Gavigot Politika.2

366
politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba
romlis SemadgenlobaSic Sediodnen im drois yvelaze niWieri adamianebi,

magaliTad, Tomas jefersoni saxelmwifo mdivnisa da aleqsandre hamiltoni
finansTa ministris Tanamdebobebze. amgvari kabinetis SeqmniT igi partiulo
bis Tavidan acilebas cdilobda. am ori niWieri, magram msoflmxedvelobiT
urTierTdapirispirebuli pirovnebis daniSvna asaxavda vaSingtonis rwmenas,
rom eris yvelaze Wkviani da yvelaze sazogadoebrivad moazrovne moqalaqee
bis TanamSromloba sazogadoebisaTvis sikeTis momtani iqneboda.
samwuxarod, partiuli politikis Tavidan acilebis vaSingtoniseuli
keTilSobiluri mcdeloba Cavarda. jefersonsa da hamiltons Soris piradi
uTanxmoeba warmoiqmna metwilad xelisuflebisa da sazogadoebrivi poli
tikis urTierTsawinaaRmdego gagebis irgvliv, ris gamoc es ori adamiani
erTmaneTis dauZinebeli mteri gaxda. 1790-iani wlebis bolos jefersonma
da misma mimdevrebma sakmaod sustad organizebuli respublikuri partia Ca
moayalibes. am partiis mTavari mizani iyo federalistebis (romelTa warmo
madgenlebi iyvnen, magaliTad, jon adamsi da aleqsandre hamiltoni), Zlieri
antifranguli politikisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva. Tumca,1789 wels Tavad
jefersonma dawera: `Tu CemTvis samoTxeSi wasvla mxolod Cems partiasTan er
Tad iqneboda SesaZlebeli, saerTod uars vityodi samoTxeze~.27
ratom ucxadebda undoblobas politikur partiebs jefersonis Taobis
amdeni saxelmwifo moRvawe? jefersonis SemTxvevaSi partiebisadmi anti
paTia amerikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli individualizmidan momdinareobda,
romelic dRemde arsebobs. `SemeZlo sakuTari azri mqonoda, Tavad mefiqra,
Cemi religiuri, filosofiuri, politikuri an sxva romelime SexedulebaTa
sistema arasodes damiqvemdebarebia aranairi partiis kredosTvis, rogori
Semadgenlobisac ar unda yofiliyo igi,~ ambobda igi da askvnida, rom aseTi
midrekileba Tavisuflebisa da moralis warmoudgeneli degradaciaa.28 je
fersonis Taobis sxva amerikelebs da zogierT maT inglisel kolegas sje
roda, rom politikuri partiebi zogadi an sazogadoebrivi interesebis xar
jze viwro pirad interesebs aRvivebda. am azriT politikur partiebs xSirad
aRiqvamdnen, rogorc sazogadoebis doneze gavrcelebul egoizms.
partiulobam es damRa mxolod TandaTanobiT dakarga. sxvadasxva poli
tikuri filosofiis ganmasaxierebeli politikuri partiebisagan sargeb
lis miRebis (magaliTad politikis alternativebis warmodgeniT) ideam in
glisSi meCvidmete saukunis bolos daiwyo gavrceleba. mowinave amerikeli
saxelwifo moxeleebis gamocdilebam saukuniT gvian amerikac analogiur
daskvnamde miiyvana, rom politikuri partiebi demokratiuli procesisaT
vis sasicocxlod aucilebelia.
ZiriTadi miznebi
politikuri partiebi, rogorc wesi, politiuri Zalauflebis mopovebis
an SenarCunebisaken miiswrafvian, rac praqtikulad xelisuflebaze kontro
lis mopovebas niSnavs. vinaidan konstituciur demokratiaSi marTvis ufle
bas arCevnebi gansazRvravs, demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi politikuri par
politikuri monawileoba
367
tiebis Zalisxmeva arCevnebis mogebazea koncentrirebuli. isini cdiloben

mravlismomcveli konsensusis Seqmnas sakuTari partiis platformisaTvis,
romelic Camoyalibebulia sxva partiis an partiebis mimzidveli alterna
tivis gaTvaliswinebiT.
rogorc wesi, warmatebuli politikuri partia qmnis uTvalavi ekonomi
kuri, socialuri, eTnikuri da kulturuli interesebis saerTo saqveyno
konsensuss. partia unda iTvaliswinebdes mravali amomrCevlis intere
sebs da amavdroulad SeZlos maTi gaerTianeba damyol umravlesobad. Tu
partias ara aqvs imedi umravlesobis xmebis mopovebisa, misi gavlena da
sakanonmdeblo Zala, rogorc wesi, damokidebulia miRebuli xmebis saerTo
raodenobasa da ganawilebaze, romelic, Tavis mxriv, asaxavs mis warmatebas
SedarebiT farTo speqtris amomrCevlis mizidvaSi.
xmebis miRebis mizniT kandidatebi xSirad iZlevian dapirebas, rom amom
rCevlis interesebis _ e.w. saarsebo saSualebebis mimarT iqnebian ufro
metad pasuxismgeblebi da energiulebi, vidre maTi oponentebi. Tumca xan
daxan kandidatebi da partiebi aqcents akeTeben ideologiur sakiTxebze an
saSinao da sagareo politikis sadavo iniciativebze. am strategiebis gamoy
enebiT partiebi xSirad qmnian politikur alternativebs memarcxene lib
eralur da memarjvene konservatiul politikas Soris. es gansakuTrebiT
exeba did britaneTs da kontinenturi evropis saparlamento da kvazi-sa
parlamento demokratiebs, sadac xSirad ramdenime partia ibrZvis xmebis
mosapoveblad da TiToeuls SeuZlia gansxvavebuli saSinao da sagareo
politikis alternativebi Camoayalibos. aseT sistemebSi umravlesobis
partiebis politikuri platforma ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre calkeuli
kandidatis piradi popularoba, vinaidan saparlamento sistemis dros par
tiebi cdiloben moipovon da SeinarCunon rac SeiZleba meti adgili parla
mentSi. amgvarad, partia, romelic akontrolebs parlaments, mTavrobasac
akontrolebs. Sedegad saparlamento sistemis dros politikuri partiebi,
maTi amerikuli analogebisgan gansxvavebiT, cdiloben iyvnen ara mxolod
disciplinirebuli, ierarqiuli da centralizebuli, aramed ufro metad
politikaze orientirebuli da mkafio ideologiis matarebeli.
SeerTebul StatebSi, sadac sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisu
fleba gamijnulia da kandidatebs Tanamdebobaze xSirad irCeven ufro
pirovnuli, vidre politikuri Tvisebebis gamo, partiebi iSviaTad mimar
Taven mkveTr politikur alternativebs. rogorc wesi, prezidentobis
kandidatebidan airCeva is, vinc politikur centrTan ufro axlos aris.29
amerikuli orpartiuli sistema, misi momxreebis azriT, qmnis stabiluro
bas, politikurad zomier kandidats da xels uSlis mZafr ideologiasa da
politikur polarizacias.
kritikosebi _ gansakuTrebiT isini, vinc aRfrTovanebulia imiT, ro
gor funqcionireben partiebi britanul saparlamento sistemaSi an sxva
mravalpartiuli sistemebSi _ amerikis saprezidento arCevnebs ubralod
popularobaSi gajibrebad aRiqvamen. miuxedavad amisa, konstituciur de
mokratiaSi yvela partia cdilobs miaRwios konsensuss da sxvadasxva um
niSvnelovanesi qmedebis Sedegad, rogoricaa kandidatebis SerCeva an wax
368
aliseba, finansuri saxsrebis mozidva, mediakampaniebis warmarTva fasiani

politikuri reklamebis CaTvliT da sxv. Seqmnas alternativebi. partiis
platformaSi SemoTavazebebi da politika imnairad aris formulirebuli,
rom daakmayofilos mTavari interesTa jgufebi, romlebic Tavis mxriv
mxars dauWeren partiis kandidatebs finansebiTa da saarCevno xmebiT.
arCevnebs Soris partiebs sxva mniSvnelovani funqciebi akisriaT. bri
tanuli stilis saparlamento sistemaSi gamarjvebuli partia an koalicia
mTavrobis organizebas axdens; saprezidento sistemaSi, magaliTad, aSS-s
SemTxvevaSi, sadac aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo sferoebi gayofilia,
politikuri partiebi xels uwyoben am ori sferos moqmedebaTa koordini
rebas, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erTi da igive partia dominirebs
orive sferoSi. ramdenadac gamarjvebuli partia umniSvnelovanes rols
TamaSobs qveynis politikuri dRis wesrigis Camoyalibebisa da samTavrobo
moqmedebebis fasilitaciaSi, imdenadve damarcxebuli partia kisrulobs
arsebuli mTavrobis oponirebisa da kritikis umniSvnelovanes funqcias
da sazogadoebas sTavazobs alternativas momaval arCevnebSi. mxolod iS
viaTad SeiZleba xelisuflebaSi myofma partiam srulad daakmayofilos
eleqtorati (liberalur-demokratiuli partia iaponiaSi SeiZleba gamo
naklisad ganvixiloT); rodesac inflacia gaizrdeba an umuSevroba dauS
vebel zRvars miaRwevs, amomrCevlebi axali liderisa da axali politikuri
alternativis Zebnas iwyeben.
erTpartiuli sistema
aqamde ganvixilavdiT konstituciur demokratiebs, sadac partiebi arCev
nebis mosagebad cdiloben miaRwion saqveyno konsensuss da moqalaqeebs Ses
Tavazon politikuri alternativebi. Tumca, politikuri partiebi SeiZleba
Camoyalibdes iseT qveynebSic, sadac Tavisufali arCevnebi ar tardeba.
avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi partia arsebobs mxolod imisTvis, rom Ca
axSos politikuri alternativebi, iseve, rogorc saxalxo konsensusi. xSir
ad, rogorc mmarTveli reJimis mTavari iaraRi, igi gamoiyeneba saxelmwifo
Zalauflebis gansamtkiceblad da politikuri opoziciis aRsakveTad.
totalitarul saxelmwifoebSi partia mraval funqcias asrulebs,
maT Soris politikuri rekrutirebis, indoqtrinaciis, mobilizaciisa da
zedamxedvelobis. faSistur germaniaSi, iseve rogorc komunisturi qvey
nebis umetesobaSi, partia mTavrobad iqca. ramdenadac viTardeboda es sa
xelmwifoebi, mTavrobis yvela umniSvnelovanesi funqcia nel-nela srulad
gadadioda an pirdapir partiis, an partiis liderebs daqvemdebarebuli
biurokratiuli moxeleebis xelSi. amgvarad, partiis koncefcia, rogorc
saxalxo nebis gamoxatvis saSualeba, Tavdayira dadga da partiebi central
izebuli sazogadoebrivi kontrolis meqanizmi gaxda, romelsac srulad
SeeZlo individualuri TviTgamoxatvis nebismieri mcdelobis CaxSoba. ro
gorc zemoT aRvniSneT, amgvar garemoebebSi masobrivi monawileoba reJimis
antidemokratiuli bunebis miCqmalvis gamiznuli niRabia.
369
miuxedavad imisa, rom erTpartiuli sistema ZiriTadad avtoritarul

saxelmwifoebSi arsebobs, zogierTi maTgani met-naklebad demokratiul
politikaSic gvxvdeba. magaliTad, 2000-ian wlebamde meqsikis instituciurrevoluciuri partia dominirebda meqsikur politikaSi. indoeTSi da
moukideblobis mopovebis Semdgom periodSi politikuri Zalaufleba TiTq
mis eqskluziurad indoeTis kongress (saxelis miuxedavad, igi politikuri
partiaa) ekuTvnoda. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, liberalur-demokratiuli
partia dominirebda iaponiis politikaSi 1950-iani wlebis Sua periodidan.
SeerTebul StatebSic ki, romelic ar aris erTpartiuli tendenciis mqone
qveyana, samxreTSi samoqalaqo omis Semdeg demokratiuli partia TiTqmis
erTi saukune dominirebda. meqsikis SemTxvevaSi instituciur-revoluci
urma partiam dominanturi roli SeinarCuna korufciis, daSinebisa da ar
Cevnebis gayalbebis kombinaciiT. indoeTSi, iaponiasa da samxreT amerikaSi
es faqtorebi mcire rols asrulebda, Tumca korufcia yvela am SemTxvevaSi
2000 wels visente foqsi pirveli

opozicioneri kandidati iyo, ro
melic daaxloebiT 70 wlis ganmavloba
Si meqsikis arCeuli prezidenti gax
da. foqsis istoriul gamarjvebamde
instituciur-revoluciur partias
monopolia hqonda prezidentobaze
da mTlianad akontrolebda meqsikis
xelisuflebas. foqsma daifica, rom
SeebrZoleboda korufcias da safuZ
vels Cauyrida Sorsmimaval ekonomi
kur da politikur reformebs.
arsebobda, xolo daSineba da arCevnebis gayalbeba samxreT amerikaSi ZalaSi

rCeboda1960-iani wlebis samoqalaqo uflebebis moZraobis ganviTarebamde
_ am regionis politikis transformaciamde.
demokratiuli erTpartiuli sistemebi SedarebiT iSviaTia. aseTi parti
ebi gansakuTrebiT amJRavneben korufciul midrekilebebs; politikuri
Zalauflebis virtualuri monopolia biznes-liderebs, bankirebs, fes
vgadgmul biurokratebsa da umaRles saxelmwifo moxeleebs sarfiani ga
rigebebisken ubiZgebs. amgvarad, ar aris moulodneli, rom ukanasknel wleb
Si meqsikasa da iaponiaSi korufciaSi braldebebma erTi partiis dominirebis
droebiT SeCerebaSi (da ara dasrulebaSi), mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula.
370
orpartiuli sistema
orpartiuli sistemis dros amomrCevelTa didi umralesoba mxars uWers
erT-erT ZiriTad partias. mxolod ZiriTadi partiis wevrebs aqvT Tanam
debobaze arCevis meti Sansi, xolo opoziciuri partia konstituciis mier
daculia xelisuflebis mxridan zewolis an daSinebisgan. orpartiuli
sistemis mniSvnelovani upiratesoba aris SedarebiT stabiluri mTavroba,
vinaidan umravlesoba iziarebs ZiriTad politikur Sexedulebebs, romelic
miRebulia saSualo fenaSi, aris kulturulad da eTnikurad homogenuri,
rac iSviaTobaa ganviTarebad qveynebSi. garkveulwilad gangrZobadoba uz
runvelyofilia Tavad sistemis mier, vinaidan ori ZiriTadi partia awonas
worebs interesTa farTo speqtrs. amave dros mudmivad arsebobs farTo
masebisTvis misaRebi opoziciuri partia, romelic mzad aris xelisuflebaSi
mosasvlelad.
orpartiuli sistema samarTlebrivad da konstituciurad ar aris Sez
Ruduli mxolod ori partiiT. mcire partiebs SeuZliaT iarsebon da arse
boben kidec, Tumca SeerTebul StatebSi maTi warmateba erTob mokrZalebu
lia. ZiriTadad mcire partiebi fuZndeba im calkeuli politikuri figuris
Zalisxmevis Sedegad, romelic gaemijneba erT an orive ZiriTad partias
(magaliTad, Teodor ruzveltis [aSS-is prezidenti 1901-1909 w. _ mTarmn.
Sen.] progresuli partia 1912 wels an ros pero reformebis partia 1990ian wlebSi). germaniaSi, sadac II msoflio omis Semdeg ori ZiriTadi partia
cvlis erTmaneTs xelisuflebis saTaveSi, mcirericxovani Tavisufal-de
mokratiuli partia Tavis masStabTan SedarebiT Zalian didi ZalauflebiT
da gavleniT sargeblobda 1990-iani wlebis bolomde, vidre mwvaneTa partia
social-demokratebTan `wiTel-mwvane~ koaliciur mTavrobaSi umcros
partniorad Sevida.
mravalpartiuli sistema
mravalpartiuli sistema Cndeba iq, sadac orze meti partia sakmaod
Zlieria imisTvis, rom xelisuflebaSi mosvlisaTvis konkurencia gauwios
erTmaneTs. aseT sistemaSi mudmivad arc erTi partia ar aris umravleso
baSi; ama Tu im arCevnebSi nebismier partias SeuZlia moipovos mandatebis
didi umravlesoba, Tumca xSirad imarjveben absolutur umravlesobaze
naklebi xmebiT. mravalpartiuli saparlamento sistemis dros individu
aluri partiebi arCevnebisas dros gaurbian kompromisebs da specifikur
sakiTxebsa da programebze laparaks. axali mTavrobis formirebisaTvis mx
olod xmebis daTvlis Semdeg xdeba saWiro kompromisebis daSveba. rogorc
wesi, uZlieresi partia mmarTveli umravlesobis Seqmnis mizniT cdilobs
Camoayalibos koaliciuri mTavroba sxva partiasTan an partiebTan erTad.
koaliciis formirebis Semdeg igi marTavs momaval arCevnebamde, an koali
ciis daSlamde. es procesi amerikelebisaTvis ucnaurad JRers, magram ev
371
ropelebisTvis, azielebisa da sxva saparlamento demokratiul qveynebSi

mcxovrebTaTvis igi normaluria.
mravalpartiuli sistemis mTavari upiratesoba aris is, rom amomrCevels
farTo arCevani aqvs. misi mTavari uaryofiTi Tviseba aris arastabiluri
xelisufleba _ zogierT qveyanaSi es arastabiluroba SeiZleba qronikulic
ki gaxdes. procesi SeiZleba TavisTavad ganviTardes: daZabulobas moaqvs
fraqciaTaSorisi dapirispirebebi mTavrobaSi, politikis centrSi saerTo
areulobas _ ndobis krizisi, xolo es krizisi Tavis mxriv ufro met daZ
abulobas iwvevs. II msoflio omis Semdeg italia am fenomenis saukeTeso
magaliTad rCeba evropaSi.
partiuli sistemis ganmsazRvrelebi

ra gansazRvravs politikuri partiebis raodenobas ama Tu im qveyanaSi?
pirvel rigSi, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs mmarTvelobis formas _ mx
olod konstituciur demokratiebSi SeuZliaT politikur partiebs ibrZo
lon politikur sistemaze droebiTi (Semdgom arCevnebamde) kontrolis
mopovebisTvis.
meore, demokratiul qveynebSi saarCevno sistemis saxeobam SeiZleba gav
lena iqonios partiuli sistemis tipze. mcire partiebis warmatebas xels
uSlis iseTi sistema, romelic dafuZnebulia erTmandatian saarCevno uban
ze, sadac nebismieri kandidati igebs erTi xmis upiratesobiT (xmaTa ubralo
umravlesobiT) erTaderT arsebul mandats. patara partiebs uWirT moiz
idon amomrCevlebi, vinaidan maT kandidatebs mogebis Zalian mcire Sansi
aqvT. amis sawinaaRmdegod, proporciuli warmomadgenlobiTi sistema, sa
dac ramdenime kandidati irCeva TiToeuli saarCevno ubnidan, ufro mcire
partiebs mogebis gacilebiT did Sanss aZlevs. amgvarad, proporciuli war
momadgenlobiTi saarCevno sistemis SemTxvevaSi, gansxvavebiT im sistemisa
gan, sadac kandidati ubralo umravlesobiT igebs, mravalpartiuli poli
tikuri sistemis arseboba ufro savaraudoa.
mesame, politikuri partiuli sistema, iseve, rogorc xelisuflebis Zi
riTadi forma, xandaxan gansazRvrulia konstituciiT. konstituciebi gan
sxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan partiuli sistemebis mimarT damokidebulebiT.
zogierTi, magaliTad, aSS-is konstitucia, saerTod ar exeba am sakiTxs,
zogi ki pirdapir an iribad asaxavs mas. rogorc ar unda iyos, yovelTvis ar
sebobs aSkara gamijvna partiasa da biurokratias Soris. pirveli exmareba
politikisa da mTavrobis organizebas, xolo meores evaleba mTavrobis ad
ministrireba; iq, sadac am or sferos Soris gansxvaveba an Zalian mcirea, an
saerTod ar arsebobs, demokratiac an Zalian mcirea, an saerTod ar arse
bobs.
meoTxe, tradicia gavlenas axdens qveynis marTvelobis formasa da mis
partiul sistemaze. vinaidan ganviTarebad qveyanaTa umetesobaSi avtori
taruli reJimebi arsebobs, romelTac TiTqmis ar gaaCniaT demokratiis
tradicia, ar aris gasakviri, rom mesame samyaroSi Zalian xSirad gvxvdeba
372
erTpartiuli sistema. am tendenciis ori yvelaze cnobili gamonaklisia

laTinuri amerikis venesuela da kolumbia. II msoflio omis Semdeg orive am
qveyanaSi Zalian STambeWdavi demokratiuli tradiciebi ganviTarda. orive
maTganis mTavroba Zalian stabiluri iyo; kolumbiaSi ki xangrZlivma aja
nyebebmac ver SeZles sistemisTvis seriozuli zianis miyeneba (Tumca vene
suelaSi sistemam Sva apopulisti ugo Cavesi, romelmac demokratia farsad
aqcia _ mTAargmn. Sen.).
mexuTe, sadac arsebobs Rrma socialuri, ekonomikuri, kulturuli an
religiuri gansxvavebebi, rogorc wesi, politikuri cxovreba polarizebu
lia, gajerebulia emociiTa da ideologiiT. amgvari garemoebebi upirates
ad mravalpartiul sistemebs aviTarebs da ara orpartiuls.
partiebi erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba gansxvavebul de
mokratiebSi. zogierT maTganSi Zalaufleba Zlier struqtuirebulia da
mTlianad saTaveSia koncentrirebuli. magaliTad, britanuli politikuri
partiebi ufro disciplinirebuli da centralizirebuli arian, vidre ori
mTavari partia SeerTebul StatebSi. partiis centralizacia mniSvnelova
nia saparlamento sistemaSi, radgan sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xe
lisuflebebis Serevisas kanonmdeblebi an unda `gahyvnen partiis xazs,~ an
mudmivad hqondeT xelisuflebaSi opoziciis mosvlis SiSi. centralize
bul partias yvelaze kargad SeuZlia ganaxorcielos politikuri zewola
partiuli disciplinis Camosayalibeblad. metic, vinaidan saparlamento
sistemaSi mniSvnelovania partiis programa da ara individualuri kandida
tis pirovneba, dagegmva, organizeba da finansuri kampaniebi qveynis doneze
yvelaze kargad muSaobs.
aseve isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, Tavad politikuri sistema centralize
bulia Tu decentralizebuli. federalur sistemaSi partiebi cdiloben
federaluri struqturis mTavrobis analogiiT moaxdinon sakuTari
partiebis struqtuTireba. am sakiTxis praqtikuli warmoCenisTvis erT
magaliTs ganvixilavT. SeerTebul StatebSi maJoritaruli sistemiT
saprezidento arCevnebis dros xmaTa mTliani raodenoba mTeli qveynis
masStabiT ganisazRvreba, magram iTvleba (da Sejereba xdeba) Statebis
mixedviT. amgvarad, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, jorj buSma gaimarjva 2000
wlis arCevnebSi miuxedavad imisa, rom misma oponentma al gorma qveynis
masStabiT ufro meti xma miiRo. gasamarjveblad politikurma partiebma
unda gaimarjvon ara erT, aramed 50 arCevnebSi. aseT politikur garemoSi
decentralizebuli struqtura mniSvnelovania. erovnul doneze Zlieri
partiuli organizacia xels uwyobs senatorebis, warmomadgenlebisa da
saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi Tanamdebobis pirebis arCevas. msgavsi sistema
gvxvdeba sxva federalur sistemebSic.
Tumca, amerikuli politikuri partiebi SedarebiT sustia. isini ar ari
an ufro Zlierni nawilobrivi imis gamoc, rom es ar sWirdebaT. SeerTebu
li Statebi didwilad saSualo fenis sazogadoebaa, romlis wevrTa Soris
politikis ZiriTad principebze konsensusi arsebobs. es niSnavs, rom arcer
Ti ZiriTadi partiaa ideologiurad dogmaturi da moTxovnebSi SezRudu
li; partia ufro metad gansxvavebuli jgufebisa da interesebis koaliciaa,
373
vidre TanamoazreTa monoliTuri organizmi. SeerTebul StatebSi mTav

robis saqmianobis xelmZRvanelobasa da koordinaciaSi prezidenti ufro
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs, vidre politikuri partiebi; saparlamento
sistemebSi politikuri partia (an partiebis koalicia) axali mTavrobis
ZiriTadi birTvia.
politikuri partiebi _ Tuki isini gamoiyeneben liberalur-demokratiul
konstituciur sistemas konstituciis gasanadgureblad _ SeiZleba total
itaruli moZraobis safuZvlad iqcnen (amis klasikuri magaliTia nacionalsocialisturi anu nacisturi partia germaniaSi or msoflio oms Soris).
xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg totalitaruli partia ganicdis transfor
macias da yalibdeba mTavrobad. avtoritaruli partiebis SesaZleblobebi
SedarebiT ufro viwroa. es partiebi axorcieleben mmarTvelis survilebsa
da politikas, magram ara sayovelTao mobilizaciis kampaniebs, grandio
zul samSeneblo proeqtebs an `revolucias zemodan,~ romelic mimarTulia
sazogadoebis transformaciis an ganwmendisaken. miuxedavad imisa, rom orive
tipis partia _ totalitarulic da avtoritarulic, rogoc wesi, centrali
zebulia da reJims eqvemdebareba, isini yovelTvis araa efeqtiani. avtorita
ruli partiebi sruliadac ar aris Tavisufali mflangvelobisagan, degrada
ciisa da konfliqturi interesebisagan, romelic SeiZleba Segvxvdes yvela
sxva biurokratiaSi.
perspeqtivebi: politikuri partiebis daknineba?

bevri eqsperti Tvlis, rom politikuri partiebis mniSvneloba SeerTe
bul StatebSi nel-nela iklebs. isini saubroben sazogadoebriv gamokiTx
vebze, romlebic avlenen sazogadoebaSi partiebis pativiscemis klebas:
xalxis azriT, partiebs ar gaaCniaT unari, aiZulon Tanamdebobis pirebi
_ pasuximgeblobiT moekidon amomrCevelTa moTxovnebs. amomrCeveli sul
ufro iSviaTad aigivebs sakuTar Tavs partiasTan da saarCevno biuleteni
sxvadasxva partiis kandidatiT Cveulebrivi movlenaa. politologebi ixre
bian sazogadoebriv azrisaken: politikuri partiebi araefeqtiania.
ram ganapiroba amgvari damokidebulebis Camoyalibeba? zogierTi mimomxilveli amtkicebs, rom bevri sponsori arCevs fuli misces pirdapir kan
didats da ara partias, vinaidan unda, rom momavali Tanamdebobis piri misgan
iyos `davalebuli.~ sxvebi Tvlian, rom bevri amomrCeveli ararealur imeds
amyarebs partiebze an partiebi Sromasa da bizness Soris klasobrivi brZo
lis Sedegi iyo, ramac mniSvneloba dakarga.30 zogierTi ki maT warumatebeli
politikuri procesis nawilad ganixilavs.
bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi SeerTebul StatebSi partiuli poli
tikis idea winaaRmdegobaSi movida demokratiis idealTan. rogorc adgilo
briv, aseve saxelmwifo doneze demokratebi da respublikelebi erTnairad
cdilobdnen SeemcirebinaT partiuli profesionalebis gavlena kandidatis
SerCevis procesze. demokratiis amerikul koncefcias ewinaaRdegeba gabo
374
lil oTaxSi partiuli xelmZRvanelis usiamovno imiji, romelic wyvets rom

eli uwyeba vin unda marTos. am imijma, realurma Tu warmosaxviTma, xeli
Seuwyo saarCevno reformebs (Tumca arCevnebis sistemis namdvili reforma
dRemde Zalze efemerulia).
kandidatis wamoyenebis procesis demokratizaciis mcdeloba gansa
kuTrebiT popularulia. Statis doneze winaswari arCevnebi, erT dros gamon
aklisi, wesad iqca. axla Statebi erTmaneTs winaswari arCevnebis ufro adre
CatarebaSi ejibrebian. Tavad arCevnebi zogierTi StatisTvis sarfian saqmed
iqca, vinaidan didi Semosavali da mediis yuradReba moaqvs. sxva Statebi at
areben Sidapartiul daxurul sxdomebs, sadac partiis rigiTi wevrebi irCev
en delegatebs, romlebic Semdgom monawileobas iReben Statis yrilobaSi,
sadac, Tavis mxriv, irCeven delegatebs, romlebsac davalebuli aqvT ama Tu
im konkretuli kandidatis mxardaWera partiis nacionalur yrilobaze.
aseTi reformebi agrZnobinebs moqalaqeTa saSualo fenas, rom isini
monawileoben partiis nominaciis procesSi da amcirebs Statisa da erovnuli
partiis erTgul mxardamWerTa Zalauflebas. Tumca, rac ufro meti Stati
atarebs winaswar arCevnebs, amerikis saprezidento arCevnebi miT ufro daZ
abuli, Zvirad Rirebuli da gaxangrZlivebulia; prezidentis nominaciisa da
arCevnebis procesma SeiZleba erT welsac gastanos (masTan SedrebiT, bri
tanuli saparlamento arCevnebi xSirad erT Tveze nakleb xans grZeldeba da
gacilebiT iafi jdeba, vidre amerikuli arCevnebi.) ufro metic, finansebis
mozidva udidesi mniSvnelobis faqtori gaxda ara marto prezidentobis
msurvelTaTvis, aramed senatisa da palatis seriozuli kandidatebisaTvi
sac, rac cinikosebs safuZvels aZlevs SeniSnon, rom SeerTebul StatebSi
arCevnebi mudmiv RonisZiebad iqca.
es situacia unikaluria SeerTebul StatebSi. arc erTi liberaluri demok
ratia msoflioSi ar xarjavs imden drosa da finansebs Tanamdebobis pirebis ar
Cevaze, rogorc amerika. ramdenad SueZlia amgvar demokratias pasuxismgeblobiT
moekidos amomrCevelTa survilebsa da moTxovnebs, upasuxo kiTxvad rCeba.
partiebi jer kidev exmarebian kandidatebs arCevaSi, magram isini axlosac
ver mivlen SeerTebul StatebSi arCevnebisaTvis saWiro finansebTan. rogor
ivseba es deficiti? vis mimarTaven kandidatebi finansuri mxardaWerisaTvis?
rogorc vnaxavT, interesTa jgufebi iswrafvian Seavson deficiti, magram
amis sanacvlod wina planze iwevs kiTxvebi, romlebic eris demokratiis idea
lebs exeba.
interesTa jgufebi
interesTa jgufebi ar cdiloben xelisuflebaSi mosvlas, ar monawil
eoben sajaro Tanamdebobis pirebis rekrutirebasa, wardgenasa da arCevaSi.
samagierod, Zal-Rones ar iSureben, raTa zegavlena moaxdinon kanonmde
blobaze, politikasa da programebze, maTi specialuri, gansakuTrebuli
interesis sferoebis mixedviT (aqenad modis specialuri interesis cne
bac) _ magaliTad, korporaciebis (mogebis) gadasaxadi da subsidiebi (didi
375
biznesebi), sabanko regulaciebi, subsidiebi soflis meurneobisaTvis, fe

deraluri daxmareba ganaTlebis sferoSi, an garemos dacva. Cveni ganxilva
interesTa jgufebis sxvadasxva tipis SeswavliT daviwyoT.
interesTa jgufebis tipebi

interesTa jgufebis klasifikaciis yvelaze gavrcelebuli sqema ekuT
vnis profesor gabriel almonds, romelic ganasxvavebda oTx ZiriTad
tips.31 pirveli da yvelaze gavrcelebulia asociaciis tipis interesTa
jgufebi, romlebsac, rogorc wesi, aqvT saxelwodeba, erovnuli Stab
bina, hyavT profesionali Tan amSromlebi, da a.S. amis magaliTia mewarmeTa
erovnuli asociacia, iaraRis moyvarulTa asociacia da sxva.
meorea araasociaciuri tipis interesTa jgufebi, romlebsac ara aqvT
saxelwodeba da formaluri struqtura, magram gamoxataven socialur,
eTnikur, kulturul an religiur intresebs da SeuZliaT saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi Seerwyan Zlier politikur Zalebs. aseTi interesTa jgufebi
yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba ganviTarebadi aziis, arabuli samyaros, laTinuri
amerikisa da saha-ris samxreTiT mdebare afrikis qveynebSi.
mesamea instituciuri interesTa jgufebi, romlebic mTavrobis SigniT
arseboben. samTavrobo departamentebsa da saagentoebs sakuTari interesi
gaaCniaT sxvadasxva gadawyvetilebebisa da programebis mimarT, risTvisac
isini Signidan _ xSirad sazogadoebis TvalTaxedvis miRma, lobireben. mag
aliTad, pentagoni urigdeba Tavdacvis sferos kontraqtorebs SeiaraRebis
programebis erToblivi ZaliT `gasatanad~; Sromis, soflis meurneobisa da
ganaTlebis departamentebs xSirad sdeben brals, rom isini im interesTa
jgufebis tyveebi arian, romelTa interesebi am departamentebis mier mar
Tul programebs emTxveva.
meoTxe, anomikuri (anomic) interesTa jgufebi spontanurad yalibdeba,
rodesac bevri adamiani ewinaaRmdegeba raime politikas. am fenomenis brwyin
vale magaliTia studenturi demonstraciebi 1960-iani wlebis bolos da 1970iani wlebis dasawyisSi mTeli qveynis masStabiT. almondi ambobs, rom quCis
areulobebi da zogierTi mkvlelobac ki amave kategoriaSi SeiZleba moeqces.
interesTa jgufebis kategorizaciis kidev erTi gzaa maTi dayofa viwro
da sazogadoebriv interesTa jgufebad. Common Cause (saerTo saqme) _ or
ganizacia, romelic daaarsa jandacvis, ganaTlebis da socuzrunvelyofis
yofilma mdivanma (ministrma) da romelic 300 000-ze met wevrs aerTianebs,
aseTi tipis interesTa jgufis magaliTia.
interesTa jgufebi marto imiT ar gansxvavdebian, ra sakiTxebze muSao
ben, aramed imiTac, rom isini gansxvavebul aqcentebs svamen. Zalze viwro
aqcentebi yvelaze xSirad damaxasiaTebelia eTnikuri (magaliTad, amerikel
italielTa fondi), religiuri (amerikel ebraelTa kongresi), profesiuli
(universitetebis profesorTa amerikuli asociacia), asakobrivi niSniT
gansazRvruli (pensionerTa amerikuli asociacia) da sxva mravali jgufi
saTvis, romelTaTvisac romelime kategoriaSi adgilis miCneva Zalze rTu
376
lia (magaliTad, amerikel unarSezRudul veteranTa organizacia). yovel

aseT SemTxvevaSi kerZo intersTa jgufebi, pirvel rigSi, cdiloben Tavis
wevrTa interesebis dacvas.
sazogadoebriv interesTa jgufebis interesTaA sfero ufro farToa. isini
ibrZvian im sakiTxebis mosagvareblad, romlebsac, maTi azriT, mTeli sazoga
doebisaTvis SeuZlia sargeblobis motana. aseTi organizaciis erTi magali
Tia siera klubi, romelic lobirebs mkacr da konsercaciul garemosdacviT
politikas. miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela ar eTanxmeba siera klubis miznebs,
veravin daadanaSaulebs mis wevrebs viwro piradi interesebisaTvis brZolaSi;
marTlac, sufTa haeri da wyali xom yvela moqalaqisTvis sasargebloa.
asociaciuri tipis interesTa jgufebi Zlier gansxvavdebian kapitali
Ta da TvisebebiT. ZiriTadi gansxvavebebi dakavSirebulia imasTan, ramdeni
fulis Sekreba SeuZliaT maT, ramdeni da ramdenad araerTgvarovani tipis
wevrebi hyavT, rogori kavSirebi aqvT kanonmdeblebTan da gadawyvetilebis
mimReb pirebTan, aqvT Tu ara kvalificirebuli TanamSromlebis daqi
ravebis saSualeba. garda amisa, interesTa jgufebi gansxvavdebian maT
mier arCeuli moqmedebis taqtikiTac, iqneba es xelisuflebis wevrebTan
erTi-erTze lobireba, politikuri Semowirulobebi, masobrivi safosto
gzavnilebi, sasamarTlo sarCelebi, demonstraciebis da gamosvlebis or
ganizeba Tu mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis Sesaxeb kvlevebis dafinanseba.
zegavlenis wyaroebi da meTodebi

interesTa jgufebi, rogorc wesi, cdiloben Secvalon sajaro politika
arCeul Tanamdebobis pirebs da sazogadoebriv azrze (saxelmwifo an re
gionul doneze) zegavlenis moxdeniT. amas isini sami ZiriTadi gziT axerxeben:
(1) arCevnebSi maTi ndobiT aRWurvili pirebis gamarjvebis miRweviT; (2) cdi
loben arCeul Tanamdebobis pirebTan dakavSirebas da (3) masobrivi sainfor
macio saSualebebiT kampaniebis gaCaRebiT. interesTa jgufebi eZeben pirda
pir kavSirebs gadawyvetilebis mimRebebTan. bevri interesTa jgufi qiraobs
lobists, romelic sxvadasxva gziT cdilobs kanonmdebelTa ndobisa da maTze
gavlenis mopovebas. lobisti eqspertebis specifikuri codnis safuZvelze,
isini gamodian sakanonmdeblo komitetebis winaSe, Suamdgomloben axlo mego
brebsa Tu amomrCevlebs maTi Sexedulebebis cxovrebaSi gasatareblad. lo
bistebi aseve organizebas ukeTeben da sargebloben piar-kampaniebiT, satele
fono Tu internetkavSirebiT; saerTo sakanonmdeblo miznebis misaRwevad
koordinirebas axdenen da TanamSromloben Tanamoazre lobistebTan; cdilo
ben gaafarToon kanonmdeblebTan urTierTobis SesaZleblobebi (magaliTad,
marTaven wveulebebs an afinanseben saqvelmoqmedo RonisZiebebs).32
cxadia, zogierTi interesTa jgufi sxvebze ufro warmatebulia. gadamw
yveti mniSvneloba aqvs or faqtors finansebsa da wevrobas. organizaciebs,
romlebic warmoadgenen saerTo interesis mqone moqalaqeTa ufro did da
gamorCeul nawils, aSkara upiratesoba gaaCnia. es gansakuTrebiT aSkaraa,
rodesac saqme exeba specifikur sakiTxebs da rodesac ar arsebobs sxva,
377
pensionerTa amerikuli asociaciis wevrebi amerikel xandazmulTaTvis xelisu

flebis mxardaWeris gasaZliereblad da SesanarCuneblad demonstracias awyoben,
raTa xazi gausvan sakuTar wuxilsa da politikur Sexedulebebs.
imave sakiTxiT dainteresebuli konkurenti an dapirispirebuli interesTa

jgufebi. didi raodenobis TanamoazreTa lobis saukeTeso magaliTia pen
sionerTa amerikuli asociciacia (daaxloebiT 33 milioni wevriT), romelic
xandazmul moqalaqeTa samTavrobo daxmarebis gazrdis da SenarCunebis
sakiTxSi namdvili monopolistia da masTan dapirispirebisas verc erTma
organizaciam warmatebas ver miaRwia. am organizaciis wevria 50 wels gadac
ilebul amerikelTa 48 procenti (amomrCevelTa 20 procenti), ris gamoc
igi qveyanaSi rigiT meore aramomgebiani organizaciaa romaul-kaTolikuri
eklesiis Semdeg. 18 registrirebuli lobistiT, 1700 daqiravebuli adami
aniTa da TiTqmis 500 milioniani biujetiT es asociacia, romelic sakuTar
Tavs amerikel xandazmulTa damcvelad warmoaCens, aSS-is yvelaze gavle
niani lobia.
iaraRis moyvarulTa erovnuli asociacia gavleniani interesTa jgu
fis magaliTia. igi erTi viwro interesis garSemoa Seqmnili, Tumca bolo
aTwleulebSi misi gavlena Semcirda. am asociaciis mxridan iaraRze nebis
mieri formis kontrolis dawesebaze medgari winaaRmdegoba kritikis qar
cecxlSi gaexva mas Semdeg, rac aSS-is sazogadoebrioba ufro da ufro met
kavSirs xedavs cecxlsasrol iaraRsa da gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT Cad
enil danaSaulebebs Soris. ufro warumatebeli arian axla fermerebi; maT
ramdenime organizacia Seqmnes, romelTac Camoayalibes soflis meurneobis
sakiTxebis Zalze daqucmacebuli lobi.
interesTa jgufebis warmatebasTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebia: 1) mo
378
qalaqeTa raodenoba, romelsac warmoadgens jgufi; 2) jgufis wevrTa Se

sabamis sakiTxTan (interesTan) gaigivebis (identifikaciis) xarisxi; 3) im
konkurent jgufTa arseboba an ararseboba, romlebmac SeiZleba Seasuston
interesTa Ajgufis mier xelisuflebaze mopovebuli gavlena. magram arafe
ria amerikul politikaSi fulze ufro mniSvnelovani. xandaxan SeZlebul
moqalaqeTa SedarebiT mcirericxovanma jgufma SeiZleba politikur pro
cesze uzarmazari gavlena moaxdinos, magaliTad, ZviradRirebuli mediakam
paniasa Tu politikur kampaniisaTvis didi Tanxebis Sewirvis wyalobiT.
amas garda, aseT jgufTa wevrebs, rogorc wesi, gaaCniaT piradi kavSirebi
da politikuri kontaqtebi, rac SeiZleba gadamwyveti aRmoCndes, rodesac
saqme Seexeba warmomadgenlis an senatoris mier kenWisyraze dayenebul ama
Tu im sakiTxis mxardaWeras.
interesTa jgufebi xSirad upiratesobas moipoveben Tu kavSirebi aqvT
politikur partiasTan. dasavleT evropaSi udidesi profkavSirebi axlo
kavSirSia mSromelTa klasis warmomadgenel politikur partiebTan (mag
aliTad, did britaneTSi leiboristuli partia da profkavSirebis kon
gresi, romlebsac mxars uWers didi britaneTis organizebul profkavSirTa
wevrebis 85 procenti). amisgan gansxvavebiT, aSS-Si interesTa jgufebi poli
tikur partiebs saerTod gverds uvlian da pirdapir im kandidatebs afi
nanseben, romlebsac TviTon uWeren mxars. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, interesTa
jgufebi Tavs izRveven da saarCevno kampaniaSi orive dapirispirebul kan
didats afinanseben.
interesTa jgufis warmatebis mniSvnelovani gasaRebia pirdapiri gzavni
lis (fosta, elfosta) saSualebiT moTxovnili fondebi, magram aseve mniS
vnelovania dinamikuri xelmZRvanelobac. interesTa jgufebis xelmZRvanelebi (liderebi) warmarTaven da xSirad TviTonve iCenen lobistur iniciati
vas, cdiloben konfidencialuri Sexvedrebisas daarwmunon kanonmdeblebi
da gadawyvetilebebis mimRebni, mxari dauWiron (an ar dauWiron) ama Tu im
sakiTxs. interesTa jgufis warmatebuloba xSirad damokidebulia lobis
tis pirovnul Rirsebebsa da reputaciaze. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, interesTa
jgufebi vaSingtonSi xSirad cdiloben prezidentebis yofili mrCevlebis
`xelSi Cagdebas~ sakuTari interesebis damcvelebad (da amisTvis karg gasam
rjelosac uxdian xolme).
interesTa jgufebis bumi

miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebuli savaraudo monacemebi sakmaod gansxvav
deba, eqspertebi Tanxmdebian imaze, rom interesTa jgufebisa da maT mier
daqiravebul lobistTaA raodenoba aSS-Si bolo sami aTwleulis ganmav
lobaSi sul mcire 50 procentiT gaizarda. dRes es asociaciebi vaSingtonSi
sididiT mesamea xelisuflebisa da turizmis Semdeg. erT-erTi wyaros mo
nacemebiT, 1991 wels daaxloebiT 6 000 lobisti iyo registrirebuli da
daaxloebiT 80 000 adamiani muSaobda im asociaciebisTvis, romlebic kon
gresSi lobirebdnen.34 vaSingtonSi lobis TiTqmis ori mesamedi biznesisa
379
da savaWro wreebidan modis. 1994 wlis erT-erTi gamokvleva kidev ufro

SemaSfoTebel suraTs aaSkaravebs:
magaliTad aviRoT geilis kvlevaSi asociaciebis nciklopedia mocemu
li jgufebis raodenoba. Tu 1956 wels maTi ricxvi 5000 iyo, dReisaTvis
20 000-mde gaizarda. ra Tqma unda, isini amerikis interesTa jgufebis
samyaros mxolod mcire nawils warmoadgenen. mxolod garemos dacvis
organizaciebi iTvlian daaxloebiT 7 000 jgufs, Tuki maT adgilobriv
moxalise damsufTaveblebsac mivaTvliT; Washington Blade-is cnobarSi
Setanilia 400-ze meti gei-jgufi, maSin rodesac 1990 wels aseTi mx
olod 300 iyo. 1961 da 1982 wlebs Soris vaSingtonSi korporaciuli
ofisebis raodenoba aTjer gaizarda. kidev ufro dramatulad imata
sazogadoebrivi interesebis dasacavad Seqmnilma organizaciebma da
farTo masebis sainiacitivo jgufebma. 1960-ian wlebamde aseTi jgufe
bi TiTqmis ar arsebobda; dRes aseTi organizacia aTiaTasobiTaa da
politolog ronald Saikos TqmiT, 40 milioni moqalaqisagan 4 mili
ard dolarze metsac agroveben. 35
interesTa jgufebis momravlebis mizezia saxelmwifo daxmarebebis

mniSvnelovani zrda, politikuri partiebis gavlenis Sesusteba, ameri
kuli sazogadoebis mzardi mravalferovneba, axali socialur-ekonomi
kuri jgufebis Camoyalibeba, ramac xeli Seuwyo mravali viwro interesis
garSemo Seqmnili jgufis gaCenas.36 amave dros, safosto da kompiuteruli
teqnologiebi msgavsi organizaciebis daarsebas SedarebiT aiolebs. gana
Tlebis donis amaRlebam gazarda moqalaqeTa interesi msgavsi asociaciebis
mimarT, xolo SedarebiTma keTildReobam saSualeba misca maT ixadon saw
evro gadasaxadebi.
1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi popularuli
gaxda axali tipis interesTa jgufebi, romlebic politikuri qmedebis
komitetebis (PAC) saxeliTaa cnobili. 1971 wels kongresma aukrZala
korporaciebsa da SromiT kavSirebs politikuri kampaniebisaTvis fulis
pirdapiri wesiT gaReba, riTac arCevnebis dros darRvevebis aRkveTas See
cada. Tumca, kanonma, im saxiT, rogoriTac kongresSi misi damtkiceba da
sasamarTloebis mier interepretireba moxda, xeli ver SeuSala viwro in
teresTa jgufebs arapirdapiri gziT _ specialurad am mizniT Seqmnili
komitetebis meSveobiT _ fulis xarjvaSi. 1980-iani wlebis Sua periodamde
politikur qmedebaTa komitetebis ricxvi mniSvnelovnad izrdeboda,
rogorc es 10-5 sqemidan Cans. didi da gavleniani politikuri qmedebis
komitetebi gaaCnia Semdeg interesTa jgufebs: amerikis medikosTa asocia
cias, uZravi qonebiT movaWreTa erovnul asociacias, dilerebis erovnul
asociacias, fostalionTa erovnul asociacias, amerikis stomatologTa
asociacias, saxelmwifo, saolqo da municipalur doneze dasaqmebulTa
amerikul federacias.
380
sqema 10-5. politikuri qmedebis komitetebis raodenobis zrda, 1972-96ww.

politikuri qmedebis komitetebis raodenoba stabiluria 1984 wlidan.
wyaro:adaptirebulia Theodore L. Lowi-sa da Benjamin Ginsberg-is wignidan American
Government: Freedom and Power, me-3 gamocema (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1994),
345, da Midyear and Year-End PAC Counts, 1990-1996, Federal Election Commission Record,
Tavi 27, nomeri 9, seqtemberi 1996, 7.
politikuri qmedebis komitetebs gadamwyveti roli aqvT Sesrule

buli erovnul da saStato doneze kandidatebisa da sakiTxebis dafinanse
baSi. amave dros, arCevnebis fasi _ sul ufro damokidebuli satelevizio
reklamaze _ gaizarda. daian fainstaini, demokrati senatori kaliforni
idan, 1994 wlis arCevnebisas Svidi Tvis ganmavlobaSi yoveldRiurad 22 000
dolars agrovebda; es rom biznesi yofiliyo, igi mosalodneli SemosavliT
amerikis wamyvan korporaciaTa 5 procentSi moxvdeboda.37 daujerebelia,
magram fainstainze meti Tanxa daxarja misma respublikelma oponentma
maikl hafingtonma, romelmac daaxloebiT 29 milioni dolari gaatana qars
kampaniaSi, romelic fainstainma miugo. arCevnebis mzardi fasis kidev erTi
magaliTia 1996 wlis virjiniis Statis sasenatoro arCevnebi, romelSic
damarcxebulma demokratma kandidatma mark uornerma 11 milioni dolari
daxarja (TiToeul amomrCevelze 3.30 dolari, maSin rodesac hafingtonma
2.03 dolari daxarja). amgvarad, miuxedavad imisa, rom politikuri qmedebis
komitetebis SezRudva popularuli reformistuli winadadeba gamodga,
dRevandeli saaarCevno kampaniebis xangrZlivoba da maRali xarjebi, rom
lis gaRebis aranairi survili sazogadoebas ara aqvs, iZleva imis garantias,
381
rom politikosebi ver Seelevian politikuri qmedebis komitetebis mier

gaRebul fuls.
bevri damkvirvebeli gmobs amerikul politikaSi finansebis mzard gavle
nas. fuli yovelTvis mniSvnelovani faqtori iyo politikaSi, magram ukanask
nel aTwleulebSi igi iqca faqtorad, romlis gareSe gamarjveba ubralod
warmoudgenelia. Tuki warmomadgenlobiT palataSi adgilis mopovebis sa
Sualo xarji 1976 wels 73 aTasdolars Seadgenda, 1996 wlisaTvis igi 80 aTas
dolaramde gaizarda; igive periodSi, senatSi adgilis mosapoveblad xarji
595 000 dolaridan 3,8 milion dolaramde gaizarda. erT-erTi gancxadebiT,
martivad rom vTqvaT, fuli is sawvavia, romelic amoZravebs amJamin
del sakampanio sistemas. interesTaA jgufebi, kandidatebi da partiebi
agroveben fuls imisaTvis, rom daiqiravon konsultantebi da awar
moon ZviradRirebuli satelevizio sareklamo kampaniebi.38
Tavis mxriv, aranakleb STambeWdavi iyo interesTa jgufebis aRmasvla

dasavleT evropis saparlamento demokratiebSic.39 zogierT evropul sax
elmwifoSi interesTa jgufebi mTavrobam oficialurad aRiara da maT nax
evrad oficialur statussac miaRwies. magaliTad, SvedeTsa da norvegi
aSi saministro, romelic administraciul qmedebas gegmavs, valdebulia
SeuTanxmdes jgufebs, romlebsac es qmedeba SesaZloa Seexos da pirdapir
CarTos interesTa jgufebi politikis SemuSavebis procesSi. safrangeTSi
mTavrobasa da kerZo seqtors Soris konsultaciebis saxelmwifo sistema
moicavs 500-mde sabWos, 200 komitetsa da 300 komisias. TiToeuli aseTi
samTavrobo organos wevrebi arian rogorc mTavrobis, aseve interesTa
jgufebis warmomadgenlebi.
amrigad, amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da dasavleT evropaSi interesTa
jgufebma aRmasvla ganicades. amerikelebi specialur (viwro) interesebs
xSirad kninobiT formaSi moixsenieben. es negatiuri imiji kidev ufro gaa
Zliera politikuri qmedebaTa komitetebis da didi fulis politikis ga
Zlierebam. interesTa jgufebi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs, magram raki
ar arsebobs rbil fulze (fuli, romelsac aZleven politikur partiebs
viTomda arasakampanio miznebisaTvis da fuli, romelic damoukideblad ix
arjeba kandidatebis an partiebis saxeliT) raime efeqtiani SezRudva, isini
sul ufro xSirad xdebian im sistemuri korufciis nawili, romlis legal
uri an politikuri wamalic dResdReobiT ar moipoveba.
ori aTwleulis win interesTa jgufebi frTxilobdnen daA Tavis qmedebebs
maRalfardovani argumentebiT niRbavdnen. dRes sul ufro gulaxdili politi
kuri saubrebi ismis. mravali kerZo interesTaA jgufis lideri (es jgufebi war
moadgenen saSualo klasis gadamxdelebs, saxlebis mflobelebs, espanureno
van amerikelebs, xandazmulebs da sxv.) mourideblad acxadebs protests imis
gamo, rom ver miiRo sajaro sikeTis kuTvnili wili. sul ufro naklebad sau
broben sazogadoebriv interesze; ufro da ufro xSirad, amerikul politikas
ganixilaven rogorc Sejibrs, romlis gamarjvebulebi rogorc wesi, gavle
382
niani viwro interesebis mqone lobi _ Tanamdebobis pirebisagan jildos moe

lian arCevnebSi mopovebul gamarjvebaSi gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis.
rTulia gamoiTvalo sazogadoebrivi suliskveTebisa da sazogadoebri
vi zneobis fasi, magram udavoa, rom igi Zalze maRalia da Tavs mxolod nelnela gamoaCens. erTi ram cxadia: interTa jgufebis gavlenis zrdasTan er
Tad, sazogadoebac ufro advilad egueba amerikuli politikuri cxovrebis
ganmsazRvrel Zalad egoisturi interesis aRiarebas.
interesTa jgufebi demokratiul qveynebSi

rigiT moqalaqeebs miaCniaT xolme, rom politika pirad interesze maR
la unda idges da xSirad cneba _ specialuri interesi _ maTSi antipaTias
iwvevs. miuxedavad amisa, demokratia zewolis jgufebis gareSe Zneli warmo
sadgenia sul mcire sami mizeziT.
pirveli da yvelaze mniSvnelovani isaa, rom konstituciuri mmarTveloba
icavs individualur Tavisuflebebs, maT Soris gamoxatvisa da Sekrebis Ta
visuflebas. amrigad, interesTa jgufebi SeiZleba CaiTvalos Tavisufali
sazogadoebis mniSvnelovan nawilad da, amasTanave, mis gardauval Sedegad.
rogorc jeims medisoni, damfuZnebel mamaTagan yvelaze gamoCenili poli
tikis Teoretikosi federalistSi aRniSnavda, Tavisufleba fraqciebisaT
vis (interesTa jgufebisaTvis) igivea, rac haeri cecxlisaTvis. fraqciebi
SeiZleba SezRudo, magram amisaTvis unda moispos Tavisuflebac.40
interesTa jgufebi sakuTari azris gamoxatvisa da sazogadoebriv azrze gav

lenis moxdenis mizniT yalibdeba. xSirad isini cnobil adamianebs iwveven saku
Tari Zalisxmevis warmosaCenad. fotoze msaxiobi riCard giri protests gamox
atavs tibetSi CineTs mxridan represiis winaaRmdeg.
383
meore, demokratiuli sazogadoebebi politikuri da ekonomikuri Tval

sazrisiT avtoritarul sazogadoebebze ufro rTuladaa mowyobili. de
mokratiaSi, sadac pirovnebas aqvs SesaZlebloba gamoxatos da imoqmedos
Tavisi Sexedulebebisa da interesebis mixedviT, politikuri Tavisufleba
iwvevs interesTa zrdas. amis gamo, demokratiisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri interesebis mravalferovneba.
amas adasturebs cxadi magaliTi ekonomikis sferodan. dasavluri eko
nomika SeiZleba davyoT ìseT sxvadasxvagvar biznes-organizaciebad, ro
goricaa giganturi korporaciebi, mcire biznesi, mZime industria, mom
saxurebis sferos firmebi, profkavSirebis mqone da armqone mrewveloba,
soflis meurneobis firmebi, mravalerovnuli korporaciebi da nacional
izebuli an saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi arsebuli sawarmoebi _ yvela maT
gans sakuTari politikuri moTxovnebi da interesebi gaaCnia~.41
mesame mizezi konstituciur demokratiebSi interesTa jgufebis warma
tebisa aris is, rom mTavroba regularulad anawilebs mogebas (Semosavals).
yovelwliur sabiujeto brZolaSi Semosavlebis ganawilebisaTvis namd
vili taciaoba imarTeba. dasavlur demokratiebSi keTildReobis saxelm
wifos ganviTarebasTan erTad imata interesTa jgufebmac, romlebic Se
mosavlebidan ufro didi wilis xelSi Casagdebad erTmaneTs ejibrebian.
aSS-Si axali interesTa jgufebis gaCenas xeli Seuwyo axalgazrdebsa da
xandazmulebs Soris Semosavlebis Tanabrad ganawilebisaken mimarTulma
RonisZiebebma sxvadasxva an skolebSi Hot-lunch-is programebis farglebSi.
da, raRa Tqma unda, msgavsi programebis ganxorcielebasa da sazogadoebi
saTvis miwodebis saqmeSi Tavisi interesi aqvs saxelmwifo saagentoebsa da
im monawile mxareebs (kompaniebs), romle-bic programebis ganxorcielebiT
arian dakavebuli.
iklebs Tu ara sazogadoebrivi interesi?

xSirad, rodesac moqalaqeebi ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamen gavleniani
viwro interes-jgufebis gamo, isini gulisxmoben im lobistebs an zewolis
jgufebs, romlebic sxvaTa interesebs icaven; xolo rodesac isini Cvens in
teresebs icaven, Cven vamarTlebT da taSs vukravT maT. magaliTad, interes
Ta jgufebs, romlebic studentebisaTvis sesxebis programebs eqomagebian,
igive xalxi asxams xotbas (ganaTlebis sferos muSakebi), romlebic zogadad
msgavsi jgufebis gadaWarbebul gavlenaze Civian.
ra problemebs uqmnis sinamdvileSi interesTa jgufebi sazogadoebriv
interess? zogierTi kritikosi amtkicebs, rom amerikis SeerTebul Stateb
sa da dasavleT evropaSi interesTa jgufebis momravlebam sazogadoebis
yvelaze ufro daucvel segments Seuqmna gansakuTrebuli siZneleebi. Ra
ribebs Zalze mcire gavlena aqvT interesTa jgufebis politikur arenaze,
mdidrebs ki _ uaRresad didi. am TvalsazrisiT, demokratiebSi interes
Ta jgufebis aRmasvlam Camoayaliba sistema, romelic sustebisa da da
Cagrulebis xarjze yvelaze gavlenianTa interesebis xelisSemwyobia.
384
kritikosebi aseve SeSfoTebas gamoxataven imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom

sul meti Tanamdebobis piri tovebs sajaro samsaxurs da samuSaod midis im
kompaniebSi, romlebTanac maT saqmiani urTierToba hqondaT. magaliTad,
pentagonis yofili Tanamdebobis pirebs xSirad Tavdacvis sferoSi arse
buli firmebi qiraoben, prezidentebis yofili mrCevlebi ki lobistebi an
media-komentatorebi xdebian, an sxva maRalanazRaurebad samsaxurebSi gada
dian. 1978 wels kongresma aukrZala yofil maRalCinosan moxeleebs sajaro
samsaxuris datovebidan erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi yovelgvari kontaqti im
saagentoebTan, romlebSic isini muSaobdnen da aseve, aukrZala yovelgvari
mcdeloba im sferos politikaze gavlenis moxdenisa, romelSic maT ori wlis
ganmavlobaSi gaaCndaT òficialuri pasuxismgebloba.~
arsebuli sistemis damcvelebi ki amtkiceben, rom moqalaqeTa umravle
soba saTanadodaa warmodgenili (hyavT warmomadgeneli). maTi azriT, in
teresTa jgufebis simravle imis dadasturebaa, rom dapirispirebuli Za
lebi am jgufebs TiTqmis mudmivad akontroleben.
magram, keTildReEobis saxelmwifos zrda da misi Tanmdevi xarjebi zo
gierTi konservatoris seriozul SeSfoTebas iwvevs, maSin rodesac poli
tikur qmedebaTa komitetebis (PAC) gavlenis zrda erTnairad aSfoTebs
liberalebsa da reformebis momxre zomierebsac. politikuri zewola (in
teresTa jgufebi aseve cnobili arian, rogorc `zewolis jgufebi) zus
tad asaxavs sazogadoebis sxvadasxva segmentis politikur upiratesobas;
problemac swored esaa. rogor SeiZleba mTavrobam imoqmedos obieqturad,
rodesac eqceva sazogadoebis didi nawilis saerTo azris gamomxatveli, Zl
ieri interesTa jgufis zewolas qveS? meore mxriv, rodesac erTi sakiTxis
damcveli interesTa jgufi romelime Zalian specifikuri wesis an kanoni
saTvis ibrZvis _ romelic moqalaqeTa did nawils sul ar anaRvlebs an ara
viTar yuradRebas ar aqcevs _ ra SeiZleba iyos stimuli kanonmdeblebis an
biurokratebisaTvis, romelic daexmareba maT, gauZlon zewolas viwro in
teresebis jgufebis mxridan? did qveyanaSi, sadac xelisuflebis ramoden
ime done arsebobs, gasakviri araa, rom bevri kanoni an politika xdeba ru
tinuli ganxilvis sagani. rodesac zewolis jgufebi mondomebiT lobireben
raime sakiTxs, romelsac saerTod araviTari an Zalze mcire kavSiri aqvs
sazogadoebriv interesTan da, aqedan gamomdinare, sazogadoeba mas faq
tobrivad mxars ar uWers, mosalodnelia, rom politikuri procesi gaixrw
nas (korumpirebuli gaxdes).
interesTa jgufebi avtoritarul qveynebSi

avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi interesTa jgufebs arseboba uWirT,
radgan zogadad, opocizia idevneba. vinaidan avtoritarul saxelmwifo
Tagan bevri ekonomikuri ganviTarebis adreul etapze imyofeba, individu
aluri interesebi xSirad naTesaur kavSirebze dafuZnebuli jgufebis meS
veobiT aris gamoxatuli (tomebi an klanebi). rogorc wesi, mniSvnelovani
gavlena aqvT samxedroebs, maSinac ki, rodesac isini mmarTvelobis saTave
385
Si ar imyofebian, radgan maTi mxardaWera xelisuflebisaTvis aucilebelia

