JH\ITHE \AEBH@QJQHE
]RAGK (]R AJASH]K GKIOHTB KECHTO)

IJA@ 6

Iothgk ]rkbkoh Hyu V

(8>8<824<8<<42)

\ribk 6 ]8 Oaparhwhthe

MK hohbagko 6 Es. Fuehkby ] Tusthg, GE]

]RKOas [HT]K ]QGDHT DQOKRRKENNK

RH@QE HFHTHE 4<4</4<48

k
 

OHRH \AENHERHT 

\ufk bhe syuour okth phefhtohe hths oa `hbkrht

`hbkrht Hjjh` ]^R, ohraeh daroht rh`ght bhe
ohruekh-Eyh, ghoh paeujks bhpht gaeyajashkohe jhpirhe yhen darfubuj ‚ ]tagk ‚

\aeujks gaeyhbhrk bhjhg paeyusuehe ghohjh` kek ghsk` dheyho tarbhpht oaourhenhe
 dhko taoeko paeujkshe ghupue kskeyh. @hj kek bk ohraeh oatardhthshe oaghgpuhe bhe
 paenath`uhe yhen bkgkjkok ija` paeujks. Qetuo ktu, paeujks gaen`hrhpohe hbheyh shrhe bhe
orktkohe yhen skchteyh gagdhenue bhrk pagdhmh nueh pardhkohe bk ghsh yhen hohe bhthen.
]adajugey
]adajugeyh,
h, paeujks
paeujks gaenumhpohe
gaenumhpohe tarkghohsk`
tarkghohsk` oaphbh
oaphbh dhpho Es. Fuehkby
Fuehkby ] Tusthg,
Tusthg, GE]
sajhou
sajhou pagdkg
pagdkgdke
dken
n hohbag
hohbagko
ko prhota
prhotao
o ONB,
ONB, yhen
yhen taj
tajh`
h` gagdhe
gagdhetu,
tu, gagdkg
gagdkgdke
dken
n sarth
sarth
gagdarkohe shrhe bagk oajhemhrhe bhjhg paeyusuehe ghohjh` kek.

]aginh Hjjh` ]^R gajkgph`ohe rh`ght bhe ohruekh-Eyh uetuo okth saguh bhe

saginh hehjksh hrtkoaj kek darnueh dhnk okth saguh. Hhgkke.

Duokttkennk, Cadruhrk 4<48

\aeujks
 kk

BHCRHT K]K

DHD K \AEBH@QJQHE

H. JHRHT DAJHOHEN
DAJHOHEN………………
………………………………
………………………………
……………………………
……………..
.. 8
D. TQGQ]HE
TQGQ]HE GH]HJH@…………
GH]HJH@…………………………
………………………………
………………………………
……………….. 4
M. RQFQHE……………
RQFQHE……………………………
………………………………
………………………………
……………………………
……………...
... 4

DHD KK \AGDH@H]HE

H. \AENATRKHE
\AENATRKHE ]RAGK………………
]RAGK……………………………
……………………………
……………………………
…………… =
D. CHORIT
CHORIT TA]KOI
TA]KOI ]RAGK...……
]RAGK...……………………
……………………………
……………………………
………………..
.. =
M. ARKIJINK
ARKIJINK ]RAGK..
]RAGK...……………
.…………………………
……………………………
………………………………
…………………..
….. 1
B. \HRICK]KIJ
\HRICK]KIJINK………
INK……………………
……………………………
………………………………
…………………………..
………….. 3

\ht`why………………………………………………………………………….. 3
A. GHEKCA]RH
GHEKCA]RH]K
]K OJKEK] ]RAGK
]RAGK ..………………………
..………………………………………
………………………
……… 3
C. \AEHRHJHO
\AEHRHJHO]HEHH
]HEHHE
E ]RAGK ……………………...
……………………...………………
………………………..
……….... >
N. \AGATKO]HH
\AGATKO]HHE
E \AEQEFHEN
\AEQEFHEN………………
………………………………
………………………………
…………………
… 8<

DHD KKK H]OA\ ]RAGK

H. \AENOHFKHE
\AENOHFKHE……………
……………………………
……………………………
……………………………
…………………………
………… 8<
D. HEHJK]H
HEHJK]H BHRH………………
BHRH………………………………
………………………………
………………………………
…………………
… 8<

M. BKHNEI]H
BKHNEI]H OA\ATH^HR
OA\ATH^HRHE………
HE……………………
……………………………
……………………………
…………….. 83
B. KERATSAE]
KERATSAE]K……………
K……………………………
……………………………
……………………………
………………………….
…………... 4<
A. KG\JAGAER
KG\JAGAERH]K………
H]K……………………
……………………………
……………………………
……………………………
……………… 4<
C. ASHJQH]K……
ASHJQH]K……………………
……………………………
……………………………
……………………………
…………………….
………. 48
N. ASKBHEMA
ASKBHEMA DH]AB
DH]AB ………………
………………………………
……………………………
……………………………
…………………44
…44

DHD KS \AEQRQ\

H. OA]KG\QJH
OA]KG\QJHE……………
E…………………………
……………………………
……………………………
……………………….
…………. 42
D. ]HTHE……………
]HTHE……………………………
……………………………
……………………………
……………………………
………………...4
…...42
2

BHCRHT \Q]RHOH
 kkk

DHD K
\AEBH@QJQHE
8. Jhth
Jhthrr daj
dajho
hoh
hen
\aeyhokt Fhetuen Oiriear (\FO) hbhjh` nhennuhe cuensk fhetuen yhen
bksadhdohe hokdht gkiohrbkug oaourhenhe supjhk bhrh` ohraeh hbheyh sugdhthe hthu
 paeyagpkthe pagduju` bhrh` oiriear
oiriear (]hetisi., 4<8=). \aebarkth \FO taruthg
taruthghh
Kechro Gkiohrb Hout (KGH) baenhe dardhnhk oigpjkohsk yhen tarfhbk hohe
gaeyadhdohe paeuruehe ouhjkths `kbup bhe darourheneyh oaghgpuhe uetuo
gajhouohe tunhs paoarfhhe hthu gaefhjheohe hotkckths sa`hrk-`hrk (Cht`iek, 4<88).
^@I gaeyadutohe phbh th`ue 4<<0, paeyhokt fhetuen ksoagko garuphohe paeyadhd
uthgh oaghtkhe bk buekh (84,0%) sabhenohe bk Kebieaskh gaeagphtk uruthe oa tknh.

Bhth bk Kebieaskh gaeuefuoohe henoh oafhbkhe \FO darbhshrohe bkhneisks biotar

sadashr <,1 %, bhe darbhshrohe nafhjh sadashr 8,1 % (BA\OA], 4<8=).
Gaeurut ]hetisi (4<8=), bhth pravhjaesk \FO darbhshrohe bkhneisks biotar bk
Fhwh Raenh` sadashr <,1%, sabhenohe bhth darbhshrohe nafhjh sadashr 8,2% bk gheh
 pravhjaesk tardashr tarbhpht bk Ohduphtae Ghnajhen 8,1%. Bk Oith ]urhohrth henoh
 pravhjaesk \FO yhen tarbkhneisks hbhjh` <,> %. \aekenohthe
\aekenohthe ohbhr njuoish bhrh`
 phbh phskae kechro gkiohrb hout dar`uduenhe
dar`uduenhe baenhe paekenohthe oie
oiesaetrhsk
saetrhsk hshg
jagho, raskstaesk kesujke bhe nhennuhe paennuehhe njuoish ija` gkiohrbkug yhen
gaenhokdhtohe tarfhbkeyh paekenohthe oiesugsk iosknae bhe hohe darpitaesk
gaenhokdhtohe tarfhbkeyh parjuhshe ksoagkh itit fhetuen. Rarfhbkeyh `kparnjkoagkh
 dar`uduenhe baenhe bkscuensk
bkscuensk aebitaj, kecjhghsk vhsoujhr, juhs kechro yhen tarfhbk
bhe bkscuensk gkorivhsoujhr. ]tras `kparnjkoagkh dar`uduenhe baenhe paekenohthe
kecjhghsk phbh gheuskh (]hrk, 4<84). @kparnjkoagkh hout phbh phskae kechro gkiohrb
sarken bkfugphk.
]R Ajavhsk Gkiohrb Kechro (]RAGK) theph rkwhyht Bkhdatas Gajjktus (BG)
yhen gaenhjhgk `kparnjkoagkh gagkjkok parsaethsa sadashr 4<-41% (Vhrkm` & Easti,
 4<<>). Gaoheksga tarfhbkeyh stras `kparnjkoagkh shenht dar`uduenhe baenhe raspie
gathdijko tar`hbhp stras hthu kefury (trhugh), yhen garuphohe ketarhosk oigjaos
gajkdhtohe dadarhph gabkhtir, targhsuo skstag eaurijink, `irgie, bhe gassaenar
sktioke. Taspie skstagko bkghekcasthskohe sadhnhk paekenohthe miuetar-ranujhtiry
`irgies sapartk oirtksij, apkeacrke, bhe njuohnie, yhen hohe daroijhdurhsk bhjhg
ohsohba sktioke (Thgpaenhe & Hetiei, 4<<>). Bhjhg paeajktkhe yhen bkjhouohe ija`
Th`ght (4<8=), tarbhpht pardabhhe samhrh darghoeh hethrh ohbhr njuoish bhrh`

sawhotu yhen bkparkosh shht ghsuo rugh` shokt. Bk gheh jadk` tkennk phbh paebarkth
]RAGK bkdhebkenohe baenhe Eie - ]R Ajavhsk Gkiohrb Kechro
K echro (E]RAGK)

