg° [° L$p°B`Z ‚L$pf° L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g lp°e
A\hp Afie L$p°B ÏeqL$[_° Ap rdgL$[ h°Qu ]$u^p bp]$ A\hp
[°d_p _pd° rdgL$[ [b]$ug L$fu ]$uû lp°e [p° `Z [° bp]$
A\hp [°d_p _pd° rdgL$[ [b]$ug L$fu ]$uû lp°e [p° `Z [°
bp]$ A\hp Afie iy›^ bys›^_p Mfu]$_pf_p _pd° rdgL$[
[b]$ug L$f° A\hp [°_° h°Q° [p° [°hp k¨≈°Np°dp¨ `Z Ap iy›^
bys›^_p Mfu]$_pf_° Ap rdgL$[ `f dpfie dprgL$u lΩ$ A\hp
118
iy›^ dpqgL$u lΩ$ ‚p‡[ \pe R>° `R>u cg° `l°gp_p Afie
`nL$pf `Z dprgL$u lΩ$_p ]$php dpV°$ ]$ph°]$pf [fuL°$ A°L$ lfua
lp°B. ≈° L°$ Ap b¨_° `nL$pfp° S>°Ap° Ap rdL$g[_u Mfu
dprgL$u_p° ]$php° L$f[p lp°e, [°Ap°_° Aphu W$NpB `yhLÆ $_u [b]$ugu
L$f_pf `nL$pf kpd° ]$php°/L°$k ]$pMg L$fhp_p° Ar^L$pf fl° R>°.
(fpBV$ Vy$ ıey dm° R>°.) Ap\u iy›^ byr›^_p Mfu]$_pf A°L$ A°hu
ÏeqL$[ R>° S>° iy›^ ]$p_[/_ue[ A_° iy›^ cph_p\u A_° [° `Z
Mf°]$ L$f°g rdgL$[_p Mfp dprgL$u lLL$ (V$pBV$g) A¨N°_u Mfu
≈Z hNf rdgL$[ A°hu ÏeqL$[ `pk°\u Mfu]°$ R>° S>°_p° My]$_p°
dprgL$u lLL$ ıh√R> _\u lp°[p°. Alv ApNm b° dy]π$p ›ep_dp¨
fpMhp_p lp°e R>° - ‚\d, Mfu]$_pf iy›^ cph_p\u, iy›^
]$p_[\u Ïehlpf L$fu f¸p R>°. buSy> [°Ap°_p Bfp]$pAp°/Apie
A¨N° [°Ap° ‚dprZL$ lp°hp ≈°BA°. ”uSy> [°Ap°A° rdgL$[_p Mp°V$p
dprgL$u lΩ$ A¨N_° u Mp°V$u ≈ZL$pfu l°W$m rdgL$[ Mfu]$ L$fg
° R>°,
`f¨[y [° iy›^ bys›^_p Mfu]$_pf (bp°_papBX$ `fQ°Tf) lp°hp\u
L$p_|_ l°W$m [°Ap°_p Ar^L$pfp° A_° lu[_° fnhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°.
Ap\u Alv Ap`Z° ≈°B iL$uA° R>uA° L°$ bp°_papBX$ `fQ°Tf kpfp
Apie\u A_° rhpk\u Ïehlpf L$f° R>° A_° S>Í$fu [L°$]$pfu fpMhp
D`fp¨[ S>Í$fu [`pk L$epÆ bp]$ `Z rdgL$[_p Mfp dprgL$u lΩ$
(V$pBV$g) A¨N° [°d_° ≈Z lp°[u _\u `f¨[y ApMfu dy]$p° A° R>° L°$
ApMf° dprgL$u lΩ$ A¨N° [°Ap°_° ≈ZL$pfu _ l[u. Ap\u V≤$pfikaf
Ap°a ‚p°`V$w_u ^pfpdp¨ Aphp gp°L$p° dpV°$ AdyL$ Ar^L$pfp° A_°
dyqL$[Ap°_u ≈°NhpB L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°. S>°\u L$fu_° [°Ap°A°
nr[N∞ı[ Mp°V$p dprgL$u lΩ$hpmu rdgL$[ Mfu]$ L$f°g lp°hp R>[p¨
[°Ap°_ÿ lu[ S>mhpB fl°. Ap rhQpf rk›^p¨[ Nemo dat quo
119
non hobet A°V$g° No one can give that which he has
not A°V$g° ÏeqL$[ `pk° [°_u dprgL$u_u S>° hı[y lp°B _lu [°_° [°
Apù h¢Qu iL°$ _lv.
iy›^ bys›^_p Mfu]$_pfpAp°
V≤$pfikaf Ap°a ‚p°`V$w A°L$V$ l°W$m Ar^L$pfp° : nr[N∞ı[

dprgL$u lL$L$hpmu rdgL$[ Mfu]$_pf iy›^ bys›^_u ÏeqL$[ dpV°$
AdyL$ Aq^L$pfp°_u ≈°NhpB L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°. ≈° L°$ Ap lΩ$p°
V≤$pfikaf Ap°a ‚p°`V$w_u ^pfpdp¨ L$p°B Mpk AgN ‚L$fZ A\hp
L$gd ‹pfp Aphfu gB A\hp [°_u Ïepøep L$fu_° M¨X$ue fu[°
Ap`hpdp¨ Aph°g _\u A°d R>[p¨ Ap Ar^L$pfp° V≤$pfikaf Ap°a
‚p°`V$w A°ºV$_u ^pfp_u AgN AgN OZu L$gdp°dp¨\u dmu fl°
R>°, Mpk L$fu_° Q°‡V$f-2 _p rhcpN-bu dp¨ S>°dp¨ L$gd-38 \u
53 _p° kdph°i \pe R>°. Alv Ap L$pNm aL$[ bp°_papBX$
`fQ°Tf_p Ar^L$pfp° A¨N° S> DÎg°M L$f°g R>°. V≤$pfikaf Ap°a
‚p°`V$w A°L$V$dp¨ OZp¨ Ar^L$pfp° kdprhÙ$ L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°. Ap
Ar^L$pfp°_u QQpÆ _uQ° L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°.
(1) ]°rM[p/]°$MpX$p `yf[p dpguL$ ‹pfp h°QpZ L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g

rdgL$[ kpd° iy›^ bys›^ Mfu]$_pf_p° Ar^L$pf Ap
Ar^L$pf rhi° V≤$pfikaf Ap°a ‚p°`V$w A°L$V$ 1882 _u L$gd-
41 dp¨ QQpÆ L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g R>° S>°dp¨ A°d L$l° R>° L°$ ƒepf°
L$pB° ı\phf rdgL$[dp¨ fk ^fph_pf ÏeqL$[Ap°_u ı`Ù$`Z°
ÏeL$[ L$fg
° A\hp ]°$rM[u fu[° `Z ÏeqL$[ Lf°g kldr[\u
Aphu rdgL$[_p° ]°$rM[p°/]°$MpX$p `yf[p° dpguL$ Ah°S> gB_°
(L$fikuX°$i_) rdgL$[_u [b]$ugu L$f° [p° Aphu [b]$ugu A°
120
L$pfZkf f]$ \hp `p”/_pL$pdepb _lv b_u iL°$ [°
[b]$ugu/lı[p¨[fZ L$f_pf_° Apd L$fhp_p° Ar^L$pf k[p _
l[u S>°dp¨ ≈° L°$ [b]$ugu d°mh_pf° ÏepS>bu [L$°]$pfu
fpMhu A_° Mp[fu L$f°g lp°e L°$ [b]$ugu L$f_pf_° [°d
L$fhp_u k—p l[u A_° Ap\u Mfu]$_pf° iy›^ bys›^\u
Mfu]$pfu L$fg
° lp°e [°hu ≈°NhpB R>°. Ap Ar^L$pf Nemo
dat quo non hobet A°V$g° No one can give that
which he has not A°V$g° ÏeqL$[ `pk° [°\u dprgL$u_u
S>° hı[y lp°B _lv [°_° [° Apù h°Qu iL°$ _lu _p g°qV$_
cpjp_p iÂ]$ ‚ep°N A_° [°hp r_ed [°dS> k°Îk Ap°a
NyX$T A°L$V$_u L$gd-27 _p A`hp]$Í$` R>°. S>°dp¨ A°d L$l°
R>° L°$ A°L$ ÏeqL$[ My]$ `p°[° S> ƒepf° ıh√R> dprgL$u lΩ$
_\u ^fph[u –epf° [° Afie ÏeqL$[_p _pd° ıh√R> dprgL$u
lL$L [b]$ugu L$fu iL°$ _lv. lpg_p° Ap Ar^L$pf A°
rk›^p¨[ D`f Ap^pfu[ R>° L°$ ƒepf° b° ÏeqL$[Ap° S>°dp¨
(A°) Mfp° dpguL$ A_° (bu) iy›^ bys›^_p° Mfu]$_pf
L$p°B ”u∆ ÏeqL$[ A\hp ”u≈ `nL$pf_u W$NpB_p° cp°N
b_° (]°$rM[p/]°$MpX$p `yf[p dpguL$) –epf° Ap A¨N° S°
_yL$ip_ ≈e [° Aphu W$NpB L$f_pf ÏeqL$[ D`f S>hy¨
≈°BA° A\hp [p° Mfp° dpguL$ L°$ Aphu W$NpB _uhpfhp
dpV°$ S>° R>°Îgp `nL$pf l[p A_° S>°Ap°_u `pk° R>°Îg° [L$
l[u [°_p D`f S>hy ≈°BA° A_° rdgL$[_u dprgL$u Ap
R>°[ft`X$u ‹pfp S>° r_]$pj
£ ÏeqL$[ akpB Ne°g R>° [°_u b_°
R>° (A°V$g° L°$ iy›^ bys›^_p Mfu]$_pf_u) Apd, L$gd-41
l°W$m S>° fnZ Ap`hpdp¨ Aph°g R>° [° fnZ_° Ap L$gd
121
l°W$m S> ky÷Y$ b_phhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°. ≈° L°$ A°hu ≈°NhpB
R>° L°$ [b]$ugu d°mh_pf ÏeqL$[A° iy›^ bys›^\u Ïehlpf
L$f°g lp°e A_° Mfu sı\r[ iy¨ R>° [°_u Mp”u L$fhp dpV°$
[° d Z° ÏepS>bu ]$fL$pf fpM° g lp° e –epf° [b]$ugu
d°mh_pf_° Mfp dprgL$_p Ar^L$pfp° kpd° fnZ dmu iL°$
R>°. Ap Ar^L$pf fiep_p A° rk›^p¨[ D`f Ap^pfu[ R>° L°$
A°L$ ÏeqL$[ Afie L$p°B bu∆ ÏeqL$[_° rdgL$[_p dpguL$
[fuL°$ fSy> \hp_u `fhp_Nu Ap`° A_° Aphp ]°$rM[p
dpguL$ `pk°\u ”u∆ L$pB° ÏeqL$[ Ap bu∆ ÏeqL$[ S> Mfu
dpguL$ R>° A°d dp_u, qL≠$d[ QyL$hu_° Aphu rdgL$[ Mfu]°$
–epf° ‚\d ÏeqL$[ L°$ S>°dZ° Aphu bu∆ ÏeqL$[_° Mfp
dpguL$ [fuL°$ fSy> \hp_u Ry>V$/[L$ L$fu Apù lp°e [p° ‚\d
ÏeqL$[ [°_p Ry>`p fl°gp dpguL$u lL$L$_° `pR>p° d°mhu g°hp
lΩ$]$pf b_u iL°$ _lu, rkhpe L°$ [° ]$ipÆhu iL°$ L°$
rdgL$[_p Mfp dprgL$u lΩ$ A¨N°_u kuû S> ≈ZL$pfu
A\hp A°hu L$p°B ≈ZL$pfu S>°_° gB_° hpı[rhL$ dpguL$u
Ap^pf ı\pr`[ \[p° lp°e [°_p° Mfu]$_pf_° øepg l[p°
A\hp A°hp L$p°B k¨≈°Np° Arı[–hdp¨ l[p S>°_u [`pk
L$fhu S>Í$fu l[u A_° [° k¨≈°Np° D`f ≈° ]$php° ]$pMg
L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° l[p° [p° Mfp dpguL$u lΩ$ A¨N°_u lL$uL$[
blpf Aphu iL$u lp°[ [° Aphy¨ ]$ipÆhu [° ≈° Mfu]$_pf_°
Aphp S>° Ar^L$pf dm° R>°, [° ıh•s√R>L$ Mfu] h°QpZ_u
bpb[dp¨ S> aº[ dmu iL°$ R>° A_° bu≈ ıh•s√R>L$
(dpguL$_u B√R>p hNf) h°QpZ l°W$m Aphp° L$p°B Ar^L$pf
‚p‡[ \[p° _\u S>°d L°$ rdgL$[_u lffp∆ \B lp°e A_°
122
[° l°W$m Mfu]$_pf° rdgL$[ Mfu]$u lp°e. Aphp Ïehlpfdp¨
rdgL$[_° Nufp° fpM_pf ÏeqL$[ S>° [° k¨ı\p_p k¨QpgL$
A\hp [p° L$dÆQpfu L°$ S>°_u `pk° rdgL$[_p° L$b≈° fl°gp°
lp°e R>° [°_° A°L$ ]°$rM[p dpguL$ L$lu iL$pe _lv. Ap
Ar^L$pf l°W$m aL$[ A°hu ÏeqL$[_° S> fnZ dmu iL°$ L°$ S>°
ÏeqL$[A° ep°¡e `yR>[pR> A_° [`pk L$fu dprgL$u lΩ$
≈Zhp dpV°$_u S>Í$fu k¨cpm gu^°gu S> lp°e A_° A°d
R>[p¨ rdgL$[_p Mfp dpguL$ A¨N° [°d_° Mfu ≈ZL$pfu
dm°g _p lp°e A_° [° k¨`yZÆ`Z° A°d dp_[p lp°e L°$ S>°
ÏeqL$[ [°d_p _pd° rdgL$[ [f]$ug L$f° R>° [° ÏeqL$[_° Apd
L$fhp_p° Mf°Mf Ar^L$pf R>°. Aphp L$p°B ]°$MpX$p `yf[p
dpguL$ `pk°\u iy›^ bys›^\u rdgL$[_° Nufp° g°_pf
ÏeqL$[_° OZue° hpf Ap L$gd_p° gpc Ap`hpdp¨ Aph°g
R>°. Ap L$gddp¨ rdgL$[_p iy›^ byr›^_p Mfu]$_pf_°
h°Q_pf kpd° Ar^L$pf_y¨ S>° fnZ dm° R>° [°dp¨\u dymc|[
b° dy]$p [pfhu iL$pe R>° S>° (A°) ep°¡e [L°$]$pfu/QuhV$
gu^°g lp°hu ≈°BA°. ep°¡e [L°$]$pfu, QuhV$_p° A\Æ A°hu
QuhV$ S> kpdpfie bys›^/ipZ`Z ^fph[p kpdpfie dpZk°
g°hu ≈°BA° A°d \pe R>°. iy›^ bys›^_p Mfu]$_pf° rdgL$[
Mfu]$[u hM[° rdgL$[_u Mfu dprgL$u A¨N_° u [`pk L$fhp
dpV°$_u ep°Ne QuhV$ g°hu ≈°BA° [°hu A`°np [°d_u `pk°\u
fpMhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. kpdpfie ^¨^p]$pfu ÏeqL$[ `pk°\u Aphu
S>Í$fu QuhV$ fpMhu A`°rn[ R>°. rdgL$[_u [b]$ugu
d°mh_pf ÏeqL$[ ‹pfp [b]$ugu Ap`_pf ÏeqL$[_u Aphu
k—p A¨N° A\hp rdgL$[_p Mfp dprgL$u lΩ$ A¨N°_u
123
ep° N e [`pk_u N° f lpS>fu lp° e , [p° Aphu [b]$ u gu
d°mh_pf ÏeqL$[_° L$gd-41 l°W$m fnZ dm[ÿ _\u. Ap
fnZ [b]$ugu d°mh_pf aº[ A°hu ÏeqL$[_° S> dm° R>°
S>°dZ° S>Í$fu [`pk L$peÆhplu L$f°g lp°hp R>[p¨ rdgL$[_p
Mfp dpguL$ A¨N° Mfu ≈ZL$pfu d°mhu iL°$g _ l[u A_°
[°dZ° A°hu dpfie[p\u S> A_° iy›^ bys›^\u Mfu]$u L$fg
°
lp°e L°$ S>° ÏeqL$[ [°Ap°_u [fa°Zdp¨ rdgL$[ [b]$ug L$f° R>°
[° ÏeqL$[ S> Mf°Mf rdgL$[_p Mfp dpguL$ R>°. (bu)
rhpk A_° ‚dprZL$[p (NyX$ a°B\) ep°¡e [L°$]$pfu/QuhV$
fpMhp A°V$gy S> aº[ `yf[y _\u, `f¨[y rhpk`p”[p,
Mfu]$_pf_u ‚dprZL$[p, kpfp° Apie `Z A°V$gp S>Í$fu
R>°. rdgL$[_u [b]$ugu d°mh_pf ÏeqL$[ dpV°$ A° S>Í$fu R>°
L°$ [°Ap°A° `∞dprZL$[p\u Ïehlpf L$f°g lp°e A_° [°_u
dpfie[p rhpk`|hÆL$ A°hu lp°e L°$ ]°$MpX$p `yf[p° (L$pNmp°
D`f_p°) S>° dpguL$ l[p° [° S> Mf°Mf Mfp° dprgL$ l[p°.
Ap\u h°Qpf ÏeqL$[ Mfp° dpguL$ R>° A°d dp_u L$p°B
ÏeqL$[_° ƒepf° dpguL$u lΩ$ d°mh° A_° [°dZ° L$fg
° [`pk
`Z [°d_u Ap dpfie[p_u `y[w L$f[u lp°e –epf° Aphu
ÏeqL$[_° Ap L$gd_y¨ fnZ dmu iL°$ R>°.
D]$plfZ - L°$k AÊepk :
gR>d_ rhÍ$›^ L$pguQf__p L°$kdp¨ "A°' _pd_u ÏeqL$[A°