Zalauflebis SesanarCuneblad. ganviTarebad qveynebSi `profkavSirebi
xSirad politikuri part iebis Semadgeneli nawili xdeba da maT daqvemde
barebaSi eqceva.~42 dasavleTSi, rogorc wesi, organizebuli profkavSiri
politikuri partiebisagan damoukidebelia.
yvelaze gavleniani lobistebi avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi xSirad
interesTa jgufebi ki ar aris, romlebic moqalaqeTa interesebs warmoad
genen, aramed biurokratiuli jgufebi da partiis Sida fraqciebi, romlebic
SezRuduli sabiujeto saxsrebis centralizebuli ganawilebisas upirate
sobis mopovebisaTvis ejibrebian erTmaneTs.43 eseni, Cveulebrivi gagebiT,
interesTa jgufebi ar arian, magram mainc SemoaqvaT pluralizmis elementi
iseT politikur reJimebSi, romlebic opoziciis mimarT tolerantobiT ar
xasiaTdeba.
daskvna
moqalaqeebs saSualeba aqvT sxvadasxva kanonieri gziT monawileoba mi

iRon politikur procesSi: pirobiTad, arCevnebSi xmis micemiT da sazoga
doebrivi azris gamokiTxvebSi monawileobiT; organizaciuli Tvalsaz
risiT, SesaZlebelia politikur partiaSi an interesTa jgufSi gawevrianeba;
profesiuli TvalsazrisiT, moqalaqes SeuZlia aseT organizaciaSi muSao
bis dawyeba. politikuri monawileobis zogierTi forma araa Cveulebrivi,
magaliTad, protestebSi an ekonomikur boikotSi CarTva. monawileobis
arasamarTlebrivi formebi amaze ufro Sors midis _ ganzrax Cadenili
araZaladobrivi qmedebebiT (samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba) dawyebuli da
ukiduresad sastiki moqmedebebiT damTavrebuli (terorizmi).
xelisuflebaze gavlenis mosaxdenad, moqalaqeebma konstituciur de
mokratiebSi individualuri Sexedulebebisa da interesebis koleqtiur
mosazrebebad da interesebad gadaqceva unda SeZlon. politologebi am
process interesTa agregacias uwodeben. sazogadoebrivi azri SeiZleba
gamoixatos sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvisas, rasac politikur pro
cesze didi gavlena aqvs xolme. arCevnebi, miuxedavad Tandayolili Sez
Rudvebisa, masobrivi Sexedulebebis sajaro politikad qcevis saukeTeso
saSualebaa. arsebobs gansxvavebuli saarCevno sistemebi, magram umTavresi
oria: maJoritaruli sistema (amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da did brita
neTSi) da warmomadgenlobis proporciuli sistema (warmomadgenlobiTi
demokratiebis umravlesobaSi). demokratiul respublikebSi amomrCev
lebi irCeven kanonmdeblebs, maRali Tanamdebobis pirebs aRmasrulebel
xelisuflebaSi da zogjer mosamarTleebsac. pirdapiri demokratiis in
strumentebia referendumi, iniciativa da Tanamdebobis pirebis gamowveva,
rac saSualebas aZlevs moqalaqeebs pirdapir miiRon monawileoba sajaro
politikis formirebaSi.
386
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi arCevnebSi monawilobis (xmis micemis) dab

ali maCvenebelia da igi kidev ufro klebulobs. amomrCevlebi, rogorc wesi,
ar arian gaTviTcnobierebulni.
zogierTi mkvlevris azriT, masebis politikuri monawileoba ufro ilu
zorulia da Zalaufleba sinamdvileSi gavlenian pirTa mcirericxovani, el
itaruli jgufebis xelSia moqceuli. am elitistur Teorias ar eTanxmebian
pluralizmis damcvelebi. isini amtkiceben, rom demokratiul sazogadoe
baSi Zalaufleba ufro gabneulia, vidre koncentrirebuli da rom poli
tikuri movlenebi Zalze rTulia saimisod, rom isini elitisturi Teoriis
martiv gagebamde davakninoT.
avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi srulfasovani monawileoba iSviaTia. Tuki
aseTi ram xdeba, igi emsaxureba ara moqalaqeTa monawileobis xelSewyobas,
aramed mTavrobis mier kontrolis gamtkicebasa da ganxorcielebas.
demokratiul qveynebSi moqalaqeebi cdiloben gavlena moaxdinon saja
ro politikaze politikuri partiebisa da interesTa jgufebis meSveobiT.
avtoritarul qveynebSi partiebi mTavrobis iaraRia da ara xalxis nebis
gamomxatveli instrumenti. interesTa jgufebi, Tuki aseT qveynebSi isini
arseboben, gacilebiT ufro SezRudul rols asruleben, vidre demokra
tiul qveynebSi.
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi partiebs Tavdapirvelad uyurebdnen
rogorc ganxeTqilebis Semomtanebs. dRes maT sayovelTaod aRiqvamen de
mokratiul saxelmwifoSi ZiriTadi funqciis ganmaxorcieleblad, ram
denadac isini aRweven erovnul Tanxmobas da gvTavazoben alternativebs.
gansakuTrebiT arCevnebis procesSi, isini gvexmarebian xelisuflebis Camo
yalibebaSi. politikuri partiebi moqmedeben erTpartiuli, orpartiuli an
mravalpartiuli sistemebis konteqstSi.
partiebis siZlieresa da organizaciaze ama Tu im qveyanaSi ramdenime
faqtori SeiZleba axdendes gavlenas, maT Soris, tradiciebi, konstitucia,
qveynis kulturuli da ekonomikuri mravalferovneba. bolo dros politi
kuri partiebis gavlena Semcirda.
interesTa jgufebis klasifikacia SeiZleba sxvadasxvanairad moxdes: er
Ti meTodiT SeiZleba kerZo interesTa jgufebis sazogadoebriv interesTa
jgufebisagan gansxvaveba. am jgufebis efeqtianobas ramdenime faqtori
gansazRvravs, sididis, wevrebis politikur mosazrebaTa intensiurobis,
dafinansebis da liderebis CaTvliT. ukanasknel wlebSi am asociaciaTa
ricxvi da Zalaufleba gaizarda. zogierTi mkvlevari SiSobs, rom isini
zedmetad gavleniani gaxdnen, Tumca sxvebs miaCniaT, rom jgufebis mraval
ricxovnoba da mravalferovneba xels uwyobs politikuri stabilurobisa
da damoukidebeli institutebis SenarCunebas.
387
sakvanZo sityvebi
konvenciuri monawileoba
arakonvenciuri monawileoba
arasamarTlebrivi monawileoba
samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba
terorizmi
sabotaJi
warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia
sazogadoebriv azri
`Calis~ gamokiTxva
SemTxveviTi SerCeva
strategiuli gamokiTxva
fokus-jgufebi
stratificirebuli SerCeva
ganmeorebadi gamokiTxva
ubralo umravlesoba
maJoritaruli sistema
gamarjvebuls yvelaferi miaqvs
(winner-takes-all)
proporciuli siebis sistema

pirdapiri demokratia
plebisciti
referendumi
gawveva
politikuri qmediTunarianoba
gaucxoeba
individualizmi
politikuri apaTia
mwiri informaciis racionaloba
oligarqiis rkinis kanoni
pluralistebi
masobrivi mobilizaciis reJimi
politikuri partia
koaliciuri mTavroba
interesTa jgufebi
kerZo interesTa jgufebi
sazogadoebriv interesTa jgufe
bi
lobistebi
politikuri qmedebis komiteti
(PAC)
`rbili fuli~ (soft money)
kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis
1. rogor SeuZliaT moqalaqeebs monawileoba miiRon politikur procesSi?

2. saarCevno sistemebis ra formebi arsebobs? SeadareT maTi Zlieri da sus
ti mxareebi.
3. aris Tu ara demokratiul saxelmwifoSi apaTia moqalaqis valis srulfa
sovnad Sesrulebis xelisSemSleli faqtori? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
4. riTi gansxvadeba demokratiis elitisturi Teoriebi pluralistuli modelisagan?
5. ras amboben, rogorc wesi, demokratiul saxlmwifoSi politikuri monaw
ileobis Sesaxeb? marTalia Tu ara es? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
6. ra gansxvavebaa erT-, or-, da mravalpartiul sistemebs Soris?
7. ramdenad aris interesTa jgufebis qmediToba damokidebuli im politi
kur sistemaze, romelSic isini moqmedeben?
8. ratom gaizarda interesTa jgufebis gavlena politikuri partiebis gav
lenis SesustebasTan erTad. aris Tu ara es ori movlena erTmaneTTan daka
vSirebuli?
9. ras niSnavs debuleba _ yvela interesTa jgufi araa Tanaswori?
388
SeniSvnebi
1. M. Margaret Conway, Political Participation in the United States (Washington, D.C.:
C.Q. Press, 1987), 10.
2. mogvianebiT am TavSi ufro detalurad ganvixilavT SeerTebul StatebSi
xmis micemis formebs.
3. Conway, Political Participation, 52-53.
4. iqve.
5. Howard Schuman and Stanley Presser, Questions and answers in Attitude Surveys
(Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press, 1981), 70-71. es kvleva TvalsaCinod aris war
modgenili James Q. Wilson-is American Government, me-4 gamocema (Lexington,
Mass.: Heath, 1989), 99.
6. John L. Fund, Itll Be Close, Wall Street Journal, 1 noemberi 1997w., A12.
7. Everett Carll Ladd, The Pollsters Waterloo, Wall Street Journal, 19 noemberi 1997w.,
A22.
8. erT-erTi kvleviT dadginda, rom wamyvani partiis platformis dapireba
Ta ori mesamedi sruldeba; ix. Gerald M. Pomper-isa da Susan Lederman-is
Elections in America: Control and Influence in Democratic Politics, me-2 gamocema
(New York: Dodd, Mead, 1980), 161.
9. Thomas Cronin, Direct Democracy: The Politics of Initiative, Referendum, and Recall (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989).
10. iqve, 87.
11. is garemoeba, rom mraval demokratiul qveyanaSi amomrCevels dareg
istrireba ar sWirdeba, xSirad maTi monawileobis maRali maCveneblis
mizezad miiCneva. zogierT qveyanaSi (avstraliisa da belgiis CaTvliT) is
moqalaqeebi, romlebic xmas ar aZleven, jarimdebian.
12. Harry Holloway and John George, Public Opinion: Coalitions, Elites, and Masses,
me-2 gamocema (New York: St. Martins Press, 1986), 161.
13. iqve, 162-163.
14. ix. Julian L. Woodward and Elmo Roper, Political Activity of American Citizens,
American Political Science Review 44 (1950): 822-885.
15. Sidney Verba and Norman Nie, Participation in America (New York: Harper &
Row, 1972), 79-80.
16. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, tomi 2 (New York: Schocken Books,
1961), 18.
17. iqve, 153, 159.
18. Robert D. Putnam, Bowling Alone: Americas Declining Social Capital, Journal of
Democracy (ianvari 1995), 65-78.
19. Richard Morin, Whos In Control? Many Dont Know or Care, Washington Post,
29 ianvari 1996, A6.
20. iqve.
21. James Q. Wilson, American Government, 100.
22. Richard Niemi and Herbert Weisberg, Controversies in Voting Behavior, me-3 gamo
cema (Washington, D.C.: C.Q. Press, 1992), 103.
389
23. Samuel Popkin, The Reasoning Voter and Persuasion in Presidential Campaigns
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 212-216.
24. C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956).
25. Thomas Dye and L. Harmon Ziegler, The Irony of Democracy: An Uncommon Introduction to American Government, me-4 gamocema (North Scituate, Mass.: Duxbury
Press, 1978), 374.
26. Andrew Greeley, Power Is Diffused throughout Society, wignSi Taking Sides:
Clashing Views on Controversial Political Isuues, red. George McKenna da Stanley
Feingad (Guilford, Conn.: Dushkin, 1983), 23. ix. aseve Arnold Rose, The Power
Structure: Political Process in American Society (London: Oxford University Press,
1967), 483-493.
27. Thomas Jefferson-isa da Francis Hopkinson-is mimowera, 13 marti 1789w. wignSi
The Political Writings of Thomas Jefferson, red. Edward Dumbauld (Indianapolis:
Bobbs-Merrill, 1955), 46.
28. iqve.
29. Teoria warmodgenilia Harry Jaffa-s wignSi Equality and Liberty: Theory and
Practice in American Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965), 3-32.
30. Paul Best, Kul Rai and David Walsh, Politics in Three Worlds: An Introduction to
Political Science (New York: Wiley, 1986), 271-272.
31. Gabriel Almond and G. Bingham Powell, Comparative Politics: A Developmental
Approach (Boston: Little, Brown, 1966), Tavi 4.
32. am msjelobisaTvis unda vumadlodeT William Keefe-sa da Morris Ogul-s wignSi
The American Legislation Process: Congress and the States, me-8 gamocema (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1992), 334.
33. Thomas DiLorenzo, Who Really Speaks For the Elderly? Consumers Research 79
(seqtemberi 1996): 15 da Charles Morris, The AARP: Americas Most Powerful
Lobby and the Clash of Generations (New York: Times Books, 1996), 4, 10-11.
34. Jeffrey Birnbaum, Overhaul of Lobbying Laws Unlikely to Succeed Thanks to Opposition of Lobbyists Themselves, Wall Street Journal, 30 maisi 1991, A 20.
35. Jonathan Rauch, The Hyperpluralism Trap, New Republic, 6 ivnisi 1994. 22.
36. iqve, 2-3.
37. John Harwood, Political Treadmill: For California Senator, Fundraising Becomes
Overwhelming Burden, Wall Street Journal, 2 marti 1994. A1. fainstiniseuli
Tanxis mozidvis Zalisxmevas safuZvlad edo is faqti, rom 1992 wels man
arCevnebSi mxolod orwliani vadiT gaimarjva. Harwood-is SefasebiT 1992
wels brZola da 1990 wels gubernatoris arCevnebSi damarcxeba Ffainstai
nis daaxloebiT 30 mln dolari daujda.
38. ix. Campaign finance reform Pew Charitable Trusts veb-gverdze www.
pewtrusts.com/ideas/.
39. es paragrafi eyrdnoba Best, Rai and Walsh, Politics in Three Worlds, 228-229.
40. Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, The Federalist (New York:
Modern Library, uTariRo), nomeri 10, 55.
41. Best, Rai and Walsh, Politics in Three Worlds, 220.
42. iqve, 240.
43. Gordon Skilling-sa da Franklyn Griffiths-is redaqtorobiT Interest Groups in
Soviet Politics (Printceton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1971).
Tavi X I
politikuri
lideroba
Zala uflebis
mravalsaxeoba
namdvili liderebi
marTvis xelovnebis arsi
didebis xibli
lideris oTxi tipi
liderobis daknineba?
demagogebi
politikosebi
kanonmdeblebi, rogorc delegatebi
kanonmdeblebi, rogorc meurveebi
`politiko~
damSoSmineblebi
samoqalaqo liderebi
390
politikuri lideroba
391
Tanamedrove cxovrebaSi politikosebi ufro erTian jgufad aRiqme

bian da stereotipebiT fasdebian, vidre gamoCenili sportsmenebi, eqimebi,
biznesis liderebi an Tundac garTobis industriis moRvaweebi. miuxeda
vad amisa, yovelTvis, rodesac wvlili Segvaqvs politikur kampaniebSi an
xmas vaZlevT arCevnebSi, upiratesobas vaniWebT erT kandidats meoresTan
SedarebiT da, Sesabamisad, vaaSkaravebT im bazisur rwmenas, rom CvenTvis
mniSvnelovania, romeli kandidatia arCeuli. iseve, rogorc TviTmfrinavis
mgzavrebs ar SeuZliaT indiferentulebi iyvnen ekipaJis gamocdilebisa da
unaris mimarT, moqalaqeebsac ar ZaluZT gulgrilni darCnen saxelmwifo
liderebis xasiaTisa da gonierebis mimarT.
erebis keTildReoba xSirad damokidebulia liderebis unarze, gaakeTon
brZnuli arCevani da imoqmedon keTilgonivrulad. prezident jorj buSis
gadawyvetileba, daesaja borotmoqmedebi 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers ameri
kis SeerTebul Statebze ganxorcielebuli teroristuli Tavdasxmis gamo
aucilebel da Sesabamis nabijad iqna aRqmuli amerikeli xalxis umravlesobis
mier. mamamisis [jorj buSi ufrosis] mier 1990 wels miRebulma gadawyvetile
bam, jarebi gaegzvana quveiTSi iq SeWrili sadam huseinisTvis winaaRmdegobis
gasawevad, saSualeba misca Statebs daecva navTobis sabazro fasi msoflio
bazarze da amgvarad, Tavidan aeridebina navTobis mkacri deficiti (magram
amave dros, erayis diqtatoris xelisuflebaSi datovebam or saxelmwifos
Soris xangrZlivi daZabuloba da urTierTobis gamwvaveba gamoiwvia); prezi
dent riCard niqsonis uotergeitis qmedebebma amerikeli eri konstituciuri
krizisis zRvarze miiyvana; prezident lindon b. jonsonis gadawyvetilebiT
vietnamSi 500 aTasi amerikeli jariskacis gagzavnam da omis gamwvavebam mZime
Sedegebi gamoiRo rogorc amerikisTvis, aseve mTeli msofliosTvis.
cxadia, lideroba politikis mniSvnelovani faqtoria. II msoflio omis
Semdeg perezidentma hari trumenma [1945-1953] istoriuli gadawyvetile
bebis mTeli seria miiRo: marSalis gegmis farglebSi evropis aRorZineba, ax
ali samxedro aliansebis, maT Soris CrdiloeT atlantikis xelSekrulebis
organizaciis (nato) Seqmna, agreTve Sekavebis mkacri politikis saSualebiT
sabWoTa kavSiris sagrZnobi gafarToebisTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva. sa
varaudoa, rom magaliTad, uoren hardingi [aSS prezidenti 1921-1923] aseT
strategiebs ver SeimuSavebda.
erT-erTi gamoCenili mkvlevaris azriT, `politika Tavisi arsiT
lideroba an nebismieri formis politikuri erTobis marTvis mcdelobaa~.1
politikuri liderobis Zala is faqtoria, romlis arsebiT gavlenas yov
elTvis ganicdis yvela saxis erToba da yvela qveyana. magaliTad, wlobiT
cixeSi yofnis Semdeg 1994 wlis maisSi antiaparteiduli afrikis erovnuli
kongresis yofili Tavmjdomare nelson mandela arCeul iqna rasobrivad
mravalferovani samxreT afrikis respublikis prezidentad. TviTnaswavl
ma, sayovelTao ndobiT aRWurvilma, da bevrisTvis sayvarelma samocdaTx
uTmeti wlis nelson mandelam warmatebiT SeZlo Zalauflebis mSvidobianad
Secvla, riTac daasrula TeTrkanianTa xangrZlivi batonobis reJimi. Sesa
Zloa, sxva veravin SeZlebda am amocanisTvis Tavis garTmevas. magram mainc,
revoluciuri moZraobis moTaveoba da qveynis marTva ori sxvadasxva amo
392
canaa. marTalia mandela didi lideris mravali Tvisebis mqone pirovnebaa,

jer kidev adrea daskvnebis gakeTeba imis Taobaze, rogor moaxerxa man axali
samxreT afrikis lideroba.
am TavSi ganvixilavT oTxi tipis liderebs: namdvil liderebs, dema
gogebs, Cveulebriv politikosebs da samoqalaqo liderebs. amgvari dayo
fa umeteswilad xdeba maTi miRwevebis, Tvisebebis, meTodebisa da miznebis
mixedviT. namdvili liderebi arian politikuri arqiteqtorebi, romlebic
axal saxelmwifoebs qmnian, mSvidobismyofelebi, romlebic konfliqtebs
agvareben da oratorebi, romlebsac erovnuli krizisis dros xalxis STa
goneba SeuZliaT. isini arian warsulis damfuZneblebi, awmyos gzamkvlevebi
da momavlis legendebi. demagogebi atyueben xalxs da manipulireben misi
ndobiT Tavisi kerZo miznis misaRwevad. isini intriganebi, wamqezeblebi da
omis gamCaReblebi arian. Cveulebrivi politikosebi ar sCadian arc did
borotebas da arc did sikeTes, maTi qmedebebi koncentrirebulia arCevasa
da gadarCevaze. samoqalaqo liderebs ara aqvT oficialuri sajaro Tanam
debobebi, magram aqtiurad arian Cabmulni eris politikaSi da mniSvnelovan
wilad SeuZliaT misi gansazRvra.
xSirad aseTi gansxvaveba Teoriulad gacilebiT iolia, vidre misi praq
tikaSi gadatana. magaliTad, SeiZleba vinmes franklin delano ruzvelti
[aSS prezidenti 1933-1945] gansakuTrebul liderad miaCndes, sxva ki mas
Cveulebriv politikosad, gzasacdenil liderad, da iqneb demagogadac ki
aRiqvamdes. SesaZloa sazogado cxovrebis, karieris sxvadasxva etapze esa
Tu is politikosi oTxive tips Seesabamebodes, da mainc, sxvaobac naTelia
_ sayovelTao azria, rom adolf hitleri demagogi iyo, xolo uinston Cer
Cili _ II msoflio omis yvelaze mZime dReebSi didi britaneTis gmiruli
dacvis arqiteqtori.
namdvili liderebi
namdvili liderebi marTvis xelovnebas, saxelmwifos gonivrul gaZRo
las arian naziarebi. liderobis es ideali didi xnis win Camoyalibda. pla
toni da aristotele ganixilavdnen mas TavianT naSromebSi. platoni aRwers
sokrates, romelic monawileobs dialogSi saxelmwifo moRvawis Sesaxeb _
terminiT, romliTac tradiciulad mimarTaven an moixseneben politikuri
niWiT dajildoebul liders. XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi termini saxelmwifo
moRvawe (marTebulad Tu umarTebulod) bevri msoflio lideris mimarT
gamoiyeneboda, iugoslaviis damaarsebel, ioseb broz titodan (1945-1980)
dawyebuli, viskonsinis Statis qalaq miluokis skolis maswavlebliT, gol
da meieriT (1969-1974) damTavrebuli, romelic israelis meoTxe premierministri gaxda 1969 wels.
liderebi, romlebic xangrZlivi vadiT qmnian gansxvavebul istorias,
iSviaTi Tvisebebis mqone adamianebi arian, mSvidobis, harmoniisa da sazoga
do sikeTis ideis erTgulni da amJRavneben praqtikul sibrZnes. amasTan,
krizisis dros es adamianebi ers winamZRolobas uweven gadarCenis gzaze.
politikuri lideroba
393
am tipis liderebs Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili ukaviaT axali erebis

Semqmnelebs, romelTa xedvis, sibrZnisa da STamagonebeli liderobis gar
eSe konkretuli eri an mTavroba saerTod ver iarsebebda. jorj vaSingtoni
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis erT-erTi damfuZnebeli mamaa bevr sxva ersac
hyavs damfuZnebeli mamebi, romlebsac xalxi eTayvaneba da gansakuTrebul
dReebSi ixsenebs (magaliTad, erovnuli damoukideblobis dRes).
marTvis xelovnebis arsi

idealuri lideris tipis gansazRvra ioli ar aris. kargi liderobis un
ars safuZvlad udevs iseTi SeumCneveli Tvisebebi, rogoricaa intuicia,
STagoneba, saRad azrovnebis unari; arsebiTia sxva Tvisebebic _ inteleqti
da TavSekavebuloba. cnobili moazrovne da sagazeTo svetis avtori uolt
er lipmani `moralis SesavalSi~ Seecada gamoeyo es Tvisebebi ganaTlebuli
liderebis ubralo liderebTan Sedarebis saSualebiT. lipmanis mixedviT,
politikosebis umetesoba `muSaobs mikerZoebuli (konkretuli) intere
sisTvis~. amis magaliTia politikosebi, romlebic sakuTar `budeebs~ iSene
ben an monurad mihyvebian partiul xazs. cnebaSi _ saxelmwifo moRvaweoba
_ amis sapirispirod `moiazreba adamiani, romlis azrovneba mokamaTe par
tiebis konfliqtze gacilebiT maRla dgas da saSualebas aZlevs mas ganax
orcielos is qmedebebi, romlebic moicaven da iTvaliswineben interesTa
farTo speqtrs xangrZliv perspeqtivaSi~.2
lipmani aRiarebda, rom wyalgamyofi Cveulebriv politikossa da namdvil
liders Soris xSirad bundovania. arcTu iSviaTad WeSmarit liderebsac ki
ar ZaluZT specifikuri interesis ugulebelyofa. demokratiul qveyanaSi
yvela lideri xandaxan unda iqceodes ise, rogorc politikosi. miuxedavad
amisa, politikosi liderad gadaiqceva, rogorc ki Seecdeba Sewyvitos mx
olod Tavisi amomrCevlebis myisieri survilebis dakmayofileba. amisTvis
ukeTesi gzaa daarwmuno xalxi (amomrCevlebi), rom saerTo, sazogadoebrivi
interesebisken swrafva umTavresia da rom kerZo interesebi ar aris (arc
unda iyos) politikis upirvelesi sazrunavi.
sazogadoebrivi sikeTisaken swrafva. WeSmariti lideri motivirebulia
ara myife egoizmiT an viwro jgufuri kuTvnilebiT, aramed sayovelTao
sazogadoebrivi sikeTis gaazrebiT. ori ukiduresobis dapirispirebiT,
`ras CaTvlis sabolood xalxi kargad, imis sapirispirod, ra surs xalxs
mocemul momentSi~, lipmani askvnida, rom namdvilma liderebma Tavi unda
aaridon swraf popularobas. maT uari unda Tqvan politikurad SeuZlebel
dapirebebze, rac imas niSnavs, rom iyvnen patiosani da gawonasworebuli li
derebi da ara mliqvneli politikosebi. aseTi gadawyvetileba liderisgan
moiTxovs `simamaces, romelic Sorsaa mocemuli momentis agitaciebisgan~
da aseve `codnas, romelsac safuZvlad udevs faqtebis obieqturi da Rrma
codna da `civi~ miukerZoebloba~.
394
marTalia, sazogadoebrivi sikeTisTvis zrunva SeiZleba aRweril iqnes ga

wonasworebulobis, miukerZoeblobis, codnisa da patiosnebis farglebSi, is
mainc ar iZleva cxadi ganzogadebis saSualebas. magaliTad, patiosneba siqve
lea, magram politikur cxovrebaSi gamonaklisebic arsebobs. rodesac fsone
bi maRalia, sruli patiosneba warmatebisTvis winaRobaa da eris sanukvari in
tresebi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mxolod eSmakobis an sicruis saSualebiT,
amitom WeSmariti lideri xandaxan patiosnebis aseT `daTmobazec~ midis.
gansakuTrebuli garemoebebi politikosebisagan gansakuTrebul zomebs
moiTxovs. magaliTad, abraam linkolni [aSS prezidenti 1861-65], rogorc
samoqalaqo omamde, ise omis dros ganuxrelad akninebda monobis sakiTxs
im motiviT, rom upiratesobas aniWebda Statebis kavSiris gadarCenas.
linkolni xvdeboda, rom monobis sakiTxze yuradRebis gamaxvileba mis sust
koaliciaSi zogi wevris gaucxoebas gamoiwvevda da am kavSirze damyarebul
popularobas dakargavda, riTac avnebda rogorc kavSirs, ise monebis gaTa
visuflebis sakiTxs.3
praqtikuli sibrZne. WeSmarit liderebs axasiaTebT is, rasac aristotele
keTilgonierebas, anu praqtikul sibrZnes uwodebda. sazogadoebrivi sike
Tis yovlismomcveli xedva usargebloa, Tu ar ici, rogor miaRwio mas. li
derebi acnobiereben kavSirs dauyovnebliv qmedebasa da saboloo Sedegebs
Soris da SeuZliaT gaTvalon rogorc moyvasis, ise mtris reaqcia am qmede
bebze. dabolos, maT SeuZliaT erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavon xangrZlivi da
efemeruli, fundamenturi da umniSvnelo, SesaZlo da miuRweveli miznebi.
mokled, saxelmwifo moRvaweoba moiTxovs iSviaT codnas da rogorc prob
lemis gamocnobis, ise misi gadaWris gzebis moZiebis unars. am TvalsazrisiT,
Wkviani liderebi gvagoneben eqimebs, romelTa warmateba gamoixateba ara
dolarebis odenobiT, aramed im erTobis janmrTelobiT, romelsac isini
emsaxurebian.
politikuri unarebi. araa sakmarisi, rom, magaliTad, prezidents gulSi
hqondes CabeWdili erovnuli interesi, arsebiTia SemoTavazebuli pro
gramebis da politikis organizebuli mxardaWera. demokratiul qveyanaSi
kanoni da politika (arCevnebis SemTxvevaSi Tavad liderebi) marTulTa
Tanxmobas moiTxovs. Wkuisa da Tanxmobis Tanafardoba swrafad cvalebad
sajaro sivrceSi lideris erT-erTi ZiriTadi amocanaa.
politikis yoveldRiur samyaroSi liderma aseve unda SeZlos uzarmaz
ari biurokratiis marTva da uSualod daqvemdebarebuli kadrebis xelmZ
Rvaneloba; imuSaos kanonmdeblebTan, raTa uzrunvelyos mTavrobis pro
gramebis damtkiceba da gaaerTianos sazogadoebrivi azri mTavrobis
politikis mxardasaWerad. warmatebulma aRmasrulebelma unda gamoam
JRavnos organizatoruli niWi, adamianTa darwmunebisa da sxva politikuri
qmedebebis unari.
politikuri keTilgoniereba gulisxmobs, rom liderobis unari kargi
da saWiro saqmisTvis gamoiyeneba. politikuri alRo maSinaa saqebi, rode
sac lideris unari sazogadoebrivi sikeTiskenaa mimarTuli. Tuki es unari
politikuri lideroba
395
imisTvis gamoiyeneba, rom liderTa warmatebuli kariera an jibis gasqeleba

uzrunvelyos, maSin lideris warmateba demokratiuli sistemis marcxs niS
navs. igive SeiZleba iTqvas im SemTxvevaSic, Tu lideris miznebi mosawonia,
magram maTi miRwevis gzebi _ miuRebeli. politikuri liderebi, romlebic
cdiloben saWiro sazogadoebrivi reformebis gatarebisas warmoqmnili win
aRobebi ngreviT, dapatimrebebiT an oponentebis likvidaciiT gadalaxon, ver
iqnebian misaRebi, ragind sasargeblo iyos maT mier gatarebuli politika.
gansakuTrebuli SesaZleblobebi. xangrZlivi dakvirvebis safuZvelze
istorikosebi askvnian, rom diadi dro diad liderebs qmnis. imisTvis, rom
gaxdes WeSmariti lideri, pirovnebam unda icxovros iseT dros, rodesac
xelisuflebis qmedebebi da miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi arsebiT gansxvave
bas qmnis sazogadoebis da SesaZloa, mTeli msoflios cxovrebaSic ki. aseTi
lideri SesaZloa WeSmaritad zrunavdes sazogadoebriv sikeTeze, hqondes
gansakuTrebuli politikuri unar-Cvevebi da didi praqtikuli sibrZne, ma
gram movlenaTa ganviTarebaze mainc ver moaxdinos arsebiTi an xangrZlivi
gavlena. yvelaze unarian liderebsac ki yovelTvis ara aqvT saSualeba, ga
moscadon TavianTi gansakuTrebuli niWi.
maS, ra qmnis politikur didebas: pirovnebebi Tu dro? aq isev gamodgeba
medicinasTan analogia. sayovelTao aRiareba im eqims ki ara aqvs, romelic
pacientebs yoveldRiur rCevebs aZlevs, aramed imas, romelic sicocxlisT
vis saSiS daavadebebsa da travmebs umklavdeba. adamianTa msgavsad, erebic
ganicdian kriziss, rac maT arsebobas uqmnis safrTxes. aseT dros zneobrivi
gamxneveba da politikuri codna arsebiTia eris gadasarCenad; aseTi situa
cia xelsayreli saxelmwifo moRvaweobis unarisa da codnis gamosacdelad.
bedis wyaloba. gamorCeuli liderobis saboloo winapiroba gamarTlebaa.
arc erTi politikuri lideri araa warmatebuli Tu bedi odnav mainc ar
swyalobs. SemTxveviTi manevri politikuri brZolis dros, gaazrebuli, ma
gram arTqmuli (an dagvianebiT naTqvami) gancxadeba, da araerTi TiTqosda
umniSvnelo SemTxveva da qmedeba SesaZloa wamgebiani aRmoCndes. warmate
ba, ra Tqma unda, ar SeiZleba mTlianad bedis wyalobas mivaweroT, magram
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im rTul garemos, romelSic liderebi moRvaweoben,
gamarTleba xSirad qmnis warmatebisa da marcxis pirobas.
didebis xibli
politikuri liderebi xSirad Tavis Tavze iReben iseT sajaro pasuxismge
blobas, rac sakmaod Zvirad SeiZleba daujdeT. maT sakmaod didi xnis ganmav
lobaSi uxdebaT ojaxis wevrebTan daSoreba, maRalanazRaurebad samsaxurze
uaris Tqma da sazogadoebrivi kritikis mudmiv obieqtad qceva. TavisTavad
Cndeba kiTxva: ratom uZRvnian gansakuTrebuli niWis mqone adamianebi Tavisi
nayofieri cxovrebis saukeTeso wlebs politikaSi Tavis gamoCenis survils?
ra ubiZgebs aseT adamianebs, iRvawon sazogadoebrivi sikeTisTvis xSirad
396
ufro aSkara da gamokveTili sakuTari interesebis xarjze?

istorikos duglas aderis azriT, amerikis damfuZnebeli mamebi, up
irvels yovlisa, motivirebuli iyvnen didebis ideiT. jorj vaSingtonis,
jeims medisonis, aleqsander hamiltonisa da benjamin franklinisaTvis
viwro kerZo interesi, rac SeiZleba pirad Zalauflebasa da simdidreSi
gamoxatuliyo, ar iyo upirvelesi sazrunavi. amis ganmsazRvreli arc pi
radi Rirseba iyo, rac aderis gansazRvrebiT `qcevis iseTi tipia, romelic
mimarTulia socialurad Tanaswori an upiratesobis mqone Tanamedroveebi
sagan qeba-didebis miRebis survilze~.4 damfuZnebeli mamebis mamoZravebeli
Zala didebis survili iyo, risi ideac, aderis ganmartebiT, klasikuri peri
odidan moyolebuli Rrmad iyo gamjdari dasavlur filosofiur da liter
aturul tradiciaSi. iyenebs ra am interpretacias amerikis damfuZnebeli
mamebis mimarT, aderi wers:
ra Tqma unda, isini patriotebi iyvnen, ra Tqma unda, maT eamayebodaT
Tavisi qveynis samsaxuri gasaWiris dros, magram vaSingtoni, adamsi,
jefersoni da medisoni ar iyvnen sruliad mowyvetili sakuTar in
teresebs. didebisken ltolva, rac maT ganaTlebiT hqondaT SeTvise
buli, iyo saSualeba, riTac SeZles sakuTari egoisturi da gandidebis
impulsebi sazogadoebis samsaxurSi gadaetanaT. maT naswavli hqon
daT, rom kerZo interesebisagan Tavisufali keTilSobiluri sazoga
doebrivi moRvaweoba saukeTeso gza iyo sakuTari saxelis ukvdavsayo
fi `maradi monumentebis~ asagebad da Semdgomi Taobebis mexsierebaSi
sakuTari Rvawlis dasatoveblad.5
iseve, rogorc yvela politikuri lideri (SesaZloa maTi umetesobac)

araa brZeni, yvela brZeni lideric rodia ganmsWvaluli didebis surviliT.
zogjer martivi survili, gaakeTo kargi saqme da moipovo xalxis mxardaWera,
aseve sakmarisi stimulia moRvaweobisTvis. magram, rogorc Cans, udidesi
liderebi yovelTvis motivirebulni iyvnen mxolod didebis surviliT.
marTlac, rogorc aleqsander hamiltonma SeniSna, didebis siyvaruli ` gon
ebis mmarTveli yvelaze keTilSobiluri vnebaa~,6 ukvdavebis survili ki _
Zlieri eleqsiri.
lideris oTxi tipi

istoriis ganmavlobaSi WeSmariti liderebi sxvadasxva dros da sxvadasx
va adgilas gamoCenilan. msoflioSi cnobili oTxi lideris qvemoT motani
li politikuri biografiebi cxadyofs, rom liderobis umaRles safexurs
miRweuli politikosebis codnaSi, Tvisebebsa da motivebSi bevr msgavsebas
Tan erTad gansxvavebac bevria.
romulo betankuri (1908-1981). 1830 wels venesuela damoukidebeli saxelm
wifo gaxda. am periodidan 1959 wlamde, sanam romulo betankuri gaxdeboda
politikuri lideroba
397
qveynis arCeuli prezidenti, arc erT demokrat liders ar gauZlia prezi

dentis Tanamdebobaze or welze metxans. betankurma araTu SeZlo gadaelaxa
TiTqmis warmoudgeneli sirTuleebi da SeenarCunebina Tanamdeboba, aramed
moaxerxa Tavisi sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis gaSlac da gamoacocxla Ta
visi qveynis susti demokratia. marTalia, is Zlieri prezidentisTvis dam
axasiaTebeli maneriT marTavda, magram SeZlo daecva zRvari demokratiul
mmarTvelobasa da Zalauflebis avtoritarul, borotad gamoyenebas Soris.
man xeli Seuwyo zomierebis, kompromisisa da tolerantobis politikis gan
viTarebas. igi iTvaliswinebda xelisuflebis sxva Stoebis legitimur Za
lauflebas, icavda konstitucias, pativs scemda moqalaqeTa uflebebs da
calsaxad aridebda Tavs materialuri upiratesobis mosapoveblad Zalau
flebis gamoyenebas (aseve sxvebs ar aZlevda amis Cadenis saSualebas).7 pre
zidentobis xuTwliani vadis amowurvis Semdeg betankurma gaakeTa is, rac
manamde venesuelis arc erT liders ar gaukeTebia _ rogorc misi mmarT
velobis periodSi dawerili konstitucia iTxovda, man Zalaufleba Tavis
demokratiulad arCeul Semcvlels gadaabara.
am mizezebis gamo romulo betankuri SeiZleba samarTlianad CaiTvalos
venesuelaSi demokratiis fuZemdeblad. am TvalsazrisiT igi mniSvnelovnad
gansxvavdeba XX saukunis sxva damfuZnebeli liderebisagan, rogorebic
arian pol poti da fidel kastro. maT saguldagulod daafuZnes da beji
Tad Seudgnen SeuzRudavi piradi politikuri Zalauflebis ganxorciele
bas ise, rom ugulebelyves individTa uflebebi. ufro metic, betankurma
Zalaufleba gamoiyena ara ZalauflebisTvis, aramed im sazogado sikeTis
misaRwevad, risTvisac igi arsebobs. swored amis gamo mas iolad SeeZlo Za
lauflebas nebayoflobiT Seleoda da sworad gaego politikuri lidero
bis didi gakveTili: gamorCeuli liderebi gangeb axdenen TavianTi rolis
dakninebas imisTvis, rom xalxma Tavad SeZlos sakuTari Tavis marTva maSin,
rodesac lideri ar eyoleba.8
betankuris politikuri kariera maSin daiwyo, rodesac is jer kidev
studenti iyo da venesuelas samxedro diqtatori xuan visente gomesi (19081935) ganagebda. 1928 wels 20 wlis betankuri studentebis lideri gaxda
revoluciaSi, romelic damarcxda da igi cixeSi moxvda. cixidan gamosvlis
Semdeg igi rva wlis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobda devnilobaSi kosta rikaSi da
venesuelaSi diqtatoris gardacvalebis Semdeg dabrunda. 1930-iani wlebi
dan igi gamoCenili politikuri moRvawe gaxda da saqmianobas 1959 wlamde
eweoda. politikuri moRvaweobis adreul wlebSi betankuris simpaTiebi
komunistebis mxres iyo, magram raRac periodis Semdeg misi Sexedulebebi
ufro zomieri gaxda da demokratiuli socializmisken gadaixara. am peri
odSi betankuris yvelaze mniSvnelovani miRweva iyo is, rom saTave daudo
SemdgomSi venesuelis wamyvan politikur partias demokratiuli qmedebis
partias. Tavisi opoziciuri moRvaweobis TiTqmis mTeli periodis ganmav
lobaSi betankuri da misi partia Tanmimdevrulad ibrZodnen yvela moqa
laqis farTo demokratiuli monawileobisTvis, agraruli reformisaTvis,
garantirebuli sayovelTao ganaTlebis uflebisaTvis, erovnuli jandac
vis sistemisaTvis, da ekonomikuri diversifikaciisaTvis (venesuela mTli
anad damokidebuli iyo navTobis eqsportze).
398
betankuri SeuerTda (da zogi versiiT xelmZRvanelobda kidec) samxedro

reformatorTa jgufs 1945 wlis oqtombris saxelmwifo gadatrialebaSi
venesuelis samxedro xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. betankuri am procesebis
Sedegad prezidenti gaxda da sagareo urTierTobebis erT-erT ZiriTad
mimarTulebad aqcia samxedro diqtaturebTan yovelgvar diplomatiur
kavSirebze uaris Tqmis politika. amavdroulad, misi mTavroba mouwodeb
da regionis sxva saxelmwifoebs igive midgoma gamoeCinaT. Sida politikis
TvalsazrisiT ki siaxle iyo is, rom betankurma daavaldebula didi navTo
bkompaniebi Semosavlebis naxevari saxelmwifosTvis gadaecaT, riTac mTav
robas saSualeba miecemoda ganexorcielebina skolebis, saavadmyofoebis,
sanitaruli samsaxurebis, sazogadoebrivi wyalmomaragebis sistemisa da
iafi sacxovreblebis mSeneblobis xangrZlivvadiani programebi. misi ini
ciativiT 1947 wels daiwera axali konstitucia, manve gamoacxada arCevnebi
da ganacxada, rom ar ibrZolebda prezidentobisTvis. kandidati, romelmac
romulo betankuri Secvala, postze mxolod cxra Tve darCa, sanam samxedro
gadatrialebam misi mTavroba ar daamxo. 1959 wlamde, sanam betankuri prezi
dentad ar airCies, venesuela demokratiisken ar Sebrunebula.
prezidentobis xuTwliani vadis ganmavlobaSi betankurma im progresuli
politikis gatareba daiwyo, romliskenac yovelTvis miiswrafvoda. konkre
tulad, aRsaniSnavia misi mcdeloba, moezida ucxouri investiciebi da gan
eviTarebina urbanuli mSenebloba. betankurma aseve miwis reformirebis
inicireba moaxdina. misi ekonomikuri da politikuri miRwevebi gamorCeuli
iyo, vinaidan misi xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvlis droisaTvis venesuela
ekonomikur krizisSi iyo Cafluli, samxedroebi mis reJims mxars ar uWerd
nen da rogorc memarcxene, ise memarjvene samxedro-politikuri jgufebis
mxridan saxelmwifo gadatrialebis mcdelobebi xels uSlida mis mmarTv
elobas (betankuri mkvlelobis araerT mcdelobas gadaurCa).
sabolood betankurma gaimarjva da igi Seiyvara Tavisma xalxma. ram Sei
tana wvlili misi, rogorc demokratiuli politikuri lideris warmatebaSi
im qveyanaSi, romelsac avtoritarizmis xangrZlivi tradicia hqonda? ro
gorc Cans, betankurs hqonda zebunebrivi unari, gamoecno sxvebis motivebi
da xasiaTi; TiTqmis uSecdomod ganesaja, rodis mdgariyo jiutad Tavis
poziciaze da rodis wasuliyo daTmobaze; moesmina rCevebi, magram darCe
niliyo Tavis azrze; hqonda imis Zala, rom mieRo rTuli gadawyvetilebe
bi; SeeZlo sakuTari Tavis kontroli da pirovnulad iyo gambedavi. man es
Tvisebebi Seazava maRali donis praqtikul idealizmTan, rac imaSi gamoix
ateboda, rom naTla icoda, ra surda mas Tavisi qveynisTvis da erTguli
iyo im Rirebulebebisa, romlebic warmarTavdnen mis qmedebebs saxelmwifo
politikaSi.9
romulo betankuri venesuelisTvis iyo sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani
lideri, romelmac rTul dartymebs gauZlo. erT-erTi misi biografTagani,
robert aleqsanderi SeniSnavs: `vercerTi misi Tanamedrove venesueleli
lideri ver iqneboda warmatebuli im pirobebSi~10. istorikosi jon fagi wer
da: `Tu moraluri avtoriteti da maRali zneobrivi principebi mniSvnelova
nia, maSin romulo betankuri venesuelis istoriaSi titanad gvevlineba.~11
politikuri lideroba
399
gamorCeuli liderebi arsebobdnen bevrgan da sxvadasxva dros, magram isini

namdvilad iSviaTad arseboben; venesuelas gaumarTla, rom erT-erTi maT
gani hyavda.
uinston CerCili (1874-1965). sanam 1940 wlis maisSi britaneTis premieri
gaxdeboda, CerCils cvalebadi sajaro kariera hqonda. igi iyo gonebamaxvi
li, momxiblveli, Wkviani, kamaTis moyvaruli, saqmis mimarT skrupulozuri
da simamaciT gamorCeuli pirovneba. misi sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba asax
avda politikuri Tavisuflebis mimarT ganuxrel erTgulebas. ufro metic,
yovelTvis, rodesac Tavisuflebas safrTxe eqmneboda, saWiro dros saWiro
adgilze Cndeboda. 1930-iani wlebis wamyvan politikur figurebs Soris is
TiTqmis erTaderTi iyo, romelic mudmivad miuTiTebda nacisturi germani
is safrTxeze. SeZlo ra am safrTxeebis gamocnoba gamoaSkaravebamde, Cer
Cilma sakuTari Tavi im epoqis yvelaze alRoian damkvirveblad warmoaCina.
uinston CerCili daibada warCinebul inglisur ojaxSi, romelic saT
aves jon CerCilidan, malbros pirveli hercogidan iRebda. mamamisi ingli
sis parlamentisa da ministrTa kabinetis gamorCeuli wevri iyo, dedamisi ki
amerikeli gaxldaT. Tavad is parlamentis wevrad airCies ocdaxuTi wlis
asakSi da TiTqmis maSinve moipova enamWevri da gulwrfeli politikosis
reputacia. 1911 wels igi saadmiralos pirvel lordad dainiSna da es posti
pirveli msoflio omis pirvel wlamde ekava. 1915 wels CerCili aiZules gad
amdgariyo TurqeTze dardanelis srutis gavliT sazRvao-saxmeleTo Sete
vis CaSlis gamo, romelsac igi mxars uWerda. CerCilis politikuri prestiJi
warmoudgenlad daeca, Tumca SeZlo ndobis imdenad aRdgena, rom 1917 wels
samxedro uzrunvelyofis ministrad dainiSna.
1920-ian wlebSi CerCili konservatiuli partiis warmomadgeneli iyo
parlamentSi da sakmaod didi xnis ganmavlobaSi didi britaneTis xazinis
kancleris sapatio Tanamdebobac ekava. miuxedavad sajaro samsaxurSi dag
rovili soliduri gamocdilebisa, 1930-iani wlebis politikaSi mainc poli
tikuri gandegilis saxiT Sevida _ igi gaucxovda Tavisi partiis liderebi
sgan. miuxedvad imisa, rom Zalaufleba konservatorebs ekuTvnodaT, igi
mTavrobidan garicxes, ris gamoc parlamentSi izolirebul mdgomareobaSi
aRmoCnda. ormocdaTeqvsmeti wlis asakSi CerCils Tavisi politikuri kari
eris udroo dasasruli eloda.
magram CerCils garkveuli saxis naTelmxilvelobis unari hqonda, rac
ase iSviaTia politikaSi. mas SeeZlo naTlad daenaxa movlenebi maSin, rode
sac sxvebi gzaabneulebi iyvnen. xelisuflebis saTaveSi hitleris aRzevebis
droidan, CerCilma daiwyo dasavluri demokratiebis gafrTxileba mosalod
neli safrTxis _ germaniis swrafi SeiaraRebis Sesaxeb, miuTiTebda aseve
britaneTis Tavdacvisunarianobis SedarebiT sisusteze, gansakuTrebiT sa
haero Zalebis TvalsazrisiT. politikuri amindis Semqmnelma bevrma poli
tikosma da komentatorma sasacilod aigdo CerCili da panikiori daarqva.
misi biografis sityvebiT, CerCilis naTqvami rCeboda `xmad mRaRadeblisad
udabnosa Sina~.12
400
sasowarkveTilebis epoqaSi
uiston CerCilis mizanda
saxulobam da Tavdajere
bulobam britaneli eri Sem
degi sityvebiT gaaerTiana:
àr unda movdundeT da arc
davmarcxdeT. Cven miznamde
unda mivideT... arasdros
davnebdeT~.
1930-iani wlebis bolos, rogorc ki CerCilis gafrTxilebebma eris

gamoRviZeba daiwyo, misTvis mainc ar moiZebna adgili Tavisi partiis kabi
netSi. mxolod maSin, rodesac didi britaneTi II msoflio omSi Caeba, Cer
Cils sTxoves mTavrobaSi dabruneba, jer Tavis pirvandel Tanamdebobaze
(saadmiraloSi), Semdeg premieris rangSi. misi STamagonebeli sityvebi da
magaliTi damajerebeli iyo, vinaidan britaneTi am droisTvis marto aR
moCnda `RerZis aliansis~ [germania, italia, iaponia] pirispir, CerCilis
sityvebiTY ~marto, magram kacobriobis yoveli keTilSobili gulis ZgeriT
zurggamagrebulma, Cven gamoviwvieT tirani Tavisi triumfis Jams~.13
CerCils liderobis iSviaTi Tvisebebi hqonda. man kargad icoda adami
anuri bunebis bneli mxareebi da amgvarad gaTvala is safrTxe, rasac hitleri
civilizacias umzadebda. igi Tamamad icavda Tavis rwmenas da ar ufrTxoda
sazogadoebriv azrs, Tundac sakuTari partiidan gariyvis SiSiT. misi rito
rika STamagonebeli iyo erisTvis sasikvdilo safrTxisa da umowyalo da
bombvebis dros. movlenebma daadastura misi mware simarTle moaxloebuli
saSiSroebis, hitleris avismomaswavebeli SeiaraRebisa da TavdacvisTvis
saswrafo mzadebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. marTalia, misi gafrTxilebis
(rom kidev erTi saSineli omi axlovdeboda, Tu britaneTi ar Seecdeboda mis
Tavidan acilebas) mosmena is Tanamemamuleebs ar surdaT, magram CerCils es
ar aSinebda, ufro imaze zrunavda, ra unda gaego mis xalxs. CerCilma aCvena
liderobis Zala, samkvdro-sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis sakiTxebis ganWvre
tis unari kritikul dros.
abraam linkolni (1809-1865). CerCilma Tavisi eri sagareo safrTxeebis wi
naaRmdeg gaaerTiana, linkolnma ki eri sakuTari Tavisganve ixsna.
linkolnis dros ZiriTadi sakiTxi monoba iyo. CerCilma SeZlo britane
Tis sazogadoebrivi azris Secvla II msoflio omamde, magram linkolns ar
hqonda aranairi SesaZlebloba, rom daerwmunebina samxreTelebis umravle
politikuri lideroba
401
soba monobis gauqmebis aucileblobaSi. samxreTis ekonomikuri damokidebu

leba monobaze, aseve CrdiloeTis rasobrivi stereotipebi imis winapirobas
qmnida, rom monobis dauyovneblad gauqmebis momxre verc erTi politikuri
lideri ver imsaxurebda erTiani saxelmwifos umaRlesi xelmZRvanelis
Tanamdebobaze. es iyo is konteqsti, romelSic abraam linkolnma preziden
tobisTvis brZola daiwyo. 1860 wels igi prezidentad airCies.
linkolnis politika emyareboda ZiriTad zneobriv principebs da Rrma
praqtikul mosazrebebs. zneobrivi principi, romelsac igi gamudmebiT imeo
rebda 1858 wels senatis arCevnebSi Tavis oponent stiven duglasTan paeqro
bisas, imaSi mdgomareobda, rom monoba principulad mcdari iyo yvelgan da
gamonaklisis gareSe. monobis usamarTlo da uzneo movlenad gamocxadebiT
linkolni ganzogadebul filosofias ki ar efareboda, aramed pirdapir mi
aniSnebda damoukideblobis deklaraciaze, romelSic weria: `yvela adamiani
Tanasworia~. amgvarad, linkolnisTvis monoba amerikis politikuri wesri
gis yvelaze fundamenturi principis darRveva iyo.
linkolni iyenebda uCveulod praqtikul msjelobas im pirobebis Se
fasebisas, romelSic monoba SesaZloa aRmofxvriliyo amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi. upirveles yovlisa, mas swamda, rom kavSiri Statebs Soris unda
SenarCunebuliyo geografiuli erTobis saxiT, iseve, rogorc unda momx
dariyo misi erTianobis dacva konstituciuri demokratiis farglebSi.
mxolod CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis erTi, centralizebuli xelisuflebis
pirobebSi iqneboda SesaZlebeli monobis dasruleba (Tumca, es gardauvali
ar iyo). Sesabamisad, kavSiris SesaZlo daSla niSnavda monobis gaurkveveli
vadiT gagrZelebas, yovel SemTxvevaSi, samxreTSi mainc.
politikuri Tanasworobis linkolniseuli rwmena da misi mosazrebebi
imis Sesaxeb, rom aseTi Tanasworoba mxolod kavSiris SenarCunebiT iqnebo
da SesaZlebeli, xsnis im nabijebs, romlebic samoqalaqo omis win mis mier
iqna gadadgmuli an Tavidan acilebuli. marTalia, mas swamda, rom monoba
zneobrivad gaumarTlebeli iyo, magram ar SemouTavazebia misi dauyovne
bliv gauqmeba, radgan icoda, rom aseTi SeTavazeba samxreTs gamoyofisken
ubiZgebda da am regionSi monobis SenarCunebas Seuwyobda xels. arc Crdil
oeli abolicionistebisTvis [gamoyofis momxreebis _ mTargmn. Sen.] dauWe
ria mxari, romlebic kavSirSidan gamoyofvas eswrebodnen im mosazrebiT,
rom igi monobis sakiTxs. da kidev, linkolni xvdeboda, rom aseTi politika
mxolod gaamyarebda monobas, romlis aRmofxvrac mas ase surda. sabolood,
igi upiripirdeboda duglasis `saxalxo suverenitetis~ formulas, romlis
mixedviT yvela axal Stats damoukideblad SeeZleboda gadaewyvita, mxars
uWerda monobas Tu ara. monobis sakiTxi, linkolnis rwmeniT, zedmetad fun
damenturi iyo imisTvis, rom misi gadawyveta politikuri bazris kaprizebi
sTvis miendo.
imis magivrad, rom romelime am politikas gahyoloda, linkolnma arCia
monobis gavrcelebisTvis bolo moeRo da mxolod is axali Statebi mieRo
kavSirSi, sadac monoba ar iyo. linkolnis azriT, es monobis sawinaaRmdego
erTaderTi politika iyo, romelic SeiZleboda mieRo sazogadoebas. misi
strategiis ZiriTadi elementebi moTmineba da udrekoba iyo. misi gegmis miRe
402
ba aucileblad bolos mouRebda monobas mTels kavSirSi, rogorc ki monaT

mflobeluri Statebis wona da kanonmdeblobiTi Zala droTa ganmavlobaSi
Semcirdeboda kavSirSi axali, monobisagan Tavisufali Statebis miRebiT.
rodesac cxadi gaxda, rom linkolnis politika ver gaimarjvebda, man mi
iRo samoqalaqo omis albaToba, rogorc garduvaloba. da mainc, konfliqtis
ganmavlobaSi Seqmnili pirobebis kvalobaze misi pozicia monobis sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT icvleboda. rogorc zemoT ukve aRiniSna, rodesac brZolebi
kavSirisTvis arasaxarbielod warimarTa da omis bedi kavSirSi darCenil
monaTmflobelur Statebze iyo damokidebuli, linkolnma Searbila mono
bis sakiTxze zewola. raki kavSiris gadarCena upirveles amocanad rCeboda,
CrdiloeTs samxedro gamarjvebebi esaWiroeboda da ara gancxadebebi. mas
aseve swamda, rom kavSiri ver gadarCeboda, Tuki igi `naxevrad Tavisufali
da naxevrad monaTmflobeluri~ darCeboda. linkolnis mier samoqalaqo
omis mxardaWeris mizezi paradoqsuli iyo _ kavSiris im saxiT gadarCena,
rogorc damfuZnebel mamebs hqondaT Cafiqrebuli.
rogorc samoqalaqo omamde, ise mis Semdeg, linkolnis politika mimar
Tuli iyo maqsimaluri sazogadoebrivi sikeTis miRwevaze sayovelTao Tanx
mobis pirobebSi. rogorc umaRlesma mTavarsardalma, man Tavisi legitimuri
Zalauflebis maqsimumi gamoiyena (da, zogis azriT, gadaaWarba kidec). iseve
rogorc mSvidobianobis dros kavSiris SenarCunebaze mimarTul kompromiss
ar Seuryevia misi ZiriTadi mizani, aseve arc misi zneobrivi saxe ar Seryvnila
omis droindeli diqtatoruli ZalauflebiT. yvela am mizezis gamo linkol
ni sanimuSo lideria, romlis mkacri qmedebebi da gadawyvetilebebi mxolod
saSualeba iyo omis dros kavSiris gadarCenisTvis.
anvar al-sadaTi (1918-1981). axlo aRmosavleTi didi xania msoflios erTerTi yvelaze arastabiluri da ZaladobiT aRsavse teritoriaa. 1993 wlis
bolos israelis premierma icxak rabinma da palestinis gaTavisuflebis
organizaciis liderma iasir arafatma, erTmaneTis dauZinebelma mtrebma,
xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas, romlis Tanaxmadac palestinelebs SezRuduli
avtonomia miecaT israelis mier okupirebul md. iordanes dasavleTis sana
pirosa da Razas seqtorSi. es SeTanxmeba potenciurad mSvidobisken gadadg
muli udidesi nabiji iyo, magram ara pirveli nabiji. mSvidobis damyarebis
precedentis politikuri Semoqmedi anvar al-sadaTi iyo.
sadaTi egviptis prezidenti 1970 wels gaxda da es posti mkvlelobamde
aRsasrulamde, 1981 wlamde eWira. man egviptis xelmZRvanelis postze gamal
abdel naseri Secvala, romelic arabuli samyaros da II msoflio omis Semd
gomi antikoloniuri moZraobis aRiarebuli lideri iyo. naseri avtokrati
mmarTveli iyo, romelic rkinis xeliT marTavda egviptes da ewinaaRmdege
boda israelis saxelmwifos arsebobas. egviptis konstituciis Tanaxmad,
naseris mkvlelobis Semdeg sadaTs, rogorc qveynis vice-prezidents, mTav
robisTvis droebiT, samoci dRiT unda exelmZRvanela, sanam erovnuli asam
blea prezidentis Semcvlels ar airCevda. garkveuli ironiis Semcvelia
is faqtori, rom egviptis sakanonmdeblo organom sadaTi naseris kursis
ganuxrel mimdevrad CaTvala da prezidentis postze igi daamtkica.
politikuri lideroba
403
ra Tqma unda, sadaTisgan sxva molodinis safuZveli arc arsebobda, vi

naidan Tavisi adrindeli politikuri cxovreba man didi britaneTisgan
egviptis damoukideblobis dacvas miuZRvna. II msoflio omis dros misi an
tibritanuli qmedebebi germanelebTan kavSirSi gamoixateboda. amis gamo
sadaTma ori weli sapatimro banakSic ki gaatara. mogvianebiT, mas kidev
emuqreboda 3-wliani patimrobis safrTxe (1946-1949) britaneli Cinosanis
mkvlelobis braldebiT. im nacionalisturi strategiis CarCoebSi, ro
melic egvipteSi arsebul antibritanul ganwyobebs efuZneboda, sadaTi da
naseri Tanamoazreebi iyvnen. swored sadaTma gamoacxada sajarod egvip
turi monarqiis damxoba da naseris xelmZRvanelobiT axali damoukidebeli
respublikis daarseba 1952 wlis ivlisSi.
am istoriis gaTvaliswinebiT warmoudgeneli iyo, rom prezidenti sadaTi
naseris politikas ar gahyoloda. rogorc movlenebis ganviTarebam cxadyo,
molodini ar gamarTlda. 1971 wels igi arabuli respublikebis federaciis
erT-erTi damaarsebeli iyo, romelSic egvipte, libia da siria erTiandebo
da. es movlena arabuli samyaros gaerTianebis naseriseuli politikiT iyo
motivirebuli. male aRmoCnda, rom federacia warumatebeli proeqti iyo
magram ara sadaTis damsaxurebisa Tu survilis gamo.
1973 wels sadaTma egvipte israelTan omSi Caaba. marTalia, egvipte omSi
damarcxda, magram sadaTma yuradReba gaamaxvila misi armiis mier gadam
wyveti brZolis mogebaze _ misi azriT, am gamarjvebam aRadgina egviptis
erovnuli Rirseba.
omis Semdeg sadaTis mebrZoli arabi nacionalistis pozicia mSvidobiani
Tanaarsebobis politikis erTgulebiT Seicvala. es gardaqmna imiT dasrul
da, rom sadaTma gaugonari precedenti dauSva: igi saxelmwifo vizitiT ewvia
israels, sadac STambeWdavi sityva warmoTqva qneseTSi (israelis parlamen
ti) 1977 wlis 20 noembers. Tavad sityvaze ufro mniSvnelovani da simbol
uri iyo misi oficialuri viziti israelSi. amiT egvipte pirveli arabuli
qveyana gaxda, romelmac israeli, rogorc suverenuli saxelmwifo aRiara.
sadaTis mier ase dramatulad warmarTulma molaparakebebma Semdeg wels
gza gakvala kemp-devidis molaparakebebisken. egviptesa da israels Soris
miRweulma SeTanxmebam kemp-devidSi (merilendis Stati), ramac ganapiroba
israelis gasvla okupirebuli sinas naxevarkunZulidan, gaaoca ucxoeli
damkvirveblebi da arabuli samyaro. sadaTs mouxda sxva arabi liderebis
mwvave Setevebis mogerieba, romlebic mas palestinis saqmis RalatSi adana
Saulebdnen. arabebisTvis, iseve rogorc bevri sxva gare damkvirveblisT
vis, sadaTis Tamami nabijebi xangrZlivi israul-arabuli mSvidobisaken
moulodneli iyo imdenad, ramdenadac uprecedento.
ratom gadadga sadaTma es uCveulo nabiji? zogi eqsperti varaudobs,
rom sadaTi acnobierebda im garemobebs, rom misi gaRaribebuli, mWidrod
dasaxlebuli qveyana ver gauZlebda israelTan mudmiv oms. sxvebi fiqroben,
rom israelma dazvervis informacia miawoda egviptes mis mimarT ufro da
ufro mtrulad ganwyobili mezoblis _ libiis qmedebebis Sesaxeb. dabolos,
gavrcelebuli azriT, sadaTi pragmatikosi politikosi iyo, romelic xvde
boda, rom israelTan samSvidobo SeTanxmebis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda
jer kidev 1967 wels dakarguli sinas naxevarkunZulis dabruneba.
404
miuxedavad imisa, rom aSkaraa _ yvela am faqtors albaT SeeZlo Camo

eyalibebina sadaTis gaTvlebi, mainc araa cxadi samSvidobo politikis im
RonisZiebebis intensiuroba da masStabebi, rac sadaTma ganaxorciela da
risTvisac sakuTar Tavze uamravi piradi da politikuri pasuxismgebloba
aiRo. man kargad icoda, rom Tavisi qmedebebiT arabuli samyarosa da saku
Tari moqalaqeebis umetesobisgan gaucxoeba mouwevda. rogorc Cans, swored
iseve, rogorc axalgazrda sadaTi Tavisufali da damoukdiebeli egviptis
ideals mihyveboda (romlis xorcSesxmaSi uzarmazari wvlili swored mas
miuZRoda), asakovan sadaTs aSkarad ufro keTilSobiluri zraxvebi amoZ
ravebda. rogorc Tavad ganacxada kemp-devidis SeTanxmebebis xelmowerisas:
dae, aRar iyos omebi da sisxlisRvra arabebsa da ebraelebs Soris; dae,
aRar iyos Cagvra da uflebebis Selaxva; dae, aRar iyos sasowarkveTa
da rwmenis dakargva; dae, arc erT dedas ar mouwios Svilis dakarg
vis gamo glova; dae, arc erT axalgazrda kacs ar mouwios Tavisi si
cocxlis uazrod dakargva konfliqtSi, romelSic ar arian gamarjve
bulebi. modiT, erTad vimuSavoT, sanam ar mova dRe, rodesac xmlebs
saxnavebad da isrebs namglebad gadaakeTeben.14
regionSi siZulvilis, religiuri fanatizmisa da mudmivi omianobis

