sazogadoebis kvlevis centri krebuli gamocemulia Jan Joresis fondis xelSewyobiT (safrangeTi)

mTavari redaqtori:

marina musxeliSvili

Zalaufleba da sazogadoeba saqarTveloSi

statiebis krebuli

sazogadoebis kvlevis centri gamomcemloba `universali~, 2009

gamomcemloba `universali~ Tbilisi 2009

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 22 36 09, 8(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: universal@internet.ge

ISBN 978-9941-12-894-3

sarCevi

winasityvaoba 2009 wlis gazafxulze sazogadoebis kvlevis centrma Jan Joresis fondis daxmarebiT moawyo ramdenime seminari saerTo saTauriT "politikuri sistema - risken viswrafoT? SesaZloa Tu ara mivaRwioT efeqtur demokratias institucionaluri garemos ganaxlebis gziT?". am seminarebSi monawileoba miiRes sxvadasxva dargis specialistebma da politikosebma. maT ganixiles politikuri sistemis transformaciis mimarTulebebi farTo socialuri konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT. mocemuli krebuli asaxavs seminarebis monawileTa naazrevs rogorc Tavad sistemis, aseve im konteqstis Sesaxeb, romelSiac is moqmedebs, da romelTanac is uSualod Tu gaSualedebulad kavSirSi imyofeba. pirveli narkvevi `politikuri sistema saqarTveloSi~ aRwers Zalauflebis im konfiguracias, romelic saqarTveloSi dReisTvis aris Camoyalibebuli. saxelmwifo mmarTveloba dRes xasiaTdeba Zalauflebis Zlieri centralizaciiTa da koncentraciiT, partia-saxelmwifos sabWouri tradiciis maxinji SerwymiT maJoritarul erTpartiul mmarTvelobasTan da politikuri partiebis zogadi sisustiT. meore narkvevi, "sazogadoebis dabruneba" (marina musxeliSvili) am centralizacias ukavSirebs transformaciis ganvlili periodisa da demokratizaciis calmxriv, neoliberalur xasiaTs. narkvevis mizania alternatiuli gzebis Zieba - aseT alternativad avtoris azriT evropuli gamocdilebis gaziareba warmoadgens. Semdegi narkvevi, "adgilobriv interesTa warmomadgenloba sxvadasxva politikur sistemebSi" (daviT melua) exeba konkretulad erT politikur instituts, adgilobriv mmarTvelobas. narkvevSi mocemulia adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis evropuli gamocdilebis mimoxilva da am Suqze gaanalizebulia saqarTvelos winaSe mdgari problemebi. politikuri sistemisadmi miZRvnili narkvevebidan meoTxe "Zalauflebis dayofa rogorc eTnikuri konfliqtebis mogvarebis gza" (sapublikaciod momzadebulia xatia nadaraias mier) eZRvneba eTnikuri konfliqtebis daregulirebis Temas. gansxvavebiT wina narkvevebisgan, is gansxvavdeba imiT, rom evropul gamocdilebas, kerZod, Zalauf3 4

1. gia JorJoliani, marina musxeliSvili, gela banZelaZe

politikuri sistema saqarTveloSi...................................................... 7 2. marina musxeliSvili sazogadoebis dabruneba................................................................................... 27 3. daviT melua adgilobriv interesTa warmomadgenloba sxvadasxva politikur sistemebSi........................................................................................ 67 4. Zalauflebis dayofa, rogorc eTnikuri konfliqtebis mogvarebis gza (statia momzadebulia xatia nadaraias mier) ........................................................................................ 86 5. mamuka biWaSvili samoqalaqo sazogadoeba saqarTveloSi ......................................... 99 6. elguja meqvabiSvili mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis ganviTareba rogorc saSualo klasis formirebis umniSvnelovanesi piroba . 112 7. zaza SaTiriSvili nacionaluri identoba da nacionaluri narativebi ......... 123 8. nana sumbaZeQ qalaqi da sofeli: mosaxleobis Rirebulebebi da politikuri simpaTiebi...................................................................................... 137 9. ioseb arCvaZe saqarTvelos mosaxleobis keTildReobisa da socialur-ekonomikuri stratifikaciis zogierTi aspeqtis Sesaxeb ...................................................................................................... 155

lebis gaziarebis princips kritikulad udgeba, da konfliqtebis daregulirebis meqanizmad naklebad gamosadegad miiCnevs. Semdegi ori narkvevi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis, anu Sualeduri donis institutebs exeba: arasamTavrobo organizaciebs, ("samoqalaqo sazogadoeba", mamuka biWaSvili) da mcire da saSualo mewarmeobas rogorc saSualo fenis arsebobis erTerT winapirobas. ("mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis ganviTareba rogorc saSualo klasis formirebis umniSvnelovanesi piroba", elguja meqvabiSvili). erTic da meorec asaxaven im institutebis sisustes (an, SesaZloa, praqtikul ganuviTareblobas), romlebic sasicocxloa demokratiis funqcionirebisTvis. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas rogorc Cans ar Svelis liberalur yaidaze mowyobili arasamTavrobo organizaciebis Seqmna; amis magaliTia meore statiaSi dasmuli problema: saSualo klasis interesebis daucveloba, romelic mcire da saSualo biznesis savalalo mdgomareobiT gamoixateba. orive es movlena urTierTkavSirSia da evropuli tradiciisgan metad Sorsaa. narkvevSi "nacionaluri identoba da nacionaluri narativebi" (zaza SaTiriSvili) avtori aanalizebs nacionaluri identobis formirebis Taviseburebebs (arasekularuli nacionalizmi) da miiCnevs, rom politikuri sistemis demokratizacias nacionaluri narativebis transformaciac sWirdeba. bolo ori narkvevi, "qalaqi da sofeli: mosaxleobis Rirebulebebi da politikuri simpaTiebi" (nana subaZe) da "saqarTvelos mosaxleobis keTildReobisa da socialur-ekonomikuri stratifikaciis zogierTi aspeqtis Sesaxeb" (ioseb arCvaZe) SesaZloa yvelaze arsebiT sakiTxs exeba - Tavad sazogadoebis mimarTebas politikasTan. statiebi statistikur maCveneblebze dayrdnobiT, obieqturi da subieqturi indikatorebis gamoyenebiT, aanalizeben mosaxleobaSi arsebul socio-ekonomikur da politikur dayofebs. vinaidan politikuri mowyoba didwilad damokidebulia imaze Tu ramdenad erTgvarovania Tu mravalferovania mosaxleoba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom politikurad arsebiTi dayofa, romelic pirveli narkvevis Sede5

gebidan momdinareobs, aris dayofa qalaqsa da sofels Soris. mosalodnelia, rom Tbilisis mosaxleobis Sexedulebebi imaze, Tu romeli sistemaa sasurveli, gansxvavdebodes regionebis Sexedulebisgan. Tumca mosaxleobis udides nawils aqvs saerTo maxasiaTebelic - es aris siRaribe. siRaribes ki SesaZloa moyvebodes winaaRmdegobrivi Sedegebi - an gamZafrebuli brZola politikuri da socio-ekonomikuri uflebebis mosapoveblad, an piriqiT, avtoritaruli mmarTveloba. erTaderTi, rasac is namdvilad ver uwyobs xels aris stabilurad moqmedi demokratiuli institutebi.

gia JorJoliani marina musxeliSvili gela banZelaZe

saqarTvelo: Zalauflebis struqturuli maxasiaTeblebi marqsi Tavis droze amtkicebda, rom sazogadoebaSi arsebuli mwarmoebluri urTierTobebis bazisi gansazRvravs qveynis politikur zednaSens da rom ekonomikuri urTierTobebi ganapirobeben politikur Sexedulebebsac. maqs veberi ki sapirispirod, Tvlida, rom kulturuli Rirebulebebi ayalibeben ekonomikuri urTierTobebis logikas. Tanamedrove mkvlevari, ronald ingleharti, eyrdnoba ra farTo sociologiur monacemebs, amtkicebs, rom marqsic da veberic erTdroulad marTlebic arian da, amave dros, kidevac scdebian. politikuri, kulturuli da ekonomikuri ganzomilebebi zemoqmedebas axdenen erTmaneTze, viTardebian paralelurad da ayalibeben garkveul urTierTdakavSirebul modelebs, romlebic sxvadasxva qveynebsa da civilizaciebSi sxvadasxvanairia. saqarTvelos politikuri sistema Sedgeba mTeli rigi urTierTdakavSirebuli maxasiaTeblebisagan, rolebic ganisazRvrebian da, amave dros, gansazRvraven sazogadoebis socialuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli parametrebis bunebas. es urTierTdakavSirebuli maxasiaTeblebi istoriulad Camoyalibdnen da yalibdebian, damokidebulni arian ganvlil gzaze da im SemTxvevaSic ki Zalzed nela icvlebian, Tuki erT-erTi parametri mkveTrad Seicvleba. arsobrivi cvlilebebi TandaTanobiT xdeba TaobaTa cvlasa da sistemis yvela maxasiaTeblis urTierTdakavSirebul transformaciasTan erTad. miuxedavad amisa cvlilebebi mainc xdeba da yvela parametri ama Tu im mimarTulebiT ganicdis evolucias. mniSvnelovania imis codna Tu ra mimarTulebiT icvlebian isini da ra faqtorebi gansazRvravs am cvlilebebs. saqarTvelom bolo 15-20 wlis manZilze ramodenime politikuri reJimi gamoicvala, Seicvala konstituciuri mowyobac, qveyanam gadaitana samoqalaqo omebi da dakarga kontroli teritoriis nawilze. miuxedavad amisa, saqar7

Tvelos politikuri sistema xasiaTdeba iseTi TvisebebiT, romlebic am drois manZilze ucvlelad rCebodnen da TviTganaxlebis Zalas avlendnen. saqarTveloSi Zalaufleba koncentrirebuli, centralizebuli da personificirebulia. qveynis prezidents akisria sruli da praqtikulad erTpirovnuli pasuxismgebloba yvela miRebul politikur gadawyvetilebasa da saxelmwifo aparatis funqcionirebaze. kompetenciaTa teritoriuli danawileba TiTqmis sruliad ar arsebobs, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba ganuviTarebelia, regionebi sustia da centralur xelisuflebazea damokidebuli. prezidenti srulad akontrolebs xelisuflebas. prezidents, mTavrobasa da parlaments Soris Zalauflebis danawileba sustadaa gamokveTili da pirveli piris mier parlamentze an mTavrobaze kontrolis dakargvis SemTxvevaSi sistemuri krizisi iwyeba. sasamarTlo xelisuflebas ar gaaCnia damoukidebloba da ver axerxebs centraluri xelisuflebis Sekavebasa da kanonis uzenaesobis uzrunvelyofas. politikaSi monawileobas mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri dividendebi moaqvs. ekonomikuri saqmianobac Zlier aris damokidebuli xelisuflebasTan klientelistur kavSirebze da mniSvnelovanwilad korufciuli meqanizmebiT funqcionirebs. amgvar konfiguraciaSi Zalaufleba didwilad xelisuflebis partiis meSveobiT xorcieldeba, romelic mkacrad centralizebulia da administraciul resurss eyrdnoba. amave dros, xelisuflebis partia iSleba xelisuflebidan wasvlis SemTxvevaSi. partiebi da prezidentebi xelisuflebidan opoziciaSi ar gadadian, aramed saerTod toveben politikur arenas da kargaven legitimacias. Tavad xelisuflebis cvlilebac radikaluri-revoluciuri gziT xdeba. amave dros, Zalauflebis erT centrSi koncentrirebis miuxedavad sazogadoeba inarCunebs SesaZleblobas opoziciuri ganwyobebisa da moZraobebis avtonomiurad SemuSavebisa, romlebic saprotesto aqciebsa da, drodadro, arapopularuli reJimebis cvlilebas iwvevs. arsebobs mravali opoziciuri partia da politikuri aqtori, romlebic xelisuflebis revoluciuri (sistemuri, radikaluri) oponentebi arian. polarizebuli politikuri pluralizmis pirobebSi opoziciuri partiebi praqtikulad ar monawileoben politikuri gadawyvetile8

bebis miRebaSi, aramed sakuTar Zalisxmevas arsebuli reJimis Secvlisken mimarTaven. komprometirebuli politikuri aqtorebis marginalizaciis paralelurad Cndebian axali politikosebi da partiebi, romelTa dRegrZelobac mTlianadaa damokidebuli maT opoziciaSi yofnaze. opoziciuri partiebis garda, amgvarive rols TamaSoben masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebi da arasamTavrobo organizaciebic. am organizaciaTa dafinansebis wyaroebi xelisuflebisagan damoukidebelia (biznesi, saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba). sazogadoeba, Tumca ki inarCunebs arapopularuli xelisuflebis Secvlis potencials, praqtikulad ar monawileobs politikis, strategiebis formirebaSi, uflebebisa da interesebis dacvaSi da a.S. politikuri da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi (partiebi, arasamTavroboebi) aqtivistTa mcire wres moicaven. sazogadoebrivi problemebis gadawyvetaze pasuxismgebloba TiTqmis mTlianad centralur xelisuflebas ekisreba. politikuri diskursi vertikaluria. am diskursis horizontaluri Semadgeneli gamoukveTavia. qveynis ganviTarebis kursi didwilad sagareo faqtorebzea damokidebuli. iqidan gamomdinare, rom politikuri reformebi igegmeba da xorcieldeba am gare faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT, isini naklebad asaxaven sazogadoebis mdgomareobas, rac politikuri ganviTarebis sxvadasxvagvar strategiebs Soris konkurenciis warmoqmnis saSualebas ar iZleva. ZalauflebisaTvis brZola warmoadgens `TavisTavad Rirebulebas~ da ar asaxavs interesebis, Sexedulebebisa da programuli prioritetebis gansxvavebulobas, rac sazogadoebis bazisur problemebs gadauwyvetels tovebs. Zalauflebis centralizacia saqarTveloSi Zalauflebis teritoriuli danawileba sustia. qveynis prezidenti Zalauflebis piramidis saTaveSi dgas, romelic mmarTvelobis yvelaze dabal doneebamde eSveba. 1995 wlis konstitucia, gadauwyveteli teritoriuli konfliqtebis gamo, Riad tovebda qveynis teritoriul-administraciuli mowyobis sakiTxebs, da mxolod zo9

gadi debulebebiT Semoifargleboda, ramdenadac miiCneoda, rom es sakiTxebi afxazeTis, cxinvalis regionis da aWaris statusis gansazRvrasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. samomavlod igegmeboda orpalatiani parlamentis Seqmna da saqarTvelos raionebis nacvlad (daaxloebiT 80) regionebad dayofa (daaxloebiT 10 erTeuli). regionebis marTvis uzrunvelsayofad droebiT saSualebad prezidentis rwmunebulebi iqcnen. vardebis revoluciisa da aWaris movlenebis Semdeg prezidentis rwmunebulis instituti SenarCunda, teritorialuri mowyobisa da qveynis decentralizaciis sakiTxi ki kvlav gadadebulia. ufro dinamiurad mimdinareobda TviTmmarTvelobiTi da warmomadgenlobiTi institutebis transformireba da ganviTareba. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba 1998 wels dainerga, ramac garkveulwilad adgilebze sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis gaaqtiureba ufro gamoiwvia da adgilobriv demokratiisaTvis Seqmna safuZveli. Tumca, mTlianobaSi, man, ramodenime mizezis gamo, efeqturad ver imuSava. adgilobrivi xelisuflebis funqcionirebisaTvis saWiro ekonomikuri fundamenti im periodSi ar Seqmnila. kompetenciaTa decentralizacias ukiduresad susti iyo da mas Tan ar axlda realizaciisa da kontrolis saWiro meqanizmebi. kanoni adgilobrivi arCevnebis Sesaxeb, romelic partiul warmomadgenlobas efuZneboda, adgilebze arsebul siRaribesTan erTad, mmarTvelobis organoTa Zlier politizirebasa da, Sesabamisad maT xelisuflebis partiisadmi daqvemdebareba-damokidebulebas uwyobda xels. miuxedavad imisa, rom, 1998 da 2002 wlebis adgilobrivma arCevnebma aCvena, rom opoziciur partiebi adgilobriv doneze ufro advilad axerxeben warmomadgenlobis miRwevas vidre centralur doneze, adgilobrivi mmarTvelobiTi organoebi mainc mudam advilad kontroldebodnen da imarTebodnen centraluri xelisuflebis mier, miTumetes, rom yvelaze mniSvnelovani Tanamdebobebi daniSvniTi rCeboda. vardebis revoluciis Semdeg adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis axali sistema iqna SemoRebuli (2005 wlis reformiT), romelmac wina periodis mcire monapovrebic ki Seasusta. mravalricxovani, mcirezomiani da ufro Znelad 10

kontrolirebadi organoebis nacvlad Seiqmna msxvili erTeulebi raionebis doneze. am erTeulebs formalurad TviTmmarTvelobiTi hqvia, Tumca realurad damoukidebeli funqcionirebis saSualeba ara aqvT. prezidentis regionuli rwmunebulebi, romlebsac kanoniT ara aqvT raionebis mmarTvelobis ufleba, realurad floben gadawyvetilebaTa srul Zalauflebas e.w. TviTmmarTvel organoebTan mimarTebaSi. politikuri sistemis centralizaciis tendencias Semdegi faqtoric aZlierebs: demokratiuli centralizmis principi, romelic jer kidev leninma menSevikebTan gamarTuli diskusiis dros Camoayaliba, adgilobriv sakiTxebze gadawyvetilebaTa partiis centraluri organos mier miRebas gulisxmobs (magaliTad saarCevno olqSi deputatobis kandidaturis wamoyeneba). adgilobriv organoebs mxolod iniciativisa da winadadebis wamoyenebis ufleba rCebaT. es principi, romelic partia-saxelmwifos sabWoTa politikur sistemaSi mtkiced iyo gamjdari, postsabWoTa saqarTveloSic Zalauflebisa da mmarTvelobis ganxorcielebis ZiriTad principad gvevlineba. es Tandayolili inercia vlindeba rogorc centrsa da adgilebze mmarTvelTa da marTulTa molodinebisa da motivaciebis zogad mentalobaSi, aseve orive doneze xelisuflebis Camoyalibebisa da urTierTmimarTebis instituciur regulirebaSic. Zalauflebis koncentraciis tendenciis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis udao prioritets warmoadgens, adgilobriv xelisuflebas ara adgilobrivi warmomadgenlobiTi organo axorcielebs (romlis kompetenciebic bundovania da finansuri resursebic uaRresad mokrZalebulia), aramed misi zemdgomi organo. regionuli mmarTvelobis reformis dablokva xelisuflebis mxridan swored am mizezis gamo moxda - vinaidan konstituciiT prezidents uSualod ara aqvs aRmasrulebeli funqcia, mas urCevnia araformalurad uxelmZRvanelos Tavisive daniSnul rwmunebulebs regionebSi, vidre dauqvemdebaros isini ministrTa kabinets, rogorc uzenaes aRmasrulebel organos. susti ekonomika regionebis centrze damokidebulebas ganapirobebs. sabWoTa industriuli ekonomikis degra11

daciam mkveTrad Seamcira ekonomikuri aqtivoba da, Sesabamisad, ekonomikis moculobac. tradiciulad industriuli qalaqebi: rusTavi, quTaisi, zestafoni, WiaTura, agreTve msubuqi mrewvelobisa da agraruli gadamamuSavebeli centrebi, kargaven ra Cveul Tvisebas, ver axerxeben ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas. agrarul regionebSi gavrcelda naturaluri meurneobebis Tanamedrove tipi, romelic ara produqciis warmoebazea orientirebuli, aramed TviTmoxmarebaze. susti ekonomika ase Tu ise mniSvnelovani adgilobrivi elitebis Seqmnis saSualebas ar iZleva, romlebic adgilobrivi sazogadoebis reprezentacias SeZlebdnen da centridan mosul politikur Tu biznes-figurebs konkurencias gauwevdnen. maJoritar olqebSi arCeul deputatTa umravlesoba cxovrobs da muSaobs TbilisSi da ara Sesabamis olqebSi. adgilobriv elitebs gansakuTrebiT Zlieri dartyma miayena deindustrializaciam, romelmac inJiner-teqnikuri inteligencia funqciisa da statusis gareSe datova da maTi Tanamedrove `TeTr sayeloianebad~ transformaciis Sansi TiTqmis mospo. arsebuli ekonomikuri (romelic umuSevrobis Zalzed maRal dones iwvevs) da politikuri (adgilobrivi mmarTvelobiTi da saxelmwifo organoebis umniSvneloba) situacia Sromisunarian mosaxleobas, gansakuTrebiT ki axalgazrdobas, migraciisken ubiZgebs. maTi nawili sazRvargareT midis, sxvebi ki dedaqalaq Tbilisis umuSevarTa rigebs avseben (an naklebad prestiJuli profesiiT muSaoben). ekonomikis ganuviTarebulobisa da socialur _ politikuri cxovrebis marginalizaciisgan gamowveuli migracia centrisken (Tbilisisken) kidev ufro aZlierebs adgilobrivi Temebis sisustes da adgilobrivi ekonomikuri, kulturuli da politikuri potencialis zrdas TiTqmis gamoricxavs. yovelive es kidev ufro amZafrebs isedac Zlier tendencias centralizaciisaken. globalizaciis procesi centralizaciis process uwyobs xels. misi gamowvevebi (enobrivi, informaciuli, teqnologiuri, ekonomikuri, komunikaciuri da a.S.) Sesabamisi resursebisa da qselebis xelmisawvdomobas moiTxovs. es xelmisawvdomoba ki gacilebiT advilad realizdeba centrSi vidre regionebSi (umetesoba SemTxvevebSi 12

raionebSi yovelive es absoluturad miuwvdomelia). amave dros, globalizaciis gamowvevebTan gasamklaveblad resursebisa da Zalisxmevis gaerTianebaa saWiro rac aseve pozitiurad miesadageba centralizaciis tendencias. saxelmwifos daSlis SiSi _ teritoriaTa eTnikuri araerTgvarovneba aseve aZlierebs Zalauflebis centralizaciis tendencias. decentralizacia, gacnobierebulad an gaucnobiereblad, asocirdeba avtonomizmisa da separatizmis tendenciebTan. rogorc afxazeTi da cxinvalis regioni, aseve amJamad araaqtiuri magram potenciurad separatistul regionebad mosazrebuli somxebiTa da azerbaijanelebiT kompaqturad dasaxlebul regionebis arseboba, xels uwyobs amgvar Sexedulebebs. iTvleba, rom, teritoriebis avtonomiurobis gazrda da adgilobrivi xelisuflebebisa da institutebis kompetenciaTa Sesabamisi gafarToveba aucileblad gaaZlierebs separatistul ganwyobebs, imdenad ramdenadac mravaleTnikur mosaxleobaSi politikuri erTobis arasakmarisi konsolidirebulobis pirobebSi eTnikuri identobis mniSvneloba moqalaqeobrivs aRemateba. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom yvela regionTan mimarTebaSi damokidebuleba msgavsi unda iyos, institucionaluri mowyobisadmi universalisturi midgoma eTnikurad mxolod qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli regionebisadmic msgavs midgomas ganapirobebs. saxelmwifoebriobis gare safrTxeebis winaaRmdeg arsebuli ganwyobebic agreTve aZlierebs centralizacias. sazogadoebrivi azri miiCnevs, rom es modeli gacilebiT ufro efeqturia gare safrTxeTa asacileblad vidre decentralizebuli mmarTvelobiTi sistema. iTvleba, rom decentralizaciis SemTxvevaSi arakeTilmosurne gare Zalebi ufro advilad SeZleben calkeuli regionebis mimarT sakuTari interesebisa da gegmebis ganxorcielebas. amis magaliTad ara marto afxazeTi da cxinvalis regioni ganixileba, aramed aslan abaSiZis reJimis droindeli aWarac. sazogadoebriv mentalobaSi mudmivi da permanentuli sagareo mtris xatis dafuZneba, ayalibebs nacionalisturi erTobis ideas. am xedviT axali da susti saxelmwifo mxolod erTiani, sayovelTao ZalisxmeviT SeZlebs mtris mogeriebas, romelsac centralizebuli po-

litikuri neba marTavs. sagareo safrTxeebis mogeriebas erTianoba esaWiroeba. ideologia, romliTac xelisufleba sakuTari Zalauflebis legitimacias axdens agreTve xels uwyobs centralizacias. demokratia gagebulia ara rogorc orientirebisa da normebis sistema, romlebic sazogadoebriv cxovrebas ganapirobeben da sazogadoebriv-politikuri diskursisa da qcevebis mimarTulebas gansazRvraven. igi sazogadoebisagan `gare~ fenomenad rCeba da xelisuflebis legitimacias ara am sazogadoebis meSveobiT axdens, aramed sxva wyaroebiT, rogorebic SesaZloa iyos `progresuli saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba~, `demokratiuli Zalebi~ an `WeSmariti mecnieruli Teoriebi~ (iseve rogorc sabWoTa dros mecnierul komunizmis Teoria), `mowinave dasavleTi~ da a.S. aSkaraa, rom demokratiis amgvari forma mxolod centralizebul politikur sistemaSi SeiZleba efeqturad funqcionirebdes da mxolod vertikalurad _ zemodan qvemoT. ras SeuZlia Seasustos centralizaciis tendencia? mniSvnelovani (magram ara gadamwyveti) roli SeiZleba Seasrulos evropuli struqturebis mier Sesabamisma dawolam. aseve uaRresad mniSvnelovania decentralizaciis mimarT sazogadoebrivi ganwyobebic. postsabWoTa gamocdilebis 20 weli gviCvenebs, rom arsebuli centralizebuli politikuri sistema araefeqturia da adgilebze arsebuli problemebis gadawyveta ar SeuZlia. decentralizebuli modeli ki (Tu maRalganviTarebuli demokratiuli qveynebis WeSmariti gamocdileba mis sasargeblod sakmarisi argumenti araa), saqarTveloSi jer gamoucdelia da arc misi araefeqturobis mtkicebis safuZveli arsebobs. Zalauflebis koncentracia demokratiuli centralizmis sabWoTa tradicia ara marto Zalauflebis centralizaciis tendencias ganapirobebs, aramed mis koncentraciasac. orive es tendencia erTmaneTs asazrdoebs.

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Zalauflebis koncentraciaSi mis mTlianobas da ganuyoflobas vgulisxmobT. esaa xelisuflebis tradiciulad danawilebuli Stoebis (samarTlebriv saxelmwifoebSi) erTianoba (sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli, sasamarTlo), romelSic aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas wamyvani adgili uWiravs. xelisuflebis msgavs mowyobas SeiZleba arakonstituciuric vuwodoT ramdenadac konstituciurad swored Zalauflebis danawilebis da Zalauflebis gaziarebis tradiciuli principebi iTvleba. am pirobebSi praqtikulad SeuZlebelia centraluri xelisuflebis sxvadasxva institutebs Soris horizontaluri urTierTdamokidebulebis uzrunvelyofa. Zalaufleba erTiania rogorc vertikalur (centralizacia) aseve horizontalur (koncentracia) ganzomilebebSi. Zalauflebis koncentracias axali postsabWoTa arakonstitucionalizmic uwyobs xels, romelic, ara marto zemoT aRniSnuli araformaluri wesebis xarjze arsebobs, aramed rigi formaluri wesebis xelSewyobiTac. pirvel rigSi unda aRiniSnos saprezidento mmarTveloba. saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstitucia, marTalia SezRudvisa da wonasworobis principebze iyo agebuli, qveynis prezidents mainc zedmetad did uflebamosilebas aniWebda. prezidenti erTdroulad iTvleboda saxelmwifos meTauradac da mTavrobis xelmZRvaneladac. vardebis revoluciis Semdeg konstituciaSi Setanilma Sesworebebma kidev ufro gaaZliera (da daakanona) isedac Zlieri prezidentis Zalaufleba. premierministris Tanamdebobis SemoRebam mTavrobis sasargeblod prezidentis Zalauflebis Semcireba ar gamoiwvia, aramed prezidentis instituti kidev ufro mtkice gaxada politikuri da socialur-ekonomikuri gamowvevebis winaSe, radgan SesaZlebloba misca prezidents warumatebeli politikis SemTxvevaSi pasuxismgebloba Tavidan aecilebina. parlamentis daTxovnis uflebis prezidentisTvis miniWebiT, parlamentis roli kidev ufro Semcirda da prezidentis xelSi Zalauflebis koncentracias Seewyo xeli. parlamentis sisuste, romelsac didwilad saprezidento mmarTvelobis xasiaTi ganapirobebs. prezidentis partiis arCevnebSi gamarjvebisa da umravlesobis Seqmnis SemTxvevaSi, rasac didwilad administraciuli resursi 15

da damkvidrebuli saarCevno praqtika ganapirobebs, parlamenti srulad iTqvifeba erTian, koncentrirebul saprezidento mmarTvelobiT vertikalSi. saqarTvelos samive prezidents (gamsaxurdia, SevardnaZe, saakaSvili) parlamentSi umravlesoba gaaCnda, romlebsac, qcevis zemoT aRwerili modelis gamo, ~morCilebs~ uwodebdnen. nawilobriv sabWoTa modelze damokidebulebis, nawilobriv ki axladSeqmnili formaluri da araformaluri wesebis gamo, saqarTveloSi xelisuflebas, praqtikulad, mxolod prezidenti ganasaxierebs. parlamenti aRiqmeba rogorc damorCilebuli, arawarmomadgenlobiTi da araavtonomiuri subieqti, sasamarTlo xelisufleba ki rogorc administraciis nawili (rogorc magaliTad saministro da a.S.). Zalauflebis legitimacia xdeba ara warmomadgenlobisa da monawileobis (demokratiuli legitimacia), aramed misi funqcionirebis efeqturobis niadagze. legitimaciis msgavsi saSualeba xelisuflebis pasuxismgeblobis koncentracias iwvevs, romlis erTaderTi amocanac, formaluri instituciuri wesebisa da procedurebis ignorirebiT, efeqturi Sedegebis miRwevaa. pasuxismgebloba da uflebamosileba erTmaneTs emTxveva da prezidentis figuraSi gamovlindeba. es ukanaskneli, Sesabamisad, politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis meqanizmebis sakuTar xelSi koncentrirebas axdens, romelTa nawilic formalurad ar Sedis mis kompetenciaSi. msgavsi situacia axasiaTebda samive prezidents. Tuki msgavs politikur sistemaSi Zalauflebis koncentracia sustdeba, mcirdeba gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis (an miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis) efeqturobac da, Sesabamisad, mcirdeba Zalauflebis legitimurobac. rodesac araefeqturoba kritikul zRvars aRwevs, legitimuroba uaRresad sustdeba da aralegitimuri xelisuflebisadmi daumorCilebloba sazogadoebis didi nawilisaTvis misaRebi xdeba: Tuki xelisufleba aralegitimuria, mis winaaRmdeg aralegitimuri wesebiT brZolac daSvebulia. postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi Zalauflebis koncentracias is faqtoric uwyobs xels, rom ar arsebobs avtonomiuri da profesionaluri saxelmwifo biurokratia. amas, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs rogorc istoriuli tradicia, 16

aseve postsabWoTa araformaluri wesrigi da saxelmwifo aparatis politizirebuloba. principi `gamarjvebuli iRebs yvelafers~ gulisxmobs, rom xelisuflebaSi mosuli partia Zireulad cvlis saxelmwifo aparats da Tavisi erTguli politikuri aqtivis rekrutirebas axdens. klientilizmi kidev ufro amcirebs biurokratiis avtonomiurobas. araavtonomiuri biurokratia ki upasuxismgebloa, mTlianadaa damokidebuli politikur xelmZRvanelobaze da araa motivirebuli damoukidebeli gadawyvetilebebis miRebisTvis. Sedegad iqmneba viTareba, rom sxvadasxva donis gadawyvetilebebi politikuri xelmZRvanelobis Seusabamod maRal doneze miiReba. es xdeba ara marto vertikalur, aramed horizontalur ganzomilebebSic. vertikaluri RerZis gaTvaliswinebiT ki iqmneba arademokratiuli sistemebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli piramida. Zalauflebis koncentraciis Serbileba Semdeg tendenciebs xelewifebaT: xelisuflebaSi myof sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris ZalauflebisaTvis brZolas koncentraciis Sesusteba SeuZlia. sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris dapirispireba yvela SemTxvevaSi amcirebs xelisuflebis funqcionirebis efeqturobas da garkveul etapze SesaZloa mTlianad reJimis Sesusteba gamoiwvios. Tumca bolo wlebis saqarTvelos gamocdilebam aCvena, rom dapirispirebis SemTxvevaSi fraqcionerebi toveben xelisuflebas da gadadian gare opoziciuri dapirispirebis reJimSi, xolo xelisuflebis SigniT darCenis SemTxvevaSi, maT mainc ar gaaCniaT berketebi raTa Tavisi interesebi ganaxorcielon. es miuTiTebs imaze, rom demokratizaciis istoriulad gamocdili gza - elitebis paqti TamaSis wesebis dacvis Taobaze saqarTveloSi ver xorcieldeba. opoziciis gaZliereba da gaaqtiureba uzrunvelyofs pluralisturi poziciebis gaZlierebas da oficialuri ideologiis delegitimacias. Tumca arsebul delegitimacias SeiZleba moyvebodes ara reJimis Sesusteba, aramed misi gadasvla mmarTvelobis ufro Zalismier meTodebze. koncentraciis tendenciis SesustebaSi mniSvnelovani rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia evrostruqturebis mxridan dawolas (realuri TviTmmarTvelobis SemoReba, Tavisu17

fali sasamarTlo da a.S.). Tumca am dawolas realuri Sedegebis motana mxolod Sesabamisi sazogadoebrivi da politikuri mxardaWeris pirobebSi SeuZlia. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi formalur wesebSi garkveuli cvlilebebi SesaZloa advilad adaptirdnen dominirebad araformalur wesrigTan. erTpirovnuli mmarTveloba saqarTvelos prezidenti qveynis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi kursis simbolod da garantad miiCneva. misi piradi da politikuri Tvisebebi am kursTan identificirdeba. amas uzrunvelyofs gabatonebuli ideologiac. sxvadasxva reJimebisas es ideologia sxvadasxvaa. sabWoTa kavSiris dros, komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis generaluri mdivnis pirovnebis msgavsi identificireba qveynis komunisturi ganviTarebis perspeqtivasTan ganpirobebuli iyo im legendiT, rom man yvelaze ukeT icoda mecnieruli komunizmis Teoria da amitom SeuZlebeli iyo araswori politika gaetarebina. Semdgom, erovnul-gamaTavisuflebelma moZraobam erovnuli identobisa da damoukideblobis ideologia aRadgina; zviad gamsaxurdia dRemde bevrisTvis WeSmaritad qarTul identobasa da patriotizmTan asocirdeba. iTvleba rom misma garemocvam iTamaSa uaryofiTi roli, aZlevdnen ra mas cud rCevebs. SevardnaZe ganasaxierebda pragmatulobasa da racionalurobas, stabilurobis SenarCunebas, damnaSaveobis winaaRmdeg brZolas. mas ramodenime weli dasWirda, rom erTpirovnuli mmarTveli gamxdariyo. rodesac misi partia orad gaiyo da zurab Jvanias jgufmac garkveul wil Zalauflebaze gamoTqva pretenzia (parlamentis kontrolis paralelurad), amas mmarTvelobis erTpirovnuli xasiaTi ar Seucvlia, magram gaarTula yovelgvari gadawyvetilebebis miReba. vardebis revoluciis Semdgom xelisuflebaSi triumvirati movida, romlebic reformebis, demokratiisa da dasavleTTan daaxloebis mimarTulebas ganasaxierebdnen. Tumca mmarTvelobis pirvelive TveebSi Zalaufleba prezidentis xelSi aRmoCnda koncentrirebuli.

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erTi gabatonebuli ideologiis legitimacia moiTxovs, rom swori gadawyvetilebebi erT centrSi miiRebodes. politikuri gadawyvetilebebi aucileblad unda iyos `swori~ magram ara ori an ufro meti politikurad gansxvavebuli Sexedulebis kompromisis Sedegi. es prezidents aTavisuflebs misi oponentebis Sexedulebebis gaTvaliswinebis aucileblobisagan. prezidenti, garkveul wilad, iTvleba im kursis ganxorcielebis eqspertad, raSic mTeli sazogadoeba Tanabradaa dainteresebuli. am kursis ganviTarebisa da misi prioritetebis Sesaxeb Sexedulebebis SesaZlo konfliqti aralegitimuria, radganac subieqtur sawyisebs efuZneba da ara `teqnokratiulad~ miRebuli gadawyvetilebas. amitomac, opoziciasTan konsultaciebi mxolod sisusted SeiZleba CaiTvalos da ara gonierebad. oponentebi saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi umniSvneloni arian, uares SemTxvevaSi ki ubralod xels uSlian winsvlas. xelisuflebis partia lideris avtoritets emorCileba. wamyvani figurebi piradi politikuri erTgulebis principiT ganisazRvrebian. demokratiuli centralizmis principi sabWoTa droidan moyolebuli narCundeba. finansebi, romelTa generirebac formalurTan erTad mniSvnelovanwilad araformaluri gzebiTac xdeba, centralizebulia da maTze kontroli erTpirovnuli mmarTvelobis aucilebel komponents warmoadgens. partiasa da saxelmwifo aparatSi Tanamdebobebis, iseve rogorc saarCevno siaSi adgilebis ganawileba umaRlesi xelisuflebis doneze wydeba. sxvadasxva socialuri jgufebis interesebsa da gansxvavebulobaze sazogadoebis ganviTarebis erTiani strategiis upiratesobis aRiareba erTpirovnul mmarTvelobas uwyobs xels. sistemis mkacri maJoritaruli xasiaTi, romelSic konkretuli calkeuli interesebi politikurad aralegitimuria, aseve dakavSirebuli kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis TaviseburebebTanac. kanonis arsi gulisxmobs ganviTarebis imgvar gzas, romelic sazogadoebisTvis garegania. moqalaqe kanonis obieqtia da ara subieqti. kanonis amgvari gageba mTlianobaSi tradiciuli kia, magram dResdReobiT, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, protestebs warmoSobs. 19

mmarTvelobis ufro kolegialuri da konsensualuri stili SesaZloa warmoiSvas sxvadasxva politikur jgufebs Soris konkurenciis institucionalizaciisa da gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas ufro meti pluralizmis Seqmnis SemTxvevaSi. xazgasmiT unda aRvniSnoT, rom aq ar igulisxmeba ganxeTqileba mmarTvel partiaSi. amgvari ganxeTqilebis SemTxvevaSi ar arsebobs konfliqtis gadawyvetis instituciuri meqanizmi. ukidures SemTxvevaSi prezidents SeuZlia daSalos parlamenti. molaparakebebisa da kompromisebis meqanizmebi uaRresad sustia. konfliqtis gadawyvetis institucionalizebuli meqanizmebis Seqmnis erT-erT gzad SeiZleba miviCnioT saparlamento mmarTvelobaze gadasvla. mmarTvelobis erTpirovnulobis Semcirebas aseve SesaZloa xeli Seuwyos saxelmwifo aparatis ganviTarebam da profesionalizaciam. saxelmwifo aparatma, misi politizirebulobisa da politikur mmarTvelobasTan mibmulobis Sesustebis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa sazogadoebriv ZalebTan korporativistuli kavSirebi Seqmnas, romlebiT manipulirebac ufro Zneli iqneba. opoziciuri partiebic, miuxedavad maTi ideologiuri mimarTulebebisa, ZiriTadad erTpirovnuli mmarTvelobis igive principze arian agebulni. SegviZlia warmovidginoT, rom erTpirovnuli mmarTveloba arc prezidentis gadarCevis SemTxvevaSi Sesustdeba. opoziciur partiaTa mkacrad centralizebuli koaliciis mosvla xelisuflebaSi mmarTvelobas mxolod araefeqturs gaxdis nacvlad amisa, unda SenarCundes partiebis mravalferovneba da imavdroulad es mravalferovneba daeyrdnos konkretul socialur jgufebTan mibmas. xelisuflebis partia, romelic Zalauflebis dakargvisTanave iSleba centralizebuli, koncentrirebuli da erTpirovnuli mmarTvelobis erT-erTi mTavari uzrunvelmyofeli faqtoria xelisuflebis partia. mmarTveli partiis meSveobiT xorcieldeba saxelisuflebo resursebis kontroli. iseve rogorc sabWoTa mmarTvelobis dros, partia ganasaxierebs mTlianad saxelmwifos. amave dros, verc 20

erTma aseTma partiam (romlebic odesme yofilan xelisuflebaSi) ver SeZlo xelisuflebidan wasvlis Semdeg ganegrZo arseboba. isini an saerTod qrebodnen, an marginalur gaerTianebebad iqceodnen, romlebsac sazogadoebis mxridan susti legitimaciac ki ar rCebodaT. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg komunistebi saqarTvelos umaRlesi sabWodan gandevnes. maT sazogadoebis TvalSi marginaluri, Zvelmoduri da antierovnuli politikuri Zalis imiji SeiZines, romelic axal realobebs ar Seesabameboda da safrTxes uqmnida ~yvelaze Zvirfas~ radac maSin damoukidebloba iTvleboda. komunisturi partiis nangrevebze sxva warmonaqmnebi Camoyalibdnen, romlebic aseve ver gascildnen marginalur dones. TiTqmis igive daemarTa mogvianebiT pirveli prezidentis zviad gamsaxurdias momxreTa gaerTianebas. isini, vinc verasodes ver Seeguen axal mmarTvelobas saerTod politikis miRma darCnen. isini vinc ase Tu ise daTanxmda politikaSi monawileobaze 1995 wlis arCevnebis Semdeg parlamentSi ver moxvdnen. am Zalebis nawilma vardebis revoluciis dros garkveuli reanimireba moaxdina, rac 1991 wlis saxelmwifo gadatrialebisTvis revanSs ukavSirdeboda. aseve unda aRiniSnos, rom zviad gamsaxurdias mmarTvelobis dRemokleoba nawilobriv imiTac iyo ganpirobebuli, rom `mrgvalma magidam~ ver moaswro srulfasovan xelisuflebis partiad gardaqmna. `mrgvali magidisagan~ gansxvavebiT, prezident SevardnaZis partia `moqalaqeTa kavSiri~ Seiqmna Tavidanve rogorc xelisuflebis partia. am partiis warmomadgenlebi mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi flobdnen saxelmwifo Zalauflebis yvela meqanizms da Sesabamisad yvela resurss akontrolebdnen, raTa gaemyarebinaT partia. misi daSla daiwyo maSin, rodesac dadga dro SevardnaZis Semdeg xelisuflebaSi darCenisTvis brZolisa. bevrma misgan droebiT gamoyofilma nawilma SeZlo da kvlav moeqca revoluciuri talRis saTaveebSi. SevardnaZis politikuri scenidan wasvlis Semdeg `moqalaqeTa kavSiris~ narCenebi ukve veRar SeZlebda arsebobis raime saxiT gagrZelebas, Tumca dacemis revoluciurma formam kidev ufro gaamZafra viTareba. partia ubralod politikuri scenidan ki ar 21

wavida, aramed iqna gandevnili, rogorc yvelaferi im cudis gansaxiereba, romelic `arasodes ar unda ganmeordes~. `nacionaluri moZraoba~ funqcionalurad aseve xelisuflebis partias warmoadgens da am TvalsazrisiT arafriT ar gansxvavdeba winamorbedebisagan. `vardebis revoluciis~ Semdeg, umokles droSi saxelmwifo aparatis moxeleni axali, partiuli kadrebiT iqnen Canacvlebulni. amgvarad, qarTuli politikuri sistemis garkveuli stabilurobis gaTvaliswinebiT (Camoyalibebuli tradiciebis ganmeorebadoba, raoden defeqturebic ar unda iyvnen isini), arsebobs didi albaToba imisa, rom `nacionaluri moZraoba~ gadarCevis an Zalauflebis raime sxva gziT dakargvis SemTxvevaSi, aseTive fatalur beds ver gaeqceva. SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom yvela reJimis pirobebSi xelisuflebis partiebis warmoSobisa da maTi Zalauflebis gareSe arasicocxlisunarianobis mizezi aris Tavad am politikuri Zalebis, iseve rogorc mTlianad politikuri sistemis buneba. amgvarad, logikuria vivaraudoT, rom maTi arsisa da maxasiaTeblebis analiziT, aseve maTi funqcionirebis modelis gaTvaliswinebiT, Cven im mizezTa gaanalizebasac SevZlebT, romelTa gamoc isini jer iqmnebian, Semdeg ki Zalauflebis dakargvisTanave wyveten arsebobas. `partia saxelmwifo~ sabWoTa tradiciaa. sabWoTa konstituciis meeqvse muxli partiis wamyvan da ganmsazRvrel funqcias amyarebda. partia aucilebeli iyo saxelmwifos samarTavad yvela doneze (da ara marto gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis mxolod politikuri kursis gansazRvris doneze, rogorc es konstituciur demokratiebSia). saxelmwifo aparatTan misi stabiluri Tanaarseboba ganapirobebda saxelmwifos stabilurobasac. amgvar partias ar gaaCnda funqcia, romlis ganxorcielebac SesaZlebeli iqneboda xelisuflebaSi ar yofnis (magaliTad opoziciaSi yofnis) SemTxvevaSi. gasagebia, rom mravalpartiulobaze gadasvlasa da saxelmwifos partiisagan gamijvnas amgvari instituciuri mowyoba unda Seecvala (garkveulwilad Secvala kidec). Tumca, rogorc SemorCenili, aseve axladSeqmnili mTeli 22

rigi faqtorebi gansazRvraven xelisuflebis partiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTmimarTebis im Taviseburebebs, romlebzec zemoT vsaubrobdiT. saxelmwifoze gadajaWvuli partia legitimaciis raime wyaros unda flobdes romelic mis subieqturobasa da droebiTobas gamoricxavda. xelisuflebis partias ar aqvs politikuri ideologia. is gamoxatavs xalxis nebas da warmoadgens mis avangards. xolo isini ki vinc mis winaaRmdeg arian, Sesabamisad, xalxis mtrebia da ara politikurad legitimuri metoqeebi. is, rom yoveli axali reJimi saqarTveloSi axerxebs da sakuTar Tavs swored amgvarad warmoaCens, mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli sistemis sxva TvisebebTanac. magaliTad esaa xelisuflebis arCevnebis nacvlad gadatrialebis gziT Secvla, saerTo-sayovelTao interesebis kerZo ekonomikur interesebze maRla dayeneba, ekonomikis sisuste da a.S. xalxis neba ki amave dros ucvleli araa, igi icvleba reJimidan reJimamde da zogjer erTi reJimis drosac. Tavis mxriv, partiasTan gadajaWvuli saxelmwifo aseve flobs legitimaciis specifiur formas, riTac mniSvnelovanwilad `umravlesobis nebaze~ dafuZnebuli saxelmwifos sabWoTa tradicias imeorebs da ar efuZneba konstitucionalizmis principebs. mimdinare politikisagan gamijnulad rom ifunqcioniros, samarTlebriv saxelmwifos respublikuri legitimacia unda gaaCndes (yvelas neba da ara mxolod umravlesobisa) da ara demokratiuli (legitimacia xmaTa umravlesobiT). legitimaciis es principi jer kidev gamsaxurdias dros iqna darRveuli, rodesac saqarTvelos damoukideblobis legitimizireba referendumis (mosaxleobis umetesobis xmebis) meSveobiT moxda da ara sayovelTao TanxmobiT, ramac SesaZloa xeli Seuwyo teritoriis nawilze jer kontrolis Sesustebas, xolo Semdeg konfliqtebis safuZvlis gaZlierebas. `vardebis revoluciam~ da mis Semdgom ganxorcielebulma konstituciurma cvlilebebma kidev ufro gaaZliera maJoritarizmis principi konstitucionalizmis kidev ufro SesustebiT. eWvs ar iwvevs, rom partia saxelmwifos (xelisuflebis partiis) funqcionireba formalurad demokratiuli mowyobis pirobebSi araformaluri institutebis gaZ23

lierebas, garkveul korufciasa da kanonTa darRvevas moiTxovs, rogoricaa, magaliTad arCevnebis sasurveli Sedegebis uzrunvelyofa da xelisuflebaSi misi funqcionalurobis uzrunvelyofa (partiuli disciplinis meSveobiT mmarTvelobis yvela doneze zegavlena). politikuri korufcia xelisuflebis partiis arsebobis ganuyofeli nawilia. es moicavs partiuli xazinis Sesavseb finansur korufciasac. `demokratiuli vardebis revoluciis~ Semdeg daSoreba xelisuflebis partiasa da saxelmwifos Soris kidev ufro Semcirda. amgvarad xelisuflebis partias daSlisa da gaqrobis tendencia aqvs da saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi misgan mxolod calkeuli gamoyofili fraqciebi rCeba (mmarTveli partiisgan droulad gamoyofa garkveuli resursebis SenarCunebisa da Secdomebze pasuxismgeblobaTa moxsnis efeqturi saSualebaa). sainteresoa Tu rogoria opoziciuri partiis is Tvisebebi, rac ganapirobebs an xels uSlis maT xelisuflebis partiad gardaqmnas. saqarTveloSi partiebs socialuri fundamenti praqtikulad ar gaaCniaT. Sesabamisad farTodaa gavrcelebuli socialuri da ekonomikuri populizmi da oportunizmi. maTi platformebi, romlebTan SesabamisobaSic gansazRvravdnen konkretul politikasa da yoveldRiur moqmedebebs, ar TamaSobs rols ZalauflebisTvis vertikalur brZolaSi. swored amitomac partiebis ideologiuri prioritetebi aramkafioa, praqtikulad ganusazRvrelia da Zalian advilia maTi erTmaneTSi areva. winasaarCevno kampaniis an sxva politikuri debatebis dros, imgvari partiebi, romlebic mniSvnelovan wilad Zalauflebis mopovebis mizniT garkveul pirTa gaerTianebebs warmoadgenen da ara sazogadoebis ufro farTo fenebis interesebis gamomxatvelebs, sakuTari prioritetebis gansazRvrisas problemis gadawyvetis ama Tu im meqanizmis popularulobis maCvenebels eyrdnobian. amave dros isini ar ganmartaven Tu rogor unda moxdes am miznebis miRweva, aramed ubralod amboben imas rac yvelas surs. Sedegad, yvelani saubroben erTi da igives, amomrCevels ki imis sjera, vinc sxvaze ukeT moaxdens oponentebis diskreditirebas. memarjvene da memarcxene ideologiebad dayofa uaRresad sustia an absoluturad mniSvnelobas moklebulia. sakma24

od xSirad partiebi, romlebic sakuTar Tavs memarjveneebs an liberalebs uwodeben, mkveTrad memarcxene da socialuri ideebiT manipulireben. xSirad erTi partiis sxvadasxva lozungebi erTmaneTTan modis winaaRmdegobaSi. amgvari viTarebis ganmapirobebel erT-erT faqtors warmoadgens Tavad sazogadoebac. Tumca mxolod sazogadoebis dadanaSauleba pasiurobasa da homogenurobaSi, romlis gamocdaa, rom politikuri partiebis ideologiurobis done Zalian dabalia da Sesabamisad warmomadgenlobiTi da stabiluri politikuri partiebi ar iqmneba, ar iqneboda marTali. Tavis mxriv, sazogadoebis amgvari homogenuri xasiaTic garkveuli obieqturi faqtorebiT ganisazRvreba. aseTebia magaliTad: ekonomikuri problemebi da cxovrebis dabali done, romlis gamoc sazogadoebas politikaze aqtiuri zegavlenis moxdena ar SeuZlia. mizanSewonili iqneba am problemas ufro masStaburad Tu SevxedavT da ganvixilavT mas rogorc socialur, aseve politikur, ekonomikur da kulturul kriziss (sazogadoebaSi potenciurad arsebuli dayofebis Taobaze ix. amave krebulis statiebi). rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, partiebsa da sazogadoebas Soris interesebze da Rirebulebebze dayrdnobili reprezentaciuli urTierTkavSiris ararseboba qarTuli praqtikis defeqturi xasiaTis erT-erT umTavres mizezs warmoadgens. aqedan gamomdinare SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom am subieqtebs Soris urTierTkavSirisa da urTierTdamokidebulebis gaRrmaveba garkveulwilad gamoasworebs viTarebas da WeSmaritad reprezentatuli politikuri partiebis Seqmnas Seuwyobs xels, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, demokratiuli saxelmwifos ZiriTadi institutebia. es agreTve damokidebulia, raime saxis politikisadmi mkveTrad gamoxatuli da stabiluri mikuTvnebulobebis gareSe, protestul da optimistur diapazonSi sazogadoebrivi ganwyobebis meryeobis Semcirebazec. saqarTveloSi jer ar yofila precedenti, rom xelisuflebaSi mosuliyo partia, romelsac politikuri cxovrebis mravalwliani tradicia eqneboda. arc erTi zemoT aRwerili partia ar mosula xelisuflebaSi meore an mesame cdiT (magaliTad arCevnebis meSveobiT). Zalauf25

leba yovelTvis iseTi partiis xelT aRmoCndeboda xolme, romelic an sul mcire xniT adre Seiqmna (`mrgvali magida~ da `nacionaluri moZraoba~), an saerTodac xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg Camoyalibda (`moqalaqeTa kavSiri~). amgvarad, xelisuflebis partiebs saqarTveloSi arasodes ar dasWirvebiaT TavianTi reprezentatuli xasiaTisa da sazogadoebasTan kavSirebis gaZliereba. rodesac ki isini amgvar aucileblobas awydebodnen (Zalauflebis dakargvis Semdeg), aRmoCndeboda rom maTTvis amis gakeTeba ukve Zalian gviania da SeuZlebeli iyo (zemoT aRweril mizezTa gamo). Sesabamisad, SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom partiebis mier xelisuflebis miRma yofnis gamocdilebis dagrovebam SesaZloa xeli Seuwyos sazogadoebasTan maT urTierTkavSirsa da urTierTdamokidebulebas. es xels Seuwyobs maT moaxdinon partiis mtkiced struqturireba da daiWiron mkveTrad gamokveTili adgili ideologiur speqtrSi. amgvari perspeqtiva ZiriTadad opoziciur partiebs exeba, vinaidan xelisuflebis partiisaTvis amgvari moqmedebis stimuli kvlav ar arsebobs.

