Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
EUR 7988e
September 1983
Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe
KERNFORSCHUNGSZENTRUM KARLSRUHE
KfK 3593
EUR 7988e
Zusammenfassung
Page
Abstract I
Zusammenfassung II
1. Introduction 1
2. Previous Work 2
4. Present Analysis 8
List of Symbols 12
Tables 14
Figures 68
References 76
HEAT TRANSFER FOR TURBULENT FLOW OF HELIUM OR HYDROGEN IN
A TUBE AT HIGH TEMPERATURES: EVALUATION WITH THE METHOD
OF PETUKHOV
1. Introduction
(1)
2. Previous Work
T -c
NuB = 0 • 8 P 0 · 4 (~)
0.025 ReB for 15 < !D < 135
rB TB
(2)
Tw -(0.29+o.oo56 ~)
(-) ( 3)
TB
4 5
in the range 10 .:::_ ReB < 1. 3 x 10 and 26 .:::_ ~ .:::_ 166. Equations
(2) and (3) show that, in presence of large temperature
differences between wall and gas, the temperature profile
in the gas is not fully established even for large values
~
of d' contrary to what happens for small temperature diffe-
~
rences, where generally for d ~ 20 the ~/d effect disappears.
To try to inveRtigate this ~/d effect, Dalle Donne and Bowditch
carried out experiments wi th a long unheated entrance length and
- 3 -
a very long heated test section /4/. The data for air and
helium could be correlated by the equation
(4)
4 5 ~
in the range 10 ~ ReB < 1.3 x 10 and 18 ~ d ~ 316. The
~/d effect could not be eliminated even at extremely high
values of ~/d. However, when Dalle Donne and Bowditch tried
the temperature parameter Tw/TE in place of Tw/TB, the ~/d
effect could be eliminated in the central axial portion of
the tubes, and the data were correlated by:
~
in same range of ReB and d as given above.
Tw -(0.29+0.0019 ~/d)
0· 8 0
= 0.021 ReB P rB • 4 (--)
TB (7)
1.1 ~ TW/TB ~ 2.5 /6/. They correlated their data with the
following relationship:
q
where the parameter q + = is somewhat analogous
PB v 'B cp TE
to Tw/TE, although not exactly the same.
- 4 -
(9)
Nu 00 = ( 10)
1.07+900 0 63 2 3
• +12 71f/2(Pr / - 1)
ReB 1+PrB • B
~
( 11 )
E~ = 1 + e -0.17 -d
(~/d) 1/4
TW n
and K (--T , ~) accounts for the effect of the variable gas
s B d
properties:
( 1 2)
n n c
= (TT ) p, k = (TT) k, ~ = ( 1 3)
o ko o Po
~
while the function ~ (d) is given in tabulated form (see TableI
of this paper) .
- 5 -
-1 .05
NuB = 0.8 p 0.4 ( 1o 3 q + ) 2/3
0.023 ReB ( 1 4)
rB (TW/TE)
for helium
-1 . 4
NuB = 0.8 p 0.4 (10 3 q+)
0.027 ReB rB (TW/TE) ( 1 5)
for hydrogen
( 1 6)
- 6 -
Equations (14) and (15) cannot correlate the Taylor data for
the whole 9.,/d range, because the axial heat flux distribution
of Taylor'stests cannot be approximated by a linear equation
of the type of equation (16) In this case a parabolic distri-
bution would be better:
( 1 7)
q(O) dq(s)/ds
ds
+ ( 1 8)
J
0
In Ref. /12/ and /13/ more complicated and more general ex-
pressions for Ks are used. However, in the present application
of the superposition method we prefer to stick to the simpler
definition of Ks introduced in Ref. /7/ (see equation ~2)).
Calculations performed by us for the data evaluated in the
present work show that the differences in Nusselt nurober caused
by the more complicated expression for Ks are at most 1 to
2 % and thus considerably smaller than the experimental un-
certainties of the data.