Sewyveta, rac aqamde, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi cxovrebis wesi iyo, ra Tqma
unda, saxelmwifoebrivi Senebis diad aqtad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. SesaZloa,
axlo aRmosavleTSi mSvidobis damkvidrebis mcdeloba ukvdavebaze sada
Tis pirovnuli ganacxadi iyo. aravin icis, icoda Tu ara man aleqsander
hamiltonis Sexedulebebi liderobis Sesaxeb, magram Tavisi qmedebebiT sa
daTma gaamarTla hamiltonis dakvirveba, rom didebis siyvaruli istoriis
yvelaze gamorCeuli liderebis `mmarTveli grZnobaa~.
linkolnis msgavsad sadaTic erT-erTma misma Tanamemamulem mokla. uc
nauria, magram xSirad aseTia istoriis udides mSvidobismyofelTa bedi (XX
saukunis araZaladobrivi brZolis moqadage mahaTma gandic mokles). marTa
lia, xangrZlivi mSvidoba axlo aRmosavleTSi ver damyarda, magram egviptesa
da israels Soris mSvidobiani Tanacxovreba or aTwleulze metxans grZel
deba, rac anvar al-sadaTis pirad sibrZnesa da gambedaobaze dafuZnebulma
samSvidobo SeTanxmebam moitana.
liderobis daknineba?
SeiZleba ucnaurad mogveCvenos politikuri liderobis Sesaxeb TavSi
gamorCeul liderebze esoden didi yuradRebis gamaxvileba. yvelafers rom
Tavi davaneboT, amerikul politikaSi kargad cnobili gamonaTqvami amt
kicebs, rom saxelmwifo moRvawe sxva aravinaa, Tu ara didi xnis win gardacv
lili politikosi. im winaswarmetyvelisa ar iyos, romelic Tavis qveyanaSi
dafasebuli ar iyo, WeSmarit liderebs xSirad ar afaseben Tanamedorveni.
aseT mmarTvelebs, rogorc wesi, sakmarisi drois gasvlis Semdeg aRiareben,
politikuri lideroba
405
rodesac maTi SorsmWvreteluri politikis praqtikuli Sedegebi yvelasaT

vis TvalsaCino xdeba.
da mainc, epoqaSi, rodesac politikuri liderebi skandalebiT arian moc
ulni da maTi winadadebebi da politika asaxavs mxolod fokus-jgufebisa
da sagangebod dakveTili gamokiTxvebis Sedegebs, gamokveTili politikuri
lideroba TiTqos Soreul idealad rCeba. aq arsebobs uSualod Tanamedro
veobiT ganpirobebuli sxva mizezi, ris gamoc am tipis lideroba ase dau
fasebelia amerikis politikur cxovrebaSi: misi arseboba, da SesaZleblo
bac ki, eWvs iwvevs. radgan amerikis moqalaqe didi eWviT uyurebs nebismieri
arCeuli sajaro moxelis sajaro gancxadebebs (xSir SemTxvevaSi cdilobs
amoicnos Rrmad damaluli piradi interesebi da politikuri motivebi,
rac marTlac zedapiris miRma imaleba), amitom fiqrobs, rom gansakuTreb
uli liderebi mxolod Zveli drois Zalian Wkviani da warmatebuli poli
tikosebi arian. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tuki 1934 wels gamocemuli socialur
mecnierebaTa enciklopedia moicavda britaneli mkvlevaris mokle, magram
mwvave eses politikuri liderobis Sesaxeb, ufro Tanamedrove gamocema
gulgrilad moixseniebs saxelmwifo moRvaweobis nebismier aspeqts poli
tikuri azrovnebis kategoriaSi.
amasTan, politikuri gonierebis ideis gadafaseba aseve asaxavs im
damokidebulebas, ra mcire mniSvneloba aqvs gamorCeulobas egalitarul
epoqaSi.15 raki Tanamderove demokratiebi aTvalwunebiT uyureben yvela so
cialur da ekonomikur gansxvavebas, naklebad moduri xdeba imis aRiareba,
rom vinme SeiZleba gamoirCeodes. es tendencia gansakuTrebiT mkveTria iq,
sadac politika profesiad moiazreba.
azrovnebis am CarCoebidan gamomdinareobs Tanamedroveobis swrafva
gaacamtveros sanimuSo da brZnuli liderobis idea. am midgomis momxreTaT
vis istoriis mamoZravebeli Zalebi gaurkveveli istoriuli determinante
bi da viwro kerZo interesebia da ara Tavisufali neba. maTTvis gulubryvi
lobaa imis dajereba, rom zogi lideri marTla zrunavs sazogado sikeTeze.
aseTi cinikuri midgoma msoflio istoriis gamorCeuli liderebis radi
kalurad SezRudul xedvas iZleva. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom `Zveli is
toriebi mefeebisa da mxedarTmTavrebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac Cveni winaprebi
SecdomiT da sulelurad gmirebad aRiqvamdnen... Wkviani manipulatorebis
didebis panTeoniT unda Seicvalos~.16
politikuri miRwevebis mimarT aseTi mzardi antipaTiis yvelaze se
riozuli Sedegi isaa, rom igi politikur cxovrebas naklebad mimzidvels
xdis unariani da patiosani pirovnebebisTvis, romlebsac SesaZloa, erCiaT
sazogado da ara kerZo interesebis samsaxurSi gamoeCinaT Tavi. demokra
tiul sazogadoebas sakuTari TavisTvis zianis miyenebac SeuZlia imiT, rom
sajaro moxeleebs jerovan pativs ar miagebs. is yovlismomcveli rwmena,
rom yvelgan mxolod korumpirebuli da saSualo unaris mqone politikose
bi arian, SeiZleba TviTrealizebadi avi winaswarmetyveleba aRmoCndes da
swored aseTma pirovnebebma daikavon sajaro Tanamdebobebi.
406
demagogebi
gulwrfeli da maRali zneobrivi principebis mqone, magram SecdomaSi
Seyvanili nevil Cemberlenisgan [britaneli politikosi, premier-minis
tri 1937-1940] gansxvavebiT, adolf hitleri oportunisti lideri iyo da
politikosebis yvelaze saSiS tips, demagogebs ganekuTvneboda. Tavdapir
veli gagebiT, Zvel saberZneTSi demagogi iyo lideri, romelic Cveulebrivi
xalxis saqmisTvis iRvwoda. dReisTvis demagogs uwodeben iseTi liders,
romelic politikuri Zalauflebis mopovebisTvis xalxis rwmenis eqsplua
tacias eweva, ayalbebs simarTles da cru dapirebebs iZleva. zogadad, dema
gogi iTavsebs SeuzRudav pirad ambicias, mouzomav meTodebsa da farTo sax
alxo mimzidvelobas.
Tuki WeSmariti liderebi ideals warmoadgenen, demagogebi ryvnian ro
gorc WeSmaritebis, ise liderobis arss. gamorCeuli liderebi cdiloben
samarTlianobisa da sazogado sikeTis damkvidrebas, demagogebi ki aseTi
RirebulebebisTvis mxolod imdenad iRvwian, ramdenadac es maT saSualebas
miscems moipovon sakuTari piradi ambiciebis dasakmayofileblad saWiro
uzomo Zalaufleba, rac swored sazogadoebrivi interesebis xarjze xdeba.
demagogebi uwinaresad demokratiul sazogadoebaSi Cndebian, sadac
xalxis mxardaWeris mopoveba aucilebelia umaRlesi Tanamdebobebis dasa
kaveblad. didi demokrati liderebisgan gansxvavebiT, demagogebs sazoga
doeba iSviaTad Tu imaxsovrebs maTi xelisuflebidan wasvlis Semdeg. zog
SemTxvevaSi isini waruSlel kvals toveben, rac maTi sidiadis ki ara, piriq
iT, maTive samarcxvino saqmianobis Sedegia.
amerikis politikur istoriaSi mravladaa demagogebis aRzevebisa da da
cemis magaliTebi. zogi maTganis saqmianobas mxolod viwro lokaluri gav
lena hqonda, zogisa ki mTel ers Seexo. yoveli maTgani sazogadoebis mex
sierebaSi zizRis grZnobiTaa Semonaxuli.
Teodor bilbo (1877-1947). bilbo misisipis politikaSi wamyvani figura iyo
1920-1940-ian wlebSi, rogorc Statis gubernatori da Semdeg senatori. is
erTnairad sastiki iyo rogorc Savkanianebis, ise Tavisi politikuri opo
nentebis mimarT. misi ritorika mravalferovani da Seuracmyofeli iyo.
erT-erTi politikuri kampaniis dros man Tavis oponents àfTarisa da
mawanwala ZaRlis najvari... saflavSi SuaRamiT naSobi, Roris gamozrdili
da sulelis mier aRzrdili~17 uwoda. marTalia, bilbos TeTrkanianTa upi
ratesobisa da enis politikam bevri misisipelis guli moigo, Tumca yvelaSi
erTnairi aRfrTovaneba ar gamouwvevia. misi politikuri mokavSireebic ki
bilbos sakuTari interesebis gamtarebel manipulatorad aRiqvamdnen.
erT-erTi gadmocemis mixedviT `Statis senatma 1911 wels, bilbo
sakanonmdeblo organoSi wesier da patiosan adamianebTan erTad jdomisT
vis Seuferebel pirovnebad gamoacxada, misma erT-erTma Tayvanismcemelma
ufro mwvavedac daaxasiaTa: `patara moxerxebuli nabiWvari~18. erT-erTi
gzeTis redaqtoris TvalSi bilbo iyo adamiani, romelic àr iRwvoda araf
politikuri lideroba
407
risTvis, rac amaRlebuli an konstruqciulia... arafrisTvis, rac vnebis,

crurwmenisa da siZulvilisgan gvicavs... arafrisTvis, rac Rirebulia.19
hiu longi (1893-1935). Teodor bilbo iolad gaeqca amerikel istorikosTa
umetesobis yuradRebas, hiui longi ki, misisipis mezobel Stat luizianaSi
moRvawe politikosi, vera. hiui longi, romelic Tavisi keijuneli [keijune
bi _ frankofonuri eTnosi, romelic luizianas StatSi cxovrobs. mTargmn.
Sen.] amomrCevlebisTvis, cnobili iyo rogorc kingfiSi [mefe-Tevzi _ es
zedmetsaxeli longma TviTon dairqva. mTargmn. Sen.], gacilebiT ufro am
biciuri gaxldaT, vidre bilbo. igi mdabio warmomavlobis iyo, daasrula
samwliani samarTlis kursi Tuleinis universitetSi, Caabara specialuri
gamocda luizianas umaRles sasamarTloSi da ocdaerTi wlis asakSi licen
zirebuli advokati gaxda. misive sityvebiT, is `sasamarTlo darbazidan im
isTvis gamovida, rom TanamdebobisTvis ebrZola~.20 sami wlis Semdeg longi
Statis rkinigzis rwmunebulad airCies, 1928 wels ki luizianas guberna
toric gaxda.
hiui longi gubernatorobis oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi (1928-1932), aseve
senatorobis drosac luizianas rkinis xeliT marTavda, sanam ar mokles1935
wels. rogorc gubernatori, longi Statis politikuri cxovrebis yvela
aspeqts marTavda. mcvelebiTa da politikuri manqaniT garemoculi, Statis
policias da milicias (saxalxo laSqris) is amomrCevlebis dasaSineblad iy
enebda, sakadro politikaSi xelmZRvanelobda patronaJisa da favoritiz
mis principebiT, Seqmna Statis sagamomcemlo organo, raTa xeli SeeSala
damoukidebeli da mis mimarT opoziciuri presisTvis, adamianis gatacebis
brZaneba gasca arCevnebis wina dRes, raTa Tavidan aecilebina garTule
bebi, da saerTod, igi ufro despoti mmarTveliviT iqceoda, vidre Statis
demokratiulad arCeuli gubernatoris sakadrisad. misi avtoritaruli
mmarTvelobis periodSi
àdamianebi SeiZleba yofiliyvnen da iyvnen kidec dapatimrebuli
amoucnobi pirebis, misi saidumlo policiis wevrebis mier. maT ar
hqondaT gare samyarosTan urTierTobis saSualeba, awamebdnen da
SeTiTxnil braldebebiT scnobdnen damnaSaveebad. Statis umaRlesi
sasamarTlos wevrTa umetesoba urcxvad misi momxre gaxda... mkvlel
ma, romelmac winaswarganzraxuli mkvleloba Caidina _ Tavi gauxeTqa
longis oponents _ sasamarTloSi jibidan Sewyalebis winaswar xel
mowerili sabuTi amoiRo~.21

am SemTxvevebisa da fufunebis mimarT swrafvis miuxedavad, longi yov
elTvis cdilobda ezruna sakuTari Tavis ùbralo biWad~ warmoCenaze. misi
azriT, WeSmariti borotmoqmedebi mdidari korporaciebi iyvnen, magali
Tad, standard oili, romlebic ubralo adamianebs aRaribebdnen da mxolod
kompaniis ramdenime moxeles amdidrebdnen.
didi biznesis mier xalxis savaraudo ZarcvisTvis `xelSesaSlelad~ da
1936 wlis saprezidento arCevnebisTvis farTo saxalxo mxardaWeris mobi
408
hiu longi (1893-1935) luizianas

gaxmaurebuli gubernatori, xolo
mogvianebiT SeerTebuli Statebis
senatori, Statis mZlavri poli
tikuri manqanis demagogiuri kon
trolis magaliTia. populistis
niRbiT longma Zalauflebis mop
oveba amomrCevelTaTvis imedis Se
TavazebiT SeZlo.
lizebisaTvis longma SeimuSava utopiuri, magram popularuli programa

`gaanawile simdidre~. es programa didi depresiiT dazaralebuli adamian
ebis grZnobebsa da gaWirvebaze iyo gaTvlili da morgebuli. longis pro
grama gulisxmobda simdidris zRvaris gansazRvras, sazRvravda minimalur
da maqsimalur Semosavals, gulisxmobda grantebis saSualebiT daxmarebis
gawevas yvela fermeris ojaxisTvis, ufaso umaRles ganaTlebas, danamatebs
veteranebisTvis da pensiebs asakovani adamianebisTvis, aseve hpirdeboda
amomrCevels radioebis, avtomobilebisa da sakvebis subsidirebas saxelm
wifo Sesyidvebis xarjze. ramdenadac ararealisturi da arapraqtikuli
unda iyos es programebi, sagulisxmoa, rom adamianebs, romlebsac hiui lon
gi mimarTavda, am TvalsazrisiT eWvi da kiTxva ar gasCeniaT. maT sWirdebo
daT vinme, visi rwmenac eqnebodaT.
sxva demagogebis msgavsad, longma Zalaufleba uimedoTaTvis imedis mi
cemiT moipova. demagogebi ZiriTadad amtkiceben, rom daamarcxeben borot
Zalebs, romelTa bralic aris xalxis gaWirvebul mdgomareobaSi yofna. ra
Tqma unda, es Zalebi, bilbos SemTxevaSi Savkanianebi da longis SemTxevvaSi
korporaciebi, sinamdvileSi ar floben iseT Zalas, rom xalxis bedi gansaz
Rvron. rogorc ki warmoidgenen, rom ubralo xalxis mtrebs ebrZvian, isini
Tavad ixiblebian amiT. demagogebs xSirad hqoniaT imis SesaZlebloba, rom
moulodneli farTo mxardaWera da popularoba mieRoT sakuTari ukanono
miznebis gansaxorcieleblad.
jozef makkarti (1908-1957). 1950-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi arafriT gamor
Ceulma politikosma viskonsinidan, jozef makkartim, gamoaaSkarava demoni,
amerikeli xalxis udidesi mteri da Semdeg gamudmebiT cdilobda am boroti
Zalis kvalis povnas sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi.
politikuri lideroba
409
respublikelma senatorma makkartim sayovelTao yuradReba imiT mi

ipyro, rom saxelmwifo departamentSi mokalaTebuli komunistebis So
kis momgvreli `mxileba~ moaxdina. daaxloebiT oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi is
Ralatis braldebiT adanaSaulebda sajaro moxeleebis farTo speqtrs,
kolejis profesorebsa da holivudis varskvlavebs. iyenebda ra Tavis md
gomareobas, sagamoZiebo komitetis xelmZRvanelobas senatSi, makkarti aS
antaJebda, aSinebda da Rirsebas ulaxavda uamrav adamians mTavrobaSi da mis
gareT. raki misi braldebebi SiSis atmosferos qmnida, saxelmwifoSi misi
Zalauflebac izrdeboda da vinc mas winaaRmdegobas uwevda, amas sakuTari
mdgomareobis riskis fasad akeTebda.
1954 wels makkartim jorj marSali (yofili saxelmwifo da Tavdacvis mdi
vani) ucxoeTis jaSuSuri qselis moqmedebis Sesaxeb informaciis damalvaSi
daadanaSaula. es braldebebi general jorj marSalis, prezident duait ei
zenhaueris Semdeg SesaZloa amerikaSi yvelaze pativsacemi sajaro piris wi
naaRmdeg wayenebul sxva insinuaciebTan erTad, gardatexis wertilad iqca.
makkartim Zalian Sors Setopa. ironiulia, rom misi upasuxismgeblo bralde
bebi da mouxeSavi meTodebi senatis gamoZiebis sagani gaxda. am sakiTxze senat
Si gamarTuli mosmenebi gadaicemoda radioTi da Suqdeboda televiziiT, es
Tema yvela mniSvnelovani gazeTis pirvel gverdebze ibeWdeboda. sabolood,
makkarti iseve swrafad mieca daviwyebas, rogor swrafadac SemoiWra qveynis
yuradRebis centrSi.
politikosebi
demokratiul saxelmwifoTa moqalaqeebi xSirad damamcireblad moix
senieben politikosebs ise, rom ar iTvaliswineben rogorebi arian isini
sinamdvileSi. politikosebi arian adamianebi, romelTa upirvelesi (magram
ara erTaderTi) mizani arCeviTi Tanamdebobis mopoveba da SenarCunebaa; isi
ni TavianT amomrCevlebs warmoadgenen, akeTeben imas, rasac saWirod an swo
rad Tvlian (an akeTeben imas, rac iolad gauvaT) da swored amisTvis sWird
ebaT politikuri Zalaufleba. politikosebs mniSvneloba aqvT imdenad,
ramdenadac maTi arseboba mxolod demokratiul qveynebSia SesaZlebeli.
politikosebs iseve, rogorc nebismieri Tanamdebobis mqone pirTa umete
sobas, arc diadi xedvebi aqvT, arc gansakuTrebuli unarebi. dRidan dRemde
isini TavianTi SesaZlebloebis maqsimums akeTeben im SezRudvebis piorbeb
Si, romlebSic maT moqmedeba uwevT. yovelTvis, rodesac maT kargi saqmis
gakeTeba surT, sirTules qmnis moraluri da eTikuri sakiTxebis calsaxad
dacva. ufro met sirTules ki is qmnis, rom Tavze politikuri riskis aReba
uwevT. zogadad isini korumpirebulni ar arian, magram xSirad korufci
isadmi midrekilebas amJRavneben. isini adamianebis umetes nawilze arc uke
Tesebi arian da arc uaresebi _ isini Cveulebrivebi arian.
problema maSin warmoiSoba, rodesac moqalaqeebs gansakuTrebuli
lideris moTxovnileba uCndebaT. demokratiebSi politikosebs urTerT
sawinaaRmdego molodinebs Soris lavireba uwevT. maTgan moelian imas, rom
410
iseTive Cveulebrivebi iyvnen, rogorc rigiTi moqalaqeebi; amavdroulad,

maTgan TavianTi movaleobebisa da qveynisadmi uCveulo Tavdadebis gamom
JRavnebas moiTxoven.
demokratiul sazogadoebaSi savaraudo lideri maradiuli kiTxvis wi
naSe dgas: imoqmedos, rogorc Tavisi amomrCevlebis delegatma da aRas
rulos maTi survilebi, Tu imoqmedos, rogorc ndobiT aRWurvilma pirma
da damoukideblad imsjelos xalxis saxeliT. Tavad politikuri sistema
moiTxovs arCeuli warmomadgenlebisgan, iyvnen gulisxmierni, Tuki maT
surT kvlavac airCion. magram WeSmariti liderebi ar mihyvebian masas, isini
mas win miuZRvian da swored amaSia politikosobis dilema.
kanonmdeblebi, rogorc delegatebi

iseT did qveyanaSi, rogoric SeerTebuli Statebia, rom araferi vTqvaT
indoeTze, SeuZlebelia calke aRebulma individma Tavad uzrunvelyos sa
kuTari interesebis warmodgena da dacva. saxelmwifo sakanonmdeblo or
gano am sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani funqciis ganxorcielebis ZiriTadi
meqanizmia, radgan isaa xelisuflebis Stoebs Soris yvelaze warmomadgen
lobiTi instituti. warmomadgenlobis delegaciuri Teoriis mixedviT
sakanonmdeblo organo~warmomadgenlobiTia maSin, rodesac mTliani poli
tikuri organizmis yvela elements Sesabamisi proporciiT moicavs. es Cveni
anareklia, Cveni mikrokosmosi~.22
warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis am modelSi arCeuli warmomadgen
lebi valdebulni arian imoqmedon rogorc darigebulma delegatebma. am
Teoriis mixedviT warmomadgeneli sazogadoebrivi azris matarebelia,
aqedan gamomdinare, amomrCevlebi qiraoben mas, rogorc garkveuli saxis
rwmunebuls sakanonmdeblo organoSi. am TvalsazrisiT sazogadoebasTan
kavSirisTvis, sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvebisa da fokus-jgufebis
saSualebiT, SesaZlebeli xdeba mocemuli momentisTvis sazogadoebrivad
mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis SerCeva. arCeuli warmomadgenlisaTvis, romelmac
Tavi gamoiCina rogorc yvelaze gulisxmierma da pasuxismgeblobis grZno
bis mqone delegatma, jildos saxiT xelaxla arCevis SesaZlebloba arsebobs
(Tumca, SeerTebul StatebSi ukve arCeuli Tanamdebobis pirebs ganuzomeli
upiratesoba aqvT).
delegaciuri Teoriis safuZveli xalxis saRi azri da wesierebis rwmen
aa. am Teoriis erT-erTi gamoCenili mqadagebeli, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
àrsebobs SedarebiTi Tanasworoba warmomadgenlebisa da amomrCevlebis
SesaZleblobebsa da Wkuas Soris~, amtkicebda, rom `TavkerZuli da gaumar
Tlebeli iqneboda warmomadgenlebis mier xalxis azris da survilebis
gauTvaliswinebloba~ da rom politikuri sakiTxebi xSirad ùfro iracio
nalur da pirad mosazrebebze da ara saxalxo ganxilvasa da Tanxmobaze da
fuZnebul xedvebs moicavs... aucilebelia warmomadgenlebma rCeva hkiTxon
xalxs da gaiTvaliswinon maTi arCevani~.23
es midgoma, misi mqadageblebis azriT, aseve xels uSlis korufcias. kanonmde
politikuri lideroba
411
blebi, Yromlebic amomrCevlebis azris gaTvaliswinebiT moqmedeben, SezRudul

ni arian da maT saqmianobaSi ukanono garigebebisTvis mcire sivrce rCeba.
kanonmdeblebi, rogorc meurveebi

warmomadgenlobis delegaciuri Teoriis kritikosebi amboben, rom am
midgomis Tanaxmad, arCeuli pirebi pasiurebi arian, vinaidan isini moqmede
ben rogorc xalxis azris mimdevrebi da ara rogorc liderebi. am Teoriis
gamorCeuli kritikosi iyo edmund berki (1729-1797), XVIII saukunis cnobili
ingliseli moazrovne da kanonmdebeli.
berki amtkicebda, rom kanonmdeblebma fiqrisa da moqmedebis garkveuli
xarisxis Tavisufleba unda daitovon. ufro konkretulad, berki am mosazre
bas imiT amtkicebda, rom arCeul warmomadgenels sWirdeba yofiT sakiTxe
bze mowuwune da TavSeukavebeli (SesaZloa iracionaluri) eleqtoratis
garkveuli problemebisagan izolireba. is amtkicebda, rom politikosma,
rogorc kanonmdebelma, unda moisminos misi amomrCevlis mosazrebebi, ma
gram yvela problemas Tanabari mniSvneloba ar unda mianiWos: kompetentur
kanonmdebels unda hqondes unari, rom erTmaneTisgan ganasaxvavos adami
anuri bunebis naklovanebidan gamomdinare saCivari Tu sawuxari (romlis
dakmayofileba ver moxerxdeba) im problemebisgan, romlebic `mocemuli
momentis konkretuli satkivaris simptomebs moicavs~.24 am TvalsazrisiT,
xalxis ganwyoba Rirebuli barometria imisTvis, rom konkretuli sakiTxis
aqtualuroba gansazRvro.
politikur warmomadgenlobasa da sazogadoebriv azrs Soris am urT
ierTqmedebis gaTvaliswinebiT sainteresoa, ra adgils uCens berki kanon
mdebels. pirdapir rom vTqvaT, mas swamda, rom mmarTveloba bunebrivi
aristokratiis xvedria, romelic gamorCeuli da saukeTeso pirebisgan
Sedgeba da arCeuli mmarTvelebi unda moqmedebdnen ise, rogorc TavianTi
amomrCevlebis meurveebi. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, kanonmdeblebi unda
moqmedebdnen sazogadoebrivi sikeTis sakuTari gagebis safuZvelze da ara
rogorc amomrCevlebis marionetebi. rogorc Tavad berkma aRniSna amom
rCevlebisadmi Tavis cnobil mimarTvaSi: `Tqveni warmomadgeneli Tqven wi
naSe valdebulia aramarto Tavisi saqmianobiT, aramed Tavisi azrovnebiT;
da is gRalatobT, Tuki Tqven samsaxurs Tqven mosazrebebze dabla daayenebs
da maT Seswiravs msxverplad~.25
berkiseuli warmomadgenlobis meurveobiTi Teoria mmarTvelobis
miseul farTo filosofiaSia mocemuli. misi azriT, kargi mmarTveloba
unda moicavdes ara marto keTil nebas, aramed `siqvelesa da gonebasac~.
warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTveloba qmediTi iyos, is unda emyarebodes swor
qcevas da frTxil gansjas imisaTvis, rom aRmoaCinos da ganaxorcielos WeS
mariti sazogadoebrivi sikeTe. berkma parlamenti ganmarta, rogorc èrTi
interesis mqone erTi qveynis saTaTbiro asamblea, sadac lokaluri miznebi
da lokaluri xedvebi ki ar unda uZRodes msjelobas, aramed sajaro sikeTe,
romelic erTi da ganuyofeli saerTo gonidan gamomdinareobs~.26
412
berks swamda, rom kanonmdeblebsa da Cveulebriv amomrCevlebs Soris

didi gansxvavebaa. misi azriT, Zlier respublikaSi warmomadgenlebi ufro
gonierebi da ukeT informirebulni unda iyvnen, vidre amomrCevlebi da, Ses
abamisad, unda hqondeT imis unari, rom frTxili ganxilvis Semdeg qveynis wi
naSe mdgari politikuri problemebi gadawyviton. sabolood igi amtkicebda,
rom qveynis, rogorc mTlianis keTildReoba (erovnuli Tu sazogadoebrivi
interesi) misi Semadgeneli nawilebis (lokaluri an raime konkretuli jgu
fis) keTildReobasa da interesebze ufro maRla unda idges. amis gaTval
iswinebiT berki xazs usvamda kanonmdeblis, rogorc lideris mniSvnelobas
da mas ufro maRla ayenebda, vidre kanonmdebels, rogorc amomrCevlis az
ris gamomxatvelsa da sazogadoebrivi ganwyobis mimdevars.
`politiko~
zogierTi amerikeli politologi termin politikos iyenebs im poli
tikosebis dasaxasiaTeblad, romlebic warmatebiT axerxeben kanonmdeblis,
rogorc delegatisa da meurvis funqciebis SeTavsebas. Sesabamisad, `poli
tikoebi~ arian is politikosebi, romlebic amomrCevlebis zedapiruli in
teresebiT mowonebuli `sayvelpuro~ kanonebis damtkicebisTvis ibrZvian
da ar dgamen damoukidebel nabijebs im sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad, romle
bic pirdapir ar exeba maTi amomrCevlebis moTxovnebs. magaliTad, kanza
sis meoTxe sakanonmdeblo regioni cnobilia rogorc amerikis saaviacio
centri (boingis korporaciis samxedro biznesis Tavmoyris adgili), ami
tom gasakviri araa, rom aqauri warmomadgeneli kongresSi amomrCevelTa
interesebs erovnuli usafrTxoebis sakiTxebze konservatiulad ganwyo
bilTa xmebis mopovebiT asaxavs.27 `politikoebi~ zogadad TavianTi olqis
an Statis specifikuri ekonomikuri interesebisTvis ibrZvian, poziciebi,
romlebsac isini ikaveben, xSirad konkretul sakiTxebzea orientirebuli.
ase rom, gasakviri araa vixiloT, Tu rogor ewinaaRmdegebian iaraRze kon
trolis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobas sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobis mimdevari
Statebis liberali senatorebi, riTac xazs usvamen TavianTi amomrCevlebis
poziciebis erTgulebas.
arkanzaselma senatorma uiliam fulbraitma (1905-1995) meore msoflio
omis dasrulebisTanave sityva warmoTqva Cikagos universitetSi, romelSic
man demokratiuli liderobisadmi `politikos~ midgoma gamoxata:
saSualo statistikuri kanonmdebeli Tavisi karieris dasawyisSive aR
moaCens, rom arsebobs amomrCevelTa garkveuli interesebi an stereo
tipebi, romlebTanac araseriozuli damokidebuleba sakmaod saSiSia.
am stereotipebis nawili SeiZleba ar iyos eris keTildReobisTvis
fundamenturi mniSvnelobisa, am SemTxvevaSi kanonmdebeli SeiZleba
ar eTanxmebodes, magram waaxalisos es stereotipebi. ufro saSiSia
SemTxveva, rodesac stereotipi qveynis keTildReobis fundamentur
politikas exeba. am SemTxvevaSi kargi kanonmdeblis kvalifikacia ima
politikuri lideroba
413
Si gamoixateba, Tu ramdenad Seswevs unari ganasxvavos fundamenturi

saWiroeba zedapirulisgan da moaxerxos am ukanasknelis gamijvna. imis
sailustraciod, rasac vgulisxmob, modiT, moviyvanoT izolacioniz
mis da suladobrivi gadasaxadis [gadasaxadi, romelic Tanabrad ekis
reba gadasaxadis yvela gadamxdels Semosavlebisa da mdgomareobis
miuxedavad] magaliTi. miuxedavad imisa, raoden damajereblebic unda
iyvnen Cemi kolegebi da erovnuli media suladobrivi gadasaxadis
borotebis Sesaxeb saubrisas, me ver vxedav mis fundamentur mniSvn
elobas da vemxrobi Cemi Statis xalxis azrs. SesaZloa, mravalTaTvis
samwuxaro pirobebi simboluri mogveCvenos, magram veWvob rom am kan
onis gauqmebam romelime Cveni ZiriTadi problema gadawyvitos. meore
mxriv, miuxedavad imisa, raoden Seupovradac unda ewinaaRmdegebod
nen Cemi amomrCevlebi gaerTianebuli erebis Zlieri organizaciis Se
qmnas da masSi monawileobas, me ver davuWer maT mxars manam, sanam ar
davrwmundebi mis ganuxorcieleblobaSi.28
fulbraitis kariera senatSi (1945-1975) SesaZloa `politikos~ moq

medebis magaliTad gamodges. xSirad igi iseTi kanonebis winaaRmdeg aZlevda
xmas, gansakuTrebiT samoqalaqo uflebebis sferoSi, romelTa mimarT, Sesa
Zloa piradi simpaTiac ki hqonda. is xvdeboda, rom Zalauflebis Sesanar
Cuneblad winaaRmdegoba ar unda gaewia Tavisi arkanzaseli amomrCevlebis
umravlesobis rasistuli stereotipebisTvis maSin, rodesac Tavad mas sru
liad sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebebi hqonda. fulbraiti xSirad Tavs imar
Tlebda imiT, rom samoqalaqo uflebis zogi sakiTxi fundamenturi mniSvn
elobis ar iyo.
rasobriv sakiTxze sakuTari Statis umravlesobis azris mimarT pativis
cemam fulbraits farTo asparezi misca sagareo politikaSi, romlis mimarT
arkanzasel amomrCevlebs naklebi interesi hqondaT. is senatis sagareo
urTierTobaTa komitetis Tavmjdomare gaxda da miuxedavad imisa, rom uki
duresad konservatiul Stats warmoadgenda, aRiareba moipova, rogorc
sagareo politikaSi liberalizmis principebis gamJRerebelma.
damSoSmineblebi
politikosebi, romlebsac ZaluZT `saqmis keTeba~ pativiscemas da aRi
arebas imaxureben . igulisxmeba, rom isini cud saqmes ar akeTebn. damSoS
mineblebi Cveulebrivi politikosebis saintereso qvejgufia: is, rac maTi
warmodgeniT SeiZleba iyos sazogado sikeTe da is, rac realurad aris kargi
qveynisTvis, xSirad ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego ram aRmoCndeba. ase rom,
Tavad Tu gaimarjvebs, SeiZleba qveyanam waagos.
SesaZloa damTmobis saukeTeso (an yvelaze cudi) magaliTi iyos nevil
Cemberleni, romelic didi britaneTis premier-ministri iyo 1937-1940
wlebSi. retrospeqtivas Tu gadavxedavT, meore msoflio omamde germania
daCqarebul gadaiaraRebas awarmoebda, magram Cemberlens patiosnad swamda,
414
rom omi da SeiaraReba fuWi da zedapiruli saqmianoba iyo. mas imisic swamda,
rom molaparakebebi da daTmobebi yovelgvari politikis, maT Soris saerTa
Soriso politikis safuZveli unda gamxdariyo. 1938 wlis oqtomberSi Cem
berleni TemTa palataSi amtkicebda, rom `Cven winaSe ganiaraRebis sakiTxis
mimarT axali SesaZleblobebi iSleba da me mwams, isini iseTive imedis mom
cemni arian dRes, rogorc winaT~. is agreTve ambobda:
aseT amocanebs zurgs umagrebs imis rwmena, rom qveynebs Soris mtro
ba etapobrivad daiZleva. TandaTanobiT, manam, sanam erebi ar igrZno
ben, rom maT uSiSrad SeuZliaT dauSvan iaraRi... me visurvebdi, rom am
Tanamdebobaze Cems xelT arsebuli dro... maT mier dasaxul miznebsa da
miRweul Sedegebs Soris didi ufskrulia xolme. da mTeli Cemi energia
mimeZRvna am amocanisTvis.29
miuxedavad Cemberlenis rwmenisa, bevri britaneli axalgazrda brZo

lis velze daeca hitleris ukompromiso militarizmis wyalobiT. saerTa
Soriso politikis uprecedentod civiluri Cemberleniseuli analizi, ro
melic safuZvlad edo veluri diqtatoris moTvinierebis mcdelobas, ar
iyo moklebuli principul xedvas Tu gulwrfelobas, magram is ubralod
mcdari iyo.
samoqalaqo liderebi
vaclav haveli. 1960-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi ocdacxra wlis vaclav have
li (daibada1936 wels) ukve cnobili iyo msoflioSi Tavisi satiruli, ab
surdistuli piesebiT _ `wveuleba baRSi~ (1964) da `memorandumi~ (1965). 1968
wlis zafxulSi havelma da CexeTis kulturis ocdaaTma sxva moRvawem xeli
moaweres gancxadebas, romliTac isini komunistebis mier kontrolirebul
CexoslovakiaSi kanongareSed gamocxadebuli social-demokratiuli par
tiis aRdgenas iTxovdnen. CexoslovakiaSi 1963 wels dawyebuli liberaliza
ciis frTxili, magram mzardi tendencia 1968 wlis agvistoSi sabWoTa armiis
SeWriT dasrulda, riTac qveyana mkacr sabWoTa kontrols daubrunda.
am konfliqtis periodSi havelma gadamwyveti roli Seasrula CexeTis
Tavisufali radios CamoyalibebaSi igi am iatakqveSa radios yoveldRiur
translacias iyenebda dasavleli inteleqtualebisaTvis xmis misawvdenad
_ daxmarebodnen CexeTs. Semdegi ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi haveli Cexo
slovakiis yvelaze cnobili dramaturgi gaxda. misi piesebi praRis mmarTve
li komunistebis mwvave satiras Seicavda. magram havelis mzardi popularo
bis safuZveli mxolod misi piesebi rodi iyo. is Cexoslovakiis gamoCenili
disidenti da adamianis uflebebisTvis mebrZoli lideri gaxda. haveli iyo
Tanaavtori 1977 wels dawerili samocdameCvidmete manifestisa, romelSic
igi Cexoslovakiis komunistur mTavrobas helsinkis 1975 wlis SeTanxmebebi
sa da, Sesabamisad, qveyanaSi adamianis uflebebis darRvevaSi amxelda. poli
tikuri winaaRmdegobis am faqtebis gamo haveli daapatimres da iseTi sasje
politikuri lideroba
415
li dauweses, romelic mZime fizikuri samuSaos Sesrulebas iTvaliswinebda;

Tumca, misi gaCumeba mainc ver SeZles.
1989 wlis dekemberSi, saxalxo protestis Sedegad, Cexoslovakiis komu
nisturi mTavroba daeca da haveli saxalxo konsensusis Sedegad arCeuli
prezidenti gaxda. Zalauflebisken aseT aRmasvlaSi yvelaze metad aRsaniS
navi is gaxldaT, rom jer kidev 1989 wlis dasawyisSi haveli cixeSi imyofebo
da, magram isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom CexoslovakiaSi arc erT sazogado
moRvawes ar hqonda iseTi moraluri avtoriteti, rogoric ocdaaTi wlis
ganmavlobaSi samoqalaqo moRvaweobis Sedegad moipova havelma. haveli
Tanamdebobaze sami weli darCa, sanam Cexoslovakia or eTnikur saxelmwi
fod _ CexeTad da slovakeTad ar gaiyo. qveynis politikuri ganviTarebis
am etapze igi Tanamdebobidan gadadga.
magram havelma gaagrZela sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba. 1993 wlis 26 ianvars,
gadadgomidan sul raRac eqvsi Tvis Semdeg, CexeTis parlamentma igi respub
likis prezidentad xuTwliani vadiT airCia. miuxedavad Tavisi gamorCeuli
poziciisa, haveli yovelTvis ar TamaSobda wamyvan rols qveynis marTvaSi,
Tumca, igi eris mniSvnelovan figured rCeboda. marTalia, Cexebis umetesoba
undoblad da gulgrilad uyurebda Tavis politikosebs, magram havels pativs
scemdnen, rogorc adamians, romelic ara marto werda da qadagebda `simar
TliT cxovrebas~, aramed Tavisi piradi magaliTiT auCvenebda igives.
martin luTer kingi umcrosi (1929-1968). igi gamoCenili samoqalaqo lideri
iyo. 1957 wels martin luTer kingi axlad aRmocenebuli samxreTis qristian
liderTa konferenciis prezidenti gaxda da am droidan misi mniSvnelovneba
swrafad izrdeboda. is uZRveboda mjdomare aqciebs, msvlelobebs, demon
straciebs, romlebic rasobrivi segregaciisa da diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg
iyo mimarTuli rogorc SromiTi, ise sacxovrebelze uflebebis sferoSi.
kingis mimdevrebi araZaladobrivi daumorCileblobis aqtebiT xSirad Riad
arRvevdnen im kanonebs, romlebic iTvaliswinebdnen afroamerikelebis seg
regacias sasadiloebSi, transportSi da a. S. kanonis darRvevis Semdeg isini
nebayoflobiT iRebdnen sasjels.
kings ganzraxuli hqonda Seewuxebina kanonmdeblebis, mosamarTleebisa
da Sesabamisad, amerikeli xalxis sindisi. rogorc is 1963 wels birminhemis
cixidan (kingi wavida birminhemSi, alabamaSi, raTa eTava boikotis mowyoba
sazogado adgilebis desegregaciis moTxovniT; man moawyo arasanqcirebu
li msvleloba, ris gamoc dapatimrebul iqna) Tavis cnobil werilSi aRniS
navda:
me vacxadeb, rom adamiani, romelic arRvevs kanons, romelsac misi
sindisi usamarTlod miiCnevs da nebayoflobiT iRebs sasjels, rCeba
cixeSi da amiT sazogadoebas kanonis usamarTlobaze miuTiTebs, sinamdvileSi gamoxatavs udides pativiscemas kanonis mimarT.30
kingi imedovnebda: `Cven unda davinaxoT araZaladobrivi krazanebis

saWiroebis aucilebloba, unda SevqmnaT daZabuloba sazogadoebaSi, romelic
416
saSualebas miscems adamians stereotipebis da rasizmis bneli jurRmulebi

dan, urTierTgagebisa da Zmobis brwyinvale simaRleebze gamoaRwios~.31
kingis da samoqalaqo uflebebisTvis mebrZoli sxva afroamerikeli li
derebis _ roi uilkinsis, malkolm iqsis, uitni iangis, jes jeqsonis da
vernon jordanis gavlena udidesi iyo. maTi xSirad ukiduresad urTierT
sawinaaR-mdego qmedebebi safuZvlad daedo 1964 wels miRebul samoqalaqo
uflebebis aqts, romelmac gaauqma rasobrivi diskriminacia dasaqmebasa da
sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi. mogvianebiT miRebul iqna samoqlaqo
uflebebis damcveli sxva kanonebic. 1964 wels kings Tavisi saqmianobisTvis
nobelis premia mieniWa mSvidobis dargSi. oTxi wlis Semdeg, ocdacxrameti
wlis asakSi, kingi mokles.
roza parksi (1913-2005). roza parksma simamacis erTi gamovlinebiT eris
sindisi gamoaRviZa. montgomeriSi, alabamas StatSi, 1955 wlis 1 dekembers
samsaxuridan gamosuli roza parksi avtobusSi avida da Tavisufal adgilze
dajda. cota xanSi fexze mdgomma TeTrkanianma mamakacma adgilis gaTavi
sufleba mosTxova (montgomeris satransporto momsaxurebis regulaciaTa
Tanaxmad, Tu TeTrkanians ar SeeZlo sxva TeTrkanianis paralelurad adgi
lis povna, misTvis oTx Savkanians unda daeTmo dasajdomi adgili, vinaidan
Savkanians ufleba ar hqonda TeTrkanianis mjdariyo),32 razec roza parksma
uari Tqva:
vfiqrobdi, rom erTaderTi gza meCvenebina maTTvis, ras vgrZnobdi,
rodesac usamarTlod meqceodnen, iyo is, rac gavakeTe _ winaaRmde
goba gavuwie kanons. amaze winaswar ar mifiqria, es TavisTavad moxda
da Semdeg ubralod gadavwyvite, rom ar avdgebodi. daRlili viyavi da
Tavs kargad ar vgrZnobdi, magram amas Semdeg bevri sxva dRe mohyva,
rodesac Tavs kargad ar vgrZnobdi.33
avtobusis mZRolma roza parksi daakava, ris Semdegac igi daapatimres.

bevri istorikosi amerikis samoqalaqo uflebebisTvis moZraobis aTvlis
wertilad miiCnevs montgomeriSi roza parksis dapatimrebas, rasac mont
gomeris avtobusebis saxeliT cnobili saxalxo aqcia mohyva. misi daumor
Cileblobis erT simbolur qmedebas dRes aRviqvamT politikuri gmirobis
aqtad, romelmac yuradReba miapyro rasobriv usamarTlobas da gamoiwvia
movlenebis mTeli jaWvi, ris Sedegadac qveyana samudamod Seicvala.
pati uoterlingi. sent-jozefeli (minesotas Stati) oTxi Svilis deda pati
uoterlingi yvelafers gaiRebda, politikuri aqtivisti rom ar gamxdariyo.
1989 wlis 11 oqtombers niRbianma mamakacma misi TerTmeti wlis vaJi jeikobi
gaitaca. patis amis Semdeg Tavisi Svili aRar unaxavs. Tavdapirvelad erTad
erTi ram, risi gakeTebac mas SeeZlo, Svilis Zieba da glova iyo. mogvianebiT
man jeikob uoterlingis fondi Camoayaliba, romlis erT-erTi mizani gata
cebisa da sqesobrivi Zaladobisgan bavSvebis damcveli kanonmdeblobis lo
bireba iyo Statisa da federalur sakanonmdeblo organoebSi. 1991 wels man
politikuri lideroba
417
warmatebiT gaitana kanoni, romlis Tanaxmadac sqesobriv ZaladobaSAi mxile

buli pirebi valdebulni iyvnen gaevloT registracia mudmiv sacxovrebel
adgilebSi Statis meTvalyureobis qveS. 1996 wels nawilobriv pati uoter
lingis ZalisxmeviT minesotas kongresma miiRo sazogadoebis informirebis
programa, romlis mixedviTac Statis xelisufleba valdebuli iyo Seefasebi
na sqesobrivi ZaladobisTvis sasjelmoxdilTa uvnebloba sazogadoebisTvis
da im SemTxvevaSi, Tu konkretuli piri miCneuli iqnebda sazogadoebrivad sa
SiSad, Seetyobinebina amis Sesaxeb sazogadoebisTvis. gamocdileba uCvenebs,
rom aseTi moZaladeebi Znelad gadian reabilitacias da Cadenili danaSaulis
mimarT Semdgomi recidivebis maRali done axasiaTebT.
1994 wels pati uoterlingma SeZlo daerwmunebina kongresi, mieRo kano
ni (jeikob uoterlingis aqti) romelic axalisebs Statebs miiRon kanonmde
bloba, romlis Tanaxmad cixidan gamosuli moZaladeebi valdebulni arian
daregistrirdnen samarTaldamcav organoebSi, da romelic saSualebas
aZlevs am organoebs informacia (saxelebis, misamarTebis, fotoebis CaTv
liT) gaavrcelon am pirebis Sesaxeb.34
pati uoterlingis saqmianobas bevri mSobeli adidebs, magram bevri samo
qalaqo uflebis damcveli miiCnevs, rom es kanonebi im damnaSaveebis piradi
cxovrebis uflebasa da Tavisuflebebs arRvevs, romlebmac Cadenili da
naSaulisTvis sasjeli ukve moixades.35 miuxedavad amisa, pati uoterlingi
samoqalaqo lideris kargi magaliTia, romelmac miuxedavad eniT gamouTqme
li borotebisa da autaneli tkivilisa, Seabija politikaSi da cvlilebeb
sac miaRwia.
daskvna
politikuri liderebi, romlebic samTavrobo Tanamdebobebze arian, Se
iZleba davajgufoT namdvil liderebad, demagogebad an Cveulebriv poli
tikosebad. samoqalaqo liderebs ara aqvT aranairi Tanamdeboba, magram Sei
Zleba seriozuli politikuri gavlena hqondeT.
namdvili liderebi, romlebic SedarebiT iSviaTni arian, sazogadoebriv
sikeTeze zrunaven, gamoirCevian lideris TvisebebiT, praqtikuli WkuiT
eqstraordinarul situaciaSi, rodesac eris keTildReoba dgas dRis wes
rigSi. istoriulad isini motivirebulni iyvnen, rogorc minimum, didebis
surviliT. saxelmwifo moRvaweobis am gagebis mimarT Tanamedroveobis
gulgriloba zog damkvirvebels aiZulebs am tipis moRvaweoba momakvdav xe
lovnebad aRiaros.
warmomadgenlobiT demokratiebSi yvelaze metni Cveulebrivi politi
kosebi arian. yvela arCeul politikoss uwevs arCevanis gakeTeba _ pozi
tiuri lideris roli itvirTos Tu ubralod Tavisi amomrCevlebis azri
warmoaCinos. demokratiuli warmomadgenlobis delegaciuri Teoriis
mixedviT politikosebi unda iqceodnen, rogorc Tavisi eleqtoratis sur
vilebis gamtareblebi. meurveobiTi Teoria, piriqiT, aqcents akeTebs poli
418
tikaSi damoukidebeli moqmedebis aucileblobaze. politikosebs, romle

bic cdiloben am ori midgomis gaerTianebas, `politikoebs~ veZaxiT. zogi
Cveulebrivi politikosi SeiZleba damSoSmineblad SevafasoT. isini xSirad
SesaZloa keTilSobiluri ganzraxvebiTac xelmZRvaneloben, magram arakom
petenturobis Tu gulubryvilobis gamo maTi gadawyvetilebebi SeiZleba
katastrofis safuZveli gaxdes. politikaSi ufro avbediTebi demagogebi
arian. isini aerTianeben usazRvro pirad ambicias, mouxeSav meTodebs da qa
rizmatulobis moTxovnilebas. demagogebi Warbad arian demokratiul qvey
nebSi, sadac maTi dacema xSirad iseve moulodnelia xolme, rogorc maTi
aRzeveba.
samoqalaqo liderebi aCveneben Tavdadebas saqmisadmi, pirad SesaZleb
lobebs da garkveuli saxis magnetizms, agreTve samTavrobo politikis
mimarT winaaRmdegobas. isini STaagoneben adamianebs an izidaven mimdevrebs
msoflios masStabiT, avlenen moralur Zalauflebas, romelic maTi saqmi
anobidan gamomdinareobs.
sakvanZo sityvebi
demagogebi
Cveulebrivi politikosebi
samoqalaqo liderebi
saxelmwifo moRvawe
warmomadgenlobis delegaciuri
Teoria
warmomadgenlobis
Teoria
`politiko~
meurveobiTi
1. ra jgufebad SeiZleba davyoT politikosebi? ra gansxvavebaa sxvadasxva

kategoriebs Soris?
2. ratom aris politikuri liderebis kvleva saerTod politikuri kv
levebis mniSvnelovani aspeqti?
3. ratom arian namdvili liderebi ase iSviaTni?
4. aRwereT warmomadgenlobis ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego Teoria. romeli
maTgania TqvenTvis misaRebi da ratom?
5. ra aris demagogi? daasaxeleT romelime demagogi. ra amoZravebT dema
gogebs? aqvs Tu ara demokratias raime bunebrivi dacviTi meqanizmi dema
gogiisgan? Tu asea, ra aris es meqanizmi?
6. ra aris sanimuSo liderobis arsi? daasaxeleT oTxi sanimuSo lideri da
detalurad axseniT, ra xdis TiToeul maTgans sanimuSod.
politikuri lideroba
419
SeniSvnebi
1. Robert C. Tucker, Politics as Leadership (Columbia: University of Missouri Press,
1995), iii.
2. Walter Lippmann, A Preface to Morals (Boston: Beacon Press, 1960), 280. momdevno
citirebebi aris 279-283 gverdebidan.
3. ix. Harry Jaffa, The Emancipation Proclamation, wignSi 100 Years of Emancipation, red. Robert Goldwin (Skokie, III.: Rand McNally, 1964), 1-24.
4. Douglas Adair, Fame and the Founding Fathers wignSi Fame and the Founding
Fathers: Essays by Douglas Adair (New York: Norton 1974), 10.
5. iqve, 8
6. Alexander Hamilton, John jay, and James Madison, The Federalist (New York: Modern Library, n.d.), 470.
7. Robert J. Alexander, Romulo Betancourt and the Transformation of Venezuela (New
Brunswick, NJ.: Transaction Books, 1982), 435.
8. Aaron Wildavsky, The Nursing Father: Moses as a Political Leader (Tuscaloosa:
University of Alabama Press, 1984).
9. Alexander, Romulo Betancourt, 436.
10. iqve.
11. John Edwin Fagg, Latin America: A General History, me-2 gamocema (New York:
McMillan, 1969), 627.
12. Martin Gilbert, Churchill (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1980), 100-126.
13.
iqve, 127.
14. U.S. Department of State, Selected Documents, 1979 wlis aprili.
15. Alexis de Toqueville, Democracy in America, vol. 2 (NY, Schoken Books, 1961), 102106.
16. Morton Frisch and Richard Stevens, Introduction wignSi American Political
Thought: The Philosophic Dimension of American Statemanship, red. Morton
Frisch da Richard Stevens (Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt, 1976), 5
17. citirebulia Roman J. Zorn, Theodore G. Bilbo: Shibboleths for Statemanship,
reprinted in A Treasury of Southern Folklore: Stories, Ballads, Traditions, and Folkways of the People of South, red. B.A. Brotkin (New York: Crown, 1949), 304.
18. James W. Silver, Mississippi: The Closed Society (Orlando, Fla.: Harcourt, 1964),
19.
19. iqve.
20. Hodding Carter, Huey Long: American Dictator, wignSi The Aspirin Age: 19191949, red. Isabel Leighton (New York: Simon & Schuster 1949), 347
21. iqve. 361.
22. Joseph Tussman, citirebulia Marie Collins Swaley, A Quantitative View,
krebulSi Representation, red. Hannah Pitkin (New York: Atherton Press, 1969),
83.
23. Hannah Pitkin, The Concept of Representation, krebulSi Representation, red.
Pitkin, 21.
24. citirebulia Harvey Mansfield, Jr., Statesmanship and Party Government: A
420
Study of Burke and Bolingbroke (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), 23.
25. Edmund Burke, The English Constitutional System, wignSi Representation, red.
Pitkin, 175.
26. iqve.
27. 1964 wels amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciis ocdameoTxe Ses
worebis miRebamde, arsebobda suladobrivi saarCevno gadasaxadi feder
alur da Statebis arCevnebSi monawileobisTvis. konstituciis ocdameo
Txe Sesworebam akrZala am gadasaxadis moqmedeba federaluri donis
arCevnebSi. 1966 wels aSS umaRlesma sasamarTlom es gadasaxadi Statebis
arCevnebis SemTxvevaSic antikonstituciurad scno da gaauqma.
28. citirebulia Malcolm Jewell and Samuel Patterson, The Legislative Process in
the Unites States (NY. Random House, 1966), 32.
29. Martin Gilbert, Churchill: A Life (NY.: Henry Holt 1996), 993.
30. Martin Luther King, Jr., Letter from Birmingham City Jail wignSi Civil Disobedience: Theory and Practice (NY.: Pegasus, 1969), 78-79.
31. iqve. 75.
32. David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 1955-1968 (NY.: Random House, 1988), 11.
33. iqve. 12.
34. sakanonmdeblo cvlileba, romelic Txovda Statebs miewodebinaT sazoga
doebisTvis informacia moZaladeebis Sesaxeb, romlebmac danaSauli sqe
sobriv niadagze Caidines, cnobilia rogorc meganis kanoni. megan kanka
Svidi wlis gogona iyo niu jersidan, romelic 1994 wels mezobelma
gaaupatiura da mokla. meganis mSoblebma, iseve rogorc pati uoter
lingma, intensiuri kampana awarmoes imisTvis, rom Statisa da federalur
sakanonmdeblo orga-noebs mieRoT kanonmdebloba sqesobrivi Zaladobis
winaaRmdeg.
35. magaliTisaTvis ix. Caroline Louise Lewis, The Jakob Wetterling Crimes Against
Children and Sexually Violent Offender Registration Act: An Unconstitutional
Deprivation of the Right to Privacy and Substantive Due Process, Harvard Civil
Rights - Civil Liberties Law Review 31 (1996): 89-119. am argumentebis miuxeda
vad sasamarTloebma mxari dauWires am kanonebs.
Tav i X I I
ra aris
sajaro
sikeTe?
ideo l o g i e b i d a
izme b i
politikis miznebi da saSualebebi