[°d_p `s–__p _pd°\u rdgL$[ Mfu]$u_p° h°QpZ ]$ı[ph°S> L$fu A_°
`–_u_° rdgL$[_p dpguL$ [fuL°$ fSy> L$f°g l[p. S>°dp¨ A°hp°
DÎg°M `Z L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g l[p° L°$ Ap Mfu]$u dpV°$_p `•kp
124
[°Zu_p ı”u^_dp¨\u QyL$hhpdp¨ Aph°g l[p. "A°' _p d©–ey bp]$
[°d_p `–_uA° ‚r[hp]$u_° rdgL$[ h°Qg
° l[u S>°dZ° rL$̈d[ Q|L$hu_°
iy›^ bys›^\u Ap rdgL$[ Mfu]°$g l[u. "A°' _p `y” A° A°L$
hpfk]$pf [fuL°$ rdgL$[_p° L$b≈° `pR>p° d°mhhp dpV°$ ‚r[hp]$uAp°
kpd° L°$k dp¨X$°g l[p°. Ap L°$kdp¨ A°hy¨ W$fphhpdp¨ ApÏey l[y¨ L°$
[°d_° L$b≈° `y_: ‚p‡[ \B iL°$ _lv. L$p°V£$ A°hy¨ _ufunZ L$f°g
l[y.¨ `–_u_p _pd° h°QpZ ]$ı[ph°S> l°W$m rdgL$[ Mfu]$ L$fu_° Ap
ÏeqL$[_p r`[pA° N°f fSy>Ap[ L$fg
° l[u. S>°dp¨ [°dZ° A°d L$lg
°
l[y L°$ Mfu]$u_p _pZpA° [°d_u `–_u_y¨ ı”u^_ l[p [°dS> [°d_p
∆h_L$pm ]$fÁep_ `Z [°d_p [dpd ≈l°f [°dS> Mp_Nu
Ïehlpf/L$pep£dp¨ [°Ap°A° A°d S>Zph°g l[ÿ L°$ Ap rdgL$[ [°d_u
`–_u_u rdgL$[ l[u. Aphu fSy>Ap[ L$epÆ bp]$ S>°d r`[p_°
dpguL$u lΩ$ `f[ d°mhhp_p° L$p°B Ar^L$pf fl°[p° _ l[p° [°dS>
[°d_p hpfk]$pfp°_° `Z Aphp° Ar^L$pf g°i dp” fl°[p° _ l[p°.
idLy$dpf lzfiXy$ rhÍ$›^ ≈°_ A°fiX$ dpfuep d°Ω$hu__p L°$kdp¨,

r‚hu L$pDfikug_y¨ A°hy _ufunZ l[y¨ L°$ Ly$]$f[u fiepe_p° rk›^p¨[
kphÆr”L$ fu[° gpNy `X°$ R>°. S>°dp¨ A°L$ ÏeqL$[ ƒepf° Afie ÏeqL$[_°
rdgL$[_p dprgL$ [fuL°$ fSy> \hp_u R|>V$ Ap`° R>° A_° Aphp
]°$rM[p dprgL$ `pk°\u Afie ”u∆ ÏeqL$[ Aphu bu∆ ÏeqL$[
Mfp dprgL$ R>° A°d dp_u_° [°_° qL≠$d[ Q|L$hu_° rdgL$[ Mfu]$ L$f°
–epf° Aphu ‚\d ÏeqL$[ [°d_p° R|>`p° fl°gp° dprgL$ lL$ `f[
d°mhu iL°$ _lv. rkhpeL°$ [° A°hy¨ kprb[ L$fu iL°$ L°$ Mfu]$_pf
ÏeqL$[_p° Bfp]$p° iy›^ bys›^_p° _ l[p° A\hp Mfu]$_pf_° Mfp
dprgL$u lL$ A¨N_° u ≈Z \ep bp]$ `Z Mfu]$_pf° L$pB° [`pk L$fg
°
_ l[u A_° Aphy ]$ipÆhu_° [° Mfu]$_pf_° ≈° ]y$f lX$k°gu iL°$ [p°
125
[°_p° dprgL$u lL$ [° `y_: ‚p‡[ L$fu iL°$.
(2) A_Ar^L©$[ ÏeqL[ ‹pfp L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g [b]$ugu bp]$

Aphu ÏeqL[ Aphu ı\phf rdgL$[_u [b]$ugu L$fhp dpV°$
Ar^L©$[ b_° [p° [° kpd°_p° Ar^L$pf.
V≤$pfikaf Ap°a ‚p°`V$w A°L$V$-1882 _u L$gd-43 dp¨

Ar^L$pf_u QQpÆ L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°. S>°dp¨ A°d L$l° R>° L°$
ƒepf° A°L$ ÏeqL[ (R>°[ft`X$u\u A\hp) cyg\u `Z A°hu
fSy>Ap[ L$f° L°$ AdyL$ ı\phf rdgL$[_u [b]$ugu L$fhp
dpV°$_p° [°d_u `pk° k—p/Ar^L$pf R>° A_° Ah°S> gB_° ep
rdgL$[_u [b]$ugu L$fhp_y¨ ≈l°f L$f° A_° Aphu [b]$ugu
L$f_pf crhÛedp¨ A_° ƒep¨ kyû h°QpZ L$fpf fl°gp° lp°e
–ep¨ kyû Aphu rdgL$[_p `pR>m\u lL$]$pf b_° –epf° `Z
D`f ‚dpZ°_u Mp°V$u fSy>Ap[\u [b]$ugu\u d°mh_pf
ÏeqL[_p _pd° rdgL$[ [b]$ug \B lp°e [° [°_u B√R>p_°
Apr^_ flu_° `pR>m\u lL$]$pf b__pf [b]$ug L$f_pf
kpd° `p°[p_p° Ar^L$pf S>dphu iL°$ R>°. A°L$ D]$plfZ ≈°BA°
[p°.. "A' _pd_u rlfi]y$ ÏeqL[ [°d_p r`[p "bu' \u
AgN \B A_° "ku' _pd_u ÏeqL[_° ”Z M°[f "A°L$k',
"hpe' A_° "T°X$' h°Q° R>° A_° –epf° [° A°hu fSy>Ap[ L°$f
R>° L°$ Ap rdgL$[_p° [b]$ug L$fhp_p° [d_° Ar^L$pf R>°.
Ap ”Z M°[fdp¨\u "T°X$' M°[f "A°' _u dpguL$u_ÿ _\u.
L$pfZ L°$ r`[p `y” Sy>]$p \hp\u r`[p "bu' A° Ap
M°[f_u dpguL$u fpM°g l[u `f¨[y r`[p "bu' _y¨ d©–ey
\hp\u hpfk]$pf [fuL°$ `y” A° "T°X$' M°[f `Z d°mh° R>°.
126
Ap M°[f Mfu]$_pf "ku' A° h°QpZ L$fpf f]$ L$fg
° _ lp°e
[° "A°' `pk°\u Ap h°QpZ L$fpf_p Ap^pf° Ap S>du_
d°mhhp lΩ$]$pf b_° R>°. Ap L$gddp¨ iy›^ byr›^_p
Mfu]$_pf_° Ap L$gd l°W$m R>°[ft`X$u\u A\hp cyg
(if[QyL$\u) Mfu]$_pf kdn A°hu fS|>Ap[ L$f_pf ÏeqL[
L°$ [° rdgL$[_u [b]$ugu L$fhp dpV°$ k¨`Z
| Æ `Z° Ar^L©$[ R>°
A_° kp\° kp\° A°d `Z ≈l°f L$f° R>° L°$, [° Ah°S> gB_°
rdgL$[ [b]$ug L$fu Apì° A_° h°QpZp° A°L$ L$fpf L$f° R>°
`f¨[y lL$uL$[dp¨ [°hp kde° [° `p°[° ı\phf rdgL$[_u
[b]$ugu L$fhp dpV°$ Ar^L©$[ _\u lp°[u `f¨[y –epf bp]$
crhÛedp¨ L$p°B`Z L$pfZkf [° S> rdgL$[ [b]$ug L$fhp
dpV°$ Ar^L©$[ b_° [°hu ÏeqL[ kpd° Ap L$gddp¨ Mfu]$_pf_°
Ar^L$ p f Ap`hpdp¨ Aph° g R>° `f¨ [ y iy › ^ by s ›^_p
Mfu]$_pf S>° S>° Ar^L$pf ‚p‡[ \pe R>° [°_p° A¨≈d A° R>°
L°$, [b]$ugu L$f_pf ÏeqL[ [° S> ı\phf rdgL$[ D`f Ap
h°QpZ L$fpf A\hp [b]$ugu L$fpf f]$ \pe [° `l°gp
L$p°B`Z ‚L$pf° rl[ d°mh° –epf° [°dZ° A_Ar^L©$[ fu[°
L$fg
° [b]$ugu Akfful[ A\hp f]$ \hp `p” _\u b_[u
`f¨[y Mfu]$_pf_u B√R>p S>° Apr^_ [b]$ugu AdgL$pfu fl°
R>°. rkhpe L°$ [° `l°gp Ap h°QpZ L$fpf f]$ \e°g lp°e.
Ap L$gd l°W$m Aphy fnZ Ap`hp dpV°$_ÿ L$pfZ A\hp [°
l°W$m_p° rk›^p¨[ ""luX≤$vN û A°ıV$p°`Îk'' _p ky” D`f
Ap^pfu[ R>°. A°V$g° L°$ Mfu]$_pf_° dprgL$u lΩ$ d°mhp dpV°$
S>° ‚r[b¨^p° A\hp Ahfp°^p° _X$[p lp°e [°_u `y[w L$fu
Ap`hp D`f Ap^pqf[ R>°. Ap L$gddp¨ R>°[ft`X$u A\hp
127
cyg\u `Z [b]$ugu L$f_pf D`f iy›^ byr›^_p Mfu]$_pf
[fa° rhhp]$hpmu rdgL$[ kp¢ù ]°$hp_u S>° S>hpb]$pfu
_p¨Mhpdp¨ Aph°g R>° [° A°ıV$p°`Îk (‚r[b¨^, rhb¨^_)
_p rk›^p¨[ D`f Ap^pqf[ R>°. Ap rk›^p¨[ Ap¨riL$ fu[°
kpdpfie L$p_|__p "A°ıV$p°`g' _p rk›^p¨[ D`f A_°
Ap¨qiL$ fu[° fiepe A° rk›^p¨[ D`f Ap^pfu[ R>° L°$ A°L$
ÏeqL[ ƒepf° [°_u iqL$[/Ar^L©$[[p blpf_p° ÏeÏlpf
L$fhp_y¨ ƒepf° hQ_ Ap`° –epf° crhÛedp¨ ƒepf° [° Aphp°
Ïehlpf L$fhp dpV°$ iqL$[dp_/Ar^L©$[ b_° –epf° [°dZ°
‚\d L$f°gp L$fpf_u `y[w L$fu Ap`hp_u fl° R>°d. Alv
ApNm ""gp° Ap°a A°ıV$p°`g'' (‚r[b¨^/rhb¨^__p°
L$p_|_) rdgL$[ [b]$ug L$f_pf ƒepf° hpı[rhL$ fu[°
crhÛedp¨ rdgL$[_p° Mfp° dpguL$ b_° –epf° [° ı\phf
rdgL$[_u kp¢`Zu iy›^ bys›^_p Mfu]$_pf_° L$fu Ap`hp_u
afS> `pX°$ R>°.
fpS>`pºk° rh. a_pfiX$p°_p L°$kdp¨ r‚hu L$pDfikug°

