Thfvdrsfeie Hilfahi` ed Fhkdhfdrïi

Dslud`i Zrabdsfahi` ed Fhkdhfdrïi Odlitrühfli

Z^ALD\IOFDHUA EFKFUI@ ED \DÙI@D\ (OU59;)

@INA^IUA^FA 9= ^DLTIHUF]ILFÜH ED THI \DÙI@

HAON^D LAEFKA
I`dxihedr
I`dxihedr Mivfdr @`ihas ^aerïkud
^aerïkudz
z >:92:;9;D
>:92:;9;D

Uaoifra @iuri,Odfc Cdvfh >:92592<E

>:92>>>2F
Ud``a Urumf``a,Cdtsod`` Mgdyea`

F.- Anmdtfvas=

 Fop`dod
Fop`dodhtir
htir d` praldsa
praldsa ed rdluihtf
rdluihtfzilf
zilfüh
üh ed sdùi`ds
sdùi`ds odefihtd
odefihtd `i tælhfli
tælhfli ed`

biltar ed dsli`i bfma.

 Laopranir `as lionfas dh \H^ praeulfeas par d` praldsa ed rdluihtfzilfüh ed
sdùi`ds.
 Edtdllfüh ed dvdhtas sanrd d` dspdltra ed oüeu`a ed uhi sdùi`.

FF.- Oitdrfi`ds

 Laoputiear pdrsahi` lah tirmdti ed sahfea, \A [fh; (a oiyar) y OIU@IN >:9<

(a oiyar).
 Iueïbahas
Iueïbahas y oflrübah
oflrübah
FFF.- Dxpdrfdhlfi i edsirra``ir=
Dxpdrfdhlfi 9= Dbdltas ed ^dluihtfzilfüh
9. Li
Lipt
pturi
urirr uhi
uhi sdùi`
sdùi` ed sf`nf
sf`nfea
ea vïi oflrüb
oflrübaha
aha,, dh uh vdlt
vdltar
ar x, utf`fzihea d`
sfkufdhtd baroita ed lipturi=

Brdludhlfi ed 7:::
oudstrda
Ufdopa ed lipturi < sdkuheas
Hýodra ed lihi`ds 9
Nfts/oudstri 7
Baroita ‗Fht92‖

piusd(:.4)3

Bs ? 7:::3

tl ? <3

Hl ? 93

r ? 923

iuefa ? iuefardlaredr(Bs, r, Hl)3

rdlare(iuefa,tl)3

piusd(tl+:.4)3

x?kdtiuefaeiti(iuefa,
x?x'3 'fht92')3
'fht92')3
tio?`dhktg(x)3

>. Imustd `i
`i sdùi` ed
ed dhtriei
dhtriei dhtrd uh 7:% i 6:% ed` rihka tati`
tati`

%Laoa dstioas usihea d` baroita fht92, d` rihka ds ed -<>;27 ta

<>;2;
fb(oix(ins(x)))8:
fb (oix(ins(x)))8:.7*<>;27
.7*<>;27 && (oix(ins(x)))0:.6*<>;27
(oix(ins(x)))0:.6*<>;27

<. Ziri paedr apdrir `i sdùi` lipturiei ip`fqud

 x ?eaun`d ( x )
5. ±Lué` ds d` vi`ar oéxfoa y oïhfoa ed `i sdùi` lipturiei1

Ri`ar oéxfoa?>7;22.:: Ri`ar oïhfoa? - >69<:.::

4. Kribflir `i sdùi` utf`fzihea d` laoihea ‐stdo‟

%Kribflioas 4: oudstris
bfkurd(9)
Svi`, fex_ ? oix(x)3
x9?x(fex=fex+4:)3
sunp`at(>,9,9),stdo(x9),x`ind`('oudstris'
sunp`at(>,9,9),stdo(x9),x`ind`('oudstris'),y`ind`(
),y`ind`('\dùi`
'\dùi`
Lipturiei i` 6:%')
6:%')
ixfs(S: 4: -<.4d5 <.4d5_)3

2. Antdhki d` biltar ed dsli`i

%Laoa dstioas usihea d` baroita fht92, d` biltar ed dsli`i sdré

bd ? <>;273
bprfhtb('Biltar
bprfhtb( %.>ePh', bd)
'Biltar ed Dsli`i= %.>ePh',

bd?± <>;27

;. Antdhki d` biltar ed lirki lah `is sfkufdhtds dluilfahds

 @ ∞9
9
xµ ? ∙ x (h )
@ h? :

@ ∞9

xµ ?
9
>

@
∙ x ( h) :
>

h?