(4<1,0¸884,= vs 821¸;0,=? p7<,<<=). Bktkefhu bhrk phtickskijink ]RAGK bhe

 E]RAGK, tarbhpht pardabhhe sugdhthe. Bk gheh phbh ]RAGK
]RAGK tarfhbk sugdhthe tithj
bk hrtark oiriear sabhenohe phbh E]RAGK `heyh tarfhbk sugdhthe sadhnkhe. ]ajhke
sugdhthe tithj tarbhpht pujh pardabhhe bk gheh ohbhr Ghtrkx Gathjjipritakehsa-;
(GG\-;) bhe kecjhghsk yhen tarfhbk phbh ]RAGK jadk` tkennk bkdhebkenohe baenhe
 E]RAGK. @hj tarsadut gaeyadhdohe stras `kparnjkoagkh sarken tarfhbk phbh paebarkth
]RAGK theph rkwhyht BG (]atkheti, 4<88). @hj kekjh` yhen gagitkvhsk paeujks uetuo 
gajhouohe paeajktkhe taethen pardabhhe ohbhr njuoish bhrh` phbh paebarkth ]RAGK

bhe E]RAGK.
4. Tugu
Tugush
she
e Ghs
Ghshj
hjh`
h`
h. Hph
Hph ktu
ktu ]tag
]tagkk 9
 d. Hph shfh chotir raskoi stagk 9
m. Dhnh
Dhnhkg
kghe
heho
hoh`
h` Atk
Atkij
ijin
inkk ]tagk
]tagk 9
b. Dhnhkg
Dhnhkgheh
hehoh`
oh` \htick
\htickski
skijin
jinkk stagk
stagk 9
a. Hph shfh Ghekcas
Ghekcasthsk
thsk Ojkeks
Ojkeks ]tagk
]tagk 9
c. Dhnh
Dhnhkg
kghe
hehh \aeht
\aehthjh
hjhos
oshe
hehhe
hhe ]ta
]tagk
gk 9
n. Hph \agark
\agarkosh
oshhe
he \aeu
\aeuefh
efhen
en stag
stagkk 9
`. Hso
soaap st
stagk
=. Rufuhe
h. Gaen
Gaenat
ath`
h`uk
uk hp
hphh ktu
ktu ]tag
]tagkk
 d. Gaenath`uk chotir raskoi stagk
 m. Gaenat
Gaenath`u
h`ukk Dhnhkg
Dhnhkgheh
hehoh`
oh` Atki
Atkijin
jinkk ]tagk
]tagk
b. Gaenat
Gaenata`u
a`ukk Dhnhkghe
Dhnhkghehoh
hoh`
` \htickski
\htickskijin
jinkk stagk
stagk
a. Gaenat
Gaenath`u
h`ukk Hph shfh
shfh Ghekc
Ghekcast
asthsk
hsk Ojkek
Ojkekss ]tagk
]tagk
c. Gaenat
Gaenath`u
h`ukk Dhnhk
Dhnhkghe
ghehh \aehth
\aehthjho
jhoshe
shehhe
hhe ]tag
]tagkk
n. Gaenat
Gaenath`u
h`ukk Hph \agark
\agarkosh
oshhe
he \aeuef
\aeuefhen
hen stagk
stagk
`. Gaen
Gaenat
ath`
h`uk
uk Hsoa
Hsoap
p sta
stagk
gk

DHD KK

\AGDH@H]HE
H. BAC
BACKEK
KEK]K
]R Ajavhsk Gkiohrb Kechro (]RAGK) hbhjh` rushoeyh dhnkhe itit fhetuen samhrh
 pargheae hokdht kesuckskaesk hjkrhe bhrh` oiriear ija` prisas banaearhtkc ghupue bk
 paenhru`k ija` dheyho chotir baenhe bkthebhk oaju`he eyark bhbh, paekenohthe ae
aezkg
zkg
 fhetuen bhe ]R ajavhsk phbh pagarkoshhe AON. ]RAGK hbhjh` margke bhrk pagd
pagduju`
uju`
bhrh` oiriear tartaetu yhen tarsugdht tithj sa`kennh hjkrhe bhrh`eyh daehr-daehr
tar`aetk, itit fhetuen yhen bkpaebhrh`k tkbho bhpht eutrksk-iosknae bhe ghtk.

D. CHORIT TK]KOI
Hbh buh chotir rkskoi tarfhbkeyh kechro gkiohrb hout yhktu 6

8. Chotir
Chotir yhen tkbho bhpht bkudh`
bkudh` hthu tkbho
tkbho bhpht
bhpht bkgibkcko
bkgibkckohsk
hsk jhnk.

h. Qskh

Gaekenohteyh uskh sasairhen hohe gaekenohtohe rkskoi tarfhbkeyh sarhenhe

kechro
kechro gkiohr
gkiohrb
b hout.
hout. \aeken
\aekenoht
ohthe
he ugur
ugur darpae
darpaenhr
nhru`
u` phbh
phbh paeken
paekenoht
ohthe
he

taohehe bhrh` ohraeh gaeurueeyh cuensk irnhe tudu`, taruthgh fhetuen bhe
gaguenokeohe tarfhbkeyh `kpartaesk.82,81
 pagduju` bhrh` sa`kennh gaguenokeohe
  d. Faeks Oajhgke
\hbh jhok-jhok taohehe bhrh` thgphoeyh gujhk ehko hethrh uskh =1 th`ue bhe
whekth phbh uskh 1< th`ue, dkhsheyh phbh whekth dajug tarfhbk ehko shgphk
satajh`
satajh` gaeiph
gaeiphusa
usa.. Ehgue
Ehgue satajh`
satajh` gaeiph
gaeiphusa
usa rkskoi
rkskoi tarfhbk
tarfhbkeyh
eyh sarhenh
sarhenhe
e
 fhetuen phbh whekth gaekenoht. @hj kek bkohraehohe `irgie saos tastistarie,
tastista rie,
astrinae, bhe prinastarie bkduht bhrk oijastarij. ]a`kennh fkoh `irgie saos

 dar`aetk bkduht ghoh hohe tarfhbk paeugpuohe oijastarij.

oijastarij.

m. Naeatko  
\arheh
\arhehe
e chotir
chotir naeatko
naeatko tar`hb
tar`hbhp
hp tkgdu
tkgdujey
jeyhh sarhen
sarhenhe
he kechro
kechro gkiohr
gkiohrb
b hout
hout
hbhjh` naeatko taohehe bhrh` tkennk hthu bkhdatas. ]ajhke ktu oashghhe nhyh
`kbup oajuhrnh funh gaeaetuohe. Gkshjeyh ghohe ghohehe yhen shgh bhe
 fkoh irhen tuh garioio heho dkhsheyh funh garioio.
garioio.

4. Chotir
Chotir yhen
yhen bhpht
bhpht bkudh
bkudh`
` hthu
hthu bkgibkc
bkgibkckoh
kohsk
sk

b. @kpar
arttaesk

\aekenohthe taohehe bhrh` skstagko gaekenohtohe raskstaesk tar`hbhp

 pagigphhe bhrh` bhrk vaetrkoaj okrk, sa`kennh dadhe oarfh
oarfh fhetuen darthgdh`.
]adhnhk hokdhteyh tarfhbk `kpartrick vaetrkoaj uetuo gaekenohtohe oaouhthe
oietrhosk, `kpartrick oigpaeshsk gaeyadhdohe tarfhbkeyh bkjhthsk bhe phyh`
 fhetuen. Dkjh pisas htarisojarisks tarfhbk, ghoh paeyabkhhe iosknae uetuo
gkiohrb darourhen. Rkennkeyh oadutu`he iosknae ohraeh `kpartrick fhrkenhe
tkbho sasuhk baenhe raebh`eyh ohbhr iosknae yhen tarsabkh. @hj kek
gaekenohtohe oaguenokehe tarfhbkeyh henkeh hthu kechro gkiohrb hout.

a. Oija
Oijast
star
arij
ij Rken
Rkennk
nk
Rkenoht oijastarij bknijienohe buh ghmhg uesur yhktu JBJ ( Jiw-baeskty
jkpipritake)) bhe @BJ ( @kn`-baeskty
jkpipritake jkpipritake) . JBJ hbhjh` oijastarij fh`ht
 @kn`-baeskty jkpipritake).
yhen gaeagpaj
gaeagpaj bk bkebken
bkebken pagduju`
pagduju` bhrh` yhen hohe gagdaetuo
gagdaetuo  ckdrius
mhp.. Htarig
mhp Htarighh hbhjh`
hbhjh` paeyad
paeyadhd
hd uthgh
uthgh paeyho
paeyhokt
kt fhetue
fhetuen
n o`ususe
o`ususeyh
yh ohraeh
ohraeh
tardaetuoeyh hjkrhe bhrh` bhjhg pagduju` bhrh`.
 c. Idaskths
Idaskths gaekenohtohe rkskoi taroaeh paeyhokt fhetuen
fhetuen oiriear. ]aokthr 41-
2;% paeyhokt fhetuen oiriear bk eanhrh daroagdhen dar`uduenhe baenhe
 paekenohthe kebaos ghsh tudu` (KGR) Ivarwakn`t baenhe KGR 541-=< on/g4 
bhe idaskths baenhe KGR 5 =< on/g4. Idaskths saetrhj hbhjh` idaskths baenhe
oajadk`he jagho darhbh bk hdbigae. Dkhsheyh oahbhhe kek funh dar`uduenhe
baenhe oajhkehe gathdijko sapartk paekennkhe ohbhr trknjksarkbh, paeuruehe
@BJ, paekenohthe taohehe bhrh`, kecjhghsk skstagko, raskstaesk kesujke bhe
bkhdatas gajjktus tkpa KK.

n. Bkhd
Bkhdat
atas
as Gajj
Gajjkt
ktus
us
\aebarkth bkhdatas maebaruen gagkjkok pravhjaesk, praghturkths, bhe
oaphrh`he htarisojarisks oiriear yhen jadk` tkennk. Bkhdatas gajktus
gaenkebuosk `kparoijastarijagkh bhe samhrh darghoeh gaekenohtohe
oaguenokehe tkgdujeyh htarisojarisks. Bkhdatas gajktus funh darohkthe
baenhe prijkcarhsk saj itit pijis bhjhg pagduju` bhrh` hrtark oiriear?
sketasks oijastarij, trknjksarkbh, bhe ciscijkpkb? paekenohthe ohbhr JBJ-M? bhe
ohbhr @BJ-M yhen raebh`. Htarisojarisks bhpht gaeyadhdohe agdijk yhen

oagubkhe gaeyugdht bhe tarfhbk ksoagko phbh fhetuen, sa`kennh parcusk oa

itit fhetuen gaeurue. \hbh paebarkth BG funh gaenhjhgk paeuruehe
 paennuehhe kesujke bhe paekenohthe
paekenohthe njuoinaeasks, sa`kennh tarfhbk
`kparisgijhr sa`kennh hjkrhe bhrh` jhgdht, ghoh parcusk itit fhetuen gaeurue
sa`kennh tarfhbk oanhnhjhe fhetuen bhjhg oietrhosk.

`. Garioio  
Garioio gaekenohtohe rkskoi taroaeh paeyhokt fhetuen oiriear sadashr 1<%.
]airhen parioio phskc gagpueyhk rkskoi taroaeh kechro gkiohrb. Ohebuenhe
ekoitke
ekoitke bhjhg rioio
rioio bhpht gaennhen
gaennhenu
u skstag shrhc skgphtks
skgphtks baenhe hokdht
hokdht
gaek
gaeken
enoh
ohte
teyh
yh oa
oadu
dutu
tu`h
`he
e io
ioskn
sknae
ae gkio
gkiohr
hrb.
b. Ek
Ekoi
oitk
tke
e fu
funh
nh garhe
garhens
nshe
hen
n
 pajaphshe hbraehjke, gaekenohteyh craouaesk baeyut fhetuen, taohehe bhrh`,
sarth gaeyadhdohe nhennuhe krhgh fhetuen. Ohrdie gieioskbh gaeyadhdohe
 bashtu
bashturhsk
rhsk `aginj
`aginjidk
idke,
e, gaeuru
gaeurueoh
eohe
e jhensu
jhensuen
en parsab
parsabkhhe
khhe ioskna
iosknae
e uetuo 
uetuo 
 fhrkenhe
 fhrkenhe bksajuru` tudu` targhsuo gkiohrb. @hj kek funh gaeyadhdohe
gagparmapht pagdaetuohe htarisojarisks. Ekoitke, MI bhe dh`he-dh`he jhke
bhjh
bhjhg
g rio
rioio funh
funh tard
tarduo
uotk
tk garu
arush
sho
o ae
aebi
bita
tajj pagd
agduj
uju
u` bh
bhrh
rh`
` bhe
bhe
gagpargubh` tkgdujeyh paennugphjhe bhrh`.

k. \skoisiskhj
Chotir pskoisiskhj sapartk paekenohthe strass oarfh, raebh`eyh buouenhe
siskhj, parsiehjkths yhen tkbho skgphtks, hexkaths bhe baprask samhrh oieskstae
gaekenohtohe rkskoi taroaeh htarisojarisks.