A°d L$lu_° A°ıV$p°`g_p° r_ed gpNy `pX°$g l[p° L°$ S>du_
Ap`_pf° S>° [° kde° S>du_ [°d_u dpguL$u_u lp°hp R>[p¨
Ap`°g lp°e A_° –epfbp]$ Ap`_pf D—fp°—f Ap S>du__u
dpguL$u_p° gpc d°mh° [p° Ap gpc Ap`p°Ap` ‚\d
Mfu]$_pf_° dm° R>° A\hp kpdpfie fu[° [°_° "luX$k û
A°ıV$p`
° g' (A°ıV$p`
° g_u `y[w L$fu) A°d L$lh° pdp¨ Aph° R>°.
Ap Ar^L$pf ◊Y$ fu_° Ap `l°gp_p Ar^L$pf kp\° k¨L$mpe°g
R>° A_° [°_u QQpÆ L$gd-43 dp¨ L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°. S>°dp¨
A°d L$l°g R>° L°$ iy›^ bys›^_p A_° Ah°S> Apù_°
128
[b]$ugu d°mh_pf_° Aphp Ïehlpf_p Ası[–h_u ≈Z _p
lp°e [p° `Z Ap L$gd_u L$p°B`Z ≈°NhpB\u V≤$pfikafu_p
Ar^L$pf D`f L$p°B bp^ Aphi° _lu. (A°V$g° L°$ [°_p°
Ar^L$pf Abpr^[ fl°i°.) A° bpb[_u _p¢^ g°hp_u fl°
R>° L°$ L$gd-43 dp¨ A°hu `Z ≈°NhpB R>° L°$ A°L$ ÏeqL[
R>°[ft`X$u\u ƒepf° V≤$pfikafu kdn A°hu fSy>Ap[ L$f° L°$ S>°
[° rdgL$[_p° [° Mfp° dpguL$ R>° A_° Ap\u [° rdgL$[
[b]$ug L$fu Ap`hp_y¨ ≈l°f L$f° A_° Aphu fSy>Ap[_°
dp_u gB akpB S>B Mfu]$_pf h°Q_pf kp\° h°QpZ L$f° g°
–epf° Aphp qL$ıkpdp¨ h° Q _pf ƒepf° D—fp° — f Ap
qdgL$[_p° dpguL$ b_° A_° Mfu]$_pf ‹pfp [°_p° dpguL$u
lΩ$ dp¨Nhp A¨N°_p° ]$php° L$fhpdp¨ Aph° –epf° Ap rdgL$[
Mfu]$_pf_° kp¢ù ]°$hp dpV°$ [°_u [fa°Zdp¨ [b]$ugu L$fu
Ap`hp dpV°$ h°Q_pf L$p_|_u fu[° b¨^pe°gp° R>°. Alv ApNm
A° dy]π$p° _p¢^hp° S>Í$fu R>° L°$, h°Q_pf S>°hp° Ap qdgL$[_p°
dpguL$ b_° –epf° Mfu]$_pf° [yf¨[ S> Ap rdgL$[ dpV°$_p°
]$php° L$fu ]°$hp° ≈°BA° `f¨[y ≈° [yf¨[ S> ]$php° L$fhpdp¨ [°
r_Ûam ≈e A_° A° ]$frdep_dp¨ h°Q_pf Afie L$pB° iy›^
bys›^_p Mfu]$_pf_p _pd° rdgL$[ V≤$pfikaf L$fu _p¨M° S>°_°
Ap `l°gp \e°g Ïehlpf_u ≈Z _p lp°e [p° Ap `l°gp_p
Mfu]$_pf ]$php L$fu iL$[p _\u. L$pfZ L°$ L$p_y_u ◊rÙ$A° [°
dp°X$p \e°g R>°. Ap\u Ap Ar^L$pf Ah°S> QyL$hu_° rdgL$[
g°_pf iy›^ byr›^_p Mfu]$_pf dpV°$ R>°. S>°_° Ap ‚\d
\e°g [b]$ugu_p Ïehlpf_u ≈Z _\u A_° [° [°_p
L$pe]°$kf_p lL$_p Ap^pf° Ap rdgL$[ Mfu]°$ R>° A_° Ap
129
fu[° ‚\d V≤$pfikafu bp°_papBX$ Mfu]$_pf lp°hp R>[p¨ [°_p
Ar^L$pf_° [° Ahfp°û ]°$ R>°. Ap\u L$gd-43 dp¨ S>° QQpÆ
L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g R>° [° Ar^L$pfp°_p A`hp]$Í$` R>°.
D]$plfZ- L°$k AÊepk :
_pfpeZQ¨]$ ipl rh. r]$`pgu dyMf∆_p L°$kdp¨ `y”A°

rdgL$[ lSy> [°d_p r`[p_p _pd° lp°hp R>[p¨ V≤$pfikaf L$fu. rdgL$[
Mfu]$_pf Ap lL$uL$[\u hpL°$a l[p –epf bp]$ r`[p d©–ey `pÁep
A_° `y” Ap rdgL$[_p kl dpguL$ bfiep. A]$pg[° A°hÿ W$fpÏeÿ
L°$ f°L$XÆ$ D`f A°hp° L$p°B `yfphp° _\u S>°dp¨ `y”A° A°hy¨ L$\_ Lf°g
lp°e L°$ rdgL$[ [°d_u dpguL$u_u R>°. h°QpZ L$fhp dpV°$_u
Ar^L©$[[p A¨N° L$p°B fSy>Ap[ L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g _\u. Ap\u Aphu
rdgL$[ Mfu]$ L$fhu [° A°L$ kd∆_° (A\hp R>m-L$`V$\u)
kpd°gNufu L$fg
° p° Ïehlpf l[p°. Mfu]$_pf_° ƒepf° k–e lL$uL$[_u
≈Z l[u –epf° [°_° L$pB° A°ıV$p`
° g_p° gpc dmu iL°$ _lv. Ap\u
Mfu]$_pf_p Ar^L$pf_° fnZ dm[y¨ _\u L$pfZ L°$ [° iy›^ bys›^_p°
Mfu]$_pf _ l[p°. fpS>`pL$k° rh. a_pfiX$p_° p L°$kdp¨ r‚hu L$pDfikug°
"A°ıV$p`
° g' _p r_ed_° A° fu[° gpNy L$fg
° l[p° L°$ S>du_ Ap`_pf°
S>° [° kde° S>du_ [°d_u dpguL$u_u _p lp°hp R>[p¨ Ap`°g lp°e
A_° –epfbp]$ Ap`_pf D—fp°—f Ap S>du__u dpguL$u_p° gpc
d°mh° [p° Ap gpc Ap`p°Ap` ‚\d Mfu]$_pf_° dm° R>° A\hp
kpdpfie fu[° [°_° "auak û A°ıV$p°`g' (A°ıV$p°`g_u `y[w L$f°
R>°) A°d L$lh° pdp¨ Aph° R>°.
(3) nr[N∞ı[ dpguL$u lL$ l°W$m rdgL$[ Mfu]$_pf iy›^

bys›^_p Mfu]$_pf ‹pfp ky^pfZp l°W$m hm[f d°mhhp_p°
Ar^L$pf.
130
Ap Ar^L$pf_u QQpÆ V≤$pfikaf Ap°a ‚p°`V$w A°L$V$-1882 _u
L$gd-51 dp¨ L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g R>° A_° [°dp¨ A°d L$l° R>° L°$
Mfu]$_pf ı\phf rdgL$[dp¨ iy›^ bys›^\u [°d_° [°d L$fhp
Ar^L$pf R>° A°d dp_u_° ky^pfpAp° L$f° A_° –epf bp]$ Afie L$pB°
ÏeqL[ S>°_° `pk° Ap rdgL$[ A¨N°_p° bl°[f dpguL$u lL$ lp°e [°
Mfu]$_pf `pk°\u Aphu rdgL$[ Mpgu L$fph°/L$b≈° R>p°X$ph° [p°
Mfu]$_pf_° Aphu ÏeqL[ `pk°\u [°Z° L$fg
° ky^pfpAp°_ÿ dyÎe NZu
[° d°mhhp_p° Ar^L$pf fl° R>° A\hp [p° Ap ”u∆ ÏeqL[
Mfu]$_pf_° b≈f cph° [°d_y¨ rl[ hl¢Qu Ap`° [° dpV°$_p° `Z
Ar^L$pf fl° R>° A_° S>° dpV°$ `R>u ky^pfp_p dyÎe_° ›ep_dp¨ g°hp_y¨
fl°[y¨ _\u. Ap L$gd AdyL$ S>du__p Mfu]$_pf_u d]$]$ L$f° R>°.
S>°dp¨ Mfu]$_pf Ap S>du__u rdgL$[ D`f iy›^ bys›^\u `f¨[y
Mp°V$u dpfie[p\u A°d dp_u_° ky^pfp L$f° R>° L°$ Ap rdgL$[ D`f
[°d_° Qp°øMp° dpguL$u lL$ R>°. –epf bp]$ Ap rdgL$[ D`f
Qp°øMp° dprgL$u lL$ ^fph_pf ÏeqL[ ‹pfp Ap iy›^ bys›^_p
Mfu]$ _ pf `pk° \ u L$ b ≈° Mpgu L$ f phhpdp¨ Aph° [p° Aphp
Mfu]$_pf_° [°dZ° iy›^ bys›^\u L$f°gp [dpd ky^pfpAp° b]$g
hm[f_p° ]$php° L$fhp_p° Ar^L$pf fl° R>°. ÏeqL[ ƒepf° iy›^
rhpk\u rdgL$[ Mfu]$ L$f° A_° –epfbp]$ A°d dp_° R>° L°$ lh°
Ap rdgL$[_p [° Mfp dpguL$ bfiep R>° [p° Aphu ÏeqL[_° Ap
rdgL$[dp¨ ky^pfpAp° L$fhp_p° Qp°Ω$k`Z° Ar^L$pf R>°, `f¨[y
hpı[rhL$ lL$uL$[° [°d_p° dpguL$u lΩ$ iy›^ _p lp°e A_° –epf bp]$
iy›^ dpguL$u lL$ ^fph_pf ÏeqL[ ‹pfp [°d_u `pk°\u L$b≈°
R>p°X$phhpdp¨ Aph° [p° Mfu]$_pf nr[N∞ı[ dpguL$u lL$ l°W$m iy›^
131
bys›^\u qdgL$[dp¨ [°dZ° S>° ky^pfpAp° L$fph°g R>° [° b]$g
hm[f d°mhhp_p [°d_p Ar^L$pf_u fSy>Ap[ L$fu iL°$ R>° A_° [°
hm[f ky^pfp_u S>° [° kde_u b≈f qL≠$d[ bfpbf fl°hÿ ≈°BA°
`f¨[y ÏeqL[ ƒepf° A°hu ≈ZL$pfu\u ky^pfpAp° L$fph° L°$ [°d_° Ap
rdgL$[ D`f L$p°B Ar^L$pf L°$ V$pBV$g _\u –epf° [° Aphp
ky^pfpAp° b]$g_y¨ hm[f d°mhhp dpV°$ lL$]$pf b_[p° _\u. L$gd-
51 l°W$m_p° Ap Ar^L$pf ""lu lz kuºk BºhuV$u dıV$ Xy$ BºhuV$u'
_p ky” D`f Ap^pfu[ R>°. S>°_p° A\Æ ı`Ù$ R>° L°$ "S>° ÏeqL[
fiepe dp¨N° [°dZ° fiepe Ap`hp° `Z ≈°BA°. Ap\u L$p°B Afie
ÏeqL[_p MQ£ ‚\d ÏeqL[_° dpg]$pf b_hp_u R>yV$ _ dmu iL°$.
Ap_p° A\Æ A°d \ep° L°$ [d° L$p°B`Z b°_pdu]$pf ÏeqL[ `pk°\u
iy›^ bys›^_p ApÓe\u A_° rhpk\u rdgL$[ Mfu]$p° –epf°
Qp°Ω$k`Z° [d° [°dp¨ [d° Nd° [°hp ky^pfpAp° L$fu iL$p° R>p° –epf
bp]$ Afie L$p°B ÏeqL[ [°_p dprgL$u lΩ$_p Ap^pf° rdgL$[_p°
L$b≈° d°mhhp_u L$pr° ij L$f° –epf° ky^pfpAp°_p° MQÆ QyL$hu_° S> [°
Apd L$fu iL°$ Ap\u S>° ÏeqL[ fiepreL$ sı\r[_u dp¨NZu L$f° [°dZ°
ky ^ pfpAp° _ u S>° [° kde_u b≈f qL¨ $ d [_y ¨ hm[f Qy L $ h u_°
kpdphpmu ÏeqL[_° fiepreL$ sı\r[ Ap`hu ≈°BA°. iy›^ byr›^_p
Mfu]$_pf ≈° [° (A°) dpguL$u lL$ d°mÏep_p ]$ph° L$b≈° ^fph[p
lp°e (bu) [°_p° Aphp° L$b≈° [°_u A°hu ‚dprZL$ dpfie[p D`f
Ap^pqf[ lp°e L°$ [°dZ° Mfp dpguL$ `pk°\u Qp°øMp° dprgL$u lΩ$
d°mh°g R>° A_° (ku) [°_u Aphu ‚dprZL$ dpfie[p lp°hu ≈°BA°
L°$ k]$flz¨ rdgL$[ A¨N° [°dZ° Qp°øMp° dpguL$u lL$ d°mh°g R>° A_°
lh° [° [°_p° dpguL$ R>u°. [°hu D`f_u Ap ”Z if[p°_y¨ `qf`|ZÆ
L$f[p lp°e [p° hm[f dpV°$_p° [°d_° Ar^L$pf dm° R>°. Ap\u L$gd-
132
51 l°W$m A`pe°g Ar^L$pf_p° bQph g°hp dpV°$ D`f_u if[p°
`qf`|ZÆ \[u lp°hu ≈°BA° A_° Ap L$pe]$p_u ≈°NhpB_p° rk›^p¨[
A°hp° R>° L°$ L$pB° `Z ÏeqL[ Afie ÏeqL[_p MQ£ dpg]$pf b_u iL°$
_lv A_° `fuZpd Í$`° ‚r[hp]$uA° ƒepf° rhpk`|hÆL$ iy›^
bys›^_p S>du__p L$bS>°]$pf [fuL°$ A_° S>du_ [°d_u dpguL$u_u R>°
[°hu dpfie[p\u ky^pfpAp° L$fph°g lp°e –epf° hp]$u L°$ S>°_° Ap
MQÆ_p° gpc dm[p° lp°e A_° Ap MQÆ L$fhp\u rdgL$[_u qL≠$d[
hû NB lp°e [p° [°dZ° ‚r[hp]$u_° Ap MQÆ_y¨ hm[f Ap`hy¨
≈°BA°. Ap\u ÏeqL[ ƒepf° iy›^ bys›^_u dpfie[p ^fph[u lp°e
–epf° [°dZ° L$gd-51 _p° gpc dmu iL°$. Ad°fuL$_ bpùıV$
ap°f°_ dui_ kp°kpeV$u rh. ‚[pcufpd•ep_p L°$kdp¨ A]$pg[° A°hy¨
W$fph°g L°$ iy›^ bys›^, rhpk_p° dy]$πp° Mfu]$_pfA° `yfhpf L$fhp_p°
fl° R>°.
D]$plfZ - L°$k AÊepk :
fpdi°_ rhÍ$›^ X$pei__p L°$kdp¨ A]$pg[° A°hy¨ W$fph°gy¨ L°$