ό W ? xµ ∞ xµ
> > >

ό W ? ∝ό W
>

W oix
μ W?
όW
W?S_3

bar f?9=9=`dhktg(x)
W(f) ? x(f)X>3
dhe
x9 ? 9/`dhktg(x)*suo(x)3
9/`dhktg(x)*suo(x)3
x> ? 9/`dhktg(x)*suo(W)3
9/`dhktg(x)*suo(W)3
virQx ? x>-x9X>3
edsvQx ? sqrt(virQx)3
Bl ? bd/edsvQx3

Biltar ed lirki ?Bl?>.27

7. Ziri d` lé`lu`a ed `i \H^ lahsfedrir `a sfkufdhtd, utf`fld uh rp?95

(
x∛( > rp 9 ∞9 )
)
( ∞ )
yp ?rauhe
bd

yp∛bd
y?
(>( rp∞9)∞9)

d? y∞x

∙ ( d .∛d )+ 9:∞
>:
Dd ?
 Dx?suo( x .∛x )

\H^?9:*`
9:*`ak
ak 9: ( )
Dx
Dd
rp ? 953

%Rdltar ed Dhtdras
yp?S_3
bar f?9=9=tio
yp(f)?rauhe(9/bd*x(f)*(>X(rp-9)-9))3
dhe
%Rdltar rdpraeulfn`d
y?S_3
bar f?9=9=tio
y(f)?yp(f)*bd/(>X(rp-9)-9)3
dhe
%Rdltar ed drrar
d?y-x3
%Dhdrkïi ed` rufea
Dd ? suo(d.*d)+9:X(->:)3
suo(d.*d)+9:X(->:)3
%Dhdrkïi ed `i sdùi`
Dx ? suo(x.*x)3
%\H^
\H^ ? 9:*`ak9:(Dx/Dd)3

\H^ ?7:.;4

6. Lué`ds sah `as vi`ards ed=

bprfhtb('D` vi`ar ed Dd ds= %.>bPh'

bprfhtb('D` %.>bPh',, Dd)
bprfhtb('D` vi`ar ed Dx ds= %.>bPh'
bprfhtb('D` %.>bPh',, Dx)

Dx?<479;4;<5><::.:: Dd?<>>7;.9>

9:. Rfsui`fzir dh lahsa`i d` biltar ed lirki y `i \H^ antdhfei

bprfhtb('D` vi`ar ed` \H^ ds= %.>bPh'

bprfhtb('D` %.>bPh',, \H^)
bprfhtb('D`
bprfhtb('D` vi`ar ed` Biltar ed Lirki ds= %.>bPh'
%.>bPh',
, Bl)

\H^9?7:.54 Biltar ed lirki 9?>.27

99. ^dpdtfr d` praldefofdhta, pdra lipturir `i sdùi` i uh 54% ed` rihka tati`.

%^dpdtfr piri uhi sdùi` i` 54%

xx ? :.54*x3
'la`ar',
sunp`at(>,9,>),stdo(xx(fex=fex+4:),'la`ar'
sunp`at(>,9,>),stdo(xx(fex=fex+4:), ,'r'
'r'),x`ind`(
),x`ind`('oudstris'
'oudstris')
)
,y`ind`('\dùi`
,y`ind`( 54%')
'\dùi` Lipturiei i` 54%')
ixfs(S: 4: -<.4d5 <.4d5_)3