M. ARK
ARKIJIN
IJINKK
]RAGK tarfhbk fkoh trigdus hrtark oiriear tarfhbk samhrh mapht phbh jiohsk kefurk
vhsmujhr, bkgheh kefurk kek bkmatusohe ija` chotir sapartk garioio, `kpartaesk bhe
hougujhsk jkpkb.
 \aeyagpkthe hrtark oiriear eiesojarijko 
 \aeyagpkthe htaririsojaritko 
 Rrigdus
 \jho htarisojaritko 
 Jhgdhteyh hjkrhe bhrh` bkbharh` pjho hthu ija` vksarhsk pjho 
 \aekenohthe oadutu`he iosknae gkiohrbkug
 \aeuruehe bhrh` oiriear gajhjuk yhen gaeyagpkt

 \aeyagpkthe hrtark ija` parjhgdhthe fhetuen sajhgh tkbur 

 ]phsga itit sangaethj phbh hrtark oafhen itit.
 3

^IM

Djio phbh hrtark

garioio Hjoi`ij @kpartaesk
oiriear fhetuen
Mienaekthj

Eie
Djio sadhnkhe Djio tithj ]RAGK
]tagk

HJKTHE BHTH@ OITIEAT GAEQTQE Ksoagkh gkiohrb

 D8 Draht`ken D4 Djiib D= Drhke D2 Djhbbar D1 diwaj D3 Diea

Hjkrhe bhrh` oa Abagh bhe daenoho Gathdijksga heharid Hjkrhe bhrh` oa Eyark Nhennuhe cuensk vaetrkoaj
phru tarnhennu saokthr gkiohrb nkefhj gaeurue

Guhj, gueth`
Hs. Jhotht
Fhjur `hethrhe jkstrko \aeuruehe hjkrhe bhrh`
]upjhk I4 bho \ribuosk urkea gaeurue
tarnhennu Heiraoskh
sakgdhen baenhe
Gaeyaetu` ufuen shrhc 
oadutu`he tudu` Murh` fhetuen gaeurue
rasaptir Sij. \jhsgh
\igph fhetuen bho GO 6 Baskt 
taroiirbkehsk Eutrksk
Gaekenohteyh Eyark bhbh
]upjhk I4 oa fhr.
Hjkrhe dhjko vaeh
oadutu`he I4 Gaeurue
Sijuga
saouemup turue GO 6 Eyark Hout
Dadhe fhetuen
Rhokpeua Oajagh`he

GO 6 \aeuruehe
kechro gajuhs
GO 6 \ijh ehchs murh` fhetuen 8 GO 6 Ketijarhesk Hoths
Rkbho acaoc
Itit rhenoh oaouhenhe I4 bhe HR\

B. \HRI
\HRICK
CK]K
]KIJ
IJIN
INKK

 ]RAGK ugugeyh tarfhbk fkoh hjkrhe bhrh` oiriear gaeurue samhrh gaebhbho satajh` iojusk
t`rigdus phbh pjho htarisojaritko yhen subh` hbh sadajugeyh. ]taeisks hrtark oiriear barhfht
tkennk yhen daroagdhen samhrh jhgdht dkhsheyh tkbho gagkmu ]RAGK ohraeh daroagdheneyh
 dheyho oijhtarhj saphefhen whotu. ]RAGK tarfhbk fkoh tr
trigdus
igdus hrtark oiriear tarfhbk samhrh mapht
 phbh jiohsk kefurk vhsmujhr. \hbh sadhnkhe dashr ohsus, kechro tarfhbk fkoh pjho htarisojarisks
gaen
gaenhj
hjhg
hgkk cksu
cksur,
r, ru
rupt
ptur
uraa hthu
hthu ujsa
ujsarh
rhsk
sk bhe
bhe fkoh
fkoh oieb
oiebks
kskk ji
jimh
mhjj ht
hthu
hu skst
skstag
agko
ko gagk
gagkmu
mu
trigdinaeasks, sa`kennh tarfhbk t`rigdus gurhj phbh jiohsk ruptura yhen gaenhokdhtohe iojusk
hrtark oiriear. \aeajktkhe `kstijiny gaeuefuoohe pjho oiriear maebaauen gaenhjhgk ruptura fkoh
gagpueyhk vkdrius mhp yhen tkpks bhe ketkeyh ohyh jkpkb (jkpkb
(jkpkb rkm` mira).
mira).
 Kechro Gkiohrb yhen bksadhdohe trigdus hrtark oiriear bhpht gaenaehk aebiohrbkug shgphk
ap
apko
kohr
hrb
bkug
kug,b
,bks
ksad
adu
ut kech
kechro
ro tr
trhe
hesg
sgur
urhj
hj,, ehgu
hgue dksh
ksh fu
fun
nh `h
`hey
eyhh gae
gaenae
naehk bharh
harh`
`

sudaebiohrbkhj,bksadut kechro sudaebiohrbkhj. ]atajh` 4< gaekt tarfhbkeyh sugdhthe,kechro subh`

bhpht tarfhbk phbh sudaebiohrbkug,bhe dkjh darjhefut tarus rhth-rhth bhjhg 2 fhg tajh` tarfhbk
kechro trhesgurhj. Oarushohe gkiohrb kek bhrk aebiohrbkug oa apkohrbkug gaefhbk oigpjkt bhe
kravarskdaj bhjhg =-2 fhg. Gasokpue eaorisks gkiohrb subh` oigpjkt,prisas ragibajken gkiohrb
yhen gaenhjhgk kefury tarus darjhefut shgphk dadarhph gkennu hthu dujhe ohraeh bharh` kechro 
gajuhs bhe bharh` eie kechro gaenhjhgk bkjhthsk.

A. GHEKC
GHEKCA]R
A]RH]K
H]K OJKEK]
OJKEK]

h. Oaju`he
Oaju`he uthgh ojhsko
ojhsko 6 eyark bhbh
bhbh saetrhj
saetrhj yhen darht
darht , sapartk rhsh tardhoh
tardhohr,
r, bktkebk`
bktkebk` daebh darht,
darht,
sapartk bktusuo, rhsh bkparhs, bkpajketkr, tartaohe yhen darjhensuen ≡ 4< gaekt, tkbho darourhen
baenhe pagdarkhe ektrht, nafhjh yhen gaeyarthk 6 daroarkenht, pumht bhe guhj, sujkt darehphs,
maghs, bhe jaghs.
  d. Eyark gagdhko hthu gaen`kjhen baenhe kstkrh`ht hthu idht ektrht.
m. Oajhkehe
Oajhkehe jhke6
jhke6 bk hethrheyh
hethrheyh htrkgh, `aetk fhetue
fhetuen
n hthu nhnhj fhetue
fhetuen
n hout.
hout.
b. Dk
Dksh
sh htkp
htkpko
ko66
 \hbh gheujh6 dksh oijhps hthu dkenuen.
 \hbh phskae bkhdatas6 parduruohe sthtus gathdijko hthu hthu nhnhj fhetuen dksh theph bksarthk
e yark bhbh.

C. OIG\JKOH]K
Hbhpue oigpjkohsk yhen tarfhbk phbh phskae ]RAGK, hbhjh`6
8) Bk
Bkscu
scuen
ensk
sk vaetr
vaetrko
kouj
ujar
ar
]atajh` ]RAGK, vaetrkoaj okrk hohe gaenhjhgk parudh`he sarkhj bhjhgdaetuo, uourhe, bhe
oatadhjhe phbh sangae yhen gaenhjhgk kechro bhe eie kechro. \risas kekbksadut ragibajken
3

vaetko
vaetkouja
ujarr bhe ugugey
ugugeyhh gaebh`
gaebh`uju
ujukk daroag
daroagdhe
dheney
neyhh nhnhj
nhnhj fhetue
fhetuen
n samhrh
samhrh ojkeks
ojkeks bhjhg
bhjhg
`ktuen
`ktuenhe
he dujhe
dujhe hthu th`ue
th`ue phsmh
phsmh kechro
kechro.. ]anarh
]anarh satajh`
satajh` kechro
kechro vaetrk
vaetrkoaj
oaj okrk
okrk gaenhj
gaenhjhgk
hgk
bkjhthsk.]amhrh hout, `hskj kek darhshj bhrk aosphesk kechro hj ? sjkpphna
?  sjkpphna sarht
 sarht itit, bksrupsk saj

gkiohrbkhj eirghj bhe `kjheneyh fhrkenhe bhjhg zieh eaoritko.

]ajhefutey
]ajhefuteyh,
h, tarfhbk pujh paghefhenh
paghefhenhe
e sangae eiekechro,
eiekechro, gaenhokdht
gaenhokdhtohe
ohe paekpkshe
paekpkshe yhen
bkbkspriski
bkbkspriskiehj
ehj bhe ajienhsk
ajienhsk zieh kechro. \agdashrhe
\agdashrhe ruhen fhetuen
fhetuen samhrh oasajuru`he
oasajuru`he yhen
tarfhbk bkohktohe uourhe bhe jiohsk kechro, baenhe bkjhthsk tarsadhr phsmh kechro phbh hpaos
vaetkoraj okrk yhen yhen gaenhokdhtohe paeuruehe `agibkehgko yhen eyhth, jadk` sarken
tarfhb
tarfhbkk nhnhj
nhnhj fhetue
fhetuen
n bhe prinei
prineisks
sks jadk`
jadk` duruo.
duruo. \rinra
\rinraskv
skvkths
kths bkjhth
bkjhthsk
sk bhe oiesao
oiesaouae
uaesk
sk
ojkeks
ojkekseyh
eyh bhpht bk`hgd
bk`hgdht
ht baenhe
baenhe tarhpk
tarhpk ke`kdk
ke`kdktir
tir HMA bhe vhsibkjh
vhsibkjhtir
tir jhk
jhke.
e. \hbh
\hbh phskae
phskae
baenhe crhosk afaosk : 2< % theph gajk`ht hbh tkbhoeyh nhnhj fhetuen, ke`kdktir HMA `hrus

bkdarkohe.
4) Nhen
Nhennu
nuhe
he `agi
`agibk
bkeh
ehgk
gko 
o 
Nhnhj pagigp
pagigphhe
hhe ( puugp chkjura ) garupho
garuphohe
he paeyadhd
paeyadhd uthgh
uthgh oaghtkhe
oaghtkhe bk rugh` shokt
shokt
 phbh ]RAGK. \arjuhshhe eaorisks ksoagkh gagpueyhk oirajhsk yhen dhko baenhe tkenoht
nhnhj pigph bhe girthjkths, dhko phbh hwhj ( 8< `hrk kechro ) bhe sasubh`eyh. Rhebh ojkeks
yhen sarken bkfugphk hbhjh` rieo`k dhsh` bk phru bhe dueyk fhetuen ]= bhe ]2 nhjjip. \hbh
 pagarkoshhe rietnae bkfugphk oienastk
oienastk phru.
h. Nhnh
Nhnhjj fhe
fhetu
tue
en
 d. ]yio ohrbkinaeko 
m. \arjuhshe
she KG
 b. Agdi
Agdijk
jk skta
sktagk
gko/
o/pk
pkjg
jgie
iehj
hj
a. \ark
\arkoh
ohrb
rbkh
khtk
tkss
c. Tuptur  
n. Saetrkora
rajj
`. Itit p
phhpkjhr 
k. Oajh
Oajhke
kehe
he sap
sapth
thjj vaet
vaetrk
rkoa
oajj
 f. Bkscuensk ohtup
o. Heau
Heaurk
rksg
sghh va
vaet
etrko
rkoaj
aj
j. ]k
]keb
ebri
righ
gh kec
kechr
hro
o phsm
phsmhg
hgki
kioh
ohrb
rbkh
khss