dpfu S>du_ D`f L$pB° A≈Œep° ÏeqL[ iy›^ bys›^\u [° S>du_
[°d_u R>° [°d dp_u_° bp¨^L$pd iÍ$ L$f° A_° [°dZ° L$f°g cyg
›ep_dp¨ Aphhp R>[p¨ lz¨ [° cyg ky^pfu g°hp\u ]y$f flz A_° [°
ÏeqL[_° [°d_u cyg Qpgy fpMhp ]$D [p° –epf bp]$ Ap S>du_
[°d_u R>° A°d dp_u_° L$pB° ÏeqL[A° [°_p D`f MQÆ L$fg
° lp°e [p°
fiepe_u A]$ p g[ Ap S>du_ D`f d_° dpfp° dprgL$ u lL$
ı\p`hp_u Ry>V$ Apì° _lu.
S>lp¨Nuf b°Nd rh. Nygpd Agu Ald]$_p L°$kdp¨ f°L$XÆ$

D`f hp]$uA° ‚r[hp]$u_° gM°gp° A°L$ `” l[p° S>°dp¨ [°dZ°
133
S>Zph°g l[ÿ L°$ lz̈ 1335 dp¨ _pkufepf S>¨N_° S>du_ h°Qhp dpV°$
k¨d[ l[p° A_° [°dp¨ L$l°g l[y¨ L°$ Ap kldr[ ‚r[hp]$u _pd\u
aL$[ _pd `yf[u S> l[u A_° h°QpZ hp]$u_u [fa°Zdp¨ ‚r[hp]$uA°
L$fhp_ÿ l[ÿ. A]$pg[ ‹pfp A°hÿ W$fphhpdp¨ Aph°g l[ÿ L°$ ‚r[hp]$u
rhpk\u iy›^ bys›^\u A°d dp_[p l[p L°$ [°Ap° qdgL$[_p
lL$]$pf R>°.
gˇdu‚kp]$ rh. gˇdu_pfpeZ_p L°$kdp¨ A°L$ rlfi]y$ r`[pA°

[°d_u My]$_u l°kue[ A_° [°_p `y”_p hpgu_u l°kue[ b¨_
l°kue[\u këyL$[ `qfhpf_u rdgL$[_p° h°QpZ ]$ı[ph°S> L$f°g.
`y”A° rdgL$[ `pR>u d°mhhp dpV°$_p° ]$php° dp¨X$Èp° A]$pg[_ÿ A°hÿ
[pfZ ApÏeÿ L°$ h°QpZ dpV°$_u L$p°B S>Í$qfep[ _ l[u. L$gd-51
_u ≈° N hpB gpNy `pX$ [ p A]$ p g[° A° h y ¨ A\Æ O V$ _ L$ f ° g L° $
""bp°_papBX$'' A_° ""NyXa°B\'' _p dy]$πpAp°dp¨ ""Ap°_°ıV$u''
(‚dpZuL$[p) `Z Aphu ≈e R>° A_° Ap\u hp]$u_° hm[f QyL$hu
Ap`hp dpV°$ S>hpb]$pf W°$fhhpdp¨ Aph°g l[p.
L°$]$pf_p\ rh. dp\ygpg_p L°$kdp¨ A°L$ rlfi]y$ rh›hpA°

rdgL$[ h°Qu S>°dp¨ [°ZuA° aL$[ A°L$ rh›hp [fuL°$_p° S> L$p_|_u
L$peÆhplu rh_p_p° rdgL$[_p° Ar^L$pf l[p°. Ap rdgL$[ `pR>u
d°mh_pf L°$ S>°_p L$l°hp\u h°QpZ_° f]$ L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g l[y¨ [°_p
D`f A° afS> gp]$hpdp¨ Aph°g l[u L°$ [°dZ° Mfu]$_pf_° [°dZ°
L$fg
° p¨ ky^pfpAp° b]$g_ÿ hm[f Apù ]°$h.ÿ
rlfpgpg rh. Np°f^__p L°$kdp¨ A]$pg[° ı`Ù$`Z° S>ZpÏeÿ

L°$ Ap Ar^L$pf Mfu]$_pf_° aL$[ hm[f d°mhhp dpV°$_p lL$]$pf
b_phhp dpV°$ S> R>°. Ap L$gddp¨ Mp°V$u fu[° ]$pMg \B S>hp
134
dp¨N[p lp°e [°hp gp°L$p° Ap L$gd_p Ïep`dp¨\u blpf R>°. Ap
L°$kdp¨ ""A°'' _pd_u ÏeqL$[A° A°L$ kNuf he_u ÏeqL$[_u rdgL$[
[°d_p Mfp A_° hpı[rhL$ hpgu `pk°\u A°hu dpfie[p\u Mfu]$
L$fu L°$ [° hpgu_° hl¢Qhp_p° Ar^L$pf R>°. Ap kNuf ‹pfp ""A°''
`pk°\u rdgL$[ ƒepf° Mpgu L$fphhpdp¨ Aphu –epf° Mfu]$_pf_°
hm[f_p° Ar^L$pf dm[p° l[p°.
(4) rdgL$[ [b]$ug L$f_pf ƒepf° [°d_p g°Z]$pfp°_° R>°[fhp dpV°$

A\hp ]° $ Z pdp¨ rhg¨ b _p¨ M hp dpV° $ iy › ^ by s ›^_p
Mfu]$ _ pf_p _pd° rdgL$ [ [b]$ u g L$ f ° –epf° Aphp
Mfu]$_pf_p° Ar^L$pf.
Ap Ar^L$pf_u QQpÆ V$u.ù.A°L$V$_u L$gd-53 dp¨ L$fhpdp¨

Aph°g R>° A_° [° b° rhcpNdp¨ R>° (A°) 53(1) A_° (bu)
53(2).
(A°) iy›^ byr›^_p¨ Mfu]$_pf_p Ap Ar^L$pf_° L$gd-

53(1) dp¨ kdprhÙ$ L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°. S>°dp¨
A°d L$l° R>° L°$, S>¨Nu fL$d_y¨ ]°$hy¨ ^fph[u ÏeqL$[
‹pfp Ah°S> gB_° iy›^ byr›^_p Mfu]$_pf A_°
S>°d_° Ap lL$uL$[ rhi° ≈Z lp°e [°d_p _pd\u
rdgL$[ [b]$ug L$fhpdp¨ Aph° A_° [°dp¨ h°Q_pf_p°
Bfp]$p° [°d_p g°Z]$pfp°_° R>°[fhp_p° A\hp ]°$œ
rhg¨bdp¨ _p¨Mhp_u lp°e [p° Aphp iy›^ bys›^_p
Mfu]$_pf_p rdgL$[ D`f_p Ar^L$pf D`f L$p°B
Ahfp°^ _X$[p° _\u `f¨[y h°Q_pf A_° Mfu]$_pf b¨_°
k¨ù_° g°Z]$pf_° R>°[fhp dpV°$ A\hp ]°$œ¨ rhg¨bdp¨
135
_p¨Mhp dpV°$ Aphp° Ïehlpf L$f° –epf° Mfu]$_pf_°
Ap Ar^L$pf_p° bQph g°hpdp¨\u fp°L$hpdp¨ Aphi°
A_° g°Z]$pfp°_p rl[dp¨ A_° [°Ap°_p rhL$Î`° Ap
Ïehlpf f]$ `p” \B iL$i° `f¨[y [°dp¨ A° S>Í$fu R>°
L°$ Aphp° ]$php° ‚r[r_r^_u Í$A°\u L$fhpdp¨ Aph°
A\hp [p° [dpd g°Z]$pfp°_p gpc dpV°$ L$fhpdp¨
Aph°.
Apd, cp• r –L$ hl° h pfp° d p¨ by r ›îpmu dp_h `pk° \ u

kphQ°[u, kph^p_u A_° dprl[u_u A`°np fpMhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.
dprl[u `p°[p_p rl[dp¨ d°mhhu [° afS> R>° A_° Aphu dprl[u S>°
iL°$ [°d lp°e [° ‚p‡[ _ L$fu_° hl°hpfdp¨ D[f_pf iy›^ bys›^_p°
Mfu]$_pf L$lu iL$pe _lv.''
ı\phf rdgL$[dp¨ rl[ ^fph_pf ÏeqL$[_u Ïeº[ A\hp

NrcÆ[ k¨dr[\u L$pB° ÏeqL$[ L$pB° rdgL$[_u ◊Ìe rdgL$[ lp°e A_°
[° ÏeqL$[ Aphu rdgL$[_ÿ lı[p¨[f Ah°S> gB_° L$f° [p° Mfu]$_pf
iy›^bys›^_p° æ°$[p b_° R>°. iy›^bys›^\u hl°hpf L$fg
° lp°e [p° A°
iy›^bys›^_p° hl°hpf kyfrn[ R>°. d|m dpguL$_° [°dp¨ hp¨^p° g°hp_p°
Ar^L$pf _\u.
≈° L$p°B ÏeqL$[ lı[p¨[f f]$ L$fhp_p° Ar^L$pf A_pd[

fpMu rdgL$[ lı[p¨[f L$f° A_° `R>u\u Ah°S> gB_° [°_ÿ lı[p¨[f
bu∆ ÏeqL$[ ‚–e° L$f° [p° bu≈° Mfu]$_pf iy›^bys›^\u lı[p¨[f\u
rdgL$[ ‚p‡[ L$f° R>°.
136
3.5.2 rb_r_hpku cpf[ue - ı\phf rdgL$[ Mfu]$u A¨N° :
S>° cpf[ue _pNfuL$ R>° `f¨[y cpf[_u blpf fl° R>° [°

rdgL$[ ‚p‡[/Mfu]$u iL°$ R>° _lv L°$ M°[u_u S>du_/‡gpfiV°$i_/
apdÆ lpDk.
bu_ r_hpku cpf[ue ÏeqL$[ Aphu rdgL$[_y¨ lı[p¨[f L$fu

iL°$ R>° L°$ S>°dp¨ M°[u_u S>du_/‡gpfiV°$i_/apdÆ lpDk hN°f° _
lp°e.
S>° cpf[ue _pNfuL$ lp°e `f¨[y blpf fl°[u lp°e [°Ap°...
- cpf[ue dym_u ÏeqL$[ L°$ S>° blpf fl°[u lp°e.
- A°hu ÏeqL$[ L°$ S>° cpf[dp¨ fl°[u lp°e [°_° D`f ]$ipÆh°g
rdgL$[_y¨ h°QpZ L°$ Afie fu[° lı[p¨[f L$fu _ iL°$.
rb_r_hpku cpf[ue lp°e [°hu ÏeqL$[ D`fp°L$[ qdgL$[p°