bprfhtb('
bprfhtb('
bprfhtb(
bprfhtb('~Ph')3
'~Ph' )3 @I \DKTHEI \DÙI@ ~Ph'
ZI^I ~Ph')3
)3
' Ph'
bprfhtb('
bprfhtb( Ph')3
)3
bprfhtb('D`
bprfhtb('D` vi`ar oïhfoa ed `i sdùi` ds= %.>bPh'
%.>bPh',
, ofh(xx))
'D` vi`ar oéxfoa ed `i sdùi` ds= %.>bPh'
bprfhtb('D`
bprfhtb( %.>bPh',
, oix(xx))
bprfhtb('Biltar
bprfhtb('Biltar ed Dsli`i= %.>ePh'
%.>ePh',
, bd)
WW?S_3
bar f?9=9=`dhktg(x)
WW(f) ? xx(f)X>3
dhe
xx9 ? 9/`dhktg(xx)*suo(xx)3
9/`dhktg(xx)*suo(xx)3
xx> ? 9/`dhktg(xx)*suo(WW)3
9/`dhktg(xx)*suo(WW)3
virQxx ? xx9-xx9X>3
edsvQxx ? sqrt(virQxx)3
Bl>
rp ??953
bd/edsvQxx3
%Rdltar ed Dhtdras
yp>?S_3
bar f?9=9=tio
yp>(f)?rauhe(9/bd*xx(f)*(>X(rp-9)-9))3
dhe
%Rdltar rdpraeulfn`d
y>?S_3
bar f?9=9=tio
y>(f)?yp>(f)*bd/(>X(rp-9)-9)3
dhe
%Rdltar ed drrar
d>?y>-xx3
%Dhdrkïi ed` rufea
Dd> ? suo(d>.*d>)+9:X(->:)3
suo(d>.*d>)+9:X(->:)3
%Dhdrkïi ed `i sdùi`
Dx> ? suo(x>.*x>)3
%\H^
\H^> ? 9:*`ak9:(Dx>/Dd>)3
9:*`ak9:(Dx>/Dd>)3
bprfhtb('D`
bprfhtb('D` vi`ar ed Dd ds= %.>bPh'
%.>bPh',, Dd>)
bprfhtb('D`
bprfhtb('D` vi`ar ed Dx ds= %.>bPh'
%.>bPh',, Dx>)
'D` vi`ar ed` \H^ ds= %.>bPh'
bprfhtb('D`
bprfhtb( %.>bPh',, \H^>)
bprfhtb('D`
bprfhtb('D` vi`ar ed` Biltar ed Lirki ds= %.>bPh'
%.>bPh',
, Bl>)

Ri`ar oéxfoa?9>655.;: Ri`ar oïhfoa?-9<9:7.4:

 bd?± <>;27

Dx?;>4<:4729794.;4 Dd?<97<6.<6

\H^>?;<.47 Biltar ed lirki > ?4.62

9>. ±Yuæ dbdlta pdrlfnd dh d` biltar ed lirki luihea sd rdeuld `i iop`ftue ed `i

sdùi`1 Mustfbfqud su rdspudsti i pirtfr ed `i barou`i ed` biltar ed lirki.

9<. ±Yuæ dbdlta pdrlfnd dh `i \H^ luihea rdeuld `i iop`ftue ed `i sdùi`1

Dxpdrfdhlfi >
9. Lipturir uhi sdùi` ed sf`nfea vïi oflrübaha, utf`fzihea `as piréodtras ed `i
sfkufdhtd tin`i, dh uh rihka ed` 6:%

Brdludhlfi ed 7:::
oudstrda
Ufdopa ed lipturi < sdkuheas
Hýodra ed lihi`ds 9
 Nfts/oudstri 92
Baroita ‗eaun`d‖
Bs? 7:::3 %brdludhlfi ed oudstrda 7::: ds d` dstiheir
r?923%nfts
r?923%nfts ed oudstri
Hl?93%huodra
Hl?93%huodra ed lihi`ds
tl?<3%tfdopa
tl?<3%tfdopa ed lipturi
%%lipturi
pdpfta?iuefardlaredr(Bs,r,Hl,9)3
rdlare(pdpfta,tl)
piusd(tl+:.4)
'eaun`d')
m?:.6*kdtiuefaeiti(pdpfta,'eaun`d'
m?:.6*kdtiuefaeiti(pdpfta, )