9,
9, q (s)
e
d = -9,- ds ( 1 9)
f0 q(d)
- 8 -
4. Present Analysis
~
The data for constant q(d) distribution havebeenreevaluated by
us with the method of Ref. /7/, starting from the original
measured data (heat flux to the gas, gas mass flow in the tube,
gas bulk temperature, tube wall temperature). The used values
of the gas property coefficients are the following:
n
p = -1
nk = 0.66
for helium /8/ (20)
n
c =0
p
n = 0.66
~
- 9 -
np = -1
nk = 0. 8 5 for hydrogen /8/ ( 21 )
n
cp
= 0.03
n)J = 0.66
.Q,
The data of Pfriem with monotonically increasing q(d) have
been evaluated with the same method (Et and Ks corrections
from equations (11) and (12) and applying the simplified
superposition method (Eq. (19)). In the evaluation of the
factor K
Tw
(~,
t Tw
-d) (see Eq. (12)) the value of TB correspond-
ts ··B
ing to - = t /d has been used.
d e
The data of Taylor, with the heat flux first increasing and
then constant along the tube, have been also evaluated with
the same method, however here the superposition method has
been applied in the not simplif ied form (Eq. (18) ) . The
Ks(~- ~) values under the integral have been evaluated with
the
Tw
~ values of the section t/d. For some of the tests the
.Q, B
Ks(d- ~) values have been evaluated with TW/TB values of each
(~ - 0 section. The difference in NuB between these two eva-
luation methods was considerably smaller than the scatter of
the points, thus this second more complicated method was
abandoned.
- 10 -
2
10 NuB
NUR = ( 2 2)
R 0.8 p 0.4
eB rB
2
10 Nu (X)
NUF = (23)
R 0.8 p 0.4
eB rB
NUF = 2.00 (1 + 1.. 4303 .) a = 8.0% for the precooled data, (25)
~/d '
NUF = 1. 994 (1 + 1 ·tj~1 ) , a = 7.0 % for all the data, (26)
- 11 -
List of Symbols
c
p = gas specific heat at constant pressure
2
NUR = 10 NuB
R 0.8 p 0.4
eB rB
Pr = ~=
k
Prandtl nurober
~
q = q(d) = heat flux to the gas along the tube
- 13 -
+ =
.
q = non-dimensional heat flux
p V d
B
Re = = Reynolds nurober
T = temperature
TB = gas bulk temperature
vB = gas velocity
E~ = parameter which accounts for the ~/d effect on the
Nusselt nurober (see Eq. (9) and Eq. (11))
~ = running distance between inlet and the considered
section, for which ~ = ~
Subscripts
_,
.z:".
Max. wall
Author Ref. Year eoolant Inlet temp. ternp. ß-/d range ReB range q (t/d)
Dalle Donne 0 3 4
/4/ 1963 He 20°e and 200°e 1ooo e 35 -;- 316 4 X 10 -;- 10 constant
Bowditch
J
I
5 5
He roorn ternp. 1260 °e 10-;- 2.3 X 10
Weiland /10/ 1965 + 2.7 -;- 247 constant
5
1.2 X 10 5 -;- 4.2 X 10
0
H2 precooling(-150 e) 1260 °e
4 . 4 always
Pfriem /8/ 1973 He roorn temp. 2120 °e 8 -;- 82 1.6x10 -.4.2x10
increasing
increasing
/9/ 1964 He roorn temp. + pre- 3 4
Taylor 2840 °e 12 .;. 66 5.7x 10 -;- 4.8x 10 then
/5/ 1965 H2 cooling ( -130°e) constant
I
TABLE: 111
DALLE DONNE
HELIUM
151.0 409.4 1!19 .I+ 0.6116 42.812 89445. 152. 19 1.956 2.079
162.0 1116.6 1186.6 0. 6172 43.204 88419. 151.82 1. 970 2.092