[°_° hpfkpdp¨ dmu lp°e [p° [° cpf[dp¨ L$pedu hkhpV$ L$f[u lp°e
[°hu ÏeqL$[_° S> dp” Aphu hpfkpdp¨ dm°g rdgL$[_y¨ h°QpZ L$fu
iL°$ R>°.
Apd, rb_r_hpku cpf[ue ‹pfp S>° L$p¨B`Z ı\phf

rdgL$[_° A_yk¨^p_° Mfu]$-h°QpZ_p Ïehlpfp° L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°
[°dp¨ qfThÆ b¢L$_u ]°$Mf°M fl° [° dpV°$ `p_L$pXÆ$ _ lp°e [°hp
qL$ıkpdp¨ ap°dÆ _¨.60 cfhp_y¨ fl° R>° [°dp¨ Ap`°g rdgL$[_u rhN[
[\p Mfu]$_pf-h°Q_pf_p _pd S>Zphhp_p fl° R>° S>°\u L$fu_° [°hp
\e°gp Ïehlpf_° ≈Zu iL$pe.
ƒepf° `Z ı\phf rdg[ cpf[dp¨ lp°e A_° L$p°B`Z

‚L$pf_p X$pº° eydfi° V$k [° `nL$pf ‹pfp –ep¨_u A°Áb°ku Í$bÍ$dp¨ klu
137
\B_° rh]°$i\u `f[ Aph° –epf° S>° [° ∆Îgp_p L$gL° $V$f L$Qf° udp¨ [°
]$ı[ph°S>_p ıV°$Á` X$ÈVy $u A¨N° Ap°\fi£ V$uL°$i_ S>Í$fu b_u ≈e R>°.
3.5.33
3.5. Ly$gdyM–epf _pdp_p Ap^pf° Mfu]$-h°QpZ \[u ı\phf
rdgL$[p° rhi° :
`phf Ap°a A°V$_w A¨N_° p° L$pe]$p° kdN∞ cpf[° (S>Ády A_°

L$pÌduf fpƒe rkhpe) gpNy `X$i°. `phf Ap°a A°V$_w A°L$V$
1882 Ap Ar^r_ed 1 gu d° 1882 \u Adgdp¨ ApÏep° R>°.
kde_u dp¨N dyS>b A°L$\u h^y hM[ ky^pfhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°. Ap
ApW$ L$gd_p° Vÿ$L$p° L$pe]$p° R>°.
A\Æ :-
L$gd-1(A° ) dy S >b Ïepøep : ""Ap L$pe]$pdp¨

Ly$gdyM–epfdp¨ (`phf Ap°a A°V$_uÆ) Mpk ÏeqL$[_° iqL$[dp_ _
b_ph[y¨ L$p°B kp^__p° kdph°i \pe R>°. S>° [° L$f_pf ÏeqL$[_p
_pddp¨ A_° [°d_p h[u L$peÆ L$fhp q_q]Æ$Ù$ ÏeqL$[_° iqL$[dp_
b_ph° R>°.'')
`phf Ap°a A°V$_w_p ‚L$pf :
(1) S>_fg `phf Ap°a A°V$_w : S>_fg `phf Ap°a A°V$_w A°V$g°
S>° L$©–ep° L$fhp dpV°$ L$pe]°$kf fu[° L$fhp lL$]$pf lp°e [°hp
[dpd L©$–ep° h°`pf, ^¨^p°, b¢L$ Mp[p Mp°gphhp, b¨^
L$fphhp, rdgL$[p° hkphhu, h°Qhu A°hu fu[° A_°L$ L©–ep°
dpV°$ S>° `phf Ap°a A°V$_w L$lh° pe [°_° S>_fg `phf Ap°a
A°V$_w L$lh° pe A_° [dpd L$pddp¨ S>°_p° Dèp°N \B iL°$.
V|$̈L$dp¨ Ap ‚L$pf_p Ly$gdyM–epf `”_p° Dèp°N L$fhpdp¨ [°_u
138
V≥$ L$p`
° u Qpg° R>° Akg ]°$hu `X$[u _\u.
(2) ı`°rieg `phf Ap°a A°V$_w : L$pB° A°L$ S> ‚L$pf_u Qp°Ω$k
rdgL$[ dpV°$ h°QpZ, brnk, Nufp° cpXy$ L°$ Afie L$pB° fu[°
bu≈_° kp¢`hp dpV°$ S>° ı`°rieg Ar^L$pf Ap`hpdp¨ Aph°
[°_° ı`°rieg `phf Ap°a A°V$_w L$lh° pe. [° ‹pfp A°L$ L$peÆ
`yÍ$̈ \pe `R>u [f[ S> [° `phf Ap°a A°V$_w Ap`p°Ap` f]$
\pe. bu∆hpf [°_p° Dèp°N _p \pe. Vy¨$L$dp¨ ı`°rieg
`phf Ap°a A°V$_w A° L$peÆ L$f[p kde° Akg fSy> L$fhu
`X°$ R>°.
`nL$pf :
S>°_p h[u L$pd L$f[u lp°e A\hp A°hu fu[° ‚r[r_r^–h

L$f[u ÏeqL$[_° ""dymdpguL$'' L$l°hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. bu≈_p dpV°$
A\hp bu≈_y¨ ‚r[r_r^–h L$fhp dpV°$, ”prl[ ÏeqL$[ kp\°
Ïehlpf L$fhpdp¨ L$p°B L$pd L$fhp dpV°$ fp°L°$g ÏeqL$[_° "A°S>fiV$'
A\hp "A°V$_w' L$lh° pe R>°.
`phf Ap°a A°V$_w f]$ L$fhp bpb[ :
fuhp°L°$bg A°V$g° f]$bp[g \B iL°$. Akg `phf Ap°a

A°V$_w Ap`_pf Akg dprgL$ fuhp°L°$bg `phf Ap°a A°V$_w_u
_p°V$uk Apù_° f]$ L$fu iL°$.
Bfp°h°L°$bg `phf Ap°a A°V$_w [°_u lep[udp¨ Bfp°h°L$bg

`phf Ap°a A°V$_w Ap`_pf f]$ L$fu iL°$ _lu. rkhpe L°$ ]$Np°,
L$`m, bmS>bfu, ^dL$u hN°f\
° u gMphu guû lp°e. Bfp°hL° $° bg
`phf Ap°a A°V$_wdp¨ `Z dpguL$ lep[ lp°e –ep¨ kyû [°_u Akf
139
fl°. dpguL$_p d©–ey bp]$ Ap`p°Ap` f]$ \pe A_° S>°_u [fa°Zdp¨
Aphu `phf Ap°a A°V$_w Ap`hpdp¨ Aph°g lp°e [° ÏeqL$[_p
d©–ey\u `Z Dèp°Ndp¨ _ gu^°gu `phf Ap°a A°V$_w f]$ \pe.
`phf Ap°a A°V$_w_p ‚dpZu[ L$fZ bpb[ :
"Ap L$pe]$p_u L$gd-7' `yfphp Ar^r_ed_u L$gd-85

l°W$m Ly$g dyM–epf bpb[ A_ydp_.'
Ly$gdyM–epf_ÿ lp°hp_ÿ A_° L$p°B _p°V$fu `ÂguL$ A\hp L$p°B

fiepepge, fiepepûi, d°∆ıV≤°$V$, cpf[_p L$pDfikug L°$ hpBk
L$pDfikug A\hp L°$fi÷ kfL$pf_p ‚r[r_r^ kdn L$f°gp° lp°hp_y¨
Arc‚°[ lp°e [°hp° ]$f°L$ ]$ı[ph°S> A° fu[° \ep_ÿ fiepepge° dp_u
g°hÿ ≈°Bi°.'
A°V$g° L°$ ƒepf° `Z Ly$g dyM–epf_pdy b_phhpdp¨ Aph°

–epf° D`fp°L$[ S>Zph°g _Ω$u L$fg
° ‚r[r_r^ ‹pfp ‚\d ‚dprZ[
L$fphhy¨ S>Í$fu R>°. –epf bp]$ S> dyM–epf_pdp_p° Dèp°N L$fu
iL$pe R>° A_° [° S> Ly$gdyM–epf_pdpAp° dpfie fl° R>°.
`phf Ap°a A°V$_w_y¨ f∆ıV≤°$i_ L$fphhp bpb[ :
lpg_p kdedp¨ Ly$gdyM–epf `” Í$p.100/- _p _p°_-

ƒeyqX$Ìeg ıV°$Á` `°`f D`f L$fhp_y¨ fl° R>°. –epfbp]$ [° ‚dprZ[
L$fhp_y¨ fl° R>°. kpdpfie fu[° `phf Ap°a A°V$_w kb-f∆ıV≤$pf
L$Q°fudp¨ f∆ıV$f L$fhp_u S>Í$qfep[ _p\u rkhpe L°$ ı\phf
rdgL$[dp¨_y¨ rl[ Dcy \[y¨ lp°e A\hp [p° [°dp¨ rdgL$[ A¨N°_p
L$b≈_p° L°$ rdgL$[_p `°dfi° V$ QyL$hu Ap‡ep A¨N_° p° DÎg°M lp°e [p°
[°_ÿ frS>ıV≤$°i_ af∆ep[ b_°g R>°.
140
`phf Ap°a A°V$_w_u dy]$[ :
S>_fg `phf Ap°a A°V$_w b° dp¨\u L$p°B`Z `nL$pf

(Ap`_pf-rıhL$pf_pf) _y¨ d©–ey \e° Qp°Ω$k f]$ \i° A_° kdp‡[
\i° A\hp ı`Ù$ dy]$[ ]$ipÆhg
° [p° [° fu[° A\hp NrcÆ[ S>Zph°g
lp°e [p° [° fu[° Adgdp¨ fl°i° ƒepf° ı`°rieg `phf Ap°a A°V$_w
[°dp¨ S>Zph°g L$peÆ `yZÆ \e° \i°.
"Ly$gdyM–epf_pdp_° Ap^pf° ı\phf rdgL$[ Mfu]$ L$f[p¨

kde° ›ep_dp¨ fpMhp_u bpb[ _uQ° dyS>b R>°.
Ap`hpdp¨ Aph°g Ly$gdyM–epf_pdy¨ ep°¡e dpguL$ ‹pfp

Ap`hpdp¨ Aph°g R>° L°$ L°$d ? Ly$gdyM–epf_pdy¨ gMu Ap`_pf
lpg_p kdedp¨ l•ep[ R>° L°$ L°$d ? A_° [° ‚h[Ædp_ L$pe]$p
A_ykpf ep°¡e ıV°$Á` `°`f D`f L$f°g R>° L°$ L°$d ? Ap L$pe]$p_u
L$gd-7 dyS>b ep°¡e fu[° ‚dprZ[ Lf°g R>° L°$ L°$d ? A_° [°
Ly$gdyM–epf_pdy Adgdp¨ R>° L°$ L°$d ? [° L$p°B`Z ‚L$pf° f]$ L$f°g
_\u L°$ `pRy>¨ M¢Q°g _\u [° bpb[p° rhN°f°_u QL$pkZu L$fhu A_°
Ap`hpdp¨ Aph°g dyM–epf_pdpdp¨ rdgL$[_p° h°QpZ ]$ı[ph°S> L$fu
Ap`hp_p Ar^L$pf [° d S> Afie Ar^L$pfp° [`pku_°
Ly$gdyM–epf_pdy¨ ^fph_pf ÏeqL$[_° ep°¡e k—p R>° L°$ L°$d ? [°
bpb[_u MfpB L$fu S>Í$f `X$È° dym dyM–epf_pdy¨ Ap`_pf
ÏeqL$[_y¨ A_° sıhL$pf_pf_y¨ [° bpb[ A¨N°_y¨ kp°N¨]$_pdy¨ d°mhhy¨
≈°BA°.'
Apd, ı\phf rdgL$[_y¨ h°QpZ L$fhy¨ A° l¨d°i_° dpV°$

S>hpb]$pfu `|hÆL$_y¨ fl°g R>°. h°Q_pf_° lfl¨d°i_° dpV°$ A° øepg
lp°e R>° L°$ [°_u rdgL$[_u qL≠$d[ Nd° [°V$gu D¨Qu lp°e `f¨[y [°_p
141
dpguL$u`Zp_p V$pBV$g ]$ipÆh[p X$p°L$eyd°fiV$k A_° Mfu]$_pf_°
rhpkdp¨ g°hÿ Myb S> dyÌL°$g R>°. A°hu L°$V$guL$ hı[yAp° R>° L°$ S>°
h°Q_pf ›ep_dp¨ fpM° A_° [°_p Mfu]$_pf_° rdgL$[ g°hp ApL$jw
iL°$ S>°\u rdgL$[_p Qp°øMp A_° dpL£$V$°bg V$pBV$g lp°hp Ar_hpeÆ
R>°.
"ı\phf rdgL$[_y¨ h°QpZ-[pS>°[f_y¨ S>S>d°fiV$
S>_fg `phf Ap°a A°V$_w ‹pfp ı\phf rdgL$[_p lı[p¨[f