N. \AEHRH
\AEHRHJHO
JHO]HE
]HEHHE
HHE
h. ]yio
]yio ohrb
ohrbki
kina
naea
eatk
tko 
o 
\aehthjhosheh syio ohrbkinaeatko6
- Rarhpk I4, Fko
Fkohh taoh
taoheh
ehe
e bh
bhrh`
rh` sk
skst
stij
ijko
ko :><
:>< gg@n
gg@n bh
bhe
e ta
tarb
rbhp
hpht
ht th
theb
ebhh syio
syio bk
bkda
dark
rkoh
ohe
e
eirapkeacrke.

>

- Fkoh taohehe
taohehe bhrh` skstijko
skstijko :;<
:;< gg@n
gg@n bhe tarbhpht
tarbhpht thebh
thebh syio
syio bkdarko
bkdarkohe
he biphgke
biphgke bisks 1-81
un/onDD/gaekt.

- Fkoh taohehe
taohehe bhrh` skstijko
skstijko :;<
:;< gg@n
gg@n ehgue
ehgue tkbho tarbhpht
tarbhpht thebh
thebh syio
syio bkdarkohe
bkdarkohe biduthgke
biduthgke
bisks 4-4< un/onDD/gaekt.
- Tavhso
Tavhsoujh
ujhrksh
rkshsk
sk hrtark
hrtark oiriear
oiriear sanarh
sanarh,, dhko \MK hthu
hthu MHDN,
MHDN, bkraoig
bkraoigaeb
aebhsko
hskohe
he phbh phskae
phskae
:>1 th`ue baenhe ajavhsk ]R hthu JDDD yhen gaenhjhgk syio bhjhg =3 fhg KGH bhe kbahj
uetuo
uetuo ravhso
ravhsoujh
ujhrksh
rkshsk
sk yhen
yhen bhpht
bhpht bkoarf
bkoarfhoh
hohe
e bhjhg
bhjhg 80 fhg syio,
syio, oamuhj
oamuhjkk fkoh
fkoh tarbhp
tarbhpht
ht
oietrhkebkohsk hthu tkbho kbahj baenhe tkebhohe kevhskc.
- Rarh
Rarhpk
pk trkg
trkgdi
dijk
jktko
tko yhen
yhen bkda
bkdark
rkoh
ohe
e ph
phbh
bh phskae
phskae ]RAGK
]RAGK ba
baen
enhe
he syio
syio ohrbki
ohrbkina
naek
eko
o yh
yhen
en tho 
kbahj baenhe trhpk kevhskc bhe tkbho gagpuyhk oietrhkebkohsk trigdijksks.
- Ketrh
Ketrh hirtkm
hirtkm dhjji
dhjji pugp
pugp (KHD
(KHD\)
\) bkrao
bkraoiga
igaebh
ebhsko
skohe
he phskae
phskae ]RAG
]RAGKK baenhe
baenhe syio
syio ohrb
ohrbkin
kinaek
aeko 
o 
yhen tkbho gagdhko baenhe sanarh bhenhe tarhpk chrghoijinks, dkjh shrheh tarsabkh.
 d. Kechro Saetrkoaj Ohehe
Kechro
Kechro vaetrko
vaetrkoaj
aj ohehe
ohehe samhrk
samhrk ojkeks
ojkeks gaeyad
gaeyadhdo
hdohe
he thebh
thebh nafhjh
nafhjh vaetrko
vaetrkoaj
aj ohehe
ohehe yhen
yhen darht
darht
(bkstaesk vaeh funujhrks, thebh oussghuj s, `aphtiganhjk) hthu thebh `kpitaesk. \aehthjhosheh
kechro vaetrkoaj ohehe6
- \arth`heohe prajihb vaetrkoaj ohehe.
 - Jihbken vijuga (kecus EhMJ <,; %) 8-4 jktar mhk drhe fhg K sajhefuteyh 4<<gj/fhg (tarnat
htrkug ohehe 58< gg@n (8=,3mg@4<).
- @kebhrk paennuehhe ektrht hthu bkuratko.

- \arth`heohe skeoriek H-S bhe drhbkohrbkhj `hrus bkoiraosk. \hmu fhetuen saouaeskhj H-S
 phbh djio fhetuen barhfht tkennk skgtightko yhen tkbho rapie baenhe htripke.
- Bkdarkohe keitripko fkoh murh` fhetuen tkbho gaekenoht satajh` jihbken vijuga.

- Ourhenk hctarjihb vaetrkoaj ohehe sasuhk baenhe bkscuensk vaetrkoaj okrk.

- \igph dhjie ketrh-hirtko.

- Shsijkbhtir hrtark (ektripispkb, `kbrhjhzke)

- \aen`hgdht HMA

- Tapircusk

- Idht trigdijktko 

- \armutheaius miriehrk ketarvaetkie (\MK) prkgar 

- Miriehry hrtaru dyphss nrhct (NHDN) (phbh phskae tartaetu baenhe paeyhokt gujtkvasaj).
m. Rhokoh
Rhokohrbk
rbkhh bhe
bhe Skd
Skdrkj
rkjhsk
hsk Saetrko
Saetrkoaj
aj
Bhjhg 42 fhg parthgh ]RAGK, thokohrbkh bhe vkdrkjhsk vaetrkoujhr bhpht tarfhbk thgph thebh
 dh`hyh hrkbgkh sadajugeyh. \aehthjhosheh Rhokohrbkh vadtrkoaj6

- Rhoko
hokohr
hrb
bkh vadt
vadtrk
rko
oaj (SR)
(SR) pijkg
ijkgir
irv
vko yhe
yhen gae
aeat
athp
hp (jad
(jadk`
k` bh
bhrk
rk =< bat
atko
ko ht
hthu
hu
gaeyadhdo
gaeyadhdohe
he oijhps
oijhps `agibkehgk
`agibkehgko)
o) `hrus bktarhpk baenhe BM s`imo uesyem`iri
uesyem`iriekzar 
ekzar 
gaennuehohe aearnk hwhj 4<< f? fkoh nhnhj `hrus bkdarkohe s`imo oabuh 4<<-=<< F?, bhe
 fkoh parju s`imo oatknh =3<F.
- Rhok
Rhokoh
ohrb
rbkh
kh vadtrk
vadtrkoa
oajj (SR)
(SR) gieig
gieigir
irck
cko,
o, gaea
gaeath
thp
p yh
yhen
en bkkou
bkkoutk
tk baenhe
baenhe henke
henkehh , ab
abag
aghh
 phru bhe `kpitaesk (taohehe bhrh`:;< gg@n ) `hrus bkrathpk baenhe s`imo 
syem`iriekzab aearnk hwhj 8<< F. Aearnk bhpht bktkenohtohe fkoh bisks hwhj nhnhj.
- Rhok
Rhokoh
ohrb
rbkh
kh va
vadt
dtrk
rkoa
oajj (SR)
(SR) gieig
gieigir
irck
cko
o yh
yhen
en tkbho
tkbho bk
bksar
sarth
thek
ek he
henk
nkeh
eh,, ab
abag
aghh ph
phru
ru bhe
`kpitaesk (taohehe bhrh`:;< gg@n) bktarhpk shjh` shtu rankgae darkout6
k. Jkbi
Jkbioh
ohke
ke66 di
diju
juss 8-
8-8-
8-1g
1g`/
`/on
on.. Dijk
Dijkus
us thgdh
thgdh`h
`he
e <,
<,1-
1-<,
<,>1
>1gn
gn/o
/on
n tkhp
tkhp 1-8< gaekt
gaekt
shgphk
shgphk bisks
bisks jibken
jibken tithj
tithj gho
ghoskg
skghj
hj = gn/on
gn/on.. Oagubk
Oagubkhe
he jihbke
jihbken
n sajhefu
sajhefutey
teyhh
baenhe kecus 4-2 gn/ gaekt(=<-1< un/jn/gaekt).
kk. Bks
Bksipk
ipkrhg
rhgkb6
kb6 diju
dijuss 8-4 gn/o
gn/on
n bhjhg
bhjhg 1-8<
1-8< gaek
gaekt,
t, bkjhe
bkjhefut
futohe
ohe bisk
biskss pagajk`
pagajk`hrhh
hrhhe
e8
gn/on/fhg.
 kkk.
kkk. Hgki
gkibhri
bhrie
e6 81
81<g
<gn
n ke
kecu
cuss sajhg
ajhghh 1-
1-8<
8< gae
aekt
kt ht
hthu
hu 1 gj/o
gj/onD
nDD
D 4<
4<-3
-3<
< gae
gaekt,
kt,
bkjhefutohe kecus tathp 8 gn/gaekt sajhgh 3 fhg bhe oagubkhe kecus pagajk`hrhhe
<,1 gn/gaekt.
kv. Ohrbki
Ohrbkivar
varsk
sk ajaotr
ajaotrko
ko syem`i
syem`irie
riekza
kzab
b bkgujh
bkgujhkk bisk
biskss 1< F ( heasth
heasthsk
sk sadajug
sadajugeyh
eyh).
).

