Introduction: What are the Gas Laws?

Boyle’s Law
The gas laws are a group of laws that govern the behaviour of gases by
providing relationships between the following:

 The volume occupied by a gas. Boyle’s law gives the relationship between the pressure of a gas and the
volume of the gas at a constant temperature. Basically, the volume of a
 The pressure exerted by a gas on the walls of its container. gas is inversely proportional to the pressure of a gas at a constant
 The absolute temperature of the gas. temperature.
 The amount of gaseous substance (or) the number of moles of
gas.
Boyle’s law equation is written as:
The gas laws were developed towards the end of the 18th century by
numerous scientists (after whom, the individual laws are named). The V ∝ 1/P
five gas laws are:
Or
 Boyle’s Law, which provides a relationship between the pressure P ∝ 1/V
and the volume of a gas.
Or
 Charles’s Law, which provides a relationship between the volume
occupied by a gas and the absolute temperature. PV = k1
 Gay-Lussac’s Law, which provides a relationship between the
Where V is the volume of the gas, P is the pressure of the gas and K1 is
pressure exerted by a gas on the walls of its container and the
the constant.  Boyle’s Law can be used to determine the current pressure
absolute temperature associated with the gas.
or volume of gas and can be represented also as;
 Avogadro’s Law, which provides a relationship between the
volume occupied by a gas and the amount of gaseous substance. P1V1 = P2V2
 The Combined Gas Law (or the Ideal Gas Law), which can be
obtained by combining the four laws listed above. Boyle’s Law-Related Problem
Under standard conditions, all gasses exhibit similar behaviour. The
An 18.10mL sample of gas is at 3.500 atm. What will be the volume if the
variations in their behaviours arise when the physical parameters
pressure becomes 2.500 atm, with a fixed amount of gas and
associated with the gas (such as temperature, pressure, and volume) are
temperature?
altered. The gas laws basically describe the behaviour of gases and have
been named after the scientists who discovered them. Solution:
By solving with the help of Boyle’s law equation
P1 V1 =
P2 V2
V2   = P1V
1 /  P2
V2 = (18.10 * 3.500atm)/2.500atm V2 = 7,485.225/ 323.15
V2 = 25.34 mL  
V2 = 23.16 mL
Charle’s Law
Gay-Lussac Law

Charle’s law states that at constant pressure, the volume of a gas is Gay-Lussac law gives the relationship between temperature and
directly proportional to the temperature (in Kelvin) in a closed system. pressure at constant volume. The law states that at a constant volume,
Basically, this law describes the relationship between the temperature the pressure of the gas is directly proportional to the temperature for a
and volume of the gas. given gas.

Mathematically, Charle’s law can be expressed as; If you heat up a gas, the molecules will be given more energy, they move 

faster. If you cool down the molecules, they slow down and the pressure 
V∝T decreases. The change in temperature and pressure can be calculated
Where, V = volume of gas, T = temperature of the gas in Kelvin. Another using Gay-Lussac law and it is mathematically represented as;
form of this equation can be written as; P∝T
V1 / T1 = V2 / T2 Or
P / T = k1
Charle’s law problem
or
A sample of Carbon dioxide in a pump has a volume of 21.5 mL and it is
at 50.0 oC. When the amount of gas and pressure remain constant, find P1 / T1 = P2 / T2
the new volume of Carbon dioxide in the pump if the temperature is Where P is the pressure of the gas and T is the temperature of the gas in
increased to 75.0 oC. Kelvin.
Solution:
  Gay-Lussac Law related problem
V2 = V1T2/T1 Determine the pressure change when a constant volume of gas at 2.00
atm is heated from 30.0 °C to 40.0 °C.
 
Solution: V/n = constant
V1 / n1 = V2 / n2
P1 = 2.00 atm V2 = V1n2/n1
P2 =? V2 = (6 x 1.90)/ 0.975 = 11.69 L
T1 = (30 + 273) = 303 K
T2 = (40 + 273) = 313 K
According to the Gay-Lussac law
Combined Gas Law
P∝T The combined gas law is also known as a general gas equation is
P/T = constant obtained by combining three gas laws which include Charle’s law, Boyle’s
P1/T1 = P2/T2 Law and Gay-Lussac law. The law shows the relationship between
P2 =( P1 T2 ) / T1 temperature, volume and pressure for a fixed quantity of gas.
= (2 x 313) / 303
=2.06 atm The general equation of combined gas law is given as;
PV / T = k
Avogadro’s Law If we want to compare the same gas in different cases, the law can be
Avogadro’s law states that if the gas is an ideal gas, the same number of represented as;
molecules exists in the system. The law also states that if the volume of P1V1 / T1 = P2V2 / T2 
gases is equal it means that the number of the molecule will be the same
as the ideal gas only when it has equal volume. This above statement
can be mathematically expressed as;
V / n = constant
Or
V1 / n1 = V2 / n2
Where V is the volume of an ideal gas and n in the above equation
represent the number of gas molecules.

Problems related to Avogadro’s Law

At constant temperature and pressure, 6.00 L of a gas is known to
contain 0.975 mol. If the amount of gas is increased to 1.90 mol, what
new volume will result?
Solution:
V1 = 6.00 L
V2 = ?
n1 = 0.975
n2 = 1.90 mol
According to Avogadro’s law
V∝n
  The gas occupies a very small space because the particle in the
gas is minimal.
 There is no force present between the particle of the gas.
Particles only collide elastically with the walls of the container and
Ideal Gas Law with each other.
 The average kinetic energy of the gas-particle is directly
Much like the combined gas law, the ideal gas law is also proportional to the absolute temperature.
an amalgamation of four different gas laws. Here, Avogadro’s law is
 The gases are made up of many the same particles (atoms or
added and the combined gas law is converted into the ideal gas law. This
molecules) which are perfectly hard spheres and also very small.
law relates four different variables which are pressure, volume, no of
moles or molecules and temperature. Basically, the ideal gas law gives  The actual volume of the gas molecule is considered negligible as
the relationship between these above four different variables. compared to the space between them and because of this reason
they are considered as the point masses.
Mathematically Ideal gas law is expressed as;
PV=nRT
Where,
V = volume of gas.
T = temperature of the gas.
P = pressure of the gas.
R = universal gas constant.
n denotes the number of moles.
We can also use an equivalent equation given below.
PV = kNT
Where, k = Boltzman constant and N = number of gas molecules.

Ideal Gas
Ideal gases are also known as a perfect gas. It establishes a relationship
among the four different gas variables such as pressure (P), Volume(V),
Temperature(T) and amount of gas (n).

Ideal Gas Properties and Characteristics

 The motion of ideal gas in a straight line constant and random.