ideologiebi da sajaro interesi
antisamTavrobo ideologiebi
memarjvene ideologiebi
memarcx
ene ideologiebi
izmebi da amerikuli politika
iarliyebi amerikul politikaSi

saerTo Temebi
konservatorebi:
ekonomikuri uflebebis primati

liberalebi: samoqalaqo uflebebis
primati
arsebiTi gansxvavebebi
konservatorebi, liberalebi da sa
jaro politika.
421
422
luis qerolis cnobili nawarmoebis, àlisa saocrebaTa qveyanaSi,~ erTerT epizodSi alisa ikargeba da xvdeba CeSirul katas. `Tu SegiZliaT, miTx
ariT, aqedan saiT unda wavide?~ _ ekiTxeba alisa mas. ès imazea damokide
buli, sad gsurs misvla~, pasuxobs kata. `CemTvis sulerTia~, eubneba alisa.
`maSin isic sulerTia, saiT waxval~, _ miugebs kata.
tyeSi dakarguli alisas msgavsad, qveynebsa da maT xelisuflebs xSirad
warmodgena ara aqvT imaze, saiT surT wasvla da romel gzaze dadgoma ur
CevniaT. politikuri mmarTveloba SeiZleba iyos arasrulyofili, magram
rogorc alisasa da katis saubari gviCvenebs, politikisa da politikuri
kursis gonivrulad gaazreba xdeba mxolod mkafiod gansazRvruli miznebis
aRsrulebiT. qveynebma, individebis msgavsad, ar ician romel kurss misdi
on, Tu ar gaaCniaT winaswar gansazRvruli mizani da saboloo daniSnulebis
punqti.
politikis miznebi da saSualebebi

politikaSi miznebi da saSualebebi erTmaneTisgan ganuyofelia. xSirad,
roca kamaToben imis Sesaxeb, ra saxis politikuri kursia sasurveli, TiTq
mis yovelTvis gamodian daSvebidan, rom misi Sedegi unda eTanxmebodes sajaro sikeTes an unda Sediodes sajaro interesebSi da garkveuli saerTo
sargebeli moutanos mogebas politikur erTobas, rogorc erT mTels. ro
gorc wesi, demokratiul politikur meqanizmebSi debatebi imarTeba saSu
alebebTan da ara miznebTan dakavSirebiT. magaliTad, politikosebs Soris
SeiZleba arsebobdes azrTa sxvadasxvaoba imis Sesaxeb, xels Seuwyobs Tu ara
qveynis ayvavebas ama Tu im periodSi gadasaxadebis Semcireba (dazogvisa da
investirebis waxalisebiT, saxelmwifo biujetis dabalansebiT, inflaciis
maCvenebelTa SemcirebiTa da a.S.). magram, rogorc vTqviT, am saxis kamaTi,
ZiriTadad, gzebsa da saSualebebs exeba da ara miznebs. isini, SeiZleba, ver
Tanxmdebodnen saukeTeso monetarul Tu fiskalur strategiebze, magram
orive mxare erTsulovania imis mtkicebisas, rom mTavrobam yuradReba unda
gaamaxvilos ekonomikur siZlieresa da stabilurobaze.
zog qveyanaSi mTavrobis miznebsa da saqmianobas cota aqvs saerTo saja
ro interesebTan da isini mimarTulia Zalauflebisadmi piradi ltolvisak
en.1 bevr demokratiul qveyanaSi sajaro sikeTe, ZiriTadad, asocirebulia
iseT faseulobebTan, rogoricaa usafrTxoeba, ayvaveba, Tanasworoba, Tavi
sufleba da samarTlianoba (ix. Tavi XIII). es miznebi politikuri `tivtive
bia~, romelTa daxmarebiTac saxelmwifos gemi kurss mihyveba. kamaTi imis
Sesaxeb, ra gziT unda wavides gemi, mocemuli politikuri dinebisa da zur
gis qaris gaTvaliswinebiT, ZiriTadi sakiTxia sajaro politikaSi. sasurvel
daniSnulebis punqtTan miaxloeba mTavrobis mTavari gamocdaa.
ra aris sajaro sikeTe?
423
ideologiebi da sajaro interesi

adamianebs xSirad bundovani warmodgena aqvT sajaro politikisa da imis
Sesaxeb, rogor muSaobs mTavroba an ras akeTebs ama Tu im momentSi,2 magram
isini, ZiriTadad, konservatiuli an liberaluri Sexedulebebisken ixre
bian. roca adamianebi Sewyveten aqeT-iqeT `gadaxras~ da miemxrobian myar,
Sekrul politikur ideebs, am dros isini ideologias irCeven. ideologia
filtris msgavsia, romelsac `namdvili momxreebi~ iyeneben movlenaTa in
terpretirebisaTvis, adamianTa qcevis asaxsnelad da politikuri qmedebis
gasamarTleblad. ideologia sxvadasxvagvaria, kacobriobisa da socialuri
organizaciis yovlismomcveli TeoriebiT (mag. marqsiszmiT) dawyebuli,
ideaTa aramyari kavSirebiT (liberalizmi) damTavrebuli, romlebic icv
leba droTa ganmavlobaSi.
politikur diskusiaSi ideologiaTa iarliyis gamoyeneba semantikuri
komfortia, romelic sxvadasxva saxis politikuri orientaciis ufro ad
vilad da lakonurad ganxilvis saSualebas iZleva. magaliTad, amerikeli
konservatori, rogorc wesi, Zlieri Tavdacvis, federaluri mTavrobis mier
miRebuli socialuri keTildReobis programebis SezRudvis, biznesisa da
industriul saqmianobaSi mTavrobis Carevis Semcireba-deregulaciisa da
msgavsi tipis programebis momxrea. amis sapirispirod, amerikeli liberali
mxars uWers samTavrobo daxmarebis programebs, samxedro danaxarjebis Sem
cirebasa da mTavrobis mier iseTi sakiTxebis mogvarebas, rogoricaa sakvebi
da narkobiznesi, jandacva, transporti da energetika.
amerikelTa umravlesoba arc doqtrinuli liberalia da arc doqtri
nuli konservatori. metic, saerTod Zalian cota amerikeli SeiZleba CaiT
valos romelime ideologiis mimdevrad. amisaTvis adamiani Zalian mkacrad
da jiutad unda mihyvebodes ideologias an `partiis kurss~. individebs,
romlebic midrekilni arian damoukidebeli azrovnebisaken an politiku
rad apaTiurebi arian (amerikelTa umravlesoba), cxadia, am gansazRvrebas
ver mivusadagebT.
am TavSi ideologia dayofilia sam jgufad: antisamTavrobo ideologia,
memarjvene ideologia da memarcxene ideologia. terminebi memarjvene da
memarcxene warmoiSva evropuli saparlamento tradiciis mixedviT, gane
TavsebinaT socialuri da politikuri cvlilebis momxre partiebi marcxena
mxares, xolo cvlilebis mowinaaRmdegeni (an mmarTvelobis wina formis aR
dgenis mxardamWeri partiebi) _ marjvniv. cxadia, yvela politikuri Tval
sazrisi srulad ver Tavsdeba am or kategoriaSi. es gansakuTrebiT exeba
eqstremistul ideologiebs.
antisamTavrobo ideologiebi
adamianebi, romlebic ewinaaRmdegebian mmarTvelobis nebismier for
mas, rac ar unda SezRuduli iyos igi, anarqizmis momxreebi arian. anarqiz
mis ideologiis Camoyalibebas xSirad miaweren rus revolucioners mixeil
424
bakunins (1814-1876ww.), romelic, erToboda ganadgurebis siamovnebiT da

sazogadoebis uRaribes fenebsa da kriminalebs Zaladobrivi ajanyebebisken
mouwodebda. anarqizmi axlos dgas nihilizmTan, romlis mixedviTac ar
sebuli politikuri da socialuri instituciebis sruli ganadgureba Ta
visTavad aris sasurveli mizani. am eqstremalurad uaryofiT ideologias
SedarebiT naklebi gavlena hqonda revoluciamdeli ruseTis (da albaT, es
paneTis) sazRvrebs gareT, Tumca zogi amJamindeli teroristuli dajgufe
ba aSkarad anarqistuli da nihilisturia.
organizacia ìslamis eris~ lideris _ luis faraxanis winaaRmdegobriv Sexed

ulebebSi SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobisa da misi politikis SeniRbuli kritikaa
asaxuli.
libertarianelebi naklebad mtrulad arian ganwyobilni formaluri

mTavrobis ideisadmi, Tumca, maT miaCniaT, rom mTavrobis uflebamisileba
maqsimalurad unda SeizRudos (amis gamo maT xSirad minimalistebsac eZax
ian). libertarianeloba xazs usvams pirovnuli Tavisuflebis udides mniS
vnelobas. misi mimdevrebi, rogorc wesi, ewinaaRmdegebian damoukidebeli
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis da Tavisufali arCevanis SemzRudvel sajaro
politikas _ xandazmulTaTvis socialuri usafrTxoebis da saSemosavlo
garantiebis CaTvliT. libertarianelebi daJinebiT amtkiceben, rom bazris
uCinar xels ukeT SeuZlia moagvaros socialuri da ekonomikuri Zalebis
urTierToba, vidre mTavrobas; kerZo sakuTrebis uflebam ki unda moicvas
mravali ekonomikuri da moraluri arCevani. magaliTad, libertarianelebi
icaven moqalaqis uflebas, dabeWdos da gaavrcelos pornografiuli masa
425
la, rac ar unda binZuri da miuRebeli SeiZleba iyos is umravlesobisaTvis

(maT Soris TviT libertarianelebisaTvis). isini ewinaaRmdegebian jarSi
savaldebulo gawvevasac, radgan fiqroben, rom es piradi arCevanis sakiTxi
unda iyos.
memarjvene ideologiebi
anarqizmsa da libertarianelobas upirispirdeba ideologia, romelic
xazs usvams centraluri xelisuflebisa da politikuri wesrigis uzenaes
mniSvnelobas. SeiZleba ucnaurad mogveCvenos, magram monarqia xelisu
flebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma iyo msoflioSi sul raRac erTi sau
kunis win. mefeebi Tu imperatorebi, xanebi Tu sulTnebi, Seixebi Tu Sahebi
_ monarqebi mbrZaneblobdnen yvela droSi, yvela adgilas. maT momxreebs,
vinc SeinarCuna gvirgvini revoluciuri gamowvevebisa da demokratiuli
reformebis sayovelTao moTxovnaTa miuxedavad, ewodebaT roialistebi,
anu monarqistebi. monarqias, ufro sworad, brZeni mefis mmarTvelobas
aristotele mmarTvelobis saukeTeso formad miiCnevda (Tumca, is aseve
aRniSnavda, rom brZeni mefeebi, tiranebisgan gansxvavebiT, Zalian iSviaTad
gvxvdebodnen). mniSvnelovania gvaxsovdes, rom monarqebi dResac marTaven
ramdenime mniSvnelovan qveyanas _ magaliTad, iordanias, monakos, saudis
arabeTs. navTobiT mdidari sparseTis yuris qveynebi monarqiaTa mxolod
mcire CamonaTvalia.
faSizmi. monarqia, rogorc memarjvene frTis eqstremaluri ideologia,
meoce saukuneSi daTrguna faSizmma. es aris ideologia, sadac xazgasmu
lia erTi rasis upiratesoba da aseve, xelisuflebisadmi sruli morCileba.
faSizmma didi gavlena moipova evropasa da samxreT amerikaSi 1920-40-ian
wlebSi. upiratesad, cxadia, Seiswavleba `RerZi saxelmwifoebi~ (italia,
germania, iaponia) meore msoflio omis dros. Tumca, arsebobs faSizmis sxva
adgilebic _ magaliTad, espaneTSi, ungreTsa da argentinaSi.
Tavisi elituri xasiaTis miuxedavad, faSizmi sargeblobda udidesi
masobrivi mxardaWeriT, ZiriTadad, Tavisi ultranacionalisturi elferis
gamo. eris koncefciis (hitleris SemTxvevaSi, rasis) xazgasmasTan erTad,
faSizmi eyrdnoboda ideologiur fesvebs, maT Sorisaa romantizmi, qseno
fobia, populizmi da, rac ar unda gasakviri iyos, socializmis ierarqiuli,
araegalitaruli da viwro formebi (germanuli nacizmi, praqtikaSi ganxor
cielebuli memarjvene frTis ideologia, ganxilulia V TavSi).
memarjvene frTis eqstremaluri ideologiebis erT-erTi ganmasxvave
beli Strixia crurwmenebsa da siZulvilze dayrdnoba.3 es ideologia did
mxarda-Weras maSin povebs xolme, roca uamravi adamiani, rasistuli an eT
nikuri umravlesoba, ganicdis individualur an koleqtiur ekonomikur
siduxWires. aseT situaciaSi adamianebi, gansakuTrebiT, Tu ara aqvT form
aluri ganaTleba da akliaT politikuri garCevis unari, midrekilni arian
daujeron maTi savalalo mdgomareobis demagogiur axsnas. mZime mdgomare
426
obis mizezad gamoiZebneba `gantevebis vacebi~ _ rasobrivi, eTnikuri an re

ligiuri umciresoba, opoziciuri politikuri partia, ucxo qveyana da a.S.
evropaSi qsenofobiis zrdam da antiemigrantulma ganwyobilebebma
1990-ian wlebSi demonstraciebi da Zaladobis aqtebi gamoiwvia, gansa
kuTrebiT safrangeTsa da germaniaSi (ultramemarjvene, onacionalisturi
erovnuli fronti da erovnul-demokratiuli partiebi drodadro sakmao
Zalas ikrebdnen ZalauflebisTvis brZolaSi). aSS-Si amerikuli nacisturi
partiisa da ku-kluqs-klanis gavlena izrdeba, roca garkveuli jgufebi
aqtiurad gamodian TeTri rasis aRmatebulobis ideiT. es ideologia mo
sazrebebiT kvebavs mraval eqstremistul politikur Sexedulebas, rom
lebic exeba imigrantebs (isini kategoriulad ewinaaRmdegebian qveyanaSi
ucxoelTa SeSvebas), samoqalaqo uflebebs (afroamerikelebi, ebraelebi da
sxva umciresobani, rogorc wesi, dabal safexurze ganixilebian da ar imsax
ureben TeTrebis Tanabar konstituciur garantiebs), sagareo politikas
(amerikisaTvis safrTxis SemqmnelT unda gaumklavdnen maqsimaluri ZaliT).
es jgufebi militarizirebulebi arian da Zaladobas qadageben. imis miuxe
davad, rom ku-kluqs-klani (misi simbolo iyo aalebuli jvrebi. dajgufebis
wevrebi imosebodnen TeTri zewrebiT) Semcirda TiTqmis 10000 wevramde, af
roamerikelebisadmi misi Zaladobisa da fanatikuri siZulvilis xangrZliv
ma istoriam aqcia is iseT dajgufebad, romlis saqmianobasac mTavroba dRe
sac guldasmiT akvirdeba.
religiuri memarjveneebi (axali memarjveneebi). religiur memarjveneTa
moZraoba, mniSvnelovani politikuri Zala, warmoiSva 1980-ian wlebSi. kon
servatori respublikelis, ronald reiganis prezidentad arCevam daaCqara
aSS-Si axali memarjvene politikuri koaliciis Seqmna. tradiciul faseu
lobaTa aRsadgenad is iyenebda masobrivi Setyobinebis Tanamedrove poli
tikur meqanizmebs, eqstensiuri politikuri kapitalis mobilizebas da
masmedias (gansakuTrebiT televizias). moZraobis faseulobebSi Sedioda
abortis akrZalva, sajaro skolebSi locvebis ganaxleba, kampania porno
grafiis winaaRmdeg, amerikuli cxovrebis safuZvlad ojaxis aRiareba da
komunistebis winaaRmdeg brZola yvela frontze.
es koalicia aerTianebda uamrav fundamentalistsa Tu evangelist
protestants, romelTac axal religiur memarjveneebs da qristian-memar
jveneebsac uwodeben, radgan isini politikas centraluri religiuri fa
seulobebis nayofad miiCnevdnen. axali memarjveneebi yvelaze metad aso
cirdebodnen me-20 saukunis 80-iani wlebis satelevizio evangelist jeri
falvelTan da misi moraluri umravlesobis moZraobasTan. politikuri
damkvirveblebi ver Tanxmdebodnen axali memarjveneebis mimdevarTa ra
odenobaze da imis Sesaxeb, iyo Tu ara es moZraoba amerikuli politikis
ZiriTadi mimdinareoba. kritikosebma axal memarjveneebs miakres saSiSisa
da eqstremistis iarliyebi. ufro simpaTiiT ganwyobili damkvirveblebi,
Tavis mxriv, ambobdnen, rom ar arsebobda kanoni, romelic krZalavda poli
tikisa da moralis an politikisa da religiis sinTezs.
memarjveneebma warumatebloba iwvnies, rodesac, 1988 wels, evangelisti
427
ministri pet robertsoni ver gaxda respublikuri partiis prezidentobis

kandidati da 1992 wels, rodesac mecnier pet biukenenis kampaniam sruli
fiasko ganicada. robertsonmac da biukenenmac sajaro aRiareba sakabelo
televiziis wyalobiT moipoves. robertsoni qristianul satelevizio ToqSous The 700 Club-s uZRveboda, xolo biukeneni monawileobda programaSi
Crossfire, romelic sajaro saqmianobas Seexeboda. imis miuxedavad, rom axali
memarjveneebidan da qristian-konservatorebidan yvela ar uWerda maT mx
ars, biukeneni da robertsoni centraluri konservatiuli faseulobebis
momxreni iyvnen. axali memarjveneebi da maTi qristiani mxardamWerebi kv
lavac cdiloben respublikur partiaSi gavlenis mopovebas. qveynis masSta
biT xuTidan erTi respublikeli amomrCeveli SeiZleba CaiTvalos qristiankonservatorad.
qristianuli koaliciis kidev erTi konservatiuli jgufis fesvebi or
mocdaaTianelTa (protestantizmis mimarTuleba) eklesiidan momdinareobs
(pet robertsonis RvTis asambleaTa eklesia ormocdaaTianeluria. jeri
falvelis moraluri umravlesobis wevrebi ZiriTadad morwmune evange
listebi arian). milioniani qristianuli koalicia amzadebs da farTod
avrcelebs kandidatTa Sefasebis baraTebs, riTac afasebs politikuri kan
didatebis pozicias umniSvnelovanes sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. misi wevre
bi cdiloben, rom moxvdnen saSualo ganaTlebis sistemaSi, raTa am gziT
gaavrcelon patriotizmi (multikulturalizmis sapirispirod), agreTve
moaxerxon ganaTlebis sferos safuZvlebTan dabruneba, seqsualuri gana
Tlebis gakveTilebis Catarebisas zomierebis farglebis SenarCuneba (an
amgvari gakveTilebis gauqmeba) da skolebSi marTlwesrigis aRdgena.
qristianul koalicias mainc hqonda garkveuli warmateba, magram or
ganizaciis mcdeloba daikavos sajaro Tanamdebobi wamoWris or kiTxvas:
pirveli, rogor SeiZleba gavigoT maTi saqmianoba _ rogorc politikurad
aqtiuri moqalaqeebis legitimuri da Sesaqebi mcdeloba, monawileoba mi
iRon sajaro saqmeebSi, Tu rogorc saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris arse
buli gamijvnis SemaSfoTebeli Semcireba? meore, qristianuli koalicia
interesTa jgufia Tu politikuri partia?
kapitalizmi. dRes yvelaze gavleniani da Zlieri ideologia dasavleTSi
kapitalizmia. komunizmis marcxi, romelic uaryofda kerZo sakuTrebas,
mogebis stimuls da ebrZoda socialuri uTanasworobas triumfi iyo Tavisufali mewarmeobisa da sabazro ekonomikis yvela momxrisaTvis. `civi omi~
iyo ideologiuri dapirispireba aSS-sa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris am sakiTx
Tan dakavSirebiT.
kapitalizmi aSS-sa da dasavleT evropaSi aris konservatorebis wamyvani
ideologia. es aris filosofiuri safuZveli iseTi Zlevamosili orga
nizaciebisaTvis (da lobisTvisac), rogoricaa aSS-s savaWro palata da me
warmeTa erovnuli asociacia. aseve, multinacionaluri korporaciebisaT
vis, magaliTad, jeneral motorsi, maikrosofti, makdonaldsi da sxv.
ra aris kapitalizmi? es aris rogorc adam smitis `xalxTa simdidreSi~
mignebul principebze dafuZnebuli ekonomikuri Teoria, ise ideologia,
428
romelic mxars uWers individualizmis Rirsebas, mZime da bejiT Sromas, da

moukideblobasa da pirad iniciativas. is ewinaaRmdegeba mTavrobis Carevas
(Teoriulad) da mTavrobis regulacias (praqtikaSi). is miesalmeba prezi
dent kalvin kulijis (1923-29 mier gamoTqmul mosazrebas: àmerikis biznesi
(saqme) biznesia~.
rogorc ideologia, kapitalizmi ewinaaRmdegeba `socialur keTil
dReobasa~ da `mTavrobis mier gaweul daxmarebas~. kalvinistebis4 msgavsad,
konservatorebs sjeraT, rom qoneba warmatebis niSania da jildoa Rir
seulTaTvis. mdidari adamianebi imsaxureben simdidres, siRaribe ki Tavad
Raribebis bralia, romlebic zarmacebi, umoqmedoebi da upasuxismgebloe
bi arian. siRaribis daZ-leva qvelmoqmedebisa da eklesiis saqmea. konser
vatorebs, aseve, sjeraT (an Tavs aCveneben, rom sjeraT) `CamoJRenTvis
Teoriisa~: Tu sazogadoebis yvelaze iniciativian da moxerxebul wevrebs
miecemaT saSualeba, naxon mogeba da gadasaxadebis amkrefTaTvis qonebis
gadacemis magivrad, moaxerxeben mis reinvestirebas, maSin ekonomika gaiz
rdeba, dabali fenebis cxovreba gaumjobesdeba da yvelani ukeT iqnebian.
marTalia, sajarod amas konservatorebi naklebad acxadeben, magram bevri
maTgani marTlac ase fiqrobs.
memarcxene ideologiebi
memarcxene
ideologebi
qadageben
adamianebis
koleqtiurad
Tanacxovrebis ideas, romlis Sesabamisadac isini Tavisufalni iqnebod
nen damamcirebeli da mikerZoebuli socialuri dayofisagan. ekonomikis
sferoSi es ideologia fesvgadgmulia koleqtivizmis ideaSi. mis mixedviT,
sajaro keTidReobas yvelaze ukeT emsaxureba saerTo sakuTreba da poli
tikuri erTobis produqciiTa da distribuciiT administrireba. amrigad,
koleqtivizmi fundamenturad ewinaaRmdegeba kapitalizms. es ukanaskneli
emxroba mosazrebas, rom warmoebis saSualebaTa pirad sakuTrebaSi floba
da gankargva saukeTeso gzaa sazogadoebis, rogorc erTi mTelis, gamdi
drebisaTvis. Tanamedrove epoqaSi koleqtivizmis principebi yvelaze xSir
ad gamoixateba socializmis formiT. socializmi SeiZleba ganimartos,
rogorc ìdeologia, romelic uaryofs individualizms, kerZo sakuTre
bas da pirad mogebas. amis magivrad is emxroba sistemas, damyarebuls eko
nomikur koleqtivizmze, warmoebis saSualebaTa da saqonlis distribuciis
saxelisuflebo, sazogado da industriul-jgufur mflobelobasa da so
cialur pasuxismgeblobaze.~5
Tanamedrove socializmis mamad frangi revolucioneri fransua-nuel
babefi (1760-1797) iTvleba, romelic emxroboda ekonomikur Tanasworo
basa da miwis saerTo mflobelobas. babefis ideebi gaiziares da ganaaxles
e.w. utopistma socialistebma, maT Soris sen-simonma (1760-1825)da Carlz
furiem (1772-1837). lui blani (1811-1882) emxroboda ufro gonivrul so
cializms, rac gulisxmobda muSebis mier kontrolirebadi sabWoebisa da
sawarmoebis Seqmnas. blanki aqtiuri iyo 1848 wlis muSaTa amboxebisas. am
429
mRelvarebidan warmoiSva Teoria da meTodebi, romelTac emxroboda meoce

saukunis memarcxene ideologiebi, revoluciuri komunizmiT dawyebuli,
demokratiuli socializmiT damTavrebuli.
revoluciuri komunizmi. memarcxene eqstremistuli ideologiis, revoluciuri komunizmis anu marqsizmis ideebi warmoiSva karl marqsis (18181883ww.) da misi Tanamoazris, fridrix engelsis (1820-1895 ww.) naSromebidan.
marqsi CamoSorda utopist socialistebs, radgan amtkicebda, rom koleqti
uri idealis miRweva SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod Ria klasobrivi konfliqtis
meSveobiT da rom istoriis mecnieruli `kanonebi~ winaswar gansazRvravda
am konfliqtis Sedegs. proletariatis mier ganxorcielebuli revoluciis
garduvalobasa da aucileblobaze xazgasma ganasxvavebs marqsizms anu ko
munizms socializmis sxva formebisagan.
marqsi da engelsi `komunistur manifests~ (1848) Tamami gancxadebiT iwye
ben: `mTeli istoria aris istoria klasobrivi brZolisa~ _ es gancxadeba
emyareba or mosazrebas: (1) adamianis nebismieri qmedebis ukan dgas ekonomi
kuri an materialuri Zalebi da (2) istoriaSi cvlileba da progresi war
moiSoba ekonomikuri Zalebis mudmiv SejaxebaTa, konfliqtis an, germaneli
filosofosis hegelis (1770-1831ww.) termins Tu gamoviyenebT, `dialeqti
kuri procesis~ safuZvelze. marqsi Tvlida, rom yvela sazogadoebam ganvi
Tarebis erTi da igive istoriuli safexurebi gaiara. TiToeuli am safex
urTagani dominanturi ekonomikuri struqturaa (Tezisi), romelic Seicavs
axali da konfliqturi struqturis (antiTezisis) elementebs. Tezissa da
antiTeziss Soris gardauvali Sejaxebis Sedegad Cndeba sinTezi anu axali
ekonomikuri epoqa. marqsis azriT, is, rasac Cven axla industriul revo
lucias vuwodebT, iyo istoriis kapitalisturi safexuri. man daamarcxa
feodaluri epoqa, roca burJuaziam (qalaqelma xelosnebma da vaWrebma)
feodal miwaTmflobelebs xelidan gamoglija politikuri da ekonomikuri
Zalaufleba. dialeqtikuri materializmis kanonma, rogorc marqsma uwoda
istoriis Taviseul xedvas, kapitalizmis aRzeveba gardauvali gaxada. zus
tad amave kanonis mixedviT, aseve gaurdauvalia konfliqti kapitalistebsa
da proletariats Soris. es konfliqti, marqsis azriT, dasruldeba muSaTa
klasis gamarjvebiT da stabiluri, uklaso sazogadoebis gamocxadebiT (uk
laso sazogadoebis utopiuri idea aRwerilia II TavSi).
marqsistuli Teoriis Tanaxmad, Tanamedrove industriuli kapitalizmis
mTavari Strixia sazogadoebis dayofa or antagonistur klasad: kapitali
stebad _ isini floben warmoebis saSualebebs da proletarebad, romlebic
iZulebulni arian saaTobiT imuSaon saarsebo minimumisTvis. gansxvaveba am
gasamrjelosa da muSaTa Sromis Sedagad miRebuli produqtis fass Soris
aris Warbi Rirebuleba (metismetad didi mogeba), romelsac kapitalistebi
ijibaven. kapitalistebi sistematurad axdenen proletarTa eqsploatacias
da amiT gaucnobiereblad proletarul revolucias uyrian safuZvels.
marqsi da misi Tanamoazreebi miiCneven, rom es revolucia Semdegnai
rad ganviTardeba: e.w. kapitalisturi dagrovebis kanonis Tanaxmad, kapi
talistebi unda gafarTovdnen TavianTi konkurentebis xarjze an Tavad
430
gandevnil iqnen bazridan. sanam kapitalistebi agrZeleben gafarToebas,

isini Tavidan iSoreben sustebs da xelSi igdeben bazris sul ufro mzard
wils. sabolood, yvelaze sastik SejibrSi warmatebuli monawileebi gan
devnian danarCenebs. amrigad, isini Sedian monopoliuri kapitalizmis epo
qaSi, romelic dauyovnebliv iwvevs mTeli kapitalisturi sistemis daSlas.
ratom unda iqnas kapitalizmi daTrgunuli am safexurze, roca Cans, rom
kapitalisturma monopoliam xelT igdo upirobo Zalaufleba? _ imitom,
rom zustad im dros, roca mdidrebi mdidrdebodnen, Raribebi Raribdebod
nen. adamianuri Sroma manqanam Secvala. konkurenciis procesSi izrdeboda
umuSevroba, mcirdeboda msyidvelobiTi unari da saSinao bazari. saqmiani
aqtiurobis vardnis es Tandayolili tendencia da Tavis mxriv, depresiac,
iwvevs ufro met umuSevrobas, dabal gasamrjelos da a.S. uTvalavi adami
ani xdeba `Warbi muSa~ _ umuSevari, ufulo da uimedo. amas pauperizaciis
(gaRatakebis) kanoni ewodeba da es gardauvalia. orTodoqsi marqsistebi
saTvis `kapitalizmis krizisi~ da mis Sedegad dawyebuli proletaruli
revoluciac gardauvali movlenebia. radganac kapitalistebi ar daTmoben
TavianT Zalauflebas, privilegiebs an qonebas ubrZolvelad, kapitalizmis
damxoba mxolod sisxliani revoluciis gziTaa SesaZlebeli.
rwmena, rom Zaladobrivi masobrivi qmedeba aucilebelia radikaluri
cvlilebebis gansaxorcieleblad, umTavresi iyo marqsis mimdevris, leni
nis (1870-1924ww.) TeoriebSi. am ukanasknelma daaarsa ruseTis komunisturi
partia da saTaveSi Caudga ruseTis 1917 wlis revolucias. marqsist-le
ninistebi, rogorc maT zogjer uwodeben, fiqrobdnen, rom saparlamento
demokratia da `burJuaziuli legaluroba~ mxolod kapitalisturi eqsp
loataciis realobis SesaniRbad Seqmnili superstruqturebia (zednaSenia).
revolucioneri komunistebi ar interesdebodnen im warmomadgenlobiTi
institutebiT, romlebic Warbobda aSS-sa da dasavleT evropaSi.
sabWoTa kavSirsa da aRmosavleT evropaSi komunizmis dacemasTan erTad,
marqsizmma dakarga Tavisi avtoriteti. Tumca, es doqtrina inarCunebs momx
ibvlelobas CagrulTa klasSi, garkveulwilad, Tavisi `jvarosnuli sulisa~
da gaTavisuflebis dapirebis gamo. bevr aspeqtSi revoluciuri marqsizmi
waagavs militaristul-fundamentalistur religias, Tanamedrove islami
sa da adreuli Sua saukuneebis qristianobis msgavsad. britanelma filoso
fosma bernar raselma Semdegnairad gamosaxa paralelebi qristianobasa da
marqsizms Soris:6
marqsizmis fsiqologiis kuTxiT gasagebad Semdegi leqsikoni unda
gamoviyenoT:
ieRova (RmerTi) =
mesia =
rCeulni =
eklesia =
meored mosvla =
jojoxeTi =
maradiuli samoTxe =
dialeqtikuri materializmi
marqsi
proletariati
komunituri partia
revolucia
kapitalistebis sasjeli
komunisturi Tanamegobroba
431
raselis azriT, marcxniv ganlagebuli terminebi emociur Sinaarss

aZlevs marjvniv ganlagebuls. es analogia gvexmareba gavigoT marqsizmis
didi emociuri zemoqmedeba.
komunizmi da demokratia. aSS-Si komunisturi partia Zlieri arasdros yo
fila da Zalian cota amerikeli Tu gamotydeba, rom simpaTiiTaa ganwyobili
komunisturi ideologiis mimarT. Tumca, msoflios bevr sxva qveyanaSi komu
nisturi partia bolo dromde yvaoda. yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi, aRmosavleT
evropaSi, CineTSi, CrdiloeT koreaSi, vietnamSi, kubasa da mesame msoflios
zog qveyanaSi komunisturi partia dominirebda marqsizmis (upiratesad,
marqsizm-leninizmis) droSis qveS.
mesame msoflios qveynebSi meore msoflio omis Semdeg komunistebi an
marqsistebi saTaveSi edgnen èrovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobebs~,
romlebic miznad isaxavda arsebul mTavrobaTa damxobas. bevr sxva qveya
naSi, gansakuTrebiT dasavleT evropaSi, arammarTvelma komunisturma par
tiebma miaRwies demokratiul respeqtabelurobas. safrangeTSi, italiasa
da espaneTSi komunisturi partia kanonierad iyo aRiarebuli da monawil
eobda erovnul arCevnebSi da zogjer koaliciur mTavrobaTa formireba
Sic. umeteswilad, es partiebi politikuri wesebis mixedviT TamaSobdnen da
moipovebdnen sazogadoebriv ndobas, Tumca isini verasdros axerxebdnen
xmaTa umravlesobis dagrovebas, rac saWiro iyo Zalauflebis xelSi
asaRebad. 1970-ian wlebSi italiasa da espaneTSi komunisturi partia saT
aveSi Caudga evrokomunizmis saxeliT cnobil moZraobas. evrokomunistebi
uars ambobdnen marqsizm-leninizmis bevr uZveles dogmaze, maT Soris Za
ladobrivi revoluciis wamowyebaze, proletariatis diqtatis rwmenasa da
demokratiuli centralizmisadmi dogmatur erTgulebaze, rac upirobo
morCilebas moiTxovs partiuli kursisadmi da krZalavs urCobas.
marTalia, evropuli komunisturi partiebis gavlena SedarebiT Semcir
da, magram ar gamqrala. mas Semdeg, rac safrangeTis komunisturma partiam
moipova STambeWdavi saarCevno gamarjveba 1997 wlis maisSi, sami komunisti
dainiSna samTavrobo postebze. [bolo wlebSi komunisturi partiebis mniS
vneloba Semcirda da isini an gaqrnen, an socialistur partiebs SeuerTdne
_ mTargm. Sen.]
demokratiuli socializmi. revoluciuri komunizmisgan gansxvavebiT, de
mokratiuli socializmi _ socialisturi ideologiis meore mniSvnelovani
ganStoeba, koleqtivistur miznebs misdevs (da amrigad, uaryofs kapital
izms), magram erTgulia demokratiuli saSualebebisa. orTodoqsuli marq
sizmisgan gansxvavebiT, demokrat-socialistebs sjeraT gradualizmisa _
reformisa da ara revoluciis.
demokratiuli socialistebi, igive social-demokratebi, mTavrobis
rolis zrdisa da bazris rolis SezRudvis momxreni arian. socialistur
partiaTa umravlesoba mxars uWers ekonomikis ZiriTadi nawilebis _ trans
portis, komunikaciebis, komunaluri momsaxurebis, sabanko sistemis da
finansebis, dazRvevisa da mrewvelobis iseTi dargebis, rogoricaa manqa
432
naTmSenebloba, Savi da feradi metalurgia, samTo-mopovebiTi dargebi da

energetika _ nacionalizacias. isini, aseve, momxreebi arian Tanamedrove
`keTildReobis saxelmwifosi~, sadac mTavrobas didi pasuxismgebloba akis
ria jandacvis, ganaTlebisa da mosaxleobis keTildReobis sakiTxebSi.
`keTildReobis saxelmwifos~ mizani aris siRaribisa da uTanasworobis
daZleva Semosavlebis farTomasStabiani gadanawilebis gziT. mas xSirad
aRweren rogorc àkvnidan saflavamde~ sistemas. aseT saxelmwifos axa
siaTebs ufaso umaRlesi ganaTleba, ufaso (an didad subsidirebuli) sa
medicino momsaxureba, xelgaSlili sajaro daxmarebebi (fuladi daxmareba
mravalSvilian ojaxebs, sapensio gegmebi, sxvadasxva saxis ufaso an subsi
direbuli momsaxureba). am programebisa da momsaxurebis dasafinanseblad
socialistebi mxars uWeren maRal gadasaxadebs, maT Soris, mkveTrad mzard
saSemosavlo da myar memkvidreobiT gadasaxadebs, raTa amoivsos ufskruli
mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris. socialisturi ideologia moiTxovs amgvar
politikas, radgan is socialur samarTlianobas ekonomikur Tanasworobas
Tan aigivebs.
meore msoflio omis Semdeg demokratiul socializms udidesi gavlena
hqonda dasavleT evropaSi (da ramdenime ganviTarebad qveyanaSi). bevr ev
ropul qveyanaSi arsebobs warmatebuli social-demokratiuli partia. ger
maniaSi, magaliTad, centralur memarcxene partias formalurad ewodeba
social-demokratiuli. `keTildReobis saxelmwifos~ klasikur magaliTs
warmoadgenen didi britaneTi da skandinaviis qveynebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom
1981 wels safrangeTis prezidenti gaxda socialisti fransua miterani da
amis Semdeg erovnul arCevnebSi misma partiam moipova sakmarisi xmebi imis
aTvis, rom Seedgina pirveli memarcxene mTavroba mexuTe respublikis isto
riaSi (romelic 1958 wlidan arsebobs). da mainc, ramdenime gamonaklisis gar
da, rogoricaa dania da SvedeTi, social-demokratebis politikuri gavlena
Semcirda 1990-ian wlebSi. politikuri partiebi, romlebic mxars uWerdnen
socialistur principebs, an kargavdnen gavlenas, an ufro ùmegobrdebod
nen~ Tavisufal bazarsa da ekonomikuri konkurenciis ideebs. britaneTis
leiboristuli partia, romelic 1997 wels movida mTavrobaSi `zomieri~
politikosis, toni bleris meTaurobiT, TvalsaCino magaliTia ukanasknel
wlebSi evropis social-demokratiuli partiis poziciis Serbilebisa.
demokratiul socializms, rogorc organizebul politikur Zalas, mc
ire gavlena hqonda meore msoflio omis Semdgom aSS-is politikaze, miuxe
davad imisa, rom 1930-ian wlebSi prezidentobis kandidatis norman tomasis
propaganda socialisturi xasiaTisa iyo da amomrCevelTa didi mxardaWera
da yuradReba moipova. rogorc pirvel msoflio omamde, ise mis Semdeg, so
cialistebma miiRes 900 aTasi xma arCevnebze. 1912 da 1920 wlis arCevnebma
aSS-Si socializmis mimarT didi interesi aCvena. raSi iyo saqme?
amerikelebi, rogorc wesi, individualistebi arian da eWviT uyureben
`did saxelmwifos~; xolo meore msoflio omis Semdeg isini socializms saer
Tod komunizmTan aigivebdnen da amitom uaryofdnen mas. amis miuxedavad,
bevri sajaro programa, romlebic axla sayovelTaodaa aRiarebuli, waagavs
im programebs, romlebsac ukve didi xania mxars uWeren demokrati sociali
433
stebi. magaliTebis saxiT SegviZlia moviyvanoT socialuri usafrTxoeba,

jandacva, mravalSvilian ojaxTa daxmareba, umuSevrobis kompensacia da
sacxovrebliT uzrunvelyofis saxelmwifo programebi.
radikaluri egalitarianizmi. radikaluri egalitarianizmi ar aris pirda
piri ideologia im gagebiT, rom is ar umadlis Tavis arsebobas erTi indi
vidis naSromebs da ar Sedgeba erTi-ori yovlismomcveli principisgan. is
arc universaluradaa aRiarebuli. Tumca, yvelafris miuxedavad, radikal
uri egalitarianizmi aris cxadi da mkafiod gansazRvruli pozicia sajaro
keTidlReobisadmi. igi sruliad Tanaswori msoflios momxrea. mis mimdev
arTa azriT, sazogadoebaSi miRebuli yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli da
yoveldRiuri gansxvavebebi (vin aris warmatebuli, ras vswavlobT da vkiTx
ulobT da a.S.) Tavdapirvelad warmoiSva mikerZoebis/midrekilebis an eT
nocentrizmis safuZvelze. radikaluri egalitarianistebi miiCneven, rom
eTnikuri umciresobebi, qalebi, homoseqsualebi, fizikurad Tu gonebrivad
unarSezRuduli adamianebi da yvelani, vinc umravlesobis farglebs gareT
xvdebian, ganicdian diskriminacias. amitomac sazogadoebam yvelaferi unda
gaakeTos maTi winwawevis, warmatebisa da Tanasworobis uzrunvelsayofad. es
jgufebi didi xnis manZilze idevnebodnen (privilegirebuli TeTrkaniani ma
makacebis sasargeblod), amitomac isini unda gaxdnen kvlevebis obieqtebica
da wyaroebic da maTTvis da maT Sesaxeb dawerili namuSevrebi unda Sediodes
yoveli kolejis saswavlo gegmaSi. da bolos, maTi azriT, es jgufebi ar aris
kargad Seswavlili sistemuri diskrimaniciisa da dasavluri civilizaciis
endemuri midrekilebebis gamo.
amerikuli saganmanaTleblo sistemis, sazogadebisa da civilizaciis ra
dikaluri egalitarianistuli analizi Zalian sakamaToa. konservatori kri
tikosebi ewinaaRmdegebian amerikuli sazogadoebisa da dasavluri civili
zaciis radikalur-egalitarianistul daxasiaTebas da brazdebian, rodesac
maTi kritika uaryofilia rogorc rasistuli, genderulad diskriminaciu
li, homofobiuri (homoseqsualTa zizRi) an sxva mizeziT. konservatori kri
tikosebi acxadeben, rom radikali egalitarianistebi qmnian emociurad daZ
abul klimats, sadac mxolod `politikurad koreqtul~ azrs scemen pativs.
1990-ian wlebSi politikuri koreqtulobis polemika Tavs daatyda amerikul
kolejebs. xSirad es gamoixateboda debatebSi radikalur-egaliterianistu
li msoflmxedvelobis saWiroebis Sesaxeb.
izmebi da amerikuli politika

amerikuli politika, arsebiTad, aris mZafri konkurencia liberalebsa
da konservatorebs Soris. ramdenadac es ori mimarTuleba xSirad dabneu
lobas iwvevs da radganac Znelia amerikuli politikis umTavresi sakiTxebis
gageba liberalizm-konservatizmisgan gancalkevebiT, sajaro sikeTesTan
erTad unda ganvixiloT es ori amerikuli mimdinareoba.
434
iarliyebi amerikul politikaSi

Tanamedrove amerikul liberalizmsa da konservatizms dasavluri poli
tikuri azris 300-wliani liberaluri tradicia udevs safuZvlad. yvelaze
fundamenturi principi am tradiciisa iyo is, rom mTavroba unda icavdes
adamianis individualur uflebebs. amerikuli liberalizmi xazs usvams
socialur, politikur da ekonomikur Tanasworobas yvela samoqalaqo
uflebis dacvisa da gafarToebis saxeliT. amisgan gansxvavebiT, amerikuli
konservatizmi momxrea iseTi politikisa, romelic win wamoswevs ayvavebasa
da Tanabar Sansebs individualuri sakuTrebisa da ekonomikuri uflebebis
dacvis saxeliT. amrigad, rogorc liberalebi, ise konservatorebi emxro
bian indvidualuri uflebebis dacvas, ubralod, isini gansxvavdebian imis
mixedviT, romeli miaCniaT am uflebaTagan ufro mniSvnelovnad.
ramdenime faqtori aZnelebs imis zustad gansazRvras, ras gulisxmobs
liberalizmi da konservatizmi amerikuli politikis aspeqtSi. ra aris es
faqtorebi?
upirveles yovlisa, aSS-Si ideologiis roli mkacrad SezRudulia
politikuri kulturiT, sadac yoveldRiuri politika moicavs konkret
ul interesTa dapirispirebas da ara Seurigebeli ideebisa da principebis
konfliqts. rogorc wesi, arCeuli moxeleebis dRis wesrigi gamosaxavs
adgilobriv ekonomikur interesebs, amomrCevlis socialuri da ekonomi
kuri ganwyobebis cvlilebas, upirispirdeba garkveul problemas. amrigad,
miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikul politikaSi arian doqtrinuli liberalebi
da konservatorebi, praqtikaSi amerikeli politikosebi ufro pragmatulni
arian, vidre dogmaturebi.
liberalebi da konservatorebi kamaTisas iSviaTad eqcevian erTsa da
imave mxares. magaliTad, zogadad, konservatorebi emxrobian kanonebs por
nografiis winaaRmdeg, maSin, roca liberalebi ewinaaRmdegebian aseT Sez
Rudvebs (metic, xandaxan xumrobiT amboben, rom liberalebi yiduloben
im wignebs, romelTa akrZalvac undaT konservatorebs, im dros, roca kon
servatorebi qmnian cenzuris komitetebs da iq jgufurad kiTxuloben am
wignebs). amis miuxedavad, e.w. minimalisti konservatorebi anu libertari
anelebi ewinaaRmdegebian yvela saxis SezRudvas nebismieri saxis sakiTxavi
masalis gayidvaze, demonstrirebaze, distribuciasa da flobaze. am dros,
qalTa uflebebis damcveli zogi liberali, radikalic ki, uerTdeba kon
servatorebs amgvari wignebis akrZalvis moTxovnaSi, im motiviT, rom por
nografia eqpluatacias uwevs da reputacias ulaxavs mdedrobiTi sqesis
yvela warmomadgenels gaukuRmarTebuli mamakacebis siamovnebisaTvis.
zogi sakiTxi, romelic liberalebsa da konservatorebs yofda or
dapirispirebul banakad erT dros, sxva dros SeiZleba saerTod Seusabamo
gaxdes. konservatorebi icavdnen aristokratiis Zalauflebasa da privil
egiebs, magram yvela saxis maRali warmomavlobis tituli gauqmda or sauku
neze meti xnis win. evropaSi, sadac memkvidreobiTi titulebi adre gasaRebi
iyo qonebisa da Zala-uflebisaTvis, maTi yofili upiratesobis Sexseneba
dRes warsulisken anomaliur mibrunebad gveCveneba. imis miuxedavad, rom
435
konservatorebi liberalebze metad midrekilni arian mdidarTa intere

sebis dacvisadmi, verc erTi seriozuli politikuri figura ver gabedavs
gamoTqvas azri aristokratiis upiratesobis aRdgenis Sesaxeb.
saerTo Temebi
erT dros cnebebi _ liberalizmi da konservatizmi, SeiZleba logikurad
Tanmimdevrul da zustad gansazRvrul alternativebs gamoxatavda. Tumca,
Tanamedrove amerikul politikur cxovrebaSi isini araa calkeuli da myarad
Camoyalibebuli ideologiebi, rogoric, magaliTad, komunizmi an faSizmi.
aSS-Si rogorc liberalizmi, ise konservatizmi ganviTarda politikuri
principebis fundamenturi wyebidan da maT variaciebs warmoadgens.7 es poli
tikuri kredo bevrs unda umadlodes jon lokis politikur Sromebs. rogorc
damoukideblobis deklaraciaSia Sejamebuli, yvela adamiani ibadeba Tanas
worad; uzrunvelyofilia maTi arsebiTi uflebebi, maT Soris sicocxlis,
Tavisuflebisa da bednierebisken swrafvis uflebebi (lokis `sakuTrebis
uflebis~ jefersoniseuli variacia); mTavroba arsebobs am uflebis da
sacavad da legitimuri xdeba marTulTa Tanxmobis safuZvelze. deklaracia
aseve acxadebs, rom rodesac mTavrobas aviwydeba misi xelisuflebaSi mosv
lis mizani da mizezebi, xalxs aqvs ufleba Secvalos an gaauqmos is.
damoukideblobis deklaraciaSi zogadadaa Camoyalibebuli is prin
cipebi, romlebzec Tavis dasawyisSi visaubreT. Tavisufleba xazgasmiTaa
naxsenebi, iseve rogorc individis ufleba sicocxlesa da usafrTxoebaze.
ayvaveba gulixmobs mTavrobis movaleobas, daicvas adamianis ufleba, ilt
vodes bednierebisaken (bolos da bolos, bednierebisken swrafva ar gamor
icxavs simdidrisken swrafvas komerciul sazogadoebaSi). Tanasworoba miC
neulia adamianis fundamentur mdgomareobad da amerikel xalxs, sxvasTan
erTad, garantirebuli aqvs Tanabari Tavisufleba.
da bolos, miCneulia, rom mTavroba, romelic adekvaturad ar icavs da
pativs ar scems adamianis sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da bednierebisken
swrafvis uflebas, ar imsaxurebs keTil saxels. amgvari saxis mTavroba,
deklaraciis mixedviT, arRvevs samarTlianobis principebs da SeiZleba
misi Secvla an gauqmeba. aSS-is konstituciaSi, romelsac aqvs sayovelTaod
aRiarebuli mizani _ `gamoacxados samarTlianoba, uzrunvelyos mSvidoba
qveynis SigniT, saerTo usafrTxoeba, Tavisuflebis dacva da sazogadoebis
keTildReobas Seuwyos xeli~, mTavrobis es ZiriTadi amocanebi kidev ufro
cxadad aris aRwerili.
konservatorebi: ekonomikuri uflebebis primati

aSS-Si konservatorebi ZiriTadad xazs usvamen ekonomikasa da ekonomi
kur uflebebs. am saxis winadadebebiT pirvelad wardgnen XVII-XVIII saukunis
politikuri filosofosebi da ekonomistebi.
436
jon loki (1632-1704). imis miuxedavad, rom jon loki, upirvelesad, miC
neulia politikis filosofosad, man didi wvlili Seitana komerciuli
respublikis ideis CamoyalibebaSi. es aris ekonomikuri koncefcia, ro
melic gansazRvravs Tanamedrove konservatizmis birTvs. lokma naTlad ga
nacxada, rom individebs aqvT sakuTrebis ufleba _ gansakuTrebiT Tavisi
ZalisxmeviT mopovebul sakuTrebaze _ da mTavrobis erT-erTi yvelaze
mniSvnelovani mizani kerZo sakuTrebis dacvaa. man aseve gonivruli axsna
mouZebna sakuTrebis uflebebs, legalur fulad valebsa da saxelSekrule
bo valdebulebebs, rac komerciuli saxelmwifos safuZvelia. amasTan er
Tad, sixarbis instinqts inteleqtur diskursSi axladmopovebuli respeq
tabeloba mianiWa.
bevri Zveli filosofosi, aristoteledan Toma aqvinelamde (1224-1274),
gaurboda amqveyniuri mflobelobiT zedmetad dainteresebas. amisgan gan
sxvavebiT, loks warmodgenili hqonda sazogadoeba, sadac individebi mud
mivad iRvwian TavianTi xvedris gasaumjobeseblad, sadac warmoebisa da
gamogonebis suli yvavis da fuli aris gacvlis universaluri saSualeba.
misi azriT, qonebis dagrovebis Semdgom, reinvestirebuli da gafarToebu
li sazogadoeba ayvavdeba da ayvavebuli sazogadoeba iqneba bednieri.
baron de monteskie (1689-1755). maSin, roca lokma ganaviTara komerciuli
respublikis zogadi Teoria, frangma politikis filosofosma baron de
monteskiem Tavis cnobil naSrom `kanonTa gonSi~ (1748) gansazRvra biznessa
da komerciasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis dadebiTi mxareebi. monteskies
azriT, qveynebs, romlebic eqstensiur vaWrobas awarmoeben sxva saxelmwifoe
bTan, survili eqnebaT mSvidobisa, radgan omi xels uSlis saerTaSoriso
vaWrobas. man, aseve, daaskvna, rom komercia xels uwyobs ufro samarTlebri
vi politikuri wesrigis Camoyalibebas, individualuri TviTgaumjobesebi
saTvis axali gzebis gaxsniT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, siRaribeSi dabade
bulsac SeuZlia gaxdes mdidari dauRalavi SromiTa da JiniT. amasTan,
komerciaze gakeTebuli aqcenti ganawyobda sazogadoebas religiuri fana
tizmis winaaRmdeg. miwier keTildReobaze zrunva da `jounsebTan Sejibri~
(amerikuli gamoTqma _ mezoblebTan Sejibreba materialur sakuTrebaSi)
daikavebda religiuri dapirispirebis gamomwvevi fanatikuri aRmafrenis
adgils. komerciuli wesrigis saukeTeso mxarea misi dadebiTi gavlena indi
vidualur moralurobaze. monteskies sjeroda, rom komerciuli demokra
tia warmoSobda burJuaziul Rirseul Tvisebebs, maT Soris `yairaTianobas,
ekonomiurobas, Sromas, SorsmWvretelobas, wesrigs.~8
adam smiti (1723-1790). mas Semdeg, rac lokma Camoayaliba komerciuli sax
elmwifos politikuri safuZvlebi da monteskiem CamoTvala amgvari saxelm
wifos dadebiTi mxareebi, Sotlandielma ekonomistma adam smitma axsna misi
moqmedebis principebi. smiTi darwmunebuli iyo, rom rogorc individual
uri bedniereba, ise socialuri harmonia mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli saqon
lisa da momsaxurebis warmoebis gzebTan. man Tavis cnobil naSromSi `xalxTa
simdidris bunebisa da mizezebis kvleva~ (Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the
437
Wealth of Nations; 1776) (romelmac Semdeg didi gavlena moipova) sqemis saxiT
Camoayaliba, rogor SeuZlia komerciul sazogadoebas efeqtianad iarsebos

centraluri mTavrobis mier ekonomikuri sferos regulirebisa da dagegm
vis gareSe. es naSromi yvela sxva wignze metad iqca Tanamedrove kapitaliz
mis logikur dasabuTebad.
lokis msgavsad, smitic aRiarebda adamianTa saqmianobaSi kerZo intere
sis umniSvnelovanes rols. ekonomikur bazarze kerZo interesi ara marto
ganawyobs individs muSaobisTvis, aramed karnaxobs mas iseTi saqmianobis ar
Cevas, romelic miesadageba mis specifikur socialur saWiroebas:
Cven rom sadils mivirTmevT, es ar aris yasabis, xabazis an ludis mx
arSvelis keTilganwyobis Sedegi, es sakuTari dainteresebis Sedegia.
Cven Cvens interesebis dakmayofilebas unda vumadlodeT ara maT hu
manurobas, aramed maT sakuTari Tavis siyvaruls. da Cven maT vesaubre
biT ara Cveni saWirobidan, aramed maTi upiratesobidan gamomdinare.9
smitis cnobili Teoriaa bazris ùCinari xeli~, romelic gamoxatulia

moTxovna-miwodebis kanoniT. misi azriT, es kanoni gansazRvravs sabaz
ro fass. sadac produqtis raodenoba didia da moTxovna _ mcire, saqon
lis sabazro fasi ecema im dromde, sanam yvelaze efeqtiani mwarmoeblebi
ar darCebian bazarze. sapirispirod, roca produqtis raodenoba mcirea da
moTxovna _ didi, saqonlis sabazro fasi matulobs. sabolood, Rirebuleba
daiwevs, roca konkurencia gaizrdeba. am gziT bazari avtomaturad amyarebs
miwodeba-moTxovnis wonasworobas.
smits sjeroda, rom gamorCeniT daintereseba da sabazro Zalebi erTmaneTs
Seewyobodnen, raTa SeenarCunebinaT ekonomikuri Sejibri da konkurencia. es,
Tavis mxriv, ar miscemda fasebs saSualebas Zalian gascdenoda produqciis
realur Rirebulebas (Tu es ase moxdeboda, mwarmoeblebs daTrgunavdnen
konkurentebi). am TvalsazrisiT, sakuTari interesebis dakmayofileba da
sabazro mdgomareoba xels uwyobs fasebis TviTregulacias: maRali fasebi
qmnis maRali konkurenciis iniciativas, dabali fasi iwvevs moTxovnis gazr
das da Sesabamisad, amas Sedegad produqciis gazrda mohyveba.
da bolos, smitis Tavisufali mewarmeobis Teoriis mixedviT, individebi
nebayoflobiT irCeven konkretulad im profesiasa da saqmianobas, romle
bic sazogadoebaSi yvelaze faseulad iTvleba, radgan fuladi gasamrjelo
am SemTxvevaSi Zalian didi sacduria, maSinac ki, roca TviT saqmianoba ar
aris Zalian momxibvleli.10 es koncefciebi erTad gansazRvravs e.w. Tavisu
fali (laissez-faire (mieciT saSualeba xalxs, gaakeTos, rac unda) kapitalizms.
es aris idea, romlis Tanaxmadac mTavrobis Carevisgan Tavisufali bazari
ekonomikis saukeTeso regulatoria.
Tanamedrove konservatizmi. lokis, monteskiesa da smiTis namuSevrebze
dayrdnobiT Tanamedrove konservatorebi did mniSvnelobas aniWeben adami
anTa uflebas, iltvodnen bednierebisaken rogorc individebi (da ara ro
gorc koleqtivis wevrebi). isini gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvileben
438
adamianis uflebaze moipovos, daagrovos da gankargos sakuTreba. aseve,

icaven biznesisa da korporaciuli industriis interesebs. amiT eTanxmebian
smiTis mosazrebas, rom individualuri keTildReobis mopoveba aucile
blad gamoiwvevs saerTo ayvavebasa da keTildReobas. da bolos, konserva
torebi akritikeben bazris moqmedebaSi saxelmwifos Carevas (iseve rogorc
socialuri keTildReobis programebs) da biznesis saqmeebSi biurokratiul
`cxviris Cayofas~ (magaliTad, federalur moTxovnebs minimaluri garemos
dacviTi standartebis Sesaxeb).
konservatorebi irwmunebian, rom individualizms konkretuli sajaro
sikeTeebi moaqvs, maT Soris, nergavs SromiT eTikas, wesrigisa da stabi
lurobis survils da jansaR TviTSekavebas mTavrobis mxridan. es sajaro
(sazogadoebrivi) sikeTeebi yvelaze metad im politikur sistemaSi Seiqmne
ba, sadac yvelaze kargi pirobebia individis warmatebisaTvis. SeiZleba mon
teskieseuli `yairaTianoba, ekonomiuroba, zomiereba, Sroma, SorsmWvre
teloba, simSvide, wesrigi da kanoni~ araa umaRlesi idealebi, magram
konservatorebisaTvis yvelaferi es normaluri da stabiluri politikuri
sistemis garantiebia.
liberalebi: samoqalaqo uflebebis primati

konservatorebis msgavsad, liberalebic miiCneven, rom individebs miniWe
buli aqvT garkveuli uflebebi. magram, maTgan gansxvavebiT, uflebebi, rom
lebic liberalebs yvelaze mniSvnelovnad miaCniaT, aris samoqalaqo ufle
bebi. amrigad, isini gaafTrebiT icaven im individebsa da jgufebs, romelTa
uflebebic irRveva da diskriminacias ganicdian (mag. rasobrivi umcireso
bani, qalebi da Raribebi). liberalebi eTanxmebian xelisuflebis mcdelobasa
da qmedebebs, miaRwion Tanabar uflebebs. amavdroulad, isini zogadad ewi
naaRmdegebian mTavrobis mier gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvas; agreTve,
erTobis standartebisa da tradiciebis SenarCunebis mizniT `moralis da
kanonebis~ mcdelobebs.
pirovnul Tavisuflebaze yuradRebis aseTi gamaxvileba fundamentur
rwmenas aZlevs individualurobis Rirsebas. TiToeuli adamianis unikal
urobisa Tu Rirsebis dacva da pativiscema sazogadoebaSi mTavrobis um
niSvnelovanesi mizani unda iyos. individualizmis dasacavi argumentebi
mkafiod aris Camoyalibebuli jon stiuart milis naSromSi `Tavisuflebis
Sesaxeb~ (1859):
mas, vinc uflebas aZlevs samyaros an samyaros misTvis gankuTvnil
nawils, mis magivrad dagegmos misi cxovreba, ar sWirdeba sxva aranairi
niWi, garda maimunisebri adamianisa. is, vinc Tavis cxovrebas Tavad geg
mavs, iyenebs yvela Tavis niWs. mas sWirdeba dakvirveba, raTa dainaxos;
logikuri azrovneba da gansjis unari, raTa pirdapir ganWvritos;
saqmianoba, raTa moagrovos masala gadawyvetilebis misaRebad; gansx
vavebis unari, raTa gadawyvitos da roca gadawyvets, simyare da TviT
439
kontroli, raTa misdios saguldagulod miRebul gadawyvetilebebs.