b. \aehthj
\aehthjhos
hosheh
heh ckdrkj
ckdrkjhsk
hsk Saetrkoaj
Saetrkoaj
- Ck
Ckdr
drkj
kjhs
hskk vaet
vaetrk
rkoa
oajj hthu
hthu thok
thokoh
ohrb
rbkh
kh vaet
vaetrk
rkoa
oajj pu
pujs
jsaj
ajas
asss bk
bkda
dark
rkoh
ohe
e ta
tarh
rhpk
pk BM s`
s`im
imo 
o 
uesyem`iriekzab baenhe aearnk hwhj 4<< F fkoh tho dar`hskj `hrus bkdarkohe s`imo oabuh 4<<
shgphk =<< F bhe fkoh parju s`imo oatknh =3< F ( ojhs K)
- Ckdrkjhsk
Ckdrkjhsk vaetrkoaj
vaetrkoaj hthu thokohrbkh
thokohrbkh vaetrkoaj
vaetrkoaj pujsajass
pujsajass yhen racrhosk
racrhosk tar`hbhp
tar`hbhp s`imo ajaotrko 
ajaotrko 
bkdarko
bkdarkohh tarhpk
tarhpk hgkibh
hgkibhrie
rie =<< gn hthu 1/on. KS dijus
dijus bkjhef
bkjhefuto
utohe
he paenuj
paenujhen
henhe
he s`imo 
s`imo 
uesyem`iriekzab. (ojhs Kkh)

DHD KKK
H]Q@HE OA\ATH^HRHE NHBHT 

2.8 \aenohfkhe
h. \aeno
\aenohfk
hfkhe
he sadaj
sadajug
ug phska
phskae bhthen ( \ra Hrrkvhj )
e bhthen
8) Kbae
Kbaetk
tkth
thss phsk
phskae
ae
Kbaetkths ojkae gajkputk 6 ehgh, ugur,
ugur, faeks oajhgke, paebkbkohe,
paebkbkohe, paoarfhhe,
paoarfhhe, hnhgh,
suou/dhensh, thennhj ghsuo rugh` shokt, thennhj paenohfkhe, bkhneish gabks, eigir GT bhe
hjhght.

Kbaetkths paehennuen fhwhd gajkputk 6 ehgh, ugur, paoarfhhe, hnhgh, paebkbkohe,

suou/dhensh, hjhght, `uduenhe baenhe ojkae.

 4) Rheb
Rhebh
h theb
thebh
h vkt
vkthj
hj

  NM] 6 migpis gaetks / NM] 81

  RB 6≡ 82</;< gg@n

GH\ 7 Raohehe Bhrh` ]kstijko

]kstijko + 4 (Raohehe
(Raohehe Bhrh`
Bhrh` Bkhstijko)
Bkhstijko)
=

 TT 6 =4 x/k

  Ehbk 6 814 x/K

 ]u`u 6 => M

 ]hturhsk I4 6 ;< %

 MTR 6 : = batko 

 Oasakgdhenhe mhkrhe bhe ajaotrijkt 6

Hskbisks Taspkrhtirko 6 \hMI4 5 1< gg@n, (p@ : >,=1)
Hjohjisks Taspkrhtirko6 \hMI4 : =< gg@n, (p@ 5 >,21)
=) Hj
Hjht
ht dhet
dhetu
u kev
kevhs
hskc 
kc 
-

\agdarkhe ghneaskug sujcht

d. \aenohfkhe ]anarh (Xukmo Hssassgaet)

8. paenohfkhe prkgar
h. Hkrwhy
-  Ehphs thgdh`he rieo`k, dueyk
dueyk ehchs oraorajs (+),
- Fhjhe ehphs tkbho phtae (idstruosk abagh/sputug)
d. Draht`ken
- \hskae sasho ehchs
- Rhokepeah
-  Ehchs bhenohj
8<

- TT =4 x/k,
- ]hturhsk I4 ;<%
- \arehphshe mupken `kbuen (+)
- \aennuehhe itit hosasirks parehchshe (+)
- Hbheyh skheisks
m. Mkrmujhtkie
- RB 6 ≡82</;<gg@n.
 -  E6 814 x/k
-

MTR : = batko.
- Oujkt phskae tarhdh phehs.
b. Bks
Bkshdkj
hdkjkt
kty
y
- raspie phskae dhko (hjart)
-  oashbhrhe migpis gaetks
- NM] 6 81 (A2,S1,G3)
-  pupkj ksioir 
- racjaos tar`hbhp mh`hy dhko.
a. Axpisura
- tkbho tarbhpht baicrigkths
- tkbho tarbhpht mietuskie
- tkbho tarbhpht Hdrhsk
- tkbho tarbhpht paeatrhsk
- tarbhpht ubaga phbh aotragkths dhwh` bhe hdbigae
4. paen
paenoh
ohfk
fkhe
he sami
samieb
ebhr
hry
y
survay saouebar funh h`rus bkjhouohe yhen gajkputk dadarhph pagarkoshhe satajh` paenohfkhe
uthh sajashk bkjhouohe, survay saouebar bkjhouohe etuo gajaenohpk bhth bhth yhen bkparjuohe,
bkhethrheyh gajkputk 6
h. rk
rkwh
whyh
yhtt ]HG
]HG\JA
\JA
rkwhyht
rkwhyht ]HG\JA
]HG\JA yhen dksh bkbhphtoh
bkbhphtohe
e bhrk phskae bhe oajuhrnh
oajuhrnh ( Agarnaemy
 Agarnaemy Eursken 
 Hssimkhtkie, 4<<>) 6
] 6 skne
 6 skne & sygptigp 6
H 6 Hjarnk 6 (hbhoh` hjarnk phbh phskae ,sapartk idht-idhthe `ardhj)
G 6 Gabkohsk/idht-idhthe ? (idht-idhthe yhen bkgkeug sapartk
sabhen gaefhjhek paenidhthe
paenidhthe `kpartaesk, BG,
BG, hthu paeyhjh`nuehhe
paeyhjh`nuehhe idht)
\6 \hrtkaet gabkmhj `kstiry (rkwhyht gabks phskae sapartk paeyhokt
yhen pareh` bkbarkth, idhteyh hph, darhph biskseyh, paennuehhe
idht-idht `ardhj)
88

J 6 jhst gahj (idht hthu ghohehe yhen dhru shfh bkoigsugs,

bkoigsugsk dadarph fhg sadajug oafhbkhe)
A 6 Avaets
 6 Avaets 6
 6 `hj-`hj yhen darshenouthe baenhe sadhd oafhbkhe
Skthj skne 6
   RB 6 82</;< Gg`n
TT 6 =4 x/k
 Ehbk 6 814 x/K
]u`u 6 => M
m. \aenohfkhe jaenohp ( Migpra`aeskva Hssassgaet )
8) oaju
oaju`h
`he
e uthg
uthghh
Oaju`h
Oaju`he
e uthgh
uthgh yhen
yhen phjken
phjken sarken
sarken gaefhb
gaefhbkk hjhshe
hjhshe phskae
phskae uetuo
uetuo gagket
gagkethh partij
partijien
ienhe
he
oasa`hthe,
oasa`hthe, gajkputk6 byspeah,
byspeah, oajagh`he cksko, bhe abagh skstagko,
skstagko, hbheyh
hbheyh nafhjh-nafhj
nafhjh-nafhjhh
oienastk vhsoujhr pujgiehj hbhjh` byspeah, irtipeah, byspeah eimturehj phrioskghj, dhtuo,
bhe abagh pujgiehj hout
4) Tkwhyht oasa`hthe
h. Tkwhyht
Tkwhyht ghsuo.
ghsuo. Darhph
Darhph fhg
fhg sasho sadajug
sadajug ghsuo
ghsuo T]?
T]? Iesat
Iesat 84 fhg
 d. Tkwhyht oasa`hthe shht kek oaju`he phskae, sapartk6
 ]asho 

 Qbagh

  Eyark bhbh
m. Tkwh
Tkwhyh
yhtt oasa
oasa`h
`hth
the
e oaju
oajuhr
hrnh
nh66 they
theyho
hohe
he ph
phbh
bh he
heni
nith
th oa
oaju
juhr
hrnh
nhey
eyhh hb
hbho
hoh`
h` he
henn
nnit
ithh
oajuhrnheyh yhen gaenhjhgk paeyhokt yhen shgh baenhe phskae shht kek. ]arth rkwhyht
 paeyhokt jhkeeyh sapartk6
 Bhrh` tkennk

 Bkhdatas

 \aeyhokt fhetuen
b. Tkwhyh
Tkwhyhtt oasa`ht
oasa`hthe
he ghsh jhju6
jhju6 theyhohe
theyhohe phbh phskae
phskae hphoh`
hphoh` pareh`
pareh` gaenhjhg
gaenhjhgkk paeyho
paeyhokt
kt
yhen shgh baenhe yhen bkhjhgk shht kek hthu paeyhokt jhke sapartk6
 Tkwhyht hsgh

 Bkhdatas

 ]trioa

 Nhstrktks

 Hjarnk
a. Tkwhy
kwhyht
ht si
sisk
skhj
hj

84

 
 Tkwhyht
Tkwhyht simkhj phbh phskae stagk dkhsheyh
dkhsheyh hbhjh` darourheney
darourheneyhh hotkvkths
hotkvkths hthu dh`ohe
shgphk dar`aetk darhotkvkths
darhotkvkths uetuo paenidhthe.
paenidhthe. ]a`kennh tarfhbkeyh parudh`he parhe
bhjhg oajuhrnh. \arudh`he parhe yhen tarfhbk gaeyadhdohe parudh`he ckehemkhj yhen
tarfhbk phbh oajuhrnh bhe funh thbkeyh sarken darijh`rhnh okek `hrus dardhrken bk Tugh`
]hokt
c. Tkwh
Tkwhyh
yhtt psko
pskois
isis
iskh
khjj
Oanajksh`he bhe oamaghshe tarfhbk hokdht nhennuhe iosknaehsk fhrkenhe, strass hokdht
oa
oasho
shokt
kthe
he da
dare
rehch
hchss bh
bhe
e pa
paen
enath
ath`u
`uhe
he dh
dh`w
`whh fh
fhet
etue
uen
n tkbh
tkbho
o da
darc
rcue
uens
nskk ba
baen
enhe
he dh
dhko
ko..
\aeuruehe jadk` jhefut bhrk murh` fhetuen bhpht bksarthk kesigekh hthu oadkenuenhe.
n. Tkwh
Tkwhyh
yhtt sspk
pkrk
rktu
tuhj
hj
Oadutu`he ]pkrktuhj garuphohe oadutu`he bhshr yhen bkdutu`ohe ija` satkhp gheuskh,
hphdkjh sasairhen bhjhg oahbhhe shokt ghoh `uduenhe baenhe tu`heeyh saghoke baoht.
Hspa
Hspao
o sp
spkr
krkt
ktuh
uhjj bh
bhph
phtt gagd
gagdhe
hetu
tu gagd
gagdhe
heno
nokto
ktohe
he saghe
saghenh
nhtt ph
phska
skae
e bh
bhjh
jhg
g pr
pris
isas
as
 paeyagdu`he (M`arjy boo, 4<<0). \hbh dadarhph phskae baenhe nhennuhe M@C garaoh
gaenhjhgk oipken ghjhbhptkva . mieti` bhrk oipken tarsadut hbhjh` oatkoh phskae tarsadut
tkbho dksh gaearkgh
gaearkgh paey
paeyhokte
hokteyh
yh bhe gaeyhjh`oh
gaeyhjh`ohe
e Ru`he
Ru`he hohe paeyhokt yhen bkbarkth
bkbarkth
sa`kennh theph shbhr garaoh gaefhu`k shen \aemkpth. Bhjhg gaenhthsk ghshjh` spkrktuhj
yhen bkhjhgk phskae M@C o`ususeyh uetuo gaenurhenk tkenoht baprask ghoh paebaohthe
rajknk
rajknkius
ius baenhe
baenhe mhrh darzko
darzkokr,
kr, darbih
darbih sasuhk
sasuhk baenhe
baenhe oayhok
oayhokehe
ehe ghsken
ghsken-gh
-ghske
sken
n bhe
gajhouohe s`ijht gasokpue baenhe dardhrken (Cktrkhek,4<81).
=. \a
\aga
gark
rkos
oshh
hhe
e cks
cksko 
ko 
Oaphjh 6 Gasisap`hj, rhgdut `kthg, tkbho rietio bhe darsk`

Ghth 6 Maouen, oiefuentkvh pumht, smjarh tkbho kotarko 

@kbuen 6 Darsk`, tkbho hbh bksm`hrna, tho hbh ehchs mupken `kbuen.