>. Krinir `i sdùi` dh uh irlgfva laoa sd fhefli i lahtfhuilfüh

'
iuefawrftd ( ' sdhi`.wiv, x , Bs )
Eahed= sdhi`, ds d` haonrd ed` irlgfva lah qud sd i`oildhi `i sdùi` dh d`
efsl
efsla
a eura
eura33 x, ds d` vdlt
vdltar
ar eahed
eahed dsti
dsti `i sd
sdùi
ùi`` i i`oi
i`oild
ldhi
hir3
r3 y Bs, ds `i
brdludhlfi ed oudstrda lah qud sd i`oildhi.

iuefawrftd('sdhi`.wiv',x,Bs)3
iuefawrftd('sdhi`.wiv',x,Bs)3

<. @a
@as
s pr
pral
alds
dsas
as ed rdlu
rdluih
ihtf
tfzi
zilf
lfüh
üh sd ednd
edndh
h rdi`
rdi`fz
fzir
ir i pirt
pirtfr
fr ed `i sdùi
sdùi``
lipturiei, ds edlfr, ha sd ednd va`vdr i lipturir `i sdùi` piri rdi`fzir `i
rdluihtfzilfüh. Dsta ds ouy fopartihtd taoir dh ludhti.

5. ^dluihtfzir `i sdùi` i rp?9< i trivæs ed` praldefofdhta ed `i dxpdrfdhlfi

ihtdrfar

u ?:=9/Bs=56*(9/B
?:=9/Bs=56*(9/Bs)3
s)3

h9? 9<

yp9?rauhe(x*(>X(h9-9)-9))

yi9?yp9/((>X(h9-9)-9))3

d9?yi9-x3

bfkurd,
p`at(u,yp9)

tft`d('rdiluihtfzilfah9')
tft`d('rdiluihtfzilfah9')
ga`e ah
p`at(u,yi9)
'bf``de')3
slittdr(u,d9,'bf``de'
slittdr(u,d9, )3

ga`e abb
`dkdhe('yp',
`dkdhe('yp','y'
'y',
,'d'
'd')
)
%%fhtdrvi`a ed luihtfzilfah
fhtdrvi`a9?>/(>Xh9->)
%%\H^9
Dx9?suo(x.*x)
Dd9?suo(d9.*d9)+9:X->:
\H^9?9:*`ak(Dx9/Dd9)

4. Ttf`fzihea d` laoihea ‐ p`at‟ kribfqud d` vdltar yp (vdltar ed dhtdras), d` vdltar

‐y‟ (vdltar rdpraeulfn`d) y d` vdltar ed drrar ‐ d‟. Kribïqud`as dh uhi ofsoi
bfkuri, supdrpudstas y ed efstfhta la`ar liei vdltar
2. Antdhki d` fhtdrvi`a ed luihtfzilfüh dh d` vdltar rdpraeulfn`d y dh d` vdltar
ed dhtdras. Fhefqud `i apdrilfüh piri antdhdr `a rdqudrfea.
∂ ?9
vdltared dhtdr
dhtdras
as , par edbfhflfah
edbfhflfahdh
dh d` vdltar
vdltared
ed dhtdras
dhtdras d` fhtdrvi`a
fhtdrvi`a
sfdoprdds 9.

∞5
∂ ?>.55>:∛9:
∞(∞9 )
∞(∞
9
dluilfah = ∂ ? rp
> ∞>

;. Antdhki d` vi`ar ed `i \H^

%%\H^9
Dx9?suo(x.*x)
Dd9?suo(d9.*d9)+9:X->:
\H^9?9:*`ak(Dx9/Dd9)