am Tvisebebs is saWiroebs da iyenebs zustad, proporciulad, rogorc
Tavisi qmedebis nawils, romelsac gansazRvravs sakuTari azrovnebisa
da grZnobebis mixedviT. SesaZlebelia isic, rom is daadges karg gzas
da Tavi aaridos zians yovelive amis gamoyenebis gareSec. magram am
SemTxvevaSi ra iqneboda SedarebiTi Rirebuleba misi, rogorc adami
anisa? didi mniSvnelobisaa ara marto is, ras akeTebs adamiani, aramed
is manerac, romliTac is rames akeTebs. adamianis namuSevarTa Soris,
romlis gaumjobesebasa da galamazebaSia CarTuli misi cxovreba, up
irvelesi mniSvnelobisa Tavad adamiania. . . . adamianis buneba ar aris
manqana, rom nimuSis mixedviT aago da daniSno misTvis gamowerili sa
muSaos zustad Sesasruleblad. adamianis buneba SegviZlia ufro xes
SevadaroT, romelsac zrda da ganviTareba sWirdeba Sinagani Zalebis
tendenciebis mixedviT, rac mas cocxal arsebad aqcevs.11
mili agreTve aRniSnavs, rom individualurobas mudmivi safrTxe emuqre

ba sazogadoebrivi azris damxuTveli erTgvarovnebis mxridan. swored am
mizeziT, liberalebis azriT, individebi saWiroeben dacvas umravleso
bis mmarTvelobaze damyarebuli xelisuflebisgan. isini miiCneven, rom
demokratiuli sazogadoeba xSirad erTmaneTSi urevs azris raodenobasa
da xarisxs da xSirad utolebs ricxobriv aRmatebulebas politikur WeS
maritebas. am procesSi sxva-gvarad moazrovneebs xSirad sxva TvaliT uy
ureben da zogjer devnian kidec.
milisa da misi inteleqtualuri memkvidreebis TvalSi individualizmi
kargia sazogadoebisaTvis da individebisaTvis, radgan swored adamianis
kreatiulobis, dinamizmisa da gamomgoneblobis gamo viTardeba sazoga
doeba. liberalebi miiCneven, rom Tu individebs miecemaT saSualeba, sru
lyofilad ganaviTaron niWi da gaavrcelon TavianTi ideebi, mTavroba
SeZlebs simbiozuri urTierTobebis aSenebas, sadac individic da sazoga
doebac gaizrdeba da ganviTardeba.
arsebiTi gansxvavebebi
amerikel liberalebsa da konservatorebs Soris gansxvavebis safuZve
li dapirispirebuli mosazrebebia adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb. liberalebs
sjeraT adamianebis sikeTisa da kargi bunebisa. marTalia, isini ar uaryofen,
rom zogi adamiani sazogadoebisaTvis miuReblad iqceva, magram aseT ada
mianebs garemos msxverplad miiCneven. magaliTad, Tanamedrove amerikelTa
umravlesoba miiCnevs, rom danaSaulis Sesamcireblad sazogadoebam unda
Seamsubuqos siRaribis, sasowarkveTis mdgomareoba da rasizmi, romelic
asazrdoebs antisazogadoebriv qmedebas. sxva sityvebiT, adamianebi Tanas
worni arian Rirsebis mixedviT da imsaxureben aseT mopyrobas mTavrobisa
da Tanamoqaleqeebis mxridan.
konservatorebi adamianis bunebas ufro muq ferebSi xedaven. maT miaC
440
niaT, rom adamianebi dabadebidanve egoistebi da xSirad daumorCileblebi

arian. individebi cdiloben TavianTi Tavi sxvebze maRla daayenon, isini gan
sxvavdebian motivaciiT, SesaZleblobebiT, moraluri RirebulebebiTa da
iRbliT. konservatorebi amboben, rom am gansxvavebaTa Semcireba arc erT
mTavrobas ar xelewifeba. sabolood, TavianTi liberali oponentebisgan
gansxvavebiT, maT naklebi `Tavis tkivili~ aqvT araTanabari sazogadoebrivi
mdgomareobisa da gansxvavebuli qonebrivi SesaZleblobebis gamo. amasTan,
isini ar miaweren adamianis antisazogadoebriv qmedebas garemo faqtorebs.
piriqiT, fiqroben, rom sazogadoebaSi yovelTvis iarsebeben `dampali vaS
lebi~ (amerikuli gamoTqma _ cudi gavlenis mqone adamiani. mTargmn. Sen.).
kidev erTi faqtori, rac konservatorebsa da liberalebs ganasxvavebs,
isaa, rom es ukanasknelni Tavs istoriulad mimdinare procesis nawilad
miiCneven, romlis farglebSic adamianis mdgomareoba gaumjobesda da Tan
daTan ufro umjobesdeba. sxva sityvebiT, liberalebi istorias progresu
li TvalsazrisiT uyureben. maT sjeraT, rom Cveulebrivi adamiani dRes
ukeTes mdgomareobaSia, vidre ramdenime Taobis an ramdenime saukunis win.
maTi azriT, momavlis socialuri mowyoba, rogorc sakuTar qveyanaSi, ise
sazRvargareT, ise iqneba konstruirebuli, rom yvela adamians saukeTeso
misces. aqedan gamomdinare, liberalebi optimisturad uyureben momavalSi
sazogadoebisa da mTeli msoflios gakeTilSobilebis mcdelobas.
konservatorebi, maTgan gansxvavebiT, awmyos sirTuleebis daZlevisas
warsuls gzamkvlevad iyeneben. isini eWvqveS ayeneben mosazrebas, rom cv
lileba SeiZleba gautoldes progress. maTTvis politikuri erToba faqizi
organizmia, romelic gaerTianebulia saerTo faseulobebiTa da Sexedule
bebiT. Cveuleba da tradiciebi, aRiarebuli sazogadoebrivi institutebi
(magaliTad, ojaxi, eklesia, mTavroba) da Rrmad fesvgadgmuli socialuri
xatebi konservatorebisaTvis erTaderTi myari safuZvelia stabiluri
sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dasamyareblad. TviT sazogadoebis msgavsad
tradiciebic arasdros unda Seicvalos swrafad da erTi xelis mosmiT. kon
servatorTa umravlesoba savsebiT eTanxmeba edmund berkis mosazrebas _
rodesac cvlileba saWiro ar aris, arc unda SevcvaloT.
konservatorebi, liberalebi da sajaro politika

konservatorTa da liberalTa gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi cvlilebebis,
adamianis bunebisa da sazogadoebis Sesaxeb, gvexmareba am or jgufs Soris
arsebuli daZabulobis axsnaSi. am daZabulobas zogi damkvirvebeli `kul
turaTa omsac~ uwodebda.12 zemoaRniSnul programebs (iseTi socialuri
instituciebis mizani, Semadgenloba da mniSvneloba, rogoricaa ojaxi, ga
naTleba, xelovneba, kanoni da politika) moralur sakiTxebSi uTanxmoeba
udevs safuZvlad. konservatorebis aqcenti tradiciebsa da orTodoqsulo
baze, kulminacias aRwevs rwmenaSi, rom keTili da boroti transcendentur
filosofiasa da religiaSi Caqsovili universaluri faseulobebia. maTgan
gansxvavebiT, liberalTa mravalferovnebisa da tolerantobisadmi erT
441
guleba gamoxatulia rwmenaSi, rom moraluri da politikuri gadawyvetile

bebi piradi sakiTxebia. magaliTad, liberalTa umravlesoba ewinaaRmdegeba
skolebSi locvas, moiTxovs farTo legalur da socialur uflebebs ho
moseqsualebisaTvis, aseve, miiCneven, rom qalebs aqvT abortis gakeTebis
ufleba. amisagan gansxvavebiT, konservatorebi, rogorc wesi, fiqroben, rom
skolebSi locvis akrZalva, homoseqsualTa uflebebis aRiareba da abortis
nebarTva, moralurad arasworia. liberalebis azriT ki, individualuri ar
Cevanis uaryofiT irRveva is, rac moralurad sworia.13
liberalebi da konservatorebi, aseve, gansxvavdebian adamianuri bunebisa
da uflebebis sakiTxebis mimarT TavianTi damokidebulebiTac. sakuTrebis
uflebisadmi erTguleba imis rwmenasTan erTad, rom warmateba da ayvaveba
adamianis bednierebis arsia, konservatorebs dauregulirebeli komerciisa
da industriis momxreebad aqcevs. amave mizeziT, isini ewinaaRmdegebian so
cialur programebs, romlebic moicavs erovnuli Semosavlis msxvilmasSta
bian gadanawilebas, did an mzard gadasaxadebs, janmrTelobis dazRvevis
saxelmwifo programebsa da sxv. amgvari damokidebulebis gamo Tanamedrove
konservatorebi `mcire mTavrobis~ momxreebi arian. xolo iq, sadac saxelm
wifo programebi aucilebeli an gardauvalia, konservatorebis azriT, ad
gilobrivi xelisufleba ufro axlosaa xalxTan da amitom ufro sandoa, vi
dre federaluri xelisufleba. meore mxriv, adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb, cota
ar iyos uaryofiTi Sexeduleba konservatorebs liberalebze ufro mkacrad
ganawyobs piradi usafrTxoebisa da sazogadoebrivi wesrigis (amitom isini
momxreni arian kriminalebis mimarT ufro sastiki sadamsjelo RonisZie
bebis gatarebisa), aseve erovnuli usafrTxoebis sakiTxebis mimarT. da bo
los, konservatorebs sjeraT, rom ekonomikuri TanasworobiT zedmetad
dainteresebas SeuZlia Ziri gamouTxaros sistemas, romelmac, maTi azriT,
aSS esoden warmatebul qveynad aqcia. magaliTad, saxelmwifo mcdeloba mi
aRwios ekonomikur Tanasworobas iseTi meqanizmebis saSualebiT, rogori
caa makompensirebeli programa, axSobs individualur iniciativas da amci
rebs kavSirs pirad damsaxurebasa da fulad jildos Soris.
vinaidan liberalebi samyaros karg da keTil adgilad da adamianis
bunebas _ Tandayolilad keTilad miiCneven, isini ufro midrekilni ari
an dainaxon TanamSromlobis, cxovrebisa da mankierebaTa gamosworebis
SesaZleblobebi iq, sadac konservatorebi gamowvevebsa da safrTxeebs xe
daven. amrigad, sagareo saqmeebSi liberalebi Tavdacvaze naklebi xarjebis
gawevis momxreni arian, konservatorebi ki eTanxmebian Zvel gamonaTqvams:
`geSinodes RmerTisa da Seinaxe Seni Tofis wamali mSralad.~ saSinao saqmee
bTan dakavSirebiT liberalebi fiqroben, rom sazogadoeba, rogorc erTi
mTliani organizmi, mogebulia xelisuflebis absoluturi CareviT, raTa
uzrunvelyos daCagruli an uiRblo adamianebi saxelmwifo sacxovrebliT,
saxelmwifo dasaqmebiT, janmrTelobis universaluri dazRveviTa da a.S.
maTi azriT, rogoric ar unda iyos sazogadoebis keTildReobis done mTli
anad, Semosavlis gadanawilebis didi uTanasworoba unda gamoswordes sax
elmwifo politikis saSualebiT. yvela adamiani Tanaswori ibadeba, amitom
aravin unda itanjebodes siRaribiT gamowveuli damcirebiT maSin, roca
442
zogi fufunebaSi cxovrobs. nebismieri amerikelis diskriminaciis Tavidan

acileba SesaZlebeli gaxdeba Zlieri sakompensacio programebiTa da xe
lisuflebis CareviT. metic, maT sjeraT, rom danaSaulis Camdennic msxver
plni arian (ekonomikuri da socialuri usamarTlobisa) da miaCniaT, rom Ra
ribebi ufro xSirad exvevian kriminalur danaSaulSi. liberalebi moiTxoven
braldebulTa uflebebis maqsimalur dacvas. da bolos, amerikeli liberal
isaTvis individualizmis dacvis saukeTeso saSualeba iqneba aekrZalos xe
lisuflebas konstituciiT miniWebuli sityvis, aRmsareblobis, Sekrebebis,
gaerTianebebis da pirovnebis TavisuflebaSi nebismieri saxiT Careva.
daskvna
saxelmwifo garkveuli socialuri an ekonomikuri miznebis miRwevas
sajaro sikeTis miseuli gansazRvrebis mixedviT cdilobs. am miznebis sis
ruleSi moyvana damokidebulia saxelmwifos ideologiaze _ sajaro sikeTis Sesaxeb SexedulebaTa organizebul nakrebze.
ideologiebi SeiZleba Semdegnairad klasificirdes: antisaxelmwifoe
brivi (anarqizmi, libertarianizmi), memarjvene (monarqizmi, faSizmi), an
memarcxene (revoluciuri komunizmi, demokratiuli socializmi, radikal
uri egalitarianizmi). aSS-Si dominirebs ori sxva ideologiuri tendencia:
liberalizmi da konservatizmi. gasakviria, magram saocrad Znelia am ori
Tvalsazrisis gansxvaveba. upirveles yovlisa imitom, rom aSS-Si liberal
izmi da konservatizmi iziarebs mraval fundamentur mosazrebas da faseu
lobas. Tumca, ra Tqma unda, maT Soris garkveuli gansxvavebebic arsebobs.
konservatorebi xazs usvamen ekonomikur uflebebs, liberalebi aqcents
samoqalaqo uflebebze akeTeben. liberalebs sjeraT adamianis keTili
bunebisa, konservatorebi adamianis bunebis mimarT naklebad keTilganwyo
bili arian. liberalebi momavals optimisturad uyureben da sjeraT, rom
is uzrunvelyofs ukeTes cxovrebas yvelasaTvis. konservatorebi, awmyos
problemebTan gasamklaveblad, gzamkvlevad warsuls miiCneven. es gansx
vavebebi gamoxatulia gansxvavebul sajaro politikur miznebSi, romlebsac
TiToeuli es jgufi misdevs.
sakvanZo sityvebi
(sazogado) sikeTe
ideologia
anarqizmi
nihilizmi
libertarianeloba
monarqistebifaSizmi
kapitalizmi
Tavisufali mewarmeoba
Tavisufali sabazro ekonomika
koleqtivizmi
socializmi
utopisti socialistebi
revoluciuri komunizmi
proletariati
burJuazia
dialeqtikuri materializmi
kapitalisturi dagrovebis kanoni
pauperizaciis kanoni
evrokomunizmi
demokratiuli socializmi
gradualizmi
443
keTildReobis saxelmwifo
liberaluri tradicia
amerikuli liberalizmi
amerikuli konservatizmi
liberalizmi
konservatizmi
moTxovna-miwodebis kanoni
Tavisufali
(laissez-faire)
kapita
lizmi
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ra miznebidan gamomdinare SeiZleba gansazRvros konstituciuri saxelm

wifos xelisuflebam sajaro sikeTe?
ratom SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xelisuflebis warmatebuli moqmedeba
damokidebulia mis mier sajaro sikeTis realizaciis SesaZleblobaze?
ra aris ideologia? aris Tu ara es mecnieruli termini, romelic advilad
gamoiyeneba politikis analizisas? ratom?
riT hgavs revoluciuri komunizmi demokratiul socializms? romel
politikur sakiTxebze Tanxmdeba es ori mimdinareoba? romlebze ver
Tanxmdeba?
rogor SegviZlia ganvasxvavoT erTmaneTisgan liberalizmi da konserva
tizmi aSS-Si?
SeniSvnebi:
1. Aristotle, The Politics, red da mTargm. Ernest Braker (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962), 1279a, 112.
2. es msjeloba efuZneba Andrew Haywood-is, Political Ideologies: An Introduction (New York: St. Martins Press, 1992), 6-8. heivudis (da Cveni) msjeloba ki,
Tavis mxriv, emyareba gansazRvrebas, romelic SemogvTavaza May Salingerma, wignSi Politics and Ideology (London: Allen & Unwin, 1976)
3. The Anti-Defamation League ob Bnai Brith, Hate Groups in America: A Record of
Bigotry and Violence (New York, n.d.), 11.
4. kalvinistebi arian protestantebi, romlebic mihyvebian kalvinis (15091564) swavlebas. mtkice kalvinistebs sjeraT `bedisweris~, romlis Tanax
madac zogi adamiani rCeulia RvTis mier xsnisaTvis, xolo zogi _ samu
damodaa dawyevlili.
5. Jack C. Plano and Roy Olton, The International Relations Dictionary (Santa Barbara,
Calif.: ABS, 1982), 81.
444
6. Bertrand Russell, A History of Western Philosofhy. (New York: Simon & Schuster,
1965), 364.
7. Martin Diamond, Winston Fisk, and Herbert Garfinkel, The Democratic Republic:
An Introduction to American Government (Skokie, III.: Rand McNally, 1971), 4-5.
8. Baron de Montesquieu, The Spirit of Laws, mTargm. Thomas Nugent (New York:
Hafner Press, 1949), bk. 5, chap. 6, 46.
9. Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (New
York: Modern Library, 1965), 14.
10. rogorc aRniSnulia Robert Heilbroner-is mier naSromSi The Wordly Philosophers: The Lives, Times and Ideas of Great Economic Thinkers (New York: Modern
Library, 1965), 14.
11. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty (Lake Bluff, Ill.: Regnery/Gateway, 1955), 85.
12. James Devison Hunter, Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America (New York:
Basic Books, 1991). Cveni msjeloba ZiriTadad mihyveba, magram zustad ar
imeorebs hanterisas.
13. iqve. rogorc hanteri aRniSnavs, es ar aris dapirispireba religiurobasa
da arareligiurobas Soris. ufro xSirad azrTa sxvadasxvaoba Tavs iCens
religiurebs Soris.
Tavi X I I I
sajaro
politikis
problemebi
principebi,
prioritetebi da
praqtikebi
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa
gare mtrebisgan dacva
bisgan dacva
Sida mtre
socialuri dacva
sa
kuTar qmedebaTagan dacva

keTildReobis uzrunvelyofa
sabiujeto deficiti da saxelmwifo
vali
saganmanaTleblo krizisi
Semo
savlebis ganawileba
Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofa
rasobrivi diskriminacia
pozitiuri
qmedebebi Tu Sebrunebuli diskriminacia

vis sWirdeba dacva?
Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa
Tavisuflebis Rirebuleba
Sesworeba
Tavisufleba da pirveli sakonstitucio
Ppiradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba
samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofa
danaSauli da sasjeli
dura
marTlmsajuleba, rogorc marTebuli proce
samarTlebrivi dacvis sazRvrebi
mizanTa konfliqti
445
446
XII TavSi gamovyaviT xuTi mTavari Rirebuleba: usafrTxoeba, keTil

dReoba, Tanasworoba, Tavisufleba da samarTlianoba. es Rirebulebebi
imavdroulad sajaro politikis ZiriTad miznebs warmoadgenen, Tumca
TiToeulis ganxorcielebisaTvis konkretuli strategiis gansazRvra sak
maod Znelia. ganviTarebul qveynebSi debatebi mudmivad cvalebadi sajaro
politikis problemebze politikis ZiriTadi arsia.
radganac sajaro politikis sakiTxebis yovlismomcveli SedarebiTi
analizi am saxelmZRvanelos maStabebs cildeba, ZiriTad aqcents SeerTe
bul Statebze gavakeTebT. Bbevri sakiTxi Tu problema, romelic qvemoT
iqneba ganxiluli sxva demokratiuli sistemebisTvisacaa damaxasiaTebeli.
Aaseve, TandaTanobiT momivixilavT am problemebis gadawyvetis alternati
ul gzebsac.
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa
Cveulebisamebr, nebismieri damoukidebeli saxelmwifos upirvelesi mi
zani Tavisi moqalaqeebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaa. tiraniebis garda,
romelic eWvsa da SiSs TavianT moqalaqeebSi Segnebulad Tesavs, nebismieri
xelisufleba pirovnebis usafrTxoebas ganixilavs, rogorc saxelmwifos
arsebobis umTavres faqtors da aseve aucilebel winapirobas sasicocxlo
mniSvnelobis sxva miznebis misaRwevad. gavleniani politikuri filosofosi
Tomas hobsi (1588-1679) gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda usafrTxoe
bas da mosalodneli safrTxeebisagan dacvas, rogorc xelisuflebis arse
bobis gamamarTlebel umTavres mizezs. Aam TvalsazrisiT hobsi marto ar yo
fila, TviT aristotelec politikis sxva umTavres miznebs Soris yvelaze
maRla sicocxlis xelyofisagan dacvas ayenebda.1
gareSe mtrebisgan dacva

termins erovnuli usafrTxoeba _ meore msoflio omis Semdgom ameri
kul politikaSi yvelaze xSirad iyenebdnen. SeerTebuli Statebis dacva
gareSe Tu Sinauri mtrebisgan umTavres saxelmwifo prioritetad iqca,
rac Tavdacvis dafinansebis zrdasa da 1980-iani wlebSi sabiujeto defi
citis gaRrmavebaSi gamoixata, Tumca civi omis epoqis dasrulebasTan er
Tad gaCnda kiTxva: Seicvala Tu ara msoflio ise Zireulad, rom amerikam
Tavis prioritetebs seriozulad gadaxedos da samxedro mzadyofnac mniS
vnelovnad Seamciros?
1945 wlidan 1980-iani wlebis bolomde erovnul usafrTxoebaze de
batebis mTavari Tema sabWoTa safrTxe iyo. isini, vinc sabWoTa kavSirs Zl
evamosil, magram mSvidobis mosurne subieqtad ganixilavdnen, SeiaraRebaze
didi danaxarjebis mizanSewonilobas eWvqveS ayenebdnen da or supersax
elmwifos Soris TanamSromlobis (upirveles yovlisa, ganiaraRebis daC
qarebis) sakiTxis wina planze wamowevas cdilobdnen. sxvebi, vinc sabWoTa
sajaro politikis problemebi
447
kavSirs saSiS eqspansiur Zalad miiCnevdnen, romelic msoflio batonobas

eswrafvoda, TavgamodebiT uWerdnen mxars Tavdacvis biujetis zrdasa da
axali sabrZolo teqnologiebis ganviTarebis programebs. Aamerikis erovnu
li usafrTxoebis mTvari sadavo sakiTxi yovelTvis iyo azrTa sxvadasxvaoba
sabWoTa liderebis motivebsa da sabWoTa sistemis xasiaTze.
1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, sul
ufro rTuli xdeboda amerikel gadasaxadis gadamxdelTaTvis Tavdacvaze
gamoyofili didi danaxarjebis aucileblobis dasabuTeba. Tumca, skep
tikosebi miiCnevdnen, rom msoflio erTi xelis mosmiT ver gaxdeboda
usafrTxo mxolod imitom, rom amerikelebis umetesoba Tavs sul ufro
usafrTxod grZnobda. Aamerikis interesebi yovelTvis idga ekonomikuri Tu
strategiuli safrTxis winaSe (magaliTad, erayis mier quveiTis dapyroba
1990 wels), xolo mudmivi regionuli Tu adgilobrivi konfliqtebi, maso
brivi ganadgurebis iaraRis (balistikuri raketebi, atomuri, qimiuri da bi
ologiuri iaraRi) raodenobis zrdasTan erTad, horizontze axali safrT
xeebis gamoCenaze mianiSnebda.
wliuri xarjebi (mlrd aSS dolari)
reiganis
prezidentoba
buSis
prezidentoba
klintonis
prezidentoba
buSis (umcrosi)
rezidentoba
sqema 13-1 samxedro xarjebis zrda.1990-ian wlebSi moqmedi samxedro Zalebi meore
msoflio omis Semdgom periodTan SedarebiT (1950) kidev ufro Semcirda. samxedro
xarjebi 1990-ian wlebSi arsebiTad Semcirda, magram ukanasknel wlebSi isev civi
omis wlebis dones gautolda.
wyaro: Defense Department. ibeWdeba Sioux Falls Argus Leader-dan, 18 maisi 1997w. 11C.
448
1990-ian wlebSi meore msoflio omis maStabebis konfrontaciis safrTxe

TiTqos nel-nela gaqra. Lliberalebi da konservatorebi, mzardi sabiu
jeto deficitisa da axali politikuri garemoebebis fonze, bolosdabo
los SeTanxmdnen da mxari dauWires SeiraRebuli Zalebisa da SeiaraRebis
programebis Semcirebas (Tumca, isini yovelTvis ver Tanxmdebodnen am Sem
cirebis moculobasa da masStabebze). samxedro politikuri cvlilebebi
Tavdacvis biujetebzec aisaxa (ix. sqema 13-1). 1986 welTan SedarebiT, rode
sac civi omis epoqam piks miaRwia, pentagonma Tavisi TanamSromlebis (moqme
di, sarezervo da samoqalaqo) ricxvi 20 %-iT Seamcira. 20 %-iani Semcireba
Seexo profesiul jarsac (moqmed samxedreobsac) (4,4 mln-dan 3,5 mln-mde).
2001 wlis 11 seqtembers ganxorcielebuli teroristuli aqtis Semdeg
qveynis ganwyoba erT dReSi Seicvala. miRebuli dartymisa da gancdili zara
lis gamo pentagoni isev erovnuli politikuri arenis wina xazze aRmoCnda.
kongresi da mTeli qveyana isev civi omis droindel rutinas daubrunda da
mzad iyo, yvelaferi gaeRo, raTa amerika kvlav usafrTxo demokratiul
qveynad qceuliyo, romelic SigniT teroristebisagan da gareT im mtrebi
saganac iqneboda daculi, romlebic teroristebs mfarveloben. Ddasrulda
1990-iani wlebis eiforia, warsuls Cabarda xelSeuxeblobis iluzia, gaqra
SegrZneba imisa, rom amerika `gansakuTrebulia~ da katastrofebi mxolod
sxvagan SeiZleba xdebodes.
Sida mtrebisagan dacva

11 seqtemberma gansakuTrebiT win wamoswia xelisuflebis mier Tavis mo
qalaqeTa sicocxlisa da sakuTrebis dacvis sakiTxi Sida mtrebisgan _ saku
Tarive moqalaqeebisagan, jaSuSebisa da mtrulad ganwyobili ucxoelebis
gan. dReisaTvis erovnuli usafrTxoebis es àxleburi~ xedva yvelaze ufro
prioritetulia; mas gacilebiT didi yuradReba eTmoba, vidre Tavis droze
Zvel midgomas (da met winaaRmdegobasac warmoSobs). debatebma am sakiTxze
naTeli gaxada, ramdenad rTulia zRvaris gavleba terorizmsa da dana
SaulTan brZolas Soris. cxadia, rom teroristuli aqtebi _ uadanaSaulo
adamianebis mimarT Cadenili yvela sxva saxis Zaladobis aqtebis msgavsad
_ danaSaulebriv qmedebebs ganekuTvneba. magram, terorizmi politikuri
miznebiT aris motivirebuli da mas xSirad `saxelmwifo sponsorebi~ hyavs
sazRvargareT (maT Soris iyvnen avRaneTi, erayi, irani, CrdiloeTi korea). im
saxureben Tu ara amis gamo teroristebi `Cveulebrivi~ damnaSaveebisgan gan
sxavebul mopyrobas? unda sargeblobdnen Tu ara isini imave konstituciuri
garantiebiT, riTac mkvlelobaSi Tu ZaladobaSi braldebulebi? ra xdeba ma
Sin, Tuki teroristuli aqtis Camdeni sakuTari moqalaqea? terorizmi ufro
dawvrilebiT Semdeg TavSi iqneba ganxiluli, amitom amjerad mxolod mZime
danaSaulis mimoxilviT SemovifarglebiT da terorizms SevexebiT imdenad,
ramdendac es danaSaulsa da sasjelze saubrisas iqneba saWiro.
dRemde ar arsebobs konsensusi imaze, ra iwvevs danaSauls, ra unda gaa
keTos sazogadoebam misi Tavidan asacileblad da unda isjebodes Tu ara
449
yvela qmedeba, romelic danaSaulebrivad aris miCneuli (magaliTad, mar

ixuanas moxmareba da Senaxva). miuxedavad imisa, rom bolo xanebSi odnav Sem
cirda, danaSaulis ricxvma SeerTebul StatebSi ukanaskneli 50 wlis ganmav
lobaSi kritikul zRvars miaRwia. ratom?
zogierTi eqspertis azriT, danaSauli, upirveles yovlisa, socialuri
fenomenia, adamianuri (pirovnuli) imedgacruebisa da gaucxoebis Sede
gia, romelic siRaribiTa da ugulebelyofiT, rasobrivi diskriminaciiT,
araTanabari ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebiTaa ganpirobebuli. sxva riTi Sei
Zleba aixsnas is faqti, rom danaSaulis maCvenebeli yvelaze maRalia qalaq
is Rarib ubnebSi, sadac yvelaze dabali Semosavali da cxovrebis yvelaze
uaresi pirobebia. am TvalsazrisiT, danaSauli xelisuflebis uyuradRebo
bisa da sazogadoebis gulgrilobis Sedegia. zogierTi eqsperti ki sruliad
gansxvavebul socialur fenomenze miuTiTebs danaSaulis zrdis mizezebis
asaxsnelad. isini aqcents tradiciuli amerikuli ojaxis nel-nela gaqroba
sa da riskis zRvarze myofi bavSvebis raodenobis zrdaze akeTeben. aseve xazs
usvamen Temisa da mezoblebis mniSvnelobis dakninebas da maTgan gamowveul
izolaciasa da individualizmze miuTiTeben, romelic amJamad amerikul
cxovrebaSi aris gabatonebuli. rodesac socialuri kavSirebi (da masTan da
kavSirebuli emociebi, rogoricaa sircxvili) Sesustebulia, igive emarTeba
im SezRudvebs, romlebic sazogadoebrivad arasasurvel Tu ukanono qmede
bebs blokaven. da bolos, eqspertebi popkulturasac adanaSauleben, ro
melic masmediis saSualebiT vrceldeba. Tanamedrove amerikuli kultura,
garda imisa, rom Zaladobas asxams xotbas (popularuli musikiT dawyebuli
satelevizio sareklamo rgolebiT damTavrebuli), mudmivad eweva im Rire
bulebebis popularizacias, romlebic danaSaules aqezebs (sasurvelis ad
vilad miRweva da TviTgamoxatvis SeuzRudavoba).2
isini, vinc siRaribesa da Semosavlis araTanabar ganawilebas miiCneven
danaSaulis mTavar gamomwvev mizezad, mxars uWeren saxelmwifo programebs,
romlebic maTi aRmofxvrisken iqneba mimarTuli. xolo isini, vinc ojaxisa
da kulturis degradaciaze saubroben, Tvlian, rom xelisuflebas bevri
arafris gakeTeba ZaluZs danaSaulis Sesamcireblad, garda imisa, rom dam
naSaveTaTvis Seqmnas `dauyovneblivi da gardauvali~ sasjelis garantiebi.
kidev erTi midgoma danaSaulis Semcirebis TvalsazrisiT aris e.w. umsx
verplo danaSaulTa dekriminalizacia. aseTi midgoma gamarTlebulia ar
amxolod praqtikuli _ policiis, sagamoZiebo Tu sapatimro xarjebisa da
drois dazogva, aramed filosofiuri mosazrebebiTac. iseT gansxvavebul
qmedebebs, rogoricaa prostitucia Tu maTxovroba, saerTo is aqvT, rom
TiToeuli individis mier Tu individTa Soris damoukideblad aris Cadeni
li da amiT sazogadoebis sxva wevrebs ziani ar adgebaT.
debatebi danaSaulis dekriminalizaciaze, upirveles yovlisa, nar
kotikebis legalizacias Seexeba. yvelaferi marixuanaze saubriT daiwyo
da am bolo xanebSi kokainsac Seexo. dekriminalizaciis momxreebi miiCneven,
rom narkomaniis arasasurveli socialuri aspeqtebi ZiriTadad imiTaa gan
pirobebuli, rom xelisuflebis mier kanongareSed gamocxadebuli Zviri si
amovnebis dasakmayofileblad narkomanebi iZulebulni arian xSirad Caidi
450
non Zarcva da yaCaRoba. narkotikebis legalizeba ki masze fasis davardnas

da narkomaniasTan dakavSirebuli danaSaulis Semcirebas gamoiwvevs (Tumca,
im mogebasTan erTad, romelsac organizebuli damnaSaveebi iReben).
danaSaulisadmi damokidebulebis cvlileba

ratom eguebian amerikelebi danaSaulis aseT maRal maCvenebels? am kiTx
vaze saintereso (da winaaRmdegobrivi) pasuxi SemogvTavaza niu-iorkelma sen
atorma, specialobiT sociologma daniel patrik moinihanma (1927-2007) Tavis
cnobil statiaSi `deviaciuri qcevis gadafaseba~.3 moinahani amtkicebda, rom
raki amerikelebi danaSaulis swrafi zrdis pirispir aRmoCndnen, misi mniSvn
eloba ugulebelyves imis axleburi SefasebiT (anu gadafasebiT), ra SeiZleba
CaiTvalos normad. ramdenime wlis win danaSaulis aseTi maRali maCvenebeli
mZime socialur paTologiad miiCneoda, Tumca, dRes aRiqmeba sazogadoebis
normalur mdgomareobad, romlis gamosworebac TiTqmis SeuZlebelia.
moinihans gamaognebeli magaliTic mohyavs. 1929 wlis 14 Tebervals
oTxma gangsterma maTi Svidi moqiSpe gangsteri wminda valentinis dRes ce
cxlsasroli iaraRiT amoxoca. moinahani yuradRebas imaze amaxvilebs, rom
am ambavma mTeli eri SokSi Caagdo, Tavad movlena legendad iqca da wminda
valentis dRis xocva-Jletis saxeliT msoflio enciklopediaSic ki Sevi
da. G garda amisa, igi konstituciur cvlilebas daedo safuZvlad da bolo
mouRo `mSral kanons~ (es ukanaskneli jgufuri Zaladobisa da danaSaulis
gamomwvev mizezad aris miCneuli).
moinihani aRniSnavda, rom dReisaTvis narkotikebis vaWrobasTan erTad
Zaladobis es saxeoba isev dabrunda, Tumca warsulTan SedarebiT `daujere
beli masStabebiT~. amerikelebisaTvis misaRebi gaxda Zaladoba, romelic
erT dros maT aranormalur da miuRebel saqcielad miaCndaT. `samwuxarod,
los-anjelesi wminda valentinis xocva-Jletis mowme ukve yovelkvireulad
xdeba~, _ acxadebda moinihani statiis bolos.
narkotikebis legalizaciis oponentebi am moTxovnas ewinaaRmdegebian.

i sini aRiareben, rom legalizaciis Sedegad Semcirdeba zarali, romelsac
sazogadoebas narkotikebis momxmareblebi ayeneben, magram amavdroulad
gaizrdeba am ukanasknelTa ricxvi da sazogadoeba amjerad imiT dazaral
deba, rom umaqnis da degradaciis gzaze mdgar moqalaqeebs miiRebs. naTe
lia, rom narkotikebis legalizaciis sawinaaRmdego argumentebi igivea, rac
umsxverplo danaSaulis legalizaciis mowinaaRmdegeTa _ sazogadoebas
erTnairad Zviri ujdeba rogorc narkomani moqalaqeebi, aseve meZavebiTa da
mawanwalebiT dasaxlebuli ubnebi, romlebic TavianTi arsebobiT gareSemo
myofTa usafrTxoebasa da stabilurobas safrTxes uqmnian.
narkotikebisa da prostituciis legalizeba SeerTebul StatebSi savarau
dod uaxloes xanebSi ar ganxorcieldeba, Tumca holandiaSi, gansakuTrebiT
451
mis dedaqal amsterdamSi stumrobisas nebismier amerikels aucileblad

gauCndeba kiTxva _ gaamarTlebda Tu ara holandiuri modeli aSS-Si? amster
damSi narkotikebis moxmareba da prostitucia mxolod garkveul ubnebSia
daSvebuli da policiis meTvalyureobisa da kontrolisgan Tavisufalia.
meZavebi mudmiv samedicino Semowmebas gadian, xolo narkotikebiT movaWree
bis winaaRmdeg sakmaod mkacri kanonebi moqmedebs. dReisaTvis amdterdami
erT-erTi yvelaze mimzidveli qalaqia dasavleT evropaSi.
danaSaulis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli sajaro politikis kidev erTi mniS
vnelovani probelema iaraRis kontrolia. konservatorebis umravlesobas
miaCnda, rom iaraRis gayidvisa da Senaxvis SezRudviT mZime danaSaulis
ricxvi ar Semcirdeboda, Tumca es mosazreba mxardaWeriT aRar sargeblobs.
1993 wels kongresma miiRo e,w. breidis kanoni [ewoda jeims bredis gamo,
romelic 1981w. ronald reiganze Tavdasxmis dros daiRupa _ mTargmn. Sen.],
romelic xuTdRian sacdel vadas awesebda pistoletis SeZenaze, 1994 wli
dan ki es SezRudva sxva saxis cecxlsasrol iaraRzec gavrcelda.
iaraRis kontrolsa da antiterorizms Soris urTierTkavSiri 2001 w. 11 seq
tembris Semdgom garemoSi bevr saintereso sakiTxs warmoSobs. mosalodnelia,
rom amerikis mosaxleobis gazrdili SeSfoTeba usafrTxoebis sakiTxebiT da
xelisuflebis mcdeloba ar dauSvas Semdgomi teroristuli aqtebi, kidev
ufro gaamkacrebs iaraRis flobaze SezRudvebs. Tumca, imavdroulad aR
moCndebian iseTebi, romlebic am mosazrebas SeewinaaRmdegebian im motiviT,
rom moqalaqis konstituciuri ufleba ataros iaraRi, axla ise mniSvnelova
nia, rogorc arasdros, rodesac isini ucxo mtrebis samizne gaxdnen.
socialuri dacva
Tanamedrove xelisufalTa erT-erT mTavari mizani socialuri usafrTx
oebaa. farTo gagebiT socialuri usafrTxoeba moicavs iseT problemebs
rogoricaa, siRaribe, SimSili, avadmyofoba, xandazmuloba, aseve stiqiuri
ubedurebebi _ wyaldidoba, qariSxali, xanZari da sxva. ra roli ekisreba
xelisuflebas Tavisi moqalaqeebis sicocxlisa da janmrTelobis am mara
diuli safrTxeebisgan dacvaSi? sasursaTo talonebi, subsidiebi fermer
ebisTvis, pensiebi, Semweobebi janmrTelobaze da umuSevrobaze, daxmareba
studentebisaTvis _ es yvelaferi moqalaqeebisaTvis finansur uzrunve
lyofas isaxavs mizanad saWiro drosa da adgilze.
federaluri xelisuflebis valdebulebaTa moculoba 1990-iani wlebidan
intensiuri ganxilvis sagani gaxda. socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistemis kri
tikosebi amtkiceben, rom daxmarebis auracxeli programebiT xelisufleba
sinamdvileSi xalxs im saqcielisken ubiZgebs, romelsac igi ebrZvis (radgan
amiT umuSevrobas waaxalisebs). 1996 wels, socuzrunvelyofis sistemis re
formis Sedegad, Statebs meti uflebamosileba mieniWaT (da meti moqnilo
bac) socialuri dacvis programebis ganxorcielebis sferoSi, xolo Semweo
bebi mniSvnelovnad SeezRudaT im pirebs, romelTac muSaoba ar surT.
yvelaze ufro mwvave sabiujeto problemaa socialuri usafrTxoebis
452
fondis gadaxdisunarianoba, romelic xandazmul moqalaqeebs pensiiTa da

samedicino momsaxurebiT uzrunvelyofs. socialuri usafrTxoebis fondi
dan asakovan amerikelebs yovelTviurad ericxebaT Tanxa, xolo samedicino
momsaxurebis fondi maT eqimisa da saavadmyofos xarjebs ufaravs. bolo
wlebSi orive fondi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. radganac amerikelebi val
debulni arian socialuri usafrTxoebis fondSi ixadon garkveuli Tanxa
sanam sapensio asaki mouwevT (Cveulebriv 65 weli), Semweobebs samarTli
anad ewodeba kuTvnili daxmareba (saxelisuflebo danaxarjebi, romelsac
amerikelebi sruliad marTlzomierad miiCneven, yvelaze ufro ZviradRire
bul socialuri usafrTxoebisa da samedicino momsaxurebis xarjebTan er
Tad). aRniSnuli Semweobebi politikurad mgrZnobiare fenomenia, radganac
sakmaod msxvili interesTa jgufebi (rogoricaa, magaliTad, gadamdgar
pirTa amerikuli asociacia) da amomrCevelTa didi nawili (gansakuTrebiT
asakovani moqalaqeebi) mzad arian `dasajon~ is politikosebi, romlebic am
programebis Semcirebas dauWeren mxars.
samedicino momsaxurebisa da socialuri usafrTxoebis fondebs saerTo
problema aqvT: xarjebi bevrad ufro swrafad izrdeba, vidre samomavlod
dagegmili Semosavlebi. problema nawilobriv isic aris, rom amerikelebi
didxans cocxloben, rac programebis fass kidev ufro zrdis. bevrad ufro
problemuria (sajaro politikis TvalsazrisiT) demografiuli ganviTa
rebis tendenciebi, gansakuTrebiT sapensio asaks miRweuli ~beibi bumerebis~
(meore msoflio omis Semdgom wlebSi dabadebuli adamianebi) didi raodeno
ba, romlebzec Tanxa daixarjeba aRniSnuli programebidan. magaliTad, 1965
wels, rodesac samedicino momsaxurebis fondi Seiqmna, aRniSnuli fondis
TiTo beneficiarze Tanxas saSualod 5,5 adamiani ixdida. 2040 wlisaTvis es
Sefardeba 2.2-dan 1.0-mde Semcirdeba. samedicino uzrunvelyofis fonds se
riozul dartymas ayenebs jandacvis swrafad mzardi xarjebi. 1980-dan 1990iani wlebis Sua xanebamde am programis xarjebi wliurad 11 %-iT gaizarda,
ramac is yvelaze swrafad mzard federalur programad aqcia (sqema 13-2).
garda amisa, socialuri usafrTxoebis fonds, sul cota, kidev erTi
problema aqvs, romelze saubarsac politikosebi Tavs arideben. wlebis gan
mavlobaSi xelisufleba am fondidan Tanxas iyenebda saSemosavlo danakli
sis (sabiujeto deficitis) Sesavsebad. rodesac xelisufleba ver axerxebs
saxelmwifo biujetis dabalansebas, man Tanxa an kerZo seqtoridan unda is
esxos (upirveles yovlisa, fasiani qaRaldebis gayidviT), an sajaro danazo
gebidan aiRos - am SemTxvevaSi socialuri usafrTxoebis fonds mimarTos.
aRniSnuli fondidan Tanxebis mudmivi xarjviT (flangviT), federaluri
xelisuflebis vali 2001 wels 5.8 trilion dolars gautolda, romelzec
saprocento ganakveTi 360 miliards Seadgenda. SedarebisTvis, NASA-s biu
jeti 14 mlrd iyo, maSin rodesac ganaTlebaze 32 mlrd, xolo gzebze 41 mlrd
gamoiyo. demografiuli zrdis tendenciebi bevr ganviTarebul qveyanaSi
sapensio fonds problemas uqmnis, samTavrobo qmedebebma da saeWvo (zogjer
yalbma) aRricxvis SemTxvevebma es problema aSS-Si kidev ufro gaamwvava.
amasobaSi, molodini izrdeba. amerikelebi, romlebic wlebis ganmavloba
453
Si solidur Tanxas debdnen am sistemaSi samarTlianad elian (da moiTxoven)

sruli pensiis miRebas, rodesac samuSaos Tavs daanebeben.
sqema 13-2 samedicino momsaxurebis programis mzardi xarji

37 mln amerikelze meti iRebs samedicino momsaxurebis dafinansebas. es yvelaze
mzardi da amave dros rigiT meore ZviradRirebuli (biujetis daaxloebiT 12%
xmardeba) federaluri programaa. masze ZviradRirebulia socialuri dazRvevis
programa.
wyaro: Steve Langdon-is With Compaign Dist Settling, Medicare Chances Brighter, Congressional Quarterly (18 ianvari 1997w.): 179; Robert Pear-is Experts Say Cost of Medical
Insurance Is Underestimated, New York Times, 30 noemberi 2000w., A1; Social Security Administration, Status of the Social Security and Medicare Programs, www.ssa.gov/OACT/
TRSUM/tsumary.html, 21 maisi, 2002w.
iseTi socialuri programebis maRali fasi, rogoricaa Medicare (samedici

no momsaxureba) da Medicaid (samedicino daxmareba) kidev erTxel gvaxsenebs,
ramdenad didia industriul qveynebSi daavadebaTa mkurnalobis xarjebi.
Tumca, damatebiT safrTxes janmrTelobasa da sazogadoebis usafrTxoebas
adamianebi Tavadac uqmnian. amdenad, xelisufleba axal medikamentebs cdis,
sanam maT bazarze gaitans da awesebs standartebs mosaxleobis transpor
tirebisas safrTxis maqsimalurad Sesamcireblad. calke unda aRiniSnos
xelisuflebis mcdeloba, daicvas garemo adamianebis damangreveli qmede
bebisa da dabinZurebisagan, ar daarRvios haeris dabinZurebisagan dacvis
savaldebulo standartebi, Seasrulos dadgenilebebi garemoze zemoq
454
medebis Sesaxeb, daicvas narCenebis gadamuSavebis gamkacrebuli moTxovne

bi, konservaciis gziT ki gadaarCinos veluri bunebis gadaSenebis piras myo
fi saxeobebi _ es yvelaferi garemos dacvas isaxavs miznad. garemos dacvis
tendenciebi, rogoricaa mJava wvimebis Semcireba da mdinareTa dabinZurebis
SezRudva, scildeba erTi saxelmwifos sazRvrebs da saerTaSoriso SeTanx
mebebis sagani xdeba (magaliTad, CrdiloeT amerikis Tavisufali vaWrobis
SeTanxmeba, romelsac xels aweren SeerTebuli Statebi, kanada da meqsika).
ukanasknel wlebSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda garemosdacviTi progr
amebis mimarT sazogadoebis mxardaWera, miuxedavad imisa, rom SeerTebul
StatebSi mwvaneTa partiam arCevnebSi warmatebas ver miaRwia sxva ganvi
Tarebuli qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT (germania, safrangeTi). kritikosebi
xSirad ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamen da acxadeben, rom xelisuflebis amgvari
mcdeloba industriul ganviTarebasa da ekonomikur zrdas aferxebs, risi
fasic (usargeblo dabrkolebebisa da biurokratiuli rutinis Tvalsaz
risiT) Zalian maRalia.
sakuTar qmedebaTagan dacva

xelisufleba moqalaqeebs sakuTari TavisaTvis safrTxis miyenebisaga
nac icavs. magaliTad, zogierT StatSi moqmedebs kanoni, romelic motom
rbolelebs avaldebulebs ataron usafrTxoebis Cafxuti an janmrTelo
bisaTvis saSiSi preparatebis gayidvas krZalavs. adamianebis cxovrebaSi
xelisuflebis Careva moralis sakiTxebs moicavs. konstituciis meTvramete
Sesworeba, romelmac mSrali kanoni daawesa, erovnuli kanonmdeblobis mier
Tavisi moqalaqeebis rogorc fizikuri, aseve moraluri zianisgan dacvis
yvelaze ufro TvalsaCino magaliTia. aseT magaliTebs ganekuTvneba adgi
lobrivi, Statisa da federaluri kanonebi pornografiis gavrcelebisa da
prostituciis akrZalvis Sesaxeb.
moralisturi kanonebis damcvelebi acxadeben, rom arc erT sazogadoe
bas ar SeuZlia ugulebelyos moqalaqeTa moraluri Taviseburebebi, gansa
kuTrebiT maSin, rodesac qcevis garkveuli normebis xelyofas arasasurveli
sazogadoebrivi Sedegebi aqvs. oponentebi ki pasuxoben, rom amgvari sakanon
mdeblo aqtebiT xelisufleba zRudavs pirovnul Tavisuflebas. isini aseve
aRniSnaven, rom adamianebi akrZalul qmedebebs nebayoflobiT Cadian da
TiToeuli pirovneba Tavad unda wyvetdes, misTvis ra aris ukeTesi.
keTildReobis uzrunvelyofa
SeerTebul Statebs xSirad axasiaTeben, rogorc komerciul qveyanas,
sadac moqalaqeebi mudmivad finansuri usafrTxoebis ZiebaSi arian, xolo
momxmarebeli mefea. saukunenaxevris win aleqsis de tokvili aRniSnavda, rom
amerikelebi mudmivad aJitirebul mdgomareobaSi imyofebian, rac pirovnu
li fufunebis dauRalavi ZiebiTaa ganpirobebuli. es mdgomareoba ameri
455
kuli sazogadoebisaTvis yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa. damfuZnebeli

mamebi swored muyaiTi moqalaqeebisgan Semdgar sazogadoebaze fiqrobdnen,
romelic sakuTar Tavze damokidebulebis samewarmeo principebze, aRmasv
lisa da mogebis miRebis motivze iqneboda dafuZnebuli.4
`komerciuli respublikis~ SeqmniT, damfuZnebelma mamebma sruliad Seg
nebulad daiwyes politikuri eqsperimentis ganxorcieleba, romlisTvisac
filosofosebi da ekonomistebi (maT Soris jon loki da monteskie) 100 wel
ze metxans ibrZodnen. maTi azriT, politikuri wesrigi, romelic komerci
uli saqmianobisa da vaWrobis zrdas uwyobda xels, yvelaze kargad uzrun
velyofda Zlieri erovnuli ekonomikis Seqmnas. aseT sazogadoebaSi, sadac
warmateba mxolod Sromasa da bunebriv SesaZlenlobebze iyo damyarebuli,
vidre warmomavlobaze, moqalaqeebs saSuleba miecemodaT, rom SeeZinaT sim
didre im raodenobiT, rogorc surdaT an sWirdebodaT.
mecxramete saukuneSi, adam smitis Tavisufali bazris filosofiam, biz
nes-korporaciebis gaCenam da teqnologiurma ganviTarebam komerciuli
saxelmwifo kapitalistur saxelmwifod gadaaqcia. gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad,
kapitalizmi gulisxmobs kerZo (Cveulebisamebr, araregulirebad sakuTre
bas) warmoebas da saqonlisa da momsaxurebis ganawilebas. meoce saukunis
dasawyisSi federalurma xelisuflebam SeimuSava normebi monopoliebis
gan, biznesis borotad gamoyenebisa da ekonomikuri usamarTlobis sxva Sem
Txvevebisgan dasacavad. sajaro politikis es mimarTuleba gansakuTrebiT
gaZlierda 1930-iani wlebis didi depresiis pirobebSi, rodesac franklin
ruzveltis iniciativiT, daiwyo programebis ganxorcieleba, romelic
rigiTi moqalaqeebis ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis gamyarebisken iyo mimar
Tuli. 1960-ian da 1970-ian wlebSi samedicino momsaxurebis, profesiuli
momzadebisa da dasaqmebis programebi, gazrdili SeRavaTebi socialur
usafrTxoebaze da sasursaTo talonebi uzrunvelyofda umuSevrobis kom
pensaciasa da socialur keTildReobas.
1980-iani wlebisaTvis federaluri xelisuflebis Careva ekonomikaSi is
eTi aSkara gaxda, rom ekonomistebma saubari daiwyes Sereul ekonomikaze,
romelic moicavda rogorc kerZo mewarmeobis, aseve socializmis niSnebs.
xelisuflebis `Carevis~ xarisxiT aSS bevrad CamorCeboda sxva dasavlur de
mokratiul qveynebs, Tumca axlomxedveli politikosebi, romlebic xalxiT
manipulirebdnen, amis SemCnevas ver axerxebdnen.
amerikis yofilma prezidentma ronald reiganma da aTwleulis Semdeg,
nit gingriCma da sxva respublikelebma kongresSi gamoTqves azri, rom xe
lisufleba sakmaod Sors wavida pirovnuli ekonomikuri keTildReobisa da
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi (ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom reiganis
prezidentobis periodSi federaluri biujetis deficiti mniSvnelovnad
gaizarda). klintonis pirvel saprezidento vadaSi konservatorebma kon
gresSi SeZles garkveuli jgufebis interesebis dasacavad gaerTianebu
liyvnen (maT Soris amerikuli samedicino sazogadoeba, farmacevtuli
kompaniebi da maRalanazRaurebadi saavadmyofoebis administratorebic
iyvnen) da xeli SeeSalaT jandacvis erTiani erovnuli sistemis SeqmnisaT
vis, romelic yvela moqalaqes daicavda. dReisaTvis SeerTebul StatebSi 40
456
milionze met amerikels (maT Soris umetesoba bavSvia) ar aqvs janmrTelobis

dazRveva da Tavs licenzirebul eqimTan stumrobis uflebas ver miscems,
rom araferi vTqvaT saavadmyofoSi erTi dRe-Ramis gatarebaze.
sabiujeto deficiti da saxelmwifo vali

wliuri federaluri danaxarjebi aSS-Si gansacvifreblad didi _ 1.7
trilionia. rodesac xelisufleba xarjavs imaze mets, vidre agrovebs weli
wadSi, Cndeba biujetis deficiti, deficitis akumulireba ki erovnul
vals warmoSobs. ekonomistebi Tanxmdebian, rom es vali, Tavisi zrdis ten
denciiTa da maStabebiT seriozul grZelvadian gavlenas moaxdens qveynis
ekonomikur janmrTelobasa da usafrTxoebaze. ekonomistebi aseve acxade
ben, rom erTian erovnul produqtTan valis Sefardeba - erTi mesamedi (30
procenti) - TavisTavad gansakuTrebuli gangaSis safuZvels ar iZleva. sa
gangaSo, ekonomistTa azriT, valis zrdis tempebia.
dakarguli dividendebi: erovnuli vali. biujetis deficiti radikalurad
gaizarda 1980-1990 wlebSi. 1981 wels, rodesac prezidenti ronald reigani
gaxda, vali 1 trilionze naklebi iyo. 1988 wels reiganis saprezidento va
dis dasasruls man 2.5 trilions gadaaWarba, 1997 wels ki 6 trilions miuax
lovda (am doneze rCeba dRemde). erovnuli valis aseT zrdas seriozuli
garTulebebi SeiZleba mohyves. xelisuflebas mis dasafarad uzarmazari
sesxis aReba da Sesabamisi procentis gadaxda uwevs. 1990-iani wlebis bolos
federaluri gadasaxadebis saxiT gadaxdili yoveli dolaridan 15 centi
saSinao valis dasafarad wavida (sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, moqalaqeebi mTav
robisTvis gadaxdili erTi dolaris sanacvlod 85 centze naklebi Rireb
ulebis saqonelsa da momsaxurebas iReben).
1992-2000 wlebSi prezidentma bil klintonma da respublikelebis mier
kontrolirebadma kongresma swrafad mzardi erovnuli valis problemis
mogvareba scades da Sedegad biujetis deficiti 1990-ani wlebis bolosT
vis mniSvnelovnad Semcirda. aseve mniSvnelovnad daeca deficitis mocu
loba mTlian Sida produqtTan mimarTebaSi. ekonomikuri zrdis pirobebSi,
1997 wlis gazafxulze biujetis grZelvadian dagegmvaze SeTanxmdnen, ra
sac 2001 wlisaTvis biujeti unda daebalansebina. amasobaSi, sagadasaxado
Semosavlebma mosalodnelze swrafi mateba daiwyo, rac savaraudod bevrad
ufro daaCqarebda biujetis dabalansebas da gadaWarbebiT Sesrulebasac
ki. amgvarad, problemam, romelic ramdenime wlis win sruliad mougvare
beli Canda, droebiT mainc, ukana planze gadainacvla.
es yvelaferi ucbad Seicvala 11 seqtembris Semdeg, rodesac kongresma
maxari dauWira niu-iork sitis rekonstruqciisTvis uzarmazari Tanxis
gamoyofas, aseve dazaralebuli aviaxazebis krizisidan gamosayvanad da
qveynis SigniT da gareT saerTaSoriso terorizmis winaaRmdeg sabrZolve
lad. biujetis gadaWarbebiT Sesrulebis SesaZlebloba gaqra (Tuki aseTi
ram odesme arsebobda).
457
Tavdasxmam msoflio savaWro centrze uaryofiTad imoqmeda uol

stritzec (romelic manhetenze ramdenime kvartalis moSorebiT mde
bareobs), vinaidan birJaze aqciebis fasi mkveTrad daeca. seriozuli dar
tyma miadga ekonomikis mraval seqtors (magaliTad, aviaxazebsa da turizms)
da tragediis Semdgom ramdenime kviris ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovnad daeca
momxmarebelTa ndoba. bevri sawarmo gakotrebis piras mivida, xolos sxvebma
TanamSromlebi daiTxoves. federalurma sarezervo bankma mniSvnelovnad
Seamcira saprocento ganakveTebi (sanam ukanasknel oTxwleulSi yvelaze
dabal maCvenebels ar miaRwies) im mizniT, rom ekonomikuri vardna SeeCe
rebina.
sagadasaxado tvirTi: msubuqi Tu Sesabamisi? amerikelebs miaCniaT, rom ga
dasaxadebi Zalian maRalia, Tumca ganviTarebul qveynebs Soris aSS-Si yvelaze
dabali sagadasaxado ganakveTebia. dasavleTis demokratiuli qveynebis
umetesobaSi mTliani Sida produqtis 40-50% saxelmwifos ekuTvnis; italia
Si, did britaneTSi, germaniasa da kanadaSi es maCvenebeli 45%-s, xolo safr
angeTSi 50%-s utoldeba. SeerTebul StatebSi ki, gadasaxadebi mTliani Sida
produqtis mxolod 30 procents Seadgens, xolo saSemosavlo gadasaxadebi
mniSvnelovnad Semcirda bolo wlebSi. 1999 wels saSualo amerikuli ojaxis
Semosavlis 9 procenti federalur, Statis da adgilobriv gadasaxadebSi
midioda. 1999 wels gadasaxadebis gadamxdelTa erTi mesamedi saSemosavlo
gadasaxads ar ixdida. oTxi pirisgan Semdgari ojaxi, romlis saSualo wliuri
Semosavali 55 000 dolari iyo, 8 procentze naklebs ixdida, rac 1965 wlis
Semdeg yvelaze dabali ganakveTi iyo.TviT yvelaze maRalSemosavliani (700
000 dolarze meti weliwadSi) mosaxleobis erTi procentic mxolod 22,2 pro
cents ixdida.5
am SedarebiT dabal gadasaxadebs politikuri, kulturuli da ideolo
giuri mizezebi aqvs. amerikelebi zogadad ukmayofilebas sami ramis gamo
ver malaven. esaa maRali gadasaxadebi da `didi mTavroba~, `socialuri uz
runvelyofa~, rac janmrTelobis dazRvevis saxelmwifo sistemis ararsebo
baSi gamoixateba (rac TiTqmis yvela postindustriul qveyanaSi gvxvdeba),
da sawarmoTa saxelmwifo mflobeloba (komunaluri sistemis, rkinigzis,
aviaxazebisa da portebis CaTvliT).
prezidentma franklin delano ruzveltma erTxel Tqva, rom federa
luri sagadasaxado kodeqsi `SesaZloa ucxo enazec yofiliyo dawerili~.
marTlac, is rom sxva qveyanaSi daeweraT, bevrad ufro azriani da gasa
gebi iqneboda. federaluri sagadasaxado kodeqsis Tavbrudamxvevi mux
lebi - romelTa gageba an interpretireba SeuZlebelia - gadamxdelis Ra
mis koSmari da sabuRaltro kompaniebis axdenili ocnebaa. gadasaxadebis
gamartivebis mcdelobam marcxi ganicada. 1986 wels SeerTebuli Statebis
kongresma miiRo kanoni, romliTac Sida Semosavlebis samsaxurs sagadasaxa
do sistemis gamosworeba daevala. ramdenime wlis Semdeg ojaxis saSualo
Semosavlisa da danaxarjebis hipoTeturi CamonaTvali 50 eqsperts daegzav
na, raTa maT ojaxis sagadasaxado valdebulebebis es miTiuri sazRvrebi
daedginaT. Sedegad warmodgenil iqna gadasaxadebis 50 sxvadasxva `zRvruli
odenoba~, romelic 12 500-dan 36 000 dolaramde meryeobda.6
458
SeerTebuli Statebis sagadasaxado sistema araCveulebrivad aris morge