173.0 424.4 493.8 0.6186 42.958 87346. 150.35 1.969 2.090
183.0 1132.2 501.6 0.6163 42.798 86306. 147.98 1.957 2.076
194.0 1139.4 510.0 0.6100 43.039 85367. 144.87 1.933 2.052
205.0 447.2 518.8 0.6002 43.014 84384. 140.90 1.897 2.016
215.0 1155.0 528.3 0.5741 42. 100 83429. 133.25 1.811 1.926
226.0 462.2 536.6 0.5770 42.954 82566. 132.54 1. 816 1. 933
236.0 470.0 5115.5 0.5682 42.930 81662. 129.09 1. 785 1. 900
247.0 1177.7 550.0 0.5916 42.726 80782. 132.96 1. 854 1. 967
6 0.477 2.7 310.0 1~26. 1 1.0460 121.452 7.575 98622. 312.76 3.718 3.300
13. 3 333.3 ')66. 6 0.5279 123.176 94009. 150.46 1.858 2. 161
23.9 357.2 (j(JI+. 4 0.4982 123.166 89811. 135.65 1. 738 2.086
34.5 380.5 6.)0. 5 0.4939 123.475 86138. 128.98 1. 709 2.065
45.2 4011.4 656. 1 0.11906 123.467 82745. 123.07 1.684 2.042
55.8 1!28. 3 68!l.5 0.4894 123.437 79670. 118.21 1.667 2. 0211
66.5 451.6 703.8 0.4902 123.639 76929. 114.33 1.658 2.010
77.1 475.5 7?6.1 0.4933 123.599 74356. 111.21 1. 657 1. 999
87.6 498.8 7117.7 0.4978 123.896 72042. 108:73 1. 662 1. 971
98.11 522.7 rc; r. r 0.5041 123.5011 69852. 106.76 1. 672 1. 972
109.0 546.6 186.6 0.5125 123.000 67822. 105.38 1. 690 1.980
1?0.0 570.0 8U5. f) 0.5232 122.952 65977. 104.65 1.716 1.998
l.lU.O 593.8 fl2 1.0 0.5404 122.782 64213. 105.20 1.763 2.035
1111. 0 617.2 837.7 0.5541 122.209 62601. 105.16 1. 798 2.061
151.0 6110.5 856.6 0.5637 121.821 61086. 104.40 1.821 2.074
TABLE: IV
WEILAND
HELIUM
~
1'V
TABLE: VI
WOLF
HELIUM
m
""'
TABLE: X
TAYLOR
HYDROGEN
0"\
-.J
0 00 l!O.OO 80.00 120.00 160.00 200.00 240.00 280.00 320.00 360.00
:~
I ___L
C) PFRIEM - HE C8J
6
+
TRILCJR -
TRILCJR -
H2
HE
(9)
C9J
~:
X NE I LAND- HE C1 OJ
0 NE I LAND- H2 C1 OJ
~ 1·: 4' D. DCJNNE- HE Cl!l I~
(Y)
.
0
0
-+
(Y)
LL
=:J
z:
0
l.[) 0'\
00
+ -+ NUF 1 .096
.1!1. + +
= 1.975 (1 + t/d ) (\J
+
-+
-+
0
0
(\J
.1!1. +
+ -+
0
+ -+ -+ 0
l.[)
-+
l.[)
.
.--.0. 0 0 40.00 80.00 120.00 160.00 200.00 240.00 280.00 320.00 360~ 00
tjd
Fig. 1 Nusselt nurober corrected for t/d and TW/TB (NUF) versus
tjd. Non-precooled tests (850 data points, 0 = 5.5 %) .
o.. oo
I
l-!0. 00
I
80.00
I
120.00 160.00 200.00 2L!O.OO 280.00
I
320.00
I
360.00
0 C) v~E
I LAND- HE(lOl 0
0 0
L!':,. HEILAND- H2 (101
::::1'
+ TAILOR - H2 (51
X TAILOR - H2 (5)
0
lD
C) cn
0
0
.
cn
,. ' le?
LL
4 I
::::=)
l~
Cl'\
:z 1·:::•6
•• A
\.0
6 ~ 6 m6m 6 @ 6@6~
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 66C)
C) C) ~ liJ66
"' 6 - C) C)6~
0
0
(\j
0
0
LJ)
lD
-0.00 l-!0.00 80.00 120.00 160.00 200.00 2L!O.OO 280.00 320.00 360~ 00
9./d
Fig. 2 Nusselt nurober corrected for 9-/d and Tv1/TB (NUF) versus
9-/d. Precooled tests (774 data points, o = 8.0 %~
0.00 l.!Q. 00 80.00 120.00 160.00 200.00 240.00 280.00 320.00 360.00
C) PFRIEM- HE (8J 0
~ TAYLLJR - H2 (9-5J
0
.
:::1'
+ TAYLLJR - HE (9-5)
X WEILAND- HE (lOJ
<!> V-JE I LAND- H2 ( 1 OJ
+ D. DLJNNE- HE (4J
X ~~
0
0
1'
('!")
-....)
LL
=:J 0
:z:: 1 • 202)
NUF = 1. 994 (1 + Q_jd 0
U)
1' (\J
(\J
.111.