Gujut 6 Darsk`, guoish dkdkr oarken, skheisks.

Rajkenh 6 ]kgatrks, darsk`, tkbho hbh sarugae.

Ja`ar 6 Bkstaesk vaeh funujhrks

Bhbh 6 ]kgatrks, hbh ratrhosk itit bhbh, paenagdhenhe bhbh skgatrks.

Fhetuen 6 Raohehe bhrh` gaekenoht/gaeurue, hrktgkh, skheisks, eyark bhbh

\hru
\hru-- \hru
\hru 6 Bysp
Byspea
eah,
h, ir
irt`
t`ip
ipea
eah,
h, thok
thokpe
peah
ah,, dh
dhtu
tuo,
o, ratrh
ratrhos
oskk bk
bkeb
ebke
ken
n bh
bhbh
bh,, ri
riem
em`k
`k,,
w`aazken

8=
 

Hdbigae 6 Hsktas, eyark taohe, `aphtiganhjk

Aotragkths 6 Eirghj, tkbho skheisks/skheisks, ohpkjary rackjj tkga : = batko, tkbho hbh
iabag, aostragkths dhwh` gaenhjhgk oajagh`he

Oujkt 6 Oujkt thgpho sabkokt oarken, shwi ghthen bhe, turnir oujkt dhko.

Naeathjkh 6 Rkbho tarphshen ohtatar (rkwhyht D\@)

2. \aga
\agarko
rkoshh
shhe
e bkhn
bkhnei
eist
stko
ko
\agarkoshhe \aeuefhen yhen bhpht bkjhouohe
bkjhouohe phbh
phbh phskae baenhe ohsus nhnhj
nhnhj fhetuen
oienastkva bk hethrheyh
hethrheyh sadhnhk darkout 6
8. Ajaotriohr
Ajaotriohrbkinrh
bkinrhg
g 6 @kparhtripk
@kparhtripk htrkhj hthu vaetrkoujar
vaetrkoujar,, paeykgp
paeykgphenhe
henhe hosks,
ksoagkh, bkshrktgkh, thokohrbkh, ckdrkjhsk htrkhj.
4. Qf
Qfkk strass
strass 6 Garup
Garupho
hohe
he pa
paga
gark
rkos
oshh
hhe
e ei
eie-
e-ke
kevh
vhsk
skcc yh
yhen
en dartu
dartufu
fuhe
he uetuo 
uetuo 
gaeaetuohe oaguenokehe ksoagkh hthu kecaosk yhen tarfhbk sadajuggeyh.

=. Aoio
Aoiohr
hrbk
bkin
inrh
rhck
ck
k. Aoio
Aoiohr
hrbk
bkin
inrh
rhck
ck giba
gibajj G (da
(darn
rnue
uehh uet
uetuo
uo gaen
gaenav
avhj
hjuh
uhsk
sk
vijuga dhjko bhe oajhkehe rankiehj, gibaj G phjken sarken
bkhphohk bhe bktheyhohe darshgh AON)
kk. Aoiohr
Aoiohrbki
bkinrh
nrhck
ck buh bkgaesk
bkgaesk (MR smhe)
smhe)
kkk. Aoiohrbkinrhck bipijar (ga
(gagdarko
rkohe paemktrhhe bhe
 paebaohthe trhesasichnahj tar`hbhp fhetuen)
 d. Ohtarkshsk fhetuen
m. Thbk
Thbkin
inrh
rhck
ck bhbh
bhbh 6 Bhph
Bhphtt gaeu
gaeuef
efuo
uooh
ohe
e pa
pagd
gdas
ashr
hrhe
he fh
fhet
etue
uen.
n.
Dhyhenhe gaemargkeohe bkjhthsk hthu `kpartripk dkjko, hthu parudh`he
bhjhg pagduju` bhrh` hdeirghj
b. Ajaotr
Ajaotrijk
ijktt 6 Guenok
Guenoke
e darudh
darudhe
e ohraeh
ohraeh parpkebh
parpkebh`he
`he mhkrhe/p
mhkrhe/paeu
aeurue
ruehe
he
cuensk nkefhj tarhpk bkuratko
a. Ioskga
Ioskgatrk
trkehb
ehbkk 6 ]hturhsk
]hturhsk iosknae
iosknae guenoke
guenoke raebh`
raebh` taruthgh
taruthgh fkoh nhnhj
nhnhj
 fhetuen oienastkc hout gaefhbk orieks.
c. Hehjk
ehjksh
sh nhs
nhs bhr
bhrh`
h`
n. Djii
Djiib
b ur
urau
aug
g ektr
ektrin
inae
ae (DQE
(DQE)) bh
bhe
e or
orah
ahtk
tkek
eke
e 6 \a
\aek
eken
enoh
ohth
the
e DQE
DQE
gaeu
gaeuef
efuo
uooh
ohe
e pa
paeu
euru
rueh
ehe
e cu
cuen
ensk
sk nk
nkef
efhj.
hj. Oaeh
Oaehko
kohe
he dh
dhko
ko DQE
DQE bh
bhe
e
orahtkeke garuphohe kebkohsk
`. \a
\aga
gark
rkos
oshh
hhe
e tkrik
tkrikb
b
 82

b. \aenohfkhe daroajhefuthe (ie nike hsshsgaet)

Oietkeukths giektirken oiebksk phskae sakhp 8-4 fhg phbh shht orkttks, sajhefuteyh sasuhk baenhe
oiebksk phskae, cious paenohfkhe phbh phskae baenhe nhnhj fhetuen yhktu 6

8) \arehchs
\arehchshe
he 6 Husouj
Husoujthsk
thsk phbh ketarvhj
ketarvhj yhen sarken uetuo
uetuo gaeaet
gaeaetuoh
uohe
e hbh hthu tkbhoeyh
tkbhoeyh
orhojas bhe gaenk, mhtht craouaesk bhe oabhjhghe darehchs.
4) Fhetuen
Fhetuen 6 Husoujthsk
Husoujthsk uetuo gaenath`u
gaenath`ukk hbheyh dueyk
dueyk dksken fhetuen
fhetuen ]= bhe ]2, oagueno
oaguenokehe
kehe
mhrh pagigphhe subh` gujhk nhnhj.
=) Rkenoh
Rkenohtt oashbh
oashbhrhe
rhe 6 Ohfk
Ohfk tkenoh
tkenohtt oashbh
oashbhrhe
rhe,, hbhoh`
hbhoh` paeurue
paeuruehe
he oashbhrh
oashbhrhe.
e.  \arkcar 6 Ohfk


hbhoh` skheisks parkcar.

2) Ohfk
Ohfk dhnkhe
dhnkhe tudu`
tudu` phskae
phskae yhen gaenhjh
gaenhjhgk
gk abagh
abagh bapaebae
bapaebae bhe `aphr uetuo
uetuo gaenat
gaenath`u
h`ukk
racjao `aphtifunujhr (T@F) bhe bkstaesk vaeh funujhrks (BSF).
 81

2.4. Bkhneish Oaparhwhthe

ei Bkhneish Rufuhe bhe orktarkh `hskj ketarvaesk

oaparhwhthe
8 \aeuruehe murh` Rufuhe 6 \arhwhthe fhetuen
 fhetuen d.b fhjur ]atajh` bkjhouohe tkebhohe Idsarvhsk
`hethrhe jkstrko oaparhwhthe satajh` …. P 42 fhg, - Kbaetkckohsk thebh/naf
afhhjh prkga
tarnhennu ghoh
ghoh bk`h
bk`hrh
rhpo
pohe
he oahb
oahbao
aouh
uhth
the
e  paeuruehe murh` fhetuen (gajkput
 fhetuen gagigph bhrh` uetuo  byspea
byspeah,
h, oajajh
oajajh`he
`he,, abagh,
abagh, it`ipe
it`ipeah
ah
gagaeu`k
gagaeu`k oadutu`he
oadutu`he gathdijksga
gathdijksga  phrixysghj eimturehj byspeah
tudu`.  paekenohthe MS\)
Aospathsk 6 Gaekenoht - Kb
Kbae
aetk
tkck
ckoh
ohsk
sk th
theb
ebh/
h/na
nafh
fhjh
jh sa
saou
oueb
ebaa

Orktarkh @hskj 6  paeuruehe murh` fhetuen (gajkput

- Oaouhthe ehbk parkcar 6 2
- Rhokohrbkh 6 2 - Jajh` 6 2
- Bkstaesk vaeh funujhrks 6 2
- Bkspeah 6 2 - Ijknurkh 6 2
- \umht/skheisks 6 2
- It`ipah 6 2
- Dhtuo 6 2
- ]uhrh Fhetuen ]= 6 2
- ]uhrh Fhetuen ]2 6 2
- Raohehe Bhrh` 6 2
 paekenohthe darht dhbhe, `aphtiganhjy
bkstaesk vaeh funujhrks, phjpkthsk, rieo`
 dhsh`, ijknurkh, dhtuo, oujkt pumht)
Giektir taohehe bhrh`
- Giektir kethoa bhe iutput mhkrhe
- Giekti
Giektirr darht
darht dhbhe
dhbhe satkhp
satkhp `hrk
`hrk phb
whotu yhen shgh
- Giektir shturhsk i4
- Giektir oaju`he eyark bhb
- Giektir AON 84 shbhphe
- Giektir hrktgkh
- Giektir ekjhk jhdirhtirkug fhetuen
- Giektir cuensk hjht phmu fhetuen
- \arkosh Raohehe Bhrh` bhe Craouaes
  Ehbk sadajug bhe sasubh` gajhouoh
hotkvkths
- \arkosh Raohehe Bhrh` bhe Craouaes
 Ehbk sadajug pagdarkhe idht
Rkebhohe 6
- \isk
\isksk
skoh
ohe
e ph
phsk
skae
ae sa
sagk
gk ci
ciwj
wjar
ar ht
hthh
ci
ciwj
wjar
ar ba
baen
enhe
he oh
ohok
ok oa dh
dhwh
wh`
` ht
hthh
 pisksk eyhghe