A¨N°_ÿ _pd]$pf kyr‚d L$p°VÆ$_p [pS>°[f_p QyL$p]$p_p dyøe Aïp° Ap
dyS>b R>°.
Ap QyL$p]$p° Ap`_pf dp__ue S>S>Óu Apf.bu.frhfi÷_,

S>S>Óu A°.L°$.`V$_peL$, A°Q.A°g.Np°Mg°.
L°$k_y¨ _pd : kyfS> g°Á` A_° BfiX$ıV≤$uT rhÍ$›^ ıV°$V$ Ap°a

lqfepZp [p.11-10-2011 _p fp°S> Aph°g.
Ap QyL$p]$p° Myb S> dl–h_p° A_° Dèp°Nu R>°. V≤$pfikaf Ap°a

`p°`V$w_y¨ `pep_y¨ op_ [\p gp°L$p°_° ≈N©[ L$f_pÍ$ kpdpfie cpjpdp¨ R>°.
Ap QyL$p]$p_u kp•\u dyÌL°$g hı[yAp° _uQ° dyS>b R>°.
(1) ı\phf rdgL$[_y¨ lı[p¨[f h°QpZ L$fpf\u/S>_fg `phf

Ap°a A°V$_w\u/hug\u \B iL$[y¨ _\u L°$ L$p°B`Z ‚L$pf_p¨
rl[, lL$ rdgL$[dp¨ Dcp \[p¨ _\u. Ap b^p ‚L$pf_p
X$pL° $ed
y fi° V$ dfa[ L$pe]°$kf_p dpguL$u lL$ D–`fi_ \[p¨ _\u.
(2) ı\phf rdgL$[_y¨ L$pe]°$kf fu[° A_° L$pe]$p\u lı[p¨[fZ,

dp” _° dp” [°_p h°QpZ ]$ı[ph°S>\u \B iL°$ R>°.
142
(3) ı\phf rdgL$[A° hug/h°QpZ L$fpf L°$ S>_fg `phf Ap°a
A°V$_w\u fpM°g lp°e –epf° kfL$pfu, A^Æ-kfL$pfu LQ°fudp¨
_pda°f A¨N°_u ‚qæ$ep L$fhu iL$e _\u A\hp [p° ≈°
ÁeyV$° i_ _p¢^ L$fhpdp¨ Aph° [p° [°_u [L°$]$pfu S>° [° L$Qf° uA°
]$pMhhu ≈°BA°.
(4) hug ‹pfp ‚p‡[ \e°g rdgL$[ A_° [°_y¨ h°QpZ L$fhy¨ A_°
Mpgu rdgL$[ Mfu]$ L$fhu –ep¨ kyû rl[phl _\u L°$ ƒep¨
kyû _pd]$pf L$p°VÆ$ `pk°\u ep°¡e ‚qæ$ep ‹pfp L$p°B ‚p°b°V$/
kL$kk
° _ kV$wauL°$V$ d°mhhpdp¨ Aph°.
(5) _pd]$pf L$pV° $£ Myb S> Qp°MhV$ `|hLÆ $ S>Zph°g R>° L°$ Ap r_ZÆe
`l°gp L$pB° L$Qf° u ‹pfp D`fp°L$[ hZÆhg
° X$pL° $ed
y fi° V$dp¨\u L$pB°
X$p°L$eyd°fiV$ Ap^pf° ÁeyV°$i_ _p¢^ L$fu li° [p° [°_° Ap
[pS>°[f_ÿ S>S>d°fiV$ gpNy `X$i° _lu.
(6) L$p°V£$ A°d `Z L$l°g L°$ iy›^bys›^_p Mfu]$_pf (bp°_papBX$

`fQ°Tf) lp°e [°hp Ïehlpf_° `Z Ap r_ZÆe gpNy `X$i°
_lu.
ı\phf rdgL$[_p ]$ı[ph°≈°_ÿ frS>ıV≤°$i__° gN[ L$pe]$pL$ue

‚p°rhT_ _uQ° dyS>b R>°.
(1) frS>ıV≤°$i_ A°L$V$-1908-ky^pfp°-48-2001 dp¨

‚p°rhT_ L$f°g L°$ Ah°S>_p b]$gpdp¨ h°QpZ_p° L$fpf
A° _p¢^Zu_° `p” R>°.
(2) frS>ıV≤°$i_ A°L$V$ L$gd-32(3) dp¨ Qp°Ω$k ‚p°rhT_

R>° L°$, h°QpZ dpV°$ Ap`°g Ly$gdyM–epf_pdy `Z
143
frS>ıV≤$° i__° `p” R>°.
(3) V$u.ù.A°L$V$-1882 _u L$gd-54 dp¨ S>Zph°g R>° [°

dyS>b Í$p.100/- L$f[p¨ h^pf°_u qL$d
¨ [_u rdgL$[_y¨
lı[p¨[f A° _p¢^Zu_° `p” R>°.
(4) V$u.ù.A°L$V$-1882 _u L$gd-53(A°) S>°dp¨ h°Q_pf°

Mfu]$_pf_° `pVÆ$ `fap°dfik L$fhp A_° rdgL$[_p°
L$b≈° kp¢`°g lp°e `f¨[y Aphp° L$b≈° Mfu]$_pf
dp” A^yfp fpBV$k kp\° cp°NhV$p° L$fu iL°$ R>° `f¨[y
ldZp_p frS>ıV°$≤i_ A°L$V$_u L$gd-17(ApB(A°))
dp¨ ky ^ pfp\u `qfsı\r[ b]$ g pZu R>° . S>° d p¨
S>Zph°g R>° L°$ rdgL$[ L°$ S>° Ah°S>_p b]$gpdp¨
lı[p¨[f L$fhy¨ lp°e [p° Aphp° L$fpf A° k_° 2001
`R>u_p° lp°e [p° [°_° gpNy `X$i° A_° S>°_u _p¢^Zu
\hu S>Í$fu R>°.
(5) BfiX$ue_ ıV°$Á` A°L$V$_u ApV$wL$g-27 dp¨ S>ZpÏep

A_ykpf L$fih°efik X$pL° $ed
y fi° V$kdp¨ `yf[u ıV°$Á` X$eVy $u
cfhu S>Í$fu R>°.
A_° ApV$wL$g-23 dp¨ h^ydp¨ S>Zph°g R>° L°$, S>° L$fpf L°$
Ly $ gdy M –epf `”dp¨ L$b≈_u kp¢ ` Zu \[u lp° e L° $
Ly$gdyM–epf`”dp¨ rdgL$[ h°QpZ L$fhp_u k—p Ap`°gu lp°e [p°
[°_° h°QpZ ]$ı[ph°S>dp¨ gpNy lp°e [°V$gu ıV°$Á` X$ÈVy $u cfhu `X$i.°
D`fp° L $ [ Qy L $ p ]$ p dp¨ S>≈° A ° A° h p° DÎg° M L$ f ° R>° L° $ ,

""S>°fieyB_ `phf Ap°a A°V$_w'' dpfa[° L$f°g Ïehlpf_° Ap
QyL$p]$p_u Akf \i° _lv.'
144
3.5.4 rlS>f[u rdgL$[p° A¨N° :
rlS>f[u rdgL$[_p° A\Æ :
"k_° 1947 dp¨ cpf[ A_° `pqL$ı[p__p cpNgp `pX$hpdp¨

Aph°g –epf° L°$V$gp¨L$ gp°L$p° `p°[p_u rdgL$[ cpf[dp¨ R>p°X$u_°
`pqL$ı[p_ [fa ı\mp¨[f L$f°g [° rdgL$[_° ]y$Ìd__u rdgL$[
Ap°mMhpdp¨ Aph[u. Aphu rdgL$[ `R>u\u fpƒe kfL$pfdp¨
r_lu[ L$fhpdp¨ Aphu Aphu rdgL$[_° rlS>f[u rdgL$[ [fuL°$
Ap°mMhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.
Ap°NÙ$ 1947 dp¨ cpf[ue D`M¨X$_p b° ıh[¨” ]°$ip°dp¨

cpNgp \[p [°dS> –epfbp]$ S>° hïue≈r[ lzÎgX$p° \ep, [°_p
`fuZpd° b¨_° ]°$ip°_° b¨_° bpSy>A° dp°V$p `pe° luS>f[ iÍ$ \B.
cpf[ue `y_:hk_ d¨”pge ‹pfp R>°Îgu dprl[u Ap`hpdp¨ Aphu
R>° [° A_ykpf `rÚd `pqL$ı[p_dp¨\u S>° rlfi]y$Ap° A_° iuM
ifZp\wAp° cpf[dp¨ ApÏep [°_p° Ap¨L$X$p° `Qpk gpM (`p¨Q
dugue__p°) R>°. ƒepf° `pqL$ı[p__p ifZp\w A_° `y_:hk_
d¨ ” pge ‹pfp cpf[dp¨ \ u `rÚd `pqL$ ı [p_dp¨ S>B hk° g p
dyıgudp°_u k¨øep 79 gpM (7.9 dugue_) gp°L$p_° u ]$ipÆhhpdp¨
Aph°gu R>°. Ap Ap¨L$X$pAp° A_ykpf Apif° 1 L$fp°X$ 30 gpM gp°L$p°
(13 dugue_) A° `p°[p_y¨ dym h[_, fl°hpku ı\m –e∆ ]$u^°g
l[y.¨
`p°[p_p dym h[_/Npd\u DMX$u Ne°g Ap S>¨Nu dp_h

dl°fpd[ kfl]$_u b_° bpSy> AY$mL$ k¨øepdp¨ rdgL$[p° R>p°X$u
]$u^°g l[u. k—phf cpf[ue dprl[u ky”p°_p S>ZpÏep ‚dpZ°
bu_ dyıgud ifZp\wAp°A° aL$[ `rÚd `¨≈bdp¨ S>° 80 gpM
145
A°L$f S>du_p° R>p°X$u ]$u^°g l[u ƒepf° bu_ dyıgud ifZp\uÆAp°
‹pfp kv^, D—f-`rÚd kfl]$u ‚p¨[, blphg`yf, bgyQuı[p_
A_° Mpf`yf ‚]°$ip°dp¨\u `Z S>du_p° –epNu ]°$hpdp¨ Aph°gu l[u.
`yh-
Æ `¨≈b [°dS> cpf[_p `[uepgp, _pcp, ∆¨]$, afu]$L$pV° $ A_°
L$`yf\gp fpƒep°dp¨\u dysıgd ifZp\wAp°A° Apif° 40 gpM
A°L$f_u S>du_p° R>p°X$u ]$u^°g l[u. Ap D`fp¨[ cpf[ A_°
`pqL$ı[p_ b¨_° ]°$ip°dp¨ dp°V$p `pe° dL$p_p°, L$pfMp_pAp°, diu_e¨”
kpdN∞uAp° A_° L$pQpdpg_p rhipm Np°]$pdp° R>p°X$u ]°$hpdp¨ Aph°g
l[p.
cpf[dp¨ rlS>f[u rdgL$[ A¨N° k_° 1968 _p° L$pe]$p°

Ası[–hdp¨ R>°. [° A¨N° [pS>°[fdp¨ [p.20/10/2010 _p fp°S>
ky^pfp° Adgdp¨ Aph°g [° ky^pfp_p Aïp° Ap dyS>b R>°.
L°$fi÷ue kfL$pf° rlS>f[u rdgL$[_p¨ L$pe]$pdp¨ [°dp¨ \[p¨

D]π$ch[p ‚Òp°dp¨ A° ‚L$pf_u rdgL$[dp¨ A°hp° r_ZÆe/ky^pfZp
L$fhp L°$ [° rdgL$[ [°_p L$pe]°$kf_p hpgu, hpfkp°_° A\hp [°_p
`pgL$ (]°$Mf°M fpM_pf) [fuL°$ L°$fi÷ (L°$fi÷ue kfL$pf) fl°i°.
rlS>f[u rdgL$[_p° L$pe]$p°-1968 dp¨ ky^pfZp dpV°$ buSy>

bug-2010 _p fp°S> ey_ue_ L°$bu_°V$ Q°f `kÆ_ d_dp°l_tkO ‹pfp
dpfie fpMhpdp¨ Aph°g L°$ S>° lp°d Aa°kÆ ‹pfp ]$fMpı[ L$fhpdp¨
Aph°g.
Apd, A°L$ _hy¨ A_° kpÍ$ bug `kpf L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g. Óu

ù.Qu]$Ábfd _p L$l°hp A_ykpf Aphu rdgL$[ aL$[ [°_p¨
L$pe]°$kf_p¨ hpgu_u [fa°Zdp¨ L°$fi÷ue kfL$pf ‹pfp lL$, rl[ r_lu[
L$fhpdp¨ Aphi°.
146
Ap ky^pfZpdp¨ L$lg
° R>° [° dyS>b ≈° Aphu rdgL$[_p° L$pB°
`pgL$ [p.02/07/2010 `l°gp_p° li° [p° [°_° dm°gp Ar^L$pfp°,
lL$p° cp°Nhi° A\hp [p° [°_u [fa°Zdp¨ Aphu rdgL$[ [b]$ug \B
iL$i.°
Aphu rlS>f[u rdgL$[_p L$pe]°$kf_p hpfk]$pf A° S>fid\u

cpf[_y¨ _pNfuL$–h ^fph[p lp°e [°_° Aphu rdgL$[_p dpguL$ [fuL°$
Qpgy fl°i.°
L°$fi÷ue kfL$pf° Aphu rdgL$[_p `pgL$_° h°QpZ L$fhp dpV$°