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marina musxeliSvili
sazogadoebis dabruneba Sesavali saqarTvelom gamoiara post-sabWoTa transformaciis 20-wliani periodi. imedebi da Canafiqrebi diadi iyo, magram maTi aRsruleba Sorsaa sawyisi molodinisgan. Tumca ki cxovreba radikalurad gadasxvaferda, saboloo jamSi am periodma ar moitana is, rac mis suliskveTebas amoZravebda - arc demokratia, arc suvereniteti, arc teritoriuli mTlianoba da arc masobrivi keTildReoba. darCa mxolod imedi, rom viTarebis Secvla mainc SesaZlebelia, da am cvlilebaze samsjelod iwereba es statia. miuxedavad imisa, rom Sedegebi srulad miRweuli ar aris, ganvlili periodi damTavrebulia, xolo axali tendenciebi sxva mimarTulebiT ganviTarebaze miuTiTeben. dawyebuli etapis Tvisobrivi gansxvavebuloba ganpirobebulia ara marto sakuTriv saqarTvelos Sida viTarebiTa da agvistos omis SedegebiT, aramed globaluri cvlilebebiTac. demokratizaciis mesame talRa, romlis logikas miyveboda saqarTvelos bolo aTwleulebis politikuri transformacia, dasrulebulia1. amaSi igulisxmeba ara marto is, rom msoflioSi demokratizaciis winsvlas ukusvlis tendencia Warbobs; pirvel rigSi aq igulisxmeba is, rom sakuTari potenciali amowura im ideologiurma muxtma, romelic am talRis strategiul mamoZravebels warmoadgenda. dRes sakmaod naTelia, rom im meTodebisa da midgomebis gamoyenebiT, rac bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi dominirebda - ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed mTel msoflioSi - Seqmnili realobis gamosworeba ver moxerxdeba. saWiroa inovacia, ganvlili gamocdilebis gadaazreba, prioritetebis gadaxaliseba. amaze ara marto msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi metyvelebs, swored amgvari gzavnilebi jer kidev krizisis dawyebamde iyo barak

obamas leqsikonSi, ramac mas esoden didi popularoba moutana msoflioSi. risi bralia is usasrulo da damRleli politikuri brZolebi, romlebic qveyanaSi ukve 20 welia grZeldeba, da romlebic efeqturi da demokratiuli politikuri sistemis agebiT vera da ver damTavrda? am kiTxvaze ori gansxvavebuli pasuxi gaicema xolme - erTni miiCneven, rom es politikuri kulturis bralia, anu martivad rom vTqvaT, ar vvargivarT, xalxian-prezidentebianad, im kargi institutebis asamuSaveblad, romlebsac demokratia hqvia. sxvebs miaCnia, rom didi nawili Cveni warumateblobisa ganpirobebulia swored rom Seusabamo institutebis agebis mcdelobebiT, da rom swori institucionaluri inJineriiT viTarebis gamosworeba SesaZlebelia. am statiaSi Cven vecdebiT meore logias mivyveT. pirvel rigSi vaCvenebT, rom im konteqstSi, rasac saqarTvelo hqvia, im institucionalur models, romlis agebasac vcdilobT, ara aqvs wonasworobis wertili. anu Tuki Zveleburad gavagrZeleT, gvaqvs ori arasaxarbielo perspeqtiva - erTi aris demokratiisgan sabolood daSoreba da mezobel post-sabWoTa qveynebTan mimsgavseba, xolo meore - meti Tavisufleba da uflebebi, vidre gvaqvs amJamad, magram efeqturi da stabiluri mmarTvelobis miRwevis gareSe. imisaTvis, rom ganviTarebis axali institucionaluri mimarTuleba avirCioT, rac savsebiT SesaZlebelia, saWiroa axlidan vifiqroT da vimsjeloT imaze, Tu ra gvWirdeba da saiT mivdivarT, vinaidan Tuki davakvirdebiT, ganvlili periodis movlenebi TiTqmis maTematikuri sizustiT momdinareobs im Taviseburebebidan, romlebic institucionalur garemos axasiaTebs. sabWoTa wyobam Camoayaliba saxelmwifo, romelsac warmarTavda ara moqalaqeTa neba, aramed mmarTvelTa garkveuli wris goni. demokratiuli gardaqmnebis ganvlilma periodma adamianTa nebas legitimacia SesZina, da mmarTvelobaSi misi monawileobis Teoriuli SesaZlebloba daakanona. gansxvavebiT am orisgan, Semdgomi periodi unda mieZRvnes mmarTvelobisTvis aucilebeli mesame komponentis - sindisis da moralis politikur amoqmedebas. am mesame komponentis institucionaluri legitimaciiT Seikvreba qveynis politikuri transformaciis sruli wre. es ar niSnavs imas, rom mesame periodis bolos sa28

Carothers. 2007.

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qarTvelo gaxdeba aucileblobiT sruliad demokratiuli qveyana, aramed mxolod imas, rom qveyana gaxdeba politikuri erToba, romelsac ZaluZs sakuTari momavali Tavad warmarTos, romelic iyenebs politikuri cxovrebisTvis aucilebel yvela mTavar komponents - codnas, nebas da morals. mocemuli statia Sedgeba ramdenime qveTavisgan. pirvel qveTavSi mokled moxazulia ganvlili periodis mTavari problema - neoliberaluri paradigmis dominantiT warmarTul gardaqmnebSi koleqtiuri Rirebulebebis sisustis problema. meore qveTavi axdens mocemuli problemis modelirebas TamaSTa Teoriis terminebSi, da erTmaneTs upirispirebs nulovanjamovan da aranulovanjamovan politikur urTierTqmedebas, rogorc politikuri sistemis maformirebel konkurentul da kooperirebaze agebul struqturul elementebs. mesame Tavi paralels avlebs am struqturul elementebsa da arsebuli dasavluri demokratiebis or tips Soris -maJoritarul (anglo-saqsuri) da konsesur (zogjer proporciulad wodebuli, kontinenturi evropa) demokratiebTan. meoTxe Tavi ubrundeba vardebis revoluciis Semdgomi saqarTvelos ganvlili gamocdilebis analizs da xsnis am periodis logikas racionaluri Tvalsawieridan. da bolos, mexuTe TavSi gaanalizebulia politikuri sistemis Semdgomi konsesualuri ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba. 1. gardaqmnebis pirveli faza, liberaluri proeqti

ZiriTadi debuleba, romelsac eyrdnoba mocemuli statia, aris is, rom demokratizaciis ganvlili ciklis calmxrivoba da nakluloba ganpirobebulia im neoliberaluri paradigmaluri xedviT da im warmodgenebis xasiaTiT, romelic jer kidev civi omis periodSi Camoyalibda. am warmodgenebis Tanaxmad, sabWoTa sistema eyrdnoboda koleqtivistur ideologias, rac mkveTrad ganasxvavebda mas dasavluri liberaluri demokratiebisgan. koleqtivizmis Canacvleba individualizmiT da individualizmis mier legitimirebuli politikuri da ekonomikuri in29

stitutebiT amdenad warmoadgenda yofili totalitaruli saxelmwifos demokratizaciis "liberalur proeqts".2 am proeqtis ganxorcieleba politikis sferoSi institucionalurad gamoixateboda piradi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis damkvidrebaSi, politikuri pluralizmis daSvebaSi, mravalpartiulobaSi da konkurentuli politikuri Sejibris SemoRebaSi, romelic Tavisufal arCevnebs sistemis qvakuTxedad aqcevda. mokled, individualizmi da SejibrebiToba iyo is Rirebulebebi, romlebsac wamyvani roli unda Seesrulebina transformaciis praqtikulad yvela mimarTulebis - demokratizaciis, sabazro ekonomikis, vesternizaciisa da sxva mxriv. rac Seexeba koleqtiur Rirebulebebs, maT an ganixilavdnen rogorc individualuri Rirebulebebis martiv nakrebs (agregats), an rogorc ukve (Warbad) arsebuls, da, amgvarad, xelisSemSlels ganviTarebis axali gezis warmatebisTvis. dRemde bevri avtoris TvalSi, demokratiis ganviTarebis xelisSemSlel faqtors warmoadgens sazogadoebis koleqtivizmi, romelic ganapirobebs politikur upasuxismgeblobas, konformizms, da, Tanac momdinareobs tradiciuli Rirebulebebis siZlierisgan. ". . . individualizmica da `mrevluri koleqtivizmic~ SeiZleba ganvixiloT erTi mxriv demokratiul-liberaluri, xolo meore mxriv fundamentalistur-nacionalisturi paradigmebis WrilSi" -es citata farTod gavrcelebul azrs gamoxatavs3. demokratiul-liberaluri gardaqmna, am xedvis Tanaxmad, ukavSirdeba individualizms, individualizmi dasavlurobas, da orive erTad upirispirdeba koleqtivizms, romelic Zirs uTxris demokratiis ganviTarebas.

saWiroa ganvasxvaoT "koleqtivizmi" da "individualizmi" koleqtiuri da individualuri Rirebulebebisgan zogadad. koleqtivizmi aris politikuri tradicia, romelic upiratesobas aniWebs ama Tu im jgufis miznebs pirad miznebTan SedarebiT, xolo individualizmi, piriqiT, pirad miznebs ufro maRla ayenebs koleqtiurebze. amdenad is, rom liberaluri politikuri tradicia individualisturia, ar niSnavs am tradiciis mier koleqtiuri Rirebulebebis uaryofas. respublikanizmi, sapirispirod, koleqtiur miznebs aniWebs upiratesobas, magram amasTanave individualur interesebsac aRiarebs. 3 gaga niJaraZe, http://itv.ge/?p=20301.

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mocemuli xedva arasrulfasovania rogorc Teoriuli, aseve empiriuli Tvalsawieridan. jer erTi, liberaluri demokratiebi ubralod ver arseboben koleqtivizmis gareSe. Tavad politika xom koleqtiuri Rirebulebebisa da miznebis miRwevis xelovnebaa. da swored maSin xdeba sasicocxlo, rodesac es koleqtiuri miznebi ver miiRweva individualuri swrafvebis ubralo SejamebiT (agregirebiT)4. Tuki koleqtiuri miznebis gulisTvis ar xdeba zogjer mainc piradi miznebis ukan gadaweva, politikuri sazogadoeba ver iqmneba. SesaZlebelia, amgvari xedvebis avtorebs ufro zusti terminologia rom gamoeyenebinaT, isini realobasTan ufro axlos aRmoCeniliyvnen. savaraudod, talkot parsonsis iseTi modeluri 5 cvladebi (pattern variables), rogorebicaa partikularizmi da universalizmi, ufro karg SesabamisobaSia im ideebTan, romelTa gadmocema am avtorebs surT, vidre individualizmi da koleqtivizmi. rodesac amgvar terminologias sabWoTa disidentebi iyenebdnen, is iyo adeqvaturi, vinaidan maSin maT ar SeeZloT politikuri miznebis dasaxva. es terminologia Seesabameboda maT swrafvas ar yofiliyvnen valdebuli gaeziarebinaT saxelmwifos mier Tavsmoxveuli ideologia da cxovrebis wesi, anu saxelmwifo koleqtivizmis normebi. demokratiis mSeneblobis gzaze damdgar damoukidebel saqarTveloSi koleqtivizmis dagmobam sul sxva xasiaTi SeiZina. koleqtivizmi awi ara saxelmwifosTan, aramed sazogadoebasTan gaxda asocirebuli. amgvari asocireba ki aZlevs "prodasavlur individualistebs" moralur gamarTlebas maSin, rodesac isini arademokratiulad iqcevian da sazogadoebas ara demokratiis sayrdenad, aramed mis xelisSemSlel faqtorad miiCneven. empiriulad mocemuli xedvis mcdaroba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom 80-iani wlebis sabWoTa sazogadoebebi praqtikulad ar xasiaTdeboda raime koleqtiuri normebis arsebobiT, rac dRemde saTanadod ar aris gaazrebuli. sabWoTa oficialuri ideologia ki iyo koleqtivisturi, magram mas aranairad ar Seuqmnia koleqtivisturi sazoga4 5

doeba, romelic sajaro koleqtiuri normebiT iqneboda Sekruli. piriqiT, totalitarul reJims gamovlili sabWoTa sazogadoebebi xasiaTdeboda Zlieri atomizebiTa da anomiiT. am sazogadoebas aklda ara marto individualizmi, aramed koleqtivizmic, xolo orives erTad Zlieri konformizmi da statizmi (state-ze, saxelmwifoze mTeli pasuxismgeblobis gadabareba) anacvlebda. konformizmi arademokratiuli da araTavisufali saxelmwifos mimarT aramc da aramc ar SeiZleba SegveSalos koleqtivizmSi, romelic sazogadoebis, da ara saxelmwifos siZlieris maxasiaTebelia. korufciis maRali done, romelic post-sabWoTa sazogadoebebs mosdevs, ukavSirdeba swored rom koleqtivizmis naklebobas, da ara mis siZlieres. nawili mainc gaugebrobisa, romelic individualizmisa da koleqtivizmis Sesaxeb diskursebs axasiaTebs, momdinareobs terminologiuri aRrevebisgan. koleqtivizmi rogorc Cans, xSirad asocirebulia mis arademokratiul (partikularistul) formebTan, rodesac umravlesobis nebis aRsruleba xdeba pirovnebis/umciresobis ganadgurebis xarjze. amgvari koleqtivizmis uaryofa praqtikaSi xSirad gadadis sapirispiro ubedurebis damkvidrebaSi - umravlesobis uflebebis SezRudvaSi da umciresobis diqtaturis damyarebaSi. amis Tavidan acileba SesaZlebelia, Tuki gavixsenebT, rom koleqtivizmisa da individualizmis ganmartebebi maT ararevoluciur interpretirebebSi gulisxmoben mxolod upiratesobebis miniWebas erTerTi Rirebulebisadmi, da ara meoris srul uaryofas da ukugdebas. postsabWoTa sazogadoebebis problema mdgomareobs ara imaSi, rom koleqtiuri miznebi da Rirebulebebi dominireben pirovnulze, an piriqiT, aramed imaSi, rom koleqtiur da individualur Rirebulebebs Soris arsebobs Rrma ufskruli, romelic maT polarizebas warmoqmnis. piradi miznebis miRwevisken swrafva angrevs koleqtiur interesebs, xolo koleqtiuri miznebis win wamoweva ewinaaRmdegeba individebis interesebs. individualizmis gaigivebam demokratiasTan xolo koleqtivizmis sabWour memkvidreobasTan am problemis Sesustebas ki ar Seuwyo xeli, aramed mis gaRrmavebas. demokratias sWirdeba rogorc erTi, aseve meore. rac ufro metad ebrZvis indivi-

Elster, 2007. Parsons, 2001.

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dualizmi koleqtivizms, miT ufro metad uwyobs xels individebis atomizebas da sazogadoebis dasustebas. SemdgomSi am gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileblad Cven Tavs avaridebT individualizmze da koleqtivizmze saubars, sanacvlod vilaparakebT individualur (pirovnul) da koleqtiur miznebze da Rirebulebebze da maTi miRwevis strategiebze. konkurencia, Sejibri iqneba ganxiluli im viTarebis aRwerad, rodesac pirovneba iswrafvis miaRwios pirvel rigSi sakuTar mizans, xolo sxvebi mas ainteresebs imdenad, ramdenadac am miznis miRwevas xels uwyoben Tu ewinaaRmdegebian. kooperacia, erToblivi qmedeba aRwers im viTarebas, rodesac adamianTa jgufi cdilobs miaRwios saerTo mizans, romelic yvelasTvis (TiToeulisaTvis) misaRebi da sasurveli iqneba. pirveli viTarebis nairsaxeobas warmoadgens vaWrobis Sedegad miRweuli kompromisi, rodesac TiToeuli mxare aRwevs sasurvelis nawils, im winaaRmdegobis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelsac mas meore mxare uwevs. meore viTarebis nairsaxeobas warmoadgens nawilobrivi konsesusi, rodesac saerTo mizani ver moicavs yvela pirovnul mizans da pirovnul miznebze orientirebuli qmedebebis nawili izRudeba. rogorc pirveli, aseve meore modeli, amdenad, zRudavs pirovnebis arCevanis Tavisuflebas imiT, rom mas sxva adamianebis sazogadoebaSi uwevs moqmedeba da amdenad maTTvis angariSis gaweva, magram es sxvadasxva Rirebulebebis safuZvelze xdeba. pirvel SemTxvevaSi metia egoisturi swrafvebi, xolo meoreSi Warbobs altruistuli ganwyobebi. Tuki am kuTxiT SevxedavT, davinaxavT, rom garkveuli gagebiT is politikuri da ekonomikuri konkurencia, romlebsac amkvidrebs liberaluri proeqti, ki ar ewinaaRmdegeba im warmodgenebs politikaze, romelic sabWourobidan momdinareobs, aramed maT ganamtkicebs. erTic da meorec konfliqts da dapirispirebas ixilavs (dialeqtikuri) ganviTarebis mamoZravebel Zalad. gansxvaveba mxolod imaSi mdgomareobs, rom pirvel SemTxvevaSi mizani miRweulia rodesac oponenti ganadgurebulia, xolo meoreSi ganadgureba miznad ar isaxeba, sakmarisia ubralo upiratesobis miRweva. amdenad gansxvaveba konkurenciis samarTliani wesebis dacvaSia, rasac liberalizmi garkveulwilad ixilavs eqsternaliad, anu arapolitikur da 33

araekonomikur sarCulad, romelSiac moTavsebulia konkurencia. es proeqti verafers ambobs imaze, Tu rogor unda warmoiqmnas es normebi, Tuki ar arsebobs maTi damkvidrebis aranairi racionaluri politikuri logika. sinamdvileSi isini konkurenciis gziT arc warmoiqmneba, rogorc amas ganvlili gamocdileba aCvenebs, xolo Sejibris is monawile, romelsac amis SesaZlebloba eZleva, warmatebiT irgebs rogorc moTamaSis, aseve msajulis funqciebs, rac sabWoTa warsulis ganmeorebasa da reinkarnacias ufro waagavs, vidre liberaluri demokratiis damkvidrebas. aseve unda iTqvas, rom liberalizmi dasavlur tradiciaSi arasdros yofila mxolod da mxolod egoisturi kerZo sferos triumfi saerTo, koleqtiuri Rirebulebebis sapirispirod. liberalizmi, sxva dasavlur tradiciebTan erTad, rogorebicaa humanizmi, romantizmi Tu respublikanizmi6, yovelTvis qmnida da qmnis saerTo Rirebulebebsac, romlebic uzrunvelyofen saxelmwifos, samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa da ekonomikuri institucionaluri wesrigis legitimacias. magram dasavleTis istoriuli ganviTarebis es aspeqti sakmaod daCrdila bolo aTwleulebis dominanturma neoliberalurma paradigmam, romlis erT-erTi wamyvani adeptis, margaret tetCeris ganTqmuli gamonaTqvami, "ar arsebobs iseTi cneba rogoricaa sazogadoeba, arseboben mxolod individebi"7 zustad gamoxatavs am periodis meinstrims. gulubryvilo warmodgena imis Taobaze, rom Tavisufali individebi avtomaturad warmoqmnian saerTo Rirebulebebs individualuri Rirebulebebis ubralo agregirebiT ar Seesabameba arc logikasa da arc istoriul gamocdilebas, magram es faqti uyuradRebod iqna darCenili didi xnis ganmavlobaSi. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom saqarTvelo koleqtiuri normebis arsebobis TvalsazrisiT SedarebiT ukeTes mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda vidre ruseTi, vinaidan aq meti iyo araformaluri (metwilad Crdilovani) socialuri kapitali da solidarobis normebi. magram es susti socia6 7

O'Donnell, 1998. ix. "tetCerizmi" wignSi Tansey, 1995

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luri kapitali ki ar gaZlierda, aramed Sesustda Semdgom periodSi, rodesac saxelmwifo damoukideblobam da mozvavebulma aqcentma individualizaciaze adre arsebuli erToblivi qcevis normebi Searyia. araformaluri socialuri qselebi Sesustda, samagierod mZlavrad ifeTqa nacionalizmma, faSizmma, saxelmwifo ideologiis nairnairi formebis Ziebam, ramac saboloo jamSi TviT "dasavleTi" da "nato" aqcia saxelmwifo ideologiis msgavs sloganebad, yovel SemTxvevaSi, statizmis garkveul nairsaxeobad. urTierTxelSemwyobi individualuri da koleqtiuri Rirebulebebis damkvidreba arc ise advilia. post-sabWoTa Tavisuflebebis ucabedad da moulodnelad miRebam moitana is, rom koleqtiuri Rirebulebebis damkvidreba ufro Zneli aRmoCnda, vidre individualurebis. "naCuqari" Tavisuflebis neoliberaluri proeqti pirvel xanebSi ufro adviladac ki xorcieldeboda atomizirebul sazogadoebaSi. erTmaneTTan sustad SekavSirebuli individebi, romlebsac wyuriaT Tavisufleba da warmateba, swrafad irgeben mis racionalistur logikas, romelic maT egoistur moqmedebas amarTlebs da gasaqans aZlevs. gacilebiT ufro Znelia amgvar sazogadoebaSi daamkvidro koleqtiuri Rirebulebebi, iseTebi, rogorebicaa morali, eTika, wesiereba, ndoba, solidaroba da sxva, rac pirovnebisgan garkveul pasuxismgeblobasa da sazogadoebis winaSe angariSvaldebulebas moiTxovs. liberaluri proeqti TavisTavad ver amkvidrebs koleqtiur Rirebulebebs, xolo mis gareSe ver ganviTardeba kerZo sferos avtonomia. am proeqtis warumateblobis aRiareba, amdenad, ar niSnavs liberalizmis uaryofas, aramed uaris Tqmas misi neoliberaluri versiis deterministul erTganzomilebian xasiaTze. organzomilebian sibrtyeSi ganviTarebis veqtoris gadatana ar ayenebs arc koleqtiuri da arc individualuri Rirebulebebis dominaciisTvis brZolis saWiroebas, aramed maT Soris mimarTebebis gzebis Ziebas. SesaZloa es yovelive sxva, ufro gasagebi terminologiiTac aRweriliyo, vinaidan qarTul sajaro diskursSi liberaluri proeqti aRmoCnda translirebuli sxva terminologiaSi, is xSirad arasworad gagebulia saga35

reo urTierTobebis WrilSi. iyo liberali niSnavs iyo prodasavluri da piriqiT. garkveulwilad am aRrevis mizezi isic aris, rom is swored is proeqtia, romelic, gansxvavebiT transformaciis sxva, ufro endogenuri komponentebisgan, SesaZloa gare aqtorebis mxardaWeriT da/an globalizaciis gavleniT viTardebodes. misgan gansxvavebiT koleqtiuri Rirebulebebis damkvidreba sazogadoebas mxolod Signidan da TavisTavad SeuZlia, da amaSi is sakuTar TavTan garkveul ganmartoebas saWiroebs. 2. politika da sazogadoeba: vinc wesebs arRvevs, ar veTamaSebiT

individualur da koleqtiur miznebsa da Rirebulebebs Soris arsebuli institucionaluri mimarTebebi politikuri sazogadoebis struqturul sawyisebs ayalibeben. am TavSi Cven vecdebiT movaxdinoT am struqturuli elementebis martivi modelireba, raTa Tavi avaciloT politikis Teoriis siRrmeebSi wasvlas. msjelobas TamaSTa Teoriis WrilSi gadaviyvanT. sakvanZo cnebebad konkurentul da kooperaciul TamaSebs gamoviyenebT. es modelebi mkiTxvels SeuZlia Tamamad gaaigivos individualuri an koleqtiuri miznebis miRwevaze mimarTul strategiebad, an, ufro martivad, ifiqros maTze rogorc konkurenciaze da kooperirebaze politikaSi. ufro siRrmiseulad SeiZleboda laparaki imaze, rom dasavlur demokratias qmnis ramdenime politikuri tradiciis erToblioba, maT Soris istoriulad liberalizmi da respublikanizmi wamyvan rols TamaSobda. orive TamaSTa Teoriis modelebiT SeiZleba warmovaCinoT, Tumca Cven am Temas mocemuli statiis farglebSi Semdgom ar ganvavrcobT. amis sanacvlod mogvianebiT ufro met yuradRebas davuTmobT am modelebis misadagebas sxvadasxva tipis demokratiebis sakonstitucio modelebis Taviseburebebs. pirvel modelSi wamyvan rols konkurencia TamaSobs. warmoidgineT safexburTo moedani, romelzedac ori gundi ejibreba erTmaneTs gamarjvebis mosapoveblad. jamurad orive gundis mogeba-wagebebis jami nolia, is rac erTma gundma moigo, meorem unda waagos. TamaSis we36

sebi TamaSis dawyebamde dadgenilia, da gundebi am dadgenil wesebs unda asrulebdnen, TamaSis procesSi wesebis Secvla maT kompetenciaSi ar Sedis. wesebis sakontroleblad arseboben msajebi, romlebsac miukerZoebloba da neitraloba moeTxovebaT, da garda amisa TamaSs akvirdeba mayurebelTa stadioni, romelic uSualod TamaSSi ar monawileobs. gare damkvirveblis (damkvirveblebis) arseboba am modelSi aucilebelia, da arsebiTi. gamarjveba moTamaSeTa mTavar racionalur mizans warmoadgens, xolo siamovneba, romelsac Rebuloben mayureblebi TamaSis yurebisgan, anu sargebeli am sportisgan, maTTvis mxolod gverdiTi produqtia, da ara TavisTavadi Rirebuleba. politikis es nulovanjamovani modeli konkurencias aTavsebs politikuri qmedebis SuagulSi da mkafiod asxvavebs erTmaneTisgan moTamaSeebs (politikur partiebs, politikur elitas, fexburTelebis eqvivalenti) da samoqalaqo sazogadoebas, romelic mayurebelia da TamaSis Semfasebelia ufro, vidre monawile. am modelSi politikuri partia moTamaSea, xolo moqalaqe - mayurebeli, da politika ufro elitebis saqmea, vidre sazogadoebisa. politika, romelsac gamarjvebuli partia gaatarebs, ufro am Sejibris gverdiTi produqtia, vidre TviTmizani SejibrSi monawile moTamaSeTaTvis. amgvari elitisturi sanaxaobrivi politika sakmaod misaRebia post-sabWoTa individebisTvis, romlebic tradiciulad naklebad iReben pasuxismgeblobas politikur gadawyvetilebebze da ufro garedan urCevniaT mas daakvirdnen, vidre masSi CaerTon. amdenad am modelis danergva Tavidan rTulad ar gamoiyureboda. mTavari problema, romelic warmoiqmna, iyo is, rom "TamaSi fexburTis moedanze" ver Svelis imis gardaqmnas, rac am TamaSis irgvliv xdeba. anu politikis cnebis daviwroeba da sazogadoebis faqtobrivad am cnebis miRma datoveba ver uzrunvelyofs TamaSis wesebis damcveli institutebis warmoqmnas. gare samyaroc (amerika umTavresad) romelsac amgvari msajulis roli mudmivad miewereboda Tu ekuTvnoda sxva, ukeTesi alternativebis ararsebobis fonze, ver aRmoCnda am rolis Semsrulebeli. wlebis ganmavlobaSi is adamianebi/institutebi, romlebic politikur miukerZoeb37

lobaze da neitralobaze debdnen Tavs, sinamdvileSi imavdroulad politikuri TamaSis monawileebi aRmoCndebodnen xolme. meore aris mogeba-mogebaze orientirebuli modeli. es TamaSi naklebad mkacria da reglamentirebuli wesebisa da molodinebis TvalsazrisiT. warmoidgineT ezo da bavSvebi, romlebic am ezoSi gamovidnen saTamaSod. am SemTxvevaSi bavSvebis mTavari mizania ara mogeba, da ara mayurebloba, aramed Tanamonawileoba, drois erTad tareba. yvelas unda TamaSi, da amdenad aravin rCeba msajad, mayureblad da neitralur, gare damkvirveblad. monawile mxarec, rogorc wesi metia, vidre ori. amitom TamaSi sxvanairad warimarTeba. TamaSis wesebi dgindeba mis dawyebamde, xolo maTi dacvis meTvalyureoba Tavad monawileTa funqciaa. Tuki vinme maT arRvevs, danarCenebs SeuZliaT uTxran mas - Sen Cvens wesebs ar icav, wadi dedikosTan, Cven aRar geTamaSebiT. SeiZleba sxvanairadac moxdes, TamaSi droebiT Sewydes, da is wesebi, romlebic manamde arsebobda, monawileTa urTierTSeTanxmebiT Seicvalos. Sejibri da konkurencia, amdenad, am SemTxvevaSic mniSvnelovania, magram es swored rom is SemTxvevaa, rodesac imarjvebs megobroba pirvel rigSi. am viTarebas aqvs erTi mniSvnelovani upiratesoba winasTan SedarebiT. is politikas sxva xasiaTs aniWebs. amgvari politika SeiZleba ganxorcieldes maSinac, rodesac neitraluri da miukerZoebeli msajulis rolis Semsrulebeli ar arsebobs. masSi politika aRar aris sazogadoebisgan mowyvetili saqmianoba, romelic Sesabamis kvalifikacias da "wvrTnas" moiTxovs, misi arsi cxovrebiseulia da yvelasaTvis gasagebi. is cxovrebis nawilia, da amdenad aRaravin aris neitraluri da miukerZoebeli, vinaidan yvela monawilea -politikisgan gandgoma niSnavs sazogadoebidan gandgomas. mTeli sazogadoeba dayofilia avtonomiur qve-jgufebad (moTamaSeebad), romlebic iswrafvian erTad miiRon monawileoba qveynis mSeneblobaSi. mTavari Rirebuleba am TamaSisa misi monawileebisTvis am SemTxvevaSi aris procesi, monawileoba, cxovreba. Tavad politika am SemTxvevaSi icvleba - is aRar aris abstraqtuli msjelobs "natos wevrobaze", aramed poli-

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tika xdeba is, rasac qmnis sazogadoeba, misi Sinagani struqtura. am meore modelis aucilebloba Cveni realobisTvis ramdenime faqtoriT aris ganpirobebuli. pirveli aris is, rom mxolod meore TamaSis pirobebSi SesaZlebelia Tavad TamaSis wesebi gaxdes msjelobisa da gardaqmnis sagani. gansxvavebiT pirvelisgan, rodesac TamaSis wesebi gare faqtors warmoadgens, TamaSis eqsternaliaa, da ar rCeba maTze politikuri zemoqmedebis meqanizmebi. meore, aranakleb mniSvnelovani upiratesoba am wesisa aris is, rom is amcirebs polarizebas sazogadoebaSi. nacvlad gamokveTili dapirispirebisa, sadac ori mxare ibrZvis erTmaneTze gamarjvebis mosapoveblad, am SemTxvevaSi arsebobs bevri moTamaSe, romlebsac uwevT erTmaneTTan sajaro SeTanxmebebis miRweva, erTmaneTisTvis angariSis gaweva imisTvis, rom TamaSi saerTod Sedges. naklovaneba meore TamaSisa mdgomareobs imaSi, rom is moiTxovs dros da ganwyobas. saqarTveloSi amas xels uSlis sazogadoebis narCeni mentaloba - fatalizmi, konformizmi da pasiuroba - anu sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebebis sisuste, romelic warsulidan aris moyolebuli. maTi daZlevis aucilebloba isev da isev gvabrunebs adre dasmul sakiTxTan - jer politikuri kultura Tu jer institutebi. am kiTxvas rom gavceT saTanado pasuxi, unda kargad warmovidginoT, Tu ra institutebzea laparaki. bolos Cven davubrundebiT aq dasmul kiTxvas. Tuki kargad davakvirdebiT, davinaxavT, rom rogorc erTi aseve meore modeli - fexburTs da ezoSi TamaSs vgulisxmob - moicavs konkurenciisa da kooperirebis elementebs. fexburTis dawyebamde wesebis dadgena, xolo misi damTavrebis Semdeg Sedegebis aRiareba am TamaSis kooperaciuli elementebia. aseTive mimdevroba arsebobs bavSvebis TamaSSi - wesebis dadgena, konkurencia da Sedegebis aRiareba. nebismieri koleqtiuri, anu socialuri qmedeba yovelTvis Sedgeba am elementebis garkveuli mimdevrobisgan. da orive, konkurenciac da kooperirebac, mxolod maSin Seesabameba demokratiis standartebs, Tuki yvela izonomiis mdgomareobaSi imyofeba - anu Tanabrad legitimuria rogorc procesis monawile. amis indikatoria TamaSis ganmeorebadoba - ramdenad moyveba konkuren39

ciis etaps kooperirebis etapi gansazRvravs imas, Tu ramdenad Sedgeba imave moTamaSeebs Soris Sejibri/urTierToba momavalSi. swored rom ganmeorebiToba warmoadgens mTavar problemas maSin, rodesac xelisufleba avtoritarulia, an xelisuflebis cvlileba ki xdeba, magram revoluciuri gziT. amis wyaros post-sabWoTa sivrceSi warsulic ganapirobebs, da siaxlec. politikur sazogadoebad cxovreba 20 wlis win iyo is siaxle, romelic misdami damokidebulebis formirebas moiTxovda, da es damokidebuleba SesaZloa ganviTarebuliyo xsenebuli ori modelis, konkurenciisa da kooperirebis mimarTulebiT - mimarTulebebiT, romlebic idealuri tipebis saxiT met-naklebobiT monawileoben nebismieri dasavluri demokratiis formirebaSi. magram demokratiis mSenebloba daiwyo sazogadoebiT, romelsac saerTod ar gaaCnda politikuri cxovrebis aranairi gamocdileba da praqtika. totalitaruli saxelmwifo icnobs oponentebTan urTierTobis mxolod erT tips - uaryofas, romelic logikurad gulisxmobs uaryofili socialuri jgufebis/ideologiebis gandevnas Zalauflebis sferodan, maT delegitimacias da, sabolood maT ganadgurebas/fizikur mospobas, rac xdeboda kidec stalinis periodSi. stalini efeqturi iyo swored imitom, rom bolomde SeeZlo ganadgurebis logikis miyvana. postsabWoTa viTarebaSi ganadgureba gaxda Zneli, Tu ara SeuZlebeli, da misi adgili daikava ignorirebam. perestroikis Semdeg saqarTveloSi am logikiT Zalauflebis ganxorcielebis gagrZelebis mcdelobebi mudmivad meordeba, magram efeqtur mmarTvelobas veRar ukavSirdeba, vinaidan ukve ver midis bolomde, Tavis logikur dasasrulamde. Tumca, es ar niSnavs, rom rame alternativebi damkvidrda. konkurenciisa da kooperirebis tradiciis ararsebobis viTarebaSi an politikuri veli iketeba arademokratiuli da araTavisufali mmarTvelobiT, an politikis polarizeba xdeba erTaderTi SesaZlebloba. atomizirebul sazogadoebas warmatebiT SeuZlia iTamaSos maJoritaruli konkurenciuli TamaSi, magram mxolod erTjeradad, rodesac damarcxebuli idevneba politikuri velidan zemoaRniSnuli logikis Sesabamisad. swored amgvarad moxda Tavis droze saqarTvelos teritoriuli gax40

leCva, Tumca aq unda davubrundeT konkurentuli TamaSebis nairsaxeobas - kompromiss. urTierTmisaRebi kompromisi - es aris is cneba, romelic uSualod ukavSirdeba koleqtiuri qmedebis SesaZleblobas maSin rodesac Warbobs individualuri miznebi koleqtiurze. Tuki amgvari kompromisi ar arsebobs, maSin koleqtiuri qmedeba gansxvavebuli interesebis mqone aqtorTa Soris aris SeuZlebeli. urTierTmisaRebi kompromisis arseboba TavisTavad ar niSnavs imas, rom aqtorebi airCeven kooperirebas, rogorc strategias, konkurenciis sanacvlod. magram rogorc minimum, maT amgvari strategiis arCevis Teoriuli SesaZlebloba eqnebaT. Tuki amgvari kompromisi ar Cans, magram aqtorebi ganwyobilebi arian rom iTanamSromlon, is SesaZloa Seiqmnas, an gamoikveTos, politikuri procesis Sedegad, da es aris politikis xelovnebis erT erTi umniSvnelovanesi aspeqti, romelic politikas xdis sazogadoebis cxovrebis aucilebel elementad. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki sazogadoebis or an met jgufs ar an ver ekveTebaT saerTo kompromisuli interesebi, maSin isini erT demokratiul da Tanaswor politikur sazogadoebad ver icxovreben, vinaidan maT Soris mudmivi omi iqneba. maTi Tanacxovreba erT saxelmwifoSi SesaZlebelia mxolod erTi nawilis mier meoris "dapyrobisa" da damorCilebis Sedegad, avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi. kooperirebis etapi politikaSi, amdenad, SeiZleba niSnavdes ara marto saerTo miznis arsebobas, aramed urTierTmisaRebi kompromisebis moZebnas, xolo konkurenciis etapi saWiroebs msgavsi interesebis mqone moqalaqeTa erTobliv qmedebas mowinaaRmdegeTa mimarT warmatebisTvis sabrZolad. "jer kargad gavimijnoT, rom mere viTanamSromloT" - ambobda diadi lenini, Tumca mere aRar iTanamSromla, aramed ubralod "daCmora" "burJuaziuli oportunistebi". jer kooperireba, xolo mere konkurencia Tu piriqiT - es kiTxva zogadad upasuxoa, vinaidan am etapebis monacvleoba aucilebelia nebismieri politikuri procesis CarCoebSi. dabla Cven vnaxavT, rom am etapebis monacvleobis sakiTxi sxvadasxvanairad aris gadawyvetili formaluri institucionaluri mowyobiT gansxvavebuli tipis demokratiebSi. Jan Jak ruso miiCnevda, 41

rom jer konkurencia mere kooperireba xelis uSlis sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis, anu mTeli sazogadoebis mier saerTo miznis Camoyalibebas. hobsi ki, piriqiT, xedavda konkurencias "yvelas oms yvelas winaaRmdeg" saerTo kompromisis saWiroebis winapirobad. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom individualizmi da koleqtivizmi gansxvavdebian ara imaSi, rom uaryofen konkurenciidan an kooperirebidan erT-erTs, aramed imaSi, rom sxvadasxvanairad xedaven maT bunebriv mimdevrobas politikur procesSi. radganac saqarTvelos ganviTareba wina transformaciis periodSi konkurenciis sqemiT warimarTa, am etapze kiTxvis dasma imis Taobaze, Tu romeli unda uswrebdes win meores, cota dagvianebuli iqneboda. atomizirebuli sazogadoebidan Cven ukve gadaviqeciT Zlierad polarizebul sazogadoebad, rac garkveul analizs moiTxovs. stadionze mjdom mayureblebs ar moeTxovebaT did aqtivoba maRali emociuri muxtis arsebobis SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac isini ama Tu im gunds gulSematkivroben. maT SeuZliaT Seqmnan fanebis klubebi, da SeuZliaT ar Seqmnan - sul erTia, es aqtivoba sakmaod pasiur xasiaTs atarebs, da aranair kooperirebas ar moiTxovs. politikuri simpatiebi da Sexedulebebi am modeliT mowyobil politikur sazogadoebaSi SeiZleba iyos sakmaod xisti, mtkice da individualisturi. wesiT da rigiT, Tuki dairRva TamaSis wesebi, stadioni unda gaerTiandes damnaSavis dasasjelad da wesrigis aRsadgenad. magram demokratizaciis procesSi myof qveyanaSi ase ar xdeba, vinaidan TamaSis wesebi Tavad warmoadgenen TamaSis nawils, da usamarTlod mogebuli gundis gulSematkivrebi ar Tmoben poziciebs. kooperirebis sisustis fonze xdeba polarizeba. igive xdeba Tuki ori mxaris poziciebi imdenad aris daSorebuli erTimeores, rom maT Soris kompromisuli veli ar aris darCenili, anu ar arsebobs iseTi gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic misaRebi Tu ara, aRiarebadi mainc yofiliyo wagebuli mxarisTvis. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, aseTi TamaSi or gunds Soris aris erTjeradi, vinaidan damarcxebuli samudamod tovebs asparezs - rac araerTxel momxdara ukve saqarTvelos politikur cxovrebaSi da savaraudod kidev moxdeba momavalSi.