\H^?947.;<4: eN

7. ^dluihtfzir `i sdùi` i rp?99 i trivæs ed` praldefofdhta ed `i dxpdrfdhlfi

ihtdrfar

u ?:=9/Bs=56*(9/B
?:=9/Bs=56*(9/Bs)3
s)3

h>? 99

yp>?rauhe(x*(>X(h>-9)-9))

yi>?yp>/((>X(h>-9)-9))3

d>?yi>-x3

bfkurd,
p`at(u,yp>)

tft`d('rdiluihtfzilfah>')
tft`d('rdiluihtfzilfah>' )
ga`e ah
p`at(u,yi>)
slittdr(u,d>,'bf``de'
slittdr(u,d>, 'bf``de')3
)3
ga`e abb
`dkdhe('yp'
`dkdhe('yp',
,'y'
'y',
,'d'
'd')
)
%%fhtdrvi`a ed luihtfzilfah
fhtdrvi`a>?>/(>Xh>->)

6. Ttf`fzihea d` laoihea ‐ p`at‟ kribfqud d` vdltar yp (vdltar ed dhtdras), d` vdltar

‐y‟ (vdltar rdpraeulfn`d) y d` vdltar ed drrar ‐ d‟. Kribïqud`as dh uhi ofsoi
bfkuri, supdrpudstas y ed efstfhta la`ar liei vdltar
9:. Antdhki d` fhtdrvi`a ed luihtfzilfüh dh d` vdltar rdpraeulfn`d y dh d` vdltar
ed dhtdras. Fhefqud `i apdrilfüh piri antdhdr `a rdqudrfea

∂ ?9
vdltarr ed dhtdras
vdlta dhtdras,, par edbfhflfah
edbfhflfahdh
dh d` vdltar
vdltared
ed dhtdras
dhtdras d` fhtdrvi`a
fhtdrvi`a
sfdoprdds 9.

∞5
∂ ?6.;;4>∛9:
∞(∞9 )
∞(∞
9
dluilfah = ∂ ? rp
> ∞>

99. Antdhki d` vi`ar ed `i \H^

Dx>?suo(x.*x)

Dd>?suo(d>.*d>)+9:X->:

\H^>?9:*`ak(Dx>/Dd>)

\H^?9<9.;729eN

9>. Rdrfbfqud `i odmari dh `i \H^ rdspdlta i rp?9<. ±Dh luéhtas eNs odmari1

nimi dh >2.656: eN

9<. ^d
^dlu
luih
ihtf
tfzi sdùi`` i rp?; i trivæs
zirr `i sdùi trivæs ed` pralde
praldefofd
fofdhta
hta ed `i dxp
dxpdrfd
drfdhlfi
hlfi
ihtdrfar

u ?:=9/Bs=56*(9/B
?:=9/Bs=56*(9/Bs)3
s)3

h<? ;

yp<?rauhe(x*(>X(h<-9)-9))

yi<?yp</((>X(h<-9)-9))3
d<?yi<-x3

bfkurd,

p`at(u,yp<)

tft`d('rdiluihtfzilfah<'
tft`d(
ga`e 'rdiluihtfzilfah<')
ah )
p`at(u,yi<)
slittdr(u,d<,'bf``de'
slittdr(u,d<, 'bf``de')3
)3
ga`e abb
`dkdhe('yp'
`dkdhe('yp',
,'y'
'y',
,'d'
'd')
)

95. Ttf`fzihea d` laoihea ‐ p`at‟ kribfqud d` vdltar yp (vdltar ed dhtdras), d` vdltar

‐y‟ (vdltar rdpraeulfn`d) y d` vdltar ed drrar ‐ d‟. Kribïqud`as dh uhi ofsoi
bfkuri, supdrpudstas y ed efstfhta la`ar liei vdltar

V R\ d
94. Antdhki d` fhtdrvi`a ed luihtfzilfüh dh d` vdltar rdpraeulfn`d y dh d` vdltar
ed dhtdras. Fhefqud `i apdrilfüh piri antdhdr `a rdqudrfea.
∂ ?9
vdltarr ed dhtdras
vdlta dhtdras,, par edbfhflfah
edbfhflfahdh
dh d` vdltar
vdltared
ed dhtdras
dhtdras d` fhtdrvi`a
fhtdrvi`a
sfdoprdds 9.
∂ ?:.:946
∞(∞9 )
∞(∞
9
dluilfah = ∂ ? rp
> ∞>