buli mdidar da Zlier saSualo klasze. dabali saSemosavlo gadasaxadebis
gamo, SeerTebuli Statebi Tavis umdidres moqalaqeebs industriul qveynebs
Soris yvelaze dabal sagadasaxado ganakveTs akisrebs. amave dros, radganac
gadasaxadebi moxmarebaze (gayidvebze) aseve dabalia, isini gacilebiT nak
leb tvirTad awveba gadamxdelebs, vidre maT miaCniaT. gadasaxadebis gamo
wuwuni Zveli amerikuli Cveulebaa. amerikis damoukideblobas win uZRoda
gadasaxadebTan dakavSirebuli saprotesto aqcia `bostonuri Cais sma~ da
amerikuli revoluciis mowodeba: ~araviTari gadasaxadebi warmomadgenlo
bis gareSe~.
gadasaxadebi moxmarebaze mdidrebs mZime tvirTad ar awveba, radganac
TavianTi Semosavlis sakmaod mcire wils xarjaven saWmelze, tansacmelze,
transportsa da sxva ZiriTadi moxmarebis nivTebze. brunvis maRali ga
dasaxadebi mZimed tvirTad saSualo fenas swored imave mizeziT awveba:
isini TavianTi Semosavlis bevrad ufro did nawils xarjaven sasicocxlod
aucilebel nivTebze. SedarebisaTvis sxva qveynebis magaliTebi ganvixi
loT. evropul qveynebSi farTod aris danergili damatebiTi Rirebulebis
gadasaxadi (dRg) _ brunvis gadasaxadis erT-erTi saxeoba, romlis dafiq
sirebac (Sefasebac) produqciis warmoebisa da Sesyidvis yvela etapze xdeba
_ amgvarad, gadasaxadebis mTliani ~nakrebi~ ukve mza produqciis saboloo
fasze aisaxeba da misi tvirTi momxmarebels awveba. sagadasaxado ganakveTebi
evropis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mkveTrad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan - yvelaze
dabali 19%-s, xolo yvelaze maRali 25%-s Seadgens. aSS-Si ki piriqiT, gayid
vis gadasaxadi iSviaTad aRemateba 6%-s, xolo minesotaSi sasursaTo maRaz
iebi am gadasaxads arc ki ixdian (es ar exeba sadils restoranSi).
SeerTebul StatebSi federaluri Semosavlebis 58 procenti individu
aluri da korporaciuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadebisgan Sedgeba, Tumca saga
dasaxado tvirTi moqalaqeebs bevrad ufro mZimed awveba, vidre korporaciebs.
korporaculi gadasaxadi federaluri Semosavlebis mxolod 10%-s Seadgens,
igi radikalurad Semcirda 1950-1960 wlebis Semdeg (25%-s Seadgenda). Tumca,
amavdroulad, socialuri usafrTxoebis gadasaxadi (sul 34%) federaluri
Semosavlebis yvelaze swrafad mzardi wyaroa da 2000-01-Si (aseve, wina wleb
Sic) biujetis gadaWarbebiT Sesrulebis mTavari piroba gaxda.
saganmanaTleblo krizisi
amerikelebi ganaTlebas misi praqtikuli sargeblianobidan gamomdinare
afaseben _ ras utoldeba dolarebsa da centebSi saSualo skolis diplomi
an kolejis xarisxi.7 moswavleebi saSualo skolis maRal klasebsa da kole
jSi swavlas maRalanazRaurebadi samsaxuris Sovnis imediT agrZeleben.
ganaTlebas seriozuli ekonomikuri da socialuri datvirTvac aqvs mTe
li qveynisaTvis. kargad momzadebuli da unariani samuSao Zala aucilebe
lia, Tu amerikas surs, rom konkurentunariani iyos globalur bazrebze.
459
Zalian xSirad saubroben imaze, rom amerikuli ganaTleba krizisSia. am

krizisis niSnebi ukve ramdenime welia saxezea. skolebSi iaraRi, narkotike
bi da bandebi studentebsa da maswavleblebs safrTxes erTnairad uqmnian.
kolejSi misaRebi gamocdebis Sedegebis gauareseba, auracxeli kroskul
turuli Sedarebebi, romelic adasturebs, rom amerikel moswavleTa qulebi
maTematikis testebSi evropel da aziel studentebTan SedarebiT dabalia,
wera-kiTxvis elementaruli unar-Cvevebis Semfasebeli testebis Zalze da
bali maCvenebeli _ es yvelaferi xSirad mohyavT amerikuli dawyebiTi da sa
Sualo ganaTlebis marcxis magaliTebad (ix. sqema13-3). ganaTlebis erovnuli
Sefasebis monacemebis (1990) mixedviT, ~didi nawili _ Cveni dawyebiTi, saba
zo da saSualo skolebis moswavleTa TiTqmis naxevarze meti inglisurSi,
maTematikaSi, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi, istoriasa da geografiaSi
ZiriTadi sakiTxebis codnas ver avlens~, miuxedavad sajaro skolebis kargi
dafinansebisa.8 metic, amerikuli biznesi yovelwliurad 30-dan 35 miliard
dolaramde xarjavs studentTa im unar-CvevebSi gadasamzadeblad, rac maT
skolaSi unda SeeZinaT. codnis Sefasebis inflacia ganaTlebis yvela safex
urze yovlismomcvel da damangrevel movlenadaa aRiarebuli. maswavleble
bi moswavleebs sul ufro da ufro anebivreben da maTgan sul ufro da ufro
cotas elian. ra unda gakeTdes standartebis aseTi gauaresebis fonze?
sqema 13-3 moswavleTa codnis Sedareba

amerikel moswavleTa qulebi saerTaSoriso SedarebebSi Sua adgilzea. bolodroindeli
gamokvlevis mixedviT merveklasel amerikelTa qulebi maTematikaSi saSualoze
odnav dabalia (41 qveynis moswavleTa maCveneblebis Sedarebisas 28-e adgilze), xolo
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi saSualoze maRali (imave 41 qveynis Sedarebisas me17 adgilze). SeniSvna: SecdomaTa zRvari + 10 qulaa TiToeuli qveynisaTvis.
wyaro: IEA Third Internationl Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS, 1994-95).
460
ganaTlebis sistemis zogierTi reformatori mxars uWers skolebSi

erovnuli Sefasebebis Catarebas, rac sust da Zlier skolebs gamoavlens da
situaciis gamosworebis katalizatoris rols Seasrulebs. sxvebi aqcents
moswavleebisa da maswavleblebisaTvis Tavisufali arCevanis SesaZlebloba
ze akeTeben, im motiviT, rom konkurencia ganaTlebis sferoSi swavlebisa
da swavlis procesis gaumjobesebas Seuwyobs xels. konservatorTa nawili,
mxars uWers vauCerul sistemas, romlis faglebSic saxelmwifo mxolod
nawilobriv aanazRaurebs im kerZo da samrevlo skolebSi swavlas, romlebic
akreditaciis pirobebs akmayofilebs.9 1993 wels kaliforniaSi gamarTul
referendumze amomrCevlebma vauCerul dafinansebas mxari ar dauWires.
Tumca, vauCerebis programaze aqtiuri saubari 2000 wels kvlav ganaxlda,
rodesac saprezidento arCevnebSi respublikelebma gaimarjves. radganac
reformatorTa umravlesoba miiCnevs, rom kerZo skolebi ukeTesad muSaoben
(gansakuTrebiT romauli kaTolikuri skolebi), isini darwmunebulni arian,
rom mZafri konkurencia aiZulebs sajaro skolebs an gaaumjobeson xarisxi,
an daixuron.
amasobaSi saganmanaTleblo eqsperimenti win miiwevs. baltimorsa da
mineapolisSi kerZo komerciuli korporaciebi sajaro skolebs afinanse
ben, xolo niu-iorkis StatSi saxelmwifo exmareba kerZo skolebs. sxvadasx
va saxis kerZo skolebi iqmneba mTeli qveynis masStabiT, Zlierdeba saojaxo
skolebis arsebobis tendenciac.
sajaro skolis administratorebi da maswavleblebi zogadad funda
mentur reformebs ewinaaRmdegebian. isini SiSoben, rom vauCeruli siste
ma sajaro skolebs yvelaze naklebad sasurveli studentebis sarbielad
gadaaqcevs. isini aseve eWvs gamoTqvamen imis Taobaze, SeuZlia Tu ara stan
dartul testebs zustad Seafasos moswavleTa codna. bolos, isini ima
sac aRniSnaven, rom yvelaze ufro mwvave problemebi, romlebsac sajaro
skolebi awydebian, iseTi seriozuli socialuri problemebis gamoZaxilia,
rogoricaa danaSauli, ojaxebis ngreva, narkotikebis gamoyeneba da gana
Tlebis mimarT interesis dakargva; am problemebis mogvareba ki skolebs ar
ZaluZs. erTaderTi sakiTxi, razec yvela Tanxmdeba isaa, rom ganaTlebuli
moqalaqeebi ekonomikuri warmatebis aucilebeli pirobaa, rogorc individ
ualurad, aseve koleqtiurad.
Semosavlebis ganawileba
keTildReoba damokidebulia aramarto sazogadoebaSi dagrovil simdid
reze, aramed mis ganawilebazec. Semosavlis ganawileba warmoSobs aramx
olod ekonomikur, aramed zneobis sakiTxebsac. momxmareblebma sakmarisi
fuli unda gamoimuSavon imisTvis, rom warmoebuli produqciisa da momsax
urebis xarjebis dafarva SeZlon. Tu amas ver SeZleben da verc produqciisa
da momsaxurebis eqsporti ver moxdeba, ekonomika nel-nela vardnisken wava.
moraluri TvalsazrisiT, aSkara ekonomikuri uTanasworobis gamarTleba
Znelia sazogadoebaSi, romlis devizic xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi iyo:
`patiosnad imuSaveb, patiosnad gadagixdian.~
461
sul ufro mzardia gansxvaveba sazogadoebis umdidresi da uRaribesi

wevrebis Semosavals Soris. magaliTad, 1994 wels aSS-is mosaxleobis um
didresi mexuTedis Semosavali 13,5-jer aRemateboda misi uRaribesi mex
uTedis Semosavals (ix. sqema 13-4). metic, 2000 wels SeerTebul StatebSi
siRaribis maCvenebeli 11,3%-s Seadgenda, xolo rasobriv WrilSi es maCvene
beli ase gamoiyureba: 9,4% TeTrkanianebi, 22,1% Savkanianebi, 21,2% laTino
amerikelebi da 10,8% _ aziuri warmoSobis amerikelebi.10
SemaSfoTebelia tendenciebi, romlebic 1980 wels gaxda aSkara da 1990ian wlebSic gagrZelda. rogorc erT-erTi eqsperti aRniSnavda, 1980-ian
wlebSi `Zlier, ganaTlebul, daojaxebul da uzrunvelyofil adamianTa ra
odenoba saSualo erovnul maCvenebelze maRali iyo~ maSin, roca `qalebis,
axalgazrdebis, Savkanianebis da laTinoamerikelebis araproporciulad
didi nawili am epoqis danakargad iqca.~ gansakuTrebiT mZime mdgomareobaSi
aRmoCndnen qalaqis ubnebis mcxovrebni _ `skolis gareT darCenili moswav
leebi, martoxela dedebi, diasaxlisebi, umuSevari axalgazrda Savkaniani
mamakacebi da yvela rasis usaxlkaroni~, romelTa mzardi ricxvi `kiTxvebs
badebda eris momavalze~.11
konservatorebi ekonomikuri uTanasworobis sakiTxs gansxvavebulad
uyureben. imis magivrad, rom Semosavlebs Soris mkafio gansxvavebze gaake
Ton aqcenti, isini xazs usvamen, rom aSS-s yovelTvis hyavda Zlieri saSua
lo klasi da wamgebiani iqneba sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenebis gaTanabreba
sqema 13-4 saojaxo Semosavlebis uTanasworoba, 2000

wyaro: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, 20002001, 12 maisi, 2002w. www.census.gov/hhes/www/img/incpov00/fig12.jpg
462
sakanonmdeblo gziT (aq igulisxmeba programebi, romelTa mizania Semo

savlebis Tanabrad gadanawileba). politika, romelic maTTvisaa Seqmnili,
vinc bevrs muSaobs, ekonomikur riskze midis, fuls gonivrulad abandebs
da xalxisaTvis saWiro produqciasa da momsaxurebas uzrunvelyofs, bev
rad ufro nayofieria.
konservatorebi imasac aRniSnaven, rom Semosavlis ganawilebis maCvene
blebSi asaxuli ar aris samTavrobo transferebi, romelTa mizania sazoga
doebis yvelaze ufro daucveli fenis daxmareba (kompensaciebi umuSevar
TaTvis, talonebi produqtebze, SeRavaTebi mravalSvilian ojaxebze da
a.S.). detaluri monitoringis pirobebSi aseTi programebi, garkveulwilad
SezRuduli raodenobiT, exmareba Raribebs ise, rom sazogadoebis dasaqme
bul moqalaqeTa did umravlesobas ar ukargavs motivacias kvlavac iSro
mon da qveynis uwyveti keTildReoba uzrunvelyon.
Tumca, yvela kiTxvaze pasuxi arc liberalebs aqvT da arc konserva
torebs. magaliTad, riT SeiZleba daexmaros sazogadoeba 16 wlis martox
ela dedas, romelmac axlaxan miatova skola, raTa igi aramxolod gadarCes,
aramed warmatebis Sansic hqondes cxovrebaSi?
Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofa
Tanasworoba amerikuli politikuri cxovrebis amosavali principia. Ta
visuflebis deklaraciis Tezisi `yvela adamiani Tanaswori ibadeba~ niSnavs,
rom `sicocxle, Tavisufleba da bednierebisken swrafva~ yvela amerike
lis Tandayolili uflebaa da ara privilegirebuli umciresobisa. Tavisu
flebis deklaraciis miRebamde erTi saukuniT adre ingliseli politikis
filosofosi jon loki amtkicebda, rom `sicocxle, Tavisufleba da sa
kuTreba~ yvela adamianis bunebrivi uflebaa. amdenad, Tanasworuflebiano
bis ideas _ maTi realurad xorcSesxmisagan gansxvavebiT _ Rrma fesvebi
aqvs anglosaqsur politikur tradiciaSi.
rasobrivi diskriminacia
sqesobrivi da rasobrivi diskriminaciis TvalsazrisiT amerikuli gamoc
dileba bevrad Camouvardeba Tansaworuflebianobis princips. afroamerikele
bis diskriminacia SeerTebuli Statebis politikuri cxovrebis udavo faqtad
rCeba. monobis dakanonebam 1860-ian wlebamde amerikuli idealebi dacinvis
sagnad aqcia. samoqalaqo omis zRurblze, dred skotis samarcxvinod cnobil
SemTxvevaSi, uzenaesma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom Savkanianebi, ganurCevlad
imisa, monebi iyvnen Tu Tavisufalni, moqalaqeebad ar CaiTvlebodnen. mTa
vari mosamarTle rojer teni amtkicebda, rom Savkanianebi imdenad ùRirs
ni~ iyvnen, rom maT àr gaaCndaT uflebebi, romelTa dacvac TeTrkanianebs
moeTxovebodaT~.
samoqalaqo omis Sedegad monobas bolo moeRo, magram es kanonis winaSe
Tanasworobas ar niSnavda. mdgomareoba verc konstituciis meToTxmete
463
Sesworebam Secvala, romelic sxva sakiTxebTan erTad iZleoda imis garan

tias, rom arcerT pirovnebas ar SeiZleba uari eTqvas `kanonisgan erTnairad
dacvaze~. samwuxarod, swored uzenaesi sasamarTlo, konstituciis dacvis
garanti, yvelaze metad ugulebelyofda am Sesworebis ZiriTad arss.
gamorCeuli samarTlebrivi precedentebi: samoqalaqo uflebebis saq
mis ganxilvis Sedegad (1883 wels), sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom kongresis
mier miRebuli aqtebi, romlebic sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi (re
stornebSi, skverebSi da a.S.) rasobriv diskriminacias krZalavda, arakon
stituciuri iyo.12 meToTxmete Sesworebis is muxli, romelic Tanabar dac
vas gulisxmobda, mosamarTlis daskvniT, miznad isaxavda diskriminaciis
akrZalvas mxolod saxelmwifos da ara kerZo pirebis mxridan. calkeuli
individebis mier Cadenil diskriminaciul aqtebs sajaro xelisuflebasTan
oficialuri kavSiri ar hqonda, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, federaluri xe
lisuflebis kompetenciis sferos scildeboda da Sesabamisad, federaluri
sasamarTloebisasac. magaliTad, Tu restornebis mesakuTre uars etyoda
Savkanian moqalaqeebs momsaxurebaze, am SemTxvevaSi is kerZo piris ufle
bebiT isargeblebda da kongresis aranairi gadawyvetileba am SemTxvevaSi
konstituciuri ar iqneboda.
cameti wlis Semdeg, plesi fergiusonis winaaRmdeg saqmis (1896) ganxilvi
sas, sasamarTlo kidev ufro Sors wavida.13 Statis im kanonebis gadaxedvisas,
romlebic akanonebda matareblis vagonebSi rasobriv segregacias, sasamarT
lom kanonierad cno doqtrina _ `gancalkevebuli, magram Tanaswori~.
homer plesim (sasamarTlos CanaweriT `Svidi mervedi TeTri da erTi
mervedi afrikuli sisxliT~) matarebelSi TeTrebis seqciaSi arsebuli sa
varZliT isargebla da mas mosTxoves `feradkanianTa seqciaSi~ gadasuliyo.
TiTqmis erTxmad sasamarTlom uaryo plesis sarCeli imis Taobaze, rom kano
ni segregeciis Sesaxeb arRvevda kanonis winaSe misi Tanasworobis uflebas.
maTi mtkicebiT, kanoni Tavisi arsiT neitraluri iyo. igi orive rasis war
momadgenlebs Tanabar pirobebSi ayenebda. sasamarTlo imdenad Sors wavida,
rom daaskvna _ Tu òri rasis dakanonebuli gancalkeveba feradkanian moqa
laqeebs damamcirebel damRas asvams~, es àqtSi ki ar aris Cadebuli, aramed
aseT datvirTvas feradkaniani rasis warmoamdgenlebi Tavad aZleven mas.~
samoqalaqo uflebebisa da plesi fergiusonis winaaRmdeg saqmeebis ganxi
lvisas mxolod mosamarTle jon m. harlani ar daeTanxma sasamarTlos gadaw
yvetilebas. orive SemTxvevaSi, misi azriT sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba ewi
naaRmdegeboda meToTxmete Sesworebas, romelmac `saxelisuflebo sistema
rasobriobis damRisgan gaaTavisufla~. mas sjeroda, rom arc erT xelisu
flebas, arc erT doneze gaaCnda konstituciuri ufleba, mieRo kanonebi,
romlebic rasobriv diskriminaciaze iqneboda dafuZnebuli. misi azriT,
konstitucias rasobrivi mikerZoeba axasiaTebda. harlanis gansxvavebul
mosazrebebs 58 weli dasWirda, sanam kanonis saxes miiRebda.
samoqalaqo uflbebisa da plesi fergiusonis winaaRmdeg saqmeebis ganx
ilvisas sasamarTlom, garda imisa, rom aSkara rasobrivi segregaciis sanq
cionireba moaxdina samxreTSi, aseve Seuwyo xeli iseTi socialuri sistemis
464
samarTlebriv CarCoebSi moqcevas, sadac Savkanianebi diskriminaciis, uxeS

ad mopyrobisa da mkvlelobis msxverplnic ki xdebodnen.
rasobrivi Tanasworoba: bolos da bolos Tavisufali? samarTlebrivad
uzrunvelyofili Tu nakarnaxevi rasobrivi segregacia wesad iyo qceuli
samxreTSi (da CrdiloeTis umetes nawilSic) meoce saukuneSi. Tumca, 1940iani wlebis bolo xanebidan uzenaesma sasamarTlom Zveli samarTlebrivi
formulebis interpretaciisas gezi nel-nela rasobrivi Tanasworobis
dacvaze aiRo. magaliTad, Seli krameris winaaRmdeg (1948) saqmeSi aRniSnu
li iyo, rom kerZo kontraqtebSi Cadebuli diskriminaciuli zomebis samar
Tlebrivi mxardaWera ar iyo konstituciuri.14 sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom
msgavsi xelSekrulebebis legalurad gamocxadeba `saxelmwifos mxridan
diskriminaciul qmedebas~ utoldeboda, rac meToTxmete SesworebiT iyo
akrZaluli. miuxedavad imisa, rom am normis dauyovnebliv akrZalvaze sa
samarTlom uari Tqva, man moiTxova, rom gancalkevebuli sajaro daweseb
ulebebi WeSmaritad Tanaswori yofiliyo. amgvarad, sviti peinteris winaaR
mdeg saqmis ganxilvisas sasamarTlom daavaldebula texasis universitetis
samarTlis skola mieRo Savkaniani studentebic, radganac Stats ar SeeZlo
SavkanianebisaTvis imave donisa da reputaciis calke skola Seeqmna.15
brauni topekas saganmanaTleblo sabWos winaaRmdeg cnobili saqmis gan
xilvisas (1954) sasamarTlom erTxel da samudamod uaryo gancalkevebuli,
magram Tanaswori (segregaciis) doqtrina.16 sasamarTlom segregirebuli
skolebi arakonstituciurad gamoacxada, `radganac aseTi tipis saswavlo
dawesebulebebi TavianTi arsiT uTanasworoa.~
braunis saqmeze gamotanilma ganaCenma sityva `Tanasworobis~ mniSvn
elobaze gacxovelebuli debatebi gamoiwvia aSS-Si. miuxedavad Tavdapirve
li protestis simZafrisa, erovnuli konsensusi mxolod etapobrivad iqna
miRweuli. aTi wlis Semdeg kongresma miiRo 1964 wlis samoqalaqo ufle
bebis aqti,17 federaluri kanonebis pirveli seria, romelic miznad raso
brivi Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofas isaxavda. is faqti, rom 1964 wlis aqti
akanonebda Tanaswori mopyrobisa da momsaxurebis princips dawesebulebeb
Si, romelic arakanonierad iqna gamocxadebuli samoqalaqo uflebebis saq
mis ganxilvisas, axal etapze gadasvlaze miuTiTebda.1960-iani wlebis bo
los, intensiuri samoqalaqo moZraobisa da samoqalaqo omidan moyolebuli
yvelaze Zlieri mRelvarebis Semdeg mTavroba sabolood mzad iyo yvela mo
qalaqisaTvis Tanasworuflebianobis principi samarTlebrivad ganemtkice
bina. politikurma orTabrZolam rasobrivi Tanasworobisa da TeTrkanianTa
upiratesobis sakiTxebze, dasabami misca rTul da gacxovelebul debatebs
Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis saSualebebze.
saskolo avtobusebis saqme. pasuxi kiTxvaze, ramdenad SeuZlia da val
debulia xelisufleba uzrunvelyos Tanabari uflebebi, kargad gamoCnda
1970-1980-ian wlebSi saskolo avtobusebis saqmis magaliTze, romelic Sede
gad mohyva `brauni saganmanaTleblo sabWos winaaRmdeg~ bundovan saqmes. am
SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi
465
segregacia arakonstituciuri iyo. sasamarTlom aRiara, rom Savkaniani

bavSvebi integrirebul skolebSi ukeT iswavlidnen, Tumca sasamarTlos
gadawyvetileba imasac gulisxmobda, rom mxolod sakanonmdeblo da de
iure cvlilebebi sakmarisi ar iyo am miznis gansaxorcieleblad. de faqto
segregacia isev problemad rCeboda, _ rac siRaribis socialur-ekonomi
kuri gavlenis Sedegi iyo _ igulisxmeba afroamerikuli mosaxleobis kon
centracia Zvel ubnebSi.
magram, rogor unda ganxorcielebuliyo mosaxleobis gadanawilebis arse
buli sqemis cvlileba integrirebuli skolebis Seqmnis mizniT? yvelaze re
aluri SesaZlebloba moswavleTa integraciisa, am ubnebidan maTi transpor
tirebis uzrunvelyofa iyo. moswavleTa transportireba, garda imisa, rom
maTi integraciis yvelaze sando saSualeba iyo, `Tanaswori SesaZleblobis~
uzrunvelyofisaTvis qveynis mkafio da udavo mzadyofnazec miuTiTebda.
saskolo avtobusebis SemoRebam _ rac garkveul SemTxvevebSi federaluri
saolqo sasamarTloebis mier iyo dadgenili da araerTxel ganxiluli feder
aluri mosamarTleebis mier, qveynis yovel teritoriul erTeuls miawvdina
xma imis Sesaxeb, rom amieridan rasobrivad erTgvarovani skolebi `kanonebis
Tanabari dacvis Sesaxeb~ konstituciur tests veRar Caabarebdnen.
kritikosebi saskolo avtobusebis SemoRebas sxvadasxva mizeziT ewi
naaRmdegebodnen. maT Soris iyvnen is mSoblebic, romlebsac umciresobebis
mimarT ampartavnuli damokidebuleba hqondaT, magram kidev ufro Zlieri
iyo winaaRmdegoba im mSoblebis mxridan, romlebic Tvlidnen, rom axlom
debare skola saukeTeso iyo bavSvebisaTvis, miuxedavad imisa, sad cxov
robdnen isini. sxvebi acxadebdnen, rom skola ar unda gadaqceuliyo `so
cialur laboratoriad~. skolis administracias eSinoda, rom mSoblebis
interesi da monawileoba saskolo procesSi saxlsa da skolas Soris manZi
lis zrdis proporiulad Semcirdeboda.
sabolood, saskolo avtobusebiT gamowveuli ukmayofileba sajaro
skolebis mimarT `ndobis kriziss~ daemTxva.18 dabali sagamocdo Sefasebebi,
saskolo disciplinasa da narkotikebTan dakavSirebuli problemebi, dabali
akademiuri standartebi da skolis dafinansebasTan dakavSirebuli mosa
lodneli siZneleebi naTlad miuTiTebda, rom sajaro skolebSi yvelaferi
rigze ver iyo.
iyo Tu ara saskolo avtobusebis idea kargi? diax da ara! man aiZula ad
gilobrivi xelisufleba da skolis sabWoebi, gareubnebis skolebSi saswavlo
garemo da pirobebi gaeumjobesebina. man aseve daanaxa skeptikosebs, rom xe
lisufleba seriozulad apirebda ganaTlebis Tanabari xelmisawvdomobis
uzrunvelyofas. meore mxriv, saskolo avtobusebis SemoRebas garkveul Sem
TxvevebSi qalaqis erTi nawilidan meoreSi umciresobebis gadanawileba mohy
va. adgilobrivi xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi cdilobdnen, rom saskolo
avtobusebiT moswavleebi SavkanianebiT dasaxlebuli ubnebidan TeTrkani
anTa ubnebSi gadaeyvanaT, Tumca uzenaesma sasamarTlom gaauqma msgavsi
gadawyvetilebebi, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac calkeul ubnebSi xelisu
flebis mier Tavsmoxveuli diskriminaciidan Tavis daRwevis yvelaze saTa
nado saSualeba swored saskolo avtobusebis gamoyeneba iyo.19
466
pozitiuri qmedebebi Tu Sebrunebuli diskriminacia

saskolo avtobusebis SemTxveva 1970 wels pozitiuri (sakompensacio)
qmedebebis (upiratesi uflebebis miniWeba) Taobaze debatebma daCrdila. am
SemTxvevaSi saqme exeboda samTavrobo programebsa da aqtebs, romlebis um
ciresobebs samsaxurSi ayvanisa da dawinaurebis, kolejebsa da profesiul
saswavleblebSi miRebis dros da sxva analogiur SemTxvevebSi garkveul up
iratesobas aniWebda. maTi mizani warsulsa da awmyoSi umciresobis winaaRm
deg ganxorcielebuli diskriminaciis Sedegebis gamosworeba iyo. saskolo
avtobusebis msgavsad, es programebi Tanasworobis saxeliT Seiqmna. Tumca
bevr adamians uCndeboda SekiTxva, iyo Tu ara es programebi marTlac samar
Tliani? isini, vinc sakompensacio diskriminacias ewinaaRmdegebodnen mas
piruku diskriminaciad afasebdnen.
Tu konstituciiT daSvebulia umciresobebisTvis garkveuli upirate
sobebis miniWeba, icavs Tu ara igi umravlesobas piruku diskriminaciisa
gan? am kiTxvas pasuxi nawilobriv 1978 wels gaeca, rodesac sasamarTlom
ganaCeni gamoitana TeTrkaniani studentis alan bakis sarCeliT aRZrul
saqmeze, romelic devisSi, kaliforniis universitetis samedicino skolaSi
mowyobas amaod cdilobda.20 baki amtkicebda, rom samedicino skolis spe
cialuri misaRebi programa (programa gulisxmobda umciresobis warmomad
geneli studentebis Caricxvas maTTvis gamoyofil adgilebze, miuxedavad
imisa, rom zogierTs bakze gacilebiT dabali saSualo Sefaseba da stand
artuli testis qula hqonda), mas usamarTlod arTmevda swavlis Sanss mx
olod da mxolod misi rasobrivi kuTvnilebis gamo. sasamarTlom ganaCeni
maleve gamoitana (romelic sakmaod gaugebari iyo), igi eTanxmeboda baks,
rom analogiuri kvotebi, romelic upiratesi uflebis miniWebis magaliTia,
arakonstituciuri iyo da skolas bakis dauyonebliv miReba mosTxova. sa
samarTlos gadawyvetilebaSi aseve miTiTebuli iyo, rom upiratesoba um
ciresobebs mxolod garkveuli garemoebebis dadgomisas unda eniWebodeT.
uzenaesma sasamarTlom bakis saqmeze miRebuli gadawyvetileba Tavis Semd
gom aqtebSi gaamyara.21
TumcaRa, uzenaesma sasamarTlom mxari dauWira samsaxurSi miRebis progr
amebs, romlebic farTod efuZneboda upiratesi uflebis miniWebis princips
(ZalaSi datova sqemebi, romlebic umciresobas samsaxuridan daTxovnisgan
dacvis upirates uflebas aniWebda).22 aseve mxari dauWira upiratesi ufle
bebis miniWebis doqtrinas qalebis samsaxurSi miRebisas, kerZod, upirate
soba mieniWebodaT maTze ufro maRali kvalifikaciis mamakacebTan Sedar
ebiT dasaqmebulTa Soris genderuli balansis uzrunvelsayofad.23
meore mxriv, bolo xanebSi sasamarTlom umciresobaTa kuTvnil biznesze
upiratesoba SezRuda, riTac Secvala (an sulac gaauqma) Tavisi Zveli gadaw
yvetilebebi.24 amdenad, gaurkvevelia sasamarTlos damokidebuleba, sad
mTavrdeba sakompensacio diskriminacia da sad iwyeba piruku diskrimina
cia. mxolod ori ganzogadebuli daskvnis gakeTebaa SesaZlebeli. pirveli,
konstitucia kongress gacilebiT did Tavisuflebas aniWebs, vidre Statsa
da adgilobriv xelisuflebas warsuli diskriminaciis Sedegebis aRmosafx
467
vrelad. meore, rasobrivi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli upiratesi

uflebebis miniWebis programebi Statebisa da adgilobriv doneze bevrad
ufro didi mxardaWeriT sargebloben, rodesac saxezea umciresobis dis
kriminaciis konkretuli (da ara sazogado) SemTxvevebi.25
msgavsi programebi winaaRmdegobrivia da xSirad xdeba sasamarTlo ganx
ilvis sagani. am procesebma 1996 wlis noemberSi gansakuTrebiT dramatuli
xasiaTi miiRo, rodesac amomrCevlebma mxari dauWires kaliforniis samoqa
laqo uflebaTa iniciativas, romelic Statis xelisuflebas ukrZalavda dis
kriminacias an upiratesobebis miniWebas rasis, sqesis, kanis feris, eTnikuri
kuTvnilebis an warmomavlobis safuZvelze. amomrCevelTa mcdeloba, Sez
Ruduliyo sakompensacio diskriminaciis programebi, dauyovnebliv iqna gas
aCivrebuli sasamarTloSi, ramac maTi ganxorcieleba ramdenime TviT SeaCera.
upirates uflebaTa miniWebis programebis mxardamWerebi amtkiceben,
rom miniWebuli privilegiebi gamarTlebulia (aucilebelic ki), radganac
umciresobaTa mTeli Taobebi ganicdidnen diskriminacias. metic, maTi az
riT, afro-amerikelebi da sxva umciresobebi naklebad iyvnen warmodgenili
sxvadasxva profesiebSi. maSin, roca Savkanianebi mTeli mosaxleobis 12 pro
cents Seadgenen, advokatebis, mosamarTleebis, eqimebis, inJinrebis, uni
versitetebis da kolejebis profesorTa mxolod 4 procents warmoadgenen.
xolo upiratesi uflebebis miniWebiT gamoswordeba mdgomareoba, romelic
istoriuli usamarTlobiT (gansakuTrebiT monobiTa da rasobrivi segrega
ciiT) ganpirobebuli socialuri garemoebebiTaa gamowveuli.
upiratesi uflebebis miniWebis oponentebi aqcents ufro im moqalaqee
bze akeTeben, vinc am programis ganxorcielebiT zaraldeba, nacvlad im
jgufebisa, visac es programebi exmareba. arsebuli TvalTaxedviT, insti
tuciuri diskriminaciis nebismieri forma usamarTlod da daumsaxureblad
sjis adamianebs. samarTlianoba moiTxovs, rom gadawyvetilebebi saswavleb
elsa da samsaxurSi miRebis Sesaxeb saTanado kriteriumebis Sesabamisad
Tanasworobis principze dayrdnobiT iqnes miRebuli. oponentebi imasac
acxadeben, rom sazogadoeba isjeba, rodesac yvelaze konkurentunarian mo
qalaqeebs gzas uRobaven warmatebisken. am mosazrebis Tanaxmad, WeSmariti
samarTlianoba sulac ar gulisxmobs sazogadoebas, sadac sxvadasva prof
esiaSi yvela rasa proporciulad iqneba warmodgenili; is mxolod Tanabar
SesaZleblobebs moiTxovs. rogorc mosamarTle harlanma Tqva, Tanasworo
bis misaRwevad saWiroa, konstitucia ~ferebs ar arCevdes.~
vis sWirdeba dacva?

afroamerikelebis garda, arseboben Tu ara sxva jgufebi, romlebic upi
ratesi uflebebiT unda sargeblobdnen? gamxdaran Tu ara adgilobrivi
amerikelebi diskriminaciis msxverpli? ra mdgomareobaSi arian laTino
amerikelebi? aziuri warmoSobis amerikelebic dazaraldnen, magram miuxe
davad amisa, isini mravlad arian warmodgenili iseT dargebSi, rogoricaa
468
maTematika da sainformacio teqnologiebi. nuTu aseTi warmatebis SemTx

vevebi upiratesi uflebebis miniWebis ideas azrs ukargavs?
sqesobrivi diskriminaciis problemas bevrad ufro mwvave sakiTxebis
wamoweva mohyva. 1970-ianidan 1980-ian wlebamde mimdinare debatebi sabedis
wero `Tanabari uflebebis Sesaxeb Sesworebas Seexeboda~, romelic uzrunve
lyofda, rom `Tanabari mopyrobis kanonieri ufleba ar SeiZleboda uaryo
fili an SezRuduli yofiliyo SeerTebuli Statebis federaluri an Statebis
xelisuflebis mier sqesobrivi gansxvavebis safuZvelze~. saWiroeben Tu
ara qalebi dacvas, rogorc istoriulad daCagruli umciresoba? sWird
ebaT Tu ara maT upiratesobis miniWeba warsuli diskriminaciis Sedegebis
aRmosafxvrelad? Tu asea, Sedegad ras miviRebT? magaliTad, federaluri
kanonis Tanaxmad, samxedro samsaxurisaTvis mxolod mamakacebi unda dare
gistrirdnen26 nuTu es kanoni sqesTa Soris mxolod fizikur gansxvavebas
iTvaliswinebs? ayenebs Tu ara is mamakacebs upirates mdgomareobaSi, raki
miiCnevs maT qalebze fizikurad da emociurad aRmatebul arsebebad (qalebi
susti, arakoordinirebuli, arastabiluri da panikisadmi midrekilni arian),
romelTac ar SeswevT unari samxedro samsaxuri gaiaron? Tu piriqiT, qalebs
upirates mdgomareobaSi ayenebs arasasurveli valdebulebisagan gaTavisu
flebiT? msgavs winaaRmdegobas sxvadasxva normatiul aqtebSic vawydebiT;
maT Sorisaa kanonmdebloba arasrulwlovanTa gaupatiurebis Sesaxeb, ro
melic mamakacebs ukrZalavs arasrulwlovan gogonebTan sqesobriv kavSirs,
qalebs ki igives ar ukrZalavs arasrulwlovan vaJeEbTaAn.27
Raribi da umweo mosaxleoba kidev erTi jgufia, romelic bevris azriT
upirates mopyrobas imsaxurebs. ra aris siRaribe _ roca adamianebi SimSilis
piras imyofebian, Tu roca cxovrebis Sesabamisi pirobebi ara aqvT? rogori
unda iyos cxovrebis Sesabamisi pirobebi? zogierTi eqsperti Raribs uwodebs
sazogadoebis garkveul procentul nawils, romlebic saerTo saSemosavlo
Skalis yvelaze dabal niSnulze imyofebian. Tumca, es arafers gveubneba ima
ze, rogor cxovroben aseTi adamianebi sinamdvileSi _ dasavleTis mdidar
qveynebSi yvelaze dabalSemosavliani 20 procenti gacilebiT ukeT cxovrobs,
vidre mesame msoflios qveynebis mosaxleobis didi umravlesoba.
socuzrunvelyofis sistemis oponentebi ki amtkiceben, rom Raribebi
siduxWireSi TavianTi mavne Cvevebisa da mosazrebebis gamo cxovroben da maT
Secvlas arc ki cdiloben, xolo xelisuflebas amgvari pirovnuli marcxis
Sedegebis gamosworeba naklebad ZaluZs. sxvebi amtkiceben, rom Raribebi
gulgrili sazogadoebisa da ulmobeli konkurentuli ekonomikuri siste
mis msxverplni arian. xelisufleba valdebulia Tavisi Zala ekonomikuri da
socialuri Tanasworobis xarisxis gasaZliereblad gamoiyenos.
bolos, ganvixiloT kidev erTi sakiTxi _ iyvnen Tu ara sxva jgufebi _
magaliTad, homoseqsualebi warsulSi diskriminaciis obieqtebi da unda
iyvnen Tu ara isini kanoniT daculni diskriminaciisagan samsaxurSi an sagan
manaTleblo dawesebulebaSi miRebisa Tu socialuri SeRavaTebis miniWebi
sas. 1992 wels koloradoSi amomrCevlebma xma misces saqsualuri umcireso
bebisaTvis samarTlebrivi dacvisa da calkeuli upiratesobebis akrZalvas.
referendumis Sedegebi gauqmda 1996 wels, rodesac uzenaesma sasamarTlom
469
daaskvna, rom aRniSnuli zomebi diskriminaciuli da arakonstituciuri

iyo.28 es SemTxveva, sxva analogiur SemTxvevebTan erTad, Semdeg kiTxvas
badebs: romeli samarTlebrivi normebi icavs uklebliv yvela amerikels?
Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa
Tanasworobis msgavsad, Tavisuflebac Tanamedrove politikuri cxovrebis umTavresi mizania. gamonaTqvamebi, romlebic Tavisuflebis politikur
Rirebulebas ganadidebs, Tan gasdevs amerikis respublikis istorias. àn
Tavisufleba an sikvdili,~ patrik henris es sityvebi erovnul mowodebad
iqca.
Tavisuflebis Rirebuleba
politikuri Tavisufleba dasavleTSi didxans gulisxmobda xelisufle
bisgan dawesebuli SezRudvisgan gaTavisuflebas. amdenad, Tavisufleba
mniSvnelovani politikuri kapitalia oTxi ZiriTadi mizezis gamo:
1. sicocxle azrs kargavs, Tu individs misi Tavad gankargva ar SeuZlia.
radganac arCevanis amgvari Tavisufleba gamorCeuli adamianuri
Tvisebaa, igi niSnavs SesaZleblobas, moiqce ise, rogorc mxolod
adamianebi iqcevian. aseve adamianuri Rirseba Tavisuflebis gareSe
warmoudgenelia, radganac mozrdil moqalaqeTa umetesobas unari
Seswevs sakuTar qmedebebze pasuxismgebloba aiRos, Tvisuflebis
ararseboba individs TviTrealizaciis saSualebas arTmevs da mis gan
viTrebas aferxebs. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Tavisuflebis SezRud
vas zrdasruli adamianebi bavSvis doneze dahyavs.
2. Tavisufleba emyareba rwmenas, rom individebma ukeT ician, ra surT
an sWirdebaT bednierebisaTvis. am Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, misi ganx
orcieleba mxolod maSin aris SesaZlebeli, rodesac individi Tavad
wyvets, rogor gamoiyenos Tavisi dro da fuli.
3. Tavisufleba aucilebelia ideebis Sinaarsiani gacvlisaTvis, iseve,
rogorc sazogadoebrivi progresis misaRwevad. mxolod Tavisufal
sazogadoebaSi aris SesaZlebeli ideebis gamoxatva, siaxleTa Seqmna
da maTi sazogadoebis sasikeTod gamoyeneba. gamoxatvis Tavisufleba
aseve xelisuflebis patiosnebis uzrunvelyofis umTavresi pirobaa.
4. Tavisuflebis SezRudvas xSirad Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebamde
mivyavarT. Tu xelisuflebas xels aravin uSlis, miitanos ieriSi erTi
adamianis Tavisuflebaze, sxva danarCenebis Tavisuflebac safrTxis
winaSe dadgeba. magaliTad, yvela vTanxmdebiT, rom garkveuli tipis
qceva, rogoricaa regularuli dabana _ uaRresad sasurvelia. am
uflebis Tavisuflad ganxorcielebisas SesaZloa maincdamainc sa
survel Sedegamde ver mivideT (magaliTad, ras ityviT moqalaqis kon
stituciur uflebaze, ar daicvas higienis normebi). magram Tu poli
470
cias SeeZleba transportSi Cems gverdiT mjdomi adamiani imis gamo

daajarimos, rom mas Sxapi ar miuRia, ra SeuSlis mas xels, damiWiros
Tu Tmas saTanadod ar davivarcxni an wvers ar gaviparsav?
Tavisufleba da pirveli sakonstitucio Sesworeba

SeerTebul StatebSi, samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis ganxilvisas, romelic pirov
nebis Tavisuflebas exeba, pirvel Sesworebas moiSvelieben. masSi aRniSnulia:
kongresma ar SeiZleba miiRos kanoni, romelic mxars dauWers rome
lime religias an SezRudavs mis Tavisufal ganxorcielebas, sityvis
an presis Tavisuflebas, adamianTa mSvidobiani Sekrebis da xelisu
flebisgan miyenebuli zaralis anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebas.
amgvarad, pirveli Sesworeba icavs samoqalaqo Tavisuflebis 4 ZiriTad

aspeqts: sityvis Tavisuflebas, presis Tavisuflebas, religiis Tavisufle
bas, mSvidobiani Sekrebis Tavisuflebas. radganac Sesworebis ena lakonuri
da zogadia, pirveli sami ufleba xSirad saWiroebs interpretacias sazoga
doebis mxridan.
sityvis Tavisufleba. xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi Tanxmdebian, rom
pirveli Sesworebis umTavresi mizani politikuri gamosvlebis Tavisu
flebis uzrunvelyofa iyo. respublikis pirobebSi, politikuri sistemis
efeqtiani funqcionirebis umTavresi piroba politikur oponentebs Soris
Ria debatebia.sityvis Tavisufleba TiTqmis arasodes gamxdara sadavo, si
tyvis Sinaarsi ki _ araerTxel.
Tumca, sityvis Tavisufleba SesaZloa gaxdes cxare ganxilvis sagani, ro
desac individebi, romlebic am TavisuflebiT sargebloben, arapopularul
ni arian an politikuri sistemis xelSeuxeblobasa da kanonierebas eWvqveS
ayeneben. eqstremistebi xSirad Zlieri vnebaTaRelvis provocirebas axdenen.
magaliTad, nacistTa gamosvlebi Cveulebisamebr mZafr reaqcias iwvevda
ebraelTa Soris. vietnamis omis sawyis etapze axalgazrda protestantebi
xSirad iyvnen aRqmulni arapatriot da araloialur pirebad. ramdenime wlis
Semdeg, rodesac vietnamis omis mimarT damokidebuleba radikalurad Seicv
ala, SeerTebuli Statebis poziciis damcvelebs stveniTa da yviriliT xvde
bodnen universitetebis kampusebSi gamosvlisas. pirveli Sesworeba yvela
moqalaqes icavs Tavisi politikuri Sexedulebebis gamoTqmisas, mniSvneloba
ara aqvs, ramdenad miuRebeli an arapopularulia es Sexedulebebi. Tumca, ar
sebobs mxolod mcire SezRudvebi (gamosvla ar SeiZleba Seicavdes mowodebas
ukanono qmedebebisken, ar unda axdendes areulobis provocirebas, ar ayeneb
des vinmes pirovnul Seuracxyofas da a.S.).
ra Tqma unda, dacva, romelsac sityvis Tavisuflebis muxli gulisxmobs,
mxolod politikuri xasiaTis gamosvliT ar Semoifargleba. uzenaesma sa
samarTlom `sityvis~ sakmaod farTo interpretireba moaxdina da is `gamox
471
atvis~ sinonimadac miiCnia. mxatvruli gamoxatva, simboluri Jestebi da

reklama aseve is sferoa, romelic, sasamarTlos azriT, pirveli Seswore
biTaa daculi.
Tuki dadgindeba, rom qmedeba simbolurad sityvis Tavisuflebas gamoxa
tavs, mis Sinaarss an Setyobinebas mniSvneloba ara aqvs. magaliTad, aale
buli droSa sityvis Tavisuflebis dacvis simboluri formaa.29 rac Seexeba
realur SemTxvevebs, sityvis Tavisuflebis simboluri gamoxatvis konte
qsti konstituciis TvalsazrisiT yovelTvis ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre
misi Sinaarsi. ku-kluks-klanis aalebuli jvari SesaZloa calke kamaTis
sferoa, Tumca simboluri gamoxatvis konstituciiT daculi formaa.30 sul
sxva sakiTxia viRacis gazonSi aalebuli jvari.31
presis Tavisufleba. presis Tavisufleba uzrunvelyofs axali ambebisa da
informaciis xelmisawvdomobas xalxisaTvis anu icavs gamomcemlebs yovel
gvari oficialuri cenzurisagan. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, gazeTebsa da
sxva periodul gamocemebs ufleba aqvT dabeWdon yvelaferi, rac surT,
maT Soris, kritika da braldebebi xelisuflebis mimarT. igive vrceldeba
eleqtronul mediaze. mravalferovani da SeuzRudavi media, sjerodaT dam
fuZneblebs, gadamwyvetia TviTmmarTvelobisaTvis, radganac demokratiis
pirobebSi, TiToeuli moqalaqe iRebs gadawyvetilebas (saarCveno kabinSi)
da xalxis mier arCeul Tanamdebobis pirebsac sWirdebaT vinme (an rame), rom
patiosneba SeinarCunon.
uzenaesma sasamarTlomac daaskvna, rom konstituciis Tanaxmad, presas
ar SeuZlia winaswari SezRudvebis dauwesdes. es ki niSnavs, rom garda omisa
an sagangebo mdgomareobis gamocxadebis sxva SemTxvevebisa, xelisuflebas
ar SeuZlia gazeTs an sxva gamocemas raime saxis masalis beWdva aukrZalos _
maT Soris dokumentebisa, romlebsac xelisuflebam saidumlo grifi misca
an informaciisa, romlis gamoqveynebac sasamarTlo procesamde dauSvebe
lia da mogvianebiT mosamarTlem SesaZloa zianis momtanadac miiCnios.32
religiis Tavisufleba. saxelmwifos mier religiis mxardaWeris akrZal
viT, pirveli Sesworeba xelisuflebisgan moiTxovs daicvas neitraliteti
religiur sakiTxebSi _ arc Seuwyos xeli da arc Seafarxos romelime reli
giis arseboba. es moTxovna avsebs im punqts, romelic moqalaqeebs religiis
Tavisuflebis garantias aZlevs. orive punqti erTad uzrunvelyofs, rom
moqalaqeebma SeZlon gonivrul farglebSi maTTvis sasurvel religias em
saxuron maTTvis sasurveli formiT.
rodesac religiuri msaxureba safrTxes uqmnis sazogadoebas, xelisuf
lebas misi akrZalva SeuZlia. magaliTad, arc erTi sasamarTlo ar dauWers
mxars ritualur mkvlelobas im mizeziT, rom religiis Tavisufleba kon
stituciiTaa daculi. arc iseTi religiuri aqtebia konstituciiT daculi,
romlebic raime aSkara safrTxes uqmnian sazogadoebas (magaliTad, poli
gamia).33 Tumca, sasamarTlo garkveul religiur Tavisuflebas mainc ani
Webs moqalaqeebs, magaliTad, religiuri marwamsis safuZvelze uari Tqvan
samxedro momzadebaze, aziel bavSvebs aTavisuflebs ganaTlebis miRebis
472
aucileblobisgan, aRiarebs ieRovas mowmeTa uflebas, ar moiyaron muxli

droSis winaSe (maTi rwmenis Tanaxmad aseTi saqcieli kerpTayvanismcemlo
bad aris miCneuli).
bevrad ufro winaaRmdegobrivia saskolo locvis sakiTxi. Tavis mraval
ricxovan gadawyvetilebebSi uzenaesi sasamarTlo miuTiTebs, rom locva,
Tundac arc erT religiur mimdinareobas ar gamoxatavdes da bibliis kiTx
va sajaro skolebSi, ewinaaRmdegeba pirveli Sesworebis punqts religiis
Sesaxeb.34 aseve, sasuliero pirebs ara aqvT ufleba, gamosaSveb ceremoniaze
locva warmoTqvan.35 uzenaesi sasamarTlo ufro Sorsac wavida da aukrZala
maswavleblebs gamoacxadon `siCumis dro~, romelic Semdeg locvisaTvis
iqneba gamoyenebuli.36 imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom sajaro skolebis, maswavle
blebisa da saskolo sabWoebis funqcionirebas saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs
da moswavleebi sajaro skolebSi saxelmwifo savaldebulo ganaTlebis Ses
axeb kanonis safuZvelze xvdebian, sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom sajaro sko
lebSi saskolo locvis daSvebiT saxelmwifo arakonstituciurad axorcie
lebs religiis mxardaWeras.
kritikosebi miiCneven, rom sasamarTlos es gadawyvetilebebi unda Seic
valos. saskolo locva, maTi azriT, religiuri tradiciebis SenarCunebas
uwyobs xels, romelic qveyanas kidev ufro ganadidebs da axalgazrdebis
moralur dacemas SeaCerebs. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis momxreebi Ta
vianTi poziciis gasamarTleblad acxadeben, rom yoveldRiuri locva da
bibliis kiTxva skolaSi im moswavleTa uflebebs zRudavs, romlebic um
ciresobas warmoadgenen an arc erT religiur aRmsareblobas ar aRiare
ben. religiis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofis yvelaze saimedo gza rwmenis
sakiTxebSi saxelmwifos Carevis minimumamde dayvanaa.
religiis Sesaxeb punqts xSirad moiSvelieben sajaro debatebis dros,
romelic saxelmwifos mxridan im mSoblebis daxmarebas exeba, romelTa
Svilebic kerZo, gansakuTrebiT sasuliero da religiur skolebSi swav
loben. am SemTxvevaSi yvelaze Zlieri argumenti is aris, rom mSoblebs ar
Cevanis Tavisufleba hqondeT, raTa gadawyviton, romel skolaSi waiyvanon
Svilebi. yvela mSobeli, yvela moqalaqe ixdis gadasaxadebs, saidanac sajaro
skolebi finansdeba, Tumca zogjer maT urCevniaT TavianTi Svilebi kerZo an
religiur skolaSi gaagzavnon religiuri, socialuri an saganmanaTleblo
mosazrebebiT. maT kerZo skolaSi swavlebis gadasaxadic unda gadaixadon,
amitom eqspertebi svamen kiTxvas: unda daexmaros Tu ara xelisufleba mSob
lebs, romlebsac Svilebi msgavs skolebSi SehyavT maTTvis sagadasaxado Se
RavaTebis Tu sxva finansuri daxmarebis gawevis gziT. rogorc adre aRvniS
neT, swored am mizniT, bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi kongresSi vauCeruli
dafinansebis sxvadasxva sqema iqna SemuSavebuli.
piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba

pirveli Sesworeba adamianis ramdenime Tavisuflebas icavs. Tumca, arse
bobs adamianis sxva uflebebi, romlebic SesworebiT pirdapir ar aris dacu
li (arc uflebaTa bilis romelime muxliT).
473
am uflebaTa Soris umTavresia e.w. piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba anu

arCevanis Tavisufleba, romelic zogadad gulisxmobs zrdasruli moqa
laqeebis uflebas, pirad cxovrebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi damoukide
blad, saxelmwifos Carevis gareSe gadawyviton. piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxe
blobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebSi
aRniSnulia, rom qalebs aqvT abortis fundamenturi, Tumca ara SeuzRudavi
ufleba. Tavdapirvelad, uzenaesi sasamarTlo gansakuTrebiT zrunavda,
rom am uflebis Seuferxebeli ganxorcieleba uzrunveleyo. Tumca, mogvi
anebiT sasamarTlo (ufro konservatiuli Sexedulebebis mqone) naklebi
enTuziazmiT uWerda mxars am uflebis ganxorcielebas, raki Tvlida, rom
abortis ufleba ar avaldebulebs sajaro fondebs xelmokle qalebs abor
tis xarjebi daufaros. aseve, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, xelisufleba
ar iyo valdebuli msgavs SemTxvevebSi saxelmwifo seqtorSi dasaqmebuli
eqimebisaTvis an damxmare personalisTvis xelfasi gadaexada.37
uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavdapirvel gadawyvetilebebze, romelic abor
tis uflebas exeboda, protesti sicocxlis uflebis damcveli jgufebis
gan modioda; isini acxadebdnen, rom adamianis sicocxle CasaxvasTan erTad
iwyeba da amitomac abortis daSveba mkvlelobis legalizaciis tolfasia.
adamianis embrions, maTi azriT, konstituciuri uflebebi aqvs, maT Soris
sicocxlis ufleba, romelic iSviaTi SemTxvevebis garda (rodesac bavSvis
dabadebam SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnas dedis sicocxles), gadawonis dedis
piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis uflebas. sicocxlis uflebis mxardam
Weri moZraoba Tavis pozicias saprotesto aqciebiTa da xSirad, klinikebis
blokirebiT gamoxatavda. protestis aseT formebze 1994 wels samarTlebri
vi SezRudvebi dawesda. kongresma miiRo kanoni, romelic qalebs saSualebas
aZlevda, abortis mizniT yovelgvari dabrkolebis gareSe miemarTaT Ses
abamisi klinikebisaTvis, xolo saprotesto aqciebis monawileebs maTTvis
am uflebis ganxorcielebaSi xelis SeSla aukrZala. imave wels uzenaesma sa
samarTlom daaskvna, rom Tu klinikebs abortis mowinaaRmdege aqtivistebis
mier blokirebis Sedegad ekonomikuri ziani miadgeboda, aqciis organiza
torebs sisxlis samarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba daekisrebodaT `reketior
Ta da danaSaulebrivi gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb~ (RICO) kanonis safuZvelze.38
Tumca, rogorc sasamarTlom 1997 wels daadgina, aRniSnuli SezRudvebis
dawesebis Semdeg, abortiis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli aqciebis monawileTa si
tyvisa da gamoxatvis uflebac konstituciur dacvas saWiroebda.39
uzenaesi sasamarTlos ramdenime mosamarTlem mxari dauWira Tavisufali
arCevanis uflebas da SemogvTavaza piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis axali
koncefcia, romelic dafuZnebulia pirovnebis uflebaze _ `Tavad gansaz
Rvros, raSi mdgomareobs misi arsebobisa da daniSnulebis, samyaros idea
da adamianis cxovrebis saidumlo~.40 aRniSnuli terminebi gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda maTTvis, vinc acxadebda, rom arsebobs sikvdilis
ufleba da pacientebs, romlebic ukurnebeli seniT arian daavadebulni an
autanel tkivils ganicdian, unda gaaCndeT kanonieri ufleba sicocxle
daasrulon eqimebis daxmarebiT. Tumca, 1997 wels, uzenaesma sasamarTlom
erTxmad ganacxada uari ecno sikvdilis konstituciuri ufleba.41
474
samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofa
winamdebare TavSi samarTlianoba ganxiluli iqneba viwro gagebiT, ro
gorc sajaro politikis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi mizani, romelic sa
samarTloebisa da marTlmsajulebis sistemis funqcionirebis Sedegad
miiRweva. am mosazrebis Tanaxmad, samarTliani sazogadoeba isaa, sadac samo
qalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis kanonebi samarTlianobis princips emsaxureba
da sasjeli danaSaulis Sesabamisia.
danaSauli da sasjeli
arc erT sazogadoebas ar SeuZlia Tavis Tavs misces ufleba, dausjeli
datovos sazogadoebisaTvis saSiSi an kriminaluri saqcieli. im adamianebis
dasjiT, romlebic wesebs arRveven, sazogadoeba mkafiod miuTiTebs, rom
aseTi saqciels ar Seegueba. sasjelis simkacre ki imaze metyvelebs, ram
denad arasasurvelia esa Tu is saqcieli. antisazogadoebrivi qmedebisaT
vis gansazRvruli sasjeli oTx mizans emsaxureba. pirveli _ sazogadoeba
metadaa daculi, Tu damnaSave cixeSi imyofeba; meore _ erTi damnaSavis
dasjam SesaZloa sxvebs imave danaSaulis Cadena gadaafiqrebinos (danaSau
lis prevencia); mesame _ sasjeli kriminalebis gamosworebis umTavresi
winapirobaa, rac maT sabolood saSualebas aZlevs normalur da nayofier
cxovrebas daubrundnen (damnaSavis reabilitacia); bolos, meoTxe _ sasje
li erTgvari kompensaciaa udanaSaulo msxverplisaTvis, romelic imsax
urebs, ganicados kmayofileba dasjili damnaSavis xilviT (retribucia _
sanacvlos migeba).
marTlmsajuleba, rogorc marTebuli procedura

arsebobs Zveli samarTlebrivi kliSe, romlis Tanaxmadac samarTliano
bis 90 procenti marTebuli proceduris damsaxurebaa. proceduris dac
vis meqanizmebi icavs udanaSaulo adamians daumsaxurebeli braldebisagan,
xolo braldebuls _ daumsaxurebeli ganaCenisagan. aRniSnuli meqanizmebi,
romlebic marTebuli samarTlis procesis (due process of law) saxeliTaa
cnobili, detaluradaa aRwerili konstituciis uflebaTa bilSi, kerZod
konstituciis meoTxe, mexuTe da meeqvse SesworebebSi. konstituciis Tanax
mad, moqalaqes aqvT kanonieri ufleba, daculi iyos (1) ukanono Cxrekisa da
dakavebisgan; (2) aravis ar SeiZleba orjer miesajos sasjeli erTi da imave
danaSaulisaTvis; (3) aravin aris valdebuli, misces Cveneba sakuTari Ta
vis winaaRmdeg; (4) yvelas aqvs ufleba, moiTxovos dauyovnebeli, sajaro
da miukerZoebeli sasamarTlo procesi; (5) hqondes informacia mis mimarT
wayenebuli bralis Sesaxeb; (6) daupirispirdes mowmeebs, romlebic mis sawi
naaRmdego Cvenebas aZleven; (7) moiTxovos Tavisi mowmeebis dakiTxva; (8)
hyavdes advokati.
ra Tqma unda, TiToeuli es konstituciuri ufleba SeiZleba gaxdes sa
samarTlos interpretaciis sagani. erTad isini amerikis sasamarTlo siste
475
mis safuZvels qmnis. ai, rogoria samarTlebrivi procedura erT-erTi moqa