+ 1'
0
+ 1' 0
U) 1' U)
""""'o. oo 40.00 80.00 120.00 160.00 200.00 240.00 280.00 320.00 360~ 00
9-/d
0 0 D.DONNE- HECL±J 0
0
0
=t'
=t'
0
0 lf)
lf)
cn
cn
~~
0
0
. (9
cn
1 • 202)
LL NUF = 1.994 (1 + 9v/d
:=J
~~
-:J
:z I
--"
I
0
lf)
(\j
. (9
(9
~J
('J
~~
(9
(9 0
0 lf)
lf) (9
(9
I
~0.00 4:0.00 80.00 120.00 160.00 200.00 24:0.00 280.00 320.00 360~ 00
9v/d
5~
I I
C) WOLF - HE ( 11 l 0
6 WOLF - H2(11l
0
.
:::1'
0 0
Ln Ln
.
(Y) (Y)
0 0
0
(Y)
. 0
.
(Y)
LL L!:>.
·~
-....!
=:J L!:>. N
z L!:>.
0 ~ 0
Ln
. @A:>. Ln
.
(\j ä~ lJUF = 1. 994 ( 1 + 1 • 202) (\j
~ tjd
~
~~ JillltlE!'''i!! '!, !!;;I;;t ;c l; :!: :: ;;;, ,:; '; :: !'f!i); ;',; ,~c', .w;,: t!JID ;; !' i'I:1't':;''·· : '\; .:; : :' •., ;;.! l~
0 0
Ln Ln
I
-0.00 lJO.OO 80.00 120.00 160.00 200.00 240.00 280.00 320.00 360~ 00
Q,jd
0
0
~ WEILAND- HE(lOl 0
0
6 WEILAND- H2(10l ::::t'
0
lf)
12)
CD
0
0
CD
-...]
lJ._
w
=:::)
I
:z NUF 1. 202
1 • 9 94 (1 + Q,jd )
._.,.,..66
··.~ ... 6 6
I
I
~~
~-
.•.ll6 b b 66
~ACJ A~Af:fl b
~::::::::~
""· bb 6
bbbbb
b b b b 666
b b b b b b b L!;.bb b b b A
12)
12) 12)
.b
~
b ill b
-
~
12)
b @ 12)
12)66
(!) b
I 0
(\j
0 0
lf) lf)
0.00 LW. 00 80.00 120.00 160.00 200.00 240.00 280.00 320.00 360~ 00
Q,jd
:~l 0
L[)
(Y)
.
gJi
(Y)'
...
~~ -.J
~
IL -~~
~ I -.-
:z:
0 0
L[) L[)
I I I
~0. 00 L!O.OO 80.00 120.00 160.00 200.00 2L!O.OO 280.00 320.00 360~ 00
9-/d
0
0 ~ TRYLDR- H2C5-9J 0
0
:::::!'
6 TRYLDR- HEC5-9J :::::!'
0 0
lf) lf)
(r) (r)
0 0
0 0
-..J
(r)
(r) U1
Ii_
=:)
::z:
0 0
lf)
lf)
A~ I
0
I ;_~iJ)i~::-m~~~j
·.:::: ·-:<diil::::::
::::..o._-.-:-:- : ..
U
:':'. . . . . ,
0
0
. 0
0.J 0.J
I ~~~
A
A
C9 A
o\
lf)
A 0
. lf)
I I I
..---<0. 0 0 l-±0.00 80.00 120.00 160.00 200.00 2L!O.OO 280.00 320.00 360-:00
9-jd
References
/5/ M. F. Taylor
Experimental local heat transfer data for precooled hydro-
gen and helium at surface temperatures up to 5300 °R, NASA
Technical Note, NASA TN D-2595, 1965
.
August 1973, 109 - 116
/8/ H. J. Pfriem
Der turbulente Wärmeübergang an Helium und Wasserstoff
in beheizten Rohren bei großen axial steigenden Tempera-
turdifferenzen und das sich daraus ergebende Temperatur-
profil
KfK 1860, September 1973, see also:
H. J. Pfriem
Turbulent heat transfer to helium and hydrogen in heated
tubes with large axially increasing temperature differences
/9/ M. F. Taylor
Experimental local heat transfer and average friction data
for hydrogen and helium flowing in a tube at surface tem-
perature up to 5600 °R
NASA TN D-2280, 1964
/10/ W. F. Weiland
Measurement of local heat transfer coefficients for flow
of hydrogen and helium in a smooth tube at high surface to
fluid bulk temperature ratios
Chem. Ing. Progress Symposium Series, Vol. 61, 60, 1965
(AICHE Symposium 1962, Preprint 126)