92. Antdhki d` vi`ar ed `i \H^

%%\H^9
Dx<?suo(x.*x)
Dd<?suo(d<.*d<)+9:X->:
\H^<?9:*`ak(Dx</Dd<)

\H^?;4.226>eN

9;. Rdrfbfqud `i odmari dh `i \H^ rdspdlta i rp?99. ±Dh luéhtas eNs odmari1

nimi dh 42.9926 eN

97. ^di`fld dh OIU@IN `i krébfli \H^ vs. rp. lah `as eitas antdhfeas dh `as
puhtas ;, 99 y 92. ±Yuæ puded laodhtir i` rdspdlta1 Dh d` dmd ed aredhieis
vi `i \H^.
\H^ R\ rp

LAEFKA OIU@IN @INA^IUA^FA 9

l`dir3 l`l3

Dmdrlflfa 9
Zisa 9= Lipturir uhi sdùi` ed iuefa
piusd(:.4)3

Bs ? 7:::3
tl ? <3
Hl ? 93
r ? 923
iuefa ? iuefardlaredr(Bs, r, Hl)3
rdlare(iuefa,tl)3
piusd(tl+:.4)3
x?kdtiuefaeiti(iuefa, 'fht92')3
'fht92' )3
x?x'3
tio?`dhktg(x)3

Zisa >= Imustd `i sdùi` ed dhtriei dhtrd uh 7:% i 6:% ed` rihka tati`.
%Laoa dstioas usihea d` baroita fht92, d` rihka ds ed -<>;27 ta <>;2;

fb(oix(ins(x)))8:.7*<>;27
fb(oix(ins(x)))8:.7*<>;27 && (oix(ins(x)))0:.6*<>;27

Zisa <= Ziri paedr apdrir `i sdùi`

x?eaun`d(x)3

Zisa 5= Ri`ards oïhfoa y oéxfoa

bprfhtb( '~ ZI^I @I Z^FOD^I \DÙI@ ~Ph')3
bprfhtb('~ ~Ph' )3
bprfhtb('
bprfhtb( ' Ph')3
Ph')3
bprfhtb('D`
bprfhtb( 'D` vi`ar oïhfoa ed `i sdùi` ds= %.>bPh',
%.>bPh', ofh(x))
'D` vi`ar oéxfoa ed `i sdùi` ds= %.>bPh',
bprfhtb('D`
bprfhtb( %.>bPh', oix(x))

Zisa 4= Kribflir `i sdùi`

%Kribflioas 4: oudstris
%Kribflioas
bfkurd(9)
Svi`, fex_ ? oix(x)3
x9?x(fex=fex+4:)3
sunp`at(>,9,9),stdo(x9),x`ind`( 'oudstris'
'oudstris'),y`ind`(
),y`ind`('\dùi`
'\dùi` Lipturiei i` 6:%'
6:%'))
ixfs(S: 4: -<.4d5 <.4d5_)3

Zisa 2= Biltar ed dsli`i

%Laoa dstioas usihea d` baroita fht92, d` biltar ed dsli`i sdré
bd ? <>;273
bprfhtb('Biltar
bprfhtb( 'Biltar ed Dsli`i= %.>ePh',
%.>ePh', bd)
Zisa ;= Antdhdr d` biltar ed lirki rdspdlta i=
W?S_3
bar f?9=9=`dhktg(x)
W(f) ? x(f)X>3
dhe
x9 ? 9/`dhktg(x)*suo(x)3
x> ? 9/`dhktg(x)*suo(W)3
virQx ? x>-x9X>3
edsvQx ? sqrt(virQx)3
Bl ? bd/edsvQx3

Lé`lu`a ed `i ^dluihtfzilfüh
rp ? 953
%Rdltar ed Dhtdras
yp?S_3
bar f?9=9=tio
yp(f)?rauhe(9/bd*x(f)*(>X(rp-9)-9))3
dhe
%Rdltar rdpraeulf
rdpraeulfn`d
n`d
y?S_3
bar f?9=9=tio
y(f)?yp(f)*bd/(>X(rp-9)-9)3
dhe
%Rdltar ed drrar
d?y-x3
%Dhdrkïi ed` rufea
Dd ? suo(d.*d)+9:X(->:)3
%Dhdrkïi ed `i sdùi`
Dx ? suo(x.*x)3
%\H^
\H^ ? 9:*`ak9:(Dx/Dd)3