83

- Darkohe bkat fhetuen yhen sasuhk

- Chskjkthsk oajuhrnh phskae bhe oajuhrn
uetuo
uetuo gibkck
gibkckohs
ohskk nhyh
nhyh `kbup
`kbup sa`ht
sa`ht
Darkohe tarhpk rajhoshsk uetu
gaenurhenk strass, fkoh parju - Darkoh
buouenhe agiskiehj bhe spkrktuhj
- Darkohe iosknae uetu
gagp
gagpar
arth
th`h
`heo
eohe
he sh
shtu
turh
rhsk
sk io
iosk
skna
na
5;2% Abuohsk 6
- Hefu
Hefuro
rohe
he da
darho
rhotk
tkvk
vkths
ths cksk
cksko
o sa
sasu
suhh
tijarhesk
- Hefu
Hefuro
rohe
he da
darh
rhot
otkv
kvkt
kths
hs cksko
cksko sa
samhr 
mhr 
 darth`hp
- Hefurohe dar`aetk garioio
- Hfhrohe phskae bhe oajuhrn
gaenuour darht dhbhe `hrkhe
- Hfhrohe phskae bhe oajuhrn
gaen
gaenuo
uour
ur ke
keth
thoa
oa bh
bhe
e iu
iutp
tput
ut mh
mhkrh
krh
`hrkhe
Oijhdirhsk 6
-

Oijhdirhsk pagdarkhe hetkhrktgkh, fko 

 parju
Tufuo oa prinrhg ra`hdkjkthsk fhetuen
-

4 \ijh ehphs tkbho   ]atajh` bkjhouohe tkebhohe Ghehfagae Fhjhe Ehchs

 acaotkc d.b thokpeua oa
oapa
parh
rhwh
whth
the
e sajhg
sajhghh … x 42 fh
fhg
g Idsarvhsk 6
ghoh
ghoh bk`h
bk`hrh
rhpo
pohe
he gagd
gagdar
arko
kohe
he - Giektir pijh ehchs (craouaesk
vaetkjhsk yhen hbaouht oa
oabh
bhjh
jhgh
ghe,
e, us
ush`
h`hh eh
ehch
chs)
s) - Giek
Giekti
ti
Aospathsk 6 Gagdhko  dueyk ehchs thgdh`he
Orktarkh @hskj 6 - Giektir sputug
- Bkspeah 6 2 Rkebhohe6
- Craouaesk ehchs 6 2 - \a
\art
rth`
h`he
heoh
ohe
e oa
oaph
phta
taeh
ehe
e fh
fhjh
jhe
e eh
ehch
ch
- Oabhjhghe ehchs 6 2 baenhe `ahb-tkjt bhe m`ke-jkct
- \iskskohe sagk ciwjar hthu ciwjar
- Darkohe gkeughe `henht
- Jhouohe ckskitarhpk bhbh, fkoh parju
- Oaju
Oajuhr
hro
ohe sugdh
ugdhth
the
e da
dae
ebh phb
hbhh

8>

baenhe cirmap
- Darkohe iosknae
 Abuohsk 6
- Hefuro
Hefurohe
he hsuphe
hsuphe mhkrhe
mhkrhe 4<<<gj
4<<<gj/`h
/`hrk
rk
 fkoh tkbho oietrhkebkohsk
- Hfhrohe taoeko dhtuo acaotkc
Oijhdirhsk 6
- Oijhdirhsk pagdarkh
 drieoibkjhtkr,aopaotirhe, guoijktko
 fkoh parju
=  Eyark hout d.b eyark satajh` bkjhouohe tkebhohe Ghehfagae
Ghehfaga e Eyark

bhbh oaparhwhthe sajhgh …. P 42 fhg, Idsarvhsk6

bk`hrhpohe bhpht garkenheohe rhsh - Kbaetkckohsk jiohsk, ohrhotarkstko, burhsk
eyark yhen bkrhshohe craouaesk, ouhjkths, ketaeskths eyark
Aospathsk 6 Gaeurue - Kbaetkckohsk sohjh eyark
Orktarkh @hskj 6 - Kbaetkckohsk raspie eyark eie vardhj
- Oaju`he eyark 6 2 - Giektir oadar`hskjhe tarhp
- Garkenks 6 2 oigpjagaet
oigpjagaetar
ar yhen subh` bkdarkohe
- Najksh` 6 2 - Oasujkthe tkbur 6 2 Giek
Giekti
tirr ac
acao
ao sh
shgp
gpke
ken
n pa
paen
ennu
nueh
ehhh
hehjnatko
 Rarhupatko 6
- Darkohe taoeko eie chrghoijinks uetu
gaenurhenk rhsh eyark
- mietrij
mietrij jkenouenhe
jkenouenhe yhen gagpardarh
gagpardarh
rhsh eyark - chskjkthsk kstkrh`ht bhe tkbur 
Abuohsk 6
- Fajhsohe paeyadhd, parkiba, bhe pagkm
eyark
- Fajhs
Fajhsoh
ohe
e str
strht
htan
ankk garab
garabho
hohe
he ey
eyark
ark
Hefu
Hefuro
rohe
he gagi
gagie
ektir
ktir eyar
arkk sa
samh
mhr 
r 
ghebkrk
- Hefu
Hefuro
rohe
he gae
gaenn
nnue
ueho
hohe
he he
hehj
hjna
natk
tk
samhrh tapht
- Hfhrohe
Hfhrohe taoeko
taoeko eiechrghoi
eiechrghoijinks
jinks uetu
gaenurhenk rhsh eyark
2 Ketijarhesk hotkvkths ]atajh bkjhouohe tkebhohe Ghehfagae Aearnk

80

 d.b oajagh`he oaparhwhthe sajhgh …. P 42 fhg  Idsarvhsk 6

ghoh bk`hrhpohe bhpht gajhouohe - Kbaetkckohsk nhennuhe cuensk tudu` yhe

hotkvkths gaenhokdhtohe oajajh`he

Aospathsk 6 Gaekenoht - Giektir oajajh`he cksko bhe agiskiehj
 Orktarkh @hskj 6  ” Giektir pijh bhe fhg tkbur
- Craouaesk ehbk 6 2 Rarhupatko 6
- Oaju`he jajh` 6 2 - ]ab
abkh
khoh
ohe
e jken
jkenou
ouen
enhe
he eyhg
yhghe bh
-  Bkspeah shht hotkvkths 6 2 raebh` stkgujus
- Jhou
Jhouoh
ohe
e jh
jhtk
tk`h
`he
e raeth
raethen
en na
narh
rho
o ph
phsk
sk
hthu hotkc
-

Dar
arkkohe ho
hottkvkths bkstrh
rho
osk yhe
gaeaehenohe
- Chskjkthsk bubuo bk sksk tagpht tkbur
Abuohsk 6
- Hefurohe tkrh` dhrken
- Hefuro
Hefurohe
he gajhou
gajhouohe
ohe hotkvk
hotkvkths
ths samhr 
samhr 
 darth`hp
 - Hefuro
Hefurohe
he gaen`u
gaen`udue
duenk
nk parhwh
parhwhtt fko 
oajajh`he tkbho darourhen
- Hfhrohe strhtank oipken uetu
gaenurhenk oajajh`he
1 Backskt
skt eutrksk d.b ]atajh bkjhouohe tkebhohe Ghehfagae Eutrksk
heiraoskh oaparhwhthe sajhgh …. P 42 fhg Idsarvhsk 6
ghoh bk`hrhpohe bhpht gajhouohe - Kbaetkckohsk sthtus eutrksk
hotkvkths - Kbaetkckohsk hjarnk bhe ketijarhesk
Aospathsk 6 Gaekenoht ghohehe
 Orktarkh @hskj 6 - Kbaetkckohsk parjueyh paennuehhe
-
\irsk ghohehe yhen sajhen ehsinhstrkm
bk`hdksoh 6 2 - Giektir hsuphe ghohehe
- Darht dhbhe hthu KGR 6 2 - Giektir darht dhbhe
-  Ehcsu ghohehe 6 2 Rarhpautko 6
- \arhshhe mapht oaeyhen 6 2 - Jhouohe irhj `ynkaea sadajug ghohe ,
 Fkoh parju
- ]hfkohe ghohehe samhrh gaehrko bhe
su`u yhen sasuhk
-

@aetkohe pagdarkhe ghohehe

8;

gajhjuk sajhen ehsinhstrkm fkoh

hsuphe irhj bhpht bktijarhesk

Abuohsk 6
- Hefurohe pisksk bubuo, fkoh ghgpu
- Hfhrohe bkat yhen bkprinrhgohe
Oijhdirhsk 6
- Oijhdirhsk baenhe h`jk nkzk uetuo
gaeaetuohe fugjh` ohjirk bhe faeks
eutrkae yhen bkdutu`ohe
\rigisk Darht Dhbhe
Idsarvhsk
- Kbaetkckohsk oaguenokehe paeyadhd
DD ourhen
 - Giektir hbheyh guhj bhe gueth`
Rarhpautko 
- ]abkhohe ghohehe yhen tapht sasuhk
oiebksk phskae
- Darkohe pufkhe oaphbh phskae uetuo
 paekenohthe yhen bkmhphk
Abuohsk
- Fa
Fajhs
jhsoh
ohe
e fa
faek
ekss ghoh
ghoheh
ehe
e yn da
darn
rnkz
kz
tkennk, tarfhenohu

=.8
=.8 kgpj
kgpjag
agae
aeth
thsk
sk
Kgpjag
Kgpjagaeth
aethsk
sk garup
garuphoh
hohe
e th`hp
th`hp oa agpht
agpht bhrk
bhrk prisas
prisas oaparh
oaparhwht
whthe
he yhen
yhen bkgujh
bkgujhkk satajh`
satajh`
 parhwht gaeyusue raemheh oaparhwhthe (\ittar & \arry, 4<8<).