A\hp [p° [°_p° r_L$pg L$fhp A°hu `›^r[_p° Dèp°N L$fu iL$i° S>°
`sÂgL$ r‚dpBkuk-A°L$V$-1971 dp¨ ]$ipÆh°g [° dyS>b `pgL$,
X°$‡eyV$u `pgL$, kl-`pgL$A° rlS>f[u rdgL$[_° ≈l°f L$fhp A°ıV°$V$
Ap°aukf kdn ≈l°f L$fi°.
Apd, Aphu rlS>f[u ı\phf rdgL$[ D`f_y¨ k¨`yZÆ

r_e¨”Z L$p°B`Z fpƒedp¨ lp°e [p° `Z A° L°$fi÷ue kfL$pf_y¨ fl°i°
A_° [°hu Mfu]$-h°QpZ_u ‚qæ$ep A° rlS>f[u rdgL$[ A°L$V$
Afihe° A_° [°dp¨ \e°gp R>°Îgp ky^pfZp_° Apû_ fl°i.°
3.5.5 hpfkpB rdgL$[ A¨N° :
cpf[dp¨ Sy>]$p Sy>]$p ^dp£ Aph°g R>° A_° ^dÆdp¨ hpfkpB

bpb[_p L$pe]$pAp° R>°.
(1) rlfi]y$ ^dÆ (2) S>•_ ^dÆ (3) bp•›^ ^dÆ (4)
iuM ^dÆ (5) dyıgud ^dÆ (6) r¿ı[u ^dÆ (7) elz]$u
^dÆ... ÏeqL$[ hrke[_pdÿ b_pÏep hNf Ahkp_ `pd° [p° [°_u
rdgL$[_u hl¢ Q Zu dpV° $ ""gp° Ap° a BfiV$f° ı V$ kL$k° i _''
147
≈°NhpBAp° gpNy `X°$ R>°.
Ap L$pe]$p l°W$m rdgL$[_p V$pBV$g_p ‚Ò_p° DL°$g Aph[p°

_\u. [°_° dpV°$ q]$hp_u fpl° Qpghy¨ `X°$ R>°. ‚p°b°V$, g°V$f Ap°a
A°X$du_uıV≤$°i_ hN°f_° p lzL$d `nL$pfp° h√Q° fl°[p _\u `f¨[y kdN∞
fu[° b^p_° gpNy `X°$ R>°. hug\u rdgL$[_u Ïehı\p L$fu iL$pe
R>°. hug A°V$g° hrke[ L$f_pf_p [°_u rdgL$[ `f–h°_p Bfp]$p° L°$
S>°_° [°_p dfZ `R>u Adgdp¨ d|L$hp_u [° B√R>p ^fph[p° lp°e
[°_u L$pe]°$kf_u ≈l°fp[.
`∞pQu_ rlfi]y$ L$pe]$pdp¨ D—fpr^L$pf_p¨ rk›^p¨[p° Myb S>

k¨Ly$rQ[ ≈°hp dm° R>°. [°_y¨ k¨crh[ L$pfZ L$]$pQ A° lp°B iL°$
L°$‚pQu_ kdedp¨ rdgL$[ këºy [ Ly$V$̈yb_p cpNp° NZp[u këLy $[ _pd°
S> hluhV$ \[p° A_° rhcpS>_ S>hÎg°S> ≈°hp dm[y¨ A_° ≈° L$pB°
qL$ıkpdp¨ rhcpS>_ \[y¨ [p° `y_: `pRy> këºy [ Ly$V$̈yb S> Ası[–hdp¨
Aph[ÿ.
Apd, këLy $[ Ly$V$̈yb A_° këLy $[ rdgL$[_p° øepg A°L$bu≈

kp\° ≈°X$pe°gp° l[p°. ≈° L$pB° _y¨ d©–ey \pe [p° [°_p `yÍ$j k¨[p_p° S>
[°_p rlıkp_p lL$]$pf b_[p. Apd D—frS>rh–h_p rk›^p¨[\u [°
rdgL$[ hpfkpdp¨ dm[u A_° hpfkp°, `y”, `p•” L°$ ‚`p•”_°
dm[p°.
rlfi]y$ hpfkp ^pfpdp¨ b° rhQpf^pfp (ıLy$g Ap°a gp°) S>°

`•L$u A°L$ R>° rd[pnf A_° bu∆ R>° ]$pecpN. b¨_° AgN ‚L$pf_u
rhQpf^pfp R>°. rd[pnf ıLy$g ‚dpZ° `y”_° [°_p S>fid\u S>
hX$ugp°`p∆Æ[ rdgL$[dp¨ S> A°_p r`[p_p Ar^L$pf S>°V$gp° S>
Ar^L$pf lp°e R>°. Aphu Qpf `°Y$u_p `yÍ$jp° hï≈°, kldpguL$p°
148
NZpe R>°. ƒepf° A°L$ L$p-
° `pkÆ_f NyS>fu ≈e –epf° [°_u rdgL$[_p°
rlıkp° bu≈ L$p°-`pkÆ_f h√Q° hl¢Qpe R>°. A°_p hpfk]$pfp°_°
‚p‡[ \[p° _\u. Apdp¨ ı”u_° hï`f¨`fpN[ rdgL$[dp¨ L$pB° cpN
dm[p° _\u.
ƒepf° ]$pecpN ıLy$gdp¨ r`[p kdN∞ rdgL$[_° k¨`Z

| Æ dpguL$
lp°e R>° A_° [° NyS>fu S>[p¨ [°_u kdN∞ rdgL$[_p hpfk]$pfp° [°_p
`y”p° b_° R>°. Ap rhQpf^pfp ‚dpZ° ı”u_° r`[p_u hX$ugp°`p∆Æ[
rdgL$[ `f Ar^L$pf R>° `f¨[y –epfbp]$ 1956 dp¨ S>° rlfi]y$
–epfbp]$ 1956 dp¨ S>° rlfi]y$ rhQpf^pfp° l[p° [°dp¨ ky^pfp \ep R>°
`f¨[y kdpS>dp¨ L$pe]$p_° b]$g° qfhpS>_ÿ hQÆıh e\ph[ R>° [°\u S>
ı”u_° [°_p lL$\u h¨rQ[ fpMhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. ı”u_p° `Z rdgL$[dp¨
lL$ R>° [°hÿ lSy> kyû kdpS>° rıhL$pf°g _\u.
hpfkp^pfp_u ≈°NhpBAp° dyS>b cpf[_p Qpf d°V$≤ p`

° p°guV$_
il°fp° rkhpe hpfkp kV$wauL°$V$ d°mhhy¨ AphÌeL$ _\u A_° L$]$prQ[
fpS>L$p°V$ cpf[cfdp¨ kp•‚\d A°hy¨ il°f li° L°$ S>°dp¨ hpfkp
kV$wauL°$V$ d°mhhp L$p°VÆ$dp¨ dl—d Af∆Ap° \pe R>°. hpfkp
kV$wauL°$V$ d°mhhp L$pV° $Æ L$peÆhpluAp°dp¨ OZu N°ffur[Ap° AS>dphhpdp¨
Aph[u lp°e R>°. S>°dp¨ dyøe–h° rdÎL$[_u dpguL$u lΩ$ R>y`phu
L$pV° $Æ_° N°fdpN£ ]$pf° u hpfkp kV$wauL°$V$p° d°mhu ”prl[_° rdÎL$[ h°QpZ
L$fhp_p L$pfkpAp° OX$pe R>° A_° ApMp jX$e”
¨ _° Aphu fu[° A¨≈d
A`pe R>°.
kpdpfie fu[° `y”_u l•ep[udp¨ `p•”_° hX$ugp°`p∆Æ[ rdgL$[

bpb[° ]$php° L$fhp Ar^L$pf _\u A°hp A_°L$ ‚L$pf_p QyL$p]$pAp°
Aph°g R>°.
149
hX$ugp°`p∆Æ[ rdgL$[ Ap k¨`r—_y¨ A°L$ ıhÍ$` R>°. S>°
k¨`r— A‚r[b¨^]$pe\u dm° [° hX$ugp°`p∆Æ[ L$lh° pe. ku^p `yÍ$j
`| h Æ S > `pk° \ u dm° g u k¨ ` r— S>° ”Z `° Y $ u ky ^ u S>fid≈[
Ar^L$pf\u dm° [° hX$gp°`p∆Æ[ ‚p‡[ \e°gu NZpe A_° ‚p‡[
L$f_pf [\p [°_p hïhpfkp° kdp¨ri[ k¨b¨^\u [° d°mh° A°V$g° L°$
‚p‡[ L$f_pf_p `y”, `p•”, ‚`p•”_° [°dp¨ afu\u S>fid≈[
Ar^L$pfp° dm°.
`f¨[y ƒepf° k¨`r— r`”pBAp° [fa\u A\hp dp[p A\hp

_p_p A\hp dpdp [fa\u dm° [° hX$ugp°`p∆Æ[ k¨`r— NZpe
_lu A_° [°\u [°hu k¨`r— S>°_° dm° [°_p \e°gp A\hp \_pf
hïhpfkp°_° [°dp¨ S>fid≈[ Ar^L$pf dm° _lv. [°\u `yÍ$j
hpfk]$pfp°_° Aphu k¨`r—dp¨ S>fid≈[ Ar^L$pf dm[p° _\u L°$
[°dp¨ cpN `Z dp¨Nu iL°$ _lu.
ƒepf° hX$ugp°`p∆Æ[ k¨`r—_y¨ rhcpNuL$fZ \pe –epf°

cpNu]$ p fp° _ ° ‚–e° L $ _ ° dm° g p° rlıkp° [° _ p hpfkp° _ u ◊rÙ$ A °
hqX$gp°`p∆Æ[ ıhÍ$`_p° S> fl°. Aphp° hpfk rhcpS>_ ‚k¨N° S>fid
`pÁep° _ lp°e A_° `pR>m\u S>fid `pd° A\hp ]$—L$\u g°hpe [p°
`Z ‚\d\u S>° hX$ugp°`p∆Æ[ ıhÍ$` R>° [° A°d S> fl° R>°.
Apd hpfkp\u rdgL$[ D`fp°L$[ ‚dpZ° ‚p‡[ \B iL°$ R>°.
3.5.6 AOpV$ h°QpZ rhi° :
"AOpV$ iÂ]$ fp≈iplu_p hM[_p° ‚Qgu[ R>°. fp≈iplu_p

kdedp¨ fp≈ L$p°B_° S>du_, Npd rhN°f° [pd∞`”dp¨ gMu_°
Ap`[p [° S>du_ S>° [° ÏeqL$[_° Myi \B_° Ap`[p. Aphu
S>du_p°_° Q°g°fiS> _ \B iL°$ L$pfZ L°$ [° k¨5|ZÆ lL$ Ar^L$pf
150
kp\°_p dpguL$u lL$_u lp°e R>°.
AOpV$ A°V$g° A`pf, A_¨[ khÆlL$ kp\°_ÿ (WITH SOLE

RIGHTS) AOpV$uey¨ A°V$g° AOpV$dp¨ Ap`hpdp¨ Aph°gy¨ ƒepf°
AOpV$ h°QpZ\u L$p°B rdgL$[ Ap`hpdp¨ Aph° R>° A°V$g° L$° k¨`|ZÆ
lL$ Ar^L$pf\u rdgL$[ Ap`hpdp¨ Aph°g lp°e –epf° Aphu ı\phf
rdgL$[A° h°QpZ L$fhp dpV°$ S>°hp lL$\u ‚p‡[ \B R>° A°hp S> lL$
A_° Ar^L$pf kp\°\u [°_ÿ h°QpZ L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.
ƒepf° fp≈iplu_p kdedp¨ ı\phf rdgL$[ S>°d L°$,

S>du_p°_° L$p°B ÏerL$[ ‹pfp dp¨NZu L$fhpdp¨ Aph[u –epf° `Z [°
S>du__u qL≠$d[ hkyg gB_° [° AOpV$ h°QpZ\u S>du_ S>° [°
dp¨NZu L$f_pf ÏeqL$[_° Ap`hpdp¨ Aph[u [°dp¨ ≈° L$p°B if[p°_°
Apû_ h°QpZ L$fhpdp¨ Aph[y¨ [p° [°dp¨ [°_p ıV°$V$° L$fu Ap`°g
g°Mdp¨ [°_p° DÎg°M `Z L$fhpdp¨ Aph[p° A_° [° if[p° ApS>]$u_
kyû [° S>du_ `yf[u Aaf lp°e R>°. [°\u S> ıV°$V$_p kdedp¨
h°QpZ L$fhpdp¨ Ap`°gu S>du_p° L°$ fp≈Ap° Myi \B_° Ap`°gu
S>du_p°_p¨ g°Mdp¨ S> [° h°QpZ_° `p” R>° L°$ L°$d [°_p° `Z DÎg°M
L$fhpdp¨ Aph[p° [°\u S> [° S>°hp R>° [°hp S> Aaf A_° k¨5|ZÆ
dpguL$u lL$ A_° Ar^L$pf kp\°_u ı\phf rdgL$[ Ap`hpdp¨ Aph°
R>°. [°_p kyMpr^L$pf_° `Z a°fhu iL$p[p° _\u.
ıV°$V$_p kdedp¨ AOpV$lL$\u ‚p‡[ \e°gu S>du_p° `y”,

`p•”pq]$L$, hï `f¨`fpN[_° [°hp S> AOpV$ lL$\u ‚p‡[ \pe [°
fu[° Ap`hpdp¨ Aph[u.'
151
3.5.7 L$b≈° :
kpdpfie fu[° L$b≈° A°V$g° "L$b≈°, cp°NhV$p° A_° cp°N.