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politikuri polarizeba, amdenad, SesaZlebelia droebiT Camoyalibdes atomizirebul sazogadoebaSi, rac qmnis politikuri cxovrebis iluzias. zogierTi avtoris azriT, Tuki saxelmwifoSi xelisufleba Seicvala erTiorjer arCevnebis gziT, SeiZleba vilaparakoT imaze, rom am qveyanaSi aris konsolidirebuli demokratia. Cveni msjelobidan gamomdinare, demokratiis konsolidaciis am kriteriumis sanacvlod sxva kriteriumi SeiZleboda SemogveTavazebia - qveyana maSin aris konsolidirebuli demokratia, rodesac xelisuflebidan arCevnebiT wasuli politikuri Zala axerxebs xelisuflebaSi dabrunebas aseve arCevnebis gziT, an, yovel SemTxvevaSi rCeba politikaSi. es kriteriumi imis maniSnebeli iqneboda, rom konkurenciis da kooperirebis etapebi erTmaneTTan monacvleoben. Semdegi paragrafi eZRvneba konkurenciisa da kooperirebis institucionalizaciis sxvadasxva formebs gansxvavebul sakonstitucio modelebSi. 3. maJoritaruli da konsesuri demokratiebi politikuri sistema iwyeba ara konstituciiT, aramed sazogadoebiT. es mtkicebuleba ar aris sapirwone im rwmenisa, romelic statiis dasawyisSi iyo gamoTqmuli rwmenisa, rom institutebis gonivruli SecvliT SesaZloa politikuri klimatis gaumjobeseba. calke aRebuli sakonstitucio cvlilebebi arafris Semcvleli iqneboda sazogadoebaSi, Tuki am transformacias ara eqneboda kompleqsuri, yovlismomcveli xasiaTi, gamWoli qveynis cxovrebis mTel sxeulSi. SesaZloa mimdevrobas cvlilebebisa ar hqondes didi mniSvneloba - magram garkveuli droiTi mibmuloba arsebiTia. ase rom rodesac vambob rom politikuri sistema "iwyeba" sazogadoebiT, es ar unda gavigoT rogorc sakonstitucio cvlilebebis samomavlod gadadeba. ubralod sakonstitucio cvlilebebi ver iqneba gagebuli da damkvidrebuli Sesabamisi konteqstualuri ideologiuri gardaqmnis gareSe. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mmarTveloba iwyeba imiTi, Tu rogor xedaven mas qveynis moqalaqeebi. axal sakonstitucio mowyobaze saubari gvabrunebs imasTan, Tu 43

rogor aris gagebuli saqarTveloSi demokratiuli mmarTveloba. Tuki ar iarsebebs axleburi xedva, gaziarebuli sazogadoebis didi nawilis mier mainc, azri ara aqvs sakonstitucio cvlilebebze laparaks, vinaidan gamocdilebam bevrjer gviCvena, rom is kanonebi, romlebic ar aris gamagrebuli realuri praqtikiT da sazogadoebrivi RirebulebebiT, ubralod an ver moqmedeben, an moiTxoven swored rom ukanonobasa da arakonstituciurobas maT cxovrebaSi gasatareblad. ganwyoba, romelic sasikeTo unda iyos politikuri klimatis Sesacvlelad, sazogadoebaSi namdvilad arsebobs - es aris daRliloba usasrulo 20-wliani politikuri konkurenciiT, romelsac Sedegi ver moyveba. rogorc Cans, "zazunas dRe" saqarTveloSi arasdros ar damTavrdeba manam, sanam konkurencias garkveuli kooperireba ar daemateba. sazogadoebaSi arsebobs mZafri moTxovnileba ufro met kooperirebaze politikaSi - rac ar gamoricxavs, aramed SesaZloa gulisxmobs kidec mZafri gadawyvetilebebis saWiroebas manam, sanam es ganwyoba axal sakonstitucio da mmarTvelobiT formebSi gadava. amdenad, Semobruneba demokratiis im gagebisken, romelic metad eyrdnoba koleqtiur, da ara konkurentul midgomebs, principSi SesaZlebelia. am gansxvavebul demokratias SesaZlebelia ufro respublikis saxeli udgebodes, xolo Tavad demokratizaciis procesi SesaZloa "respublikanizaciis" saxiT warmogveCina, Tumca es terminologia ar aris miRebuli am formiT dRevandel politikur diskurSi. am diskursis ufro Sesaferisi terminologiiT SesaZloa evropul da amerikul, an ufro swored, anglo-saqsur da kontinentur demokratiebze vilaparakoT. konkurenciisa da kooperirebis institucionalizaciis gansxvavebuli formebi sakvanZo rols TamaSoben demokratiis im ori tipis erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebulad, romlebzedac Cven gveqneba laparaki. demokratiis martivi gagebiT, mmarTveloba ekuTvnis umravlesobas. arCevnebis gziT irkveva, Tu vin aris es umravlesoba, mis mier wardgenili liderebi ayalibeben mmarTvelobas da Rebuloben qveyanaSi mTel Zalauflebas, romelic ekuTvniT maT manam, sanam isev da isev arCevnebis gziT ar gamovlindeba, rom umravlesobis simpatieb44

ma awi ukve sxva liderebis mxares gadainacvla. umciresoba ar monawileobs gadawyvetilebaTa miRebaSi. erTaderTi, rac umravlesobis tiranias am SemTxvevaSi zRudavs aris Zalauflebis diferencireba, misi gadanawileba, rac uzrunvelyofs sasamarTlos damoukideblobas, adamianis uflebebis dacvas da TamaSis sxva wesebs, romlebzedac umravlesoba gavlenas ver axdens. samarTliani konkurencia metnaklebad aiZulebs umravlesobas imoqmedos gaxsnilad saparlamento gziT da daasabuTos sakuTari politika mTeli mosaxleobis TvalSi. martivad rom vTqvaT, amgvari demokratiis mTavari formaluri maxasiaTeblebi esadageba konkurencias garkveuli wesebis mixedviT, romelSiac "mogebuls miaqvs yvelaferi" manam, sanam TamaSis romelime momdevno raundSi mas vinme sxva ar mougebs. klasikuri modeli amgvari demokratiisa aris britaneTi, romlis konstitucia vestmisteris modelis saxeliT aris cnobili. garkveulwilad, es modeli Cveni safexburTo Sejibris Sesatyvisia, rogorc Cans, britanuli politikuri kulturis maxasiaTebelia sportuli TamaSis samarTliani wesebis dacvis mtkice pativiscema. konsesuri8, an, rogorc mas uwodeben, "molaparakebebis" demokratia, ara imdenad umravlesobis mmarTvelobis momxrea, ramdenadac "rac SeiZleba metis" monawileobisa mmarTvelobaSi.9 umravlesoba da umciresoba aq naklebad mniSvnelovani terminebia, arCevnebis gziT umravlesobis neba ki ar formirdeba, arCevnebi mxolod ayalibeben "reitingul ganawilebas" sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufebsa da seqtorebs Soris. mxolod amis Semdeg iwyeba realurad formireba im mTavrobisa da politikisa, romelic umravlesobis mxardaWeras moipovebs. molaparakebebi, anu kooperireba aseTi qveynebis formalur politikur sistemaSi sakmaod did rols TamaSoben, maT gareSe efeqturi mmarTvelobis Camoyalibeba xSirad metad Zneli xdeba. politikuri gadawyvetilebis legitimacia aq eyrdnoba ara imdenad umravlesobis princips (amirCies da vakeTeb rasac miviCnev sworad, veravin xels ver SemiSlis), ramdena8

zogierTi avtoris terminologiiT, proporciuli demokratia. ix. Powell, 2000 9 Lijphart, 1999

dac yvela politikuri Zalis pasuxismgeblur Tanamonawileobas da am gadawyvetilebis dabalansebulobas gansxvavebuli azrebis mxedvelobaSi miRebasTan erTad. kontinenturi evropis saparlamento demokratiebis did nawili swored konsesuri wesiTaa formirebuli. es modeli Cveni meore modelis Sesatyvisia, da momdinareobs istoriuli gamocdilebidan, romelSiac politikurad danawevrebul sazogadoebebs erTiani politikuri cxovrebis awyobaze uwevdaT SeTanxmeba. amgvari principulad gansxvavebuli xedvebi imis Taobaze, Tu ra aris demokratia da rogor yalibdeba kargi mmarTveloba, Sesabamisad aisaxeba gansxvavebul konstituciur mowyobebSi. marTalia, amgvari mowyobis erTiani recepti ar arsebobs, vinaidan yvela konstitucia didwilad istoriisa da specifiuri viTarebebis produqtia, magram zogadi tendenciebi mainc arsebobs. sanam maJoritaruli da konsesuri demokratiebis ganmasxvavebel maxasiaTeblebs ganvixilavT, unda aRvniSnoT, rom demokratiebis am ori tipiT ar amoiwureba dasavluri demokratiebis yvela nairsaxeoba. arsebobs mesame kategoriac, konsociaciuri demokratiebi, sadac umravlesobis batonoba umciresobaze SezRudulia gacilebiT ufro radikalurad - umciresobebs miniWebuli aqvT iseTi mmarTvelobiTi uflebebi, romlebic umravlesobis erTpirovnul mmarTvelobas saerTod gamoricxavs. amgvari mowyobebi gamoiyeneba rogorc wesi im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sazogadoeba Rrmad aris danawevrebuli Tavisi grZelvadiani identobebiT (eTnikuri), ise rom umciresoba sxvanairad saerTod verasdros ver miiRebda politikur uflebebs. am mowyobas aqvs mniSvneloba saqarTvelos realobaSi, rodesac saubari wava konfliqturi regionebis statusis gansazRvraze, magram am statiaSi Cven ar vexebiT am rTul sakiTxs, raTa msjelobam Zalian Sors ar wagviyvanos. miuxedavad imisa, rom konsesur demokratiebSi umciresobebs meti gavlena aqvT mmarTvelobaze vidre maJoritarul demokratiebSi, konsesuri demokratiebi maJoritarulze ukeTesadac ki uzrunvelyofen umravlesobis mmarTvelobis princips, maSin roca konsociaciur demokratiebSi umciresobas xSirad aqvs vetos ufleba um-

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ravlesobis garkveul gadawyvetilebebze, rac demokratiis klasikur gagebas garkveulwilad ewinaaRmdegeba. leipharti aRniSnavs 10 maxasiaTebels (rogorc konstituciiT aseve sistemis sxva elementebiT gansazRvruls), romlebic met-naklebad ganasxvaveben maJoritarul da konsesur demokratiebs. xuTi maTgani qmnis Zalauflebis formirebis horizontalur principebs. pirveli maJoritarul mmarTvelobas Seesabameba, xolo sapirispiro -konsesurs: 1. aRmasrulebeli Zalauflebis koncentrireba erTpartiul umravlesobis xelisuflebaSi sapirispirod Zalauflebis gaziarebisa mravalpartiul koaliciur kabinetSi; 2. Zalauflebis aRmasrulebeli Stos dominireba sapirispirod balansisa aRmasrulebel da sakanonmdeblo Stoebs Soris; 3. orpartiuloba mravalpartiulobis sapirispirod; 4. maJoritaruli da disproporciuli saarCevno sistema proporciuli warmomadgenlobis sapirispirod; 5. interesTa jgufebis pluralistuli sistema, romelic am jgufTa Tavisufal konkurencias efuZneba sapirispirod interesTa jgufebis koordinirebuli da "korporativistul" sistemisa, romlis mizania kompromisi da koordinireba. meore ganzomileba Zalauflebis vertikalur principebs exeba, am SemTxvevaSic pirvelad maJoritaruli demokratiis maxasiaTeblebs vasaxelebT: 1. unitaruli da centralizebuli mmarTveloba federalurisa da decentralizebulis sapirispirod; 2. sakanonmdeblo Zalauflebis koncentrireba erTpalatian parlamentSi sapirispirod am Zalauflebis gadanawilebisa or, Tanabrad Zlier, magram konstituciurad gansxvavebul palatas 3. Soris; 4. moqnili konstitucia, romlis Secvla SeiZleba ubralo umravlesobiT sapirispirod xisti konstituciisa, romelic mxolod didi umravlesobiT icvleba; 5. parlamentis mier miRebuli kanonebis konstituciurobis sakiTxi parlamentisve gadasawyvetia. sapirispi47

rod, uzenaes an sakonstitucio sasamarTlos aqvs kanonebis konstituciurobis dadgenis prerogativa. 6. aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaze damokidebuli centraluri banki damoukidebeli centraluri bankis sapirispirod. rogorc am maxasiaTeblebis CamonaTvali aCvenebs, mkacrad maJoritaruli xasiaTi TiTqmis arc erT msoflioSi arsebul demokratias ara aqvs - vestminsteris modeli (didi britaneTi da misi yofili koloniebi) amgvari mowyobis yvelaze gamokveTili magaliTia. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, romelic maJoritaruli demokratiebis ricxvs unda mivakuTvnoT10, konsesualurobis Zlieri elementi Semoaqvs federalur mowyobas -swored im aspeqts, romelic saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstituciaSi ar gaiwera. Tumca zogierTi avtoris azriT, aSS-s federalizmi ufro mravlobiTi (ordoniani) maJoritarizmis formaa, vidre konsesualuri mmarTvelobaa. mravlobiT maJoritarizmebs aSS-Si aseve qmnis Zalauflebis danawileba, romelsac mogvianebiT ganvixilavT. am suraTidan Cans, rom tipiuri maJoritaruli demokratia unda warmovidginoT rogorc konstituciuri monarqia, romelSiac dominirebs ori didi partia, arCevnebi tardeba erTmandatian saarCevno olqebSi maJoritaruli wesiT, centralur xelisuflebaSi koncentrirebulia didi Zalaufleba regionebTan mimarTebaSi, da politikis ZiriTadi aqcenti mimarTulia imaze, rom aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisadmi Zalauflebis maRali donis miniWeba am Zalauflebas imavdroulad did pasuxismgeblobasac aniWebs, pasuxismgeblobas, romelic iwvevs mis periodul Secvlas arCevnebis gziT, tipiuri konsesuri demokratia saparlamentoa, mravalpartiuli, koaliciuri kabinetiT. masSi rogorc qveynis regionebi, aseve sxvadasxva saxelmwifo mmarTvelobiTi institutebi, rogoricaa centraluri banki, aRWurvilni arian sakmaod didi avtonomiiT, rac kidev ufro aucilebels xdis molaparakebebsa da konsultaciebs mmarTvelobis procesSi. saarCevno sistema proporciulia, is
10

zogierTi kvlevis mixedviT, aSS ufro Sereuli sistemaa, vidre maJoritaruli

48

metnaklebad uzrunvelyofs parlamentSi yvela mniSvnelovani politikuri interesis warmomadgenlobas. konsultaciebi da molaparakebebi amgvari politikuri sistemis funqcionirebis sakmaod mniSvnelovani elementia. sazogadoebis xelisuflebaze zegavlena aq eyrdnoba ara imdenad arCevnebis gziT xelisuflebis Secvlis SesaZleblobas, ramdenadac arCevnebs Soris politikis SemuSavebis procesSi sazogadoebis vrceli fenebis Tanamonawileobas.11 demokratiis idealisturi xedvebi, romlebic sazogadoebaSi vrceldeboda bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi, gulisxmobs, rom demokratiul saxelmwifoSi moqalaqeebs aqvT xelisuflebaze zemoqmedebis orive SesaZlebloba - pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba da SemdgomSi gadarCevis muqariT aRebuli valdebulebebis Sesrulebaze zemoqmedeba, da amasTan maT SeuZliaT arCevnebs Soris sakuTari xedvebisa da midgomebis lobireba moaxdinon da monawileobiT procesSi CaerTon. samwuxarod, es xedvebi Sinaganad winaaRmdegobrivia da sinamdviles srulad ver asaxavs. rogorc arsebuli dasavluri demokratiebis praqtika aCvenebs, zogierTi demokratiebi ufro metad mowyobilia pirveli principis uzrunvelsayofad, xolo sxvebi - meoresi.12 cxadia, maT Soris ganlagebulia Sualeduri variantebic, magram am ori princips Soris ukuproporciuli damokidebuleba arsebobs - rac ufro meti pasuxismgebloba ekisreba arCeul xelisuflebas, miT ufro naklebia arCevnebs Soris politikaSi Tanamonawileobis SesaZlebloba. da piriqiT, Tuki politika Riaa sazogadoebis CarevisTvis, maSin pasuxismgeblobebi gaurkvevelia da arCevnebi nakleb rols TamaSobs. cxadia, rodesac vlaparakobT saqarTvelos politikur sistemaze, Cven mas pirdapir ver mivamsgavsebT verc erT am models, imitom rom ara marto konsesuri, aramed maJoritaruli demokratia aq jer ar ganxorcielebula arasdros. rogorc erTi, aseve meore modeli funqcionirebs kanonis uzenaesobis upirobo aRiarebis fonze, anu TamaSis wesebis sruli dacviT, rac gulisxmobs arCevne11 12

bis argayalbebas, mediis Tavisuflebasa da administraciuli resursis argamoyenebas. amdenad, Tuki vlaparakobT imaze, Tu romeli sistemaa maT Soris saqarTvelosTvis sasurveli, unda gavakeToT garkveuli arCevani, romelic daeyrdnoba ara marto modelis mimzidvelobas, aramed aseve unda gavaanalizoT erTisa da meoris upiratesobebi da sisusteebi saqarTvelos konteqstSi maTi ganxorcielebadobis Tvalsawieridan. Zalauflebis ukiduresi koncentrireba, romelic sabWoTa sistemas axasiaTebda, demokratiisken gadasvlis gzaze umravlesobis tiraniis SezRudvas moiTxovda. cxadia, rom umravlesobis batonobis tradiciuli principi sazogadoebis did nawilSi pirvel, maJoritarul models ufro misaReb variantad saxavda. Zlieri aRmasrulebeli mmarTveloba da unitarizmi saparlamento mowyobis sapirispirod -es iyo politikuri davebis is veqtori, romelic 1995 wlis konstituciis damkvidrebas win uswrebda. 1995 wlis konstitucia am mxriv winaaRmdegobrivi aRmoCnda. erTis mxriv, saarCevno sistema da parlamentis Sida mowyoba konsesualurobis Zlier elementebs Seicavda. amas emateboda sakonstitucio sasamarTlo, damoukidebeli centraluri banki da sxva. meore mxriv, SevardnaZis pirovnulma faqtorma gamoiwvia aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis am konsesuri velis gareT gamoyvana da Zalauflebis isev da isev maJoritarul principebze ageba. amasTan, unitarizmis principis Sesustebas xeli SeuSala teritoriuli problemebis mougvareblobam. mTlianobaSi, Seiqmna garkveuli dualizmi, rodesac prezidenti Tan cdilobda lavirebas da moqiSpe politikuri Zalebis dabalansebas, Tan flobda srul Zalauflebas da pasuxismgeblobas, romelsac ver axorcielebda dabalansebis politikisadmi midrekilebis gamo. yvelaferma aman gamoiwvia mmarTvelobis sruli kolafsi, romelic 2003 wlis movlenebiT dasrulda. 2004 wlidan konsesualurobis elementebi politikuri sistemidan TandaTanobiT gaqra. dawyebuli prezidentis xelSi Zalauflebis koncentrirebiT, SemdgomSi TviTmmarTvelobis SesustebiT, saarCevno reformebiT da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis gandevniT politikuri procesi-

Powell 2000 ibid

49

50

dan, damkvidrda mkacri maJoritarizmi, romelic gadadis xelisuflebis tiraniaSi. movlenebis sxva mimarTulebiT ganviTarebis pirobebSi arsebobda Teoriuli SesaZlebloba imisa, rom SevardnaZis prezidentobis damTavrebasTan erTad Catarebuliyo sakonstitucio reforma, romelic prezidentis Tanamdebobas nakleb datvirTvas SesZenda da amdenad politikur sistemas ufro "gaaevropulebda". magram xelisuflebis Secvlis revoluciurma xasiaTma es SesaZlebloba mospo. Tumca, es revoluciuri ganviTareba da is, rom demokratia ganvlil periodSi iyo gagebuli mkacrad maJoritarulad, mxolod nawilobriv Tu aixsneba sabWoTa stereotipebiT. meore nawili simarTlisa mdgomareobs imaSi, rom prodemokratiuli diskursi saqarTveloSi amerikul, da ara evropul xedvas asaxavda. am xedvis Sesabamisad, memkvidreobiT miRebuli sistemis "gademokratiuleba" moiazreboda rogorc sistemis centrSi koncentrirebuli Zalauflebis SezRudva Zalauflebis sxva, damoukidebeli da misgan diferencirebuli sferoebis SeqmniT, rogorebicaa ekonomika, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, sasamarTlo, balansi parlamentsa da prezidents Soris. masSi TiTqmis saerTod ar ijda konsesualurobis iseTi meqanizmebi rogoricaa Zalauflebis gaziareba, sazogadoebisa da politikis daaxloeba da sxva. sabWoTa warsulisa da amerikuli maJoritaruli modelebis am moulodnelma Serwymam gamoiwvia is, rom vardebis revoluciis dros arasamTavroboebi da xalxi erTad aRmoCdnen saakaSvilis gaprezidentebis avtorebi. SemdgomSi, umravlesobis tiraniis SezRudvis calmxrivma, amerikulma receptma gamoitana mxolod erTi Sedegi - man gamoiwvia ideologiuri dapirispireba Zlieri saxelmwifos momxreebsa da demokratiis momxreebs Soris. isini, vinc efeqturi da swrafad moqmedi xelisuflebis models emxrobodnen, mzad iyvnen demokratia cota xniT gverdze gadaedoT, vinaidan amgvarad gagebuli demokratia niSnavda umravlesobis mier legitimirebuli xelisuflebis Sesustebas. xolo demokratiis momxreebi maT argumentebs verafers ver upirispirebdnen mimzidveli abstraqtuli moraluri argumentebis garda. iseTi Rirebu51

lebebi, rogorebicaa efeqturoba da samarTlianoba barikadebis sxvadasxva mxares aRmoCnda, rac qmnis TiTqmis gadauWrel dilemas, vinaidan es Rirebulebebi obieqtur ranJirebas ver eqvemdebareba. gaCnda mkafio Sexeduleba, rom demokratia da avtoritarizmi is alternativebia, romlebic SeiZleba iTargmnos susti da Zlieri saxelmwifos terminebSi. Zlieri da imavdroulad demokratiuli saxelmwifos erT xedvaSi gaerTianeba SeuZlebelia konsesuri demokratiis bazisuri safuZvlebis gaziarebis gareSe. umravlesobis tiraniis SezRudvas aq ayalibebs ara imdenad Zalauflebis danawileba, ramdenadac Zalauflebis gaziareba. Zalauflebis gaziareba niSnavs imas, rom Zalaufleba imTaviTve miCneulia rom ekuTvnis sazogadoebis sxvadasxva avtonomiur nawilebs/individebs, romlebic SemdgomSi molaparakebis meSveobiT ayalibeben iseT mmarTvelobas, romelic rac SeiZleba meti amgvari jgufisTvis iqneba misaRebi. saxelmwifos Zliereba meore SemTxvevaSi ganpirobebulia ara imiT, rom umravlesobis/mmarTvelobis moqmedebis Tavisufleba izRudeba gare eqsternaliebis meSveobiT da mravlobiTi umravlesobebis SeqmniT, rasac Zalauflebis dayofis principi uzrunvelyofs, aramed, piriqiT, imiT, rom bevri jgufi/individi monawileobs mmarTvelobis procesSi, da rac ufro metia masSi CarTulTa ricxvi, miT ufro Zlieria saxelmwifo. saxelmwifos siZliere, amdenad, momdinareobs monawileobiTi demokratiis siZlierisgan, da ara piriqiT. xelisuflebis "odenoba", misi siZliere, am SemTxvevaSi aRar aris konstanta, romelic iyofa ramdenime nawilad nulovanjamovani wesiT, aramed is aris zrdadi, da is izrdeba monawileobis zrdasTan erTad. demokratia, romelic iswrafvis rac SeiZleba meti subieqtis CarTvas mmarTvelobaSi da maTTvis garkveuli gavlenebis miniWebas, garkveulwilad afrTxobs mosaxleobis nawils. maT miaCniaT, rom Zlieri lideri saWiroa sazogadoebis gamTlianebisTvis, swrafi ekonomikuri reformebisTvis da gare safrTxeebis dasaZlevad. saparlamento mmarTveloba koaliciuri kabinetiT, partiebis si-

52

sustis fonze, Zalzed arastabilur da araefeqtur mmarTvelobad esaxebaT. sapirispiro argumentebi, cxadia, naTelia. arsebuli demokratiebis gamocdileba aCvenebs, rom konsesuri demokratiebi maJoritarulebze aranakleb efeqturad umklavdebian ekonomikis marTvas, uzrunvelyofen met ekonomikur Tanasworobasa da met demokratias.13 isini aseve amTlianeben sazogadoebas, amcireben ra polarizebis nairnair arsebul Tu SesaZlo formebs. am mxriv swored rom saprezidento maJoritarulma mmarTvelobam saqarTvelos ar moutana stabiluroba da erTianoba, man piriqiT gaaRrmava polarizeba da daaqcia qveynis ekonomika. mTavrobis stabilurobis nacvlad saxezea premierministrebis, ministrebisa da politikuri prioritetebis kaleidoskopuri da xSiri monacvleoba. partiebis sisuste nawilobriv mainc aixsneba maTi mudmivi orientirebiT saarCevno konkurenciaze, romelSiac umravlesoba aris mosapovebeli, da ara specifiur sazogadoebriv jgufebTan mibmaze da Semdgom am jgufebis efeqtur reprezentaciaze. amdenad, maJoritaruli modeli saqarTvelosTvis stabilurobis momtan sistemad ar gamoiyureba. da Tuki mainc daveTanxmebiT imas, rom konsesualuri demokratia saqarTveloSi ufro gaamarTlebda vidre maJoritaruli, rCeba mTavari sakiTxi - ramdenad dagvianebulia am Temaze saubari. xom ar aris polarizeba saqarTveloSi im donemde misuli, rom es gamoricxavs raime sxva variantebs, garda brZolis bolomde miyvanisa da am polarizebis erT-erTi mxaris saboloo gamarjvebisa meoreze, rac isev da isev avtoritarul mmarTvelobasTan gvabrunebs. saparlamento konsesur sistemaSi moqceuli politikuri elitebi xom ar ivlian isev da isev polarizebisa da dapirispirebis gziT, rac sistemas maJoritarul warsulSi daabrunebs. polarizebis da misgan Tavis darwevis sakiTxs Semdeg paragrafebSi ganvixilavT. 4. racionaluri logika, romelsac iracionaluri Sedegi moyveba

kooperireba, TanamSromloba SesaZloa yvelasTvis iyos sasikeTo, magram mainc ver xerxdebodes. es movlena kargadaa cnobili politikur mecnierebaSi.14 erTmaneTis mimarT dabali ndobis mqone, piradi interesebiT motivirebuli individebis didi raodenoba SesaZloa grZnobdes saerTo saqmis gakeTebis saWiroebas, magram TiToeuli TanamonawilisTvis ufro naklebad sarisko Candes sakuTari saqmis Tavad mixedva vidre imaze damokidebuleba, rom sxvebi keTilsindisierad Seasruleben Tavis movaleobebs mis winaSe. amitom kooperirebis aucileblobaze agebuli sistema SesaZloa araefeqturi aRmoCndes ubralod imis gamo, rom realuri qceva ar daemTxves molodinebs. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, politikuri sistema ar iqmneba imaze gaTvliT, rom masSi moqmedeben idealuri adamianebi/partiebi/politikosebi. sistema unda iyos realisturi, raTa man efeqturad ifunqcioniros. vardebis revoluciis Semdgomi periodi, rodesac demokratia stabilurad ukan-ukan midioda rac saboloo jamSi 2008 wlis agvistos katastrofiT damTavrda, pirveli SexedviT iracionalurobisa da uazrobis STabeWdilebas tovebs. magram am TiTqosda iracionaluri qcevis miRma ikiTxeba logika, romelic Zalauflebis SenarCunebis surviliTaa nakarnaxevi iseT politikur viTarebaSi, sadac adgili ara aqvs aranair kooperirebas. am logikas karnaxobda ar marto da ara imdenad 2003 wlisTvis arsebuli politikuri sistema - am sistemis Semdgomi transformaciis sxvadasxva variantebi arsebobda, maT Soris demokratiasTan axlos mdgomic - aramed revoluciaSi gamarjvebuli gundis racionaluri logikac, romelsac sakuTari legitimuroba oponentebis srul delegitimaciaze unda daemyarebina. zemoT naxsenebi modelebidan ori - sabWoTa warsulidan momdinare ignorireba da axali realobiT motanili konkurencia - Sezavda strategiaSi, romelmac ganapiroba xelisuflebis Seurigebloba da srulad gamoricxa politikuri qcevisgan raime saxis daTmobebis, molaparakebebisa da poziciebis daaxloebis SesaZleblobebi. amave dros ar moxda is,
14

13

Lijphart, 1999

ix. mag. tusaRis dilema, Heywood 2007.

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54

rasac saWiroebs ignorirebis logika, da rasac delegitimaciis strategis gulisxmobs - brZolis damTavreba erT-erTi mxaris sruli damarcxebiT. srul mogebaze mimarTuli konkurencia wagebulis mospobis SesaZleblobis gareSe ganapirobebda im procesebs, rac saqarTveloSi warimarTa. pirveli, rac TvalSi sacemia am periodis analizisas es aris politikis dRis wesrigis wamyvani problemebis mudmivi kaleidoskopi. vardebis revolucia demokratiis dapirebiTa da sazogadoebis mxridan swored am moTxovniT iyo motivirebuli. magram jer kidev prezidentis inauguraciamde am dRis wesrigma ukan daixia, Tanac mwvave da upasuxo kritikis fonze, da adgili teritoriuli mTlianobis Temas dauTmo. teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgena arc ise advili aRmoCnda, da ver darCa politikis dRis wesrigis mTavar da sayoveldReo problemad, mas warumateblad Seejibra evrokavSirSi integraciis sakiTxi, xolo Semdgom es sakiTxi sruliad gaqra yuradRebis arealidan da misi adgili natoSi gawevrianebam daikava. 2007 wlis Semodgomaze politikis dRis wesrigis formirebaSi xelisuflebam dakarga iniciativa da noembris movlenebis Semdeg siRaribesTan brZolis lozungiT scada misi dabruneba, Tumca maleve iseve teritoriuli mTlianobis sakiTxs daubrunda (am droisTvis natos sakiTxi ukve veRar iqneboda wamyvani buqarestis samitis gamo). yovelive aman agvistoSi axali realoba Seqmna, romlis Semdeg ruseTis agresiis Temis dominirebas alternativa aRar hqonda. arc erT zemoaRniSnul Temaze ar warmarTula Sinaarsobrivi diskusia miRwevis konkretul gzebTan dakavSirebiT, da arcerTi kritikuli Sefaseba ar iqna gaTvaliswinebuli. kontroli dRis wesrigis formirebaze imavdroulad warmoadgenda politikuri brZolis mTavar iaraRs, rac moiTxovs pirvel rigSi satelevizio propagandas da am propagandaze uSualo kontrols. swored amitom televiziebis sakiTxi gaxda umTavresi politikuri sakiTxi, xolo telekompania `imedis~ politikurma gavlenam gacilebiT meti wona SeiZina, vidre yvela opoziciur partias erTad aRebuls gaaCnda, ramac saboloo jamSi ganapiroba 2007 wlis noemberSi misi mospoba. 55

meore TvalSi sacemi Tavisebureba, romelic am periods axasiaTebda iyo opoziciis jiuti midrekileba CabRauWebuliyo mxolod erT Temas - demokratias, kanonis uzenaesobasa da adamianis uflebebs, da misi indeferentuloba raime saprogramo pozitiuri ganviTarebis gzebis SemoTavazebisadmi. es strategia ganixileba rogorc opoziciis sisuste, magram dRevandeli gadasaxedidan ufro logikurad da gamarTlebulad gamoiyureba. es erTaderTi logikaa, romelic opozicias xels aZlevs im pirobebSi, rodesac ar xdeba aranairi kooperireba xelisuflebasa da opozicias Soris, xolo dRis wesrigis formirebaze opozicias TiTqmis aranairi gavlena ara aqvs. garkveulwilad, mediam opozicia iZulebuli gaxada am gziT wasuliyo, vinaidan dRis wesrigis formireba swored mediis, da ara opoziciis xelSi iyo. Sinaarsobriv diskusiaSi Sesvla opoziciisTvis niSnavda xelisuflebis mier Sedgenil dRis wesrigze latentur Tanxmobas, rac imavdroulad avtomaturad niSnavda wina, gadagdebul Temaze ukan daxevas da xelisuflebis mier Seqmnil viTarebaze daTanxmebas. mTlianobaSi, daxatuli suraTi jdeba e.w. qaosis Teoremis logikaSi.15 rodesac politika mxolod konkurentulia (anu problemebi wydeba mxolod maJoritarulad, urTierTmolaparakebis gareSe), xolo politikuri ganxeTqilebebi mravalricxovani, da ar jdeba erTi ganzomilebis, mag. memarjvene-memarcxene dapirispirebis logikaSi, politikur process ara aqvs wonasworobis wertili (e.w. neSis wonasworobis wertili). es niSnavs imas, rom stabiluri politikuri Tanxmobis miRweva, rac saxelmwifoSi stabiluri grZelvadiani politikis ganxorcielebis sawindari iqneboda, verasdros ver xerxdeba, rac gindaT didxans gagrZeldes Tundac Tavisufali politikuri brZola. am viTarebaSi politikis dRis wesrigis kontroli da misiT oportunistuli manipulireba xdeba politikuri brZolis mTavari iaraRi. qaosis Teoremis Tanaxmad imas, vinc amgvari kontrolis SesaZleblobas flobs, aqvs SesaZlebloba praqtikulad nebismieri politikuri Sedegis miRwevisa, da mowinaaRmdegeTa damarcxebi15

ix. magaliTad Morrow 1994.

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sa. es martivad keTdeba. jer yof eleqtorats demokratiis momxreebad da mowinaaRmdegeebad. rodesac grZnob rom kargav erTi mxaris mxardaWeras, cvli dRis wesrigs da ayeneb teritoriuli mTlianobis sakiTxs, romelic ukve sxva jgufebad yofs sazogadoebas. rodesac aqac kargav poziciebs, gadadixar dayofis sxva ganzomilebis aqcentirebaze, da a.S. sanam ar gamoileva qveynisTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi. samwuxarod qveynisTvis, aseTi manipulirebisas manipulatori iZulebulia sul ufro maRali molodinebi Seqmnas da dapirebebis skalas auwios. swored amitom gaxda iZulebuli xelisufleba 2008 wlis agvistoSi Cabmuliyo samxedro avantiuraSi, romelmac qveyanas yvelasaTvis arasasurveli Sedegi moutana. amis Semdeg manipulireba saWiro aRar aris - ruseTis agresiis pirobebSi sazogadoebas eqmneba STabeWdileba rom mas aqvs arCevani or borotebas Soris - ruseTi da saakaSvili, romlebidanac ruseTi ufro afrTxobs. amdenad, Tuki mocemuloba mdgomareobs xelisuflebis mxridan daTmobebis, molaparakebebisa da Tanxmobis miRwevis uaryofaSi, misTvis logikuria swored is qceva, romelic man gamoavlina. aseve logikuria opoziciisTvis uaris Tqma raime saxis poziciebis dafiqsirebaze, vinaidan es iwvevs mis danawevrebasa da amcirebs misi eleqtoratis konsolidirebis SesaZleblobas, rasac ganapirobebs am eleqtoratis siWrele arsebul problemebTan mimarTebaSi. ganvlili wlebis gamocdileba amdenad magaliTia imisa, Tu rogor SeiZleba xdebodes, rom racionaluri aqtorebis brZola warmatebisTvis mTavrdeba im SedegiT, romelic aravis ar undoda. yoveli etapi am brZolisa iyo nulovanjamovani, da mimarTuli gamarjvebaze, magram saerTo jamSi, yvela etapis gavlis Semdeg TamaSi aRmoCnda uaryofiTjamovani, rodesac yvela masSi CarTulma aqtorma waago, da saboloo wertili, romelSiac yvela aRmoCnda, mdebareobs im velis miRma, romelSiac viRaca mainc iqneboda warmatebuli.

5. urTierTmomgebiani daTmoba rogorc ganvlili periodis magaliTi gviCvenebs, maJoritaruli logika kanonis uzenaesobis ararsebobis pirobebSi monawileebs arakooperaciul qcevas karnaxobs, rac maTTvis racionaluri, da ara ugunuri midgomaa. kooperirebisken calmxrivad gadadgmuli nabijebi am viTarebaSi wagebis tolfasia, rac daadastura kidec opoziciis warumateblobam im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac amgvari nabijebi iqna gadadgmuli. kooperirebis stimuli, amdenad, unda iyos racionalurad momgebiani imisTvis, vinc masSi erTveba. daTmoba ar unda niSnavdes damorCilebas, Tuki gvinda rom is gaxdes politikis wesi. unda iTqvas, rom maJoritarizmi ar aris ganwiruli marcxisTvis, Tuki is xorcieldeba Zalauflebis SezRudvis principiT formirebul konteqstSi. ase magaliTad, media rom yofiliyo Tavisufali da saakaSvils ar hqonoda dRis wesrigiT manipulirebis SesaZlebloba, wina paragrafSi aRwerili viTareba SeuZlebeli iqneboda. nulovanjamovani konkurenciuli TamaSebi sruliad ar gamoricxaven molaparakebebis da daTmobebis SesaZleblobas. rogorc adre iTqva, urTierTmisaRebi kompromisi SesaZloa vaWrobis Sedegad warmoiqmnas, Tuki amis saWiroebas orive mxare aRiarebs. am aRiarebis ararseboba gamoixateba politikuri centris gamorecxvaSi da urTierTmisaRebi kompromisis ararsebobaSi - yovel SemTxvevaSi, im ganzomilebis gaswvriv, romlis gaswvrivac mimdinareobs Sejibri. Tuki arc erTi urTierTSexebis wertili ar an ver moiZebna, arsebobs ori gamosavali. erTia, rodesac yvela momdevno gadawyvetileba misaRebia erTi mxarisTvis, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini miuReblebi arian meorisTvis. yalibdeba viTareba, rodesac erTi mxare verasdros ver aris mogebuli, anu diqtatura demokratiis nacvlad. meore variantia, rodesac xan mogebulia erTi mxare, xan meore, da amasTan arc erTi ar egueba droebiT mainc wagebas, radganac es wageba misTvis gadawyvetilebaTa miuRebel velSi mdebareobs. Tuki xelisufleba axerxebs diqtaturis damyarebas, saqme damTavrebulia, da Semdgom laparaks azri ara aqvs. magram vecadoT warmovidginoT rom 58

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demokratiisTvis brZola grZeldeba da xelisuflebas ar gaaCnia diqtaturis dasamyareblad saWiro resursi. maSin myardeba qaosi, romelic SesaZloa katastrofiT damTavrdes, rogorc ganvlili gamocdileba adasturebs. maJoritarizmis warmatebas sxva faqtorebic uSlis xels. rogorc adre iTqva, Zalauflebis gaziarebis principis amoqmedebis gareSe ver ixsneba polarizeba Zlieri saxelmwifosa da demokratiis momxreebs Soris. maJoritaruli demokratiisTvis aucilebelia neitraluri da miukerZoebeli "gare damkvirvebeli", gamoricxulia misi gamarTuli funqcionireba iq, sadac ar aris araferi, rasac yvela endoba. am viTarebas Svelis mxolod sajarod da pirispir urTierTobebis garkveva, romelic meore modelisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. aseve, ganvlil wlebSi kompromentirebuli politikuri elitebi ver uzrunvelyofen maJoritaruli politikis warmatebas, romelsac Zlieri aqcenti aqvs pirovnebebze, maSin roca konsesuri demokratia aqcentirebulia ufro programebze da Rirebulebebze, vidre pirovnebebze. Cixidan gamosavalze ocneba rom realobad gadaiqces, politikaSi monawileebs polarizebis stimuli unda Seusustdes da kooperirebis fasi amaRldes. erT-erTi cxadi da ukve bevrjer gaJRerebuli nabiji am mimarTulebiT iqneboda saprezidento postis an faqtobrivi, an funqcionaluri gauqmeba. es, rasakvirvelia maJoritarizmis Sesustebisken gadasadgami aucilebeli, Tumca arasakmarisi nabijia. arCevnebis "fasis" Semcirebas aseve uwyobs xels konsesuri modelis amoqmedeba. konsesuri demokratiis warmatebisTvis aucilebeli ramdenime sxva faqtoris CamonaTvals, romelic amasTan SesaZloa arasruli aRmoCndes, dabla gTavazobT. zogierTi faqtori garegania, da amdenad uSualod sistemis transformaciis nawils ar warmoadgens. isini unda ganvixiloT rogorc winapirobebi Cixidan gamosvlis SesaZleblobis Seqmnisa. rodesac sazogadoeba Zalian Raribia, xolo ekonomikuri uTanasworoba maRali, demokratiis SenarCuneba xdeba problematuri nebismieri sakonstitucio mowyobis pirobebSi. Tuki sazogadoebaSi Camoyalibebulia mdidarTa fena, romelic avtoritarizmis gziT cdilobs Tavisi interesebis dacvas, am sakiTxis gadaWra politikuri sis59

temis modelis SemuSavebiT cota ar iyos, miamituri mcdeloba iqneboda. magram Tuki sistemis Secvla ukve moxerxda, da sakiTxi dgas miRweulis SenarCunebaze, maSin arsebiTia davfiqrdeT imaze, Tu ra gavlenas axdenen ekonomikuri da politikuri institutebi erTmaneTze. ekonomikuri problemebidan yvelaze mwvave politikur sakiTxebad saqarTveloSi dgas sakuTrebis ufleba, korufcia da umuSevroba. rac Seexeba Semosavlebis uTanasworobas, mas amJamad aqvs susti politikuri ganzomileba, da rogorc sociologiuri gamokiTxvebi aCvenebs, is praqtikulad ar axdens (an sxva faqtorebze naklebad axdens) zegavlenas politikur Sexedulebebze. paradoqsulad, Tuki sakuTrebis uflebis Selaxvas ufro kargad konsesuri modeli SeebrZoleba, vinaidan masSi ar iarsebebs eqspropriaciisTvis xelsayreli erTiani politikuri neba, korufcias pirveli SexedviT, maJoritaruli demokratia ukeT gadalaxavs. maJoritarizmis pirobebSi xelisufleba koncentrirebulia, da misi pasuxismgebloba korufciis yvela saxeobaze aSkara. konsesuri modelis sisuste mdgomareobs pasuxismgeblobebis gaurkvevlobaSi, masSi Znelia korufciis faqtebis mibma konkretuli politikuri Zalebis pasuxismgeblobasTan. amdenad, Tuki maJoritaruli modeli moicavs avtoritaruli gadagvarebis risks elitaruli korufciis amoqmedebiT, konsesuri demokratia ufro meti riskis Semcvelia masobrivi korufciis TvalsazrisiT, romelSiac faruli garigebebis meSveobiT SeiZleba yvela an umetesoba politikuri Zalebisa Caebas. amis magaliTebi saqarTveloSi mravlad dafiqsirebula im arCevnebis dros, rodesac saarCevno adgilobrivi komisiebi, Sedgenili mravalpartiuli principiT, garigebebis gziT ayalbebdnen arCevnebis Sedegebs. konsesuri demokratiis gadagvareba korufciul sistemad amdenad aris mTavari saSiSroeba, romelic xSirad aracnobierad gaazrebulia im moqalaqeebis mier, romlebic "Zlieri xelis" da "stalinis" garda misi SezRudvis veranair SesaZleblobas ver xedaven. mosalodnelia, rom marTlac korufciis problema gaxdes erT-erTi mTavari gamowveva konsesuri modelis pirobebSi. magram Tavad modeli grZelvadiani funqcionirebis SemTxvevaSi warmoad60

gens am problemis daZlevis meqanizms. amis sawindaria is Riaoba, romelSiac moTavsebulia politikuri Sejibri saqarTveloSi, da romelSiac miTumetes ver gaqreba da ver daiZleva maSin, rodesac ar iarsebebs Zalauflebis maJoritaruli koncentrirebis centri (prezidenti). saprezidento sistemaSic ki, romelic amJamad arsebobs, SedarebiT Sekruli saxelisuflebo gundis SigniT arsebuli korufciuli garigebebi cnobili xdeba sazogadoebisTvis. miTumetes sarisko gaxdeba Crdilovan arakanonier garigebebze wasvla mravalpartiul viTarebaSi, sadac yoveli faqti SesaZloa winasaarCevno propagandisTvis iqnas gamoyenebuli oponentebis mier. amdenad, korufciis daZleva konsesur demokratias SeuZlia, magram mxolod grZelvadian perspeqtivaze orientaciiT. maRali umuSevroba aseve politikuri ganzomilebis momcvelia, vinaidan dasaqmebis da politikuri orientaciis faqtorebi mWidrod korelireben erTmaneTTan (sociologiuri gamokiTxvebis SedegebiT). ganvlil wlebSi ganxorcielebuli politizirebuli sakadro politikis fonze es arc aris gasakviri. mosalodnelia, rom Tuki sistema Seicvala, sxvadasxva partiebis aqtivistebi arCevnebis Semdeg Tavisi liderebisgan swored rom dasaqmebas moiTxoven, xolo liderebi pirvel rigSi maTTvis samuSao adgilebisTvis brZolaSi CaerTvebian. es problemac garkveulwilad korufciis saxeobas warmoadgens, da imave rigSi unda iyos ganxiluli, rogorc wina problema. am SemTxvevaSi, gansxvavebiT korufciis SemTxvevisa, ara mediis, aramed sazogadoebis mobilizebis maRali donis SenarCunebis imediT unda viyoT, magram problemis gadaWra isev da isev grZelvadian perspeqtivas ukavSirdeba. sagareo orientaciebis polarizeba da saqarTvelos sasazRvro mdgomareoba sami civilizaciis mijnaze Zabavs Sida politikur dapirispirebebs. oportunist liderebs yovelTvis aqvT SesaZlebloba am daZabulobaze iTamaSon, is ukiduresobamde miiyvanon da am faqtors aSkara nulovanjamovani xasiaTi SesZinon. Tuki saqarTvelos dRevandeli yofna-aryofnis sakiTxi kvlavac dRis wesrigSi darCeba did xnis ganmavlobaSi, es gamoricxavs ara marto konsesualuri midgomebis SesaZleblobas, aramed raime saxis demokratiis damkvidrebis SesaZleblobasac. mxo61

lod mravalpolusiani sagareo klimatis Seqmna gadaiyvans sagareo veqtorebs aranulovanjamovani strategiebis sibrtyeSi. evropuli gavlenis zrda am mxriv erTaderT gamosavlad isaxeba. gare usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisa da ruseTTan stabiluri, Tu ara keTilmezobluri urTierTobebis damyarebis gareSe cxadia, politikuri sistemis stabilizebaze laparaki SeuZlebelia. samagierod, Tuki es miRweulia, konsesuri modeli ufro stabiluri iqneba, vinaidan momavalSi SezRudavs polarizebis simZafres sagareo politikaSi da gamoricxavs "kremlis agentebis" Ziebas opoziciaSi. ukiduresi polarizeba dResdReobiT axasiaTebs ara marto politikur elitebs, aramed sazogadoebasac. es didwilad ganpirobebulia im polarizebuli sainformacio sivrciT, romelic Camoyalibda jer kidev 2007 wels. nawilobriv polarizebis mizezi devs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis formirebis im modelSi, romelic jer kidev 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi amuSavda da romelic ufro maJoritarul, da ara konsesur demokratiebs Seesabameba (am Temas aq Cven farTod ver gavSliT). xelisuflebidan saakaSvilis wasvla TavisTavad ar moxsnis am polarizebis arsebobis faqts. polarizebidan demokratiul pluralizmze gadasvla saWiroebs ramdenime problemis gadaWras. Zalian uxeSad rom vTqvaT, dRes qarTul sazogadoebaSi arian adamianebi, romlebic emxrobian maJoritarul mmarTvelobas, romelic upirobo Zalauflebas aqcevs erTi adamianis xelSi; adamianebi, romlebic iTxoven demokratias rogorc sazogadoebis SesaZleblobas Tavad miiRos monawileoba politikaSi da oportunistebi, romlebisTvisac orive sulerTia, da cdiloben sakuTar miznebs miaRwion imdenad, ramdenadac viTareba aZlevs xels. es dayofa ar asaxavs dayofas xelisufleba-opoziciad, vinaidan orive mxares arian samive tipis adamianebi, Tumca statistikurad SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom xelisuflebaSi ufro metia "maJoritari", xolo opoziciaSi "konsesualisti". "maJoritaristebisa" da "konsesualistebis" gadanawileba sazogadoebaSi geografiul da socialur ganzomilebebsac Seicavs. regionebis mosaxleobisTvis dResdReo62

biT ufro racionaluria maJoritaruli modelisTvis mimxroba, vinaidan politikaSi Tanamonawileobis SesaZlebloba maT isedac metad SezRuduli aqvT. Tanamonawileobis moTxovna ufro maRalia saSualo fenaSi, vidre dabal klasebSi, vinaidan es moTxovna izrdeba post-materialisturi Rirebulebebis zrdasTan erTad, rac garkveul socialur ganzomilebebsac moicavs (magaliTad, ganaTlebis dones). amdenad, socialurad araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi myofi fenebis zegavlena Semdgomi demokratizaciis xasiaTze ufro maJoritarizmisken unda ubiZgebdes qveyanas. imisTvis, rom politikaSi Tanamonawileobis procesma mosaxleobis udidesi nawili moicvas, regionebis mosaxloebas unda mieces Tanamonawileobis gacilebiT meti SesaZlebloba, vidre maT aqvT amJamad. maJoritarizmisken swrafvis Sesusteba regionebSi SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki gaixsneba regionebis politikaSi Tanamonawileobis pirdapiri arxebi. es ar gulisxmobs mxolod teritoriul decentralizacias da realuri TviTmmarTvelobis Seqmnas. Zalauflebis gaziarebis principis amoqmedebaSi Zalauflebis ZiriTadi matareblebi, romlebmac unda gaaZlieron saxelmwifo Tavisi aqtiuri CarTviT, swored regionebi da teritoriuli erTeulebi unda gaxdnen. centraluri xelisufleba unda gaxdes reprezentatuli am kuTxiT, rac SeiZleba gulisxmobdes saarCevno sistemis transformaciasac da orpalatiani parlamentis Seqmnasac. regionebi unda TamaSobdnen rols centralur xelisuflebaSi, da ara iyvnen moqceulebi adgilobriv getoebSi Tavisi lokaluri problemebiT. mTavari, rac albaT pozitiur rols Seasrulebs TanamonawileobiTi konsesuri demokratiis damkvidrebaze, aris is, rom sazogadoebam daiwyo "dabruneba" politikuri qmedebebis arealSi, rac xels uwyobs axal yaidaze mowyobili samoqalaqo sazogadoebis formirebas da saboloo jamSi gavlenas moaxdens politikis TamaSis wesebis "daRvinebaze". am procesSi pirvel rigSi TamaSobs rols is sajarooba, romelSiac bolo wlebSi monawileoben ara marto politikosebi, aramed politikisgan sruliad Sors mdgomi adamianebi. politikuri sajaro sivrce "ga-

ixsna" sazogadoebisTvis, rac ar SeiZleba ar damTavrdes politikuri Zalauflebis sivrcis transformaciiT. calke problemas warmoadgenen politikuri partiebi da politikosebi. mravalpartiuloba TavisTavad ar aris konsesualuri qcevis winapiroba. Tumca is warmoSobs amgvari qcevis garkveul saWiroebas rogorc winasaarCevno periodSi, aseve arCevnebis Semdegac, saparlamento umravlesobis formirebis procesSi. magram saWiroeba imTaviTve qreba, rogorc ki moikribeba sakmarisi Zala, rom Zalauflebis kontroli ganaxorcielos, da am Zalis miRma darCenili partiebi umciresobaSi datovos. amdenad, sakiTxi dgas pirvel rigSi imaze, Tu rogor marTavs umravlesoba konsesusuri demokratiis pirobebSi, da ramdenad aqvs SesaZlebloba Tavisi mmarTveloba isev da isev tiraniad gadaaqcios. aris Tu ara es SesaZleblobebi ufro farTo, Tu ufro SezRuduli rodesac vadarebT erTmaneTs Tundac vestminsteris models (sruli pasuxismgebloba erT mmarTvel partiaze) evropul mowyobebTan (opozicias da sazogadoebas aqvs Tanamonawileobis garkveuli SesaZlebloba). maJoritarul modelSi mWidrod Sekruli saparlamento umravlesoba SesaZloa isev da isev ar uwevdes angariSs umciresobas, TviTneburad cvlides TamaSis wesebs da saboloo jamSi momdevno arCevnebis Catarebas azrs ukargavdes. amis sapirispirod, Tuki umciresobas aqvs saTanado berketebi (vetos ufleba) raTa umravlesobis arasasurveli gadawyvetilebebi dablokos, man SeiZleba es ufleba borotad gamoiyenos da viTareba politikur CixSi Seiyvanos. rodesac partiebs ara aqvT sazogadoebasTan mWidro kavSirebi, amgvari polarizeba politikur elitebSi kvlavac sistemis destabilizaciis da demokratiis Sesustebis sawindari SeiZleba gaxdes. amis sapirispirod, konsesur demokratiaSi, Tuki umravlesoba arademokratiuli gziT wavida, mas am gziT siarulis SedarebiT SezRuduli SesaZlebloba eqneba. garkveul donemde is iqneba dabalansebuli opoziciis mier, romelsac amisTvis Sesabamisi berketebi miecema. esenia sakomiteto mowyobis wesebi, opoziciis roli parlamentisa da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis urTierTobaSi, opoziciis gavlena ama Tu im gadawyvetilebebze. amgvari 64