laqis TvaliT:
rodesac adamiani sasamarTloSi mihyavT da mas sazogadoebis winaSe
seriozuli danaSaulis Cadena edeba bralad, mTliani saxelmwifo
manqana moZraobaSi modis, raTa igi marTlmsajulebis winaSe warsdg
es. saxelmwifo bralmdebels an prokurors xelT mTeli armia hyavs,
romlebic srul mzadyofnaSi arian, raTa danaSaulTan dakavSirebiT
yovelgvari informacia moipovon. maT saxelmwifo imaSi uxdis anaz
Raurebas, rom uamravi mowme dakiTxon, nivTmtkicebebi Seiswavlon da
iseTi saqme Seqmnan, romelic braldebulis danaSauls daamtkicebs. am
ukanasknels ki xelT gacilebiT naklebi resursi aqvs. mopasuxes Za
lian umarTlebs, Tu mas sakmarisi Semosavali aqvs advokatis xarjebis
dasafarad. cota Tu SeZlebs kerZo deteqtivis daqiravebas, romelic
mTel Tavis dros, unarsa da resursebs mxolod iqiT mimarTavs, rom
nivTmtkicebebi moiZios da dacvis strategia aagos. arc erT individs
ar ZaluZs saTanadod pasuxi gasces Tanamedrove saxelmwifos, roca es
ukanaskneli mTeli ZaliT erTveba saqmeSi mas Semdeg, rac pirs kanond
arRvevaSi wauyeneben brals.42
amdenad, proceduruli garantiebi aucilebelia, raTa mopasuxe daculi

iyos marTlmsajulebis Secdomebisgan.
samarTlebrvi dacvis sazRvrebi

zemoT moyvanili dacvis meqanizmebis miuxedavad, sisxlis samarTlebri
vi marTlmsajulebis sistema yovelTvis samarTliani ar aris. xelmokle
moqalaqeebi yovelTvis gacilebiT dabali donis samarTlebriv daxmarebas
iReben. istoriulad, yvelaze didi usamarTlobani religiuri uTanasworo
bis Sedegi iyo. aseTi SemTxvevebis sixSiriT gamoirCeoda samxreTi, sadac
sasjelis dakisreba da misi simkacre umTavresad rasobriv safuZvelze xde
boda. Savkanian mamakacebs, romelTac bralad TeTrkanian qalebze Zaladoba
edeboda (ZiriTadad usamarTlod), Cveulebisamebr, sikvdiliT sjidnen an
mTel cxovrebas cixeSi amyofebdnen, TeTrkaniani mamakacebs ki Savkaniani
qalebis mimarT Cadenili imave danaSulisTvis pasuxs aravin sTxovda.
aseTi aSkara usamarTlobis SemTxvevaSi, samarTlebrivi procedura sru
liad araefeqtiania. Tumca, sistemaSi aseTi xarvezebis aRmoCena gacilebiT
advilia, vidre maTi aRmofxvra. saTanado samarTlebrivi proceduriT gaT
valiswinebuli TiTqmis yvela garantia garkveul winaaRmdegobas warmoSobs.
magaliTad, konstituciaSi garkveviT weria, rom mopasuxe pirs aqvs ufleba,
hyavdes advokati. erTi SexedviT yvelaferi naTelia.
magram Tu braldebuls advokatis daqiravebis saSuleba ara aqvs? val
debulia Tu ara saxelmwifo, rom mZime danaSulSi braldebuli umweo mo
qalaqe advokatiT uzrunvelyos? Tu adamians mxolod msubuqi gadacdoma
aqvs Cadenili? ras ityviT sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebaze?
476
unda uzrunvelyos Tu ara saxelmwifom dacviT msjavrdadebuli adamiani,

romelsac sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gasaCivreba surs? da Tu unda uz
runvelyos, mxolod erTjeradad, Tu imdenjer, ramdenjerac amas msja
vrdebuli moiTxovs?43
braldebulis proceduruli dacvis sakiTxebi, rogorc Sinaarsobrivad,
aseve praqtikuli ganxorcielebis TvalsazrisiT, rTuli da winaaRmdego
brivia. TiTqmis yvela Tanxmdeba imaze, rom dacvis meqanizmebi aucilebelia,
raTa samarTlis ganxorcieleba uzrunvelyofili iyos. magram aseve, bevrs
saubroben imazec, da sakmaod warmatebiTac, rom es uflebebi farTod iqnes
gamoyenebuli, raTa eWvmitanilTaTvis dacva xelmisawvdomi iyos. Tumca,
samarTlebrivi dacvis am meqanizmebisaTvis garkveuli SezRudvebic ar
sebobs. maTi gamoyeneba ise farTod rom moxdes, rogorc es Teoriuladaa
SesaZlebeli, maTi fuladi Rirebuleba warmoudgenlad gaizrdeba an saer
Tod SeuZlebeli gaxdeba vinmes dadanaSauleba, an sasamarTlo procesi ise
gaiweleba, rom marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba Seferxdeba da sulac,
SeuZlebeli gaxdeba. amdenad, proceduruli dacvis meqanizmebi unda gan
isazRvros eWvmitanilis uflebebis SejerebiT xelisuflebis valdebule
basTan, dasajos isini, vinc kanons marTlac arRvevs.
omis pirobebSi konstituciuri garantiebi da saTanado samarTlebrivi
procedura izRudeba im saxiT, rogoriTac is sxva garemoebebSi miuRebeli
iqneboda. magaliTad, samoqalaqo omis dros prezidentma abraam linkolnma
e.w. `habeas korpusis~ (Habeas Corpus) moqmedeba SeaCera. am mizeziT, garkveuli
periodis ganmavlobaSi uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare rojer teni da
pirispirebuli aRmoCnda SeerTebuli Statebis samxedro ZalebTan, magram
iZulebuli gaxda poziciebi daeTmo, rodesac cxadi gaxda, rom umaRlesi
mTavarsardali generlebis mxares iyo.
davubrundeT 2001 wlis movlenebs. 11 seqtembris Sokismomgvreli mov
lenebis Semdeg, prezidentma jorj buSma, romelsac zurgs xalxis warmoud
genlad maRali mxardaWera umagrebda (daaxloebiT 9 - 1-Tan SefardebiT),
TxovniT mimarTa kongress, mieRo axali vrceli antiteroristuli kanoni
(`patriotis aqtis~ saxelwodebiT cnobili), romelic iusticiis departa
ments gamoZiebis, dakiTxvis, Cxrekis, dapatimrebis, dakavebisa da Tvalyuris
devnebis (satelefono mosmenebisa da eleqtronuli fostis monitoringis) up
recedento uflebas aniWebda mxolod da mxolod im pirobiT, rom es qmedebebi
terorizmis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad iqneboda mimarTuli. 175-gverdianma
kanonproeqtma daCqarebuli wesiT gaiara warmomadgenelTa palata, romlis
umravlesobasac respublikelebi Seadgendnen, mcire cvlilebebi ganicada
demokratebis mier kontolirebad senatSi, sadac mxolod erTma misca xma
mis winaaRmdeg (senatori rasel fingoldi viskonsinis Statidan). patriotis
aqtis masStabebi, misi miRebis tempebi da masTan dakavSirebuli sainformacio
kampania mkafiod miuTiTebs, rom sazogadoeba Tanaxmaa (moiTxovs kidec), rom
krizisis pirobebSi Tavisufleba SeizRudos da kanonmdeblebma `samefos gas
aRebi~ ufro popularul umaRles mTavarsardals gadascen. aRsaniSnavia isic,
rom evropis saparlamento demokratiis mqone qveynebSi umravlesoba poli
ciasa da usafrTxoebis samsaxurs Cveulebriv pirobebSi gacilebiT nakleb
dabrkolebebs uqmnis, vidre es aSS-Si iqneboda misaRebi (ix. CanarTi).
477
terorizmi da samoqalaqo uflebebi: sadao balansi

sxva qveynebis gamocdileba
maSin, rodesac kongresi eZebs gzas, rogor miaRwios balanss
usafrTxoebasa da Tavisuflebas Soris, gonivruli iqneba mimoxilva imisa,
rogor iqcevian sxva qveynebi. geografiulad rac ufro vSordebiT anglo
saqsur models, usafrTxoebis zomebi kidev ufro mkacrdeba.
problemebma, romelic did britaneTs CrdiloeT irlandiaSi Seeqmna,
mis xelisuflebas dapatimrebisa da dakavebis farTo uflebebi misca, Tumca
amas qveyanaSi samoqalaqo uflebebis arsebobis Zveli tradicia da yovel
gvari piradobis mowmobis mimarT uaryofiTi damokidebuleba abalansebs.
germania gansakuTrebiT mkacria politikuri eqstremistebis mimarT, misi
nacisturi warsulisa da 1970-ian wlebSi memarcxene frTis teroristebTan
brZolis gamo, Tumca, igi tolerantobas amJRavnebs sxvadasxva religiuri
gaerTianebebis mimarT, rogorebicaa islamisti fundamentalistebi (magram
ara saintologebis mimarT). germanelebi valdebulni arian ataron pirado
bis mowmobebi, Tumca, maTi kanonmdeblobiT saxelmwifo dawesebulebebs pi
radi informaciis gacema mkacrad aqvT akrZaluli.
safrangeTSi, espaneTsa da italiaSi xelisuflebas bevrad meti
uflebamosileba aqvs. Tu ver waradgineT piradobis mowmoba quCaSi Semow
mebisas, SesaZloa adgilobrivi policiis ganyofilebaSi aRmoCndeT, miT
umetes, Tu ucxoels hgavxarT. Cveulebrivi damnaSaveebis devnis dro
sac ki mosamarTleebs policiasTan erTad sakmaod farTo _ satelefono
mosmenebis, Cxrekis, sabanko angariSebis Semowmebisa da ganaCenis gamo
tanamde eWvmitanilTa cixeSi Casmis _ uflebebi aqvs, maT Soris, safran
geTSi oTx wlamde vadiTac ki. frangi Jurnalistebi, romlebic terorizmsa
da korufciis sakiTxebze muSaoben, policias araerTxel daukavebia. espa
neTis saidumlo samsaxuri ki politokosebisa da TviT mefis satelefono
mosmenebsac ki axorcielebs.
iaponiaSi es balansi mniSvnelovnadaa darRveuli samoqalaqo ufle
bebis sazianod _ policias dakavebisa da dakiTxvis farTo uflebebi aqvs.
SesaZloa, swored amitomaa, rom sasamarTlos braldebulTa mxolod 1%isTvis gamoaqvs gamamarTlebeli ganaCeni. adamianebi valdebulni arian ad
gilobriv saxelmwifo organoebSi daregistrirdnen (romlebic ukanasknel
wlebamde qveyanaSi myofi yvela ucxoelisgan TiTis anabeWdebs iRebdnen).
1995 wlis aum sinrikios religiuri seqtis mier tokios metroSi cremlsadeni
gazis gaSvebis Semdeg xelisuflebas gaezarda qonebis CamorTmevis ufleba.
amerikis msgavsad, sxva qveynebis xelisuflebasac meti Zalufleba
surs. britaneTma adamianis uflebaTa aqts gadaxeda. germania savaraudod
religiur jgufebs specialur statuss gauuqmebs da piradi xelSeuxe
blobis Sesaxeb kanonsac Searbilebs. espaneTi da safrangeTi, savaraudod,
am TvalsazrisiT ufro Sors wavlen. cvlilebebi naklebad Seexeba iaponias:
am qveyanaSi Sida usafrTxoebis isedac umkacresi wesebi moqmedebs.
wyaro: adaptirebulia The Economist, October 20, 2001, 31.
478
mtkicebulebis uaryofis wesi. marTebuli samarTlebrivi proceduris

arc erTi punqti ar aRZravs samarTlianobis sakiTxs ise mkafiod, rogorc
e.w. mtkicebulebis uaryofis wesi (dauSvebeli mtkicebuleba). aRniSnuli
wesis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom ukanono gziT mopovebuli arc erTi mt
kicebuleba ar SeiZleba waredginos sasamarTlos. uzenaesma sasamarTlom,
aRniSnuli wesis ZalaSi SesvlasTan dakavSirebiT ganacxada, rom konstitu
ciis meoTxe Sesworebis Sesabamisad, ukanono dakavebisa da Cxrekis akrZalva
azrs dakargavda, Tu policielebs ar ecodinebodaT, rom maT mier aralega
luri qmedebiTa da konstituciis darRveviT mopovebuli mtkicebulebebi
sasamarTloSi gamoyenebuli ver iqneboda.44 mtkicebulebis uaryofis wesi,
sasamarTlos azriT, policiis mier Zalauflebis Segnebulad borotad gam
oyenebis Tavidan acilebis utyuari saSualebaa.
aRniSnuli wesis mowinaaRmdegeebi (maT Soris uzenaesi sasamarTlos
mosamarTleebic) TavinTi argumentebis warmodgenisas acxadeben, rom is
seriozul problemebs Seuqmnis policiis oficrebs, romlebic valdebulni
arian, rom Cxreka da dakaveba sasamarTlos mier dadgenili rTuli miTiTe
bebis mixedviT ganaxorcielon.45 mxolod iSviaT SemTxvevebSia SesaZlebeli
saxelmZRvanelos principiT Cxreka an dakaveba; umeteswilad, policiis
oficrebs SemTxvevis adgilebze spontanuri gadawyvetilebebis miReba uw
evT. policiis oficrebi, romlebic sazogadoebis usafrTxoebas icaven,
xSirad TavianT sicocxles safrTxeSi agdeben; mosamarTleebisa da nafici
msajulebisagan gansxvavebiT, isini sakuTar Tavs mSvid da usafrTxo gare
moSi auCqareblad gadawyvetilebis miRebis uflebas ver miscemen.
dauSvebeli mtkicebulebis Sesaxeb debatebs safuZvlad udevs azrTa
mniSvnelovani sxvadasxvaoba. aRniSnuli wesis momxreebi samarTaldamcav
oficrebs moWarbebuli energiis mqone pirovnebebad miiCneven, xolo mowi
naaRmdegeebi maT bundovani da damabneveli kanonebis msxverplad Tvlian.
garda amisa, am wesis momxreebi mas samarTlianobis utyuar garantad mi
iCneven, xolo mowinaaRmdegeebi _ marTlmsajulebis Semaferxebel gare
moebad. uzenaesi sasamarTlo Seecada or sawinaaRmdego mosazrebas Soris
erTgvari balansisaTvis mieRwia da dasaSvebad miiCnia araswori gziT mop
ovebuli mtkicebulebebi im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Secdoma policiis mier
uneblied iyo daSvebuli da maT marTlac surdaT samarTlebrivi proce
duris dacva.46 aseTi gamonaklisebi braldebulis uflebebsa da sazoga
doebis usafrTxoebas Soris balansis miRw evas isaxavs miznad.
sasamarTlo da sasjelaRsrulebis administrirebis diskretuli
uflebebi. bolo dromde, samarTlis gabatonebuli Teoriis Tanaxmad,
bralmdeblebs (romelTa funqciaa bralis wayeneba, saproceso SeTanxmebis
gaformeba, bralis uaryofa), mosamarTleebsa (romelTac saeWvo saqmeze
ganaCenis gamotana SeuZliaT) da sapyrobileTa sameTvalyureo sabWoebs
(romlebic iReben gadawyvetilebas, ra dro unda gaataros realurad bral
debulma cixeSi) farTo diskretuli uflebamosileba unda gaaCndeT. sa
samarTlo da administraciuli diskrecia am sferoSi, upirveles yovlisa,
imiT aris gamarTlebuli, rom xSirad erTsa da imave danaSaulSi eWvmitanil
479
da braldebul pirebs gansxvavebuli warsuli, motivacia da danaSaulisad

mi damokidebuleba, aseve reabilitaciis gansxvavebuli perspeqtiva aqvT
da a. S. diskreciuli Zalauflebis safuZvelze sasamarTlos magistratebs
da sxva oficialur pirebs amgvar garemoebaTa gaTvaliswineba SeuZliaT,
rodesac saqme saxdelis dawesebaze an sasjelis simkacreze midgeba. amgvari
diskrecia kidev ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba maSin, rodesac danaSaulis
ricxvi izrdeba, xolo cixis saknebis raodenoba igive rCeba; aseT pirobeb
Si mosamarTleebi ar Cqaroben, rom damnaSaveebi, Tu, ra Tqma unda, gansa
kuTrebiT mZime danaSaulSi ar arian braldebulni, gaistumron gadavsebul
cixeebSi, sadac personalis naklebobaa.
sasamarTlo sistemis es aspeqti xSirad gamxdara kritikis sagani im
mizeziT, rom igi SesaZloa borotad iqnes gamoyenebuli. kritikosebis az
riT, bralmdeblebi gadawyvetilebas maTi politikuri Sexedulebebisa da
piradi nebasurvilis mixedviT miiReben, mosamarTleebi ganaCens samarTlis
maTTvis sasurveli Teoriebis safuZvelze gamoitanen, xolo sameTvaly
ureo sabWos wevrebs Wkviani damnaSaveebi advilad gaacureben. sasamarTlo
sistemis msgavsi xarvezebi, maTi azriT, sasjels zemoqmedebisa da iZulebis
efeqts ukargavs. ufro metic, acxadeben rom am SemTxvevaSi danaSaulSi
braldebulTa sasjeli umeteswilad iseT garemomebebzea damokidebuli,
romelic cota uCveuloa samarTlebrivi sistemisaTvis, magaliTad, romeli
mosamarTle romel saqmes ganixilavs. msgavsi argumentebis Zalam zogier
Ti Stati aiZula iseTi samarTlebrivi reformebi gaetarebina, rogoricaa
saeWvo saqmeebze iseTi ganaCenis gamotanis SezRudva an akrZalva, romelic
zustad araa gansazRvruli.
sikvdiliT dasja. sajaro debatebi sikvdiliT dasjis mizanSewonilobis
Taobaze ori sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT mimdinareobs. praqtikuli Tval
sazrisiT, eqspertebi bevrs kamaToben imaze, axdens Tu ara sasjelis umaR
lesi forma mkvlelobaTa prevencias. TiToeuli mxaris mier warmodgenili
magaliTebi imdenad fragmentulia da interpretaciebi imdenad mraval
ferovani, rom raime calsaxa pasuxi ar arsebobs. meore mxriv, bevrad ufro
cxared kamaToben imaze, moralurad ramdenad gamarTlebulia sikvdiliT
dasja.
sainteresoa, rom orive mxare adamianis sicocxlis xelSeuxeblobaze
saubrobs. sikvdiliT dasjis mimxreebi acxadeben, rom marTlmsajulebas sa
sikvdilo ganaCeni imitomac gamoaqvs, rom igi adamianis sicocxles umaRles
mniSvnelobas aniWebs _ sazogadoeba moralurad valdebulia, rom udana
Saulo adamianebis mkvlelobas umkacresi pasuxi gasces.
mizanTa konfliqti
amerikelTa umetesobas politikis Sesaxeb mkafiod Camoyalibebuli azri
ar gaaCnia, mxolod da mxolod imitom, rom Zalian rTulia imis gansazRvra,
rogor unda iqnes miRweuli sajaro sikeTeebi. sakmaod rTulia am TavSi ganx
480
iluli sajaro politikis xuTi ZiriTadi miznis - usafrTxoebis, keTildRe

obis, Tanasworobis, Tavisuflebisa da samarTlianobis - bolomde gaazreba.
rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, TiToeuli miznis ganxilvisas winaaRmdegobriv
da kompleqsur sakiTxebs vawydebiT da sajaro politikis miznebis miRwevis
gzebi yovelTvis naTlad gansazRvruli ar aris.
xSirad, Tavad es miznebi ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs. magaliTad, sax
elmwifo iRvwis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelsayofad, magram, omis pirobebSi,
erovnuli usafrTxoebis saxeliT Tavadve uzRudavs Tavis moqalaqeebs am
Tavisuflebas komendantis saaTis, Semosavlebis Semcirebis, muSakTa mobi
lobis SezRudvis, saprotesto aqciebis akrZalvis da sxva analogiuri qmede
bebis ganxorcielebis gziT. buSis administraciis inicirebuli da kongre
sis mier daCqarebuli wesiT miRebuli antiteroristuli kanoni, romelic
11 seqtembers msoflio savaWro organizaciasa da pentagonze Tavdasxmis
Sedegi iyo, yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTia imisa, rogori konkurencia Sei
Zleba arsebobdes samoqalaqo Tavisuflebisa da erovnuli usafrTxoebis
principebs Soris krizisis dros. zogjer, mosamarTle zRudavs presis Ta
visuflebas, raTa gaxmaurebeli saqmis ganxilvisas eWvmitanilis uflebebi
daicvas. samTavrobo normatiulma aqtebma, romlebic Tanasworobis uzrun
velyofas isaxavs miznad, SesaZloa, damqiravebeli daavaldebulos, rom Ta
vis TanamSromlebs minimaluri xelfasi gadauxados an usafrTxoebis mkacri
standarti dauwesos, riTac materialuri keTildReobis miRwevas gaarTu
lebs. rodesac sazogadoeba xuTi mTavar Rirebulebas (Tavisufleba, Tana
saworoba, usafrTxoeba, materialuri keTildReoba da samarTlianoba) aRi
arebs, igi maT Soris optimaluri balansis miRwevaze unda zrunavdes da ar
dauSvas romelime maTganis upiratesoba danarCenebze.
rogor unda SevafasoT, ramdenad warmatebulia xelisufleba sajaro
politikis aRniSnuli xuTi miznis miRwevis TvalsazrisiT? aleqsis de
tokvilma Tavis naSromSi ~demokratia amerikaSi~ gonivrulad daaskvna,
rom rac ufro Tanasworuflebiani arian adamianebi, miT ufro TvalSi sa
cemi xdeba am Tanasworobidan mcireodeni gadaxvevac ki. sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, rac ufro uaxlovdeba politikuri sistema Tanasworobis sanukvar
mizans, miT ufro aSkaraa misi marcxi, rodesac is am mizans srulad ver aR
wevs. igive SeiZleba iTqvas sajaro politikis sxva miznebzec. radganac in
teresTa da moTxovnaTa konfliqti TiToeuli miznis srul ganxorcielebas
uSlis xels, demokratiis pirobebSi yovelTvis arsebobs safrTxe, rom mo
qalaqeebi da liderebi axlomxedvelobiT daavaddebian an, krizisis piro
bebSi, omis isteria an fsevdopatriotizmi SeipyrobT. patriotizmSi cudi
araferia, Tu is ar gvikargavs realobis SegrZnebas an ar arRvevs balanss
usafrTxoebasa da Tavisuflebas Soris, risic patriotizmis gamovlinebis
oponentebs 2001 wels eSinodaT.
zomiereba, rasac Zveli berZnebi oqros Sualeds uwodebdnen, demokra
tiul qveynebSi politikuri stabilurobis gasaRebia. zomiereba moqalaqee
bs Seusabamo politikuri molodinisgan icavs. is aseve aRkveTs mcdelobas,
rom erTi mizani meore aranakleb mniSvnelovan mizanze uaris Tqmis xarjze
iqnes miRweuli. im adamianebis fanatizmma, romlebic erTjerad da miuRw
481
evel miznebs emsaxurebian, SesaZloa gaamZafros diskusia sajaro politi

kis sakiTxebze. mZafrma yvirilma maTi mSvidi xma CaaxSos, visac sjera, rom
moTminebisa da zomierebis gareSe, demokratia ver SeZlebs im balansis miR
wevas, romelic swori mmarTvelobis ZiriTadi arsia.
daskvna
sajaro politikis sakiTxebi moicavs demokratiuli xelisuflebis xuT
universalur mizans: usafrTxoebas, keTildReobas, Tanasworobas, Tavisu
flebasa da samarTlianobas. maT Soris yvelaze fundamenturia usafrTxoe
ba, radganac mis gareSe sxva Rirebulebebis dacva an SenarCuneba SeuZlebeli
iqneboda. usafrTxoeba gulisxmobs dacvas mtrulad ganwyobili moqalaqee
bisagan da garkveul SemTxvevaSi _ moqalaqeebis dacvas sakuTari Tavisga
nac ki.
SeerTebul StatebSi, materialuri keTildReobis cneba istoriulad da
kavSirebulia Tavisufal samewarmeo principze dafuZnebul ekonomikasTan,
romelic komerciuli respublikis ideas emyareba. 21-e saukuneSi xelisu
fleba Tavisi moqalaqeebis materialuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas so
cialuri uzrunvelyofisa da sxva programebis ganxorcielebiT cdilobs.
am programebma cxare debatebi gamoiwvia xelisuflebis ekonomikur proce
sebSi monawileobis sakiTxebze, gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac sabiujeto
deficiti gamwvavda. saganmanaTleblo sisitemis xarvezebi ki safrTxes uqm
nis saerTaSoriso ekonomikaSi amerikis konkurentunarianobas. Semosavlis
ganawileba amerikaSi saerTo saxelmwifo debatebis kidev erTi Tema gaxda.
TanasworobisaTvis brZola SeerTebul StatebSi aRiniSna mcdelo
biT, bolo moReboda rasobriv diskriminacias. uzenaes sasamarTloSi ori
gaxmaurebuli saqmis ganxilvam samoqalaqo omis Semdgom periodSi, xeli
Seuwyo kanonebisa da sazogadoebrivi azris SenarCunebas, romelic raso
brivi uTanasworobis arsebul stereotips pasuxobda. mogvianebiT ki saqmem
_ brauni saganmanaTleblo sabWos winaaRmdeg (1954) _ safuZveli Cauyara
moZraobas samoqalaqo uflebebisaTvis, rac sakanonmdeblo, sasamarTlo da
administraciuli zomebis gatarebaSi gamoixata da rasobrivi Tanasworo
bis erTxel da samudamod damkvidrebas isaxavda miznad. samoqalaqo ufle
bebis saqmes axali winaaRmdegoba mohyva moswavleebis saskolo avtobusebiT
savaldebulo uzrunvelyofisa da upiratesi uflebebis miniWebis sakiTxe
bze. Tanasworobis sakiTxi sajaro politikis TvalsazrisiT aseve moicavs
qalTa, sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebisa da umweoTa uflebebs.
Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa amerikuli sazogadoebis umTavresi Rirebulebaa. individualur uflebebs Soris, romlebic pirdapir aris daculi
konstituciis pirveli SesworebiT, aris sityvis, presis, religiis Tavisu
fleba. piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba, arCevanis Tavisufleba pirovnebis
Tavisuflebis aseve umniSvnelovanesi aspeqtebia SeerTebul StatebSi.
samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofa, viwro gagebiT, SeiZleba ganisazRv
ros, rogorc sajaro xelisuflebis mizani da marTlmsajulebis sistemis
482
Tanabari da efeqtiani funqcionireba. samarTlianobis tests sasamarT

loebi imis mixedviT abareben, ramdenad miukerZoeblad asruleben kanons.
sisxlissamarTlebrivi marTlmsajulebis sistema yvela sazogadoebaSi
uzrunvelyofs antisazogadoebrivi da danaSaulebrivi saqcielis dasjas.
SeerTebul StatebSi es sistema marTebuli procesis da samarTliani pro
ceduris principebis erTgulia. marTebuli procesiT gaTvaliswinebuli
meqanizmebi, romlebic konstituciaSia mocemuli da sasamarTloebis mieraa
interpretirebuli, Tanamedrove sazogadoebas garkveul problemebs uqm
nis. winaaRmdegobrivi norma mtkicebulebis uaryofis Sesaxeb, miznad isax
avs balansis miRwevas danaSaulSi eWvmitanilisa da sazogadoebis wevrebis
uflebebs Soris. amave mizans emsaxureba sasamarTlo diskreciisa da umaR
lesi sasjelis sakiTxebi.
konfliqti aRniSnul xuT mizans Soris xSirad aferxebs TiToeuli maT
ganis srulyofilad ganxorcielebas. swored amitom, sajaro politikaSi
TiToeuli miznis mniSvnelobis Sefasebisas, moqalaqeebma zomiereba da saRi
azri unda SeinarCunon.
sakvanZo sityvebi
erovnuli usafrTxoeba
erovnuli bredis kanoni
Sereuli ekonomika
biujetis deficiti
erovnuli vali
pozitiuri qmedebebi
piruku diskriminacia
winaswari SezRudva
angariSworeba (retribucia)
marTebuli samarTlebrivi procesi
(due process of law)
mticebulebis uaryofis wesi (da
uSvebeli mtkicebuleba)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
romelia politikuri Temebi, romelic usafrTxoebis sakiTxebs Seicavs?

ra saxis ekonomikuri problemebi aqvs dRes aSS-s?
SeadareT Tanasworobis ideali da realoba aSS-s istoriaSi?
ratomaa Tavisufleba Rirebuli? rogoraa igi daculi aSS-Si?
ra sakiTxebi dgas amerikis sasamarTlo sistemis dRis wesrigSi? ratomaa
es sakiTxebi mniSvnelovani?
ra kavSirSia erTmaneTTan sajaro sikeTe da zomiereba?
SeniSvnebi:
1. Aristotle, The Politics, red da mTargm. Ernest Braker (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962), 1252b, 5.
483
2. Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Defining Deviance Down, American Scholar 62 (zam

Tari, 1993), 1.
3. James Q. Wilson, Thinking About Crime (New York: Basic Books, 1983), 234-240.
4. Martin Diamond, piradi mimowera.
5. ix. Glenn Kessler-is The Lightened Federal Tax Load, Washington Post National
Weekly Edition, 3 aprili 2000, 18.
6. Dont Feel Alone If Tax Confusing: 50 Experts Differ over Family Return, Lincoln
Star (AP Report), 18 Tebervali 1989, 2.
7. rogorc tokvilma SeniSna; ix. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America,
red da mTargm. J. P. Mayer (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1966), 302, 459-468.
8. Tumca skolebs Soris didi Seusabamobaa. ix. Jonathan Kozol-is Savage Inequalities: Children in Americas Schools (New York: Crown, 1991).
9. ra Tqma unda, aseTi problemebi Cndeba pirveli Sesworebis muxlSic - deb
uleba saxelmwifo religiis akrZalvis Sesaxeb.
10. Poverty in the U.S.: 2000, U.S. Census Bureau seqtemberi 2001, 2.
11. Kevin Phillips, The Politics of Rich and Poor (New York: Random House, 1990),
2002.
12. Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 (1883).
13. Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896).
14. Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1 (1948).
15. Sweatt v. Painter, 339 U.S. 629 (1950).
16. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954).
17. mas mxari dauWires, rogorc kongresis kanonier uflebas, daareguliros
vaWroba ucxour qveynebsa da amerikis SeerTebul Statebs Soris; ix. Heart
of Atlanta Motel v. United States, 379 U.S. 241 (1964), da Katzenbach v. McClung,
379 U.S. 294 (1964).
18. ix. Peter Schotten-is The Establishment Clause and Excessive Governmental - Religious Entanglement: The Constitutional Status of Aid to Non-Public and Secondary Schools, Wake Forest Law Review 15 (1979): 240-244.
19. Milliken v. Bradley, 418 U.S. 717 (1974).
20. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265 (1978).
21. arsebiTad, uzenaesi sasamarTlo bakis saqmeze Sors wavida da mxari dauWi
ra federaluri sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas imis Taobaze, rom rasa ar
SeiZleba iyos saswavlebelSi (iuridiul fakultetze) miRebis faqtori.
22. Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education, 476 U.S. 267 (1986).
23. Johnson v. Transportation Agency, Santa Clara County, 480 U.S. 616 (1979).
24. Adarand Construction, Inc. v. Pena, 515 U.S. 200 (1995).
25. ix. magaliTad, United States v. Paradise, 480 U.S. 149 (1987); City of Richmond v.
J. A. Croson Co., 488 U.S. 469 (1989); da Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission, 497 U.S. 547 (1990).
26. Rostker v. Goldberg, 453 U.S. 57 (1981).
27. Michael M. v. Superior Court, 450 U.S. 464 (1981).
28. Romer v. Evans, 116 S. Ct. 1620 (1996).
29. Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397 (1989).
30. Brandenberg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444 (1969).
484
31. es sakiTxi gadawyda R.A.V. v. St. Paul, 505 U.S. 112 (1992). Tvrameti wlis
TeTrkanianma biWma san polSi, minesota mezoblad mcxovrebi SavkanianTa
erTaderTi ojaxis ezoSi jvari dawva. nacvlad imisa, rom is sxvisi simS
vidis darRvevisa da sxvisi sakuTrebisaTvis zianis miyenebis gamo dae
patimrebinaT, is adgilobrivi sasamarTlos dadgenilebiT gaasamarTles,
romlis mixedviTad arakanonierad iTvleboda `kerZo Tu sazogadoebriv
sakuTrebaSi arsebul miwaze simbolos, sagnis an naxatis moTavseba, maT
Soris, aalebuli jvris an nacisturi svastikis, romelic SesaZloa bra
zis, gangaSis an Seuracxyofis safuZveli gamxdariyo sxva rasis, kanis
feris, msoflmxedvelobis, religiisa Tu sqesis adamianebisaTvis~. 1992
wels uzenaes sasamarTloze gadawyda, rom es dadgenileba aseTi saxiT ar
Rvevda `pirvel damatebas~.
32. ix. New York Times, Co. v. United States, 403 U.S. 713 (1971); da Nabraska Press
Association v. Stuart, 427 U.S. 539 (1976).
33. Reynolds v. United States, 98 U.S. 145 (1879).
34. umniSvnelovanesia Abington School District v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 203 (1963) da
Engle v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1963).
35. Lee v. Wiesman, 505 U.S. 577 (1992).
36. Wallace v. Jaffree, 472 U.S. 38 (1985).
37. Tavdapirveli saqme, romelic icavda qalTa uflebebs abortis Taobaze
aris Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973). sxva mniSvnelovan saqmeTa Sorisaa Haris
Harris v. McRae, 448 U.S. 297 (1980); Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, 492
U.S. 490 (1989) da Rust v. Sullivan, 500 U.S. 173 (1991). ix. aseve Planned Parenthood of Southeast Pennsylvania v. Casey , 505 U.S. 833 (1992).
38. Schenck v. Pro Choice Network of Western New York, 117 S. Ct. 855 (1997).
39. N.O.W. v. Scheidler, 510 U.S. 249 (1994).
40. Planned Parenthood of Southeast Pennsylvania v. Casey 505 U.S. at 851 (1992).
41. Washington v. Glucksberg, 117 S. Ct. 82258 (1997).
42. Burton Leiser, Liberty Justice, and Morals: Contemporary Value Conflicts (New
York: Macmillan, 1973), 192.
43. uzenaesi sasamarTlos pasuxis mixedviT, saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos
sabWos efeqtiani daxmareba saapelacio sasamarTlos saSualebiT. ix.
Douglas v. California, 372 U.S. 353 (1963), da Ross v. Moffitt, 417 U.S. 600 (1974).
44. Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961).
45. ix. magaliTad, Chief Justice Burgers dissent in Bivens v. Six Unknown Agents of
the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 897 (1970).
46. United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897 (1984).
47. ix. magaliTad, The Battle in Congress, The Economist, 20 oqtomberi 2001, 31,
34.
nawi l i I V
politika
Zaladobis
gziT
Tavi X I V r e v o l u c i a :
samar T l i a n o b i s
saxel i T
Tavi X V t e r o r i z m i :
sust i s i a r a R i
Tavi X V I o m i :
poli t i k a s x v a s a S u a
lebe b i T
485
486
Ta v i X I V
revolucia
sam a r T l i a n o b i s
sax e l i T
revoluciis kvlavdabruneba
Tanamedrove revoluciebi:
ori tradicia
amerikuli revolucia
frangu
li revolucia
ori revoluciis
Sedareba
revoluciis sasurveloba:
berki, peini da loki
berkis pozicia
peinis kritika
lokiseuli perspeqtiva
revoluciis mizezebi
tradiciuli axsna
revoluciis
socialuri fsiqologia
revolu
ciis Tanamedrove Teoriebi
487
488
politika Zaladobis gziT
cota sityva Tu gamoiyeneba ise xSirad, rogorc sityvebi revolucia da

revoluciuri. televizorSi Zalian xSirad aris reklamebi axali `revolu
ciuri~ saparsi sacxis, saojaxo teqnikisa an avtomobilebis Sesaxeb, rom
lebic `revolucias axdenen~. magram, kerZod ra gamoarCevs revolucias an
revoluciur mTavrobas? Tavisi arsiT, sityva revoluciuri did cvlile
bas aRniSnavs. amrigad, WeSmaritad revoluciuri saparsi sacxi, saojaxo
teqnika an avtomobili unda iyos fundamenturad axali da ukeTesi produq
cia, vidre aqamde arsebuli saparsi sacxi, saojaxo teqnika an avtomobilebi.
sityva revolucia xSirad ixmareba Semdegi mniSvnelobiT: magaliTad, e. w.
samrewvelo revolucias niSnavs Zireul cvlilebas warmoebis stilSi, ro
melic cvlis erovnul ekonomikasa da sazogadoebis struqturas.
politikur konteqstSi, revolucia aris fenomeni, romelsac moaqvs
fundamenturi cvlileba arsebul xelisuflebasa da sazogadoebaSi. Cveu
lebriv, mas Tan sdevs Zaladoba da kulturuli Zvrebi. Tumca, yvelanairi
politikuri cvlileba ar aris revolucia. Tu saxelmwifo gadatrialebis
Sedegad xelisuflebaSi modis liderTa jgufi, romelTa politika imeorebs
maTi winamorbedebis politikas da es cvlileba qveyanasa an sazogadoebaze
naklebad aisaxeba, maSin SeiZleba iTqvas, rom revolucia ar momxdara da mis
Sedegad Seqmnil mTavrobas ar SeiZleba vuwodoT revoluciuri.
revoluciis kvlavdabruneba
kacobriobis istoriaSi revoluciebi gansakuTrebiT mosaxleobis swrafi
matebisa da swrafi ekonomikuri cvlilebebis dros xdeboda.1 Zv. w. aR. VII da VI
saukuneebSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi aRiniSneboda berZnul qalaq-saxelm
wifoebSi, Zv. w. aR. pirvel saukuneSi _ romSi, islamur samyaroSi _ ax. w. aR.
VIII saukuneSi da evropaSi, gansakuTrebiT 1500-1650 da 1750-1850 wlebSi.
meoce saukuneSi revolucia ufro xSirad xdeboda, vidre adre. garkveu
li TvalsazrisiT, revolucia erovnuli Zaladobis talRis nawilia,
romelmac sakuTari kvali daaCnia meoce saukunes. cnobilma harvardelma
sociologma pitirim sorokinma 1930-ian wlebSi Caatara `Sida areulobis~
STambeWdavi kvleva 11 politikur sazogadoebaSi. mxolod dasavleT evro
paSi man SeZlo aranakleb 1622 aseTi areulobis identificireba pirveli
msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi, romelTagan sruli 70 procenti `moicavda
mniSvnelovani masStabis Zaladobasa da sisxlis Rvras.~2 ufro metic, man
aRmoaCina, rom yovel Seswavlil qveyanaSi yovel xuT SedarebiT mSvidobian
weliwadze modioda `mniSvnelovani socialuri areulobis~ erTi weliwadi.
sabolood, sorokinma daaskvna, rom XX saukune iyo yvelaze sisxliani da mS
foTvare saukune istoriaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom man es daskvna gaakeTa meore
msoflio omamde.
Semdgomma movlenebma gaamyara sorokinis daskvna. magaliTad, 1945-dan
1962 wlamde periodSi, 100-dan daaxloebiT 40 ganviTarebadi qveyana gaxda
sul mcire erTi samxedro gadatrialebis mowme mainc, xolo 1943 da 1962 wlebs
Soris laTinuri amerikis faqtobrivad yvela, aziis qveynebis or mesamedSi da
revolucia
489
afrikis damoukideblobamopovebuli qveynebis naxevarSi aRiniSna arsebuli

mTavrobis damxobis mcdeloba.3 niu iork Taimsma aRniSna, rom 1946 da 1959
wlebSi dafiqsirda `Sida omis~, maT Soris `samoqalaqo omis, partizanuli
omis, lokaluri ajanyebebis, farTod gavrcelebuli SfoTis, organizebuli
da savaraudod araorganizebuli terorizmis, areulobisa da saxelmwifo
gadatrialebebis~ 1200 SemTxveva.4 axlandel droSi revoluciebi, ajanyebebi
da samoqalaqo areulobebi ar Semcirebula. Tu organizebuli da araorgani
zebuli Zaladoba yovelTvis iyo politikuri cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawili,
meoce saukuneSi is ukeT organizebulic da ufro xSiric gaxda.
Tumca, yvela revolucia ar aris Zaladobrivi. magaliTad, aRmosavleT
evropaSi, 1989 wels qveynebi erTi meores miyolebiT gamovidnen sabWoTa
kavSiris kontrolidan da maTi umetesoba Sebrunda sabazro ekonomikisa
da saparlamento demokratiisaken. mcire SemTxvevebis, magaliTad rumi
neTis, garda, es revoluciebi yvela qveyanaSi moxda minimaluri ZaladobiT
da sisxlisRvriT. CexoslovakiaSi mas xaverdovani revoluciac ki uwodes,
radganac komunisturi diqtaturidan konstituciur xelisuflebaze ga
dasvla rbilad ganxorcielda. damoukidebeli baltiispireTis qveynebSi _
estoneTSi, latviasa da litvaSi _ aseve sanimuSod ganxorcielda mSvidobi
ani masobrivi revolucia. TiToeul am SemTxvevaSi, politikuri transfor
maciis procesi didi SfoTis, sakuTrebis ganadgurebisa da adamianTa msx
verplis gareSe warimarTa.
Tanamedrove revoluciebi: ori tradicia

Tanamedrove revoluciis ideas _ rwmenas imisa, rom èrs SeTanxmebuli
politikuri brZolis saSualebiT SeuZlia Zireulad Secvalos politikuri
wesrigi, romelic marTavda mis cxovrebas da masTan erTad sazogadoebis
socialur da ekonomikur struqturas~ _ SesaZloa Tvali gavadevnoT meTv
ramete saukunis bolodan.5 miuxedavad imisa, rom revolucias zogadad xan
grZlivi istoria aqvs da saTaves iRebs monaTa ajanyebebidan antikur xanaSi,
Tanamedrove revoluciis gamorCeuli niSania idea, rom dabali klasebis
mrisxaneba ara ubralod gaanadgurebs Tavsmoxveul sazogadoebriv wesrigs,
aramed `Seqmnis axal da gansxavebul wesrigs, romelSic Cagvris tradiciu
li formebi aRar iarsebebs.~6 am mizezis gamo, xSirad aRiareben, rom Taname
drove revolucias, rogorc wesi, àxasiaTebs emociebis mier warmarTuli
utopiuri ideebi _ molodini imisa, rom sazogadoeba win miiwevs rogorc
Rirebulebebisa da struqturebis Rrma cvlilebebis, aseve piradi qcevebis
cvlilebebisaken.~7
Tanamedrove revolucia da misi Tanmxlebi survili, Camoyalibdes axa
li, samarTliani sazogadoebrivi wesrigi, Cveulebriv, saTaves iRebs 1789
wlis safrangeTis revoluciidan. amerikuli revolucia, dawyebuli 1776
wels, gvTavazobs Tanamedrove revoluciis alternatiul, Tumca naklebad
gavrcelebul models. amerikulma da frangulma revoluciebma, romle
bic Tanamedrove epoqis umniSvnelovanesi politikuri movlenebia, gavlena
490
moaxdines momavali Taobebis bedze. orive revolucia ibrZoda Rrmad mniS

vnelovani politikuri cvlilebebisaTvis, romlebsac warmarTavda axali
tipis politikuri wesrigis xedva.
Tumca, es ori revolucia erTmaneTisgan dramatulad gansxvavdeboda
bevr aspeqtSi. rogorc erTi SorsmWvreteli mkvlevari amtkicebs:
`WeSmaritad udavoa, rom samyaro, rodesac is Tvals adevnebs
1776 wlis da Semdgom movlenebs, midrekilia dainaxos amerikuli
revolucia safrangeTis revoluciad, romelsac warmateba ar
hqonia. imavdroulad, damfuZnebeli mamebi fiqrobdnen, rom maT
hqondaT sababi, SeefasebinaT safrangeTis revolucia amerikis
revoluciad, romelic damarcxda. WeSmaritad, am ori revolu
ciis gansxvavebuli Sefasebebi damokidebulia calkeuli pirovne
bebis politikur filosofiaze Tanamedrove msoflioSi: arsebobs
politikis ori konfliqturi koncefcia adamianebis mdgomareo
basTan mimarTebaSi, romelic simbolizebulia am ori revoluci
iT. udavoa, rom safrangeTis revolucia, sakvanZo mniSvnelobiT,
ufro `Tanamedrovea~ am ori revoluciis Soris. sxva sakiTxia, es
kargia, Tu cudi.~ 8
amerikis revolucia
udavoa, rom damfuZnebeli mamebi amerikis damoukideblobisaTvis mefe
jorj III winaaRmdeg warmoebul oms legitimur revoluciad ganixilavdnen.
daiwyes ra brZola inglisis winaaRmdeg 1770-ian wlebSi, amerikeli kolo
nistebi gaxdnen Tanamedrove msoflioSi pirveli warmatebuli antikolon
iuri revoluciis wamomwyebni. kolonistTa urTierTobis gawyveta did bri
taneTTan droTa ganmavlobaSi sruli da Seuqcevadi gaxda. am mizezis gamo,
marTebuli iqneba vTqvaT, rom amerikis revoluciurma omma Seqna modeli
imisa, rac SemdgomSi cnobili gaxda rogorc erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli
omebi. Tumca, amerikis revolucia mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda XX sauku
nis TiTqmis yvela revoluciuri ajanyebisgan.
istoriuli mniSvneloba. amerikis revoluciis istoriuli mniSvnelobis
gasagebad, pirvel rigSi unda gavecnoT misi liderebis politikur Sexed
ulebebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli amerikeli aRiq
vamda revoluciur oms, rogorc gansakuTrebul, unikalur gamocdilebas.
erTi specialistis mixedviT:
`dasawyisidanve, atlantikis dasavleT sanapiroze mis [revoluci
is] monawileebs swamdaT, rom es iyo metad SesaniSnavi movlena, ara
mxolod imitom, rom es iyo maTi revolucia, aramed imitom, rom maT
miaCndaT, rom mas mosdevda axali faza kacobriobis politikur
ganviTarebaSi da amdenad universaluri mniSvneloba hqonda.~ 9
revolucia
491
Tanamedrove politikur traqtatebTan erTad, damfuZnebeli mamebi kar

gad icnobdnen msoflio istorias da didi politikuri filosofosebis, maT
Soris monteskies, lokis, rusos, iumisa da volteris Sromebs.10 icnobdnen
ra klasikur politikur azrs, maT ar hqondaT midrekileba, gadaWarbebiT
SeefasebinaT politikisadmi axal an eqsperimentul midgomaTa Rirebule
ba.
1776 wlis revoluciis monawileebs swamdaT, rom gancalkevebas, romelsac
isini moiTxovdnen, hqonda universaluri mniSvneloba da damoukideblobis
deklaraciaSi daculi Tavisuflebis ena iyo am mniSvnelobis maradiuli
gamoxatuleba. sxva sityvebiT, damfuZneblebi moiazrebdnen mWidro kavSirs
maT naTqvam sityvebs (`WeSmaritebebs~) da qmedebebs Soris.11 amrigad, rom
gavigoT, ra iyo WeSmaritad revoluciuri amerikis revoluciaSi, aucilebe
lia pirvel rigSi fokusireba movaxdinoT imaze, ras werdnen amerikeli rev
olucionerebi xelisuflebaze, xolo Semdeg davakvirdeT maT moqmedebebs.
gamarTleba. amerikis revoluciuri kredos yvelaze aSkara gamoxatuleba
SeiZleba vipovoT damoukideblobis deklaraciaSi. didi britaneTisgan
gamoyofis Sesaxeb gancxadebasTan erTad, deklaracia mis mizezebsac asax
elebda.
deklaracia amtkicebda, rom britanulma xelisuflebam savalalod daar
Rvia kargi mmarTvelobis principebi. mihyveboda ra jon lokis gzas, Tomas
jefersoni (mTavari avtori) amtkicebda, rom es principebi ori saxis iyo:
xelisufleba unda moqmedebdes umravlesobis nebis Sesabamisad (deklara
ciis zusti eniT rom vTqvaT, aseTi xelisufleba unda dafuZnebuli iyos
`marTulTa Tanxmobaze~) da unda icavdes individis `sicocxlis, Tavisu
flebisa da bednierebisaken swrafvis~ xelSeuxebel uflebebs. es principe
bi, jefersonis azriT, iyo is kriteriumebi, romliTac unda Sefasebuliyo
yvela epoqisa da qveynis mTavrobis legitimurobis xarisxi. sxva sityvebiT,
kargi (anu legitimuri) xelisuflebis Zalaufleba gamomdinareobs mar
TulTa Tanxmobidan da aseTi xelisufleba moqmedebs TiToeuli moqalaqis
xelSeuxebeli uflebebis dasacavad.
ganixilavda ra adamianis uflebebs kargi xelisuflebis filosofiur
safuZvlad, damoukideblobis deklaracia mniSvnelovnad ganudga warsul
gamocdilebas da mis Tanamedrove praqtikas. uwin, xelisuflebebi arse
bobdnen, raTa uzrunveleyoT wesrigi, SeeqmnaT imperiebi, daesajaT urw
munoebi da ZaliT SeenarCunebinaT morCileba. axla, pirvelad istoriaSi,
politikuri reJimi sakuTar Tavs Riad uZRvnida adamianebis uflebebis da
Tavisuflebebis dacvis principebis samsaxurs.
deklaraciis principebidan gamomdinareobda, rom xelisuflebam, ro
melic nacvlad dacvisa, Tanmimdevrulad laxavda am uflebebs, dakarga mar
Tvis ufleba. kolonistebma deklaraciaSi Seitanes es daskvna, kolonisteb
ma ganagrZes brZola damoukideblobisaTvis.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavidan maT surdaT mxolod britaneTis qveSevr
domTa Tanabari statusi, damoukideblobis deklaracis Seqmnis Semdeg isi
ni araferze iyvnen Tanaxma, garda sruli TviTmmarTvelobisa. maT surdaT
492
SeeqmnaT ara ubralod nebismieri saxis xelisufleba, aramed swored iseTi

xelisufleba, romelic SesabamisobaSi iqneboda deklaraciis principebTan.
maT swamdaT, rom es WeSmaritebebi gamosadegi iyo cameti koloniis farg
lebs gareTac. jefersonma ganmarta mis mier Seqmnili dokumentis maradiu
li sityvebis universaluri mniSvneloba:
`dae es iyos, da me mjera rom iqneba (zogierTisTvis ufro adre,
zogisTvis ufro gvian, magram sabolood yvelasTvis) niSani,
raTa adamianebi aRdgnen da gawyviton jaWvi, romelTa qveSac cru
berebiseulma umecrebam da crurwmenebma daarwmuna isini, rom
SeekraT xel-fexi, da gaacnobieron TviTmmarTvelobis madli da
usafrTxoeba.~12
socialuri da politikuri cvlilebebi. jefersonis grZnobebi gadmoce
muli iyo misi an nebismieri sxva drois saukeTeso revoluciuri ritorikis
msgavsad. kerZod, igi uxmobda moqalaqeebs, ebrZolaT da Seswirvodnen diad
mizans. Tumca, mainc Secdoma iqneboda gangvexila amerikis revolucia mx
olod im brZolis konteqstSi, romelic mas mohyva. im dros, rodesac mimdin
areobda gaafTrebuli istoriuli brZolebi, xdeboda diadi socialuri, eko
nomikuri da religiuri cvlilebebi. SemzRudveli memkvidreobiTi kanonebi,
rogoricaa ufrosi vaJis ufleba memkvidreobaze (maiorati) gauqmda; bri
tanuli didi sakuTrebebi gadanawilda ufro mcire holdingebze; miwaze
dasaxlebis samefo SezRudvebi gauqmda; gadaidga mniSvnelovani nabijebi re
ligiuri Tanasworobisa da saxelmwifosa da eklesiis gancalkevebis dasaca
vad; Zvelma ojaxebma dakarges Zalaufleba; maT adgilebs ìkavebdnen axali
liderebi axalgazrdebidan, ubralo xalxidan da saSualo klasebidan~.13
aseve moxda mniSvnelovani politikuri cvlilebebi, ramdenadac
TiToeulma koloniam Seqmna Tavisi konstitucia. omis qar-cecxlSi Seqm
nilma am konstituciebma SeinarCuna adre arsebuli adgilobrivi TviTm
marTvelobis sistemebi (gansakuTrebiT aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis
kuTxiT). amavdroulad, isini icavdnen individualur Tavisuflebebs. am
dokumentebSi Sesuli cnebebi da principebi SemdgomSi aisaxa konfedera
ciis muxlebSi da sabolood, SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciaSi. kanonis
uzenaesobis, anu kanonierebisa da proceduruli koreqtulobis uzenaeso
bis mniSvneloba, ar SeiZleba gadafasebul iqnes.
man, rasac SesaZloa vuwodoT konstituciuri procesi, Tavis kulmina
cias miaRwia xalxis mier arCeuli mTavrobis anu umravlesobis mTavrobis
SeqmniT, im dros, rodesac evropis xalxebi umeteswilad kvlav aristokra
tiuli an monarqiuli batonobis qveS iyvnen. ufro metic, kolonistebis
myari zrunva konstituciurobaze gadamwyveti iyo im SeTqmulebebisa da
intrigebis Tavidan aridebisas, romelTac SeeZloT gaeTiSaT axali eri mra
val moqiSpe politikur erTeulad.
zomieri revolucia. amerikis revoluciur brZolebSi gamoCenili zomiereba
retrospeqtivaSi marTlac aRsaniSnia (imdenad, rom zogierTi politologi
revolucia
493
arc ki axdens mis klasificirebas revoluciad). am konfliqts axasiaTebda

`sxva revoluciebTan SedarebiT Zaladobis iSviaTi simcire~.14
ufro gviandel revoluciur konfliqtebTan SedarebiT (rogoricaa saf
rangeTisa da ruseTis revoluciebi da espaneTis samoqalaqo omi), samoqa
laqo dapirispireba ajanyebulebsa da loialurad ganwyobilebs Soris didi
ar iyo. arc amerikuli revoluciis liderebi yofilan rodisme represireb
ulni an sikvdiliT dasjilni, rasac ver ascda Semdgomi revoluciebis bevri
wamomwyebi. `mTavarsardali (vaSingtoni) gaxda respublikis pirveli prezi
denti da datova posti sakuTari nebiT; revoluciuri manifestis avtori
(jefersoni) iyo misi pirveli saxelmwifo mdivani.~15
ram ganapiroba am revoluciis unikaluroba mowesrigebulobis mxriv?
yvelaze mniSvnelovani isaa, rom koloniaTa liderebma revoluciis Ses
axeb lokiseuli midgoma Seuxames realistur, miRwevad politikur miznebs.
lokiseul midgomaSi, romelsac mogvianebiT mivubrundebiT, vgulisxmobT,
rom mcireodeni gamonaklisis garda, damfuZneblebs revolucia miaCndaT
gardauval borotebad. is iyo gardauvali, radganac maT ar icodnen didi
britaneTisgan damoukideblobis mopovebis araviTari sxva gza, magram is
mainc iyo boroteba, ramdenadac iwvevda tanjvas, sisxlisRvrasa da gaukac
rielebas. amerikuli revolucia rCeba unikalurad swored imitom, rom mas
saTaveSi ar edgnen fanatikosebi, romlebic aRiarebdnen xist ideologias,
an isini, vinc fiqrobda, rom yvela gza gamarTlebulia maTi politikuri
miznebis misaRwevad. amis sapirispirod, misi liderebi iyvnen SorsmWvrete
li pirovnebebi, romlebic mudmivad ekiTxebodnen sakuTar Tavs (da erTma
neTs), ramdenad marTebuli iyo is, rasac isini akeTebdnen. miuxedavad imisa,
rom revoluciis liderTa mxridan enTuziazmis nakleboba ar yofila, ès
enTuziazmi gawonasworebuli iyo eWviT, TviTkritikiT, zrunviTa da skep
ticizmiT~.16 mokled, amerikuli revoluciis sikeTe TavisTavad ar mosula.
es gawonasworebuli revoluciuri Rirebulebebi emsaxureboda goniv
rul da naTel miznebs. arsebiTad is, rac koloniaTa liderebs surdaT rev
oluciisgan, iyo inglisisgan gancalkeveba da mmarTvelobis iseTi siste
mis Camoyalibeba, romelic dafuZnebuli iqneboda Tanxmobasa da adamianis
uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa pativiscemaze. mniSvnelovania is, rom es poli
tikuri xedva adamianTa SesaZleblobebis farglebSi jdeboda. revoluci
uri omi TavisTavad Sors idga auxdeneli ocnebisgan, rac sabolood sakma
od naTlad daadastura amerikulma gamarjvebam. revoluciuri konfliqtis
ganviTarebasTan erTad, TviTmmarTvelobisa da moqalaqeTa uflebebis
erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli principebi koloniebSi viTardeboda
rogorc Statebis, aseve qalaqebis doneze. momdevno periodis revolucio
nerebisgan gansxvavebiT, koloniaTa liderebi ar cdilobdnen dauyovne
bliv daefuZnebinaT raime radikalurad axali da gansxvavebuli. raki ac
nobierebdnen safrTxeebs, romlebsac Seicavda don kixoturi da utopiuri
idealizmi, maT icodnen, rom àuxdeneli ocnebebisken politikuri swrafva
iwvevs terors da tiranias SeuZleblis miRwevis ganwirul mcdelobaSi.~17
amerikul revolucias ar axasiaTebda amgvari terori da tirania, radganac,
erT-erTi specialistis sityvebiT, is iyo `gonivruli molodinebis revolu
494
cia~.18 sifxizle, zomiereba da sifrTxile iyo am revoluciis niSani da Sem

dgomSi konstituciis mier kurTxeuli `kargad mowyobili kavSiris~ mTavari
maxasiaTebeli.
safrangeTis revolucia
safrangeTis revolucia sakmaod gansxvavebuli iyo. wlebis ganmavlobaSi
safrangeTi ganicdida mzard politikur arastabilurobas da xalxis ukmay
ofilebas. aristokratia eswrafoda SeenarCunebinaT mkveTri klasobrivi
gansxvavebebi, romlebic axasiaTebda frangul sazogadoebas da amitom mud
mivad uSlida xels ekonomikuri da sazogadoebrivi reformebis mcdelo
bebs. ufro metic, mTavroba amJRavnebda aSkara uunarobas, gamklaveboda
cvalebad garemoebebs. TviT unarian da ganaTlebul monarqsac ki, da aseTi
ar iyo lui XVI (1774-1792), gauWirdeboda gamklaveboda daqsaqsuli da Zne
lad koordinirebadi saxelmwifo institutebis winaaRmdegobas. amas garda,
1780-ian wlebSi mTavrobis winaSe gadasaxadebis gazrdis sirTuleebi idga,
rac gamowveuli iyo wina omis Sedegad warmoqmnili valebiT. amasTanave, xe
lisuflebisaTvis Seuferebel dros xdeboda ekonomikuri cvlilebebic.
miuxedavad imisa, rom ekonomika viTardeboda, Sedegi Zalze araTanabrad iyo
gadanawilebuli. gansakuTrebiT mZime iyo qalaqeli Raribebisa da glexebis
mdgomareoba, romelTagan mravali pirveladi moxmarebis nivTebis ukmari
sobas ufro xedavda, vidre mdgradi ekonomikuri zrdis perspeqtivas.
1789 wlisTvis uTanxmoebis morevi ganxeTqilebis zRvad iqca. reforma
torebi saSualo da maRali klasebisgan moiTxovdnen rogorc politikur,
aseve ekonomikur cvlilebebs. yvelaze ufro zomieri moTxovnebi Seicavda
klasobrivi privilegiebis SezRudvas da sagadasaxado sistemis reformas.
zogierT liders surda ufro radikaluri cvlilebebi, maT Soris saxalxo
suverenitetze dafuZnebuli politikuri wesrigis Seqmna.
yvela es moTxovna wamoayenes 1789 wlis maisis generaluri Statebis
_ axladarCeuli giganturi parlamentis Sexvedraze, romelic saarCevno
xmis mqone mamakacTa mier iyo arCeuli da iyofoda sam wodebad: sasuliero
pirebad, aristokratiad da ubralo xalxad. mniSvnelovani debatebis Sem
deg (rac kargi dasawyisia areulobisaTvis), delegatebis umravlesobam,
romelTac saTaveSi edga raodenobrivad meti mesame wodebis warmomadgene
li (ubralo xalxi), Camoayaliba erovnuli kreba. garda uflebisa, daewe
sebina an gaeuqmebina nebismieri gadasaxadi, am organos wevrebi iTxovdnen
aristokratiuli privilegiebis gauqmebas.
es qmedebebi pirdapir utevda monarqias. lui XVI-m amas misgan mosalod
neli araadekvaturobiT upasuxa _ gamoiyena Zala, riTac ganarisxa saku
Tari oponentebi. rodesac man ubrZana sakuTar Zalebs, aekrZalaT Sekrebebi
erovnuli krebisTvis, delegatebma maleve SeakeTes axlomdebare CogburTis
darbazi da gadawyvites iq Sekrebiliyvnen sistematurad, sanam ar miaRwevd
nen konstituciis miRebas. mefe erTgvarad orWofobda da ramdenime dRis
Semdeg daTmobebze wavida saadasaxado reformis sferoSi, magram uari Tqva
revolucia
495
gaeuqmebina aristokratiis privilegiebi. imavdroulad, man ganalaga Seiara