L$b≈° dpguL$u lL$_° A_ykf° R>° A_° L$b≈° R>°. kpdpfie fu[°
L$b≈° b° ‚L$pf_p° R>° (A°) Mf°Mfp° L$b≈° A_° (bu) k|rQ[
A\hp kp¨L°$r[L$ L$b≈°. Bs¡gi L$pe]$pdp¨ L$b≈_u k¨`|ZÆ, [pqLÆ$L$
A_° khÆNp∞ lu Ïepøep lSy> b_u _\u.
L$b≈° lp°hp dpV°$ Bfp]$p° [° dpV°$_u ≈N©r[ A\hp B√R>p

lp°hp_y¨ S>Í$fu R>°. L$gd-66 V≤$pfikaf Ap°a ‚p°`V$w A°L$V$, L$b≈°
Mf°Mf cp•r[L$ lp°hp_ÿ S>Í$fu _\u (S>°\u L$fu_° S>° hı[y_p° L$b≈°
R>° [°_° AX$L$u iL$pe.) `f¨[y L$b≈° lp°hp dpV°$ [° hı[y `f
ÏeqL$[_p° `yf°`yfp° L$fiV≤$p°g lp°hp° S>Í$fu R>°.
q]$^Æ h`fpi\u dpguL$u lL$ d°mhhp° lp°e [p° A° dpV°$ Ap

]$ipÆh°gu bpb[p°_y¨ Ası[–h Ar_hpeÆ R>°. (1) L$b≈° gp¨bp
kde\u lp°hp° ≈°BA° (2) [° L$pe]$p\u W$fph°gp kde S>°V$gp° lp°hp°
≈°BA° (3) [° k[[ lp°hp° ≈°BA° (4) [°_p° Dèp°N ip¨r[`|ZÆ
fu[° (5) MyÎgd MyÎgp A_° (6) A°L$ lL$ [fuL°$ \[p° lp°hp°
≈°BA°. BTd°fiV$ A°L$V$-1882 (L$gd-15).
dpguL$u_p° Ar^L$pf A_° L$b≈_p° Ar^L$pf
dpguL$u_p° Ar^L$pf A° L$p_|_u Ar^L$pf_y¨ lL$uL$[u ıhÍ$` R>°.

dpguL$u_p° Ar^L$pf A° L$p_|_u sıhL©$r[ R>°. dpguL$u Ar^L$pf_°
fpƒe_p L$p_y_p°\u `©rÙ$ dm[u lp°e R>°. ƒepf° L$b≈_p° Ar^L$pf
ÏeqL$[_p Bfp]$p\u A\hp C√R>p\u `©rÙ$ `pd° R>°. dpguL$u
Ar^L$pf_° L$p_|_u ‚–epc|r[ R>°. ƒepf° L$b≈_p° Ar^L$pf_° lL$uL$[_u
‚–epc|r[ R>°. L$b≈_p° [\p dpguL$u[p° b¨_° Ar^L$pf klAsı[–h
152
^fph[p lp°e [p° A° L$p_y_u ◊rÙ$A° B√R>_ue `qfsı\r[ R>° `f¨[y S>°
kpdprS>L$ `qfsı\r[dp¨ L$p_y_u ‚–epcyr[\u dpguL$u ‚p‡[ \pe
[°d _ lp°e –ep¨ lL$uL$[u L$b≈_p° Ar^L$pf A° ‚bm NZpe.
L$b≈° dpguL$u_ÿ A^pØN R>°. L$b≈_p Ar^L$pf\u dpguL$_p°

Ar^L$pf A° Sy>]$p° `X°$ R>° A° A`hp]$ R>°. dpguL$u Ar^L$pf l¨di
° p
L$b≈dp¨ ÏeL$[ \hp ‚e–_iug fl° R>°. dpguL$u Ar^L$pf hNf_p
L$b≈_p Ar^L$pfA° A°hp° lL$uL$[u ‚k¨N R>° S>°dp¨ Ar^L$pf_p°
Ap–dp _\u L$ b ≈ hNf_p° dpguL$ u Ar^L$ p f Ap_y j p¨ r NL$
hp[phfZ\u h¨rQ[ Ar^L$pf R>°.
]y$fı\ A_° Apkfi_ L$b≈° :
S>° ÏeqL$[ `pk° kuû fu[° ‚–en A_° A¨N[ fu[° lp°e [°
Apkfi_ (BduX$uA°V$) L$b≈° R>°. L°$V$guL$ hpf ÏeqL$[Ap°_p° L$b≈°
bu≈ h[u A_° bu≈ dpV°$ ^pfZ L$f°gp° lp°e R>°. A° fu[° hı[y
`∞–en fu[° S>°_p L$b≈dp¨ lp°e [° bu∆ L$p°B ÏeqL$[_p° AqcL$[pÆ
lp°B iL°$ [°_° BduX$uA°V$ L$b≈° L$lh° pe R>°. Vy$̈L$dp¨ Apkfi_ L$b≈° A°
‚–en A_° ku^p° L$b≈° R>°. hı[y [°_p L$pe]°$kf_p dpguL$ L°$
L$bS>°]$pf_u `pk° lp°e [° Apkfi_ L$b≈° R>°. ƒepf° ]y$fı\ L$b≈°
AgN AgN ”Z fu[ (1) ‚r[r_r^–h\u (2) r_n°`\u (3)
if[u A°d hl°̈Qpe°gp° R>°.
dpguL$u A_° L$b≈ h√Q°_p° [aph[ ≈°BA° [p° _uQ° dyS>b fl°i° :
dpguL$u A_° Ar^L$pf_p° ‚Ò R>°, ƒepf° L$b≈° A° lL$uL$[_p°

‚Ò R>°. dpguL$u\u ‚p‡[ \[u ‚–epc|r[A° L$p_y_u ‚–epc|r[ R>°,
ƒepf° L$b≈\u ‚p‡[ \[u ‚–epc|r[ A° lL$uL$[u R>°. ƒep¨ L$p_|_
dpZk_p rl[dp¨ lp°e –ep¨ [°Z° L$p_y_\u S> `p°[p_y¨ dpguL$u`œ¨
153
kprb[ L$fhy¨ ≈°BA°, ƒepf° L$p_y_ dpZk_p rhÍ$›^dp¨ lp°e –ep¨
dpZk° lL$uL$[u L$b≈\u Ar^L$pf kprb[ L$fhp° ≈°BA°. dpguL$u
A° l¨di
° p L$p_y_u lp°e ƒepf° L$b≈° A° Ah•^ `Z lp°B iL°$.
L$b≈ k¨b¨r^[ dp_rkL$ hgZ :
L$ b ≈_u d_p° h © r —A° L$ b ≈dp¨ fl° g hı[y _ p° Arhf[

Dèp°N ANf L$fhp_u B√R>p, Bfp]$p° A\hp [p° dp_rkL$ r_ZÆe
R>°. dp” ipfuqfL$ L$b≈° lp°e [°\u D`cp°N_u ANf L$b≈_u
d[p°h©r— `Z R>° A°d L$lu iL$pe _lv. Bfp]$p hNf_p° dp”
hı[y_p° L$b≈° AkfL$pfL$ fl°[p° _\u. lz̈ L$p°B M°[f D`f Qpg[p°
lp°D [°\u [°_p° L$bS>°]$pf \[p° _\u. ƒep¨ kyû bu∆ ÏeqL$[Ap°_°
[°_p° Dèp°N L$f[p AV$L$phhp_p° dpfp° Bfp]$p° _ lp°e –ep¨ kyû
dp” hı[y kp\°_p ipfuqfL$ k¨`LÆ$\u L$b≈° \B S>[p° _\u.
Apd, L$b≈° A° A°L$ cphhpQL$ øepg R>°, hı[y _\u.

_Ω$f d|[Æ hı[y_° S>°d ≈°B_° S> Ap°mMu iL$pe [°d Ap L$b≈°
A°hp° Ad|[Æ R>° L°$ [° b[phu L°$ Ap°mMu iL$p[p° _\u. L$b≈_p°
øepg A° L$pB° L$pe]$p_p° øepg _\u [°_u Ahr^ `Z Ar_rÚ[ R>°.
kpdpfie fu[° dpguL$u A°V$g° S>°_p\u L$p_|_u fnZ dm° [°hp lL$p°
`f¨[y L$b≈° A°V$g° dp” hı[y_p° L$b≈° A_° Aphu hı[y_p° L$b≈°
^fph[p dpguL$ lp°hp° `Z S>Í$fu _\u. L$pfZ L°$ L$b≈° [p° L$p_y_
Ası[–hdp¨ Aph°g [° `l°gp\u ‚Qrg[ l[p° [°\u S> [p° S|>_u
L$l°h[ R>° L°$ ""L$b≈° bmhp_''.
154

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‚L$fZ-3

3.1 ı\phf rdgL$ [

3.1.1 ı\phf rdgL$[_u Ïepøep

3.1.2 ı\phf rdgL$[_p ‚L$pfp°

3.1.3 ı\phf rdgL$[ ‚ps‡[_u fu[p°

3.2 dpqgL$u lL$_u [`pk

3.2.1 ‚ı[prhL$ [\p dl–h

3.2.f dprgL$u lL$_u [`pk

3.2.3 ]$uhp_u L$p°V$p£dp¨ ip°^

3.2.4 rdgL$[_u cp•r[L$ [`pk

3.2.5 bu≈ L$pe]$p/r_edp° gpNy `pX$hp A¨N°

3.3 ı\phf rdÎL$[_y¨ ]$ı[ph°∆ g°M_

3.3.1 ]$ı[ph°S>_y¨ hZÆ_

3.3.7 rdgL$[_y¨ hZÆ_

3.3.9 L$fpf_u if[p°

3.3.11 `nL$pfp°_u klu

3.4 ı\phf rdÎL$[_y¨ h°QpZ

3.4.1 rdgL$[_u [b]$ugu

3.4.3 A°L$g dprgL$u A_° kldprgL$u [\p kldprgL$ hX°$

3.3.4 ı\pr`[ A_° ApL$sıdL$ dprgL$u

3.3.5 ı\phf rdgL$[_u _p¢^Zu

3.4.6 ı\phf rdgL$[_p k¨]$cÆdp¨ ıV°$Á` X$ÈyV$u

3.4.7 kyMpr^L$pf_p lı[p¨[f_° gN[p ‚b¨^p°

3.` ı\phf rdÎL$[ k¨b^u[ rhrh^ øepg

3.5.1 iy›^ bys¬^_p Mfu]$_pf

3.5.2 rb_r_hpku cpf[ue - ı\phf rdgL$[ Mfu]$u A¨N°

3.5.4 rlS>f[u rdgL$[p° A¨N°

3.5.6 AOpV$ h°QpZ rhi°

3.1 ı\phf rdgL$[ :

3.1.1 ı\phf rdgL$[_u Ïepøep :

rhrh^ L°$fi÷ue L$pe]$pAp°dp¨ ""ı\phf rdgL$['' (Cddyh°bg

(A°) rdgL$ [ lı[p¨ [ f ^pfp-1882 _u L$ g d-3 A_y k pf

Apd Ap L$pe]$pdp¨ AdyL$ hı[yAp°_° bpL$p[ L$fu_° Ap iÂ]$ ‚ep°N_u

(bu) S>_fg ºgp°TuT A°L$V$-1897_u L$gd-3 (26) A_ykpf

(ku) _p¢ ^ Zu ^pfp° - 1908_u L$gd 2(6) dp¨ ""ı\phf

""ı\phf rdgL$[dp¨ S>du_, dL$p_, hpfkpN[ Ry>V$L$pfp°, ‚h°i_p

cpXy$ DOfphhp dpV°$_p° Ar^L$pf, ı\phf rdgL$[dp¨\u \[u

(X$u) BfiL$d V°$ºk A°ºV$-1961_u L$gd 269 ey.A°. (X$u) dp¨

(2) L$p°C `Z S>du_ A\hp L$p°C `Z dL$p_ A\hp dL$p__p

3.1.2 ı\phf rdgL$[_p ‚L$pfp° :

(A°) Abpr^[ Ar^L$pfhpmu ı\phf rdgL$[ :

Abpr^[ Ar^L$pf A° A°L$ Mpk Ar^L$pf R>°. S>°dp¨

(bu) cpX$p`V°$ fMpe°g rdgL$[ :

cpX$ p `V$ p ° (guT lp° Î X$ ) rdgL$ [ _u dpguL$ u _

guT lp°ÎX$ rdgL$[ Mfu]$ L$fhp_u \pe –ep°f S>°

(ku) dL$p_ (rbÎX$vN) :

rbÎX$vN_u Ïepøepdp¨ S>du_-^f[u_p [m D`f

L$p°C `Z D`ep°N dpV°$ A\hp L$b≈ dV$p° ApÓe

dlpfpÙ≤$ Ap°_fiu` ag°V$ A°L$V$ 1963 dp¨ ag°V$_u

dlpfpÙ≤$ A°`pVÆ$d°fiV$ Ap°_fiu` A°ºV$ 1970dp¨

(A°a) D`cp°N_p° Ar^L$pf :

CTd°fiV$ fpCV$ A°L$ L$p_y_u kp^_ R>°. S>°dp¨ S>du__p

CTd°fiV$_p° Ar^L$pf A°V$g° rdgL$[_p AdyL$ rlıkp_p°

^u CfiX$ue_ CTd°fiV$ A°ºV$-1882dp¨ gpekfik_u

gpekfik Ap`_pf_p Ïehlpf `f Ap^pqf[ Ap

dlpfpÙ≤$ f°fiV$ L¨$fiV≤$p°g A°LV$-1999_u L$gd 7(5)

ı\phf rdgL$[_u guT ‹pfp [b]$ugu A°V$g° ı`Ù$

3.1.3 ı\phf rdgL$[ ‚ps‡[_u fu[p° :