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berketebi arsebobda saqarTvelos parlamentSi 2004 wlamde, da dRemde nawilobriv SemorCenilia. wina parlamentSi am berketebis araefeqturobas ganapirobebda ara misi Sida mowyobis naklovanebebi, aramed is, rom arsebobda prezidentis posti, romelic saparlamento zemoqmedebas ar eqvemdebareboda. am postis gauqmebis an Sesustebis SemTxvevaSi konsesualuri modelis borotad gamoyeneba umravlesobis mier SedarebiT ufro Znelia. amasTan, mTavari, rasac iZleva konsesualuri modeli, es aris is, rom is aZlevs partiebs warmomadgenlobiTi ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas. partiebs aRar aqvT umravlesobis mozidvis saWiroeba, maT SeuZliaT gamokveTon specifiuri socialuri jgufebi (regionebi), sadac mZlavri dasayrdeni eqnebaT. am muSaobaSi maT realuri politikuri strategiebis gamomuSaveba mouwevT, da am strategiebis ganxorcielebisTvis zrunva parlamentSi. es yovelive gaajansaRebs saparlamento viTarebas da gadaiyvans politikur diskurss ufro Sinaarsobrivi debatebis formatSi. daskvna mocemuli narkvevi ar warmoadgens saqarTveloSi demokratiis gadarCenis recepts. misi daniSnulebaa imis Cveneba, rom diqtaturasa da qaoss Soris jer kidev aris darCenili mesame gza, romelic ufro Cveni SesaZleblobaa, vidre gardauvali bedi. am gziT siaruli koleqtiuri qmedebis, solidarobisa da kooperirebis ufro maRal safexurebze ayvanas moiTxovs. wava Tu ara ganviTareba am gziT, damokidebulia ara akademiur statiebze, aramed sazogadoebis aqtivobaze. sazogadoebis dabruneba istoriaSi am istoriis damwerTa vinaobas Secvlis. an ara.

bibliografia Carothers, Thomas. 2007. A Quarter-Century of Promoting Democracy. Journal of Democracy. Volume 18, Number 4 October Carothers, Thomas. 2002. The End of Transitional Paradigm, Journal of Democracy, v13, N 1, January Elster, John. 1997. The Market and the Forum: Three Varieties of Political Theory. in: Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics. ed. James Bohman and Willam Rehn. Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press Heywood, Andrew 2007. Politics. Palgrave Macmillan Lijphart, Arend. 1999. Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries. Yale University Press Morrow, JD (1994) Game Theory for Political Scientists, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press O'Donnell, Guillermo (1998). Horizontal Accountability in New Democracies. Journal of Democracy 9.3 112-126 Parsons, Talcott. Edward Shils, Neil J. Smelser 2001. Toward a general theory of action: theoretical foundations for the social sciences. Transaction Publishers Powell, G. Bingham. 2000. Elections as Instruments of Democracy. Majoritarian and Proportional Visions. Yale University Press Tansey, Stephen. 1995. Politics, The Basics. Routledge

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daviT melua

adgilobriv interesTa warmomadgenloba sxvadasxva politikur sistemebSi Sesavali saxelmwifo rTuli socialuri fenomenia da realobaSi igi sruladac ar gaxlavT adamianTa monoliTuri erToba. istoriuli ganviTarebis yovel etapze saxelmwifo mravalgvar interesTa artikulaciisa da marTvis meqanizms warmoadgenda. icvlebodnen interesTa jgufebi, Tavad interesebic magram saxelmwifos es funqcia dResac ucvlelia. rac ufro kompleqsuri xdeboda sociumi miT ufro kompleqsuri iyo interesebi da Sesabamisad miT ufro ixveweboda saxelmwifo institutebi. Tavad interesTa mravalmxrivoba iTxovda imas, rom saxelmwifo saqmeebi (an SeiZleba vixmaroT sajaro saqmeebi, vinaidan qarTul enaSi terminologiuri sicxade jer kidev ar gvaqvs) sul ufro kompleqsuri Seqmniliyo. Tu adre xelisuflis funqcia ZiriTadad teritoriis dacva da marTlwesrigis uzrunvelyofa iyo, vaWrobis ganviTarebam da industrializaciam gaaCina moTxovna iseT funqciebze rogoricaa komunikacia, fosta, fulad-sakredito urTierToba, saqonlis mimoqceva. migraciam da muSaxelis moZraobam biZgi misca iseT sajaro saqmeTa warmoSobas rogoricaa komunaluri sfero da binaTmSenebloba. kvalificiuri muSaxelis moTxovnam sayovelTao ganaTlebis miwodebis kompetencia warmoSva da a.S. yoveli am sajaro kompetenciis gaCena sakuTari interesis dasakmayofileblad, konkretuli socialuri fenis xangrZlivi brZolis Sedegia. swored am brZolis Sedegad icvleboda saxelmwifos saxe, iqmneboda axali instituciebi, yalibdeboda axali socialuri fenebi da sazogadoebrivi Zalebi. anu mimdinareobda is procesi, rasac istorikosebi uwodeben absolutizmis transformacias saarCevno demokratiaSi. 67

am transformaciis dros aSkarad gamoikveTa sajaro interesTa ori saxe socialuri interesi (klasebi, socialuri fenebi) da teritoriuli interesebi (erT arealze dasaxlebul adamianTa interesebi). teritoriuli interesebi gacilebiT kompleqsuria vidre calkeul jgufTa interesebi. radgan, jer erTi, teritoriul interesebSi ikveTeba yvela socialuri jgufis interesi da meorec, teritoriuli interesi mravaldoniania. gamartivebuli midgomiT teritoriuli interesi mxolod erT mikrosistemasTan (xeoba, sofeli, qalaqi) identificirebuli adamianebis interess unda moicavdes. magram social-kulturuli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT adamianTa subnacionaluri TviTidentifikaciis areali gacilebiT vrceli SeiZleba iyos vidre erTi mikrosistemaa. igi ramdenime aseul aseT mikrosistemasac SeiZleba moicavdes. aseT did teritoriul warmonaqmnebs regionebi, mxareebi an miwebi ewodeba. aseTi msxvili teritoriuli erTobis CamoyalibebaSi ori faqtori TamaSobs gansakuTrebul rols: a) social-kultuluri erTgvaroba (ena, religia, tradiciebi da mentaloba) da b) istoriuli tradicia (istoriulad arsebobda rogorc calkeuli sagrafo erTiani suzerenis mfarvelobis qveS). yovelive zemoTqmuli qmnis teritoriul interesTa erTgvar kaskads sadac mikrosistemuri interesi (vuwodoT mas adgilobrivi interesi) Tanaarsebobs ufro did subnacionalur interesTan (vuwodoT mas teritoriuli interesi). da orive maTgani Tanaarsebobs saerTo erovnul interesebTan. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom adgilobriv interesTa jami ar udris teritoriul interess da arc erovnuli interesebia mxolod teritoriul interesTa meqanikuri jami. yvela es interesi TviTmyofadia (komplimentarulia) da maTi urTierTCanacvlebis (an romelime maTganis ignorirebis) SemTxvevaSi konfliqti gardauvalia. imisda mixedviT Tu rogor aris realizebuli teritoriuli interesebi Cven saxelmwifos mowyobis sxvadasxva modelebi gvaqvs (unitaruli, regionuli, federaluri). saerTo rac yvela models axasiaTebs aris is, rom yvelgan gvaqvs minimum ori - adgilobrivi da erovnuli interesi. interesTa kvaldakval iyofa sajaro saqmeebis paketic, adgilobrivi saqmeebi (local affairs) adgilobriv in68

teresTa realizacias emsaxureba, Sesabamisad gvaqvs regionaluri saqmeebi (regional affairs) da erovnuli saqmeebi (national affairs). imaze Tu ramdenad efeqturadaa realizebuli teritoriuli interesebi, ramdenad harmoniulad Tanaarseboben sxvadasxva donis saqmeebi erTmaneTTan, damokidebulia demokratiuli stabiluroba TiToeul qveyanaSi. am statiaSi Cven ver SevexebiT subnacionalur (teritoriul) interesebs da maT warmomadgenlobas. saxelmwifos teritoriuli mowyobisa da konstitucionalizmis es vrceli sakiTxi Cveni statiis farglebs scildeba. Cveni amocanaa ganvixiloT Tu rogoria adgilobrivi interesTa realizaciis formebi sxvadasxva politikuri sistemebSi da am informaciis Suqze gavaanalizoT saqarTvelos realoba.

1.

adgilobriv interesTa warmomadgenloba evropaSi

2.1 adgilobriv saqmeTa gageba evropaSi istoriulad, evropelis cnobierebaSi mikrosistema (Temi, komuna) dakavSirebuli iyo saerTo wylis resursTan, saerTo tyis resursTan, saerTo saZovarTan. mogvianebiT am erTobas daemata saerTo religiuri/sakulto obieqti (eklesia). zogadad, evropaSi eklesiam udidesi roli iTamaSa adgilobrivi saqmeebis institutis CamoyalibebaSi. eklesia axdenda Temis wevrebis registracias, xolo Crdilo evropaSi asrulebda Temis maorganizebeli Zalis rols. dResac evropis bevr qveyanaSi terminebi Temi da mrevli erTmaneTis sinonimebia. Sesabamisad adgilobrivi interesi efuZneba mikrosistemas da masSi mcxovreb adamianTa survils hqondeT ukeTesi garemo da Sesabamisi yofiTi pirobebi. aqedan gamomdinare, dRes evropaSi adgilobriv saqmeTa portfels ganekuTvneba is amocanebi romelic uzrunvelyofs sacxovrebeli garemosa da saarsebo pirobebis gaumjobesebas. rogorc wesi aseT saqmeebis ganekuTvneba Semdegi sferoebi: komunaluri momsaxureba moicavs yvela im kompetencias rac aucilebelia dasaxlebaTa sicocxlisunaria69

onobisa da komfortulobis asamaRleblad, adamianis binadrobis mavne zemoqmedebis Sesamcireblad. (sasmeli wylis miwodeba, narCenebis gatana da gadamuSaveba, kanalizacia da saniaRvre sistemebi, gaTboba, elqtroenergiiT momarageba, transporti, gamwvaneba, skverebisa da baRebis movla, sasaflaoebi). teritoriaTa ganviTareba moicavs Semdeg kompetenciebs: teritoriuli gegmareba da urbanuli dagegmva; binaTmSenebloba, gzebi da komunikaciebi, tyis safarisa da wylis resursebis marTva, teritoriaTa zonireba da social-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis marTva, miwaTsargeblobisa da uZravi qonebis reglamentireba da sxva. adamianuri faqtoris ganviTareba moicavs Semdeg kompetenciebs: bavSvTa movla da dawyebiTi ganaTleba, dasvenebisa da garTobis obieqtebi, miusafarTa ganTavseba, moxucebulTa movla, kultura da sporti, saritualo momsaxureba, saSualo da profesiuli ganaTleba. CamoTvlil kompetenciaTa aRsrulebisTvis adgilebze unda iyos Sesabamisi uflebamosilebani, kerZod: maregulirebeli uflebamosileba rac niSnavs rom adgilobrivi saqmeebis marTvis funqciis mqone instituts unda SeeZlos politikis SemuSaveba da TiToeuli kompetenciis ganxorcielebisTvis aucilebeli normatiuli bazis miReba; administraciuli uflebamosileba rac niSnavs rom adgilobrivi saqmeebis marTvis funqciis mqone instituts unda SeeZlos aucilebeli sajaro dawesebulebebis da administraciuli organoebis Seqmna safinanso uflebamosileba - rac niSnavs rom adgilobrivi saqmeebis marTvis funqciis mqone instituts unda SeeZlos saWiro sajaro finansebis mobilizeba da marTva, adgilobrivi biujetebis damtkiceba, Sesruleba da kontroli; qonebrivi uflebamosileba - rac niSnavs rom adgilobrivi saqmeebis marTvis funqciis mqone instituts unda SeeZlos saWiro qonebis floba da gankargva. erTaderTi dokumenti romelic saerTo evropul standarts adgens aris evropis sabWos adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis evropuli qartia. igi evropis sabWos wevr TiToeul saxelmwifos akisrebs valdebulebas rom 70

moaxdinos adgilobriv saqmeTa marTvis funqciis gadacema adgilebze. es qartia ambobs, rom im organos romelic adgilobriv saqmeebs marTavs unda hqondes sruli (oTxive saxis) uflebamosileba raTa adgilobrivi saqmeebi marTos damoukideblad da sakuTari pasuxismgeblobis qveS (anu avtonomiurad). amrigad, evropis qartia mkafiod gamijnavs adgilobrivi saqmeebis marTvas erovnuli saqmeebis marTvisgan. swored amitom, institucias romelic adgilobrivi interesebis realizebas axdens da gankargvas adgilobriv saqmeebs, ewodeba adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organo an adgilobrivi xelisufleba yovelive es ar niSnavs, rom centralur xelisuflebas adgilobriv saqmeebTan mimarTebaSi roli ara aqvs. piriqiT, centraluri xelisuflebis roli umniSvnelovanesia. uwinares yovlisa, swored centraluri xelisufleba adgens, Tu ra kompetenciebi unda Sediodes adgilobriv saqmeTa portfelSi, radgan es umeteswilad damokidebulia qveynis politikur sistemaze, kulturasa da istoriul ganviTarebaze, Sesabamisad, zog qveyanaSi es portfeli didia, zogSi ki patara (ix, cxrili N1). aseve, centraluri xelisufleba zedamxedvelobas uwevs adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebs, raTa maT daicvan kanonmdebloba, qveynis suverenitetisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis principebi. qveynis centraluri xelisufleba uzrunvelyofs saerTo erovnul solidarobas da SesaZleblad Tanabar pirobebs qmnis yvela TviTmmarTveli erTeulisTvis. aseTi urTierTmimarTeba erovnul da adgilobriv doneebs Soris aucilebelia qveynisa da sazogadoebis erTianobis SesanarCuneblad. Sejamebis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas rom evropaSi adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arseboba emyareba 4 ZiriTad princips 1. adgilobrivi interesebis legitimurobis aRiarebas da maT gansxvavebas saerTo erovnuli interesebisgan; 2. adgilobriv saqmeTa mkveTr gamijvnas saerTo erovnuli saqmeebidan; 3. adgilobriv saqmeTa damoukideblad marTvis uflebis aRiarebas;

4. saerTo erovnuli solidarobis da kanonis uzenaesobis primatis aRiarebas rogorc erovnuli aseve adgilobrivi xelisuflebis mier. zemoCamoTvlili oTxive komponenti umniSvnelovanesia da erTi maTganis amovardnis SemTxvevaSi mTeli sistema dgeba kraxis winaSe. swored adgilobriv saqmeTa amgvari gageba aris evropuli demokratiis mTavari ganmasxvavebeli niSani, rogorc totalitaruli (an avtoritaruli) saxelmwifoebidan aseve aziuri tipis politikuri reJimebidan. radgan aq adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba uwinaresad faseulobaTa sistemas emyareba da Semdeg politikur Tu ekonomikur motivacias. 2.2 adgilobriv interesTa institucionalizacia TavisTavad cxadia, rom adgilobrivi saqmeebis marTvas Sesabamisi xelisufleba esaWiroeba. es xelisufleba sajaro administrirebis damoukidebeli rgolia, radgan igi eqskluziurad adgilobriv saqmeTa marTvisTvis unda iqnes Seqmnili. adgilobrvi TviTmmarTvelobis evropuli qartia adgens zogad standarts rom adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba unda xorcieldebodes xalxis mier sayovelTao, pirdapiri da faruli kenWisyriT arCeuli warmomadgenlebis mier, romelTac eqvemdebareba da angariSs abarebs adgilobrivi aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba. am standartiT TviTmmarTvelobis evropuli qartia ganmartavs rom adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba xorcieldeba saarCevno demokratiis meSveobiT, xolo Tu rogori iqneba TviTmmarTvelobis Sida struqtura es aris erovnuli kanonmdeblobis gadasawyveti, radgan TviTmmarTvelobis instituciuri mowyoba didad aris damokidebuli qveyanaSi arsebul politikur sistemaze, kulturasa da tradiciebze. mTavari moTxovna rasac qartia ayenebs gaxlavT is rom adgilobrivi aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba unda emorCilebodes da angariSs abarebdes adgilobrivad arCeul pirebs, rac aucilebelia adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organos erTianobis SesanarCuneblad. TviTmmarTvelobis instituciuri mowyoba sxvadasxva politikur sistemaSi sxvadasxvagvaria, rac ZiriTadad damokidebulia imaze Tu sajaro saqmeTa marTvis da gadawyvetilebis miRebis rogori kulturaa damkvidrebuli 72

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konkretul qveyanaSi. zogadad SeiZleba ori tipi gamoiyos: pirveli rodesac marTva emyareba Zlier liderobas da umravlesobis nebis upirobo gatarebas da meore rodesac marTva emyareba konsesuss da mravalgvari interesis monawileobas. pirvel SemTxvevaSi Cven gvaqvs Zlieri, pirdapiri wesiT arCeuli meris instituti, romelic aris adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis umaRlesi piri da romelic xelmZRvanelobs adgilobrivi TviTmarTvelobis rogorc warmomadgenlobiT aseve aRmasrulebel organos. meore SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs arCeuli warmomadgenlobiTi organo romelic Tavisi Semadgenlobidan irCevs TviTmmarTvelobis pirvel pirs, rac Seexeba adgilobriv aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas zogan igi imarTeba daniSnuli menejeris mier, zogan ki arCeuli warmomadgenlobiTi organo sakuTari wevrebiT akompleqtebs aRmasrulebel komitetebs, romelic axdens Sesabamisis adgilobrivi samsaxurebis marTvas. evropaSi orive modeli aqtiurad gamoiyeneba, iseTi qveynebi rogoricaa: germania (zogierTi miwa), italia, rumineTi, slovakeTi iyenebs merebis arCevis pirdapir wess. iseTi qveynebi rogoricaa espaneTi (damokidebulia municipalitetis zomaze), irlandia, norvegia, SvedeTi, dania, CexeTi iyeneben adgilobrivi sabWos mier arCeuli merebis instituts. aRsaniSnavia, rom meri evropaSi arCeuli piris sinonimia, magram, miuxedvad amisa, belgiaSi merebi monarqis mier iniSnebian. (ixile cxrili 2) Zalze Znelia imis Tqma Tu TviTmmarTvelobis institucionaluri mowyobis romeli gza sjobia. am sakiTxze didi xania mimdinareobs msjeloba, magram rac dro gadis cxadi xdeba, rom konkretuli qveynisTvis yvelaze ukeTesia is modeli romelic yvelaze ufro metad miesadageba mis politikur sistemas da tradiciebs, romelic yvelaze ufro metad iZleva adgilobrivi interesebis realizebis saSualebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis instituciuri mowyobis niderlandebis modeli evropis sabWos mxridan mkacri kritikis sagania, Tavad am qveynis politikuri speqtris mier arasdros dasmula realurad am sistemis reformirebis sakiTxi, radgan igi farTo politikuri konsensusis sagani iyo da aseTad rCeba dResac.

aris mTeli rigi qveynebisa, romlebic gaSualebul variants iyeneben, sadac meri pirdapiraa arCeuli magram warmomadgenlobiT organos aqvs meris gadawyvetilebebze vetos dadebis ufleba da municipaluri samsaxurebis uSualo marTvas axorcielebs municipaluri kabineti, romelic warmomadgenlobiTi organos mier mtkicdeba (TurqeTi, ukraina, poloneTi). aris magaliTebi sadac sakanonmdeblo organo Zalze Zlieria da municipaluri kabinetis wevrebi imavdroulad arian adgilobrivi warmomadgenlobiTi organos wevrebi, aq xSirad municipaluri mTavroba koaliciuria (e.w. norvegiuli miniparlamentarizmis modeli). am mravalferovnebidan mxolod erTi kanonzomierebis dadgena SeiZleba, Zlieri da pirdapir arCeuli meris SemTxvevaSi maRalia pirovnuli legitimacia, rac imperatiuli politikis gatarebis saSualebas iZleva. dabalansebuli modelis SemTxvevaSi (sakrebulo vetos uflebiT) sistema efeqturad muSaobs Tu mers aqvs myari umravlesoba sakrebuloSi, Tu meri aseTi mxardaWeriT ver sargeblobs maSin municipalitetis saqmianoba torpedirebulia (q.kievis magaliTi), radgan Tavs iCens politikuri krizisi romlis gadaWris erTaderTi gza xSir SemTxvevaSi pirdapiri saxelmwifo mmarTveloba da adgilobrivi arCevnebia. rac Seexeba arapirdapir arCeuli meris instituts (susti meri Zlieri sakrebulo) aq politikis SemuSavebisa da gatarebis procesi erTob rTuli da xangrZlivia, radgan igi gulisxmobs konsensuss mraval interess Soris, Tumca rogorc wesi aseT sistemaSi aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba da politika ufro dabalansebulia. Tumca, aucileblad unda aRiniSnos, rom es sistema warmatebiT muSaobs mxolod politikuri pluralizmis tradiciebis mqone qveynebSi. Tu am sistemas movargebT erTpartiul garemos (partia-saxelmwifos models) maSin adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba srulad dakargavs damoukideblobas, radgan Zalze didi iqneba mmarTveli partiis zegavlena adgilobriv saqmeebze da aseT pirobebSi rogorc wesi centraluri saqmeebi adgilobriv saqmeebze batonoben. monopartiul sistemaSi, pirdapir arCeuli meris instituti ufro amarTlebs, radgan maRali legitimaciis mqone 74

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adamianebi ufro axerxeben partiuli kontrolis mimarT moqnilobis SenarCunebas vidre kolegialuri organoebi, sadac yovelTvis SeiZleba dahyavi da ibatone principis gamoyeneba. daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas rom, politikuri sistemebi mkafio gavlenas axdenen TviTmmarTvelobis instituciur mowyobaze. saparlamento respublikebi ufro iyeneben arapirdapir arCeuli meris an Sualedur models, maSin rodesac saprezidento sistemebSi ufro Zlieri meris modelia gavrcelebuli. aRsaniSnavia, rom adgilobriv saqmeTa marTvis instituciuri mowyobis daxvewa jer kidev mimdinareobs. gansakuTrebiT mravalmxrivi gaxda es procesi sabWoTa sistemis kraxis Semdeg, rodesac aRmosavleT evropis bevr qveyanaSi daiwyo evropuli stilis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis damkvidreba. ramdenime qveyanam (poloneTi, litva, bulgareTi) ramdenjerme Secvala adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis instituciuri mowyobis modeli da bevrgan es procesi jer kidev ar aris dasrulebuli. 2.3 adgilobrivi saarCevno sistemebi adgilobrivi saarCevno sistema damokidebulia or mTavar faqtorze municipalitetebis zomaze da politikur kulturaze. municipalitetis zoma ZiriTadad ganapirobebs imas Tu vin arian saarCevno subieqtebi - politikuri partiebi Tu individebi. rac ufro patara zomisaa adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organo, miT ufro naklebad mimzidvelia igi politikuri partiebisTvis da aq ZiriTadad pirovnebebi (romlebic SeiZleba partiebis warmomadgenlebic iyvnen) ibrZvian mandatebisTvis. rigi qveynebis patara erTeulebSi (100-ze naklebi amomrCveli) saerTod ar airCeva warmomadgenlobiTi organo da mis funqcias moqalaqeTa saerTo kreba asrulebs ( mag. espaneTSi). msxvili erTeulebi (10 000 meti amomrCeveli) politikuri partiebisTvis erTob mimzidvelia, radgan aq ufro meti mmarTvelobiTi funqcia da finansuri resursebia Tavmoyrili. rogorc wesi msxvili TviTmmarTveli erTeulebi evropaSi naklebad arian finansurad damokidebuli centralur xelisuflebaze, rac partiebs adgilobriv saqmeebTan mimarTe75

baSi damoukidebeli politikis gatarebis saSualebas aZlevs. Sesabamisad, msxvil erTeulebSi adgilobrivi arCevnebis ZiriTadi subieqtebi politikuri partiebi arian. msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, Tu realuri TviTmmarTvelobis pirobebSi vin ufro ukeT warmoadgens adgilobriv interess - partiis saxeliT gasuli sakrebulos wevri Tu damoukidebeli deputati - fuWi msjelobaa, radgan arCeuli politikosis erTaderTi funqcia adgilobrivi interesebis warmodgenaa da xelisuflebaSi mosuli individi Tu politikuri Zala Zalauflebas ver SeinarCunebs Tu am moTxovnas ar upasuxebs. zogadad, iTvleba rom damoukidebeli deputati Tavisufalia partiuli valdebulebebisgan da igi mTel Zalisxmevas eleqtorats axmars, magram es sisustec SeiZleba iyos, radgan partiis warmomadgenels aqvs politikuri mxardaWera da mas ufro gauioldeba im sakiTxebis mogvareba romelic centraluri xelisuflebis an sxva politikuri ZalTa mxardaWeras saWiroebs. praqtika aseve mowmobs, rom damoukidebeli deputatebi ufro iolad eqcevian centraluri xelisuflebis gavlenis qveS, vidre is deputatebi visac partiuli kuTvnileba da pasuxismgebloba aqvT. ase rom damoukideblobas pliusebTan erTad mravali minusic SeiZleba hqondes. meore faqtori rac gavlenas axdens warmomadgenlobaze aris saarCevno sistema. aseTi sistema oria: proporciuli warmomadgenloba sadac mandatebi warmomadgenlobiT organoSi nawildeba amomrCevlebis mier saarCevno subieqtebisTvis micemuli xmebis proporciulad (avstria, belgia, bulgareTi da sxva) da maJoritaruli sadac adgilebi warmomadgenlobiT organoSi miaqvs im saarCevno subieqts vinc meti xma moagrova arCevnebSi (britaneTi, safrangeTi, serbia da sxva). xSirad gvxdeba Sereuli variantic, sadac orive saxis warmomadgenlobaa. dReisaTvis evropaSi yvela zemoCamoTvlili varianti gamoiyeneba (ix cxrili 3). iTvleba, rom proporciuli warmomadgenloba ufro ukeT asaxavs adgilobriv interesebs da politikur ZalTa balanss vidre sistema roca gamarjvebuls miaqvs yvelaferi. Tumca am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi politikis SemuSaveba da gatareba ufro iolia.

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partiuli siebiT arCevnebis dros biuletenSi xmis micemis sami wesi moqmedebs. pirvelia e.w. Ria siebi rodesac amomrCevels SeuZlia xma misces sxvadasxva kandidatebs sxvadasxva partiul siaSi, meore e.w. naxevrad daxuruli sia sadac amomrCevels SeuZlia Semoxazos ramdenime kandidati mxolod erT partiul siaSi, da mesame e.w. daxuruli sia sadac amomrCeveli xmas aZlevs mTlianad partiul sias. im SemTxvevaSi Tu saarCevno subieqtebi arian politikuri partiebis an sainiciativo jgufis mier wardgenili individebi (rogorc CvenTan uwodeben maJoritaruli arCevnebi), maSin moqmedebs ori principi: pirveli Ria biuleteni, sadac CamoTvlilia yvela kandidati da amomrCeveli Semoxazavs imdens, ramdeni adgilicaa warmomadgenlobiT organoSi (erTi mravalmandatiani olqi), an meore - TviTmmarTvelobis teritoria iyofa imden saarCevno olqad ramdeni adgilicaa sakrebuloSi da TiToeuli olqi ubralo umravlesobiT (50%+1 xma) irCevs sakrebulos erT wevrs (mravali erTmandatiani olqi). evropis qveynebi orive wess aqtiurad iyeneben, xSiria SemTxvevebi rodesac erTi qveyana mcire zomis erTeulebisTvis iyenebs e.w. maJoritarul arCevnebs xolo didi zomis TviTmmarTvelobis erTeulebisTvis - proporciul arCevnebs. (ix. cxrili ). rac Seexeba politikur sistemebs, cnobilia rom saparlamento respublikebi adgilobrivi sabWoebis asarCevad umetesad Sereul da proporciul warmomadgenlobas iyeneben. xolo meris pirdapiri wesiT arCevis dros ki umTavresad maJoritaruli warmomadgenloba gamoiyeneba. kidev erTi umniSvnelovanesi faqtori romelic gavlenas hpovebs warmomadgenlobaze aris warmomadgenlobis done (anu mandatebis korelacia amomrCevlis raodenobasTan). evropaSi warmomadgenlobis karg doned iTvleba roca erTi adgilobrivi deputatis ukan 2 500 - 5 000 amomrCevelia, Tumca realobaSi arian erTeulebi sadac es cifri 1 000 amomrCevelze naklebia (safrangeTi) an zogan 500 000 amomrCevelze metia (didi britaneTi). ase rom erTiani standarti aq ar arsebobs da warmomadgenlobis done damokidebulia ara imdenad politikur sistemaze, ramdenadac teritoriul-administraciul mowyobaze. 77

rogorc wesi adgilobriv arCevnebSi moqmedebs igive uflebrivi reJimi rac centraluri parlamentis arCevnebis dros. gansxvaveba minimaluria. kerZod, evropis umetes qveynebSi adgilobriv warmomadgenlobiT organoebSi aqtiuri saarCevno ufleba miniWebulia 18 wlidan, maSin roca centralur parlamentebSi arCevisTvis bevr qveyanaSi minimaluri asakobrivi zRvari 25 welia. kidev erTi specifika rac adgilobriv arCevnebs axasiaTebs is gaxlavT, rom nebadarTulia ara marto moqalaqeobis mqone, aramed binadrobis mqone pirebis monawileobac. es ganpirobebulia adgilobrivi saqmeebis bunebiT, radgan es saqmeebi ZiriTadad sacxovrebel garemosTanaa dakavSirebuli, Sesabamisad pasiuri saarCevno ufleba eniWeba yvelas vinc am arealze cxovrobs. Tumca zogierTi qveyana mainc iyenebs daTqmebs, magaliTad did britaneTSi es ufleba aqvT mxolod Tanamegobrobis saxelmwifoTa moqalaqeebs, espaneTSi mxolod norvegiis moqalaqeebs, sxva evropuli qveynebis absolutur umravlesobaSi ki yvelas visac binadrobis ufleba aqvs. pirdapiri demokratia rogorc adgilobrivi warmomadgenlobis instrumenti adgilobrivi interesebis warmomadgenlobaze didi gavlena aqvs agreTve imas Tu rogoraa organizebuli adgilobrivi gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesi. radgan gadawyvetilebebis miRebis dros adgilobrivi interesebi SeiZleba warmodgenili iqnen ara marto saarCevno demokratiis meSveobiT (rogorc amas TviTmmarTvelobis evropuli qartia iTxovs) aramed pirdapiri demokratiis instrumentebis gamoyenebiTac. pirdapiri demokratiis instrumentebia moqalaqeTa komitetebi, sajaro Sexvedrebi, sakonsultacio jgufebi, rac kargad SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli adgilobrivi interesebis dasacavad. Tumca saarCevno demokratiisgan gansxvavebiT pirdapiri demokratia ar aris garantirebuli kanonmdeblobiT da igi ZiriTadad adgilobrivi xelisuflebis politikur nebazea damokidebuli.

78

dakvirveba aCvenebs, rom pirdapiri demokratiis gamoyeneba ZiriTadad xdeba im qveynebSi sadac politikuri pasuxismgebloba gadanawilebulia mraval subieqts Soris, xolo iq sadac moqmedebs modeli gamarjvebuls miaqvs yvelaferi, pirdapir demokratiis imitacia xdeba da ZiriTadi gadawyvetilebani mainc umravlesobis nebiT wydeba. zogadad Zlieri sakrebulos arsebobis pirobebSi ufro iolia pirdapiri demokratiis amuSaveba da igive Crdilo evropis gamocdileba mowmobs rom samoqalaqo jgufebs aq ufro meti gavlena aqvT gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesze vidre igive did britaneTsa Tu italiaSi. 2. daskvna da Sedareba saqarTvelosTan

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom adgilobrivi interesebis warmodgenis efeqturi instituti aris adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba, romlis warmomadgenlobiTi organo valdebulia amomrCevlis interesebis Sesabamisad marTos adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis saqmeebi. miuxedavad imisa rom mraval evropul qveyanaSi adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebi adgilobrivi saqmeebis marTvis paralelurad, centraluri xelisuflebis mier delegirebul amocanebsac asruleben, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba uwinaresad mainc adgilobrivi interesebis realizaciis instrumentia. evropis gamocdileba gviCvenebs rom TviTmmarTvelobis instituciuri mowyoba da adgilobrivi warmomadgenloba mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli konkretuli qveynis politikur sistemaze, politikur kulturasa da sazogadoebriv institutebze. mravalmxriv interesTa warmomadgenlobiT gamoirCevian konsensusis miRwevaze damyarebuli politikuri sistemebi da saparlamento respublikebi, Tumca maJoritarizmis principebze damyarebuli warmomadgenloba ufro met operatiulobasa da simartives avlens. gamocdileba cxadyofs, rom SeuZlebelia saubari romelime konkretuli modelis optimalurobaze, radgan yoveli modeli morgebulia sakuTar garemosa da sazogadoebaze. 79

Tumca, imavdroulad, saxezea procesebi axal demokratiebSi, sadac jer kidev ar aris myarad formirebuli politikuri sistema da institutebi. Sesabamisad, am demokratiebSi kvlav mimdinareobs warmomadgenlobis srulyofa da realuri adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis formireba. erTerTi aseTi qveyanaa saqarTveloc. igi istoriuli ganviTarebis Sedegad metad mravalferovan adgilobriv Tu teritoriul interesebs Seicavs, rasac Tan erTvis separatistuli regionebis problemac. logikurad, adgilobrivi interesebis realizaciis efeqturi institutebis Seqmna qveynis politikuri elitis umTavresi sazrunavi unda iyos, magram damoukideblobis gamocxadebidan 18-e wlisTavze es sakiTxi jer kidev ar aris mogvarebuli. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba saqarTveloSi jer kidev Canasaxis mdgomareobaSi rCeba. amgvar realobas mravali gamomwvevi mizezi aqvs. magram umTavresi mainc ramdenimea, kerZod: - qarTuli mentaloba jer kidev ver asxvavebs adgilobriv interesebs nacionaluri interesebidan. ufro metic, adgilobrivi interesebis wina planze wamowevas xSirad separatizmTan igivdeba. es mentaluri xarvezi Tanabrad axasiaTebs rogorc ubralo moqalaqes aseve politikuri speqtris absolutur umravlesobas; - ar aris aRiarebuli adgilobriv saqmeTa instituti da adgilobrivi xelisufleba centraluris meqanikur gagrZelebad miiCneva. miuxedavad imisa, rom evropis sabWos zewoliT 2005 wlis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos organul kanonSi naTlad Caiwera adgilobriv saqmeTa avtonomiurobis principi da ganisazRvra misi iuridiuli CarCoebi, centraluri xelisufleba mainc eweva intervencionistul politikas Zalze bevri adgilobrivi kompetenciis mimarT. es gamoixateba rogorc organul kanonSi Setanili cvlilebebiT, aseve mmarTvelobiTi praqtikiT, roca qveynis prezidenti wyvets romel qalaqSi ra iersaxis Senobebi unda aSendes da amaSi sazogadoeba verafer ucnaurs ver xedavs. calke Temaa politikuri sistemis da demokratiuli institutebis sakiTxi saqarTveloSi. dRes arsebuli sistema ufro morgebulia pirovnul gadawyvetilebebze vid80

re instituciebsa da xangrZlivvadian politikaze. Tavad saxelmwifo mowyobis sakiTxic jer ar aris jerovnad ganxiluli, amitomac Zalze Znelia msjeloba imaze, Tu ra saxis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba iqneboda efeqturi saqarTveloSi. 2006 wels ganxorcielebulma TviTmmarTvelobis konsolidaciis reformam realuri Zvrebi ver moaxdina radgan mas ar moyolia realuri Zalauflebis gadacema adgilebze. Sesabamisad axali msxvili municipalitetebi, manamde arsebuli wvrili municipalitetebis darad, kvlav ver uzrunvelyofen adgilobrivi interesebis realizacias. is rom saqarTveloSi ver moxerxda evropuli gamocdilebis gaziarebis safuZvelze adgilobrivi interesebis warmodgenisa da realizaciisTvis aucilebeli institutebis Seqmna, ar niSnavs rom es interesebi sadme daikarga. isini arseboben da TandaTan transformirdebian konfliqtSi centralur da adgilobriv xelisuflebas Soris. jerjerobiT centraluri xelisufleba partiuli, administraciuli, sapolicio da propagandistuli saSualebebiT axerxebs am konfliqtis marTul sazRvrebSi moqcevas. magram damokles maxviliviT hkidia qarTuli politikuri sistemis Tavze riski imisa, rom konkretul momentSi es konfliqti axali ZaliT ifeTqebs. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. Local and regional authorities in Europe N60. Council of Europe Publishing 1998 2. Local authority competences in Europe, Study of the European Committee on Local and Regional Democracy (CDLR) Prepared with the collaboration of Grard Marcou, Professor at Paris I Pantheon-Sorbonne University, 2007 3. Local government in the New Europe. Ed. Bennett R.C. Landon 1999

danarTebi cxrili 1. kompetenciebis ganawileba adgilobriv doneze qveynebis mixedviT

gaerTianebuli samefo X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X niderlandebi

portugalia

safrangeTi

espaneTi

germania

ungreTi

adgilobrivi kompetenciebi

administraciuli policia/sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoeba urbanuli gegmareba mSeneblobis licenzireba garemos dacva binaTmSenebloba sabinao fondis marTva usaxlkaroTa gansaxleba socialuri dacva da socialuri programebi ganaTlebis dawesebulebaTa kapitaluri xarjebi skolamdeli ganaTleba saSualo ganaTlebis sistemis marTva adgilobrivi saavadmyofoebi poliklinikebi gzebi da transporti sasmeli wylis miwodeba eleqtroenergia bunebrivi gazi social-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dagegmva adgilobrivi qonebis marTva kanalizacia nagvis gatana sasaflaoebi da saritualo momsaxureba gare-ganaTeba, parkebi da gamwvaneba samisamarTe meurneoba kultura da sporti

X X

X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X

X X X X

X X

X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X

81

82

SvedeTi X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

italia

wyaro: Local authority competences in Europe CDLR 2007 cxrili 2 merebis arCevis sistema evropis qveynebSi

cxrili 3. adgilobrivi sabWoebis arCevis wesi evropaSi

gadasacemi xma partiuli sia saarCevno sistema saarCevno barieri

qveyana

uflebamosilebis vada (weli) 5-6 6 4 5 3 6 5-12 1 4 4 4 4 4 5

pirdapiri/arapirdapiri arCevnebi pirdapiri/ arapirdapiri iniSneba monarqis mier pirdapiri pirdapiri arapirdapiri arapirdapiri pirdapiri arapirdapiri pirdapiri arapirdapiri pirdapiri pirdapiri arapirdapiri*** pirdapiri -

saWiro umravlesoba

qveyana

avstria

5-6

proporciuli

avstria belgia bulgareTi kviprosi estoneTi safrangeTi germania irlandia italia norvegia rumineTi slovakeTi espaneTi TurqeTi

belgia

proporciuli

amomrCevelTa 50%+1 ubralo sabWos wevrTa umravlesoba sabWos wevrTa kvalificiuri umravlesoba amomrCevelTa 50%+1 sabWos wevrTa kvalificiuri umravlesoba amomrCevelTa 50%+1 sabWos wevrTa kvalificiuri umravlesoba amomrCevelTa 50%+1 amomrCevelTa 50%+1 sabWos wevrTa kvalificiuri umravlesoba ubralo

bulgareTi kviprosi estoneTi safrangeTi

4 5

proporciuli proporciuli

daxuruli da naxevrad daxuruli daxuruli da naxevrad daxuruli daxuruli daxuruli da naxevrad daxuruli daxuruli da naxevrad daxuruli damokidebulia municipalitetis sidideze

diax

ara

partiebi

diax

ara

partiebi da damoukidebeli partiebi partiebi

ara diax

ara ara

proporciuli

diax

5%

partiebi da damoukidebeli partiebi da damoukidebeli

maJoritaruli (50%<)

irlandia italia

proporciuli

Sereuli

wyaro: Local and regional authorities in Europe N60. Council of Europe Publishing 1998

norvegia rumineTi slovakeTi espaneTi

4 4 4 4

proporciuli proporciuli maJoritaruli (ubralo) proporciuli (garda patara erTeulebisa) proporciuli

daxuruli da naxevrad daxuruli Ria sia daxuruli daxuruli daxuruli

damokidebulia municipalitetis sidideze erTi gadasacemi xma diax

5-10%

ara

ara

partiebi da damoukidebeli partiebi

diax ara ara ara

ara ara ara 3%

partiebi da damoukidebeli partiebi da damoukidebeli partiebi da damoukidebeli partiebi

SvedeTi

avstriaSi arCevnebis wesi damokidebulia municipalitetis sidideze, orive SemTxvevaSi, arCeva xdeba ubralo umravlesobiT patara erTeulebSi sakmarisia kenWisyraSi monawileTa ubralo umravlesoba im erTeulebSi, sadac amomrCveli 100-ze naklebia, meri airCeva saxalxo krebis mier ubralo umravlesobiT

TurqeTi gaerTianebuli samefo

5 4

proporciuli maJoritaruli

daxuruli da naxevrad daxuruli daxuruli

diax

ara

partiebi da damoukidebeli partiebi da damoukidebeli partiebi da damoukidebeli

ara erTi gadasacemi xma

10% ara

wyaro: Local and regional authorities in Europe N60. Council of Europe Publishing 1998 84

83

subieqti

vada

Zalauflebis dayofa - eTnikuri konfliqtebis mogvarebis gza cxrili 4. aqtiuri da pasiuri saarCevno ufleba evropaSi statia momzadebulia, xatia nadaraias mier, Donald Rothild, Philip G. Roeder Dilemas os State-Building in Divieded Sociaties, Ddonald rotCildisa da filip roderis wignze, saxelmwifos mSeneblobis dilema dayofil sazogadoebebSi dayrdnobiT. qveyanaSi, sadac adre avtokratiuli reJimi arsebobda, axla ki uwesrigo, daulagebeli politikaa, demokratiis wamaxalisebeli samTavrobo institutebis mowyobis mcdelobisas, eTnikuri jgufebis liderebma ZalauflebiT aRWurvili umravlesobis tiraniisagan dacva SeiZleba moiTxovon. umciresobis liderebi SiSoben, rom umravlesobis politikuri gadawyvetilebebi da maT mier miRebuli kanonebi maT mudam wamgebian mdgomareobaSi Caayenebs. wminda maJoritaruli demokratia, amdenad, SesaZloa ar iyos misaRebi eTnikurad danawevrebuli sazogadoebis politikuri konsolidirebisTvis. umravlesobis tiraniis SezRudvis principebi cnobilia konstitucionalizmis Teoriasa da praqtikaSi, da mocemul statiaSi Cven ganvixilavT ori amgvari principis avkargianobas axal demokratiebSi eTnikuri konfliqtebis samarTavad. Zalauflebis gaziarebis strategia16, gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi yvela eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenlis CarTulobas gulisxmobs. es strategia gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi sayovelTao CarTulobis misaRwevad, konstituciur uzrunvelyofas iyenebs da mandatebs awesebs ZiriTad politikur postebze, rogorebicaa prezidenti, premierministri, ministrTa kabinetis wevrebi, parlamentis Tavmjdomare. winaswar ganawilebuli mandatebi sarkiseburad unda asaxavdes sazogadoebis eTnikur konfiguracias. Zalauflebis gaziarebis strategia, aseve materialuri da aramaterialuri resursebis ganawilebisas proporciulobis principis dacvasac iTvaliswi16Zalauflebis gaziareba terminologiurad mocemul statiaSi gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba amave krebulSi m.musxeliSvilis statiisgan. galauflebis gaziareba am SemTxvevaSi moicavs vetos uflebasac.

aqtiuri (asaki)

qveyana

qveyana

albaneTi andora avstria belgia bulgareTi xorvatia kviprosi CexeTi dania estoneTi fineTi safrangeTi germania saberZneTi ungreTi islandia irlandia italia latvia lixtenSteini

18 18 18/20 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 16/18 18 18 18 18 18 18 20

18 18 18/20 18 18 18 25 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 20

litva luqsemburgi malta moldova niderlandebi norvegia poloneTi portugalia rumineTi ruseTi san marino slovakeTi slovenia espaneTi SvedeTi Sveicaria makedonia TurqeTi ukraina gaerTianebuli samefo

18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18

18 21 18 21 18 18 18 18 23 21 18 18 (25 ri) 18 18 18 18 18 25 21 21

aqtiuri (asaki) me-

pasiuri (asaki)

wyaro: Local and regional authorities in Europe N60. Council of Europe Publishing 1998

pasiuri (asaki)

