BEHAVIOR OF GASES

**
PROPERTIES OF GASES

▪ No definite shape/volume
▪ Expands to fill its container
▪ Easily compressed (squeezed into a
smaller container)
▪ Compressibility is a measure of how much
the volume of matter decreases under
pressure
▪ Gases are easily compressed because of
the space between the particles in a gas
PROPERTIES OF A GAS

▪ Factors Affecting Gas Pressure

▪ Amount of Gas
▪ Increase amount, increase pressure
▪ Volume
▪ Reduce volume, increase pressure
▪ Temperature
▪ Increase temperature, increase pressure
▪ Relationship between pressure,
temperature, and volume is explained
through the Gas Laws
GAS LAWS

▪ Boyle’s Law
▪ Charles’ Law
▪ Gay-Lussac’s Law
▪ Combined Gas Law
▪ Ideal Gas Law
▪ Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure
▪ Graham’s Law
BOYLE’S LAW

▪ If the temperature is constant, as the

pressure of a gas increases, the volume
decreases
▪ For a given mass of gas at constant
temperature, the volume of a gas varies
inversely with pressure
▪ As volume goes up, pressure goes down
▪ As volume goes down, pressure goes up
▪ P 1V 1 = P 2V 2
BOYLE’S LAW

▪ Real Life Example

▪ As you push on the end of a syringe, the
volume inside the syringe decreases as the
pressure on the syringe increases
▪ Mathematical Example 1:
▪ P1 = 758 torr V1 = 5.0L P2 = ?
V2 = 3.5L
BOYLE’S LAW

▪ Mathematical Example 2
▪ If 4.41 dm3 of nitrogen gas are collected at a
pressure of 94.2 kPa, what will the volume
be for this gas at standard pressure if the
temperature does not change?
CHARLES’ LAW
▪ As the temperature of an enclosed gas
increases, the volume increases, if the
pressure is constant
▪ The volume of a fixed mass of gas is directly
proportional to its Kelvin temperature if the
pressure is kept constant
▪ As volume goes up/down, temperature goes
up/down
▪ V1 = V 2
Temperature must be in Kelvin! T1 T2
CHARLES’ LAW

▪ Real Life Example

▪ Balloon Lab-As the temperature of the water
is increased, the volume of the balloon is
increased.
▪ Coke Can-Fill a coke can with a small
amount of water, as you heat the water
inside to near boiling, immediately invert the
coke can into ice-cold water so the coke can
is experiencing a dramatic drop in
temperature, volume of can will decrease
(can will crush in on itself)
CHARLES’ LAW

▪ Mathematical Example 1
▪ V1 = 250mL T1 = 300K V2 =
321mL T2 = ?

▪ Mathematical Example 2
▪ With a constant pressure, the volume of a
gas is increased from 15.0L to 32.0L. If the
new temperature is 20.0°C, what was the
original temperature?
GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW

▪ As the temperature of an enclosed gas

increases, the pressure increases, if the
volume is constant
▪ The pressure of a gas is directly proportional to
the Kelvin temperature if the volume remains
constant
▪ P1 = P 2
Temperature must be in Kelvin! T1 T2
GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW

▪ Real Life Example

▪ Tires
▪ The faster a car goes, the higher the temperature
of the tire gets and the higher the pressure inside
the tires
▪ Mathematical Example 1
▪ P1 = ? T1 = 456K P2 =
789mmHg T2 = 326K
GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW

▪ Mathematical Example 2
▪ The pressure in a tire is 1.8 atm at 20°C.
After a 200 mile trip, the pressure reading for
the tire is 1.9 atm. What is the temperature
inside the tire at that new pressure?
COMBINED GAS LAW
▪ Combines Boyle’s, Charles’, and Gay-Lussac’s
laws
▪ Describes the relationship among temperature,
pressure, and volume of an enclosed gas
▪ Allows you to perform calculation for situations
IF and ONLY IF the amount of gas is constant
▪ P1V1 = P2V2
Temperature must be in
Kelvin!
T1 T2
IDEAL GAS LAW
▪ When you need to account for the number of
moles of gas in addition to pressure,
temperature, and volume, you will use the Ideal
Gas Equation
▪ Modified version of the Combined Gas Law
▪ PV = nRT
▪ n = number of moles
▪ R = ideal gas constant
▪ 0.08206 (L-atm/mol-K)
▪ 62.4 (L-mmHg/mol-K)
▪ 8.314 (L-kPa/mol-K)
IDEAL GAS LAW

▪ Mathematical Example 1
▪ What is the pressure in atm exerted by 0.5
moles of N2 in a 10L container at 298
Kelvin?

▪ Mathematical Example 2
▪ What is the volume in liters of 0.250 moles of
O2 at 20°C and 0.974 atm?
IDEAL GAS LAW

▪ Mathematical Example 3
▪ What is the temperature of 76 grams of Cl2
in a 24L container at 890mmHg?

▪ Mathematical Example 4
▪ A deep underground cavern contains
2.24x106L of CH4 at a pressure of
1.50x103kPa and a temperature of 315K.
How many kilograms of CH4 does the cavern
contain?
IDEAL vs. REAL GASES

▪ Ideal gases follow the gas laws at all

conditions of pressure and temperature
▪ Conforms exactly to the all the assumptions
of the kinetic theory (no volume, no particle
attraction)🡪doesn’t exist
▪ Real gases differ mostly from an ideal
gas at low temperature and high
pressure
▪ Under other conditions, behave as an ideal
gas would
DALTON’S LAW

▪ In a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the

sum of the partial pressure of the gases
▪ Partial pressure is the contribution each gas in a
mixture makes to the total pressure
▪ At constant volume and temperature, the total
pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal
to the sum of the partial pressures of the
component of gases
▪ Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + …
DALTON’S LAW

▪ Mathematical Example 1
▪ In a container there are 4 gases with the
following pressures: Gas 1-2.5 atm, Gas
2-1.9 atm, Gas 3-798 mmHg, Gas 4-2.1 atm;
find the total pressure in the container.
DALTON’S LAW

▪ Mathematical Example 2
▪ In a sample of HCl gas, the pressure of the
gas is found to be 0.87 atm. If hydrogen
makes up 34% of the gas, what is the
pressure of the hydrogen?
GRAHAM’S LAW

▪ The ratio of the speeds of two gases at the

same temperature is equal to the square root of
the inverted molar masses
▪ The relative rate of diffusion
▪ Diffusion is the tendency of molecules to move
toward areas of lower concentration to areas of
higher concentration until the concentration is
uniform throughout
▪ Gases of lower molar mass diffuse and effuse faster
than gases of higher molar mass
▪ Effusion is when gas particles escape through tiny holes in
a container
GRAHAM’S LAW

▪ √(Molar MassB/Molar MassA)

▪ The rates of effusion of two gases are

inversely proportional to the square roots
of their molar masses
▪ Use periodic table to get molar masses
GRAHAM’S LAW

▪ Mathematical Example 1
▪ What is the ratio of the speeds of Helium
compared to Oxygen?

▪ Mathematical Example 2
▪ If Co2 has a speed of 22 m/s at 20°C, what is
the speed of HCl at the same temperature?