 Kgpjagaethsk oaparhwhthe hbhjh` sarhenohkhe oankhthe yhen bkjhouohe ija` parhwht uetuo 
gagdhetu phskae bhrk ghshjh` sthtus oasa`hthe yhen bk`hbhpk oasthtus oasa`hthe yhen dhko yhen
gaennhgdh
gaennhgdhrohe
rohe orktarkh
orktarkh `hskj yhen bk`hrhpohe.
bk`hrhpohe. \risas pajhoshehhe
pajhoshehhe kgpjagaeths
kgpjagaethskk `hrus darpusht
oaphbh oadutu`he phskae, chotir-chotir jhke yhen gagpaenhru`k oadutu`he oaparhwhthe, strhtank
kgpjagaethsk oaparhwhthe, bhe oankhthe oiguekohsk (Bkehrtk & Guryhetk, 4<8>).
=.4 avhju
hjuhsk
hsk
Avhjuhsk yhen bk`hrhpohe bhrk ketarvaesk yhen bksadutohe bk hths gaenhmu phbh orktarkh `hskj
 phbh paraemhehhe tkebhohe oaparhwhthe, yhktu6 satajh` bkjhouohe hsu`he oaparhwhthe sajhgh
sajh gh =x 42

 fhg yhktu pijh ehchs acaotkc, bkthebhk baenhe tkbho sasho ehchs, raspkrhtkie rhta bhjhg dhths eirghj
(83-4< ohjk par gaekt), raspie dhtuo darourhen, krhgh ehphs tarhtur, tkbho tarbhpht paennuehht
4<

thgdh`he itit dhetu parehphshe, tkbho tarbhpht suhrh ehphs thgdh`he thebh-thebh vkthj bhjhg dhths
eirghj. Avhjusk bktujks bk bhjhg jagdhr avhjusk baenhe cirght ]IH\.
] (sudfaotkc)
(sudfaotkc) darksk taethen oaju`he sudyaotkc phskae satajh` bkjhouohe tkebhohe pagdarkhe
iosknae,
iosknae, oaju`he sasho ehphs oatkoh kstkrh`ht
kstkrh`ht hthu darhotkckths,
darhotkckths, I (Idfaotkc)
(Idfaotkc) darksk `hskj paenuourhe
paenuourhe
(craouaesk parehphshe, krhgh parehphshe, oabhjhghe parehphshe, craouaesk ehbk, ouhjkths ehbk, krhgh
ehbk, thebh-thebh vkthj, bhe `hskj idsarvhsk taethen oiebksk phskae gajkputk (kespaosk, husoujthsk,
 phjphsk, bhe parousk). Kespaosk 6 dhtuo, oabhjhghe ehphs, paennuehhe itit dhetu parehphshe, whreh
oujkt, gagdrhea guoish, oashbhrhe, parnarhohe bkebken bhbh, oaphtaehe fhjhe ehchs, parehphshe
mupken `kbun, parehphshe dkdkr, skheisks. Husoujthsk 6 dueyk phru, w`aazken, riem`k, mrhmojas. \hjphsk
6 eyark
eyark bhbh, abagh,
abagh, baeyu
baeyutt ehbk.
ehbk. \arousk
\arousk 6 sieir,
sieir, `kparsi
`kparsieir
eir,, paoho.
paoho. ]ajhke
]ajhke ktu,
ktu, funh
funh bktujk
bktujkss
 oaphtaehe
oaphtaehe oheuj
oheuj ehshj
ehshj bhe
bhe oamaphthe
oamaphthe hjkrhe.
hjkrhe. H (hehjksks)
(hehjksks) gagdhebken
gagdhebkenohe
ohe hethrh kecirghsk
kecirghsk 44
sudfaotkc bhe idfaotkc baenhe
baenhe tufuhe bhe orktarkh `hskj. ]abhenohe \ (\jheeken) darksk raemheh tkebho 
jhefut satajh` bkjhouohe
bkjhouohe avhjuhsk
avhjuhsk tkebhohe.
tkebhohe. 

48

DHD KS

ASKBAEMA DH]AB

FQBQJ 6 Henoh Oadar`hskjhe Rarhpk Taparcusk phbh \hskae ]R Ajavhsk Gkiohrb Kechro 

paeujks Rufuhe Gatiba paekjkthe @hskj paeajktkhe duotk

 Argkhtk  dartufuhe uetuo Faeks paeajktkhe khjh` Bhrk tithj >= phskae ]RAGK bkbhphtohe Furehj a-
4]thrry @. gaenath`uk basorkptkc idsarvhskiehj  phskae darfaeks oajhgke jhok-jhok (04,4%) Mjkekm
Thgpaenhe henoh baenhe paebaohthe jadk` dheyho bkdhebkenohe paragpuhe (aMj),
4Skmtir C. oadar`hskjhe ratrispaotkc. ]hgpaj (8>,0%). Oajigpio uskh tardheyho khjh` Sijuga 1,
C. Fisap` tarhpk raparcusk  paeajktkhe khjh` phskae 53< th`ue? =;,<% uetuo tarhpk prkghry \MK  Eigir 4,
 phbh phskae ]RAGK yhen gaearkgh bhe 2=,0% uetuo tarhpk ckdrkeijktko. ^hotu Fujk-
]RAGK bk tarhpk raparcusk, bkrhwht bkjhouoheeyh tarhpk raparcusk tardheyho Basagdar 
T]Q\ \ric. Br. bk T]Q\ \ric. Br. T. B. baenhe whotu tarhpk 5;< gaekt uetuo 4<8>
T. B. Ohebiu Ohebiu Ghehbi tarhpk prkghry \MK (0<,1%) bhe 5=< gaekt
Ghehbi parkiba  parkiba Fheuhrk- (>1%) uetuo tarhpk ckdrkeijktko. Henoh
Fheuhrk- Basagdar 4<83, yhen oadar`hskjhe tarhpk prkghry \MK ;< gaekt
Basagdar 4<83 bkparija` baenhe taoeko  (;3,3%), bhe henoh oadar`hskjhe tarhpk
miesamutkva shgpjken ckdrkeijktko =< gaekt (>1%). Faeks hrktgkh
raparcusk bktaguohe tardheyho khjh`
hrktgkh vaetrkoaj thokohrbk (=2,3%).
Henoh oadar`hskjhe tarhpk raparcusk
(prkghry \MK bhe ckdrkeijktko) phbh phskae
]RAGK jadk` tkennk fkoh bkjhouohe tapht
whotu sasuhk baenhe shshrhe tarhpk
iptkghj.
FQBQJ 6 Rkenoht Girthjkths Rarhpk Taparcusk \hbh \aebarkth ]tagk Bk Tsub Br. ]iatigi ]urhdhyh

paeujks Rufuhe Gatiba paekjkthe @hskj paeajktkhe duotk

Heby Rufuhe bhrk Gatiba shgpjken yhen \hskae ]RAGK yhen gagparija` tarhpk Choujths
Het`iey  paeajktkhe kek bknuehohe hbhjh` tithj raparcusk dhko \MK ghupue ckdrkeijktko bk Oabiotarhe
\hruen8 , hbhjh` uetuo shgpjken, bkgheh T]QB Br. ]iatigi ]urhdhyh phbh th`ue Qekvarskths
\hujus gaenath`uk  fugjh` shgpaj yhen 4<8= sadashr 28% bhrk tithj 418 phskae Hkrjhennh,

Jkdae4 ,
Dhgdhen nhgdhrhe phskae bkparija`
kechro gkiohrb yhktu
shgpaj. Bhth 8<2
yhen ]RAGK. \hskae
\MK sadashr 40 % ]RAGK yhen gagparija`
(4; phskae), sabhenohe ]urhdhyh,
Fhwh Rkgur 
@arwheti4 hout baenhe bkparija` oagubkhe tarhpk ckdrkeijktko sadashr >0 % (>1 phskae). Aghkj6
ajavhsk sangae bkhehjksks baenhe Hbhpue girthjkths phskae ]RAGK baenhe heb8Ycouh
]R (]RAGK) gatiba sthtkstko tarhpk raparcusk bk T]QB Br. ]iatigi Lyh`ii.mi
yhen basorkptkc. ]urhdhyh phbh th`ue 4<8= yhktu 84 % (8= g
gagparija`  phskae). Girthjkths baenhe \MK sadashr >
tarhpk raparcusk % (4 phskae), sabhenohe tarhpk ckdrkeijktko
bk T]QB Br. sadashr 81% (88 phskae).
]iatigi
]urhdhyh.
FQBQJ 6 Nhgdhrhe Chotir Tkskoi bhe Ghehfagae Taparcusk \hskae KGH-A]R bk Dhenshj Fhetuen T]Q\ Br.

G. Bfhgkj \hbhen
paeujks Rufuhe Gatiba paekjkthe @hskj paeajktkhe duotk
]u`hyhtrh Rufuhe \aeajktkhe kek darskcht @hskj paeajktkhe kek gaeuefuoohe KGH- `ttp6//furehj.
\utrh8 , Aoh  paeajktkhe kek basorkptkc ratrispaotkc. A]R baenhe ohrhotarkstko raethen uskh co.ueheb.hm.
44

Ckt`rh Ajck 4 hbhjh` uetuo \aeajktkhe kek tardheyho 21-12 th`ue baenhe faeks kb/ 
kb/ 
, Hcbhj gaenath`uk bkjhoshehohe phbh oajhgke jhok-jhok. Chotir rkskoi yhen phjken
nhgdhrhe chotir  Fheuhrk 4<83-Ghrat  dheyho bkgkjkok hbhjh` `kpartaesk bhe
rkskoi bhe 4<83. ]hgpaj paeajktkhe garioio. Ketarvaesk Oiriear \arouthe
 ghehfagae hbhjh` sajuru` phskae (KO\) garuphohe tarhpk yhen phjken sarken
raparcusk phskae KGHA]R yhen bkjhouohe baenhe whotu tkebhohe jadk`
KGH-A]R bk gagaeu`k orktarkh bhrk 84 fhg phsmh kechro 
 dhenshj fhetuen keojusk bhe oagubkhe
T]Q\ Br. G. bkjhouohe paemhththe
Bfhgkj \hbhen bhrk dadarhph vhrkhdaj
yhen bktajktk.

4=

 
 DHD S

\AEQRQ\

8. Oask
skgp
gpuj
ujh
he
]R Ajavhsk Gkiohrb Kechro (]RAGK) hbhjh` rushoeyh dhnkhe itit fhetuen samhrh pargheae
hokdht kesuckskaesk hjkrhe bhrh` oiriear ija` prisas banaearhtkc ghupue bk paenhru`k ija` dheyho
chotir baenhe bkthebhk
bkthebhk oaju`he eyark bhbh, paekenohthe
paekenohthe aezkg fhetuen bhe ]R ajavhsk phbh

 pagarkoshhe AON. ]RAGK hbhjh` margke bhrk pagduju`

pagduju` bhrh` oiriear tartaetu yhen tarsugdht tithj
sa`kennh hjkrhe bhrh`eyh daehr-daehr tar`aetk, itit fhetuen yhen bkpaebhrh`k tkbho bhpht eutrksk-
iosknae bhe ghtk.
4. ]hrhe
Bk`hrhpohe
Bk`hrhpohe ghohjh` yhen tajh` bksajashkohe
bksajashkohe dksh gaehgdh` whwhshe uetuo gh`hskswh ]8
Oaparhw
Oaparhwhth
hthe.
e. Ghohjh
Ghohjh`
` kek ghsk`
ghsk` dheyho
dheyho oaourh
oaourhnhe
nhe dhko
dhko ktu tairk
tairk bhe hsu`he
hsu`he oaparhw
oaparhwhth
htheey
eeyh,
h,
gi`ie darkohe orktko bhe shrhe uetuo gaefhbkohe ghohjh` kek gaefhbk jadk` dhko.

42