85

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nebs. Zalauflebis gaziareba amavdroulad, eTnikuri jgufebisaTvis Zalauflebis miniWebas gulisxmobs, raTa marTon sakuTari Tavi. gadawyvetilebis miRebis inkluziuri xerxi, romlis magaliTia, koaliciuri mTavrobebi, danawevrebuli gadawyvetilebis miReba, romlis magaliTia, teritoriuli decentralizacia, eTnofederalizmi, an fiskaluri decentralizacia da aseve, winaswargansazRvruli gadawyvetilebebi, romelSic biurokratiuli poziciebisa da saxelmwifo biujetis proporciuli ganawileba igulisxmeba, Zalauflebis gaziarebis umTavresi komponentebia. gamomdinare aqedan, SeiZleba gamovyoT Zalauflebis gaziarebis strategiis oTxi ZiriTadi ganzomileba: centraluri aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis inkluziuroba, teritoriuli decentralizacia, SeiaraRebuli Zalebis kontroli da dakompleqteba da Sida resursebis kontroli da ganawileba. Tumca, xSirad am strategiis Sedegad eTnikuri jgufis liderebi saerTo saxelmwifos SigniT, calkeul avtonomiur administraciul erTeulebs iTxoven. arsebobs maJoritaruli demokratisa da Zalauflebis ganawilebis alternativac, romelsac Zalauflebis dayofa ewodeba. es alternativa warmarTavs mSvidobisa da demokratiis konsolidacias im pirobebSi, romlebic Warbobs samoqalaqo omis Semdeg da naklebad mosalodnelia, rom didi xniT SesanarCuneblad eqstraordinaluri nabijebi moiTxovos, rogorebicaa: proteqtorati an saxelmwifos gayofa. Zalauflebis dayofa Zalauflebis gaziarebis strategiis alternatiulia da misgan mkveTrad gansxvavdeba. Zalauflebis dayofa efuZneba princips, rom adamianebs aqvT nacionalizmis, erovnulobis, erTi erisadmi mikuTvnebulobis gaziarebuli grZnoba, anu isini ar aprotesteben erT saxelmwifoSi Tanacxovrebas. Zalauflebis dayofis strategiis sami elementi arsebobs: samoqalaqo Tavisufleba, mravalricxovani umravlesobebi da Zalauflebis gadanawileba da dabalanseba. Zalauflebis dayofis strategia demokratias miiCnevs umravlesobis wesad, magram, amavdroulad, iswrafvis mravalferovani (sxvadasxvanairi) umravlesobebis gamoaSkaravebisken. Zalauflebis dayofis umTavresi maxasiaTe87

beli aris is, rom Zalauflebis dayofis institutebi miiswrafian Tavidan aicilon eTnikuri sxvadasxvaobebis privilegireba da cdiloben waaxalison urTierTgadamkveTi socialuri sxvadasxvaobebi. Zalauflebis dayofa politikur Zalauflebas mravalferovan politikur institutebs Soris anawilebs. Zalauflebis dayofa uzrunvelyofs aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebisgan gamoyofas da aseve sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis danawilebas. am strategiis momxreebi miiCneven, rom nebismier stabilur reJims TiToeuli warmomadgenlobiTi organosaTvis gansxvavebuli saarCevno wesi unda hqondes da mxolod am SemTxvevaSi iqneba alternatiuli umravlesobebis amsaxveli institutebis Seqmna SesaZlebeli. razea damokidebuli erTi an meore strategiis warmatebuloba? Zalauflebis gaziareba eTnikur elitaTa Soris TanamSromlobazea damokidebuli. eTnikurad an religiurad dayofil sazogadoebebSi, politikuri stabilurobis xelisSewyobas Zalauflebis gaziarebis reJimi uzrunvelyofs, romlis Sedegia xalxis naklebi monawileoba da naklebi uTanxmoeba eTnikur elitebs Soris, vidre es zogadad maJoritaruli demokratiisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebelia. saSiSia, rom Ria demokratiul politikaSi liderobdnen radikalebi nairnairi eTnikuri jgufebidan - es gamoiwvevs populisturi moTxovnebis gaaqtiurebas, anu ekonomikuri resursebis danawevrebas, met politikur da samoqalaqo dapirispirebas da ufro metic politikuri avtonomiis moTxovnasac ki. Zalauflebis gaziarebis warmateba damokidebulia eTnikuri jgufis liderebis mudmiv valdebulebaze, rom Searbilon maTi moTxovnebi da maT unarze, rom gaimijnon radikalizmis elementebisagan TavianT sazogadoebebSi. gansxvavebiT stabiluri mdgomareobisgan, aseTi Serbileba da kontroli TiTqmis ver xorcieldeba samoqalaqo omis Semdeg. ufro metic, Cven SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom radikalizebis waqezeba Tavad Zalauflebis gamnawilebeli institutebis mier aris Seqmnili, isini aqezeben eTnikur elitebs, maT moTxovnebis eskalaciisaken ubiZgeben da saSualebas aZleven, rom maT moTxovnebs omis zRvarze balansirebis politikiT daubrundnen. 88

am mizezis gamo Zalauflebis gaziarebam eTnikur liderebs Tavidan SeiZleba brZolis veli daatovebinos, magram mcire xnis Semdeg rac brZolis es veli gadaiqceva morigebis oTaxad, isini inacvleben brZolis axal velze. es aris sastiki ironia, rom Zalauflebis ganawilebis SeTanxmeba SeiZleba iyos maiZulebeli, rom gaaadvilos SeTanxmeba mSvidobis Sesaxeb sawyis fazaze, magram daemuqros stabiluri mSvidobisa da demokratiis damkvidrebas grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi eTnikurad dayofil sazogadoebebSi konsolidaciis fazaSi. swored amitom, qveyanaSi eTnikuri konfliqtis dasasruleblad Zalauflebis gaziarebis arc erTi gza ar aris windaxeduli nabiji. miT umetes, Tu Zalauflebis gaziareba gabatonebuli umravlesobis iZulebiT da ara nebiT xdeba, umciresobebi cxad signals iReben, rom umravlesoba iZulebulia umciresobaTa uflebebi daicvas. aseT SemTxvevaSi, umciresobebi Zalauflebis gaziarebis institutebs maTi uflebebis dacvis garantorad ver aRiqvamen. Zalauflebis gaziarebisas ori piroba, romelic aucilebelia mSvidobisa da demokratiis konsolidaciisaTvis aris: identobasa da resursebze zemoqmedeba. identobaze zemoqmedeba niSnavs gaziarebuli nacionalur identobis arsebobas, es ukanaskneli ki Zalauflebis gaziarebis mniSvnelovani elementia. sadac gaziarebuli nacionaluri identoba arsebobs, eTnikuri elitebi urTierTdapirispirebuli elitebi ar arian. urTierTgadamkveTi saerTo sakiTxebi moqalaqeebis eTnikurobis gancdas amcirebs. rac Seexeba resursebze zemoqmedebas, es niSnavs, rom saxelmwifo Zlieria, anu is miCneulia legitimur avtoritetad. Zalauflebis gaziarebisas mTavari nacionaluri usafrTxoebis Sida gamowvevebisgan dacvaa. Tundac iq, sadac yvela piroba arsebobs Zalauflebis gaziarebisaTvis, es strategia grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi konfliqtis wamowyebiskenaa midrekili. Zalauflebis gaziareba sinamdvileSi demokratiisaTvis damabrkolebeli SeiZleba iyos. misi gamoyenebis sami SesaZlo Sedegi arsebobs, esenia: instituciuri arastabiluroba, konfliqtebis eskalacia da Seferxebuli demokratiuli tranziti. teritoriuli decentralizaciis marcxs mecnierebi Zalauflebis gaziarebis Semdegi 89

sami dilemiT xsnian: mmarTvelobis problema, romelic maSin wamoiWreba, rodesac institutebi arasakmarisadaa mxardaWerili sazogadoebis mier, konstituciis arasrulyofileba, romelic kanonebis Sesaxeb davis gadasawyvetad moqmedebis centralur politikas moiTxovs. Zalauflebis gaziareba konfliqts ar amcirebs da piriqiTac kia, mSvidobas fitavs, imitom rom is eTnikuri jgufis liderebis ganzraxvebs konfliqtis eskalaciis Sesaxeb zrdis. rodesac Zalauflebis gaziarebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba samoqalaqo omis bolosaa miRebuli, urTierTdapirispirebuli eTnikuri jgufis liderebi mTavrobis politikis gadamwyvetebi xdebian. aseT SemTxvevaSi nebismiers, visac gadawyvetilebis mimRebi centraluri organodan politikaze zemoqmedeba unda, politika eTnikuri jgufis interesebisa da ZalauflebiT aRWurvili eTnikuri jgufis liderebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda SeimuSaos. swored amitom Zalauflebis gaziareba yvela politikas eTnikur politikad aqcevs. aseT SemTxvevaSi mosalodnelia, rom eTnikuri dayofis gamomwvevi urTierTgansxvavebuli sakiTxebi molaparakebis magidamde ver miaRwevs. ZalauflebiT aRWurvili eTnikuri jgufis liderebi midrekili arian ganamtkicon sakuTari eTnikuri jgufis erTianoba da maTSi sakuTari privilegirebuli mdgomareoba. arc erT eTnikur jgufs ar unda, rom darCes umweo mdgomareobaSi, romelic emorCileba SeTanxmebas, manam sanam sxva eTnikuri jgufebi saxelmwifosgan sargebels iReben. am yvelafris Sedegad Zalauflebis gaziarebam eTnikuri umciresobebis gandgomebis dominos efeqti SeiZleba gamoiwvios. Zalauflebis gaziarebis strategia zrdis eTnikuri jgufis liderebis ganzraxvas rom daubrundnen konfliqtebis eskalacias. Zalauflebis ganawilebis strategia calkeuli eTnikuri jgufis liderebisaTvis mTavrobaSi adgilebis gamoyofiT instituciur iaraRebs eTnikuri umciresobis xelSi aqcevs. aman ki eTnikuri jgufebis mier avtonomiuri regionebisa da sakuTari SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaaqtiurebis moTxovna SeiZleba gamoiwvios. amis Sedegi ki is aris, rom eTnikuri jgufebis xelSi instituciuri iaraRebi iyris Tavs, romlebiTac centralur mTavrobaze zemoqmedeba SeiZleba. Zalauflebis gaziarebis strategia centraluri mTavro90

bis liderebsa da eTnikuri jgufis liderebs Soris Zalauflebis dabalansebisken iswrafvis. eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenlebi unda daarwmunon, rom im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki isini iaraRs dayrian, centraluri mTavroba maT uxeSad ar moeqceva. mosalodnelia, rom instituciuri iaraRebis eTnikuri jgufis liderebis xelSi Tavmoyra centralur mTavrobaze eTnikuri jgufis batonobasa da konfliqtis eskalacias gamoiwvevs. ufro metic, Zalauflebis gaziarebis strategiam saxelmwifos SigniT intensiuri konfliqti SeiZleba gamoiwvios. aseve mniSvnelovania, rom Zalauflebis gaziarebis institutebi xels uSlis demokratiis konsolidacias, es institutebi saxelmwifos asustebs, imitom rom isini mikrosaxelmwifoebs qmnian saxelmwifos SigniT. reili, eTnikurad dayofil sazogadoebebSi inkluziurobasa da demokratiis konsolidacias Soris korelacias poulobs, magram is kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs Zalauflebis gaziarebis skolis mtkicebas, proporciuli saarCevno sistemis demokratiul Sedegebze gavlenis Sesaxeb. is aRniSnavs, rom eTnikurad dayofil sazogadoebebSi maJoritaruli saarCevno sistemebi, rogoricaa pluraluri arCevnebi erTmandatian olqebSi, mosalodnelia, rom inkluziur aRmasruleblobas uzrunvelyofs da aseve mosalodnelia, rom asocirebuli iqneba demokratiis warmatebul konsolidaciasTan. reili ambobs rom, naxevarze met eTnikurad dayofil sazogadoebebSi, romlebSic ukve stabiluri demokratiaa, maJoritaruli saarCevno sistemebia. yovelive es ki Semdeg kiTxvas warmoSobs: ris garantias iZleva Zalauflebis gaziareba, Tu ara mSvidobisa da demokratiis? Zalauflebis gaziareba SeTanxmebaa eTnikuri jgufis elitebs Soris, rom Sewyviton politikuri konfliqti. mniSvnelovan erTobebs Tu ar surT saerTo saxelmwifoSi cxovreba, danawevreba SeiZleba erTaderTi gza iyos intensiuri konfliqtidan stabilur mSvidobasa da demokratiamde wamatebuli tranziciisTvis. iq, sadac erTobebi ar uaryofen saerTo saxelmwifos, magram erTobebis liderebi ar endobian sxva eTnikuri jgufebis liderebis valdebulebebs, danawevreba SeiZleba erTaderTi 91

gza iyos mSvidobisa da demokratiisaken. gasuli saukunis ganmavlobaSi norvegiis, irlandiis, fineTis, israelis, indoeTisa da Cexoslovakiis warmatebuli magaliTebi amtkiceben, rom SesaZlebeli iyo im winapirobebis daZleva, romelic demokratiis arsebobas ar moaswavebda. am movlenebma dauSva stabiluri demokratiebis ganviTareba sxva saxelmwifoebSi, sadac is SeiZleboda SeCerebuliyo. gare Zalebma scades SeenarCunebinaT gaerTianebuli saxelmwifoebi. SedarebiT swavlebebSi nikolas sambani aRniSnavs, rom axlad damoukideblobamopovebul saxelmwifoebSi, romlebic samoqalaqo omis Semdeg danawevrebiT Seiqmna, demokratia ufro Zlieria vidre im saxelmwifoebSi, romlebic mTeli darCa samoqalaqo omis Semdeg. miuxedavad amisa, gegmebma civilizebuli gayofis Sesaxeb SeiZleba sami moulodneli sirTule gamoiwvios: SeiZleba sazRvrebi ar arsebobdes eTnikur jgufebs Soris da aman memkvidre saxelmwifoebs Soris saerTaSoriso konfliqti warmoqmnas. dayofili da modunebuli bazris ekonomikuri safasuri SeiZleba sarisko iyos. saxelmwifos dayofam axali umciresobebi SeiZleba warmoSvas, sazRvrebTan emigrantTa gazrdili raodenoba da memkvidre saxelmwifoebSi eTnikuri wmenda warmoSvas. am sirTuleebma SeiZleba gadawonos dayofis upiratesobebi, amitom danawevreba eTnikurad dayofil sazogadoebaSi samoqalaqo omebisa umjobesi gadawyveta ar unda gaxdes. is SeiZleba saukeTeso arCevani iyos, rodesac eTnikuri jgufebi imdenad ar endobian erTmaneTs, rom maT erTad cxovreba stabilur demokratiaSi ar SeuZliaT da Zalauflebis ganawilebis institucianalizebas iTxoven, rogorc pirobas maTi SeTanxmebisaTvis, rom TavianT mowinaaRmdegeebTan erTad erT saxelmwifoSi iarsebon. am SemTxvevaSi separatistul saxelmwifoSi mSvidobisa da demokratiis konsolidirebis inicirebisTvis danawileba SeiZleba naklebad misaRebi gza iyos. eTnikurad dayofil sazogadoebebSi samoqalaqo omis Semdeg, saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba axali saxelmwifos Seqmnis (rogoricaa bosnia) an arsebuli saxelmwifoebis gaerTianebisken miiswrafvis (rogoricaa makedonia) gaerTianeba unda moxdes ise, rom saxelmwifos sxvadasxva nawilebma erovnulobis saerTo gancda unda gaiziaron, minimum saerTo saxelmwi92

foSi Tanaarsebobaze unda SeTanxmdnen, erovnulobis es gaziarebuli grZnoba eTnikurad dayofil sazogadoebebSi, rogorebicaa indoeTi, samxreT afrika da Zalian bevri unitaruli postkomunisturi saxelmwifo mniSvnelovania demokratiis warmatebisaTvis. amitom rodis unda SevakowiwoT arsebuli saxelmwifo an piriqiT davyoT is damokidebulia konfliqtSi monawile mxareebis miznebze. arsebuli saxelmwifos erTianad SenarCuneba relevanturi strategiaa, rodesac eTnikuri jgufi iziarebs saerTo saxelmwifos valdebulebebs. saxelmwifos SenarCuneba Sesaferisi strategia ar aris maSin, rodesac erTi an ramdenime eTnikuri jgufi gamoTqvams saerTo saxelmwifosagan gamoyofis survils. zogierT SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos calkeul damoukidebel erTeulebad danawevreba ukeTesic kia, aseT SemTxvevaSi TiToeul nawils SesaZlebloba eqneba misTvis sasurveli mmarTveloba daamkvidros. arsebuli saxelmwifos dayofa Semdeg safrTxeebs warmoSobs: ltolvilTa gazrdili raodenoba, administraciuli gadasaxadebi da saerTaSoriso daZabuloba. TumcaRa, aRmosavleT timoris magaliTi indoneziidan gviCvenebs, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi danawileba umjobesia, raTa Tavidan aviciloT erTad cxovrebis gaurkvevlobebi. gansxvavebiT Zalauflebis gaziarebisgan, Zalauflebis dayofa gacilebiT ukeT esadageba stabilurobisa da demokratiis damkvidrebis amocanebs. eri-saxelmwifos mowyobis strategiis SerCevisas centraluri samTavrobo organoebi imas unda asaxavdnen, rac yvela nawilisaTvis saerToa, anu imas, rac erovnulobis safuZvels Seqmnis. SezRuduli mmarTveloba samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa da privatuli iniciativebisadmi ndobis gazrdas niSnavs im sakiTxebSi, romlebic hyofs mowinaaRmdege mxareebs. saerTo konsesusi individebsa da jgufebs Soris, rom isini darCebian erTad erT saxelmwifoSi, gaiziareben da SeinarCuneben saSinao kanonebs da erTad ibrZoleben gare mtris winaaRmdeg, ayalibebs moqalaqeobis grZnobas, amis Sedegad miiReba Tanamedrove minimaluri saxelmwifo, sadac centraluri mTavroba moaxdens im ideebis reprezentacias, rasac yvela eTnikuri jgufis moqalaqeebi iziareben. Zalauflebis dayofis strategia eTnikur saz93

Rvrebs amcirebs - politikis yvelaze mwvave, identobisa da kulturuli sakiTxebis, mTavrobis gankargvis sferodan amoRebiTa da maTi samoqalaqo sazogadoebisaTvis mindobis gziT. eTnikurad dayofili sazogadoebis liderebma SezRuduli mTavrobis teqnika unda gamoiyenon, raTa politika naklebad nulovanjamovanad aqcion. Zalauflebis dayofis strategia eTnikuri da sxva saxis umciresobaTa uflebebs samoqalaqo uflebebiT icavs. uflebebi, romliTac sargebloben kulturuli umciresobebi identuri unda iyos kulturuli umravlesobis wevrTa uflebebisa. aseve eTnikuri umciresobebis uflebebi identuri unda iyos sxva tipis umravlesobebisa da umciresobebis uflebebisa samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi. TumcaRa eTnikuroba ar aris privilegia politikuri monawileobisaTvis. Zalauflebis dayofa demokratias miiCnevs umravlesobis wesad, romelic miiswrafis mravalricxovani alternatiuli umravlesobebis gamoaSkaravebisaken. politikur institutebs sazogadoebaSi arsebuli sxvadasxvaobisaTvis formis micema SeuZlia. Zalauflebis dayofis institutebi miiswrafis eTnikuri umciresobebis privilegireba Tavidan aicilos da urTierTgadamkveTi sxvadasxvaobebis ganviTarebas Seuwyos xeli. Zalauflebis ganawilebisa da maJoritaruli demokratiis Sepirispirebisas, Cven gvjera Zalauflebis danawilebis uaryofisadmi adreuli institucionaluri damokidebulebis, romelic uaryofs Zalauflebis danawilebas da asocirdeba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciasTan, jeims medisonis mixedviT, umravlesobis mmarTvelobis erTi SezRudva is aris rom, umciresobaTa jgufebs samTavrobo ZalauflebaSi monawileobis saSualebas ar aZleven, magram mTavrobis xarjze, sxvadasxva umravlesobebisTvis damoukidebel organoebsa da mTavrobaSi muSaobis uflebis miniWebiT, individualur Tavisuflebasa da uflebebs uzrdian. Zalauflebis dayofis strategiis sami elementi arsebobs: samoqalaqo Tavisufleba, mravalricxovani umravlesoba da kontroli da balansi. mokled rom vTqvaT, iseT demokratiebSi, romlebSic Zalaufleba dayofilia saxelmwifo Zalaufleba samTavrobo da samoqalaqo sazogadoebas Sorisa ganawilebuli. yvelaze mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi, romlebic eTnikur jgufebs hyofs, mTavrobis mier unda iyos 94

gadawyvetili rogorc yvela eTnikuri jgufisaTvis saerTo, Zalauflebis danawilebis institutebi gadawyvetilebis mimReb erT centrs abalansebs da umravlesobas akontrolebs. gadawyvetilebis miRebis uflebis konstituciur ganawilebaSi, Zalauflebis ganawilebis strategia da individebis xelSia mTavrobaze ar aris damokidebuli, es kerZo, (privatuli) sferos mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebebs samoqalaqo sazogadoebas utovebs. medisoni aRiarebs, rom gadawyvetilebis miRebis uflebaze SezRudvebi iseve mniSvnelovania, rogorc mTavrobaSi myofi nebismieri umravlesobis SezRudva. magaliTad medisoni miiCnevs, rom iseT kulturul sakiTxebSi, rogoricaa religia, mTavroba ar unda ereodes. samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi mTavaria interesebisaTvis xelsayreli instituciuri pirobebis Seqmna, rom isini moqnilad da TviTgansazRvrulad iqcnen, vidre Sereul da mTavrobis mier gansazRvrul mocemulobebad. imitom, rom liberaluri reJimebi midrekili arian Seamsubuqon bzari, romelic dominantur eTnikur jgufebSi warmoiSoba, farTo masStabiani individualuri Tavisuflebebi aseve zrdis SesaZleblobas, rom umravlesoba calkeuli interesebis mixedviT daiyofa. iq, sadac Zalauflebis gamyofi institutebi arsebobs, mosalodnelia, rom eTnikuri identurobebi specifikuri politikuri sakiTxebiT SeizRudos da eTnikuri umravlesobebisTvis Zneli gaxdes maTi eTnikuri jgufis politikuri hegemoniis SenarCuneba. SejibrebiToba dominantur eTnikur jgufs Soris warmoSobs subjgufebs. es ar warmoadgens urTierTgadamkveT gansxvavebulobas, is ar aris damokidebuli SejibrebiT loialurobaze, romelic individebs eTnikur jgufebad kravs, aramed damokidebulia umravlesobis eTnikur jgufs Soris arsebul SejibrebiTobaze. Zalauflebis danawileba samTavrobo Zalauflebis yvela doneze uwyobs xels dayofas rogorc mTavrobis damoukidebel ganStoebebs Soris, aseve calkeul specializebul nawilebs Soris, romlebic gansxvavebul umravlesobebs warmoadgenen. magaliTad, bevr adgilas qalaqis arCeuli municipaliteti, skolis gamgeoba da sxva warmoadgens sazogadoebas sxvadasxvanairad, anu mTel sa95

zogadoebas warmoadgens da TiToeul gansxvavebul umravlesobebs sajarod gamosvlis saSualebas aZlevs. Zalauflebis dayofis sami upiratesobaa: meti efeqturoba, meti demokratia da umciresobebisgan Semdgari umravlesoba. stefan holmsi aRniSnavs, rom Zalauflebis danawileba Sromis danawilebis efeqturi formaa, zogierT SemTxvevaSi samTavrobo funqciebis efeqturi ganawilebiTa da organizaciiT. amitomac damoukidebeli sasamarTlo Tavdapirvelad damkvidrda ara Zalauflebis SezRudvis mizniT aramed piriqiT, rom gaezarda mTavrobis unari ukeT Seesrulebina misi saqme. bernard manini, adam prJevorski da suzan stoki miiCneven, rom es mowyoba SeiZleba ufro metad demokratiuli iyos vidre saparlamento modeli, imitom rom SeTavsebuli Zalaufleba amomrCevlebs mxolod erT xmas aZlevs. isini aRniSnaven, rom mTavroba aTasobiT gadawyvetilebas iRebs, romelic individebis keTildReobaze moqmedebs, magram moqalaqeebs am gadawyvetilebebis gakontrolebis mxolod erTi meqanizmi aqvT. isini sTavazoben Zalauflebis dayofis gadawyvetas: amitom, magaliTad, finansuri gadawyvetilebebis gamoyofa sxva saxis politikuri gadawyvetilebebisagan. aseve es aris windaxeduli pasuxi eTnikurad dayofili sazogadoebis centraluri problemisadmi. Zalauflebis damyofi institutebi, romlebic saSualebas aZleven umravlesobas, rom gazardon albaToba imisa rom eTnikuri umciresobis wevrebi politikuri umravlesobis wevrebi iqnebian da eTnikuri umravlesobis wevrebi zog SemTxvevaSi politikuri umciresobis wevrebi iqnebian. institutebs Soris Zalauflebis danawileba efuZneba alternatiul umravlesobebs. vrceli periodis ganmavlobaSi ufro Zneli xdeba umravlesobis konsensusis miRweva da rTuldeba aseTi umravlesobis SenarCuneba. kontrolisa da balansis kargad Camoyalibebul sistemaSi erTi romelime organosa da erTi umravlesobis Zalauflebis gafarToeba eTnikuri umciresobebis xarjze sxva organoebis winaaRmdegobas gamoiwvevs. mocemuli logikis gamo, prezidentarizmi Zalauflebis realuri balansiT aRmasrulebel da sakanonmdeblo institutebs Soris demokratiisa da adamianis uflebebis damcvel parlamentarizms sjobs; orpalatiani sakanonmdeblo xelisufle96

ba SejibrebiTobaze dafuZnebuli warmomadgenlobiT, erTpalatian organoebs sjobs da aseve sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisagan damoukidebeli sasamarTlo - sust sasamarTlos. damoukidebel organoebs Zalauflebis ganawilebis demokratiuli wesi saSualebas aZlevs gadawyvetilebebi sxva organoebisagan damoukideblad miiRon. Zalauflebis ganawilebis demokratiuli wesi moiTxovs sxvadasxva organoebi gansxvavebuli umravlesobebisgan iyos dakompleqtebuli. mokled rom vTqvaT, Zveli eqsperimentebi, maJoritaruli demokratiis dayofil sazogadoebebSi asamuSaveblad, rogorebicaa aSS-sa da SveicariaSi, miznad ar isaxavs elitis ZalauflebiT aRWurvas. mis nacvlad, isini cdiloben samoqalaqo sazogadoebisadmi ndobis gazrdasa da mTavrobis Zalauflebis Semcirebas samoqalaqo uflebebis gazrdiT. isini samTavrobo Zalauflebas calkeul damoukidebel organoebs Soris anawileben da es danawileba urTierTgadamkveTi, mravalgvari umravlesobis nebas efuZneba. saerTo politikuri institutebis Seqmnamde ZiriTadi eTnikuri jgufis liderebs Soris, romlebic erTad TavianTi gansxvavebuli mosaxleobiT ers qmnian, konsensusis arseboba aucilebelia, es iwvevs mTavrobis Zalauflebis SezRudvas. maT survili unda hqondeT, rom daeTanxmon politikas, romelic yvela eTnikuri jgufisaTvis SemakavSirebelia, maT unda surdeT, rom eris, rogorc mTlianis umravlesobis xmebis politikas daeTanxmon. iq, sadac ar surT daeTanxmon umravlesobis xmebs, liderebs miaCniaT rom gansxvavebuli adamianebi ar arian erTi eris nawilebi. roca arsebobs mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi, romlis drosac eTnikuri umciresobis wevrebi ar arian politikuri umravlesobis wevrebi da eTnikuri umravlesobis wevrebi arian politikuri umciresobis wevrebi. es SeiZleba iyos samxili, rom ar arsebobs erTi eri, romelic gaaerTianebs eTnikur jgufebs. es aris SemTxveva, romlis drosac gayofa ukeTesi gadawyvetaa demokratiisaTvis, vidre Zalauflebis ganawileba. Zalauflebis ganawilebam SesaZloa eTnikuri jgufis liderebis mier sxvadasxva moTxovnebis eskalacia gamoiwvios. eTnikuri jgufis liderebi SesaZloa daubrun97

dnen TavianT moTxovnebs eqstremaluri saSualebebiT, anu Zaladobac ki SeiZleba gamoiyenon. Zalauflebis alternatiuli dayofa an mravaljeradi umravlesobebis institutebis mSeneblobis strategia amcirebs eTnikur konfliqtebs, aRwevs efeqturi gadawyvetilebis miRebas umravlesobis tiraniis institucionalizaciis gareSe da icavs eTnikur umciresobaTa uflebebs, ukavSirebs ra maT sxva tipis umciresobaTa uflebebs eTnikuri umravlesobis farglebSi. yvela mniSvnelovani jgufis warmomadgenlebs Soris. maJoritaruli demokratia intereTnikuri konfliqtebis gaZlierebis wyarod miiCneva, swored amitom mecnierebi am dilemis gadawyvetas Zalauflebis gaziarebis strategiis meSveobiT cdilobdnen. magram Zalauflebis gaziarebis SeTanxmeba SeiZleba maiZulebeli iyos, rom gaaadvilos SeTanxmeba mSvidobis Sesaxeb sawyiss fazaze, magram daemuqros stabiluri mSvidobisa da demokratiis grZelvadian perspeqtivas eTnikurad dayofil sazogadoebebSi konsolidaciis fazaSi. rogorc ukve vTqviT arsebobs maJoritaruli demokratisa da Zalauflebis ganawilebis alternativac, romelsac Zalauflebis dayofa ewodeba. es alternativa warmarTavs mSvidobisa da demokratiis konsolidacias. im pirobebSi, romlebic Warbobs eTnikuri konfliqtebis Semdeg.

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mamuka biWaSvili
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba saqarTveloSi saqarTvelos dRevandeli socialuri mdgomareobis analizisas, calkeuli politikosebi da akademiuri wreebis warmomadgenlebi xSirad aRniSnaven, rom uamravi problema romlis winaSe qveyana dgas, gamowveulia samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ar arsebobiT. amitom samoqalaqo sazogadoebaze saubari ganzraxuli gvaqvs swored am funqcionaluri kuTxiT da ara TavisTavad. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba samkauli rodia, romelic daamSvenebda saqarTvelos da rogorc TavisTavadi Rirebulebis matarebeli fenomeni, SesZenda qveyanas prestiJsa da saerTaSoriso renomes. mas gaaCnia savsebiT konkretuli socialuri datvirTva, romelic tipiuria dRevandeli dasavluri demokratiebisTvis. am TvalsazrisiT, saqarTveloSi arsebuli mdgomareobis mimoxilvam pasuxi unda gasces ramdenime mniSvnelovan kiTxvas. jer erTi gasarkvevia, Tu ra imedebs vamyarebT samoqalaqo sazogadoebaze da risTvis gvWirdeba is. Semdeg, gasarkvevia Tu ra tipis samoqalaqo gaerTianebebi arsebobs qveyanaSi da rogoria maTi finansuri wyaroebi, rogoria maTi damokidebuleba saxelmwifo struqturebTan, rogor gamoiyureba perspeqtiuli momavali da a.S. risTvis samoqalaqo sazogadoeba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arseboba imdenad mniSvnelovania ama Tu im qveynis demokratiuli ganviTarebisaTvis, rom bevri avtori samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arsebobas qveynis demokratiulobis wina pirobadac ki miiCnevs. termini samoqalaqo sazogadoeba axali drois filosofosebTan, hobsTan, lokTan, fergiusonTan da sxvebTan praqtikulad politikuri sazogadoebis eqvivalenturi iyo da is aRniSnavda qaossa da Zaladobaze damyarebuli yofis nacvlad kanonis safuZvelze marTul adamianTa erTianobas. hobsi leviaTanSi pirdapir aigivebda poli99

tikur da samoqalaqo sazogadoebebs, rac terminis dRes gavrcelebuli mniSvnelobisaTvis principulad miuRebelia. erT-erTi pirveli, vinc termins Tanamedrove mniSvneloba misca, hegeli iyo. igi samoqalaqo sazogadoebiT aRniSnavda adamianTa arapolitikur gaerTianebebs, romlebic mimarTulia individebis mravalferovani interesebis dakmayofilebaze. hegelis warmodgeniT, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba dgas ojaxsa da saxelmwifos Soris. is aris organizaciebis an institutebis erTianoba, romelic axorcielebs iseT sxvadasxva saxis samuSaos qveyanaSi, romelsac ver an ar asrulebs mTavroba. aqedan gasagebia, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arseboba misi moqalaqeebis iseTi mniSvnelovani aqtiurobis maCvenebelia, romelic mTel sazogadoebas Zalze dinamiur da kreatiul xasiaTze metyvelebs. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis institutebs Soris aTavseben iseT nebayoflobiT gaerTianebebs, rogoricaa saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebi, komunaluri fondebi, kooperativebi, garemos dacviTi organizaciebi, profesiuli asociaciebi, religiuri jgufebi, samoqalaqo klubebi, samoqalaqo milicia, akademiuri gaerTianebebi da a.S. dasavleTis demokratiebs samoqalaqo sazogadoebebis funqcionirebis didi da rac mTavaria xangrZlivi gamocdileba aqvT. nebayoflobiTi sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebi dasavleT evropasa da amerikaSi nacionalur saxelmwifoebamde ufro adre gaCnda da mniSvnelovani socialuri rolic itvirTa. es viTareba Zalze mniSvnelovnad gveCveneba saqarTvelos gamocdilebisaTvis romelsac gansxvavebuli istoriuli warsuli hqonda. sabuTad davasaxeleb ori kargad cnobili avtoris gamokvlevas - tokvilis demokratia amerikaSi da hegelis germanul konstitucias. rodesac samoqalaqo sazogadoebaze vfiqrobT, es nawarmoebebi, Cveni azriT, mniSvnelovania ara mxolod wminda Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, aramed rogorc istoriuli wyaroebi dasavleTis socialuri istoriidan. tokvilma, romelic gaocebuli iyo amerikaSi demokratiis aRmocenebiT, amerikuli saxelmwifos safuZvelSi aRmoaCina nebayoflobiTi samoqalaqo gaerTianebebi Temis saxiT da didi adgili dauTmo mis warmoSobis da funqcionirebis detalur analizs. Temi rogorc amerikel 100

axalmosaxleTa gaerTianeba, cxadia, amerikul saxelmwifoze adre warmoiSva, magram rac ufro mniSvnelovania, saxelmwifo struqturebis Camoyalibebis Semdeg mas ar Seuwyvetia arseboba da tokvilis droidan ara mxolod TanamSromlobs da socialur funqciebs inawilebs saxelmwifosTan, aramed individualuri Tavisuflebebis arsebiTi dasayrdenicaa. daaxloebiT msgavs viTarebas aRwers hegeli, rodesac germanuli TanmimdevrulobiT CamoTvlis im funqciebs, romlisaganac samoqalaqo sazogadoebas (Brgerliche Geselschaft) SeuZlia gaaTavisuflos saxelmwifo. hegeli am Sromas werda germanuli naciisTvis Zalian mZime periodSi, rodesac centraluri evropis Zveli politikuri gaerTianeba, germaneli xalxis wminda romis imperia praqtikulad daSlili iyo da misi politikuri aparati veRar pasuxobda axali epoqis gamowvevebs. aseT pirobebSi samoqalaqo sazogadoeba rogorc adamianebis sxvadasxva saxis nebayoflobiTi gaerTianebebis erToblioba iyo erTaderTi instancia, romelic uzrunvelyofda socialuri problemebis regulacias. am viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, hegelis zemoTaRniSnul gamokvlevas SegviZlia SevxedoT rogorc politikur proeqts, romelic saxelmwifosagan moiTxovda im minimaluri funqciebis Sesrulebas (jari da policia. sasamarTlo. gadasaxadebi), ris gareSec ar arsebobs politikuri organizmi. ramdenadac ganxilva principul siaxles Cveni interesebisaTvis ar SegvZens, SegviZlia ubralod aRvniSnoT, rom arsebobda amgvari proeqtis britanuli nairsaxeoba e.w. Ramis daraji saxelmwifos Teoriis saxiT, romelSiac aseve nagulisxmebia samoqalaqo sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifos funqciebis naTeli gamijvna da maT Soris kooperacia. kidev erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi romlis Taobaze aRniSnuli avtorebi sakmaris informacias gvawvdian samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ekonomikuri mxarea. hana arendti wignSi revoluciis Sesaxeb exeba ra tokvilis epoqis amerikas erTgan SeniSnavs, rom revoluciamde amerika mdidari qveyana iyo. amerika mdidari qveyana iyo ar niSnavs amerikis saxelmwifos ekonomikur Zlevamosilebas. arendts mxolod imis aRniSvna surs, rom amerikelebi ekonomikurad uzrunvelyofilni iyvnen. rodesac aq saqme 101

midgeboda raime samoqalaqo wamowyebis ekonomikur, finansur uzrunvelyofaze, mis wyaros isev xalxi, moqalaqeebi warmoadgendnen. msgavsi viTarebaa gamoikveTeba hegelis droindel germaniaSic. SeZlebuli moqalaqeebi qveynis ZiriTad ekonomikur dasayrdens warmoadgendnen. simdidre, sakuTreba, Tundac wodebrivi uTanasworobiT danawilebuli, moqalaqeebis xelSia da ara saxelmwifosi. hegelis proeqtis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba imis garkvevis mcdelobas Tu rogoraa SesaZlebeli saimperio sagadasaxado sistemis gamarTva, rac saxelmwifosaTvis sulis moTqmis saSualeba gaxdeboda.. amrigad dasavluri socialuri gamocdileba gvaswavlis, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoebis formireba win uswrebda nacionaluri saxelmwifoebis warmoSobas. samoqalaqo gaerTianebebi, samoqalaqo wamowyebebisTvis aucilebeli finansur wyaros isev moqalaqeebis nebayoflobiTi Sesawirebi warmoadgenen. Semdeg, nacionaluri saxelmwifoebis gaCena ar spobs adamianebis Tavisufal kavSirebs. piriqiT, TanamSromlobs masTan. da bolos, saxelmwifosa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebas Soris adgili aqvs funqcionalur diversifikacias. gadavavloT Tvali axla am poziciebidan saqarTvelos. postsabWouri periodi saqarTveloSi istoriuli ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelo namdvilad ar yofila samoqalaqo gaerTianebebis oazisi. warsuli jer patronymuri da Semdeg batonymuri urTierTobebi mosaxleobis umetes nawilSi adgils aRar tovebda adamianebs Soris Tavisufali gaerTianebebisaTvis. Tumca soflad arsebobda sasoflo Temi (gavixsenoT vaJa fSavelas ... Tems rac swadia mas izams Tavis Temobis wesiTa), rogorc lokaluri socialuri regulatori, magram is ufro tradiciaze damyarebuli socialuri struqtura iyo, vidre adamianebs Soris Tavisufali kooperaciis gamoxatuleba. Sua saukuneebidan moyolebuli TbilisSi arsebobda xelosnebisa da vaWrebis Tavisufali gaerTianebebi, amqari da gildiebi. saqarTvelos ruseTis imperiis Semadgen102

lobaSi Sesvlis Semdeg XIX saukuneSi qalaqSi warmoiSva saqvelmoqmedo fondebis, Tavisufali Jurnal-gazeTebis da sazogadoebriv-kulturuli daniSnulebis organizaciebis STambeWdavi raodenoba. am organizaciulma struqturebma ver poves Sesabamisi ganviTareba qveyanaSi rusuli bolSevizmis Semosvlis gamo. sabWoTa mTavrobam yvela Tavisufali organizacia daxura da adamianTa Soris urTierTobebze totaluri kontroli daamyara. ra Tqma unda, sabWoTa saqarTveloSi arsebobda sxvadasxva saxis SemoqmedebiTi organizaciebi, vTqvaT, mweralTa kavSiri, kompozitorTa kavSiri da a.S. magram es organizaciebi saxelmwifos mkacri ideologiuri zedamxedvelobis qveS imyofebodnen da finansurad mTlianad kontroldebodnen mis mier. ideologiuri kontroli am tipis dawesebulebebze sabWoTa reJimis transformaciis kvalad mkacrdeboda an msubuqdeboda, magram faqtia, rom aseTi organizaciebi saxelmwifo dawesebulebebs warmoadgendnen da is viTareba, rom calkeuli individebi amgvar pirobebSiac axerxebdnen arastandartuli, WeSmaritad SemoqmedebiTi nawarmoebebis producirebas, sulac ver scvlis saerTo suraTs. totalitarul sazogadoebaSi saxelmwifom dafara adamianis aqtivobis TiTqmis yvela sfero. misi ZalisxmeviT hegeliseuli struqturidan, saxelmwifo-korporacia-ojaxi, meore elementi mTlianad STanTqmuli iqna saxelmwifos mier da am ukanasknelis pirispir individi, rogorc atomizirebuli socialuri segmenti, sruliad marto darCa. winamdebare werilSi adgili ar aris am Tezisis gaSlili argumentirebisTvis. mxedvelobaSi maqvs, mtkiceba imis Sesaxeb, rom totalitaruli sazogadoeba individebis atomizaciis wyaroa. Cveulebriv, amgvar danaSauls Ria sabazro principebze damyarebul sazogadoebas miaweren, romelSiac gamefebulia mZafri konkurencia da arsebobisaTvis brZola. miuxedavad amisa, sadavo ar aris, rom totalitaruli reJimi ver dauSvebs adamianebis Tavisufal kooperacias da raime saxis arakontrolirebad gaerTianebebs. marTlac da, Tu Tvals gadavavlebT dRevandel qarTul sazogadoebas, romelSiac zogierTi eqsperti totalitarizmis niSnebs eZebs, Zneli SesamCnevi rodia individebis msgavsi segmentacia.

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis aqtiuri wevrebi arian e.w. NGO-ebi, anu arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, romlebmac saqarTveloSi sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg dasavleTis ZalisxmeviT daiwyes aRmoceneba. aRmosavleT evropis gamocdilebis msgavsad, ideis mixedviT, es organizaciebi (e.w. mesame seqtori) axali sazogadoebis formirebis umniSvnelovanesi berketebi unda yofiliyo, romlebic ara mxolod totalitarul warsulis memkvidreobidan gaaTavisuflebda mosaxleobas, aramed miscemda mas TviTregulirebad saxes. amitom, totalitarizmidan demokratiuli sazogadoebisaken gadasvlisaTvis Zalze didi mniSvneloba hqonda dasavleTidan, gansakuTrebiT SeerTebuli Statebidan am mimarTulebiT gaweul Zalisxmevas. demokratiuli cxovrebis didi gamocdilebis mqone dasavleTSi kargad icodnen rogor gaedoT Tanxebi reformirebadi qveyanaSi. demokratiuli saxelmwifo ar arsebobs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis, maSasadame saxelmwifosagan damoukidebeli socialuri seqtoris gareSe. amgvari seqtoris ar arsebobis pirobebSi moqalaqe mTlianad saxelmwifoze damokidebuli xdeba, rac imTaviTve noyieri niadagia totalitaruli an, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi avtoritaruli sazogadoebis reanimaciisaTvis. Sesabamisad, dasavleTi dainteresebuli iyo NGO-ebis, farTo qselis SeqmniT mTel postsabWoTa sivrceze da maT Soris saqarTveloSi. 20022003 wlebis monacemebiT, saqarTveloSi registrirebuli iyo 3000-mde arasamTavrobo organizacia, romelTagan 500dan 800-mdes miRebuli hqonda erTze meti granti. am organizaciebidan mxolod 100 Tu iqneboda imdenad aqtiuri, rom misi wevrebis saqmianoba mTlianad Semofargluli iyo am arasamTavrobo sferoTi da mxolod 20-30 arasamTavrobo organizacias SeeZlo zegavlena moexdina saxelmwifo gadawyvetilebaze (4.55). es monacemebi imdenad sainteresoa, rom upriani iqneba ufro detalurad SevCerdeT maTze.

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arasamTavrobo organizaciebis profili, proeqtebis implementacia da dafinanseba 2004 wels ISAR-is programis menejeri kavkasiaSi, maikl kleitoni aRfrTovanebuli werda arasamTavrobo organizacia varkeTilis moRvaweobis Sesaxeb, romlis wevrebmac qmediTi monawileoba miiRes Tbilisis am ubnis SuqiT momaragebis uzrenvelyofaSi (5). am organizaciis namdvilad samoqalaqo iniciativebis aRwera dainteresebul mkiTxvels Sesabamis veb-gverdze SeuZlia ixilos. CvenTvis ufro mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom es organizacia marTalia ver moxvdeboda 20-30 zemoTaRniSnul rCeul arasamTavroboTa Soris, magram uTuod sapatio adgils daikavebda 100 NGO-s Soris, romlis wevrebi ara mxolod dakavebulni arian Sesabamisi saqmianobiT, aramed realurad akeTebdnen saqmes iq, sadac saxelmwifo uZluri iyo. samoqalaqo organizaciebis profili saqarTveloSi sakmaod farToa da moicavs rogorc garemos dacviT organizaciebs, aseve qalTa, adamianis uflebaTa dacviT, politikur da socialuri problemebze momuSave gaerTianebebs. aseTi mravalferovnebis miuxedavad maTi margi qmedebis koeficienti Zalze dabalia rogorc sazogadoebrivi sargeblianobis TvalsazrisiT, aseve ufro farTod, saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis damkvidrebis kuTxiT. am mimarTulebiT arsebuli problemebidan SevarCevT ors, - dafinansebas da proeqtebis implementacias. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc sxva qveynebSi, amgvar gaerTianebebSi koncentrirebulia qveynis, socialurad aqtiuri inteleqtualuri elitis mniSvnelovani nawili, romlis ZiriTad finansur wyaros saqarTveloSi damkvidrebuli iseTi ucxouri fondebi Seadgenen, rogoricaa USAID, sorosis fondi, evraziis fondi, fondi horizonti, IREX-i, ebertis fondi da a.S. mxolod is faqti, rom e.w. mesame seqtoris finansuri uzrunvelyofa mTlianad dasavlur organizaciebs aqvT mindobili, zegavlenas iqoniebs arasamTavrobo organizaciebis moRvaweobis specifikaze da maTi Tavisuflebis xarisxze. marTlac grantis gacemamde fondebis umetesoba, ayalibebs wlis prioritetebs, sxvadasxva mimarTulebidan, vTqvaT ganaTlebidan, masmediidan, socialuri seqtoridan 105

da a.S. SearCevs romelime erTs. dafinansebas rogorc wesi mxolod is proeqtebi iReben romlebic Sesabamis wlis prioritetebs akmayofileben. TavisTavad savsebiT gamarTlebulia, rom fondma ganurCevlad ki ar daafinansos grantis momlodine arasamTavrobo seqtori, aramed ganaxorcielos es swored aRwerili, gegmazomieri saxiT, magram meore mxriv, verc imaze davxuWavT Tvals, rom aseT pirobebSi, gamodis, fondma ukeT icis qveynis ekonomikis Tu socialuri yofis romeli ubani saWiroebs daxmarebas da swored amitom misi politikaa qveynis ganviTarebis ganmsazRvreli. sazogadoeba, romelsac sakmarisi racionalizmi da qveynisadmi pasuxismgebloba axasiaTebs, iolad moaxdenda fondebis aseT politikasTan adaptirebas da Tavisufali moRvaweobis maRali xarisxis SenarCunebas, rasac samwuxarod ver vityviT qarTul arasamTavrobo seqtorze. amitom isini akeTeben ara imas rasac saWirod Tvlian, aramed imas risi gakeTebac SesaZlebelia qveynisaTvis maTTvis gaurkveveli proeqtis mixedviT. rodesac arasamTavrobo seqtoris finansur uzrunvelyofaze vfiqrobT, uyuradRebod ver davtovebT kidev erT moments. iseT ukiduresad gaWirvebul qveyanaSi, rogoric saqarTveloa, qveyanaSi sadac yvavis korufcia, umuSevroba, xolo xelfass mxolod nominaluri mniSvneloba hqonda, ara kreditebis, aramed grantebis saxiT dasavluri fondebis mier gacemuli Tanxebi normaluri arsebobis ZiriTad saSualebad iqca. saxelmwifo universitetis sociologiis kaTedris gamge, eduard kodua, romelic saukunis dasawyisSi Tavis erT-erT sagazeTo werilSi qarTvel mkvlevarTa Soris pirvelad Seexo transformaciis procesSi myofi qarTuli sazogadoebis stratifikaciis problemas, aRniSnavda, rom arasamTavrobo organizaciebSi mobilizebuli adamianebis saxiT saqarTveloSi Camoyalibda axali kasta sakmaod normaluri SemosavlebiT da rigiT moqalaqeze gacilebiT ufro uzrunvelyofili cxovrebis wesiT. aseT pirobebSi, arasamTavrobo seqtorma (miT ufro es iTqmis zemoTaRniSnul warmatebul 20-30 NGO-ze), miiRo uaRresad daxuruli, gaumWvirvale saxe. ufrTxodnen ra Sida konkurencias da Semosavliani adgilis dakargvas, arasamTavrobo organizaciebis wevrebi yovelmxriv cdilobdnen TavianTi saqmis uxmau106

rod warmarTvas1. wlebis Semdgom mesame seqtorSi Seiqmna paradoqsuli viTareba. Tu orientirad aviRebT poperis neoliberalur ideas Ria sazogadoebis Sesaxeb da am ideis safuZvelze Seqmnil sorosis fonds, mis msgavsad arasamTavrobo organizaciebs unda SeesrulebinaT raRac gamtaris funqcia saxelmwifosa da xalxis inertul masas Soris. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis mizniT, arasamTavrobo organizaciebs Ria karis politikiT unda moezidaT mosaxleobis maqsimalurad farTo fenebi, gaevrcelebinaT axali iniciativebis generirebis, kooperaciis da solidarobis unarCveva. sanacvlod, qveyanaSi Cven miviReT erT-erTi yvelaze ufro gaumWvirvale organizaciebis sistema, romelic Tavis ZiriTad deklarirebul funqcias, Tuki es funqcia sworad moviniSneT, ver asrulebda2. kidev erTi didi problema, romelic arasamTavrobo organizaciebis muSaobas axlavs saqarTveloSi Seexeba realizebuli proeqtebis praqtikul implementacias (Tuki amgvari ram igulisxmeba proeqtiT). gasuli saukunis 90iani wlebidan, rodesac arasamTavrobo seqtori qarTul saxelmwifosTan erTad idgamda fexs, maTi urTierToba sakmaod rTulad aewyo. SevardnaZis xelisufleba, miuxedavad misi lideris Rrma sabWouri gamocdilebisa, xels ar uSlida arasamTavrobo seqtoris momZlavrebas. piriqiT, qarTuli NGO-ebis udidesi nawili swored SevardnaZis dros daregistrirda da momZlavrda. magram rodesac saqme Seexeboda TanamSromlobas arasamTavrobo seqtorsa da xelisuflebas Soris, urTierToba Sors iyo sasurveilsgan. albaT ufro zusti iqneba Tu vityviT, rom Sevar1 ra Tqma unda, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi TavianT oficialur angariSebSi dawvrilebiT aRwerdnen gaweul samuSaos da xarjebs, cdilobdnen grantebis gamcemebTan, fondebis mier movlenil monitorebTan sakuTari aqtivobis gamarTlebas da reklamirebas, magram amgvari informacia, romlis didi nawili ucxo enaze iqmneboda, farTo sazogadoebisTvis ucnobi iyo, grantebis gamcemebis da mimRebebis saSinao saqmed iqca. 2 aseTi Sefaseba SesaZloa, vinmes metismetad mkacrad moeCvenos. sinamdvileSi Cven sulac ar gvsurs e.w. NGO-ebis saqmianobis utrireba da maTi wevrebis oden grantiylapiebad warmodgena. NGO-ebma saqarTveloSi gaakeTes bevri Zalian sasargeblo ram, rogorc mTlianad qveynisTvis, aseve calkeuli individebisTvis, magram samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis kuTxiT, Cven mainc vfiqrobT, rom qveynis ZiriTadi mosaxleoba iyo saqmisTvis da ara saqme iyo maTTvis.

dnaZis xelisufleba angariSs uwevda ra dasavleli partniorebis politikur gemovnebas, ubralod iTmenda arasamTavrobo organizaciebis arsebobas. Tumca zusti raodenoba ucnobia, magram mainc SeiZleba iTqvas, rom TiTebze CamosaTvlelia mesame seqtorSi momzadebuli iseTi proeqtebis raodenoba, romlis rekomendaciebic gaiTvaliswina xelisuflebam, xolo iseT SemTxvevebSi rodesac saqme Seexeboda korufcias an penitencialur sistemas da adamianis uflebebis dacvas, xelisufleba aSkarad agresiuli xdeboda da konfrontaciaSi Sedioda arasamTavrobo seqtorTan. Sedegad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom daikarga an ganuxorcielebeli darCa araerTi socialur-politikuri, ekonomikuri xasiaTis samoqmedo RonisZiebaTa nusxa da rom iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac saWiro iyo xelisuflebis araTu yuradReba da Tanadgoma, aramed garantirebuli Caurevloba, xelisuflebis qceva, iSviaTi gamonaklisebis garda, saerTo sargeblianobis principis sapirispiro iyo. kidev ufro garTulda urTierToba saxelmwifosa da arasamTavrobo seqtors Soris dRes. saakaSvilis reformebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi motivi emyareboda savsebiT swor Teziss qarTuli saxelmwifos araqmediTunarianobis Sesaxeb. sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso gamokiTxvebiT SevardnaZis droindeli saqarTvelo araerTxel aRmoCenila arSemdgari saxelmwifoebis nusxaSi. amitom, saakaSvilis mTavrobis Zalisxmeva, mcdeloba imisa, rom reformebis gziT migveRwia saxelmwifo seqtoris gaZlierebisaTvis, TavisTavad misasalmebelia. aq adgili ar aris gatarebuli reformebis avkargianobis Sesafaseblad. ufro mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia aRniSvna imisa, rom reformebma TandaTanobiT uaRresad radikaluri saxe miiRo da srul saxelmwifo kontrols dauqvemdebara socialuri sfero. ganxorcielda saxelmwifo seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa mkveTri Sekveca da adamianebis didi masis sruli marginalizacia mas Semdeg, rac sacodav mdgomareobaSi myofma qarTulma biznesma ver moaxerxa iafi gamoTavisuflebuli muSaxelis dasaqmeba. adamianebis yoveldRiuri arseboba seriozul problemad iqca, ramac sazogadoebis iseTive atomizacia gamoiwvia, rogoric zemoT iyo aRniSnuli. marTalia xelisuflebas ver davabralebT, rom man daxu108