Zisa 6
bprfhtb( 'D` vi`ar ed Dd ds= %.>bPh',
bprfhtb('D` %.>bPh' , Dd)
bprfhtb('D`
bprfhtb( %.>bPh' , Dx)
'D` vi`ar ed Dx ds= %.>bPh',

Zisa 9:
bprfhtb( 'D` vi`ar ed` \H^ ds= %.>bPh',
bprfhtb('D` %.>bPh', \H^)
bprfhtb('D`
bprfhtb( 'D` vi`ar ed` Biltar ed Lirki ds= %.>bPh' , Bl)

Zisa 99
%^dpdtfr piri uhi sdùi` i` 54%
xx ? :.54*x3
sunp`at(>,9,>),stdo(xx(fex=fex+4:), 'la`ar'
'la`ar',,'r'
'r'),x`ind`(
),x`ind`('oudstris'
'oudstris'),y`ind`(
),y`ind`('\dùi`
'\dùi` Lipturiei

i` 54%')
54%')
ixfs(S: 4: -<.4d5 <.4d5_)3
bprfhtb('
bprfhtb( Ph')3
' Ph')3
bprfhtb( '~ ZI^I @I \DKTHEI \DÙI@ ~Ph')3
bprfhtb('~ ~Ph' )3
bprfhtb('
bprfhtb( ' Ph')3
Ph')3
bprfhtb( 'D` vi`ar oïhfoa ed `i sdùi` ds= %.>bPh',
bprfhtb('D` %.>bPh', ofh(xx))
bprfhtb('D`
bprfhtb( %.>bPh', oix(xx))
'D` vi`ar oéxfoa ed `i sdùi` ds= %.>bPh',
'Biltar ed Dsli`i= %.>ePh',
bprfhtb('Biltar
bprfhtb( %.>ePh', bd)
WW?S_3
bar f?9=9=`dhktg(x)
WW(f) ? xx(f)X>3
dhe
xx9 ? 9/`dhktg(xx)*suo(xx)3
xx> ? 9/`dhktg(xx)*suo(WW)3
virQxx ? xx9-xx9X>3
edsvQxx ? sqrt(virQxx)3
Bl> ? bd/edsvQxx3
rp ? 953
%Rdltar ed Dhtdras
yp>?S_3
bar f?9=9=tio
yp>(f)?rauhe(9/bd*xx(f)*(>X(rp-9)-9))3
dhe
%Rdltar rdpraeulf
rdpraeulfn`d
n`d
y>?S_3
bar f?9=9=tio
y>(f)?yp>(f)*bd/(>X(rp-9)-9)3
dhe
%Rdltar ed drrar
d>?y>-xx3
%Dhdrkïi ed` rufea
Dd> ? suo(d>.*d>)+9:X(->:)3
suo(d>.*d>)+9:X(->:)3
%Dhdrkïi ed `i sdùi`
Dx> ? suo(x>.*x>)3
%\H^
\H^> ? 9:*`ak9:(Dx>/Dd>)3
bprfhtb('D`
bprfhtb( 'D` vi`ar ed Dd ds= %.>bPh',
%.>bPh' , Dd>)
bprfhtb( 'D` vi`ar ed Dx ds= %.>bPh',
bprfhtb('D` %.>bPh' , Dx>)
bprfhtb('D`
bprfhtb( 'D` vi`ar ed` \H^ ds= %.>bPh',
%.>bPh', \H^>)
bprfhtb('D`
bprfhtb( 'D` vi`ar ed` Biltar ed Lirki ds= %.>bPh' , Bl>)

d`sd
bprfhtb('D`
bprfhtb( 'D` vi`ar oéxfoa bud= %.>bPh'
%.>bPh',, oix(x))
'Fhtdhtd atri vdzPh'
bprfhtb('Fhtdhtd
bprfhtb( vdzPh')3
)3
dhe

D` vi`ar oéxfoa bud= ;7.::

