MHAM

COLLEGE OF MEDICINE CLASS 2024

Introduction to Pharmacology
Dr. Arlene Diaz | August 17,2021
PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY

Outline Is a branch of pharmacology which deals with

I. Definition of Pharmacology effects of drugs on Microorganism, Parasites and
A. Disciplines or Branches of Pharmacology Cancer cells
B. Drugs
C. Nomenclature of Drugs/ Names of Drugs B. DRUG
II. References According to WHO Is any substance or product that
is used or intended to modify or explore physiological
systems or pathological states for the benefits of the
I.PHARMACOLOGY receptors. The aim of the drug is to improve the
Is the Study of Substances that interact with living quality of life.
systems through chemical process, especially by
binding to regulatory molecules and activating or Medicine
inhibiting normal processes. Are drugs which has been studied for its activity,
dose and toxic effects and are recommended for
A. DISCIPLINES OR BRANCHES OF
Therapuetics uses against diseases
PHARMACOLOGY
Pharmacokinetics Sources of Drugs
Is the study of the fate of the drug. It deals
with Drug administration, Its Distribution, Its I. Natural Sources
Metabolism and Excretion from the living A. Plant Sources (Primary Source)
system 1. Atropine (from Atropa belladonna)
Pharmacodynamic 2. Digitalis (from Foxglove plant)
Study of Drug Action and Effects on Living treatment for heart failure
System 3. Vinca Alkaloids (Vinblastine, Vincristine)
Pharmacotherapeutics Some anti-cancer drugs were derived from
Also known as Medical Pharmacology plant sources
The Branch of Pharmacology that study the
substances used to prevent, diagnose and treat II. Animal Sources
disease. 1. Insulin (Pork)
Toxicology 2. Heparin (Horses, etc)
The Branch of Pharmacology that deals with 3. Tetanus (Horses)
undesirable effects of chemicals on living 4. Human Immune Globulin (Horses)
systems (Side Effects, Adverse Effects)
III. Mineral Sources
Posology
Study of Drug Dosages (min and max doses) A. Ferrous Sulfate
Pharmacogenomics
The Study of the relation of the individual s IV. Synthetic Sources
genetic makeup to his or her response to drugs.
A. Aspirin (formerly from a Willow tree)
e.g determining the enzyme missing that
B. Paracetamol
hinders the absorption of the drug
Deals with the DNA or genetic makeup of the V. Synthetic Sources
individual
Now a current trend in Therapeutics in order to A. Tetracycline
individualize a drug for a specific person and a
Fungi can also be a source of drugs e.g Penicillium
specific disease
notatum. Discovered by Alexander Fleming by accident.
Pharmacy
The branch of Pharmacology that deals with Phases of New Drug Development
the preparation, compounding, quality control and
dispensing of drugs. I. Drug Discovery
Pharmacognosy Target Identification, Drug lead discovery
Is the branch of Pharmacology that deals with Identification of disease causal factors or
the source, identification, isolation, purification targets
and standardization of drugs Identification of drug of interest (ave.
Pharmacogenetics duration: 5 yrs)
Is the Branch of Pharmacology which deals
with Genetically altered drug response II. Pre-clinical Phase
Chemotherapy Drug effect and processing by the body
Phase 0:

PHARMA TRANS 1.01 | Trans Team: Mindalano, Sangkula, Tero | Editor: Enriquez 1 of 2
 Assessment of drug properties
(ADMET)
In Vitro Trials (cellular models)
In Vivo Trials (animal models or
human subjects)
Submission of Investigational New
Drug (IND)
Duration: 1-3 years (ave. 18 mo.)
III. Clinical development
Phase I: Dose-Toxicity and drug safety
and kinetics
Phase II: Drug efficacy and testing drug
combinations
Phase III: Drug comparison with
standard-of-care drug or placebo
(confirmatory clinical trial)
Duration: 2-10 years (ave. 5 years)
Submission of New Drug Application
(NDA)/Biologics License Application (BLA)
IV. Phase IV
Pharmacovigilance
Monitoring long-lasting side effects

C. NOMENCLATURE OF DRUGS/ NAMES OF

THE DRUGS
1. Generic Name - is the official name of the drug
examples: Amoxicillin, Doxycycline, Paracetamol
2. Official Name - it is the name of the drug listed in
the official publication or Pharmacopias
examples: Acetaminophen USP
3. Chemical Name - it is the name which the chemist
knows (who compound the drugs)
examples:(Paracetamol) N-acetyl-p-aminophenol
4. Commercial name or Trade name is the name given
by the manufacturer
examples: Zolpidem (Stinox) 10MHS,
Paracetamol (Tylenol, Biogesic)

Bioflu is a combination drug composed of paracetamol

+ phenylephrine + phenylpropanolamine +
chlorphenamine
In making prescription drugs it is preferable to write
generic name because:

1.
2. Advantage of generic it is cheaper

PRESCRIBING GENERIC MEDICINE WHICH

(Generic Act of 1988 AN ACT TO PROMOTE,

REQUIRE AND ENSURE THE PRODUCTION OF AN
ADEQUATE SUPPLY, DISTRIBUTION, USE AND
ACCEPTANCE OF DRUGS AND MEDICINES
IDENTIFIED BY THEIR GENERIC NAMES)

II. REFERENCES
Dr Diaz PPT

PHARMA TRANS 1.01 | Trans Team: Surname, surname | Editor: Surname 2 of 2