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ra romelime arasamTavrobo organizacia, magram aseT socialur viTarebaSi arasamTavrobo seqtori sruliad ufunqciod arsebobs. mas saxelmwifom aRar dautova realuri samoqmedo veli. sxvagvarad es imas niSnavs, rom atomizirebuli individi kvlav saxelmwifos pirispir dgas Tanac imis sruli SegnebiT, rom amgvar dapirispirebaSi is yovelTvis damarcxebuli iqneba. Tu am gadasaxedidan SevafasebT saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis Zalisxmevas da gaRebul didZal finansur daxmarebas, romlis mizani iyo saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba, aSkara gaxdeba, rom es Tanxebi wyalSia gadayrili. miuxedavad amisa, saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis Zalisxmeva mTlad ukvalod ar gamqrala man garkveuli Sedegebi moitana sxva mimarTulebiT. arasamTavrobo organizaciebis moRvaweobis zogierTi Sedegis Sesaxeb rodesac saubaria arasamTavrobo seqtorSi momzadebuli proeqtebis Sesaxeb, romelTa implementacias mniSvnelovani Sedegi moyva ara mxolod garkveuli regionis, aramed mTeli qveynis masStabiT, SegviZlia ramdenime iSviaTi gamonaklisis dasaxeleba. ganaTlebis reforma, magaliTad, romelic erT-erTi yvelaze rezonansuli proeqti iyo didwilad momzadda sorosis fondSi. SeiZleba sul mcire erTi organizaciis dasaxeleba (mxedvelobaSi maqvs Tavisuflebis instituti), romlis proeqtebi SevardnaZis dros mWidrod iyo koordinirebuli xelisuflebis reformatorul ZalebTan. am organizaciis kavSirebi dRevandel qarTul xelisuflebasTan imdenad mWidro gaxda, rom is ufro Camohgavs samTavrobo inteleqtualur centrs, vidre arasamTavrobo organizacias. yvelaze mniSvnelovani Sedegi rac ucxouri fondebisa da NGO-ebis moRvaweobas moyva saqarTveloSi, iyo axali politikuri klasis, momavali mmarTveli elitis Camoyalibeba. Tavis droze, saqarTveloSi akreditebulma ucxourma fondebma, Cvens qveyanaSi dafuZnebisa da uamravi biurokratiuli barierebis dasaZlevad, cxadia pirvel rigSi xelisuflebas mimarTes. maSin xelisuflebaSi 109

myofma, rogorc uwodebdnen, axalgazrda reformatorebma (Jvaniam, saakaSvilma da sxvebma) kargad gaTvales aRniSnuli finansuri wyaros politikuri momgebianoba da rodesac xelisuflebis ufrosi Taobis warmomadgenlebi, wiTeli direqtorebi sakuTari finansuri interesebis dakmayofilebas sxvadasxva maqinaciebiT, xSirad saxelmwifos mier aRebuli ucxouri valebis datacebiT cdilobdnen, sruli kontroli daamyares im fondebze da fondebis mier msuyed dafinansebul NGO-ebze romlebis grantebis sistemaze muSaobdnen. am kontrols ormagad momgebiani xasiaTi aRmoaCnda: pirveli, fondebis da NGO-ebis maRalanazRaurebadi (programebis direqtorebis, menejerebis, koordinatorebis da a.S.) Tanamdebobebi Jvania-saakaSvilis proteJeebma daikaves. garkveuli politikuri, kerZod deklarirebulad liberaluri Rirebulebebis da institutebis ganmtkicebaze orientirebul ucxour fondebSi arsebulma maRalma finansurma uzrunvelyofam gansazRvra, erTi mxriv Jvania-saakaSvilis politikuri platforma da ltolva aSS-sken, xolo meore mxriv, kargi Sansi misca maT SeeqmnaT erTguli birTvi farTo politikuri speqtrisaTvis. meore, fondebSi ZiriTad Tanamdebobebze Tavisi xalxis gayvaniT, Jvania-saakaSvilma sakmaod soliduri saxsrebis sakuTari Sexedulebebisamebr regulirebis marjve meqanizmi moipova. Sedegad, konkretuli mimarTulebiT angaJirebuli da erTguli inteleqtualebis ricxvma ufro imata. reformatorebis gundis mier arasamTavrobo seqtoris Sesaqmnelad gamiznuli dasavluri saxsrebis gonivruli da marjve gamoyenebis kidev erT nimuSad SegviZlia gavixsenoT rusTavi 2-is daarsebis istoria, rodesac xelisuflebis mier daxurulma da Serisxulma provinciulma televiziam saTanado sagranto daxmarebis Sedegad ara mxolod adgilmdebareoba Seicvala, aramed TandaTan Camoyalibda aRniSnuli politikuri jgufis mZlavr PR manqanad. aq uTuod aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom maTi SevardnaZis xelisuflebisagan jer gandgomisas, xolo Semdeg radikaluri dapirispirebisas, aRniSnuli infrastruqtura Zalze aqtiurad monawileobda. is Camoyalibda da momZlavrda mmarTveli wreebis Tvalwin yo110

velgvari kanondarRvevis gareSe. ramdenadac es fondebisa da NGO-ebis sistema arasamTavrobo seqtoris da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis reputaciiT sargeblobda, xelisuflebis yoveli kontrzoma Zalze iolad iyo interpretirebuli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis xelyofad, Tavisufal televiziaze Tavdasxmad, korumpirebuli Cinovnikebis da mafiozuri klanebis TviTnebobad da a.S. cxadia Seqmnili viTareba, politikur brZolaSi Cabmul xelisuflebas imTaviTve wamgebian poziciaSi ayenebda, radgan iqmneboda xelisuflebis samoqalaqo sazogadoebasTan dapirispirebis, Zalauflebis TavisuflebasTan brZolis efeqti. revoluciis Semdeg aRmoCnda, rom warmatebulma arasamTavrobo organizaciebma maTze dakisrebuli amocana, romelic didad gansxvavebuli iyo mesame seqtoris momZlavrebisagan, amowura. amitom is xalxi, vinc revoluciamde dakavebuli iyo privilegirebul arasamTavrobo seqtorSi, dReisaTvis gabneulia iq sadac unda yofiliyo Tavdapirveli CanafiqriT - Seadgenen ZiriTad saxelisuflebo wreebs.

elguja meqvabiSvili
mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis ganviTareba rogorc saSualo klasis formirebis umniSvnelovanesi piroba sazogadoebis socialur-stratifikaciuli diferenciacia rTuli da sadiskusio problemaa. marqsistuli ekonomikur-deterministuli Teoria socialuri klasebis bunebis axsnas gvTavazobs materialuri warmoebis xasiaTze dayrdnobiT da ganmsazRvrel kriteriumebad miiCnevs gansxvavebul damokidebulebas warmoebis saSualebebisadmi da sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis miTvisebis wess. aramarqsisti sociologebis azriT, warmoebis saSualebebisadmi damokidebuleba ar warmoadgens sazogadoebrivi klasebis Camomyalibebel niSans. gansxvavebuli sazogadoebrivi jgufebisadmi adamianTa mikuTvnebas veberi gansazRvravs statusisa da prestiJis, darendrofi Zalauflebis, uorneri socialuri rolisa da reputaciis faqtorebiT. ganixileba agreTve iseTi araekonomikuri faqtorebic, rogoricaa ganaTleba, profesiuli daxelovneba, privilegiebi da a.S. postkomunistur gardamaval sazogadoebaSi socialuri diferenciacia, romelic cvlis socializmis sabWouri modelisaTvis damaxasiaTebel socialur erTgvarovnebas, kanonzomier movlenad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. amasTanave, TvalSisacemia postkomunistur saqarTveloSi socialuri diferenciaciis simwvave da siRrme, rasac mravali obieqturi da subieqturi faqtori ganapirobebs. araswori privatizebis Sedegad mosaxleobis metad mcire jgufma TiTqmis usasyidlod xelSi Caigdo didZali saxelmwifo qoneba. liberaluri fulad-sakredito politika, (romelic realurad kreditebis ukontrolo gacemas niSnavda), mosaxleobis anabrebis miTviseba, kontrabanduli saqonlis masobrivi Semotana da realizacia, Semosavlebis damalva is movlenebia, romlebiTac erTeulebi Zalian gamdidrdnen da uzarmazari qonebis mflobelebi gaxdnen. saqarTveloSi Camoyalibda saxelmwifosa da formirebis procesSi myofi kerZo seqtoris urTier112

literatura: 1. , , . , . . . 1965 2. 2. Laurence Berns Thomas Hobbes., in: History of Political Philosophy. Edited by Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey. Third Edition. The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987 3.. . . . . , . 1978. 4. gigi TevzaZe demokratiuli politikuri sazogadoebis ganviTareba: samoqalaqo organizaciebi. demokratiuli sazogadoebis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi. sadiskusio masala #7. Tbilisi, 2003 wlis maisi. 5. http://www.isar.org/pubs/ST/Gngomovement491.html

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Tqmedebis mankieri praqtika: prezidentis brZanebulebebis, parlamentis gadawyvetilebebis miReba dainteresebuli kerZo jgufebis sasargeblod da am ukanasknelTa finansuri resursebis gamoyeneba politikuri partiebis, saarCevno kampaniebis dasafinanseblad. saqarTveloSi 90-iani wlebidan dawyebuli e.w. kapitalis Tavdapirveli dagrovebis meore mxares warmoadgenda mosaxleobis Raribi nawilis swrafi zrda, upirveles yovlisa, Zveli Raribebis jgufTan axali Raribebis mierTebis gziT. mecnierebis, eqimebis, maswavleblebis, xelovnebis da inteligenciis sxva warmomadgenlebis mniSvnelovani nawili Semosavlebis doniT gauTanabrdnen martoxela dedebs da mravalSvilian ojaxebs, pensionerebs, invalidebs da sxv. RaribTa jgufi agreTve Seivso umuSevrebiT da iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebiT. riskis zonaSi aRmoCndnen momuSave Raribebi, romelTa SemosavlebiT SeuZlebeli iyo sakuTari Tavisa da ojaxis rCena. eqspertebis gaangariSebiT, deciluri koeficienti, anu mosaxleobis yvelaze mdidari 10%-is Sefardeba yvelaze Raribi 10%-is SemosavlebTan 1985 wlis 5:1-dan 1995 wels 40:1-Tan, 2005 wels ki 22:1-Tan Seicvala., rac ukiduresad SemaSfoTebel maCveneblad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. Rarib-RatakTa mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi Zalian mZimea, razedac statistikuri monacemebic naTlad metyvelebs. kerZod, 1996-2003 wlebSi siRaribis done (RaribTa, anu saarsebo minimumze naklebi Semosavlebis mqone mosaxleobis xvedriTi wili mTlian mosaxleobaSi) 46.2 %-dan 54.5 %-mde gaizarda. aseve gaizarda siRaribis siRrme (romelic zomavs RaribTa gadaxras saarsebo minimumidan) 17.3 %-dan 21.1 %-mde da siRaribis simwvave (romelic gviCvenebs TviT RaribTa cxovrebis doneebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebas) 8.9 %-dan 11.2 %-mde.1 vardebis revoluciis Semdgom periodSi oficialuri statistika afiqsirebs siRaribis donis sagrZnob Semcirebas 2004 wels - 35.7%-mde, 2005 wels ki 35.5%-mde. es tendencia, samwuxarod, warmoadgens adamianTa ara ekonomikuri mdgomareobis realuri gaumjobesebis, aramed garkveuli statistikuri manipulirebis Sedegs. kerZod,
1 b. gabiZaSvili, z. Sonia, z. kirvaliZe (2006). Raribs arTmevs, mdidars aZlevs? Jurn. socialuri ekonomika, #2.

saarsebo minimumis gaangariSeba winaT xdeboda normatiuli statistikuri meTodiT, romelic efuZneboda 2500 kaloriis sasursaTo kalaTis Rirebulebas da minimalur arasasursaTo xarjebs. 2005 wlidan ki saarsebo minimumis gaangariSeba xdeba statistikuri meTodiT, romelic iTvaliswinebs mosaxleobis yvelaze uqoneli 10%-is faqtobriv minimalur moxmarebas. gaangariSebis meTodikis am cvlilebis Sedegad saSualo momxmareblis saarsebo minimumi 138 laridan 84 laramde, anu 39%-iT Semcirda. sinamdvileSi, vardebis revoluciis Semdeg Rarib-RatakTa ekonomikuri mdgomareoba ki ar gaumjobesebula, aramed gauaresda. Cveni azriT, es cvlileba ganpirobebuli iyo ori garemoebiT: 1. faswarmoqmnaSi mimdinare cvlilebebiT, ris Sedegadac (magaliTad, eleqtroenergiis tarifi) 250%-iT gaizarda da misi saSualo Tviuri xarji saSualo statistikuri ojaxis Semosavlebis 20-25%-s aRemateba. gazis fasi ramdenime wlis manZilze gaoTxmagda, gaizarda fasebi komunalur momsaxurebaze, sazogadoebriv transportze, wyliT sargeblobaze da a.S.; 2. araxelsayreli biznesgaremosa da saxelmwifo seqtorSi gauTavebeli e.w. struqturuli gardaqmnebis gamo Semcirda samuSao adgilebi da gaizarda umuSevarTa raodenoba. msoflio bankis eqspertTa SefasebiT, Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi siRaribis ZiriTadi mizezia umuSevroba da sakmarisad kargad anazRaurebadi samsaxurebis nakleboba. postkomunistur gardamaval periodSi saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli procesebis Sedegad qveynis mosaxloebis socialuri struqtura daaxloebiT ase gamoiyureba: mdidrebi 5%, SeZlebulebi -10%, saSualod uzrunvelyofilebi 10%, naklebad uzrunvelyofilebi 20% Raribebi 45% da Ratakebi 10%.1 rogorc vxedavT, RaribTa, RatakTa da siRaribis riskis zonaSi myofTa xvedriTi wili mTel mosaxleobaSi Seadgens daaxloebiT 85%-s. es mdgomareoba ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT araefeqtiania, socialurad - usamarTlo da politikurad friad saxifaTo. Seqmnili situaciidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos xelisuflebis Tanamedrove ekonomikuri politikis strate-

Jurn. socialuri ekonomika (2006), #2.

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giul amocanas unda warmoadgendes im RonisZiebaTa kompleqsis gatareba, romelic gazrdis saSualo klass upiratesad dabali klasidan gadmosulTa xarjze. saSualo klasis ZiriTad nawils, mis xerxemals saSualo da mcire mewarmeebi warmoadgenen. sayovelTaod cnobilia saSualo klasis roli sabazro ekonomikaze dafuZnebul demokratiul sazogadoebaSi, rac SemdegSi gamoixateba: saSualo klasi Tavisuflebis garantia. misi sasicocxlo interesia Tavisufali moqmedebis sivrcis gafarToeba da ganmtkiceba. es, upirveles yovlisa, Seexeba Tavisufal sabazro sivrces. Sua saukuneebis Tavdapirveli dagrovebis epoqidan dawyebuli mewarmeebi yovelTvis ibrZodnen TavianTi saqmianobis TavisuflebisaTvis, nebismieri sakuTrebis sakuTari Sexedulebebisamebr gankargvisTvis; saSualo klasi qveynis socialuri stabilurobis uzrunvelyofis, socialuri Tanxmobis miRwevis da socialuri interesebis dabalansebis safuZvelia; saSualo klasi ekonomikis myari da dinamiuri zrdis (ganviTarebis) wyaroa. i. Sumpeteris azriT, iyo mewarme, niSnavs akeTo ara is, rasac sxvebi akeTeben da ara ise, rogorc sxvebi akeTeben.1 maSasadame, mewarme aris gzagamkvalavi (inovatori) ekonomikaSi, komunikatori, romelic ipyrobs axal bazrebs da amyarebs axal kavSirebs. mewarmisaTvis mniSvnelovania ara mxolod mogebis miReba, aramed maRali konkurentunarianobis uzrunvelyofa da konkurenciaSi gamarjveba, rac ekonomikis dinamizmis aucilebeli pirobaa; saSualo klasi ganapirobebs samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos aucileblobas, sadac yvela Tanabrad emorCileba da asrulebs kanonebs. mcire da saSualo mewarmeoba, rogorc sabazro sistemis Semadgeneli nawili, emyareba partniorTa Soris sakontraqto sistemas. kontraqtis gaformeba da nakisr valdebulebaTa Sesruleba ar warmoadgens mxolod masSi monawile ori mxaris izolirebul aqts. masze udides gavlenas axdens garemo, sadac mzaddeba da ideba es garigeba. garigebis monawileebi ki
1

darwmunebulebi unda iyvnen maTi SeTanxmebis daculobaSi nebismieri arakeTilsindisieri partnioris mier xelSekrulebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi. es niSnavs miukerZoebeli, samarTliani sasamarTlos arsebobas, romelic samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos ganuyofeli nawilia. saSualo klasis CamoyalibebaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis ganviTarebas, romelic moiTxovs saxelmwifos mxridan mxardaWeris RonisZiebaTa qmediTi sistemis Seqmnas da danergvas. ganvixiloT es sistema. Tavisufali mewarmeobis Camoyalibeba da ganviTareba mcire sawarmoebis Seqmnis gziT, gulisxmobs Sesabamisi institucionaluri bazis arsebobas, risTvisac aucilebelia: 1. mcire mewarmeobis mxardaWeris konkretuli da Tanmimdevruli politikis SemuSaveba, romelic, rogorc wesi, unda warmoadgendes zogadad mewarmeobis ganviTarebis erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi politikis Semadgenel nawils; 2. mewarmeobis ganviTarebisaTvis xelisSemSleli mizezebis dadgenisa da aRmofxvris konkretuli mimarTulebebis gansazRvra da kerZo mewarmeobisTvis xelsayreli garemos Seqmna; 3. pasuxismgeblobisa da funqciebis gamijvna centralur samTavrobo organoebsa da regionul struqturebs Soris Tavisufali mewarmeobis politikis SemuSavebisa da ganxorcielebis procesSi; 4. samewarmeo sferos warmomadgenelTa aqtiuri da efeqtiani monawileoba ekonomikuri politikis SemuSavebis, realizaciis da Sedegianobis Sefasebis procesSi. mewarmeobis instituciur bazas (CarCos) gansazRvravs saqarTvelos kanoni mewarmeobis Sesaxeb da kanoni mcire sawarmoTa mxardaWeris Sesaxeb. Tavisufali mewarmeobis instituciuri bazis umniSvnelovanesi Semadgeneli nawilia mewarmeobis samarTlebrivi regulireba, romlis srulyofa unda warimarTos Semdegi mimarTulebebiT: 1. kanonebisa da normatiul-samarTlebrivi aqtebis harmonizacia mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis stimulirebis, biurokratiuli procedurebis gamartivebis da am 116

a. silagaZe (2001). ekonomikuri azris istoria.

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procesSi monawile saxelmwifo struqturebis raodenobis Semcirebis gziT; 2. kerZo sawarmoTa saregistracio salicenzio da administraciuli procedurebis srulyofa maTi gamartivebisa da xelmisawvdomobis amaRlebis TvalsazrisiT; 3. kanonebisa da maregulirebeli wesebis SemuSavebaSi kerZo seqtoris warmomadgenelTa monawileobis efeqtianobis gazrda maTi moTxovnebis ukeT gaTvaliswinebis mizniT. instituciuri bazis CamoyalibebasTan erTad umniSvnelovanes amocanas warmoadgens Tavisufali mewarmeobis mxardaWeris sakredito finansuri meqanizmebis srulyofaganviTareba. dRevandel saqarTveloSi mravali mizezi arsebobs, rac naklebad xelmisawvdoms xdis ekonomikis realuri seqtorisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki mcire sawarmoebisaTvis, finansur resursebs. am mizezebs warmoadgens: kreditebis aucilebeli uzrunvelyofis uqonloba; sasesxo procentis maRali ganakveTebi; grZelvadiani kreditebis dabali xvedriTi wili; garantiebisa da giraos uqonloba; proeqtebis dabali efeqtianoba. Seqmnil situaciaSi aucilebelia problemisadmi kompleqsuri midgoma, rac gulisxmobs dafinanseba-dakreditebis axali principebisa da politikis SemuSavebas Semdegi principebis safuZvelze: 1. efeqtiani, qmediTi da moqnili finansuri momsaxurebis seqtoris Camoyalibeba da safinanso resursebis xelmisawvdomobis gaumjobeseba; 2. arasrulyofili (ganuviTarebeli finansuri bazrebis pirobebSi) mewarmeobis saxelmwifo dafinansebis meqanizmebis amuSaveba; 3. venCuruli kapitalis fondebis Seqmna da salizingo operaciebis danergva. warmoadgens ra sastarto kapitalis xSir SemTxvevaSi erTaderT wyaros, gardamavali ekonomikis mqone bevr qveyanaSi lizingma gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa, gansakuTrebiT mcire mewarmeobis ganviTarebis saqmeSi; mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis saxelmwifo mxardaWeris umniSvnelovanes mimarTulebas warmoadgens misTvis sagadasaxado preferenciebis miniWeba, romlis maRalefeqtianobas adasturebs sazRvargareTis qveynebis gamocdi117

leba, sadac specialur zomebs mimarTaven mewarmeobis, gansakuTrebiT ki mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa ekonomikuri da teqnologiuri garemos gasaumjobeseblad. sagadasaxado sistemis srulyofas safuZvlad unda daedos Semdegi sami principi: simartive, romelic uzrunvelyofs sagadasaxado moTxovnaTa Sesrulebis siadviles, amcirebs mewarmis drois danaxarjebs sagadasaxado sakiTxebis mogvarebaze; sicxade, romelic gamoricxavs gadasaxadebis diskriminaciis mizniT gamoyenebas; stabiluroba, romelic saSualebas aZlevs mewarmeebs sworad dagegmon TavianTi sagadasaxado valdebulebebi. mewarmeobis mxardamWeri sagadasaxado politika, Cveni azriT, unda ganxorcieldes Semdegi mimarTulebebiT: mcire mewarmeebisaTvis xelsayreli klimatis Seqmna; sagadasaxado politikis SemuSavebasa da srulyofaSi mcire mewarmeebisa da maTi mxardamWeri organizaciebis aqtiuri Cabma; mcire da saSualo mewarmeebisaTvis fiskaluri mxardaWera, romelic sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis miniWebis garda, iTvaliswinebs sxvadasxva saxis subsidirebas. mewarmeobis ganviTarebisaTvis mizanSewonilad migvaCnia Semdegi konkretuli SeRavaTebis daweseba: axladSeqmnili mcire sawarmoebi funqcionirebis dawyebidan pirveli ori wlis ganmavlobaSi gadaixdian mogebis gadasaxadis 50%-s; mcire da saSualo sawarmoebi Tavisufldebian reinvestirebuli mogebis gadasaxadebisagan; mcire sawarmoebs ufleba eZlevaT isargeblon daCqarebuli amortizaciis normebiT; mcirdeba gadasaxadebis raodenoba maTi agregirebis gziT; mcire sawarmoTa mimarT gamoyenebuli iqneba gamartivebuli sabuRaltro aRricxvis sistema. mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis saxelmwifo mxardaWeris mniSvnelovani komponentia preferenciebi saxelmwifos Sesyidvebis procesSi monawileobisas, romelic, msoflio mowinave gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba ganxorcieldes Semdegi formebiT: setsaidebi, rac gulisxmobs saxelmwifo kontraqtebis mTlian moculobaSi mcire sawarmoebisaTvis gan118

sazRvruli kvotis dadgenas. Cveni azriT, es kvotebi SeiZleba meryeobdes 20-30%-is farglebSi; preferenciuli sqemebi, romlis arsi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: Tanabari xarisxis satendero winadadebebidan (fasi da sxv. pirobebi) kontraqtebi formdeba im mcire sawarmoebTan, romlebic ganlagebulni arian naklebad ganviTarebul regionebSi. maSasadame, preferenciuli sqemebis meTodebi regionaluri politikis Semadgenel elements warmoadgens. SesyidvebSi mcire sawarmoebis monawileobis gamartivebis mizniT SesaZlebelia gamoyenebuli iqnas saxelmwifo kontraqtebis lotebad danawilebisa da qvekontraqtebis dadebis meTodi, romelic gulisxmobs ZiriTadi kontraqtoris mier qvekontraqtebis mesame pirTan, anu mcire sawarmoebTan kontraqtis dadebas Sesasrulebeli samuSaos garkveul nawilze. rogorc cnobilia, Cveni qveynis sainvesticio resursebis udidesi nawili ucxouri investiciebis xarjze yalibdeba. Sesabamisad, mewarmeobis ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia ucxouri investiciebis mozidvis mecnierulad dasabuTebuli da efeqtiani saxelmwifo politikis ganxorcieleba. pirvel rigSi, yuradReba unda mieqces myari sainvesticio kanonmdeblobis Seqmnas, romelic investorebisaTvis uzrunvelyofs Tanabrad xelsayrel garemos da minimumamde daiyvans biurokratiul procedurebs. srulyofas saWiroebs ucxouri sainvesticio resursebis miRebisa da ganawilebis meqanizmi. unda ganisazRvros is organoebi da struqturebi, romlebic uSualod pasuxs ageben sainvesticio proeqtebis SemuSavebisa da ganxorcielebis mTel procesze. metad mniSvnelovania aqtiuri struqturuli politikis gatareba. igi gulisxmobs im prioritetuli dargebisa da sawarmoebis SerCevas, romlebic saTanado resursebiT uzrunvelyofis SemTxvevaSi mogvcemen maqsimalur ekonomikuri ukugebas. ekonomikis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze es prioritetuli sferoebi SeiZleba Seicvalos, Tumca SesaZlebelia metnaklebad stabiluri da maRali Sedegebis momcemi Semdegi sferoebis gamoyofa: samrewvelo da sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis gadamuSaveba; 119

maRalteqnologiuri warmoeba da inovaciebis sfero; saeqsporto produqciis warmoeba; mcire mewarmeoba turizmis, satransporto, sawarmoo-sakonsultacio, inJineringis, nou-haus da momsaxurebis sxva dargebSi. mecnierul-teqnologiuri revoluciis Tanamedrove etapze metad mniSvnelovania mcire da saSualo sawarmoebisaTvis teqnologiuri xelSewyoba, romelic gulisxmobs: Tanamedrove teqnikisa da teqnologiebis miRebis wyaroebisa da saSualebebis gansazRvras; teqnologiebis Semotanis iseTi formebis gamoyenebas, rogoricaa licenziebi da nou-hau; sawarmoTa kooperacia, erToblivi mewarmeoba da sxv; axali teqnikisa da teqnologiebis Semotanis institucionaluri struqturebis Camoyalibeba: teqnikuri da teqnologiuri centrebis, teqnoparkebis, salizingo kompaniebis da sxvaTa Seqmna; axali teqnikisa da teqnologiebis gamoyenebis swavleba da konsultaciebi; waxalisebisa da SeRavaTebis sistemis gamoyeneba im mewarmeTa mimarT, romlebic mowinave teqnologiebis importsa da danergvaze arian orientirebulni. mcire sawarmoTa teqnologiuri momsaxurebis uaRresad perspeqtiuli formaa finansuri da operatiuli lizingi. finansuri lizingi tradiciuli sabanko dakreditebisgan gansxvavebiT, mewarmeebs saSualebas aZlevs miiRon aucilebeli ZiriTadi saSualebebi erTdrouli danaxarjebis gawevis gareSe. igi iTvaliswinebs ZiriTad saSualebebze saamortizacio Rirebulebis mTlian an nawilobriv gadaxdas, ris Semdegac es qoneba damqiraveblis sakuTrebaSi gadadis. finansuri lizingis gamoyeneba gansakuTrebiT efeqtiania iseTi warmoebebisaTvis, romlebic sezonurobasa da ciklurobaze maRali damokidebulebiT xasiaTdeba. finansuri lizingi mniSvnelovan sagadasaxado SeRavaTebs aniWebs mewarmeebs. kerZod, ijariT aRebuli ZiriTadi saSualebebi ar aRiricxeba sabalanso angariSebSi aqtivebis saxiT; saarendo Senatanebi ar ibegreba da saerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, lizingis 120

formiT Semotanili mowyobilobebi da danadgarebi Tavisufldeba sabaJo gadasaxadebisagan. aseve warmatebiT SeiZleba iqnas gamoyenebuli operatiuli lizingi, romelic gulisxmobs ZiriTad saSualebaTa ijaras maT saamortizacio vadaze mokle periodiT. mewarmeobis aqtiur mxardasaWerad SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas iseTi efeqtiani meqanizmi, rogoric aris biznes-inkubatorebi, romelic xels uwyobs individualuri iniciativebis gamovlenas da mecnierul-teqnologiuri progresis miRwevebis swrafad danergvas. biznes-inkubatorebi aris specialuri teritoria, sadac Tavmoyrilia axladSeqmnili sawarmoebi. isini sargebloben arsebuli infrastruqturiT da aucilebeli momsaxurebiT. biznes-inkubatorebSi aqtiurad xdeba rogorc adgilobrivi, ise ucxouri investiciebis mozidva, maRalteqnologiuri produqciis gamoSveba, eqsportze orientirebul sawarmoTa mxardaWera, mewarmeTa swavleba, kooperaciuli kavSirebis damyareba da a.S. biznes-inkubatorebis Seqmna sakmaod rTuli, Sromatevadi da kapitaltevadi procesia, rac gulisxmobs winaswari mosamzadebeli samuSaoebis Catarebas: biznes-inkubatorebis statusis gansazRvras da marTvis struqturisa da funqciebis dadgenas. biznes-inkubatorebi aris damoukidebeli da arakomerciuli organizaciebi, romelTa saqmianoba warimarTeba kolegialuri organos (magaliTad, sabWos mier). amasTanave, uzrunvelyofil unda iqnas mWidro saqmiani TanamSromloba mcire mewarmeobis ganviTarebisa da xelSewyobis politikis ganmxorcielebel organoebTan da konsultaciuri momsaxurebis centrebTan mocemul teritoriaze. biznes-inkubatorebis saqmianoba saqarTveloSi mizanSewonilia warimarTos materialuri warmoebis sferoSi mewarmeobis mxardasaWerad da momsaxurebis sferoSi mewarmeobis gansaviTareblad. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania biznes-inkubatorebis adgilmdebareobis SerCeva, romelmac unda gaiTvaliswinos saTanado infrastruqturebis, gansakuTrebiT Tanamedrove komunikaciebis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba. agreTve aucilebelia maTi mibma regionalur politikasTan da marTvis adgilobrivi organoebis aqtiuri CarTva biznes-inkubatorebis funqcionirebis procesSi. jerovani yuradReba unda daeTmos mmarTveli personalis SerCevas, 121

menejmentis efeqtiani procedurebis SemuSavebas da menejerTa saqmianobis swor Sefasebas. amrigad, mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis ganviTareba is aucilebeli pirobaa, romelic uzrunvelyofs saqarTvelos ekonomikuri krizisidan gamoyvanas, saSualo klasis Camoyalibebas, grZelvadiani ekonomikuri zrdis xelSewyobas, mwvave socialuri problemebis gadaWras da qveynis politikur stabilurobas.

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zaza SaTiriSvili
nacionaluri identoba da nacionaluri narativebi 1. nacionaluri identoba esaa naciis mier sakuTari Tavis TviTaRqma da TviTSefaseba. nacionaluri identobis ganmsazRvreli faqtori nacionaluri narativia. ras niSnavs nacionaluri narativi? is, rac pirovnebisaTvis (avto) biografiaa, faqtobrivad, igivea naciisTvis nacionaluri narativi. nacionaluri narativebis meSveobiT nacia axdens sakuTari Tavis formirebasa da konstituirebas. nacionaluri narativebs ayalibebs nacionaluri politikur-inteleqtualuri elita skolis, presis/mediisa da universitetis meSveobiT. 2. ra aris nacia? nacia esaa erTi nacionaluri narativi da erTi ekonomika erT mTlian teritoriaze. teritoriuli mTlianobis idea, sabazro ekonomika da ganaTlebis erTiani sistema qmnis nacias, rogorc mTlianobas, romlis aucilebeli Tviseba suverenulobaa. amitomac, legitimurobis wyaros warmoadgens erTi xalxi erTi teritoriaze. 3. nacionaluri identoba da nacionaluri narativebi pirvelad Cndeba da yalibdeba XVIII-XIX saukuneebis evropasa da Crdilo amerikaSi. pirveli ori nacia esaa _ amerikuli da franguli naciebi. frangul nacionaluri identobas ayalibebs franguli revolucia (bastiliis aReba) da adamianis uflebaTa deklaracia. amerikul nacionalur narativs ayalibebs amerikuli revolucia da damoukideblobis deklaracia Tavisuflebis qartiasTan erTad. 4. qarTuli nacionalizmis Tavisebureba: qarTuli nacionalizmi ibadeba XIX saukunis 60/70-ian wlebSi rusuli imperiis wiaRSi. am nacionalizmis mTavari slogania mamuli (teritoria), ena (erTiani ganaTlebis sistema) da sarwmunoeba (qristianuli tradicia, rogorc nacionaluri memkvidreoba). swored es ukanaskneli punqti gamoarCevs qarTul nacionalizms nacionalizmis evropuli modelisagan, sadac nacionalizmi swored monarqiasa da 123

eklesiasTan dapirispirebaSi Camoyalibda (amis Sesaxeb ix.: qvemoT). amave dros, Tu evropaSi nacionalizmsa da nacionalur identobas burJuazia (imdroindeli samoqalaqo sazogadoeba) ayalibebs, saqarTveloSi nacionalur identobas ZiriTadad aristokratiuli warmoSobis inteleqtualuri elita (qarTuli inteligencia _ Tergdaleulebi) qmnis. am azriT, rogorc SeniSnavs Tanamedrove amerikeli istorikosi ronald suni (Ronald Suny), qarTuli nacia bolomde Camoyalibebuli dRemde ar aris (The Making of the Georgian Nation (Indiana University Press, 1988, 1994)). istoriuli eqskursi: bizantiuri Zalaufleba da qarTuli nacionalizmi Zalaufleba qarTul kulturaSi yovelTvis pirovnebaze iyo mibmuli da pirovnebidan momdinareobda. qarTuli Zalaufleba qarizmuli fenomenia. Tanamedrove frangi istorikosebi aRniSnaven, rom safrangeTis revoluciis Sedegebi jerac ar damTavrebula. me ki vityodi, rom CvenTan bizantiis imperiis daSla jer ar dasrulebula. garkveuli azriT, saqarTveloSi (da ara mxolod _ saqarTveloSi) postbizantiuri epoqa jer kidev ar damdgara. swored amitomaa Zalaufleba saqarTveloSi qarizmuli da pirovnuli _ Cvens Zalauflebas bizantiuri tradicia gansazRvravs. bizantizmi esaa izolaciisken da gamoyofisaken swrafva _ am azriT, saqarTvelos revoluciuri xelisufleba, romelic WeSmariti saxelmwifos aSenebis saxeliT TvTizolaciaze saubrobda _ mixeil kerulariosisa Tu protopop abakumis Jestebs imeorebda da sulac ara aqvs mniSvneloba imas, icoda Tu ara man es saxelebi, swamda Tu ara RmerTi da moswonda Tu ara, vTqvaT, samebis taZari da a.S. bizantizmis meore niSani Zalauflebis sakralizaciis is tipia, romelic saqarTvelosa da ruseTSi (da ara mxolod am kulturebSi!) gvxvdeba. esaa Zalauflebis sakralizaciis bizantiuri tipi. aseTi ram evropaSi arasdros yofila. evropaSi imperatori (an mefe) legitimacias eklesiisgan iRebda. bizantiaSi ki gansakuTrebuli politikuri Teologia Seiqmna, romelic pirdapir aRiareb124

da, rom imperatori qristes msgavsia _ anu imperatoris Zalaufleba TviTlegitimuri gaxldaT! amas, samwuxarod Cveni istorikosebi naklebad aqceven yuradRebas. miuxedavad amisa, reducirebuli, Semoklebuli saxiT es bizantizmi CvenSi mainc iyo da axlac aris. bizanturi gagebiT, imperatori Tavis TavSi aerTianebs orive moments _ Imperium-s _ Zalauflebas, da Sacerdotium-s _ siwmindes _ swored aqedan warmoiSva samoderJavies koncepti da fenomeni! dasavlur kulturaSi ki es orive fenomeni Tavidanve gamijnuli iyo. amitomac, Zalauflebis matarebeli personis mimarT CvenTan ar arsebobs mSvidi da kritikuli damokidebuleba. is an mxsnelia, an _ damaqceveli. aseTi ganwyoba iyo rogorc zviad gamsaxurdias, ise _ eduard SevardnaZis mimarT. sul sxva ambavia, rom SevardnaZem, pirovnuli Tvisebebidan gamomdinare, mSvidad wasvla moaxerxa. dRes saqarTveloSi instituciebis krizisia, ver Seiqmna Tavisufali sasamarTlo, damoukidebeli parlamenti _ yvelaferi saprezidento mmarTvelobazea mibmuli. tipologiurad absoluturad erTgvarovnad viTardeba movlenebi ruseTsa da saqarTveloSi. putinis Zalauflebac msgavsi tipis Zalauflebaa _ putini da saakaSvili SeiZleba upirispirdebodnen erTmaneTs, magram, garkveuli azriT, ruseTi da saqarTvelo erTmaneTs aireklavs da es urTierTmtroba kidev ufro amyarebs am ZalauflebaTa Sinagan siRrmiseul erTianobas. arsebobs Tu ara aqedan gamosavali, Zneli saTqmelia. xelisufleba ki Seicvleba, magram Cven ramden xans varT dazRveuli msgavsi recidivebisagan, veravin ityvis. saqme isaa, rom Cveni kultura getos tipis kulturaa, Cveni dRevandeli qristianobac xom teritoriulia, izolaciisken midrekilia, orientirebuli sulac araa gasvlaze, misionerobaze... da roca qarTvelebs Cveni sakuTari Zalaufleba gagviCnda, mas aSkarad bizantiuri Tvisebebi aRmoaCnda. bizantiac, miuxedavad imisa, rom imperia iyo, getosaviT moqmedeba. muslimuri samyaros gaZlierebis Semdeg sul ufro da ufro pataravdeboda, dabolos, mxolod konstantinopoliRa darCa. ruseTic TiTqos uzarmazari sivrcea, magram masac izolaciisken aqvs miswrafeba _ centriskenulia. Cvenc es gvaxasiaTebs. Ta125

nac oriveni, rusebic da qarTvelebic, Cvens gansakuTrebulobaze vsaubrobT. amaTgan gansxvavebiT, evropa centridanulia, eqspansiuria _ evropa gadis da nergavs Tavis Rirebulebebs. ase iyo koloniur xanaSi da asea axlac. XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris rusi moazrovne piotr Caadaevi ruseTis Sesaxeb aRniSnavda, rom ruseTi istoriidan amovardnilia _ rom ruseTi TeTri laqaa istoriaSi. msgavsi ram, garkveulwilad, saqarTvelozec SeiZleba iTqvas. arada, iyo periodi, roca Cven, ruseTisagan gansxvavebiT, erTi mTliani saqristianos nawili viyaviT. roca ioane sabanisZe werda _ "yuresa ama qveynisasa" _ es niSnavda, rom qristianuli oikumenis sazRvarze mecixovnesaviT videqiT. Cvens mere muslimuri samyaro iyo. es ar niSnavda izolirebulobas _ piriqiT! Cven _ qarTul sazogadoebas _ ar gvesmis nacionalizmis Tavisebureba, qarTulisa ki ara _ sazogadod _ nacionalizmis fenomenis Tavisebureba. Cven gvgonia, rom nacionalizmi odiTganve arsebobs. am dros, is XVIII saukunis bolos da XIX saukunis dasawyisSi isaxeba da mere vrceldeba. Cven gvgonia, rom XIX saukunis qarTuli nacionalizmi Sua saukuneebis qarTuli samefos gagrZelebaa, sinamdvileSi es ase ar aris. erTia samefo, Tavisi ierarqiulobiT da sul sxva ramea _ nacionalizmi. nacia gulisxmobs egalitarizms, Tanasworobas. maSin, rodesac is, rac aris naciamde _ samefo _ principulad sxvanairia _ ierarqiulia da sul sxva wesi aqvs legitimurobisa. dRes bevri saubari da kamaTia legitimurobaze. mniSvnelovani isaa, rom safrangeTis revoluciamde, legitimaciis sul sxva wesi arsebobda. legitimurobis wyaro manamde iyo ara xalxi, aramed _ RmerTi. rogorc rusTaveli ambobs _ misgan ars yovli xelmwife, saxiTa mismieriTa. mefe legitimuria imdenad, ramdenadac eklesia adasturebs mis legitimurobas. mefe RvTisganaa. jer kidev warmarT imperatorze ambobda pavle mociquli _ daemorCileT, sanamdec SegiZliaT. XVIII saukunis bolos mefes Tavs aWrian _ safrangeTis revolucias vgulisxmob. es realuri aqciaa, magram didi simboluri datvirTva aqvs. ibadeba axali fenomeni _ nacia _ da jdeba am moWrili Tavis adgilas. nacia 126

axal wesebs nergavs, romelTa winaSec yvela unda iyos Tanaswori _ aRar arsebobs dinastia, ierarqia, aRar arsebobs aristokratiis privilegiebi. burJuazia acxadebs, rom is naciaa. swored aqedan ibadeba nacionalizmi _ erTi klasi _ TiTqosda eris nawili _ Tavis Tavs mTlianobas _ mTel ers uigivebs. aristokratia, mefe da samRvdeloeba naciis moRalateebad Seiracxa. qarTuli nacionalizmi XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi gaformda. ilia WavWavaZe, marTlac, qarTuli nacionalizmis mamaa. is erT pirad werilSi werda _ qarTlis cxovrebas vkiTxulobdi da xalxi ver davinaxe, Cveni istoria mefeTa istoriaao. vaxuSti batoniSvilis wigns hqvia "aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa", ivane javaxiSvilisas _ "qarTveli eris istoria". am or teqsts Soris 130 weli da uzarmazari gansxvavebaa, sadac mefe da samefo iyo _ iq eri, nacia gaCnda! safrangeTis revoluciam dagvanaxa, rom mefis moWrili Tavis adgili naciam daikava. mefe iyo suvereni, romelsac hqonda neba, is aRasrulebda kanonebs, kanons sWirdeba neba, es mefis nebaa, magram mefis neba RvTis nebisagan momdinareobs. metafizikurad Zalian gamarTuli momentia! kanonis uzenaesoba da naciis suverenuloba swored mefis suverenulobis Canacvlebaa, da _ im legitimurobisa, romlis wyaroc aris RmerTi. amitomac, safrangeTis revoluciis Semdeg dRemde legitimurobis krizisis situaciaSi vimyofebiT. fraza _ kanonis uzenaesoba _ malavs garkveul melanqoliasa da sevdas namdvili legitimurobis _ mefis legitimurobis _ misamarTiT. Cven xSirad vambobT, rom legitimuroba Semcirda an gaizarda. arada, legitimuroba an aris, an _ ara, is araa Tvladi. Tu is icvleba da iTvleba, maSin is ukve reitingia da ara _ legitimuroba. es problema ontologiurad safuZvelSive udevs demokratias _ evropuli demokratia da nacia xom erTi da igivea! ilia WavWavaZe Tavisi cnobili sloganiT _ "mamuli, ena, sarwmunoeba" _ Seecada amoevso is wyveta, romelic samefosa da nacionalizms Soris arsebobda. ufro metic _ ilia Seecada mefis nacvlad eri gamoecxadebina sakralurad! amitomac mas eris mama da saqarTvelos ugvir-

gvino mefe uwodes. es kvazimonarqistuli epiTetebi Zalian simptomuria! samefoSi yvelaferi mefisadmi loialurobiT izomeba. magaliTad, erekles dros qarTvelebi da somxebi religiurad dapirispirebulebi ki iyvnen, magram nacionaluri dapirispireba maT Soris ar arsebobda. imitom, rom ar arsebobda iseTi xedvis kuTxe, rogoricaa nacionalizmi. es dapirispireba XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi gaCnda _ ruseTis imperiaSi Cveni yofnisas, roca qarTuli aristokratia da glexoba gauucxovda somxur burJuazias. es Zalian kargad aris naCvenebi "xanumaSi", roca qeTosa da kotes qorwinebis saxiT xdeba alqimiuri qorwineba somxur burJuaziasa (romelsac realuri kapitali aqvs) da qarTul aristokratias (romelsac simboluri kapitali aqvs) Soris. mamaTa da SvilTa brZola iyo ara imdenad TaobaTa Soris brZola, ramdenadac _ brZola monarqizmsa da liberalur nacionalizms Soris. monarqizmi gulisxmobs ierarqiulobas, liberalizmi _ Tanasworobas; monarqizmi agebulia dinastizmis principze, is ar aris teritoriaze mibmuli _ sadac mefea, iqaa samefoc. teritoriuli problemebi mniSvnelovania Sua saukuneebSi, magram ar aris gadamwyveti. nacia ki aris _ erTi ekonomika da erTi nacionaluri narativi erT teritoriaze. imperia Tavisi arsiT upirispirdeba nacionalizms _ is global(ist)uri fenomenia. imperiaSi mTavaria, rom is farTovdeba garkveuli samefoebis dinastiur principSi CarTviT _ imperia gafarToebadi monarqiaa. nacionalizms ki sWirdeba konkretuli teritoria da bevri sisxlic iRvreba am teritoriis dasakaveblad. garkveuli azriT, nacionalizmi samoqalaqo omsa da genocids moiTxovs. frangebs dasWirdaT sakuTari xalxis genocidi _ vandea, Turqebs _ somxebis genocidi, imitom, rom erT teritoriaze or ers hqonda sxvadasxva nacionaluri proeqti. arada, somxebi saukuneebis manZilze mSvidad cxovrobdnen TurqeTis imperiis farglebSi. imisaTvis rom gaCeniliyo TurqeTis sekularuli nacionaluri saxelmwifo, Turqebs somxebis genocidi dasWirdaT. Tumca, aq sruliad garkveulad unda aRvniSnoT, rom qarTuli nacionalizmi mainc gansxvavdeba evropuli naci128