Fhtdhtd atri vdz

LAEFKA OIU@IN ED@ @INA^IUA^FA >

l`asd i``,
i``, l`dir i``
i``,l`l
,l`l
 lipturi
piriodtras ed lipturi
Bs? 7:::3 %brdludhlfi ed oudstrda 7::: ds d` dstiheir
r?923%nfts
r?923%nfts ed oudstri
Hl?93%huodra ed lihi`ds
Hl?93%huodra
tl?<3%tfdopa
tl?<3%tfdopa ed lipturi
%%lipturi
pdpfta?iuefardlaredr(Bs,r,Hl,9)3
rdlare(pdpfta,tl)
piusd(tl+:.4)
m?:.6

4: oudstris
x?m(9=4:)

krinir `i sdùi` dh uh irlgfva

iuefawrftd('sdhi`.wiv'
iuefawrftd( 'sdhi`.wiv',x,Bs)3
,x,Bs)3

9 rdluihtfzir `i sdùi`
u ?:=9/Bs=56*(9/Bs)3
?:=9/Bs=56*(9/Bs)3
h9? 9<
yp9?rauhe(x*(>X(h9-9)-9))
yi9?yp9/((>X(h9-9)-9))3
d9?yi9-x3
bfkurd,
p`at(u,yp9)
tft`d('rdiluihtfzilfah9'
tft`d( 'rdiluihtfzilfah9' )
ga`e ah
p`at(u,yi9)
'bf``de')3
slittdr(u,d9, 'bf``de' )3

ga`e abb
`dkdhe('yp',
`dkdhe('yp' ,'y'
'y',
,'d'
'd')
)
%%fhtdrvi`a
%%fhtdrvi`a ed luihtfzilfah
fhtdrvi`a9?>/(>Xh9->)
%%\H^9
Dx9?suo(x.*x)
Dd9?suo(d9.*d9)+9:X->:
\H^9?9:*`ak(Dx9/Dd9)

> rdluihtfzir `i sdùi`

u ?:=9/Bs=56*(9/Bs)3
?:=9/Bs=56*(9/Bs)3
h>? 99
yp>?rauhe(x*(>X(h>-9)-9))

yi>?yp>/((>X(h>-9)-9))3
d>?yi>-x3
bfkurd,
p`at(u,yp>)
tft`d('rdiluihtfzilfah>'
tft`d( 'rdiluihtfzilfah>' )
ga`e ah
p`at(u,yi>)
'bf``de')3
slittdr(u,d>, 'bf``de' )3

ga`e abb
`dkdhe('yp',
`dkdhe('yp' ,'y'
'y',
,'d'
'd')
)
%%fhtdrvi`a
%%fhtdrvi`a ed luihtfzilfah
fhtdrvi`a>?>/(>Xh>->)
%%\H^9
Dx>?suo(x.*x)
Dd>?suo(d>.*d>)+9:X->:
\H^>?9:*`ak(Dx>/Dd>)

< rdluihtfzir `i sdùi`

u ?:=9/Bs=56*(9/Bs)3
h<? ;
yp<?rauhe(x*(>X(h<-9)-9))
yi<?yp</((>X(h<-9)-9))3
d<?yi<-x3
bkurd,
p`at(u,yp<)
t`d('rdiluihzilfah<'))
t`d('rdiluihzilfah<'
ga`e ah
p`at(u,yi<)
slidr(u,d<,'b``de')3
slidr(u,d<,'b``de')3
ga`e a
`dkdhe('yp'
`dkdhe('yp',,'y',
'y','d')
'd')
%%fhtdrvi`a ed luihzilfah

fhtdrvi`a<?>/(>Xh<->)
%%\H^9
Dx<?suo(x.*x)
Dd<?suo(d<.*d<)+9:X->:
\H^<?9:*`ak(Dx</Dd<)
%%kribli antdhfei dhtrd \H^ y rp
?S\H^9 \H^> \H^<_
k?Sh9 h> h<_
bkurd,
slidr(k,,'b``de'
slidr(k,,'b``de')3
)3
t`d('\H^ R\ rp'
t`d('\H^ rp'))