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onalizmisagan _ saqme sulac araa is, rom Cven eTnikuri nacionalizmi gvaqvs, xolo evropuli nacionalizmi saxelmwifo nacionalizmia. saqme isaa, rom XV saukunis Semdeg Cven bizantiur getos warmovadgenT... rogor moxda es, calke saubris Temaa, magram qarTuli nacionalizmi, romelic XIX saukuneSi gaformda, evropuli nacionalizmisagan gansxvavebiT, sekularizaciis anu _ eklesiasTan dapirispirebis gziT ar Camoyalibebula _ piriqiT! qarTuli nacionalizmi sxva aRmosavlur nacionalizmebTan erTad (vgulisxmob serbul, bulgarul, ruminul, rusul da a.S. nacionalur narativebs) sekularizaciis gziT ar Camoyalibebula (sekularizacia esaa eklesiis amorTva Zalauflebidan _ is aRaraa Zalauflebis legitimaciis wyaro _ arada, safrangeTis revoluciamde eklesia evropaSi Zalauflebis legitimacias uzrunvelyofda!). ilias formula _ mamuli, ena, sarwmunoeba _ gviCvenebs, rom eklesia qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis nawilia, rogorc kulturuli memkvidreoba, xolo faqtobrivad, _ rogorc Cveni izolacionizmis, gansxvavebulobis niSani _ is, rom Cven bizantiur getos warmovadgenT... es ganmasxvavebeli niSani rCeba. sagulisxmoa, rom eklesia TviT stalinmac ki CarTo sabWoTa nacionalur proeqtSi. aqve isic unda aRvniSno, rom sabWoTa kavSiri imperiul principze agebuli ar yofila. nu dagvaviwydeba, rom sabWoTa kavSiri iyo Tanamedrove globalizaciis pirveli mcdeloba, globalizaciis pirveli talRa _ modernistuli globalizacia (gansxvavebiT dRevandeli postmodernistuli globalizaciisagan), romelic marcxiT dasrulda. sabWoTa kavSiri permanentuli revoluciis damarcxebis Sedegad warmoSobili izolacionisturi bastionia. XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis bolos aRmoCnda, rom permanentuli revolucia ararealuria (is damarcxda iranSi, poloneTSi, fineTSi da a.S.). amitomac, sabolood, sabWoTa kavSiri nacionalur-teritoriuli niSniT moawyves, da swored aq Caido neli moqmedebis Wurvi. sabWoTa kavSiric centriskenuli iyo, mudmivad iyo orientirebuli SenarCuneba-Senaxvaze da, amitomac, arsebobda rkinis farda _ sabWoTa kavSiri rkinis fardis gareSe warmoudgenelia! es iyo namdvili geto, esec bi129

zantiuri memkvidreobaa. eTnokonfliqtebic ki sinamdvileSi nacionalur-teritoriuli konfliqtebia. Cvenc _ qarTvelebi _ aRmovCndiT im situaciaSi, roca Cven da afxazebs erT teritoriaze sxvadasxva nacionaluri proeqti gvaqvs (oseTis situacia afxazeTis anarekls warmoadgens) _ esaa samoqalaqo omis situacia! amitom, mZvinvare sityva genocidi, sruliad bunebrivia _ nebismieri nacionalizmi genocidiT mkvidrdeba. samwuxarod, nebismieri nacionalizmi Tavisi arsiT Sinaganad gulisxmobs genocidsa da samoqalaqo oms _ an sakuTari an sxva xalxis winaaRmdeg! aqve unda iTqvas, rom nacionalizmi qristianuli istoriis gadaweraa, nacionalizmi upirispirdeba qristianul pozicias. nebismieri nacionalizmi qristianobis Canacvlebis mcdelobaa _ Cemi xatia samSoblo... am azriT, nacionalizmi eresia! amave dros, kidev erTxel msurs aRvniSno, rom CvenTan _ saqarTveloSi _ bizantiis imperiis daSlis periodi jer bolomde ar damTavrebula. qarTuli nacionalizmis Cawera evropul konteqstSi ai axla _ Cven Tvalwin xdeba. dRes evropuli nacionalizmi axal etapze gadavida. postmodernistuli globalizacia _ globalizaciis II talRa _ aris evropuli tipis ekonomikis globalizacia erT teritoriaze ki ara _ mTel dedamiwaze. globalizmi evropuli nacionalizmis gagrZelebaa. Cven _ saqarTvelos mkvidrni _ jer bolomde gaformebuli ara varT rogorc nacia, da ukve gviwevs globalizaciaSi CarTva. amitomac, rac axla saqarTveloSi xdeba, amas mxolod Cvens xelisuflebas ver davabralebT _ esaa nacionalizmis mutacia da gadasvla globaluri fragmentaciis mdgomareobaSi. arada, bizantiuri qronotoposi mudmivad izolaciisken miiswrafvis, rac bunebrivad badebs Zalauflebis sakralizaciis fenomens _ geto sakralur Zalauflebas warmoSobs. rogorc Cans, saqme sagulisxmo invariantTan gvaqvs _ aRmosavluri sqizmis Semoqmedi XI saukunis konstantinopolis patriarqi mixeil kerulariosi, protopopi abakumi (staroobriadelebis sulieri winamZRoli, romelic dawves), ruseTis imperatori nikoloz I, stalini, zviad gamsaxurdia, putini, saakaSvili _ sxva130

dassxva drosa da gansxvavebuli politikuri koniunqturidan gamomdinare, iswrafvodnen TviTizolaciisken, rkinis fardisken da amkvidrebdnen sakraluri (qarizmuli) Zalauflebis models. Tanamedrove qarTuli kulturis sami nacionaluri narativi agvistos omamde: 2003 _ 2008 ww. Tanamedrove qarTuli kulturis konteqstSi saubari SeiZleba sami nacionaluri narativis Sesaxeb. pirveli narativi Zveli anu klasikuri da monoliTuri narativia, esaa _ qarTveli eris xsnisa da gadarCenis istoria (history and story): Tu rogor gadarCa qarTveli eri mravalsaukunovani Semosevebisa da imperiuli agresiis miuxedavad. amave dros, mas esqatologiuri ganzomilebac aqvs _ awmyo yovelTvis tragikulia, xolo momavali _ naTeli. am narativis saTaveebSi qarTuli liberaluri nacionalizmis fuZemdebeli mwerali da publicisti, eris mama ilia WavWavaZe (1837-1907) da XIX saukunis dasasrulisa da XX saukunis pirveli mesamedis sxva qarTveli liberali mwerlebi da publicistebi dganan. narativi I-is institucionalizacia literaturis, filologiisa da istoriis, rogorc sauniversiteto disciplinebis, meSveobiT XIX saukunis meore naxevarsa da XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi moxda. am narativis matarebeli institucia jer peterburgis universitetis qarTvelologiis kaTedra iyo (XIX saukunis dasawyisidan 1917 wlamde), xolo Semdeg _ Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti (Tsu) _ dRevandeli javaxiSvilis universiteti _ pirveli qarTuli umaRlesi saswavlebeli, romelic 1918 wels dafuZnda. klasikuri nacionaluri narativis oqros xana XX saukunis 60-80-iani wlebi iyo, roca saqarTvelos respublika sabWoTa kavSiris nawils warmoadgenda, xolo perestroikis momavali gmiri eduard SevardnaZe (dab. 1929) saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis pirveli mdivani (1972-1985) gaxldaT. es narativi im wlebSi gansakuTrebulad literaturis, kinematografisa da Teatris meSveobiT warmoCinda. magram misi namdvili triumfi 1988-1991 wlebi iyo, roca perestroikis talRa131

ze qarTulma nacionalurma moZraobam 1990 welis oqtombris maSindeli jer kidev sabWoTa kavSirSi Semavali saqarTvelos parlamentis (ufro zustad, uzenaesi sabWos) arCevnebSi komunistebi daamarcxa, xolo 1991 wlis maisSi saqarTvelos respublikis prezidentad disidenti mwerali da filologi zviad gamsaxurdia (1939-1993 ww.) gaxada. magram es triumfi ara mxolod samxedro gadatrialebiTa da samoqalaqo omiT dasrulda (1991-1993 ww.), aramed am klasikuri da monoliTuri narativis fragmentaciiTac. dRes misi ramdenime lokaluri versia arsebobs: erTi _ Zvel (sabWoTa) inteligencias ekuTvnis, meore _ zviad gamsaxurdias daqsaqsul momxreebs, xolo mesame, faqtobrivad, im danarCen or narativSia gadazelili, romelTa Sesaxebac qvemoT gveqneba saubari. Tuki narativi - I xsnisa da gadarCenis narativia, II narativs axali inteleqtualebi mogviTxrobdnen. esaa vardebis revolucia (Rose Revolution), romelic 2003 wlis noemberSi prezident SevardnaZis gadadgomiTa da mixeil saakaSvilis epoqis dasawyisiT aRiniSna. vardebis revolucia kosmogoniuri narativia, romelic SevardnaZis korufciuli qaosidan axali naciisa da Zlieri qarTuli saxelmwifos Seqmnis Sesaxeb gvesaubreba. am narativis inteleqtualuri baza ilia WavWavaZis universiteti (dafuZnda 2005 wels) da ganaTlebis saministroa. esaa, dRes, arsebiTad, xelisuflebisa da xelisuflebis SleifSi arsebuli inteleqtualebis narativi. misi vizualuri gamoxatulebad jer kidev sabWoTa periodSi warmatebuli xelovanis zurab wereTlis mier Seqmnili wm. giorgis monumenti iqca, sadac cxenze amxedrebuli Subosani Wabuki, kosmogoniuri miTosis Sesabamisad, kosmosis demiurgs (Semoqmeds) ganasaxierebs, xolo gangmiruli gveleSapi _ dasabamier qaoss. mniSvnelovania, rom es monumenti swored iq _ dedaqalaqis centralur moedanze _ aRimarTa, sadac komunistur periodSi leninis Zegli idga (moedansac leninis saxeli erqva). es Zegli 1990 wels sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis periodSi daangries, xolo moedans Tavisuflebis moedani uwodes. 15 wlis ganmavlobaSi am moedanze araferi idga. 2006 wels axalma xelisuflebam wm. giorgis monumenti aRmarTa.

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III narativi _ esaa marTlmadidebloba rogorc qarTvelTa genetikuri religia. misi instituciuri baza, cxadia, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis istebliSmenti _ sapatriarqoa. narativi-III pretenzias acxadebs, rom isaa qarTuli kulturis erTaderTi srulfasovani reprezentatori. qarTuli eklesia dRes qarTveli eris nacionaluri eklesiaa, xolo mis narativi _ nacionaluri religia. am narativis vizualuri gamoxatuleba Tbilisis samebis taZaria. taZris mSenebloba 1996 wels daiwyo _ eduard SevardnaZis xelisuflebis periodSi, magram vardebis revoluciis Semdeg dasrulda. swored am sami narativis urTierTdifuzia da brZola gansazRvravs dRevandel qarTul nacionalizms. brZola mimdinareobs, faqtobrivad, I narativis memkvidreobis garSemo. [sagulisxmoa, rom saqarTveloSi dRemde ar arsebobs, memarcxene inteleqtualuri diskursi, ufro sworad, is absoluturad marginaluria.] vardebis revoluciis Semdeg mimdinareobda I narativisa da Zveli inteligenciis marginalizeba, rac konspirologiuri ritorikis meSveobiT xorcieldeboda _ Tqven sabWoTa reliqtebi da ruseTis agentebi xarT (e. i. rusuli kulturis xalxi xarT) _ eubneboda axali xelisufleba Zvel inteligencias; II narativisa da axali inteleqtualebis (saxelisuflebo istebliSmentis) winaaRmdeg tipologiur-fenomenologiuri ritorika gamoiyeneboda: Tqven, samagierod, namdvili bolSevikebi xarT _ eubnebodnen Zvelebi axlebs. III narativis winaaRmdeg axali inteleqtualebi (anu _ II narativi) aseve konspirologiur ritorikas mimarTavdnen _ Tqven rusuli eklesiis filiali xarT _ eubnebodnen isini saeklesio istebliSments. unda aRiniSnos, rom samive ritorika erTgvari amalgamaa, sadac racionaluri da konspirologiuri elementebi erTmaneTSi gadazelilia. Tuki SevardnaZis meore _ postsabWoTa _ xelisuflebis periodi (1992-2003) axali biznesis, Zveli nomenklaturisa da Zveli inteligenciis urTierTSerwymas warmoadgenda, axali saxelisuflebo istebliSmenti arasamTavrobo seqtorisa da axali akademiis urTierTSezrdis procesis Sedegad yalibdeboda. axali inteleqtualuri elitis TviTdamkvidreba Zveli (sabWoTa) inteli133

genciis viqtimizebisa da misi narativis misakuTrebis gziT daiwyo. sabWoTa dRes niSnavs rogorc Zvel struqturebs, ise _ rusul kulturas. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom, sazogadod, rusuli argumenti samive ritorikas gansazRvravs _ rusulia inteligencia, xelisufleba da axali inteleqtualebi bolSevikebi arian, xolo eklesia, aseve, rusulia, rusuli eklesiis filialia. Tuki Zveli inteligenciis marginalizeba, viqtimizeba da, amasTanave, Zveli narativis misakuTreba Tanamedrove kulturuli procesis sazriss warmoadgens, maSin mTavari kiTxva amgvaria _ vis ekuTvnis qarTveli eris istoria da ilia WavWavaZe rogor eris mama? rac Seexeba wm. giorgis monumentisa da samebis taZris Serkinebas _ gigantomaqias _ es vizualuri kulturis sivrceSi amgvar kiTxvas badebs: _ vin daeufleba TeTr taZars _ ivane javaxiSvilis universitets _ qarTuli klasikuri nacionaluri narativis vizualur gamoxatulebasa da mexsierebis adgils? agvistos omi _ axali nacionaluri narativi? mocemul politikur konteqstSi saxezea qarTuli nacionaluri identobis seriozuli krizisi. vardebis revoluciam, rogorc axalma nacionalurma narativma axali naciis dabadebis Sesaxeb, marcxi ganicada. swored amitom gaaqtiurda narativi-III _ marTlmadidebloba, rogorc qarTuli nacionaluri identobis safuZveli. amave dros, arsebulma xelisuflebam nebsiT Tu uneblied liberaluri demokratiis RirebulebaTa seriozuli diskreditaciac moaxdina. amitom, dRes xdeba is, rasac SeiZleba xelisuflebis mxridan vardebis revoluciis narativis agvistos omis narativiT Canacvleba vuwodoT. Tu es, sabolood, ramdenadme Camoyalibebul saxes miiRebs, maSin SesaZloa, rom agvistos omi iqces liberaluri naciis dabadebis axal wertilad _ daaxloebiT ise, rogor holokostis travmulma narativma sabolood Camoayaliba germania liberalur naciad. magram aseT SemTxvevaSi agvistos omi unda gaazrebul iqnas qarTuli inteleqtualuri elitis 134

mier ara rogorc rusul imperializmTan brZola, aramed rogorc qarTuli samoqalaqo omis erT-erTi etapi. qarTul samoqalaqo omSi me vgulisxmob qarTuli da afxazuri nacionaluri proeqtebis dapirispirebas, romelic simbolurad pavle ingoroyvas naSromis giorgi merCules pirveli tomis publikaciiTa da lixnis cnobili pirveli weriliT (XX saukunis 50-ani ww.) daiwyo. SesaZlebelia Tu ara axali qarTuli nacionaluri identobisa da axali nacionaluri narativis formireba? dRes Cvens winaSea identobaTa da nacionaluri narativTa fragmentebi: var qarTveli, maSasadame var evropeli _ aw gardacvlili premieris frTosani fraza _ identobis erT poluss moxazavs: Cven evropa varT. amave dros, arsebobs identobis amgvari veqtoric _ var qarTveli, maSasadame, var kavkasieli. identobis kidev erTi forma esaa var qarTveli, maSasadame var _ genetikurad marTlmadidebeli. arsebobs kidev erTia identoba, romelic dRes sakmarisad marginalizebulia da romelic XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi galaktionma ase Camoayaliba: Cven azia varT! marTlmadidebluri identobis gaZliereba XX saukunis 90-iani wlebidan daiwyo, rasac sagulisxmo praqtikuli Sedegebi mohyva. erT-erTi aseTi Sedegi aWarisa da mesxeTis mosaxleobis gamarTlmadideblebaa _ procesi, romelic dRedme ar dasrulebula da romelic drodadro sakmaod konfliqturi formebiTac mimdinareobs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom imave XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi qarTuli naciis Camoyalibebis proeqti ori paraleluri gziT midioda _ religiur gansxvavebaTa waSlisa da teritoriuli heterogenulobis waSlis meSveobiT. magram samoqalaqo omis katalizatori swored eTnolingvisturi niSniT Seqmnili teritoriuli erTeulebi (afxazeTi da samxreT-oseTi) aRmoCnda da ara _ religiuri niSniT Seqmnili avtonomia (aWara). aqedan SeiZleba davaskvnaT: nacionaluri proeqtis Sesaqmnelad aucilebelia warmosaxviTi geografia _ teritoriis (an _ 135

teritoriuli) xati. amgvari xati saqarTveloSi Seqmnes mxolod afxazebma. rogori unda iyos axali qarTuli identoba? SesaZlebeli Tu ara axali identobis Seqmna? SesaZlebelia Tu ara axali kompleqsuri nacionaluri narativis formireba? evropuli qveynebis Tanamedrove istoria gveubneba, rom es savsebiT SesaZlebelia, magram es araa myiseuli da uecari xdomileba. amas sWirdeba dro da garkveuli makristalizebeli faqtorebi. erTi ZiriTadi faqtoria esaa _ teritoriis xati, meore _ erTiani saliteraturo ena da ganaTlebis sistema, romelic nergavs am enasa da Sesabamis nacionalur narativebs, mesame faqtori esaa _ erTiani ekonomika. magram am yvelafers esaWiroeba nacionaluri burJuazia _ biznesi _ mesame wodeba, romelic dinastiuri da ierarqiuli principebis magivrad kapitalis dagrovebis homogenur wess amkvidrebs. arada, dRes qarTuli biznesi swored im dros yalibdeba, roca msoflio klasikuri kapitalizmis periodidan globaluri kapitalizmis periodSi gadadis da roca wamyvani Zala ara nacionaluri burJuaziaa, aramed _ transnacionaluri korporaciebi. dabolos, unda SevniSnoT, rom Tanamedrove gamowvevebs adekvaturi pasuxi esaWiroeba. saqarTvelos sazogadoebam unda daamtkicos, rom is marTlac warmoadgens sazogadoebas da unda Svas sakuTari myoofadi.

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nana sumbaZeQ
qalaqi da sofeli: mosaxleobis Rirebulebebi da politikuri simpaTiebi Tanasworobis miRweva Tu ara, misadmi miaxloeba mainc, kacobriobis istoriis manZilze mravali sazogadoebis amocanas warmoadgenda da kvlav warmoadgens. magram uTanasworoba mainc rCeba nebismieri sazogadoebis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebad. stratifikacia, romelic sazogadoebis erTerT mniSvnelovan maxasiaTebels warmoadgens, asaxvas adamianTa sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris arsebul struqturul uTanasworobas. sazogadoebis stratifikacia SesaZlebelia mravali niSnis mixedviT. am niSnebis mniSvneloba icvleba drosTan da sazogadoebis ganviTarebis donesTan erTad. monoba. kasta, didgvarovneba, warmoebis saSualebebis flobaze dafuZnebuli klasi warmoadgenda da zogierT sazogadoebaSi kvlav warmoadgens. stratifikaciis Sedegs (Giddens, 1997). Tumca Tanamedrove epoqaSi stratifikacia ufro metad efuZneba maqs veberis mier gamoyofil sam maniSnebels: materialur SesaZleblobebs, prestiJs da Zalauflebas. ekonomikurma ganviTarebam da demokratiulma mmarTvelobam Searbila gansxvavebebi zemoTaRniSnul maniSneblebis mixedviT da ganviTarebul qveynebTan mimarTebaSi dRes laparakia stratifikaciaze sqesis, eTnurobis, seqsualuri orientaciis, SezRuduli SesaZleblobebisa da asakis mixedviT (Macionis & Plumer, 2008). Tumca zogierTi avtoris azriT (mag. Lipton, 1993) Rarib qveynebSi stratifikacia realurad sacxovrebel adgils emyareba da uTanasworoba yvelaze metad vlindeba qalaqisa da soflis mosaxleobis Sedarebisas. urbanizmi, rogorc amas adreuli qalaqis sociologebi miuTiTebdnen cxovrebis stils warmoadgens (Wirth, 1938). maTive ganmartebiT qalaqi xasiaTdeba didi zomiT, mosaxleobis maRali simWidroviT da socialuri mravalferovnebiT. qalaqis garemos sawinaaRmdegod, soflis socio-kulturuli garemosaTvis metad aris damaxasiaTebeli tradiciuli normebisa da konservatuli Rirebulebebisadmi erTguleba. . soflis socialuri garemo susti 137

kavSirebis (Granovetter, 1973) damyarebis nakleb SesaZleblobebs iZleva. susti kavSirebi ki areklaven gansxvavebul sxvebTan ufro zedapirul, naklebad intimur urTierTobebs da Sesabamisad daxurul, mxolod msgavsebaTaA Soris yofnidan gamosavals. urbanizacia anu mosaxleobis qalaqebSi koncentracia globalur process warmoadgens, romelic gansakuTrebiT daCqarda XX saukunis meore naxevarSi. gaeros prognozis mixedviT 2025 wels msoflioSi qalaqis mosaxleoba 63 procents miaRwevs. stratifikacias qalaqsa da sofelSi cxovrebis mixedviT yuradReba mxolod XX saukunis dasawyisidan mieqca (Giddens, 1997). soflidan qalaqad migracia ZiriTadad ganpirobebulia qalaqad arsebuli meti SesaZleblobebiT. es exeba, rogorc ekonomikur SesaZleblobebs, kerZod dasaqmebas, aseve ganaTlebasTan da kulturasTan dakavSirebul, aseve sxvadasxva da specifiuri, xarisxiani servisis miRebis SesaZleblobebs. qveynis Siga migracia qalaqSi saqarTvelosaTvis damaxasiaTebel da mzard tendencias warmoadgens. oTxmocdaaTian wlebSi dawyebuli mosaxleobis qveynis gareT migracia aisaxa mosaxleobis raodenobis Semcirebaze qalaqad, iseve rogorc soflad, magram ukanasknel wlebSi saxezea did qalaqebSi mosaxleobis zrda. ase magaliTad Tbilisis mosaxleoba 2002 wlidan 2008 wlamde gaizarda 3.0, quTaisis 1.4, baTumis 0.3, rusTavis 0.8, zugdidis 4.4, goris 1.7 da foTis 0.5 procentiT. dRes dedaqalaqsa (1,106,500) da 6 did qalaqSi - quTaisSi (188,600), baTumSi (122,200), rusTavSi (117,300), zugdidSi (72,100), gorSi (50,400) da foTSi (47,400) cxovrobs 1,704,500 adamiani, anu maTSi saqarTvelos mosaxleobis mesamedze meti aris koncentrirebuli (http://www.citypopulation.de/Georgia.html) siRaribe migraciis erTerTi gamapirobebeli faqtoria. igi xSirad sacxovrebel adgilTan aris dakavSirebuli. miuxedav rigi makroekonomikuri maCveneblis zrdisa qveynis masStabSi, ekonomikuri zrda aranairad ar aisaxa mosaxleobis keTildReobaze. oficialuri monacemebi 2004 wlis Semdeg qveyanaSi arsebuli siRaribis donis Taobaze ar gamoqveynebula. @2004 wels siRaribis miRma cxovrobda saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 52 procenti. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi msoflio bankis monacemebze day138

rdnobiT miuTiTebs absoluturi siRaribis zrdaze 2004 wlidan 2007 wlamde (adamianis ganviTarebis angariSi, 2008). saqarTvelos mosaxleobis erTi mesamedi Tavs Raribad miiCnevs da registrirebulia socialurad mowyvlad ojaxTa monacemTa bazaSi. Raribi mosaxleobis 60.0 procenti soflad cxovrobs. siRaribis yvelaze mniSvnelovan faqtors umuSevroba warmoadgens. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis mixedviT TviTdasaqmebulad iTvleba yvela is piri, vinc flobs miwis nakveTs. aqedan gamomdinare, umuSevrobis maCvenebeli qveyanaSi ar aris maRali. igi 2004 wels Seadgenda 11.5 procents, xolo 2007 wels 13.3 procents. eqspertebis mosazrebiT realuri umuSevroba qveyanaSi 30.0 procents unda Seadgendes (UNDP, 2008). sacxovrebeli adgilis tipi da zoma garkveulwilad ganapirobebs adamianis cxovrebis stils, gansazRvravs mis msoflmxedvelobas uqmnis ra gansxvavebul sxvebTan urTierTobis, sxvadasxva tipis informaciis miRebis SesaZleblobas. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom soflis mosaxleoba, qalaqis mosaxleobaze ufro metad konservatuli damokidebulebebis gamo ufro loialuri unda iyos arsebuli xelisuflebis da ufro erTguli tradiciuli Rirebulebebis mimarT. amdenad, xelisuflebisadmi erTgulebis gazrdas unda velodoT dasaxlebis zomis SemcirebasTan erTad. am SemTxvevaSi, xelisuflebisadmi yvelaze mcire keTilganwyobas gamoavlens dedaqalaqis, ufro mets didi qalaqebis da yvelaze mets soflis mosaxleoba. soflis mosaxleoba aseve ufro metad unda uWerdes mxars tradiciul da materialistur Rirebulebebs. ukanasknel wlebSi saqarTveloSi mimdinare procesebma gamoaaSkaraves soflisa da qalaqis, gansakuTrebiT ki Tbilisis macxovrebelTa gansxvavebuli politikuri simpatiebi da Rirebulebebi. qvemoT Cven ganvixilavT gansxvavebebs politikuri Sexedulebebisa da simpaTiebis mixedviT Tbilisis, saqarTvelos eqvsi didi qalaqis da mcire qalaqebisa da soflis macxovrebelTa Soris, SevecdebiT gamovyoT mizezebi, romlebic ganapirobeben amgvar gansxvavebas. analizisas Cven daveyrdnobiT sazogadoebrivi politikis institutis mier 2008 wlis noemberSi Catarebul saqarTvelos mosaxleobis reprezentaciu139

li gamokiTxvis Sedegebs (gamokiTxva ganxorcielda Ria sazogadoebis institutis mxardaWeriT). sami jgufi, romlis mixedviTac aris ganxiluli Sedegebi gamoyofil iqna sacxovrebeli adgilis zomis mixedviT. pirvel jgufs Seadgens Tbilisis mosaxleoba (gamokiTxulTa 22.4 procenti), meore jgufSi (gamokiTxulTa 17.1 procenti) gaerTianda im qalaqebis mosaxleoba, romlebSic 45,000-ze meti macxovrebelia, aseTia quTaisi, baTumi, rusTavi, zugdidi, gori da foTi, xolo mesame jgufSi gaerTianda mcire qalaqebisa da soflis mosaxleoba (gamokiTxulTa 60.5 procenti). sul gamokiTxuli iyo 1156 adamiani (48.9 procenti kaci da 51.1 procenti qali) saqarTvelos cxrave regionSi da TbilisSi. respondentebi SerCeul iqnen saqarTveloSi qalaqad da soflad, sxvadasxva asakisa da sqesis mixedviT mosaxleobis arsebuli ganawilebis Sesabamisad ierarqiuli SemTxveviTi SerCevis meTodis gamoyenebiT. amdenad gamokiTxva reprezentaciuli da miRebuli Sedegebi SeiZleba generalizebul iqnen saqarTvelos mTel mosaxleobaze. yvelgan, sadac laparakia jgufebs Soris gansxvavebebze, gansxvaveba statistikurad mniSvnelovania (hi kvadrati <.05-ze) interesi politikis mimarT mosaxleobaSi sakmaod didia interesi politikis mimarT da es interesi klebulobs dasaxlebis zomasTan erTad. TbiliselTa 76.8 procenti, did qalaqebis macxovrebelTa 66.5 procenti da soflis mosaxleobis 50.7 procenti Tvalyurs adevnebs qveyanaSi mimdinare politikur movlenebs. amasTan mosaxleobis naxevarze meti televiziiT uyurebs axal ambebs (64.4 procenti TbilisSi, 60.3 procenti did qalaqebSi da 54.0 procenti soflebSi). telearxebis sainformacio gadacemebidan yvelaze meti ndobiT TbiliselTa Soris sargeblobs kavkasiis (66.5 procenti), didi qalaqisa da soflis macxovrebelTa Soris ki imedis sainformacio gadacemebi (72.0 procenti).

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tabula 1
sainformacio gadacemebi 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 moambe (sazogadoebrivi televizia) kurieri/post skriptumi (rusTavi 2) qronika/droeba (imedi) dRes (kavkasia) axali ambebi (aWara) adgilobrivi televiziis axali ambebi rusul arxebis sainformacio programebi evroniusi, bi-bi-si an si-eneni Tbilisi procenti 39.1 48.4 53.5 66.5 17.8 8.1 12.8 20.5 Ddidi qalaqebi procenti 36.6 58.4 72.0 12.2 12.2 34.5 3.0 19.3 soflebi procenti 42.7 50.1 60.6 14.0 12.0 21.6 4.2 11.0

politikur Zalas ar endoba, kidev 19.8 procents uWirs arCevanis gakeTeba.

x el is u f l eb as o po z ic ias

T b il is is mo s ax l eo b a

d id i qal aqis mo s ax l eo b a

s o f l is mo s ax l eo ba

ar c er T s /ar ic is

dasaxlebis tipis mixedviT mkveTri gansxvaveba kavkasiasa da adgilobriv telearxebTan mimarTebaSi am arxebis gavrcelebis arealiT aris ganpirobebuli. kavkasiis gadacemebis yureba Tbilisis gareT faqtiurad SeuZlebelia. politikuri simpatiebi mTlianobaSi saqarTvelos mosaxleoba ufro metad endoba xelisuflebas (31.1 procenti), vidre opozicias (7.3 procenti). gansxvaveba xelisuflebisadmi damokidebulebis mixedviT Zalze didia dasaxlebis zomis mixedviT. gamokveTilia aSkara tendencia, romlis mixedviTac yvelaze did ndobas da Sesabamisad yvelaze nakleb kritikul damokidebulebas xelisuflebisadmi avlens didi qalaqebis mosaxleoba, xolo yvelaze naklebad xelisuflebas Tbilisis mosaxleoba endoba. ase magaliTad, xelisuflebas ndobas ucxadebs TbiliselTa 14.0 procenti, didi qalaqis mosaxleobis 42.1 procenti da soflis mosaxleobis 33.5 procenti. opozicias endoba TbiliselTa 14.0 procenti, didi qalaqis macxovrebelTa 4.6 procenti da soflis macxovrebelTaA 5.6 procenti. qveyanaSi Zalze didia politikuri nihilizmi, gansakuTrebiT dedaqalaqis macxovreblebs Soris, romelTa naxevari (50.2 procenti) acxadebs, rom arcerT

cxrili 1 ndoba xelisuflebasa da opoziciis mimarT partiebidan yvelaze meti mxardamWeri nacionalur moZraobas yavs. kiTxvaze, xval rom tardebodes saparlamento arCevnebi, romel partias miscemdiT xmas, 24.1 procentma upasuxa, rom nacionalur moZraobas (TbiliselTa 12.4 procenti, qalaqis mosaxleobis 28.4 procenti da soflis mosaxleobis 27.2 procenti). qristian-demokratiuli partiisaTvis mzad iyo xma mieca TbiliselTa 4.3 procents, qalaqis macxovrebelTa 11.2 procents da soflis macxovrebelTa 11.7 procents. saqarTvelos leiboristul partiis mxardamWerTa yvelaze didi nawili TbilisSi cxovrobs (8.1 procenti). partias mxars uWers soflis macxovrebelTa 6.7 procenti da didi qalaqebis mosaxleobis 2.5 procenti. gamokiTxulTa Zalze didi nawils, TiTqmis mesameds (Tbilisis macxovrebelTa 26.0 procenti, qalaqis macxovrebelTa 29.4 procenti da soflis macxovrebelTa 26.6 procenti ) isev da isev uWirs arCevanis gakeTeba. prezidentis yvelaze sasurvel Tvisebebad miCneulia samarTlianoba, principuloba, momavalze orientacia, pirovnuli siZliere da qveynis interesebis viwro politikur interesebze ufro maRla dayeneba. yvela es Tviseba oris garda, ufro mniSvnelovnad aris aRqmuli Tbilisis 142

141

mosaxleobis mier da maTi mniSvneloba klebulobs dasaxlebis sididesTan erTad. pirovnuli siZliere yvelaze mniSvnelovania didi qalaqebis da yvelaze nakleb mniSvnelovani Tbilisis macxovreblebisaTvis, xolo samarTlianoba yvelaze metad mniSvnelovnad Tbilisis macxovreblebis mier aris Sefasebuli. amasTan, didi qalaqebis macxovreblebTan SedarebiT, igi ufro mniSvnelovnad soflis macxovreblebs miaCniaT. Tbilisis, didi qalaqebisa da soflis mosaxleoba gansxvavebul simpatiebs amJRavnebs politikuri liderebis mimarT.

tabula 5 politikur liderTa mowoneba (cxrilSi warmodgenili arian politikosebi, romlebic gamokiTxulTa meoTxedze metis mowonebas imsaxureben)
pirovneba mixeil saakaSvili giorgi TargamaZe nino burjanaZe gigi ugulava levan berZeniSvili TinaTin xidaSeli daviT gamyreliZe daviT usufaSvili irakli oqruaSvili salome zurabiSvili kaxa kukava levan gaCeCilaZe eka beselia daviT baqraZe koba daviTaSvili Salva naTelaSvili Tbilisi 23.3 22.6 38.1 41.2 45.9 41.3 53.7 46.3 37.4 42.8 34.5 43.6 36.6 37.4 33.9 40.1 didi qalaqi 56.2 53.8 39.9 51.8 31.1 28.8 24.2 31.2 46.0 18.4 24.8 9.8 25.0 52.1 19.5 16.2 sofeli 55.9 52.7 47.4 41.1 42.8 40.3 34.0 33.5 39.4 35.1 31.1 30.6 29.4 37.6 31.1 28.1 sul 48.3 45.2 43.9 42.8 41.8 38.7 37.5 36.4 35.7 34.4 31.0 30.9 30.4 29.9 29.9 29.3

opoziciis liderebs yvelaze meti mxardamWeri dedaqalaqSi, Semdeg ki soflad yavT. gamonakliss xelisuflebis yofili wevrebi nino burjanaZe da irakli oqruaSvili warmoadgenen. nino burjanaZes yvelaze meti mxardamWeri soflad, xolo yvelaze naklebi TbilisSi yavs. oqruaSvils da giorgi TargamaZes mxars yvelaze metad didi qalaqis mosaxleoba, xolo yvelaze naklebad Tbiliselebi uWeren. didi qalaqebi rogorc Cans xelisuflebis ZiriTad dasayrdens warmoadgenen da maT warmomadgenlebsac swored iq uWeren yvelaze metad mxars. politikur simpatiebi udaod mosaxleobis mier qveyanaSi arsebul mdgomareobis da xelisuflebis moqmedebebis efeqturobis aRqmis Sedegia. aqac mkveTradaa gamokveTili gansxvaveba dasaxlebis tipis mixedviT. yvelaze kritikuli xelisuflebisadmi isev dedaqalaqis, xolo yvelaze nakleb kritikuli didi qalaqebis macxovreblebi arian. didi qalaqebis mosaxleobis 36.5 procents, soflis mosaxleobis 25.7 procents da Tbilisis mosaxleobis 13.6 143 144

procents miaCnia, rom xelisufleba usmens da iTvaliswinebs xalxis azrs. didi qalaqebis mosaxleobis ufro did nawils (48.7 procenti), soflis (41.0 procenti) da Tbilisis mosaxleobasTan (39.1 procenti) SedarebiT miaCnia, rom qveyana ganviTarebis swor gzaze dgas. Tbilisis mosaxleobis 64.5 procenti fiqrobs, rom SesaZlebeli iyo agvistos omis Tavidan acileba. am azrs iziarebs didi qalaqebis mosaxleobis 55.7 procenti da soflis mosaxleobis 56.4 procenti. saqarTveloSi demokratia da liberaluri demokratiis Rirebulebisadmi erTguleba zogadad kritikulad aris Sefasebuli. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT gamokveTilia dedaqalaqis macxovrebelTa pozicia. dRes saqarTveloSi demokratiis arseboba realobad miaCnia Tbilisis mosaxleobis mxolod 8.5 procents, soflis mosaxleobis 24.0 procents, didi qalaqebis macxovrebelTa 34.0 procents . adamianis uflebebi daculad miaCnia Tbilisis mosaxleobis 9.3 procents, soflis mosaxleobis 20.8 procents, didi qalaqis macxovrebelTa 31.4 procents. kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis principi daculad miaCnia Tbilisis mosaxleobis 14.8 procents, soflis mosaxleobis 22.7 procents, didi qalaqebis macxovrebelTa 32.0 procents. Tavs usamarTlobisgan daculad grZnobs Tbilisis mosaxleobis 10.5 procenti, soflis mosaxleobis 26.7 procenti, didi qalaqebis mosaxleobis 30.5 procenti. qveyanaSi kerZo sakuTreba daculad miaCnia Tbilisis macxovrebelTa 7.4 procents, soflis macxovrebelTa 26.2 procents da didi qalaqebis macxovrebelTa 37.1 procents. Rirebulebebi politikuri simpatiebisa da liberaluri demokratiis Rirebulebebis dacvasTan arsebuli mdgomareobis Sefasebebisgan gansxvavebuli kanonzomiereba SeimCneva demokratiuli uflebebis da Rirebulebebis mniSvnelobis SefasebaSi. soflis mosaxleoba, Tbilisisa da didi qalaqebis mosaxleobaze ufro nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWebs demokratiuli uflebebis dacvas. ase magaliTad, 7 noembers mitingis darbeva mniSvnelovnad miaCnia Tbilisel respondentTa 90.6 procents, didi qalaqebis mosaxleobis 80.6 procents da soflis mosaxleobis 71.9 procents. Se145

sabamisi cifrebi telekompania imedSi SeWris Taobaze aris 91.0 procenti, 78.1 procenti da 71.5 procenti. agvistos oms mniSvnelovan movlenad afasebs TbiliselTa 98.0 procenti, did qalaqebis macxovrebelTa 93.4 procenti da soflis mosaxleobis 85.0 procenti. demokratia mmarTvelobis saukeTeso formad miaCnia ufro metad qalaqis (75.2 procenti TbilisSi, 75.3 procenti didi qalaqebSi) vidre soflis mosaxleobas (65.1 procenti). sityvis Tavisufleba bevrad ufro mniSvnelovnad miaCniaT Tbilisis (37.6 procenti), vidre soflis (27.6 procenti) da didi qalaqis macxovreblebs (21.8 procenti). liberaluri demokratiis arCeviTi demokratiisagan erTerT ganmasxvavebel niSans mosaxleobis mier gadawyvetilebebis miRebaze zegavlenis qona warmoadgens. swored mosaxleobis monawileobaa miCneuli efeqturi demokratiis maCveneblad (Welzel & Inglehart, 2008). monawileoba dakavSirebulia ndobasTan. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis mxolod erT mesamedze odnav mets sjeravs, rom adamianTa umravlesoba ndobas imsaxurebs. ndoba ufro didia Tbilisis macxovrebelTa Soris (42.8 procenti), vidre soflisa (38.6 procenti) da didi qalaqis macxovreblebSi (30.8%). qalaqisa da soflis mosaxleoba aseve gansxvavebulad afasebs sazogadoebriv procesebSi mosaxleobis monawileobis mniSvnelobas. Tbiliselebs igi soflisa da didi qalaqis macxovreblebze bevrad ufro Rirebulad miaCniaT. TbiliselTa 74.5 procenti, soflis mosaxleobis 68.1 procenti da didi qalaqis mosaxleobis 56.4 procenti fiqrobs, rom prezidenti unda usmendes da akeTebdes imas, rasac xalxi moiTxovs da ara imas, rac misi azriT warmatebas moutans qveyanas. gamokiTxulTa naxevarze mets qveyanaSi arsebuli problemebis gadaWris aucilebel pirobad moqalaqeTa monawileoba miaCnia. ase fiqrobs Tbiliselebis ufro did nawili (66.8 procenti), vidre didi qalaqebisa (56.1 procenti) da soflis macxovreblebi (52.2 procenti). moqalaqeTa monawileobis aucileblobis rwmenis am fonze Zalze mcirea monawileobis SesaZleblobis aRqma. TbiliselTa Zalze mcire odenobas (19.5 procenti) miaCnia SesaZleblad zemoqmedeba moaxdinos mTavrobis gadawyvetilebebze. am SesaZleblobas co146

ta ufro metad xedaven didi qalaqis (27.2 procenti) da soflis (24.5 procenti) macxovreblebi. Zalze umniSvneloa mosaxleobis monawileobis gamocdilebac. gamokiTxulTa mxolod 2.8 procentma aRniSna, rom 2007 wlis noembridan 2008 wlis noembramde monawileoba miiRo raime koleqtiur aqciaSi. rac Seexeba im formebs, romelsac, mosaxleoba SesaZleblad Tvlis gamoiyenos xelisuflebis mier misi uflebebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi, yvela CamoTvlili ToTxmeti saxis aqtivobis ganxorcielebis mimarT mzaoba ufro didia Tbiliselebis, Semdeg didi qalaqebis macxovreblebis da yvelaze mcire soflis mosaxleobis Soris. ufro xSirad respondentebi arCeven monawileobis nakleb aqtiur formebs, rogoricaa mag. moTxovnaze xelmowera, Sexvedrebze da mitingebze daswreba, azris gamoTqma. amis sawinaaRmdegod xelisuflebaze mosaxleobis zemoqmedebis efeqturobis Sefasebisas upiratesobas ufro aqtiur formebs aniWeben, iseTebs rogoricaa gaficva, xalxmravali mitingebis mowyoba, problemis mogvarebaSi presisa da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis CarTva. aqac yvelaze didi aqtivoba Tbilisis macxovrebelTaA Soris aRiniSneba.A saqarTvelos mosaxleoba sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT ar gansxvavdeba im problemebis identifikaciaSi, romelic maT saqarTvelosaTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovnad miaCniaT. esenia, adamianebis uflebebis dacva, samuSao adgilebis Seqmna da fasebis zrdis SeCereba. gansxvaveba aris am prioritetuli sferoebis SedarebiT mniSvnelobaSi.

am ia n m u is u Sa o ... f as ad g eb is ... zr d ..

Tbiliselebi didi qalaqis mosaxleoba soflis mosaxleoba

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yvelaze mkveTri gansxvaveba problemebis mniSvnelobis SefasebaSi ikveTeba adamianis uflebebis dacvis sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi, romelic prioritetulia Tbilisis mosaxleobisaTvis da romlis mniSvnelobas mkveTrad klebulobs dasaxlebis tipsa da zomis SemcirebasTan erTad. didi qalaqebisa da soflis macxovreblebi upiratesobas samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas aniWeben. msgavsi kanonzomiereba vlindeba qveynis prezidentis funqciebis mniSvnelobis Sefasebisas. sami CamoTvlili funqciidan: 1. icavdes adamianis uflebebs da idges samarTlianobis sadarajoze; 2. icavdes mosaxleobas sagareo da saSinao safrTxeebisagan; 3. uzrunvelyofdes normaluri cxovrebisaTvis aucilebel pirobebs. Tbiliselebi upiratesobas adamianis uflebebis dacvas (38.3 procenti) didi qalaqisa (44.6 procenti) da soflis macxovreblebi (55.7 procenti) ki cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebas aniWeben. gamokiTxulTa umravlesoba (58.6 procenti) dasaxelebuli oTxi Rirebulebidan, romlidanac 2 materialis148

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turia (qveyanaSi wesrigis damyareba da fasebis zrdis SeCereba) da 2 post-materialisturi (adamianebs hqondeT meti saSualeba zegavlena moaxdinon qveynisaTvis mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebis miRebaze da sityvis Tavisufleba) arCevans erT materialistur (ufro xSirad qveyanaSi wesrigis damyarebaze da erT post-materialistur (ufro xSirad monawileobis SesaZleblobaze) akeTeben. zogadad or materialur Rirebulebebs bevrad ufro meti respondenti (35.6 procenti) irCevs, vidre or postmaterialurs (4.8 procenti). amasTan, materialur Rirebulebas yvelaze metad soflis macxovreblebi irCeven (38.4 procenti), Semdeg ki didi qalaqebisa (34.0 procenti) da Tbilisis (33.7 procenti) macxovreblebi. Sesabamisad post-materialistur Rirebulebebze arCevans ufro metad Tbiliselebi akeTeben (7.0 procenti), vidre didi qalaqis (6.6 procenti) da soflis (3.6 procenti) macxovreblebi. amdenad post-materialuri da liberaluri demokratiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Rirebulebebis mniSvneloba zogadad klebulobs dasaxlebis zomasTan erTad. Sejameba gamokiTxvis monacemTa ganxilvam respondentTa sacxovrebeli adgilis tipisa da zomis mixedviT daadastura am parametris mixedviT mosaxleobis stratifikaciis Rirebuleba imdenad, ramdenadac asaxa mosaxleobis politikur simpatiebsa da RirebulebebSi arsebuli mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi. informatuli da Rirebuli aRmoCnda qalaq-soflis parametris detalizacia da Tbilisis sxva qalaqebidan gamoyofa. garda qveynis dedaqalaqis funqcionaluri datvirTvisa, Tbilisi zomiT bevrad aRemateba qveynis yvela sxva qalaqs. mosaxleobis raodenobis mixedviT igi TiTqmis eqvsjer didia quTaisze, saqarTvelos zomiT meore qalaqze. mas vercerTi qalaqi ver Seedreba adamianebTan kontaqtis, informaciis xelmisawvdomobis, gansxvavebuli azrisa Tu cxovrebis stilis eqsponirebis, ganaTlebis, kulturis da sxvadasxva servisebis xelmisawvdomobis mixedviT. monacemebi erTmniSvnelovnad migvaniSneben arsebul gansxvavebebze Tbiliselebsa, didi qalaqebis da ase-

ve soflis macxovreblebs Soris maT SefasebebSi, damokidebulebebsa, Rirebulebebsa da politikur simpaTiebSi.. xelisuflebisadmi loialobis gacilebiT meti xarisxi dadasturda didi qalaqebis mosaxleobas, vidre soflisa da miT ufro dedaqalaqis macxovrebelTa Soris. gamomdinare qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareobidan, SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom gansxvavebis mizezi SeiZleba mosaxleobis keTildReobis xarisxi iyos. magram gamokiTxvis monacemebi ar adastureben am faqtoris mniSvnelobas politikuri simpatiebis CamoyalibebaSi. dasaxlebis tipis mixedviT respondentebi erTmaneTisagan ar gansxvavdebian sakuTari ojaxis ekonomiuri mdgomareobis SefasebaSi, Tumca aris gansxvaveba Tbilisel da danarCen respondentebs Soris yovelTviuri Semosavlis odenobaSi. TbiliselTa yvelaze didi nawili (20.8 procenti) miuTiTebs saojaxo Tviuri Semosavlis 500-dan-1000 laramde odenobaze, maSin rodesac qalaqebisa (19.0 procenti) da soflis macxovreblebi (21.1 procenti) yvelaze xSirad asaxeleben 200-300 lars. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom es gansxvaveba SeiZleba ar areklavdes realur gansxvavebas keTildReobis doneSi, radgan cnobilia rom qveyanaSi saSualod mosaxleobis Semosavlis naxevari sasursaTo produqtebis SeZenaze ixarjeba. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom soflis da aseve qalaqebis mosaxleobas dedaqalaqis mosaxleobaze bevrad ufro meti SesaZlebloba aqvT sursaTis usasyidlod miRebisa, SeiZleba gansxvaveba ekonomikur keTildReobaSi dedaqalaqis macxovrebelTa da sxva adgilebSi dasaxlebul pirTa Soris arc arsebobdes. mniSvnelovani da sainteresoa ekonomikuri mdgomareobis erTgvarovnebis fonze gansxvaveba ekonomikur optimizmSi. qalaqis macxovrebelTa bevrad ufro didi nawili (30.6 procenti), dedaqalaqis (11.2 procenti) an soflis (17.9 procenti) macxovreblebTan SedarebiT miiCnevs, rom misi ojaxis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba gasul welTan SedarebiT gaumjobesda. amasTan qalaqebis mosaxleobis 59.0 procenti, soflis macxovrebelTa 44.7 da Tbilisis mosaxleobis 44.3 procenti moelis cxovrebis donis gaumjobesebas erT weliwadSi. kidev ufro didia optimizmi sam wlian periodTan mimarTebaSi (78.5, 58.4 da 55.4 procen-

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ti qalaqis, Tbilisis da soflis mosaxleobaSi Sesabamisad elis ekonomiuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas). ekonomikuri optimizmiT Tanmimdevrulad ver aixsneba xelisuflebisadmi qalaqebis macxovrebelTa gamokveTilad dadebiTi damokidebuleba, radgan es rom ase iyos adgili ar unda hqondes mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas msgavsi ekonomikuri optimizmis maCveneblebis mqone Tbilisis da soflis macxovrebelTa Sefasebebs Soris. ufro metad damajereblad mimaCnia gansxvavebis axsna im saxelmwifo politikiT, romelsac xelisufleba bolo periodSi axorcielebs saqarTvelos did qalaqebSi. Cans moxda politikuri fokusis gadanacvleba Tbilisidan sxva qalaqebze. amis dasturad gamodgeba zogierTi saxelmwifo dawesebulebis Tbilisidan quTaissa Tu baTumSi gadatanis gadawyvetileba, foTSi Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonis Seqmna, mTavrobis sxdomebis sxvadasxva qalaqebSi Catareba, infrastruqturisa da Senobebis reabilitaciis proeqtebi da prezidentis xSiri stumroba saqarTvelos qalaqebSi. amdenad xelisuflebis politika qalaqebSi mxardamWerTa mosapoveblad sakmaod efeqturi aRmoCnda. gamokiTxvis monacemebma gviCvenes, rom politikuri simpatiebisgan gansxvavebiT Rirebulebebis gaziareba Seesatyviseba molodins soflad ufro tradiciuli da materialisturi, xolo qalaqad ufro kosmopolituri da post-materialisturi Rirebulebebis siWarbisa. es rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT ganpirobebuli unda iyos qalaqSi da gansakuTrebiT did qalaqSi arsebul sxvadasxva SesaZleblobebis, susti kavSirebis, informaciis xelmisawvdomobis, gansxvavebul ideebTan Tu adamianebTan eqsponirebis SesaZleblobebTan, aseve mosaxleobis ganaTlebis donesTan, romelic bevrad maRalia qalaqad (TbilisSi umaRlesi ganaTleba aqvs 49.6 procents qalaqebSi 46.4 procents), vidre soflad, sadac mosaxleobis 29.3 procents aqvs umaRlesi ganaTleba. Tu Cven SefasebiTi kuTxidan SevxedavT mosaxleobis RirebulebiT orientirebs da daveTanxmebiT azrs imis Sesaxeb, rom demokratia mmarTvelobis saukeTeso formas warmoadgens, Cveni sazrunavi gaxdeba TviTgamoxatvis, post-materialisturi Rirebulebebis damkvidreba. post-materialisturi Rirebulebebi da zogadad libera151

luri demokratiis mxardaWera dakavSirebulia TviTgamoxatvis RirebulebasTan, romelic eyrdnoba ra ndobas sxva adamianebis mimarT, xazs usvavs mosaxleobis monawileobas politikur da sazogadoebriv procesebSi, genderul Tanasworobas, sxva jgufebis mimarT tolerantobas. warmoadgens ra samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Semadgenel nawils TviTgamoxatvis Rirebuleba gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs demokratizaciis procesSi (Wenzel & Ingelhart, 2008; Welzel., Ingelhart., & Deutch, 2005). amdenad qveynis politika mimarTuli unda iyos ndobisa da monawileobis gazrdaze, da am mxriv dedaqalaqi SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes, rogorc qveynis masStabiT arsebul saukeTeso magaliTi da aseve demokratiis mxardamWeri politikis ganxorcielebis poligoni. bibliografia
Giddens, A. (1997), Sociology. 3-rd ed. Cambridge: Polity Press Granovetter,M. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology. Vol.78. No.6. 1360-1380 Human Development Report (2008). http://www.citypopulation.de/Georgia.html Lipton, M. (1993). In Varshney, A. (Ed.). Beyond Urban Bias. London: Frank Cass. Macionis, J.J., & Plumer, K. (2008). Sociology. 4th ed. Harlow, UK: Prentice Hall UNDP. (2008).National Human Developmant Report 2008: The Reforms and Beyond. UNDP, Georgia Welzel, Ch., & Inglehart, R. (2008). The role of ordinary people in democratization. Journal of Democracy. Vol.19, No1.126-140. Welzel, Ch.,, Ingelhart. R., and Deutch, F. (2005).Social Capital, Voluntary Assosiations and Collectiove Action: Which Aspects of Social Capital Have the Gratest Civic Payoff? Journal of Civic Society, Vol.1, No.2, 121-146. Wirth, L.(1938). Urbanism as a way of life. American Journal of Sociology. 44.

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saqarTvelos mosaxleobis keTildReobisa da socialur-ekonomikuri stratifikaciis zogierTi aspeqtis Sesaxeb saqarTvelo mosaxleobis keTildReobis, maTi Semosavlebisa da xarjebis ganawilebis mxriv, arasdros warmoadgenda egalitarul samoTxes, Tumca Sesabamisi deciluri koeficientis sidide1 1980-iani wlebis bolosaTvisac ki ar aRemateboda Tanafardobas 4:1-Tan. sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis Sedegad ara marto zogadad gaizarda zemoxsenebuli koeficientis sidide (dReisaTvis igi mTliani xarjebis mixedviT aRwevs 16.3-s, xolo fuladi xarjebis mixedviT 17.1-s)2, aramed arsebiTi cvlileba ganicada aTvlis sidideebmac. keTildReobis saerTo doniT amJamindeli saSualo Semosavlebi da xarjebi, qarTuli larisa da 1980-iani wlebis bolos sabWoTa maneTis msyidvelobiTi unarianobis Tanafardobis gaTvaliswinebiT (1 lari = daaxloebiT 0.50 maneTs), mniSvnelovnad dauaxlovda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis wina periods (2008 w. 1990 w.-Tan daaxloebiT 90%), maSin rodesac 2008 wlis udablesi, pirveli deciluri jgufis mTeli Semosavlebis msyidvelobiTi unarianoba 1990 wlis Sesabamis jgufis mxolod 64 procentia, umaRlesi, meaTe jgufis mixedviT Tanafardoba Seadgens, Sesabamisad, 115 procents. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, amJamindeli Raribebi saqarTveloSi ori aTeuli wlis winandel Raribebze xelmokleni arian, xolo amJamindeli mdidrebi maSindelebTan SedarebiT, ufro mdidrebi. amasTan, aRsaniSnavia isic, rom postsabWoTa sivrceSi mosaxleobis socialurekonomikuri diferencirebis zemoxsenebuli deciluri koeficienti saqarTveloSi yvelaze maRalia da aRemateba:

ukrainis analogiur maCvenebels 2.5-jer, somxeTisas 1.9-jer, azerbaijanisas 1.6-jer, ruseTisas 1.3-jer. saqarTvelo, mTeli rigi mizezebis gamo, postsabWoTa sivrceSi erTaderTi qveyanaa, romelsac absoluturi moculobiT jerac ver miuRwevia damoukideblobis mopovebamde arsebuli mTliani Sida produqtis warmoebis pikuri donisaTvis. dReisaTvis saqarTvelos mosaxleobis erT sulze daaxloebiT 3 aTasi aSS dolaris mTliani Sida produqti modis - aSS donis mxolod 8 procenti da saSualo msoflio donis 35 procenti1. aRniSnuli garemoebiT unda aixsnas is faqti, rom sazogadoebis socialurekonomikuri stratifikacia jeradad gansxvavdeba im optimumisagan, razec didi xania arsebobs konsensusi Sesabamis samecniero da praqtikul wreebSi (Raribebisa da mdidrebis wili - 15-20 procenti TiToeuli, saSualo klasi - daaxloebiT 60-65 procenti). Sesabamisad, qveynisaTvis siRaribis arsebuli donis Semcireba da mosaxleobis keTildReobis Semdgomi amaRleba saxelmwifos socialur-ekonomikuri politikis qvakuTxeds unda warmoadgendes. am mimarTulebiT, ZiriTadi instrumentebia dasaqmebis zrda, dasaqmebis struqturis optimizacia, dasaqmebulTa Sromis mwarmoeblurobis, amis safuZvelze ki - mTliani Sida produqtisa da masTan maRal korelaciaSi mosaxleobis keTildReobis amaRleba. mosaxleobis keTildReobis zrdas ver uzrunvelyofs saSualoze dabali Semosavlis mqoneTa masobrivi gasvla qveynis farglebs gareT. erTi SexedviT, rac meti Raribi tovebs qveyanas, darCenilTa cxovrebis done, saSualo moxmareba, keTildReoba ufro maRali unda iyos. magram, rogorc wesi, migrantTa didi nawili SedarebiT axalgazrda - ekonomikurad da demografiulad yvelaze aqtiur asakSi myofi mosaxleobaa, ris gamoc maTi migracia zrdis adgilze darCenili mosaxleobis saSualo asaks, riTac auaresebs qveynis demo-ekonomikur potencials2.
ix.: Human Development Report 2007/2008, p. 277-280. Cveni gaangariSebiT, mosaxleobis saSualo asakis erTi wliT Semcireba sxva Tanabar pirobebSi qmnis qveynis mTliani Sida produqtis 2.2 procentiT zrdis potencials. aq ganmsazRvreli marto is ki ar aris,
1 2

1 mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikuri uTanabrobis erTerTi mniSvnelovani indikatori. aiangariSeba mosaxleobis yvelaze maRalSemosavliani meaTe jgufis Semosavlebis/xarjebis TanafardobiT yvelaze dabalSemosavliani, pirveli jgufis SemosavlebTan/xarjebTan. 2 ix.: saqarTvelo Sinameurneobebi 2008, gv. 61.

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saqarTveloSi keTildReobis dabali donis (TiTqmis samjeradi CamorCena msoflios saSualo donisagan) umniSvnelovanesi faqtori sazogadoebaSi saSualo klasis dabali donea. Tavis mxriv, saSualo klasis dabal wils ganapirobebs dasaqmebis dabali done, dasaqmebis dabal dones ki, Sesabamisad mcire da saSualo biznesis dabali wili qveynis ekonomikaSi, damatebuli Rirebulebis SeqmnaSi. - saqarTveloSi saSualo biznesis wilad modis mTeli gamoSvebis mxolod 15 procenti, maSin rodesac EU27-Si - daaxloebiT 2/5. msxvili biznesis wili saqarTveloSi evrokavSirisas TiTqmis 2-jer aRemateba, samagierod, saSualo biznesis wili 2-jer, xolo mcire biznesis wili TiTqmis 3-jer CamorCeba Sesabamis evropul dones. amasTan, bolo wlebSi ara Tu gazrdila aseTi biznesis wili, aramed ramdenadme Semcirda kidec. arada, mcire da saSualo biznesi es aris axali samuSao adgilebi, masobrivi dasaqmeba, socialuri da ekonomikuri stabiluroba, keTildReobis gansazRvruli done... aseTi biznesis ganviTarebis gareSe realur progresze da keTildReobis arsebiT zrdaze saubari warmoudgenelia. saqarTveloSi aseve mcirericxovania im mewarmeTa raodenoba, romlebic
rom mosaxleobis daberebiT uaresdeba demografiuli struqtura da ekonomikurad aqtiur erTsa da imave raodenobis mosaxleobas meti raodenobis ekonomikurad araaqtiuri mosaxleobis Senaxva uwevs. aq did rols TamaSobs is garemoebac, rom maRali teqnologiebis, maRali mwarmoeblurobis mqone saqmianobis sferoebSi axalgazrda Taobis warmomadgenlebi ufro aqtiurad ebmebian da maTi wili damatebuli Rirebulebis SeqmnaSi mniSvnelovnad aRemateba mosaxleobis ricxovnobaSi maTsave wils. is upiratesoba, rac jer kidev am 15-20 wlis win hqonda dasaqmebulebSi anazRaurebisa (da Sromis mwarmoeblurobis) mixedviT asakovan mosaxleobas (meoce saukunis bolo aTwleulamde 45-55 wlianTa Sromis saSualo anazRaureba 20-25-wlianebis Sromis anazRaurebas 4-jer da metad aRemateboda. ix.: ioseb arCvaZe. ekonomika da dro, Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 114) amJamad TiTqmis mTlianad nivelirebulia mowinave teqnologiebisa da Tanamedrove nou-haus elementebis axalgazrdaTa mier ukeT da ufro swrafad aTvisebisa da gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebis gamo. ufro metic, saSualo da ufrosi asakis mosaxleobis poziciebis Sesustebis obieqtur garemoebebs vardebis revoluciis Semdeg subieqturi faqtorebic daemata, rodesac maTi Tanamdebobidan ganTavisuflebis, Canacvlebis, profesiuli diskriminaciis ganmsazRvrel faqtorad ara am ukanasknelTa saqmiani Tvisebebi da profesionalizmi, aramed asaki iqca. aRniSnuli asakobrivi diskriminacia samecniero literaturaSi meoce saukunis samociani wlebis bolodan eijizmis (ingl. Ageism) saxeliTaa cnobili.

daqiravebuli pirebis Sromas iyeneben. dReisaTvis, oficialuri statistikiT, maTi raodenoba 25 aTas kacs TviTdasaqmebulTa 2 procents ar aRemateba. yovelive amis mizezi jer kidev arasakmarisad liberaluri sainvesticio garemoa. - miuxedavad bolo wlebSi sagadasaxado reJimis liberalizaciisa, eqspertebis SefasebiT, sagadasaxado wnexi saqarTveloSi jer kidev aRemateba optimalurs daaxloebiT 1.5-jer1. sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvla saqarTveloSi uaRresad dramatul viTarebaSi warimarTa. 1990-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi arasruli oTxi wlis manZilze saqarTvelom gadaitana oTxi samxedro konfliqti da samoqalaqo dapirispireba. centraluri da aRmosavleT evropisa da yofili sabWoTa kavSiris 28 saxelmwifos Soris saqarTvelos hqonda ekonomikis yvelaze masStaburi dacema. 1994 wels saqarTvelos mTliani Sida produqti 1988 wlis donis mxolod 22 procents Seadgenda. kidev ufro sagrZnoblad iyo Semcirebuli samrewvelo produqciis moculoba daaxloebiT 6.1-jer. dReisaTvis samuSao adgilebi marto saqarTvelos mrewvelobaSi 20 wlis winandelTan SedarebiT 6-jer da metad - daaxloebiT 400 aTasiTaa Semcirebuli. ekonomikis vardnam, ekonomikur saqmianobaTa da mTeli rigi dargebis kvdomam mravali aseuli aTasi adamiani umuSevrad datova. 1980-iani wlebis bolosTan SedarebiT 2009 wlisaTvis saqarTvelos mosaxleoba Semcirda 21 procentiT, maSin rodesac dasaqmebulTa raodenoba 1.5-jer, maT Soris daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa raodenoba - TiTqmis 3.7-jer - 1700 aTasi kaciT. sakmarisia iTqvas, rom am periodSi daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa saerTo raodenobis Semcireba 1.5-jer da metad aRemateboda

1 bolo periodSi adgili aqvs or, urTierTgamomricxav tendencias fiskaluri politikaSi. erTs mxriv, saqarTveloSi iqmneba Tavisufali industriuli zonebi, meores mxriv ki mkacrdeba sabaJo kontroli, importis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba ganubaJebeli saqonlis Semotanis sixSiris limitirebiT (- ara umetes TveSi erTxel) da Rirebulebis SemcirebiT (araumetes 500 lari TveSi). amis garda, finansTa saministros mier momzadebuli cirkuliariT, sagadasaxado imspeqtorebs eZlevaT ufleba, vaWrobisa da sastumrobis biznesis warmomadgenlebs mimdinare wlis brunviTa da gadasaxadebiT dauangariSon SarSandeli gadasaxadebi da sxvaobis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi maT dafarvasTan erTad daakisron jarimebis gadaxdac.

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qveynis mosaxleobis saerTo ricxovnobis Semcirebas. bevri adrindeli daqiravebiT dasaqmebuli - TviTdasaqmebuli gaxda (ZiriTadad soflis meurneobaSi). mravali aTeuli aTasi adamiani ki sxva qveynebSi gavida SromiT migraciaSi. dReisaTvis saqarTvelodan SromiT migrantTa raodenoba daaxloebiT 1.4-jer aRemateba saqarTveloSi daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa mTlian ricxovnobas.1 Tavad saqarTveloSi umuSevrobis done 2008 wlis bolos mdgomareobiT, oficialuri statistikiT, 16.5 procentia. amasTan, dasaqmebulTagan mxolod 1/3-ze odnav metia (35.7%) daqiravebiT dasaqmebuli; danarCeni dasaqmebulebi (64.3%) TviTdasaqmebulebi arian. saqarTveloSi, oficialuri statistikiT, 1.4 milionze meti Sinameurneobaa.2 Sesabamisad, dReisaTvis, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, qveyanaSi yoveli 5 Sinameurneobidan mxolod 2-Sia daqiravebiT dasaqmebuli. ra gamodis? saqarTveloSi dReisaTvis oficialurad dafiqsirebul 1918 aTasi ekonomikurad aqtiur adamians unda daematos qveynidan gasuli 800 aTasi SromiTi migranti, romlebic adgilze saTanado samuSao adgilebis arsebobis pirobebSi saqarTveloSi darCebodnen. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, 2008 wlis bolosaTvis saqarTvelos potenciuri samuSao Zalis ricxovnoba unda iyos (SeiZleba yofiliyos) 2718 aTasi adamiani. aqedan saqarTveloSi samuSao ver naxa 1116 aTasma adamianma (316 aTasi saqarTveloSi dafiqsirebuli umuSevari da 800 aTasi SromiTi migranti), ris gamoc qveyanaSi bruto umuSevrobis done saqarTvelos mTeli SromiTi potencialis qveyanaSi myofTa da qveynidan gasulTa erToblivi ricxovnobis - gaTvaliswinebiT, 41 procents aRemateba. Sesabamisad, saqarTveloSi dasaqmebulia ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis mxolod 59 procenti, xolo daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa wili qveyanaSi saqarTvelos mTel ekonomikurad aqtiur mosaxleo1 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisidan mxolod ekonomikuri garemoebebiT saqarTvelodan daaxloebiT 800 aTasi adamiani gavida, anu, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, gaxda SromiTi migranti. 2009 wlis meore kvartalSi saqarTveloSi daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa raodenoba ki 572 aTas adamians ar aRemateboda 2 2002 wlis mosaxleobis sayovelTa aRweriT, saqarTveloSi 1442 aTasi Sinameurneoba iyo.

baSi (SromiTi migrantebis gaTvaliswinebiT) mxolod 21 procentia. gamodis, rom saqarTvelos Sromisunariani asakis moqalaqeTagan anazRaurebiT SromiT saqmianobas sakuTari qveynis teritoriaze dReisaTvis axerxebs mxolod yoveli mexuTe (21%). statistikuri gaTvlebiT dasturdeba, rom SinameurneobaSi daqiravebiT dasaqmebul wevrTa erTiT gazrda gamoiwvevs SinameurneobaTa Semosavlebisa da keTildReobis zrdas daaxloebiT 9/10-iT, anu am SinameurneobaTa TiToeuli wevris Semosavlebisa da keTildReobis matebas daaxloebiT erTi meoTxediT (24-25%-iT). amasTan, im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki yvela SinameurneobaSi iqneboda TiTo-TiTo daqiravebiT dasaqmebuli mainc, es gazrdida am SinameurneobaTa mTlian Semosavlebs da daqiravebulTa ricxovnobas aranakleb 1.5-jer TiToeuls, xolo TviTdasaqmebulTa wils dasaqmebulTa saerTo raodenobaSi Seamcirebda 6-jer da metad 64 procentidan 10.4 procentamde. dasaqmebis problema imdenad fundamenturi problemaa saqarTvelos mosaxleobisaTvis, rom mis simwvaves ver xsnis TviT is garemoebac, rom bolo wlebSi dasaqmebulTa saSualo xelfasi daaxloebiT samjer ufro swrafad izrdeboda mSp-is nominalur zrdasTan SedarebiT. imdenad ara aqvs daqiravebiT dasaqmebas qveyanaSi sayovelTao xasiaTi, rom xelfasis zrdis ekonomikuri efeqti fermkrTaldeboda mosaxleobis mTlian SemosavlebSi maTi dabali wilisa da permanentulad mzardi moTxovnebis fonze. gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa xelfasebi (gansakuTrebiT sabiujeto seqtorSi) simbolur xasiaTs atarebda da maTma saSualo sididem Sromisunariani mamakacis saarsebo minimumis maCvenebels pirvelad mxolod 2003 wels qveyanaSi srulfasovani erovnuli valutis laris SemoRebidan mxolod mecxre wels moaxerxa.1

1 1996-2003 wlebSi saxelmwifo seqtorSi dasaqmebulebis xelfasebi saarsebo minimumis doneze mainc rom yofiliyos, am dasaqmebulebs saxelmwifosagan xelfasis saxiT unda mieRoT (jamSi) 1.6 mlrd. lari. Sesabamisad, SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom, am wlebSi saxelmwifo seqtorSi dasaqmebulebma saxelmwifos gauwies subsidireba aRniSnuli TanxiT. Tumca, isic aRsaniSnavia, rom swored aseTi dabali xelfasebi iyo ZiriTadi

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2009 wlis pirveli kvartlis monacemebiT, saqarTveloSi saSualo xelfasi daaxloebiT 330 aSS dolaris eqvivalentia. es 2003 wlis Sesabamis maCvenebels 5.5-jer aRemateba. SedarebisaTvis: imave periodSi SinameurneobaTa mTliani xarjebis faqtobrivi moculoba mxolod 1.5-jer aris gazrdili, realur ganzomilebaSi ki, samomxmareblo fasebis imave proporciiT zrdis gamo, faqtobrivad ar Secvlila. amgvari gansxvaveba saSualo xelfasebis zrdasa da SinameurneobaTa realur keTildReobas Soris ZiriTadad gamowveulia, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, xelfasebis mimRebTa dabali wiliT, agreTve laris kursis aSS dolarTan mniSvnelovnad gamyarebiT.1 bolo wlebSi, erTis mxriv, saSualo xelfasis swrafi zrdis, xolo meores mxriv, daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa dabali wilis gamo2 saSualo xelfasis doniT saqarTvelos Sedarebam sxva qveynebTan mniSvnelovanwilad dakarga Tavisi ekonomikuri Sinaarsi. magaliTad, nominalurad 2008 wlis mixedviT saqarTveloSi saSualo xelfasi aSS donis 11.2 procentia (Sesabamisad, 37.5 aTasi aSS dolari da 4.2 aTasi aSS dolari). magram mosaxleobis erTsa da imave raodenobaze gaangariSebiT aSS-Si 3.4-jer meti daqiravebiT dasaqmebulia saqarTvelosTan SedarebiT. igives Tqma SeiZleba aRniSnuli indikatoriT saqarTvelo-ruseTis Sedarebaze. saSualo xelfasi saqarTveloSi ruseTis federaciis analogiuri maCveneblis daaxloebiT 3/5-is donezea (57%), rac sagrZnoblad aRemateba saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donis Tanafardobas ruseTis federaciis analogiur maCvenebelTan (- daaxloebiT 1.5-jer), magram mosaxleobis erTsa da imave ricmizezi im wlebSi qveyanaSi farTod gavrcelebuli masobrivi korufciisa da farTomasStabiani Crdilovani ekonomikisa. 1 2009 wlis ivlisSi larisa da aSS dolaris kursi Seadgenda: 1 SS dolari = 1.675 lari, maSin rodesac 2003 wlis bolos - 2.11-s, xolo 1999 wlis 8 marts (am Tanafardobis aSS dolarisaTvis maqsimaluri kursis dros) 2.45 lars. SedarebisaTvis: 2009 wlis ivlisSi inflaciam 2003 wlis dekemberTan Seadgina 51 procenti, xolo 1999 wlis martTan 117 procenti. gamodis, rom im saqonlis SesaZenad, rasac 1999 wlis martSi saqarTvelos Sida samomxmareblo bazarze 100 aSS dolari eyofoda, 2009 wlis ivlisSi TiTqmis 320 aSS dolari gaxda saWiro. 2 saqarTveloSi daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa wili mTels mosaxleobaSi 14 procents Seadgens, maSin rodesac aSS-Si igi 47 procenti, xolo ruseTis federaciaSi 42 procentia.

xovnobaze daqiravebiT dasaqmebulebis raodenoba saqarTveloSi samjer naklebia.. amitomac, saqarTvelosa da nebismieri sxva qveynis (aSS-is, ruseTis federaciis, etc.) mosaxleobis keTildReobis SromiTi saqmianobiT miRebuli SemosavlebiT Sesadareblad saWiroa saSualo xelfasebis sidideTa mosworeba mosaxleobis Tanabar ricxovnobaSi dasaqmebulTa wiliT. formulis saxiT magaliTad, saqarTvelo-aSS-is amgvarma Sedarebam SeiZleba Semdegi saxe miiRos:
Sp(Geo/USA) = Sgeo/SUSA * Lgeo/LUSA,

sadac
Sp(Geo/USA) xelfasis msyidvelobiTi unarianobis pariteti saqarTveloSi aSS-Tan SedarebiT; Sgeo saSualo xelfasi saqarTveloSi; SUSA saSualo xelfasi aSS-Si; Lgeo daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa wili saqarTvelos mTel mosaxleobaSi; LUSA daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa wili aSS-is mTel mosaxleobaSi. aRniSnuli formulis mixedviT, Sp = 4.2/37.5 * 14%/47% = 3.3 (%).

sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, rom mosaxleobis erTsa da imave raodenobaze, saqarTveloSi xelfasebis jamuri sidide aSS-is mxolod 3.3 procentia.1 im arguments, rom saqarTveloSi fasebis saSualo done amerikisas mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba da qarTuli valutis kursi mis paritetTan ramdenadme dabalia, TandaTanobiT yavli gasdis. rigi samomxmareblo saqonlis mixedviT (frinvelis xorci, kvercxi, banani, benzini, satelefono saubris tarifi, etc.) saqarTveloSi fasebi sagrZnoblad aRematebian aSS-is dones. aRniSnul daskvnas aZlierebs is garemoebac, rom big-makis indeqsis mixedviT, saqarTvelom 2009 wlis zafxulidan ukve gadauswro aSS-is dones.2
1 igive principiT, saqarTveloSi xelfasebis jamuri msyidvelobiTi unarianoba ruseTis federaciis donis 19.4 procentia. 2 2009 wlis ivlisSi big-maki niu iorkSi Rirda 3.57 dolari, TbilisSi 6.80 lari, anu, laris aSS dolarTan oficialuri kursis (1 dolari = 1.665 lari) gaTvaliswinebiT 4.08 dolari amerikis donis 114.6 procenti. SedarebisaTvis: 2 wlis win 2007 wlis ivlisSi big-makis indeqsi

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mosaxleobis keTildReobaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens ori garemoeba: makroekonomikis doneze mTliani Sida produqtis ganawilebis strategia da Semosavlebis saxeebis diversifikacia. 2003 wlis Semdeg saqarTveloSi mSp-is sul ufro mniSvnelovani nawili warimarTa sazogadoebis koleqtiuri moxmarebis, instituciuri aRmSeneblobisaTvis. magaliTad, 2008 wels 2003 welTan SedarebiT mSp-is yoveli erTi laris matebaze (mimdinare fasebSi) SinameurneobaTa faqtobrivi xarjebis moculoba gaizarda 27.8 TeTriT, maSin rodesac wina xuTi wlis manZilze (2003 wels 1998 welTan SedarebiT) Sesabamisi maCvenebeli Seadgenda 42.8 TeTrs, anu 54 procentiT mets. 2008 wels 2003 welTan mSp nominalurad gaizarda 2-jer da metad, realur ganzomilebaSi daaxloebiT 1.5-jer, maSin, rodesac erTi Sinameurneobis xarjebma nominalurad 1.5-jer moimata, xolo realur ganzomilebaSi ucvleli darCa. Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos SinameurneobaTa mTliani xarjebis moculobis Tanafardoba qveynis mSp-sTan Semcirda 2003 wlis 62.2 procentidan 2008 wlis 49.1 procentamde.1 gzebis, sawarmoo da socialuri infrastruqturis obieqtebis mSenebloba-reabilitaciam, qveynis Tavdacvisunarianobis sakiTxebma moiTxoves mniSvnelovani resursebis mobilizacia2, rac pirdapir ar aisaxeba SinameurneobaTa Semosavlebze. - gzebis dageba, saxelmwifo institutebis gaZliereba, jaris yofiTi da kvebis pirobebis gaumjobeseba - saerTo keTildReobis zrdaze miuTiTebs, am dros uSualod ojaxur biujetSi Sesuli Tanxebi ucvlelic rom rCebodes. yovelive es xels uwyobs samuSao Zalis ukeT formirebas, kvlavwarmoebis pirobebis gaumjobese-

bas, saboloo jamSi ki zrdis misi mobilurobisa da gamoyenebis efeqturobas.1 miuxedavad saSualo xelfasis zemoxsenebuli sagrZnobi zrdisa, sazogadoebaSi daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa dabali wilis gamo SinameurneobaTa mTlian saxsrebSi Sromis anazRaurebis wili ar aRemateba 30.9 procents, maT Soris fulad saxsrebSi 36.9 procents. SedarebisaTvis 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa Sromis anazRaurebaze modioda SinameurneobaTa saerTo Semosavlebis TiTqmis 3/4. mosaxleobis keTildReobis ganmsazRvreli kriteriumebidan2 CvenTan ZiriTadSi statistikur-normatiuli me1

saqarTveloSi Seadgenda aSS donis 80.5 procents, 2006 wlis dasawyisSi 67.3 procents, 2002 wlis dasawyisSi 64.0 procents, xolo 1999 wlis dasawyisSi 59.0 procents. 1 SedarebisaTvis: SinameurneobaTa mTliani xarjebis Tanafardoba mSpsTan ssrk-Si, 1985 wels Seadgenda 48 procents da perestroikis dasasrulisaTvis, 1990 wlisaTvis samxedro-samrewvelo kompleqsis konversiisa da rigi sxva mizezebis gamo misi wili 50.1 procentamde gaizarda. 2 sabiujeto dafinanseba Tavdacvaze 2007 wels 2003 welTan SedarebiT saqarTveloSi gaizarda TiTqmis 25-jer, maSin rodesac socialuri xarjebi mxolod 3.2-jer.

Tumca, aRniSnuli miznebiT uzarmazari Tanxebis gamoyofam, tenderebis arc Tu mTlad gamWvirvale sistemam da maTSi saeWvo reputaciis mqone firmebis gamarjvebam sazogadoebis mniSvnelovan nawilSi warmoSva eWvi aRniSnuli daniSnulebiT finansuri resursebis moZraobis kanonierebasa da korufciis SesaZlo kvalis Taobaze. 2 mosaxleobis keTildReobis gansazRvris ramdenime kriteriumi arsebobs: 1. statistikur- normatiuli rodesac dgindeba RaribTa, saSualo an mdidarTa klasisadmi mikuTvnebis konkretuli raodenobrivi parametrebi, ganisazRvreba sazogadoebaSi mdidrebis, Raribebis Tu saSualo klasis warmomadgenlebis raodenoba. gamoiyeneba agreTve siRaribis gansazRvris gansxvavebuli normatiuli meTodebic. magaliTad, erTgan Raribia Sinameurneoba, Tu igi Semosavlebis mesamedze mets xarjavs sursaTze, meoregan - Tu misi Semosavlebi minimaluri sasursaTo kalaTis Rirebulebis oTxmag odenobaze naklebia; zoggan saarsebo minimumi iangariSeba, rogorc saSualo xelfasis naxevari, an rogorc medianuri moxmarebis 60 procenti... ganviTarebis doniT saqarTvelosgan iseT gansxvavebul qveyanaSi, rogoric amerikis SeerTebuli Statebia, saarsebo minimumis Sefaseba efuZneba im Semosavlis odenobas, romelic aucilebelia adamianis minimalur sasicocxlo doneze arsebobis SesanarCuneblad. aseTi analizisaTvis amosaval wertils warmoadgens am qveynis soflis meurneobis departamentis mier gaangariSebuli minimaluri sasursaTo kalaTa. aRniSnuli kalaTis Rirebuleba iangariSeba calkeuli produqtis mixedviT arsebul fasebs Soris yvelaze dabali fasiT. ojaxis sxva arasasursaTo moTxovnebis gasaTvaliswineblad dgindeba Semosavlis zRvruli done, romelic oTxjer aRemateba sasursaTo kalaTis Rirebulebas (socialuri standarti Seadgens 1:4). 2. socialuri statusis mixedviT rodesac ama Tu im saqmianobis sferos an profesiis wamomadgenlebi apriori miekuTvnebian gansazRvrul socialur jgufs, magaliTad, Raribebs an araRaribebs. rogorc cnobilia, ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi apriori ar iTvlebian Raribebad iuristebi, eqimebi, modelebi da a.S. 3.subieqturi TviTSefaseba, rodesac individi Tavad gansazRvravs misi an sakuTari Sinameurneobis socialur-ekonomikur statuss. am dros did rols asrulebs is kulturuli da socialur-ekonomikuri

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Todi gamoiyeneba. Sesabamisad, Semosavlebs dasaqmebidan udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikuri stratifikaciisaTvis. Sromis mixedviT Semosavlebis dabali wili SinameurneobaTa saerTo SemosavlebSi, ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis didi nawilis dasaqmebis arastabiluri xasiaTi ganapirobebs imas, rom gardamavali tipis qveynebis umravlesobaSi mosaxleobis keTildReobis daxasiaTeba1, iseve rogorc maTi socialuri diferencireba mimdinare Semosavlebisa da xarjebis mixedviT, sakmarisi aRaraa. amis mizezi isaa, rom gardamaval, swrafi, revoluciuri cvlilebebis mqone sazogadoebaSi veRar muSaobs xangrZlivi evoluciuri gziT ganviTarebis mqone sazogadoebis wevrTa socialur-ekonomikuri identifikaciis is sqema, romliTac ama Tu im socialuri jgufisadmi Sinameurneobis mikuTvneba apriori imTaviTve maRal korelaciur kavSirSia maTsave Sesabamis qonebriv statusTan, rodesac adgili aqvs materialur-qonebrivi, saSemosavlo mdgomareobis, socialur-profesiuli statusisa da TviTidentifikaciis garkveul Tanxvedras. sabazro ekonomikaze yvela gardamaval qveyanaSi gamoikveTa didi raodenoba Sinameurneobebisa, romelTa mimdinare Semosavlebi veRar akmayofilebs mimdinare minimalur moTxovnilebebs, maSin, rodesac moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis xarisxi adre SeZenili xangrZlivi moxmarebis sagnebiT gacilebiT maRalia. xatovnad, es SeiZleba ase iTqvas: ojaxs aqvs (adre SeZenili) feradi televizori, magram ara aqvs sakmarisi fuli (amJamad) moxmarebuli eleqtroenergiis dasafaravad. saqarTvelos SinameurneobaTa SemosavlebSi qonebis
foni, moxmarebis kultura, tradiciebi, romelSic mas uxdeba cxovreba, misi molodini da warmodgenebi. subieqtur midgomas safuZvlad udevs pasuxi kiTxvaze. magaliTad:Semosavlis ra dones CaTvlidiT im absolutur minimumad, romlis qvemoT Tqveni arseboba SeuZlebeli iqneboda? 1 keTildReoba aris nakadebis (Semosavlebisa) da maragebis (dagrovili qonebis elementebis, simdidris) racionaluri Tanafardoba, Tumca, farTo gagebiT, keTildReobis formirebaSi monawileoben agreTve socialuri da ekologiuri garemo, sabinao pirobebi, sacxovrisis adgilmdebareoba da a.S., romelTa RirebulebiTi Sefaseba ramdenadme gaZnelebulia. amitom keTild eobis aRniSnuli komponentebidan statistikis Tanamedrove SesaZleblobebidan gamomdinare mis SefasebaSi monawileobas jerjerobiT Rebulobs mxolod dagrovili qoneba.

elementebis realizaciidan miRebul Semosavlebs stabiluri, sagrZnobi wili ukaviaT. gansakuTrebiT maRali wili 1990-ian wlebSi ekavaT. magaliTad, 1996 wels qalaqis mosaxleobis fuladi Semosavlebis 9.9 procenti saSinao qonebis elementebis realizaciis xarjze yalibdeboda.1 amJamad es maCvenebeli 3 procents ar aRemateba. es mianiSnebs ara marto imas, rom mosaxleobis garkveul nawils ar hyofnis mimdinare Semosavlebi xarjebis dasafaravad, aramed imasac, rom sazogadoebaSi erovnuli simdidris elementebis pernmanentuli gadanawilebis procesi mimdinareobs ara marto sawarmoo da finansuri aqtivebis gadanawilebis xarjze, aramed saojaxo qonebis binebisa da sxva samomxmareblo daniSnulebis elementebis gadanawilebiTac. 1990-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi mimdinare SemosavlebiT mravali adamiani, Sinameurneoba TiTqmis erTbaSad iqca Raribad, radgan maTi Semosavali saarsebo minimumsac ver faravda, dagrovili qonebis elementebiT ki isini jer isev SeZlebulad rCebodnen. es garemoeba xelovnurad zrdida saSinao qonebis elementebis likvidurobis problemas da, Sesabamisad, am elementebis gacvliTi proporciis gauaresebas, gansakuTrebiT sursaTTan mimarTebaSi.2 sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, adgili hqonda mosaxleobaSi keTildReobis ganmapirobebeli maragebiTa (qonebiT) da nakadebiT (SemosavlebiT) araTanabar, asimetriul uzrunvelyofas, risi daZlevis (- sursaTze mimdinare moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis) ZiriTad gzad iqca Sinameurneobebis saSinao qonebis elementebis, sacxovrisis masobrivi yidva-gayidva. 1990-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi saqarTvelos mosaxleobis mxolod 20 procenti iyo iseTi, visac qonebac da Semosavlebic saarsebo minimumis zRvarze meti hqonda, daaxloebiT amdenive iyo iseTi, visac arc erTi parametriT ar hqonda daZleuli saarsebo minimumis zRvari; danarCen 60 procents erTerTi
1 ix.: saqaTvelos Sinamurneobebi:1996-2001. statistikuri weliwdeuli. Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 194. ufro adreuli, 1992-1995 wlebis statistika, samwuxarod, ar arsebobs, Tumca empiriulad kargad Canda, rom swored im wlebSi iyo gansakuTrebiT maRali qonebis elementebis realizacia Sinameurneobebis SemosavlebSi. 2 Cveni gaangariSebiT, dReisaTvis 1993 wlis aprilTan SedarebiT saSualo samoTaxiani binis fasis Tanafardoba saqonlis xorcis fasTan daaxloebiT 2.5-jeraa gazrdili.

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indikatoriT (SemosavlebiT an qonebiT) siRaribeSi hqonda fexi Cadgmuli1. sxvadasxva eqspertuli SefasebiT, mosaxleoba Tavis mimdinare Semosavlebs qonebriv mdgomareobaze daaxloebiT 25 procentiT ufro cudad afasebs. Sesabamisad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dReisaTvis saqarTvelos mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 3/4-is sabinao pirobebi met-naklebad damakmayofilebelia. am kontingentis 80 procents mimdinare Semosavlebi aseve saarsebo minimumze maRali aqvT; maTgan, visac mimdinare Semosavlebi saarsebo minimumze dabali aqvs, mxolod 1/3-ze odnav mets aqvs aradamakmayofilebeli sabinao pirobebi. aRniSnuli proporciebi Semdegnairad warmodgeba: saqarTvelos SinameurneobaTa ganawileba saarsebo minimumisadmi mimdinare SemosavlebiTa da dagrovili qonebiT (binebiT) 1995 da 2009 wlebSi
1 samamulo statistika da qarTvel mkvlevarTa umravlesoba tolobis niSans svams saarsebo minimumisa da siRaribis cnebebs Soris, maSin rodesac pirveli ufro teqnikur-ekonomikuri, normatiuli maCvenebelia, meore ki socialur-ekonomikuri. saarsebo minimumi da siRaribis zRvari ar arian identuri cnebebi. saarsebo minimumi siRaribis, rogorc socialuri movlenis maxasiaTebeli qveda zRvris maCvenebelia. maSin roca Tavad siRaribis zRvari Raribi da saSualo klasis (fenis) wyalgamyofs warmoadgens. martivad rom vTqvaT, SeiZleba pirovnebas, Sinameurneobas daZleuli hqondes saarsebo minimumi, magram is mainc Raribad iTvlebodes.siRaribis donis Tasmis simaRleze gavlenas axdens mocemuli qveynis ganviTarebis done da samomxmareblo kultura. - bevri samomxmareblo efeqtis matarebeli materialuri da aramaterialuri xasiaTis dovlaTi, rac ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis mqone qveyanaSi iTvleba normaluri cxovrebis Cveulebriv atributad, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis doniT CamorCenil qveyanaSi xSirad miiCneva araZiriTadi moxmarebis, zogjer ki fufunebis sagnadac ki. samoqalaqo dapirispirebisa da ekonomikuri kolafsis dros, 1993-1994 wlebis calkeul TveebSi cxeli wyali, gaTboba da mudmivi deni binebSi TbilisSi TiTqmis fufunebis tolfas dovlaTad miiCneoda. dReisaTvis ki mobilurma telefonmac ki iseTi saqmiani aqsesuaris funqcia SeiZina, rac am ori aTeuli wlis win, magaliTad, bloknotsa da avtokalams gaaCndaT. imisaTvis, rom saarsebo minimumisa da siRaribis zRvris cnebebma erTnairi datvirTva SeiZinon, aucilebelia arsebiTad gaizardos qveynis ekonomikuri potenciali, mosaxleobis erT sulze warmoebuli mTliani Sida produqti, gaizardos da gamravlferovndes amis safuZvelze saarsebo minimumis mformirebeli dovlaTis CamonaTvali (nomenklatura). es aucileblad gamoiwvevs saarsebo minimumis Rirebulebis gacilebiT swraf zrdas fasebis saerTo zrdasTan SedarebiT.

(procentobiT)
1995 SinameurneobaTa raodenoba, romelTac: - Semosavlebi da qoneba oficialur saarsebo minimumis Sesabamis parametrebze meti aqvT - saarsebo minimumis Sesabamis parametrebTan SedarebiT Semosavlebi naklebia, qoneba ki meti - saarsebo minimumis Sesabamis parametrebTan SedarebiT Semosavlebi metia, qoneba ki naklebi - Semosavlebi da qoneba naklebia saarsebo minimumis Sesabamis parametrebze 2009

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rogorc wesi, mosaxleobis keTildReobis formirebas, mimdinare moxmarebis dones ekonomikuri aRmavlobis pirobebSi upiratesad gansazRvraven mimdinare Semosavlebi, xolo krizisisa da recesiis pirobebSi ki adre dagrovili qonebis elementebi. dReisaTvis qonebriv-saSemosavlo asimetriis xarisxi 1990-iani wlebis SuaxanebTan SedarebiT 3-jer da metadaa Semcirebuli. Semosavlebis diversificireba, saSemosavlo da qonebrivi mdgomareobis asimetria da rigi sxva momentebi ganapirobeben sazogadoebis ufro siRrmiseuli socialuri klasterizaciis aucileblobas. kerZod, dReisaTvis aRaraa sakmarisi sazogadoebis samdonian qrestomatiul jgufebad (mdidrebi, Raribebi, saSualo klasi) dayofa. mdidrebsa da saSualo klass Soris unda gamoiyos SeZlebulebis kategoria, xolo RaribebSi Ratakebi.1 Tu rogori Semosavlebis parametri unda daedos TiToeul maTgans, es jerac gansjis sagania.2 amasTan, saarsebo minimumi da siRaribis zRvari realurad sakmaod daSorebu1

Cvenis azriT, SesaZlebelia mosaxleobis diferencireba moxdes Semdeg jgufebad: Raribebi (Ratakebi, uqonelni, saSualod Raribebi, xelmokleni socialuri Raribebi...), saSualo klasi (dabali fena, maRali fena), mdidrebi (SeZlebulebi da sakuTriv mdidrebi). 2 magaliTad, Tuki eqspertTa umravlesoba Tanxmdeba imaze, rom RatakTa kategoriisaTvis misakuTvneblad aucilebelia, rom Sinameurnebis xarjebis moculoba saarsebo minimumis naxevrze naklebi iyos, mdidarTa kategoriisaTvis Sinameurneobis misakuTvnebel qveda zRvarze Sexedulebebi meryeobs saarsebo minimumis 10-30 jeradTa Soris.

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li, gansxvavebuli moculobis, Rirebulebis indikatorebia.1 bunebrivia, rom saboloo jamSi keTildReobaze arsebiT gavlenas axdenen ara marto dasaqmebulTa saqmianobis saxeebi, Semosavlebis sidide da profili, aramed SinameurneobaTa demografiulasakobrivi struqtura. dReisaTvis dasaqmebuli mosaxleobis mier Seqmnili dovlaTis, Semosavlebis daaxloebiT 35 procenti gadanawildeba SinameurneobaTa dausaqmebel da samuSao Zalis kategoriis miRma myofi ojaxis wevrebis sasargeblod. mTeli mosaxleobis mixedviT ki Sidaojaxuri transferebis xarjze dasaqmebulTa faqtobrivi moxmarebis sidide maTsave pirvelad Semosavalze daaxloebiT 2.5-jer naklebia. magaliTad, saqarTvelos pensionerTa 9/10-ze meti cxovrobs SinameurneobaSi Tavis ekonomikurad aqtiur da dasaqmebul ojaxis wevrebTan erTad. pensionerebi monawileoben SinameurneobaTa saboloo erTobliv moxmarebaSi, anu amis gareSe maTi ekonomikuri mdgomareoba gacilebiT dramatuli iqneboda. jer erTi, saSualo pensia saarsebo minimumis mxolod 2/3-s faravs. meorec, fasebi sursaTze, romelic ZiriTadi samomxmareblo saqonelia pensionerebisaTvis, rogorc wesi, gacilebiT swrafad izrdeba inflaciasTan SedarebiT (daaxloebiT 1.21.3-jer ufro swrafad). miuxedavad zemoxsenebuli pozitiuri tendenciebisa, mTlianobaSi saqarTvelos mosaxleobis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis procesi aradamakmayofilebelia. marTalia, 1990-iani wlebis SuaxanebTan SedarebiT
1 magaliTad, Tu oficialuri statistikiT saarsebo minimumi 200 laria, 201-lariani emosavlis mqone realurad jer kidev Raribia, radganac saarsebo minimumis Tasma Cvens sinamdvileSi (gansakuTrebiT 2006 wlis gazafxulze statistikis departamentis mier ganxorcielebuli saarsebo minimumis 30-procentiani sekvestris safuZvelze) imdenad dablaa daweuli, rom mis zemoT sakmaod maRal donezec ki (saarsebo minimumze ramdenimejer meti Semosavlis SemTxvevaSic ki) adamiani da Sinameurneoba Raribadaa misaCnevi. RaribebSi, magaliTad, unda ganvasxvavoT isini, visac sasursaTo uzrunvelyofis problema aqvT da isini, visac kvebis problema ki aqvT gadawyvetili, magram ara aqvT sakmarisi saxsrebi wignebis SesaZenad, TeatrSi, koncertze wasasvlelad da a.S. Cveni SefasebiT, Raribia yvela, visi mimdinare Semosavali ar aRemateba saarsebo minimums samjer mainc. anu, Tu saarsebo minimumi saSualod erT Sinameurneobaze, magaliTad, 200 laria, Raribia yvela is Sinameurneoba, visi Semosavalic ar aRemateba 600 lars.

mniSvnelovnad Semcirda saarsebo minimums miRma myofTa raodenoba, magram SedarebiT nela izrdeba saSualo klasis warmomadgenelTa raodenoba. bolo wlebSi, saSualo klasis wili SinameurneobaTa saerTo ricxovnobaSi saqarTveloSi yovelwliurad mxolod 0.4 procentuli punqtiT izrdeboda (aseTi tempiT saSualo klasis wilis SinameurneobaTa saerTo ricxovnobis 3/5-is doneze gasasvlelad 125 welze meti dasWirdeba). ekonomikuri zrda Tavis gamoxatulebas hpovebda ara RaribTa absoluturi ricxvis SemcirebaSi, aramed RaribTa SigniT mdgomareobis ramdenadme gaumjobesebaSi umniSvnelod mcirdeboda RatakTa da raodenoba da Sesabamisi proporciiT izrdeboda xelmokle Sinameurneobebis (socialuri Raribebis) raodenoba. Tu miviCnevT, rom siRaribe daZlevadia saarsebo minimumis 3-jeradi metobis SemTxvevaSi, aRmoCndeba, rom siRaribis zRvars qvemoT imyofeba SinameurneobaTa 86 procenti, saSualo klass miekuTvneba SinameurneobaTa 9 procenti, xolo SeZlebuli da mdidaria mosaxleobis mxolod 5 procenti.1
1 2004 wlisTvis saqarTveloSi saarsebo minimumze dabali Semosavali hqonda SinameurneobaTa naxevarze mets. amitom 2006 wlis gazafxulze Seicvala misi gaangariSebis meTodologia RirebulebiTi formiT daaxloebiT 30 procentiT (erT saSualo momxmarebelze 120.3 laridan 84.3 laramde, agreTve saarsebo minimumis Sesabamisi kilokaloriebis raodenoba dReRamuri 2500-dan 2250-mde). amis safuZvelze Raribi Sinameurneobebis raodenoba erTi xelis mosmiT Semcirda 52-dan 35.7 procentamde. anu formalurad, meTodologiuri gamWriaxobis wyalobiT 200 aTasze meti Sinameurneoba (- daaxloebiT 750 aTasi adamiani, qveynis yoveli merve mcxovrebi) xelovnurad gamoyvanil iqna RaribTa raodenobidan. miuxedavad am axali, Semsubuqebuli saarsebo minimumisa, RaribTa raodenoba qveyanaSi mainc izrdeboda 2005 wels maTi raodenoba, sul cota, 160 aTasiT gaizarda da procentulad SinameurneobaTa 39.4 procents miaRwia (Zveli meTodologiiT 57.7 procents). imisaTvis, rom damaluliyo SinameurneobaTa TiTqmis 40 procentisaTvis siRaribis axal, sekvestrirebul standartze naklebi Semosavlebi, statistikis departamentma 2006 wlidan daiwyo xsenebuli maCveneblis Canacvleba amorfuli indikatoriT medianuri moxmarebis 60%-iani zRvars miRma myofi Sinameurneobebis raodenoba, romelic daaxloebiT 1.7-1.8-jer amcirebs saarsebo minimumis qvemoT myof SinameurneobaTa raodenobas. imavdroulad miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba saarsebo minimimumis miRma darCenili Sinameurneobebis maCveneblis publikaciaze uaris Tqmaze. amJamad, oficialuri statistikuri monacemebiT, saqarTveloSi Raribi mxolod 21.3 procentia Tumca am cifris qveS moiazreba oficialuri statistikuri wyaroebiT gaangariSebuli medianuri moxmarebis 60 procentis zRvars

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saqarTvelos mosaxleobis keTildReobis Semdgomi amaRlebisaTvis aucilebelia ekonomikuri reformebis ufro Tanmimdevruli da kompleqsuri gatareba, sagadasaxado wnexis mniSvnelovani Semcireba da diferencireba saqmianobaTa da investiciaTa saxeebis, regionebis, biznesis sididisa da rigi sxva niSnis mixedviT, axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmna. swored amiT iqneba SesaZlebeli ekonomikis zrdis tempebis amaRleba da qveynis msoflio da regionuli CamorCenis TandaTan daZleva. brZola saqarTvelos mosaxleobis keTildReobis amaRlebisaTvis, dasaqmebis optimizaciisa da socialuri stabilurobisaTvis uaRresad saintereso da sayuradRebo stadiaSi Sedis...

gamomcemloba `universali~
Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 22 36 09, 8(99) 17 22 30 miRma myofi Sinameurneobebi. medianuri moxmarebis maCvenebeli, saqarTvelos SinameurneobaTa faqtobrivi ganawilebis mixedviT, saSualo moxmarebis daaxloebiT 80-85 procents Seesabameba, ris gamoc zemoxsenebuli medianuri moxmarebis 60 procenti saSualo moxmarebis maCveneblis naxevars ar aRemateba. realurad oficialuri saarsebo minimumis maCvenebelze dabali Semosavali aqvs SinameurneobaTa TiTqmis 40 procents, xolo arakoreqtirebuli, Zveli meTodologiiT SinameurneobaTa TiTqmis naxevars.
E-mail: universal@internet.ge

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