Rebuli Zalebi strategiul poziciebze. Tumca, arc erTi es RonisZieba ad
ekvaturi ar aRmoCnda da arc ZaliT damuqreba gamodga Tanmimdevruli. amas
maleve mohyva Zaladobis sporaduli afeTqebebi, romelTa Soris iyo bastiliis SturmiT aReba da rodesac mefis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli Zaladobrivi
qmedebebi safrangeTis politikuri cxovrebis mniSvnelovan wesad iqca, lui
XVI iZulebuli gaxda daTanxmeboda konstituciis miRebis moTxovnebs.
axali konstitucia. or weliwadSi, romelic 1791 wlis konstituciis miRe
bas dasWirda, qveyanas egalitarulma sulma gadauara. gauqmda aristokra
tiuli privilegiebi da eklesiis miwebis konfiskacia moxda. fundamenturi
mniSvnelobis politikurma dokumentma _ adamianis uflebaTa delaraciam, ganadida lozungi, romelmac ganasaxiera im drois egalitaluri su
liskveTeba: `Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, Zmoba~. axalma konstituciam daaf
uZna konstituciuri monarqia. lui XVI-s aRar SeeZlo RvTiur uflebebs
dayrdnoboda da avtokratulad emarTa. miuxedavad imisa, rom konstitucia
mefes SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavarsardlad aRiarebda da akisrebda pasux
ismgeblobas sagareo sakiTxebSi, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis funqciaTa
umetesobis Sesrulebas igi avalebda erovnul krebas, romelsac biujetis
marTvis, aseve omis gamocxadebis ufleba hqonda. Seiqmna axali arCeviTi ad
ministracia da ganxorcielda saarCevno uflebebis liberalizacia.
amrigad, safrangeTSi saocrad mokle periodSi miRweul iqna politi
kuri da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis STambeWdavi demokratizacia. mefis Za
lauflebas, romelic aqamde TiTqmis SeuzRudavi iyo, Ziri gamoeTxara da
ganxorcielda radikaluri sazogadoebrivi reformebi.
politikuri arastabiluroba. konstituciis mier 1791 wels dafuZnebuli
konstituciuri monarqiis arseboba erT weliwadze nakleb dros gagrZelda.
am drois ganmavlobaSi qveyana nel-nela iSleboda efeqtiani politikuri
lideris ararsebobis pirobebSi. bunebrivia, mefes sZulda Tavsmoxveuli
axali mTavroba (erTxel lui XVI-m scada qveynidan gaqceva, raTa SeerTe
boda axali mTavrobis oponentebs, magram daiWires da parizSi daabrunes).
konstitucia ukrZalavda damfuZnebeli yrilobis yofil wevrebs axal
sakanonmdeblo organoSi moRvaweobas, rac niSnavda imas, rom gamocdili
kanonmdeblebi politikuri procesisagan ganze rCebodnen. damatebiTi
problemebi warmoiSva, rodesac axladarCeulma adgilobrivma administra
ciam ver SeZlo efeqtianad moqmedeba da reformis Sedegad Zalauflebadak
argulma Zalebma, gansakuTrebiT kaTolikurma eklesiam da aristokratiam,
daiwyes axali reJimis winaaRmdeg brZola. avstriasTan da prusiasTan omma
gaamwvava arsebuli siZneleebi da arc navaraudevi ekonomikuri gaumjobe
seba Canda. parizSi gamudmebiT trialebda Worebi mefisaTvis absoluturi
Zalauflebis moaxloebul dabrunebaze, rac asazrdoebda kontrrevolu
ciis farTod gavrcelebul SiSs. es ki Zirs uTxrida reformebis motanil
politikur optimizms.
496
radikalizmis zrda. 1790-iani wlebis qaosur politikur da socialur re

alobaSi movlenebi swrafad viTardeboda. 1793 wlis ivnisSi lui XVI-s brali
dasdes saxelmwifo RalatSi, Camoagdes taxtidan da Tavi mohkveTes. sax
elmwifos marTvis sadaveebi xelSi aiRo politikuri radikalebis gundma,
romelic miznad isaxavda safrangeTis sazogadoebis Secvlas da amisTvis ar
erideboda Zaladobis gamoyenebas. axali lideris, maqsimilian robespieris
(1758-1794) umTavresi prioriteti iyo moego omi avstriisa da prusiis wi
naaRmdeg. am miznis misaRwevad aucilebeli iyo rogorc samxedro valde
buleba da mkacri disciplina brZolis velze, aseve erovnuli erTianoba
qveynis SigniT. gare safrTxis arsebobis pirobebSi yvelanairi politikuri
opozicia miiCneoda moRalated. amgvari viTareba samwuxaro iyo, Tumca ara
moulodneli, radgan, dResac ki, politikuri represiebi gavrcelebuli
fenomenia omianobis dros. magram robespieri ar kmayofildeboda mxolod
erovnuli erTianobis uzrunvelyofiT. amas garda, mas surda Seeqmna saT
noebis reJimi _ Tavidan àeSenebina~ franguli sazogadoeba, ase vTqvaT,
Tavidan gamoeZerwa moralurad srulyofili frangi moqalaqeebi. erT-erTi
mkvlevaris SexedulebiT:
robespiers surda safrangeTi, romelSic ar iqnebodnen arc
mdidrebi, arc Raribebi, adamianebi ar iTamaSebdnen azartul
TamaSebs, ar daTvrebodnen, ar uRalatebdnen, ar moiparavdnen da
ar moklavdnen, mokled, sadac ar iqneboda arc mcire da arc didi
mankierebebi, safrangeTi, romelsac marTavdnen xalxis arCeuli
znemaRali da ganaTlebuli adamianebi, romlebic sruliad Tavi
sufalni iqnebodnen sixarbis an Zalauflebis siyvarulisgan da
brZnulad datovebdnen Tanamdebobas droTa ganmavlobaSi, raTa
gza gaexsnaT maTi memkvidreebisaTvis, mSvidobiani safrangeTi,
rogorc SigniT, aseve mTel msofliosTan mimarTebaSi.19
robespieris grandiozuli, magram utopiuri idealizmi ar yofila mxo
lod gacxadeba imisa, ra unda yofiliyo, aramed igi manifesti iyo, romelic
realobad unda qceuliyo mTeli gznebiTa da sisruliT. àxali moqalaqis~
Sesaqmnelad momarTuli robespieri Tavad ver ganasaxierebda pirovnuli Ta
visuflebis an bednierebisaken swrafvis mizans ise, rogorc amas amerikeli
revolucionerebi akeTebdnen. an rogor SeiZleboda absolutur sikeTed da
borotebad dayofil msoflioSi yofiliyo adgili pirovnuli arCevanisT
vis? robespieri midrekili iyo ara Tavisufali qveynis Seqmnisaken, aramed
`Tavisuflebis despotizmis~ damkvidrebisaken. Tumca, saTnoebis institu
cionalizacia safrangeTis revoluciis mxolod erTi aspeqti iyo Raribebi
sadmi TanagrZnobasTan erTad. survilebisgan gaTavisufleba da mudmivi
siuxvis dapireba robespieris revoluciis mniSvnelovan miznad iqca. igi
wamowyebul iqna CagrulTa saxeliT mCagvrelTa sixarbisa da siZunwis wi
naaRmdeg.20 robespiers swamda, rom mxolod amgvari politikis saSualebiT
iyo SesaZlebeli saTno da dakmayofilebuli moqalaqeobis uzrunvelyofa.
revolucia
497
axali dRis wesrigi. saTnoebisaTvis xelSesawyobad da siRaribis umokles

droSi aRmosafxvrelad robespieri franguli cxovrebis myiseul Secvlas
gegmavda. saxelmwifo institutebi, samarTlebrivi mowyoba, socialuri
realoba _ yvelaferi unda Secvliliyo. axali kalendaric ki iqna SemoRe
buli, rogorc istoriis axali epoqis simbolo. cvlilebis suli totaluri
iyo, umTavresi mizani _ samoTxe miwaze. erTma mkvlevarma SeniSna, rom warm
marTveli suliskveTeba iyo `Sekruli, enTuziazmiT savse, Tavisuflad mo
tivtive mesianizmi... romelic arafriT kmayofildeboda, garda adamianebis
cxovrebis pirobebis radikaluri transformaciisa~.21
Tumca, mesianizmis problema isaa, rom mxolod RmerTs (an RmerTis moci
quls) SeuZlia Seasrulos diadi dapirebebi. robespiers ar gaaCnda amgvari
RvTaebrivi SesaZleblobebi. igi da misi TamaberZolebi maleve darwmund
nen, rom axali wesrigis SemoReba da misi SenarCuneba sxvadasxva iyo. imedga
cruebisa da usasrulo molodinebis feTqebadsaSiS narevs politikuri dis
putebi mohyva.axali mmarTvelebis opoziciam farTod daiwyo zrda.
teroris mefoba. robespieris pasuxi mzard opoziciasa da gadaulaxav
siZneleebze, romlebic yoveldRiur marTvaSi iCenda Tavs, iyo saTnoebis
reJimis ganmtkiceba masobrivi represiebiT, romelic teroris mefobis sax
eliT gaxda cnobili. sayovelTao gaxda, gansakuTrebiT parizSi, sikvdiliT
dasja giliotinis gamoyenebiT, razec brZanebas sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoe
bis komiteti gascemda. xelisuflebis Zaladoba, Tavdapirvelad reJimis aq
tiuri oponentebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli, maleve inerciiT gagrZelda. is
Seexo im adamianebsac, vinc iziarebda robespieris xedvas, magram ar eTanxme
boda mis meTodebs. mogvianebiT giliotinis msxverplni gaxdnen isinic, vinc
mxolod eWvmitanilni iyvnen uTanxmoebaSi. xelisuflebaSi myofT Rrma un
dobloba dauflebodaT maSin, roca gadarCenilebs sakuTari usafrTxoebis
sakiTxi aRelvebdaT. sabolood, koleqtiurma SiSma robespieri damxobamde
da sikvdiliT dasjamde miiyvana. misi erTwliani mmarTelobis ganmavlobaSi
sikvdiliT 40 aTasamde adamiani dasajes _ gasaocari raodenoba meTvramete
saukunisTvis.
revoluciis Sedegebi. safrangeTis revoluciis Sedegebis Sefaseba advili
ar aris. man aSkarad ver miaRwia miznebs. robespieris damxobis Semdeg xe
lisufleba miiRo korufciulma da arakompetenturma mTavrobam, romelic
cnobilia direqtoriis saxeliT. 1799 wels reJimma gza dauTmo napoleon
bonapartis diqtaturas (1804-1815), romelmac SeZlo wesrigisa da stabi
lurobis aRdgena. napoleonis mmarTvelobisas, safrangeTma scada daemor
Cilebina mTeli evropa ambiciuri omebis seriis Sedegad, romlebmac sab
olood qveyana damarcxebamde da napoleonis damxobamde miiyvana.
amrigad, safrangeTis arc erT revolucias saxalxo mTavroba ar mohyo
lia. sabolood, napoleonis damxobis Sedegad, monarqia aRdga. Tumca, mra
vali RirsSesaniSnavi da grZelvadiani cvlileba ganxorcielda. magaliTad,
1815 wels aRdgenili monarqiis Semdeg mefis Zalaufleba ufro SezRuduli
iyo, vidre revoluciamde. ufro metic, revoluciuri epoqidan gamomdin
498
are, mniSvnelovani sazogadoebrivi da politikuri reformebi SenarCunda

da xelisufleba axla ufro centralizebuli da efeqtiani iyo. am cvlile
bebis miuxedavad, aRdgenili monarqia mkveTr kontrastSi modioda axali
sazogadoebis egalitarul xedvasTan, rac ase STaagonebda robespiers da
mis mimdevrebs.
ori revoluciis Sedareba

Tu amerikuli revolucia SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc zomieri miznebis
mqone, franguli revolucia SeiZleba aRvweroT, rogorc usazRvro molo
dinebis revolucia. dasawyisSi frang revolucionerebs wminda guliT sjero
daT, rom yvelaferi SesaZlebeli iyo. eqstremistebis miznebi utopiuri iyo.
dasaxuli ukiduresi miznebis realizaciisaTvis, isini iZulebulni iyvnen mie
marTaT ukiduresi saSualebebisaTvis teroris CaTvliT. daujerebelia, rom
im drois amerikis yvelaze cnobili radikali Tomas peini revoluciis dros
safrangeTis cixeSi aRmoCnda imitom, rom misi politika ar iyo sakmarisad
radikaluri. camet koloniaSi revolucionerTa umetesoba politikurad
zomieri iyo. safrangeTSi zomierebi an sikvdiliT dasajes an daapatimres.
amerikis revoluciam Tavisi ufro zomieri miznebiT SeZlo Seeqmna Ta
namedrove epoqis respublikuri mTavrobis pirveli warmatebuli magaliTi.
safrangeTs aseTi warmateba ar hqonia. amis miuxedavad, meoce saukunis mra
vali revoluciuri moZraoba gacilebiT ufro metad STagonebuli iyo saf
rangeTis da ara amerikis magaliTiT. 22
gasagebia, ratomac STaagona safrangeTis revoluciam revolucionerTa
warmosaxva mTeli msoflios masStabiT, radgan mas surda aRmoefxvra siRaribe
da TanaugrZno CagrulebisaTvis. magram konkretuli da mdgradi Sedegebis
misaRwevad politikuri miznebi realisturi unda iyos, sxvagvarad, aux
deneli ocnebebi SesaZloa, gardauval koSmarad iqces.
revoluciis sasurveloba: berki, peini da loki

ra ufro mosalodnelia, rom revolucia mraval rames gaaumjobesebs
adamianebis cxovrebaSi Tu piriqiT? 200 wlis win britanel konservator ed
mund berksa da amerikel revolucioner Tomas peins am sakiTxze diskusia
hqondaT. debatebis umetesi nawili safrangeTis revoluciis adreul fazas
daemTxva. diskusiis sakvanZo Temas warmoadgenda sakiTxi, Sedioda Tu ara
revolucia frangi xalxis interesebSi, romlis saxeliTac igi wamowyebuli
iqna, ufro zogadad rom vTqvaT, revoluciebi sazogadoebisTvis sasikeToa
Tu saziano.
berkis pozicia
safrangeTis revoluciam STaagona edmund berki (1729-1797) daewera
revoluciaTa erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili kritika, romelic odesme dawer
revolucia
499
ila inglisur enaze _ gaazrebani safrangeTis revoluciaze (1790). berks

ar sjeroda, rom safrangeTis revolucia Rrmad fesvgadgmuli ekonomi
kuri da sazogadoebrivi Zalebis Sedegi iyo. misi azriT, WeSmariti revolu
cionerebi iyvnen filosofosebi, romlebmac Camoayalibes racionalizmis
damangreveli doqtrina da mecniereba RmerTad aRiares. igi ambobda, imis
mtkicebiT, rom mTavroba calkeuli martivi miznebis misaRwevad arsebobs
(magaliTad, icavs pirovnebis uflebebs), revolucionerebma Seqmnes aras
wori warmodgenebi. maTgan yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo Sexeduleba, rom ra
dikalur cvlilebebs yovelTvis gaumjobeseba moaqvs. amgvari azrovneba
anadgurebda or rames, rasac berki politikuri sazogadoebis safuZvlad
miiCnevda _ religias da tradicias.
berki amtkicebda, rom safrangeTis revoluciis safuZvelSi ido safrT
xis Semcveli politikuri ganzogadebebi. politikis metismetad gamartive
buli warmodgeniT da miuRweveli molodinebiT, romlebic ar Seesabamebo
da safrangeTis istoriasa da tradiciebs, aseve, gamartivebuli cnebebiT,
rogoricaa `Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, Zmoba~, safrangeTis revolucia
emuqreboda sazogadoebriv wesrigs, romelzec, upirveles yovlisa, da
fuZnebuli iyo yvela sxva politikuri faseuloba da saTnoeba. swored kar
gi wesrigi, berkis azriT, ganapirobebda yvelafer danarCens.
swavleba kargi mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb, anu rogor warvmarToT, Sevinar
CunoT igi an movaxdinoT misi reformireba, SeuZlebelia filosofiuri
gansjis gziT. xelisuflebas igi èqsperimentul mecnierebad~ ganixilavda,
romlis praqtikosebsac sWirdebodaT sibrZne da SorsmWvreteloba, ro
melic gamocdilebas moaqvs, xolo gamocdileba, Tavisi bunebidan gamomdin
are, SeuZlebelia erT dRe-RameSi gaCndes; igi grovdeba, izrdeba, iwvrTneba
da amasTanave, Taobidan Taobas gadaecema. berkis xedva Seicavda warsulis
Tayvaniscemas, iseve rogorc asakisa da miRwevebisadmi pativiscemas. misi
azriT, sazogadoeba awewili qsovili iyo xeliT naqargi institutebisa,
romelTac Sinagani logika aqvs da Cvevebis, tradiciebisa da SeTanxmebebis
ZaliT grZeldeba.
xelisuflebisa da adamianuri SesaZleblobebisa da SezRudulobis amgvar
ma gonivrulma xedvam berki miiyvana pragmatizmisa da sifrTxilis mniSvnelo
bis xazgasmamde. igi ambobda, rom sifrTxile `saTnoebaTagan upirvelesia~.
rac Seexeba pragmatizms, igi miiCnevda, rom kacobriobis da sazogadoebis
sirTulidan gamomdinare, veranairi martivi, yvelafris momcveli politi
kuri formula ver moitanda imgvar Rrma cvlilebebs, rogorsac frangi Teo
retikosebi hpirdebodnen xalxs.
sabolood, berki akritikebda maT ukidures mouTmenlobas, vinc gana
didebda revolucias. gamodioda ra TandaTanobiTi da gaazrebuli refor
mis mxareze, igi iZleoda gafrTxilebas, rom Tu politikuri cvlilebebi
ar moxdeboda nela da windaxedulad, mosaxleobis udidesi masa uares md
gomareobaSi aRmoCndeboda, vidre uwin: `saWiroa dro, raTa moxdes azrTa
gamTlianeba, romelsac TavisTavad ZaluZs warmoSos yvela is sikeTe, rasac
miznad visaxavT. Cveni moTmineba ufro mets miaRwevs, vidre Cveni Zala.~23
revolucia iZleva ufro met dapirebas, vidre es nebismier politikur
500
wesrigs SeuZlia da zrdis dauyovneblivi utopiuri garRvevebis ararealis

tur politikur molodins. amiT revolucias SeuZlia daabrmavos masebi ne
tari (magram miuRweveli) momavlis xedviTa da waarTvas warsulis sibrZnis
xedvis unari. erTi sityviT, gonivruli politika SesaZlebelia miviCnioT
`SesaZleblis xelovnebad~, revoluciis mrude sarkeSi ki igi SeuZleblis
mecnierebad iqceva.
peinis kritika
Tomas peinma (1737-1809) scada uareyo revoluciis berkiseuli xedva 1792
wlis TebervalSi daweril naSromSi adamianTa uflebebi. es ornawiliani
naSromi piradad berks pasuxobda. gansazRvravda ra saxalxo revoluciis
legitimurobas, peini xazs usvamda mraval usamarTlobas, romlebic Caidina
britanulma monarqiam amerikeli kolonistebis mimarT. peinisTvis tirania
da monarqia erTi da igive iyo. monarqistebi, acxadebda igi, zeoben umecre
baze da principulad mcdarni arian:24
yvelanairi memkvidreobiTi xelisufleba Tavisi bunebiT tiraniaa.

samemkvidreo gvirgvins, taxts an nebismier sxva ucnaurobas, rac
SesaZlebelia vuwodoT amgvar rames, ar gaaCnia raime sxva axsna
garda imisa, rom kacobrioba samemkvidreo qonebaa. miiRo memkvi
dreobiT Zalaufleba, es igivea, rac miiRo memkvidreobiT xalxi,
TiTqos igi iyos naxiri an jogi.25
sxva adgilas igi wers:
rodesac xelisuflebis monarqiuli da memkvidruli sistemebis
pirobebSi gasacodavebul adamianebs vakvirdebiT, romlebic
sakuTari saxlidan ama Tu im Zalam gamodevna da gadasaxadebma
mterze metad mouRo bolo, aSkara xdeba am sistemaTa siave da
xelisuflebis principebsa da mowyobaSi saerTo revoluciis
aucilebloba.26
am ganzogadebis mxardasaWerad, peins mohyavda mefis usamarTlobisa
da korufciis mravali magaliTi. mas sjeroda, rom yvelaze didi usamarT
loba iyo xalxisaTvis sakuTari xelisuflebis arCevis uflebaze uaris
Tqma. mas miaCnda, rom xalxi ar unda iyos SezRuduli sakuTari winaprebis
gadawyvetilebebiT. `yoveli epoqa da Taoba unda iyos Tavisufali sakuTar
qmedebebSi, yvela SemTxvevaSi, rogorc epoqebi da Taobebi, romlebic win
uswrebdnen mas... mmarTvelTa pativmoyvareoba da SesaZleblobebi saflavis
miRma aris yvelaze sasacilo da qedmaRluri yvela tiraniaSi.~ 27
peini aRiqvamda safrangeTis revolucias, rogorc xazgasmiT samarTlians.
igi amtkicebda, rom monarqiis damxobis mcdelobaSi frangi xalxi ubralod
axorcielebda fundamentur uflebas (romelic gamomdinareobda maTi Tana
revolucia
501
bari, bunebiTi uflebidan, yofiliyvnen Tavisufalni). peins TiTqmis religi

uri rwmena hqonda xalxis bunebiT siqvelesa da sibrZneze. am rwmenam miiyvana
igi daskvnamde, rom rodesac safrangeTis revolucias SevadarebdiT sxva
qveynebis revolucias, cxadi gaxdeboda, rom `principebi da ara pirovnebebi
iyvnen revoluciis samizneSi amoRebuli ganadgurebis obieqtebi.~ 28
lokiseuli perspeqtiva
berks sZulda saxalxo revolucia, peini ki adidebda mas.29 daaxloebiT erTi
saukuniT adre jon lokma (1632-1704) daikava garkveulad Sualeduri pozicia
am or ukiduresobas Soris xelisuflebisadmi miZRvnil meore traqtatSi.
lokma daiwyo msjeloba im wanamZRvrebiT, rom anarqiuli bunebiTi mdgomare
obidan TavdasaRwevad adamianebi Tanaxma iyvnen hyolodaT xelisufleba. lo
kis azriT, SemdgomSi Tanxmoba iqmneboda rogorc samoqalaqo sazogadoebis,
aseve formaluri xelisuflebis safuZvelze, sadac es ukanaskneli arsebobda
pirvel rigSi imisaTvis, raTa daecva adamianis sicocxlisaTvis aucileblad
miCneuli uflebebi. Semdeg igi svamda kiTxvas: ra moxdeba, Tu xelisufleba,
misi Sinagani azris sapirispirod, daemuqreba sicocxles, Tavisuflebas da
moqalaqeTa sakuTrebas? amgvar SemTxvevaSi, xelisufleba axorcielebda `Za
las uflebis gareSe~ da adamianebs gaaCndaT ufleba, winaaRmdegoba gaewiaT
da daecvaT sakuTari Tavi. lokis sityvebiT:
xelisuflebis mizani kacobriobis sikeTea, da ra aris saukeTeso
kacobriobisaTvis _ adamianebi yovelTvis daucvelni iyvnen ti
raniis SeuzRudavi nebisagan, Tu is, rom mmarTvelebi valdebulni
unda iyvnen Seeguon oponirebas maSin, roca isini uzomod iyene
ben sakuTar Zalauflebas da mimarTaven mas sakuTari xalxis sa
kuTrebis gasanadgureblad da ara mis SesanarCuneblad? 30
loki ar adidebda revolucias. igi irwmuneboda, rom saxalxo amboxi ar
SeiZleba daiwyos impulsurad. adamianebi unda Seeguon individebis Sec
domebs da araswori mmarTvelobis calkeul SemTxvevebs, amtkicebda igi. ma
gram isini ar unda Seeguon `Cagvris, gaurkvevlobisa da sicruis xangrZliv
serias~.31 loki imasac ki varaudobda, rom ajanyebis miseuli doqtrina rev
oluciebis Semakaveblad imuSavebda: igi miuTiTebda, rom xelisuflebis
mier xalxis ajanyebis uflebis codna mas represiuli qmedebebis wamowye
bamde ormagad dakvirvebul gansjas aiZulebs. sabolood, mCagvreli mTav
robis winaaRmdeg xalxis ajanyebis uflebis gacnobiereba imaze ufro mets
niSnavs, vidre gacnobiereba imisa, rom sakmarisad damTrgunvel pirobebSi
xalxi ajanydeba. amitom, gaacnobierebs xelisufleba amgvar uflebas Tu
ara, araarsebiTia:
Tu adamianTa umravlesoba sakuTari sindisidan gamomdinare dar
wmunebulia, rom kanonebi, da masTan erTad maTi sakuTreba, Tavisu
502
fleba da sicocxle, SesaZlebelia, maTi religiac ki, safrTxeSia,

ar SemiZlia vTqva Tu rogor SeZleben isini Seakavon maT mimarT
gamoyenebuli ukanono Zalaufleba. es uxerxuloba yovel xelisu
flebas Seexeba. 32
revoluciis uflebis deklaraciiT lokma ubralod gamoxata is, ra

sac politikuri cxovrebis faqtad miiCnevda. Tumca, es ar amcirebs lokis
Teoriis mniSvnelobas. ajanyebis miseuli doqtrina meCvidmete saukunis bo
losTvis Tavad iyo revoluciuri. inglisSic ki, sadac ori saukuniT adre
Tavi mohkveTes Carlz I, kvlav sakamaTo iyo sakiTxi, hqondaT Tu ara dinas
tiur mmarTvelebs mbrZaneblobis RvTiuri ufleba. sxva evropuli eri-sax
elmwifoebis umravlesobaSi monarqebis RvTiuri uflebis sakiTxi ueWvelad
miaCndaT. araa gasakviri, rom mefeebi arafers ise umniSvnelod ar Tvlid
nen, rogorc xalxis nebas, radganac swamdaT, rom maTi Zalaufleba RvTisgan
momdinareobda.
revoluciis lokiseulma Teoriam daaCqara RvTiuri uflebis doqtrinis
dasamareba. loki amtkicebda, rom revolucia aucilebeli xdeboda, rodesac
xelisufleba moqmedebda misi arsebobis mizezis sapirispirod. uzrunve
lyofs ki revolucia karg xelisuflebas? cxadia, ara _ man SesaZloa migvi
yvanos anarqiamde an kidev ufro met tiraniamde. qmnis revolucia ukeTesi
mmarTvelobis SesaZleblobas? ueWvelad. loki acxadebda, rom xalxs xSirad
mxolod revoluciis saSualebiT SeuZlia Secvalos tirania da moipovos ax
ali da ukeTesi xelisuflebis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba, romelic daicavs maTi
sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da sakuTrebis uflebebs.
amrigad, loks ar ekuTvnis revoluciasa da politikur gamococxlebas
Soris kavSiris Sesaxeb utopiuri mtkicebebi. miseuli xedviT, revolucia
SesaZloa gamomdinareobdes ukeTesi xelisuflebis survilidan, magram ar
iZleva aseTi bednieri Sedegis garantias. axali xelisufleba sruliad axa
lia mxolod im gagebiT, rom is cvlis winas. rogorc adre aristotele, lokic
aRiarebda xelisuflebis formebis sasruli raodenobis arsebobas. amrigad,
revolucia ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc mmarTvelobis axali formebis
Zieba, aramed unda gavigoT sityvasityviT _ revoluciad (gadasxvaferebad)
_ mmarTvelobis erTi arsebuli formidan sxva formaze gadasvlad.33
aseTi gansazRvrebiT revolucia naklebad hgavs romantikul movlenas.
lokis azriT, revolucia gulisxmobda mmarTvelobis erTi arasrulyofili
formis meore, SesaZloa kidev ufro naklebad srulyofili formiT Canacv
lebas, uciloblad, masStabur cvlilebebs farTo sazogadoebaSi da Seicav
da politikuri Zalisa da Zaladobis gamoyenebas TiTqmis yovel SemTxveva
Si. revoluciis amgvari midrekileba ryevebisadmi niSnavda, rom es procesi
safrTxes Seicavda maSinac ki, rodesac mizani aSkarad sasurveli iyo. rev
oluciis lokiseuli fxizeli xedva ar SeiZleba gadafasdes. rogorc erTerTi wamyvani Tanamedrove mecnieri aRniSnavs: `revoluciebis Sedegebi
terori da Zaladobrivi da agresiuli reJimebis Camoyalibebaa~.34
revolucia
503
revoluciis mizezebi
loki miiCnevda, rom revolucia gardauvali da misaRebia, rodesac mo
qalaqeebs ubralod aRar ZaluZT gaZleba. magram, kerZod, rodis dgeba is
momenti, roca maT àRar SeuZliaT gaZleba~? ra aiZulebT moqalaqeebs, gan
udgnen fesvgadgmul politikur Cvevebs da mxari dauWiron revolucias?
tradiciuli axsna
bevri mkvlevarisTvis, rogorc istoriuli gamocdileba, aseve saRi
azri cxadyofs, rom xelisuflebis mier Cadenili usamarTloba xels uwy
obs iseTi garemos warmoqmnas, romelSic SesaZlebelia revoluciis aR
moceneba. revoluciis saTaveebis es tradiciuli axsna dasabams iRebs ar
istotelesTan, romelmac qristes Sobamde meoTxe saukuneSi SeniSna, rom
ajanyebisadmi mowodeba SesaZloa aRmocendes umniSvnelo movlenisagan.
miuxedavad amisa, igi, Cveulebriv, patara sakiTxebs mainc ar exeba. sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, naperwkali, romelic anTebs revolucias, ar unda
agverios ajanyebis safuZvelSi mdebare realur mizezebSi. aristotele
acxadebda, rom umetes SemTxvevebSi, revolucias iwvevs uTanasworo
samarTliT marTva. yvela saxis politikuri wesrigis pirobebSi pativisa
da simdidrisaken swrafvam SesaZloa xalxSi warmoSvas Sexeduleba, rom
erT-erTi an orive es sikeTe ar aris samarTlianad gadanawilebuli. am
rigad, revolucia SesaZlebelia ganviTardes daZabulobidan, romelic
arsebobs mravalricxovan Raribebsa (demokratebs), romelTac surT
Tanasworoba da mcirericxovan mdidrebs (oligarqebs) Soris, romelTac
surT sakuTari Zalauflebisa da simdidris SenarCuneba.
politikur cxovrebaSi mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris arsebuli daZ
abulobis Taobaze aristoteles mosazrebebma saTave daudo am Temis
ganxilvas dasavlur politikur azrSi, romlis mniSvneloba garkveuli
periodis Semdeg gaizarda. magaliTad, jeims medisonma federalistSi
ganacxada, rom `ganxeT q ilebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli da mdgradi wyaro
aris simdidris sxvadasxvagvari da araTanabari gadanawileba~ da Camoay
aliba iseTi xelisuflebis Teoria, romlis pirobebSic politikuri ganx
eTqilebis amgvari wyaro unda Semcirebuliyo.
naxevari saukunis Semdeg, karl marqsma revoluciis umTavres mizezad
qonebrivi uTanasworoba gamoacxada. misi azriT, revolucia klasTa Soris
brZolis sinonimia da mudmivad gamomdinareobs gabatonebuli usamarTlo
bidan. mdidar kapitalistebsa da gaRatakebul mSromelebs Soris ekonomi
kuri ufskrulias zrdasTan erTad, revoluciis albaTobac izrdeba.
revoluciis socialuri fsiqologia

ra aiZulebs rigiT pirovnebas, ugulebelyos sazogadoebis Zlieri gav
lena, romelic mas konformizmisken ubiZgebs da monawiloba miiRos revo
504
luciur moZraobaSi? marqsi Tvlida, rom siRaribiT da socialuri gaucxoe

biT gamowveuli sasowarkveTa aris revoluciuri moqmedebis ZiriTadi
fsiqologiuri berketi. misi amgvari axsna amJamad farTodaa gaziarebuli.
ramdenime wliT adre marqsma es pozicia komunistur manifestSi (1848) Ca
moayaliba. Tumca, aleqsis de tokvili gvTavazobs alternatiul mosaz
rebas. ikvlevda ra safrangeTis revolucias, man SeamCnia, rom `xalxis uk
mayofilebam yvelaze maRal dones safrangeTis im nawilSi miaRwia, sadac
yvelaze metad SeiniSneboda gaumjobeseba, ekonomikuri da socialuri sa
sikeTo Zvrebi, politikuri zegavlenis Semcireba, magram iq mainc arsebobda
didi ukmayofileba~.35
tokvili askvnida, rom ekonomikur gaumjobesebas revoluciamde mivya
varT, radganac, rodesac adamianebi dainaxaven garkveuli gaumjobesebebis
SesaZleblobas, maT gardauvalad metis survili gauCndebaT, aRar moi
surveben cudi pirobebisa da gaRizianebis atanas da mxolod realuri, myis
ieri gaumjobeseba daakmayofilebT. amgvarad Cndeba revoluciis ganzraxva,
amtkicebda igi.
marqsis da tokvilis poziciebi erTmaneTTan SeuTavsebeli Cans, magram
1962 wels jeims s. devisma dawera aRiarebuli statia, romelSic igi gamoTq
vamda varauds, rom òrive ideas aqvs ganmartebiTi da SesaZlebelia, winas
warmetyveluri Rirebuleba, Tu isini Sepirispirebuli da ganlagebuli
iqnebian saTanado droiTi rigis mixedviT~.36 devisi am provokaciul daskv
namde 1842 wlis doris ajanyebis, ruseTis 1917 wlis revoluciis da egviptis
1952 wlis revoluciis guldasmiT Seswavlis Sedegad mivida. am movlenebSi
revoluciuri ganviTarebis msgavsi sqemis gamovleniT, man daaskvna, rom
revolucia ufro maSin aris mosalodneli, rodesac pirobebi umjobesdeba
xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi da Semdgom mosdevs uecari gauareseba.
devisis Tezisis ganxilvisas, ori sxva mecnieri Tanmimdevrulad amtkicebda,
rom adreuli ekonomikuri zrdis da Semdgomi ekonomikuri daqveiTebis tem
pebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani faqtorebia am kuTxiT. rac ufro metia
erT sulze mTliani erovnuli produqtis zrdis maCvenebeli revoluciuri
Zvrebis wina periodSi da `rac ufro mkveTria ukan daxeva uSualod revo
lucis win, miT ufro xangrZlivi da Zaladobrivia revolucia~, acxadebdnen
isini.37 sxva sityvebiT, revolucia ara imdenad saSineli tanjvis, aramed
gamanadgurebeli imedgacruebis Sedegia. saSineli ukmayofileba, romelsac
saqonlis SeZenisa da Rirseuli cxovrebisaTvis kanonieri uflebis mop
ovebis uunaroba kidev ufro amZafrebs, adamianebs ajanyebisaken ubiZgebs.38
revoluciis Tanamedrove Teoriebi

imis aRniSvna, rom revoluciebi gamomdinareobs usamarTlobidan an
usamarTlobis aRqmidan, asaxavs revoluciis filosofiur aRqmas. amgvari
Sexeduleba xazs usvams usamarTlobis mniSvnelobas, rogorc moqmedebis
mizezs anu ideas, romlis mixedviT xelisuflebis ukeTuri an usamarTlo
qmedeba ganixileba revoluciis principul mizezad. magram, kerZod romel
revolucia
505
politikur, ekonomikur da socialur pirobebs mivyavarT revoluciur

aRtkinebamde? Tanamedrove sociologebi xSirad farTomasStabian kvleve
bze dayrdnobiT cdiloben axsnan revoluciuri procesi ufro zusti ter
minebiT, vidre amas Zveli politikuri filosofosebi akeTebdnen.39
revoluciis axsna. sakvanZo sakiTxi, romelic dgas Tanamedrove soci
ologTa winaSe, Semdegnairad JRers: ganzogadebis ra doneze SeiZleba avx
snaT msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi momxdar revoluciebs Soris mravali
gansxvaveba, aseve ganvmartoT revoluciis Sinagani bunebac. zogierTi damk
virvebeli xazs usvams, rom Tanamedrove revolucia (am SemTxevaSi igulisx
meba 1970 da 1990 wlebs Soris momxdari revoluciebi) gansxvavdeba rogorc
pirveli revoluciebisgan, romlebmac STanTqa monarqiebi da imperiebi, aseve
meoce saukunis dasawyisis komunisturi revoluciebisgan ruseTsa da CineT
Si. 1970-1990 wlebSi revoluciebi umeteswilad xdeboda: 1) mcire, urbanize
bul erebSi (gansakuTrebiT mesame samyaroSi); 2) sazrdoobda ideologiebiT,
dasavluri koloniuri batonobisadmi dapirispirebiT da eTnikuri da relig
iuri sarCuliT; 3) ganpirobebuli (an SezRuduli) iyo, zogadad, civi omiT,
kerZod ki zesaxelmwifoebiT da saerTaSoriso intervenciiT.40 marTalia, es
niSnebi naTels hfens 1970-1990 wlebSi momxdari revoluciebis mniSvnelovan
faqtebs, isini ar ewinaaRmdegebian revoluciis Sinaarsobriv ganzogadebas.41
ufro metic, 1990 wlis Semdeg, msoflio dramatulad Seicvala civi omis
dasrulebis Sedegad. magaliTad, im qveynebSi, romlebic yofili sabWoTa
kavSiris nawili iyvnen, revolucia mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebul politikur
garemoSi moxda, vidre aTi wlis win. antirusulma ganwyobam Caanacvla anti
dasavluri ideologiebi da SeerTebul Statebsa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris
Zalauflebis masStaburi konfliqti dasrulda. amgvari seriozuli politi
kuri cvlilebebis miuxedavad, Tanamedrove sociologebis Sromebi Seicavs
mniSvnelovan aRmoCenebs revoluciis zogadi bunebis Sesaxeb.
politologebis, ted gurisa da jek gladstonis azriT, revolucia yvela
ze ukeT gamoixateba, rogorc droSi gawelili interaqtiuli procesi.42 poli
tikuri krizisis Sedegad xelisuflebis manqana etapobrivad iwyebs rRvevas,
iwyeba gavleniani moqalaqeebisa da xelisuflebis urTierTgaucxoeba.
xelisuflebis liderebs sul ufro metad aRiqvamen Seufereblebad: maT
ar SeuZLliaT efeqtiani Zalauflebis ganxorcieleba, ekonomikis stabili
zacia, ar gaaCniaT Zala, daamyaron Sida wesrigi, arian sustni da gaubedavni
gare safrTxeebis winaSe. amgvarad, arsebuli mTavroba aRiqmeba aralegi
timurad TiTqmis yvelas (maT Soris elitis) mier da kargavs marTvis ufle
bas.43 sworad am mizezebis gamo, warmatebuli revolucionerebi, rogorc
wesi, pouloben mdidari (SesaZloa aristokratiulic) patronebis mxarda
Weras da aseve SeuZliaT mravali ukmayofilo adamianis mobilizeba. revo
luciis, rogorc interaqtiuli procesis es axsna revoluciis tradiciul
TeoriasTan Tavsebadia. is gvexmareba avxsnaT, rogor udevs usamarTloba
an usamarTlobis aRqma safuZvlad revolucias. Tanamedrove samecniero
samyaro detalurad xsnis am process. igi Seiswavlis krizisis tipebs, ro
melic revoluciis wina periodSi dgas saxelmwifoTa winaSe, faqtorebs,
506
romlebsac mivyavarT xelisuflebisadmi ndobis mniSvnelovan dakargvamde

da ganwiruli xelisuflebebis xSirad umweo reagirebamde.
winarevoluciuri problemebi. winarevoluciuri qveynebi, rogorc wesi,
saxifaTo sirTuleebis winaSe dganan. seriozuli ekonomikuri sirTuleebi,
magaliTad, ekonomikuri stagnacia da daknineba, uzomo vali da Sida omebTan
dakavSirebuli maRali danaxarjebi SesaZloa gansakuTrebiT gamomfitveli
iyos. ekonomikuri SeRweva, erTi an meti sxva qveynis gavlena qveynis eko
nomikaze, aseve SesaZloa iqces revoluciur faqtorad. ucxouri kapitalis
Sedinebam naklebad ganviTarebul qveyanaSi SeiZleba ubiZgos xelisuflebis
iseTi axali politikis gatarebisken, romelic moklevadian perspeqtivaSi
safrxes uqmnis mis arsebobas (magaliTad, SesaZlebelia qveyanam xeli Seuw
yos marcvleulis eqsportisaTvis warmoebas qveynisSida moxmarebis sanacv
lod, raTa mrewvelobisa da ekonomikuri zrdisaTvis aucilebeli ucxouri
valuta daagrovos).
ar aris gamoricxuli, rom demografiulma faqtorebma gaamwvavos eko
nomikuri mdgomareoba. mosaxleobis swrafma matebam, rac mesame samyaros
qveynebSi aRiniSneba, SesaZloa Seanelos an ukanac daxios ekonomikuri
zrda da xeli Seuwyos ekonomikur arastabilurobas. eTnikurma, rasobriv
ma an religiurma daZabulobebma SeiZleba gazardos arastabiluroba, gan
sakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac erTi jgufi swrafi tempiT viTardeba. ufro
metic, swrafma urbanizaciam SesaZloa Seqmnas araerTi seriozuli prob
lema muSaTa klasiT dasaxlebul gareubnebSi. magaliTad, rodesac umiwo an
mciremiwiani glexebi iZulebuli xdebian soflis tradiciuli garemodan
qalaqis ucnob garemoSi gadavidnen samuSaos saZebnad, maT xvdebaT iseTi
problemebi, rogoricaa socialuri rRveva, arasworad dagegmili urban
izacia, araadekvaturi sacxovrebeli pirobebi, antisanitaria da samedici
no da saganmanaTleblo servisebis nakleboba. rogorc wesi, amasTan erTad
izrdeba kriminali, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac maRalia gaucxoebuli ax
algazrda mamakacebis procentuli maCvenebeli.44
aseve revoluciis riskis winaSe dgas xelisufleba, romelsac ar SeuZlia
daicvas sakuTari moqalaqeebi ucxo qveynebisgan. is xelisufleba ki, ro
melic agebs oms, kidev ufro didi riskis winaSe SeiZleba aRmoCndes. am qvey
nebSi, romlebic rogorc wesi, mkacr ekonomikur regress ganicdian, wageb
ulma omma SesaZloa radikaluri cvlilebebis xelSemwyobi garemo Seqmnas.45
garda amisa, areuloba mezobeli qveynebis sust xelisuflebasac SeiZleba
gadaedos da gavlena moaxdinos masze.
xelisuflebis reaqcia. dagrovili ekonomikuri, demografiuli da poli
tikuri problemebi winarevoluciur qveynebSi xSirad moqalaqeTa ukmayo
filebas iwvevs, romelic xelisuflebas sapasuxo moqmedebisken ubiZgebs.
zogjer amas win eRobeba Zlieri Sida interesebi. magaliTad, rodesac ofi
cialur Tanamdebobis pirebs Soris arian mdidari miwaTmflobelebi, maTi
interesebi xSirad aferxebs reformebs, romlebic mimarTulia seriozuli
da potenciurad revoluciuri Sida krizisis Semcirebisaken.46 sxva SemTx
revolucia
507
vevaSi, xelisuflebis moqmedebas aferxebs farTod gavrcelebuli Sida

korufcia. ra saxis problemac ar unda hqondes xelisuflebas, veravin
moiTmens mis srul uunarobas. Tu xelisuflebis reaqcia usamarTlo an md
gomareobisadmi Seuferebelia, an xelisufleba saerTod ver axerxebs re
agirebas, igi dgas riskis winaSe, dakargos mxardamWerebis ndoba da savarau
doa, iqces revoluciuri moqmedebis obieqtad.
gasakviria, magram xelisufleba, romelic akeTeben cotas an arafers,
dgas damxobis iseTive riskis winaSe, rogorc xelisufleba, romelic moq
medebs gadamwyvetad da represiuladac ki. safrangeTis revoluciis kvl
evaSi aleqsis de tokvilma aRniSna, rom mosaxleobam monarqiis winaaRmdeg
xelaxla swored maSin aiRo xelSi iaraRi, rodesac daiwyo reJimis Serbile
ba. tokvili askvnida: `zogadad rom vTqvaT, yvelaze saSiSi momenti cudi xe
lisuflebisTvis aris is, rodesac igi cdilobs misi mmarTvelobis maneris
Secvlas~.47 tokvils sjeroda, rom am paradoqss (iseve, rogorc mis varauds,
rom pirvel rigSi reforma da ara represia iwvevs revolucias) safuZvlad
udevs fsiqologiuri faqti:
aqamde moTminebiT uZlebdnen imas, rac umowyalo Canda, magram wy
ena autaneli xdeba maSin, rogorc ki adamianebs gonebaSi gauelvebs
misi moSorebis SesaZlebloba... Tavad is faqti, rom zogierTi
tkivili SesaZlebelia ganikurnos, yuradRebas amaxvilebs sxva
tkivilze da is ufro metad autaneli Cans; adamianebi SesaZloa
itanjebodnen ufro naklebad, magram isini axla ufro mgrZnobi
areni arian.48
sabolood, tiranebs ar SeuZliaT sakuTar Tavs reformebis ufleba miscen,
radgan maTi amgvari qmedeba niSnavs warsulis usamarTlobebis aRiarebas da
aucileblad gamoiwvevs `mosaxleobaSi dagrovili boRmis gacocxlebas.49
Tanamedrove kvlevebi garkveulad adasturebs tokvilis dakvirvebas.
revoluciebSi SeiaraRebuli Zalebis rolis Sesaxeb kvlevaSi, erT-erTi
mkvlevari amtkicebs, rom revolucia verasdros iqneba warmatebuli, sanam
SeiaraRebuli Zalebi xelisuflebisadmi loialurad iqnebian ganwyobilni
da SesaZlebelia maTi efeqtianad dasaqmeba.50 rodesac Sida usafrTxoebis
zomebi metismetad dagvianebuli da metismetad gauazrebelia an ganwiruli
xelisuflebis ukanaskneli imedia, arsebobs didi Sansi, rom represiis axali
aqtebi mxolod gaauaresebs situacias. naTelia isic, rom xelisufleba, ro
melic Tavs ikavebda fizikuri Zalis sistematuri gamoyenebisagan, revolu
ciur situaciaSi damxobis ufro meti riskis winaSe dgas.
warmatebuli revolucia. revolucia rom moxdes, unda arsebobdnen qariz
matuli liderebi, romelTac SeuZliaT Tvali gausworon reJimis damxo
bis mcdelobasTan dakavSirebul sasikvdilo risks.51 imavdroulad, revo
luciur liderebs sWirdebaT im adamianTa mxardaWera, romelTac ukaviaT
maRalisazogadoebrivi mdgomareoba da aqvT Sesabamisi unarebi. elitaze
zegavlenis moxdenisaTvis Sesabamisi momenti dgeba maSin, rodesac xelisu
508
fleba awyeninebs, emuqreba an Zirs uTxris mas garkveuli gziT. winarevolu

ciur xelisuflebas did safrTxes uqmnis elitis gaucxoeba SeiaraRebul
ZalebSi.52 Tu generlebi (da sxva maRali rangis oficrebi) Sewyveten xelisu
flebis mxardaWeras (an mis winaaRmdeg Sebrundebian), es TiTqmis yovelTvis
fataluria xelisuflebisaTvis.
revoluciuri cvlilebebi xSirad zevidan warimarTeba. Tumca, yvela
revoluciuri cvlileba damokidebulia axali xelisuflebis warmate
baze, rogor moipovebs an SeinarCunebs masobriv mxardaWeras, rac, Tavis
mxriv, xSirad damokidebulia moqalaqeTa wina reJimisadmi uTanxmoebis
doneze. mosaxleobis ukmayofilebis mizezebi SeiZleba moicavdes `farTod
gavrcelebul ukmayofilebas ekonomikuri pirobebiT, gansakuTrebiT qa
laqis mosaxleobas Soris; imedgacruebas politikaSi realuri monawileo
bis SesaZleblobebis ararsebobiT, gansakuTrebiT studentebsa da saSualo
klass Soris; gavrcelebul ukmayofilebas ucxouri investiciebisa da ofi
cialur pirebis korumpirebulobis gamo; da soflis mtrul ganwyobas ur
banuli reJimis mtaceblurobisa da represiuli politikis gamo~.53 sworia
igi Tu araswori, es aris usamarTlobis aRqma xalxis mier, romelic kvebavs
Tanamedrove epoqis yvelanairi revoluciis xanZars.
da bolos, revolucia naklebsavaraudoa, Tu yvela an zemoT ganxil
uli faqtorebis umetesoba, erTdroulad ar arsebobs. amgvarad, qveyana,
romelsac mwvave ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebi aqvs, savaraudod
ar mieqaneba revoluciisaken, Tu aseve ar gaCnda sxva winarevoluciuri
elementebic, rogoricaa revoluciur liderTa arseboba, elitisa da mo
qalaqeTa Zlieri mxardaWera radikaluri qmedebisadmi da mosaxleobis rw
menis dakargva arsebuli xelisuflebis marTvis unarSi. swored am faqtor
Ta Tanxvedris Sedegad xdeba revolucia.
masobrivi moZraobebis safrTxeebi. espanelma filosofosma xose ortega
i gasetma (1883-1955) 1930 wels gamoaqveyna cnobili wigni masebis amboxi. am
droisTvis faSistebs ukve xelSi CaegdoT Zalaufleba italiaSi, germaniaSi
hitleris ZalauflebaSi mosvlas ramdenime weli aklda da stalini sabWoTa
ruseTSi sakuTari Zalauflebis konsolidirebas axdenda.54 gaseti SeZrwun
ebiT werda `Zalauflebis ganxorcielebaSi masebis CarTvis~ Sesaxeb da amt
kicebda, rom `masebs, maTive ganmartebidan gamomdinare, arc SeuZliaT da
arc unda marTavdnen sakuTar cxovrebas, da miT umetes, ar unda marTavdnen
sazogadoebas zogadad, rac niSnavs imas, rom evropa sinamdvileSi itanjeba
udidesi saerTo krizisisgan, romelic azianebs xalxebs, saxelmwifoebs da
civilizaciebs~.55
meoce saukune istoriaSi ramdenime yvelaze sisxliani masobrivi moZrao
bis mowme gaxda. ortega i gasetis sityvebi gansakuTrebiT moswrebulia Tana
medrove revoluciaTa damRupveli Sedegebis Suqze:
rogorc SeerTebul StatebSi amboben: ìyo gansxvavebuli niSnavs
iyo uxamsi~. masa amsxvrevs yvelafers, rac misgan gansxvavebuli,
SesaniSnavi, individualuri, daxvewili da rCeulia. nebismieri,
revolucia
509
romelic ar hgavs yvelas, vinc ar fiqrobs ise, rogorc yvela, dgas

ganadgurebis safrTxis winaSe. 56
daskvna
politikur terminologiaSi revolucia niSnavs saxelmwifos mmarTv
elobis formebis mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs. Tanamedrove epoqaSi amgvari
cvlilebebi sul ufro xSirad xdeba msoflios mraval regionSi.
arsebobs revoluciis ori ZiriTadi tradicia: amerikuli da franguli.
amerikuli revolucia ufro SezRuduli iyo vidre franguli da isaxavda
ufro zomier miznebs. frangi revoluciuri liderebi, ufro pragmatuli
amerikeli kolegebisgan gansxvavebiT, miznad isaxavdnen qveynis sazogadoe
brivi, politikuri da moraluri suraTis radikalur da srulmasStabian cv
lilebebs.
meTvramete saukunis dasasrulidan mZafri kamaTi imarTeboda im sakiT
xis Sesaxeb, iyo Tu ara revolucia sasurveli. mas Semdeg, rac edmund berkma
gamokveTa revoluciasTan dakavSirebuli mravali safrTxe, Tomas peinma
xazi gausva mis mraval dadebiT mxares. SedarebiT adre, jon lokma daika
va ufro zomieri pozicia; igi amtkicebda, rom revolucia gardauvali da
gamarTlebulia, rodesac igi mimarTulia mCagvreli xelisuflebis winaaR
mdeg.
revoluciis zusti mizezebis gamorCeva rTulia. aristoteles miaCnda,
rom usamarTloba aris saxalxo janyis saTave. magram ra ubiZgebs rigiT
moqalaqes monawileoba miiRos revoluciaSi? karl marqsi Tvlida, rom
degradirebad ekonomikur da socialur pirobebs mivyavarT revoluciaSi
monawileobisaken. aleqsis de tokvili amtkicebda, rom brali unda davdoT
gaumjobesebis gzaze mdgar pirobebs, radganac isini cvlian socialuri re
alobis pirovnul imedebs. Tanamedrove xedva Camoayaliba jeims s. devisma,
romelic axdens marqsis da tokvilis poziciebis kombinirebas imis mtkice
biT, rom revoluciam mosalodnelia ifeTqos maSin, rodesac Zlieri eko
nomikuri an socialuri ukusvla mohyveba zrdadi molodinis da zomieri
gaumjobesebis periods. revoluciis mizezebis ufro axali kvlevebi xazs
usvams, rom igi mimdinare procesia da asaxavs legitimurobis kriziss.
rTuli ekonomikuri, politikuri an socialuri problemebis piro
bebSi, xelisufleba moqmedebs Seufereblad an usamarTlod. amiT igi kar
gavs sazogadoebaSi elitis ndobas da iwyeba masebis mobilizeba, rodesac
revoluciis liderebi gegmaven arsebuli xelisuflebis damxobasa da axali
politikuri wesrigis damyarebas. sabolood, yvela masobriv moZraobaze
damyarebuli revolucia damarcxda, magram aRsaniSnavia, rom am process
mravali udanaSaulo adamiani Seewira.
510
sakvanZo sityvebi
revolucia
safrangeTis revolucia
amerikis revolucia
revoluciuri omi
generaluri Statebi
bastilia
adamianis uflebaTa deklaracia

teroris mefoba
revoluciis ufleba
ekonomiuri SeRweva
1. ras niSnavs revolucia? wina periodebTan SedarebiT gaxda Tu ara revo

lucia ufro metad an naklebad gavrcelebuli meoce saukuneSi?
2. ra mniSvnelovani msgavseba iyo amerikul da frangul revoluciebs So
ris? ra mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba iyo maT Soris?
3. revoluciis sasurvelobis Sesaxeb kamaTSi ra poziciebi ekavaT Eedmund
berksa da Tomas peins? ra iyo berkis ZiriTadi argumenti? riTi pasuxobda
peini?
4. raSi mdgomareobda jon lokis pozicia revoluciis mimarT? ratom icavda
igi moqalaqeTa uflebas, daemxoT sakuTari xelisufleba? ra mosazrebiT
ikavebs loki adgils peinis da berks Soris?
5. aristoteles SexedulebiT, ra aris revoluciis principuli mizezi? ro
gor ganaviTara Tanamedrove socialurma mecnierebam aristoteles fi
losofiuri Sexedulebebi revoluciaze?
6. mohfina Tu ara Suqi Tanamedrove kvlevebma revoluciis mizezebs? Tu ki,
aqvT maT wina kvlevebTan saerTo elementebi, Tu ewinaaRmdegebian maT?
7. ra Teoriebi Camoyalibda imis asaxsnelad, rogor da ratom xdebian indi
videbi imdenad imedgacruebulni, rom SeuerTdnen revolucias?
SeniSvnebi:
1. Jack A. Goldstone, `Revolutions in World History, wignSi: Theoretical,
Comparative, and Historical Studies, me-2 gamoc., red. Jack A. Goldstone (San
Diego: Harcourt, 1993), 320.
2. citirebulia Thomas Greene, Comparative Revolutionary Movements
(Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1989), 5.
3. iqve, 5.
4. iqve. 6.
5. Ted Robert Gurr da Jack Goldstone, Comparisons and Policy Implications, wignSi:
Revolutions of the Late Twentieth Century, red. J. Goldstone, T. R. Gurr, and F.
Moshiri (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1991), 324. Tanamedrove da tradiciul
revoluciebs Soris sxvaoba lingvisturadac aisaxeba sityvebiT
revolucia
511
`revolucia~ da àjanyeba~. es gansxvaveba literaturaSi calsaxad

jerac ar keTdeba da amitom am TavSi mas ar SevxebivarT.
6. Barrington Moore, Jr., Reflections on the causes of Human Misery and upon Certain Proposals
to Eliminate Them (Boston: BeAacon Press, 1972), 170.
7. James Dougherty da Robert Pfaltzgraff, Jr., Contending Theories of International Relations,
me-3 gamoc. (New York: Harper & Row, 1990), 321. sxva naSromebTan erTad
avtorebi imowmeben Hannah Arendt-is samecniero naSromebs.
8. Irving Kristol, The American Revolution as a Successuful Revolution, wignSi Readings in
American Democracy, red. Paul Peterson (Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall Hunt, 1979), 52-53.
9. Cecilia Kenyon, Republicanism and Radicalism in the American Revolution: An Oldfashioned Interpretation, wignSi The Reinpretation of the American Revolution, 1763-1789,
red. J. Greene (New York: Harper & Row, 1968), 291.
10. magaliTisaTvis ix. Bernard Bailyn, Political Experience and Enlightenment in
Eighteenth-Century America, wignSi The Reinpretation of the American Revolution, red.
Greene, 282-283.
11. Martin Diamond, The Revolution of Sober Expectations, wignSi Readings in American
Democracy, red. Peterson, 66.
12. Jefferson-isa da Roger C. Weightman-is mimowera, June 24, 1826, wignSi The Political
Writings of Thomas Jefferson: Representative Samples, red. Edward Dumbauld
(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965), 9.
13. Benjamin Wright, Consensus and Continuity, 1776-1787 (New York: Norton, 1967), 3.
Wright-i eyrdnoba J. Franklin Jameson-is naSroms.
14. iqve, 1.
15. iqve.
16. Kristol, The American Revolution, 53.
17. Diamond, The Revolution of Sober Expectations, 73.
18. iqve, 65.
19. Crane Brinton, The Anatomy of Revolution (New York: Random House, 1966), 122-123.
20. Hannah Arendt, On Revolution (New York: Penguin, 1976), 60.
21. Kristol, The American Revolution, 6.
22. iqve, 61.
23. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (Indianapolis: Library of Liberal
Arts, 1955), 197.
24. Thomas Paine, The Rights of Man, wignSi Thomas Paine: Representative Selections, red.
H. Clark (New York: Hill & Wang, 1967), 159.
25. iqve, 184-185.
26. iqve, 162.
27. iqve, 61.
28. iqve, 70.
29. Tumca, amisda miuxedavad, berki garkveulwilad amerikis momxre
iyo revoluciur omSi, arwmunebda ra sakuTar ers ecnoT amerikis

ukmayofileba kanonierad.
30. John Locke, An Essay Concerning the True Original Extent and End of Civil Government,
wignSi Two Treatises on Government (New York: New American Library, 1963), 466.
31. iqve, 463.
512
32. iqve, 452-453.

33. ix. Joseph Cropsey-s Political Philosophy and the Issues of Politics (Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1977), 157-162.
34. Jack Goldstone, An Analytical Framework, wignSi Revolutions of the Late Twentieth
Century, red. J. Goldstone, T. R. Gurr, and F. Moshiri (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press,
1991), 50.
35. Alexis de Tocqueville, The Old Regime and the French Revolution (Garden City, N.Y.:
Doubleday, 1955), 176.
36. James C. Davies, Toward a Theory of Revolution, American Sociological Review (February
1962): 6.
37. Raymond Tanter and Manus Midlarsky, A Theory of Revolution, Journal of Conflict
Resolution 11 (1967): 272, cxrili 6.
38. Ted Gurr, Why Men Rebel (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1970), 3-21.
39. rogorc Jack A. Goldstone-ma aRniSna wignSi Theories of Revolution: The Third
Revolution, World Politics (April 1980): 425-453.
40. bolo ori winadadeba warmoadgens J. Goldstone-is, T. R. Gurr-isa da F. Moshiri-s
varauds wignSi Revolutions of the Late Twentieth Century (Boulder, Colo.: Westview
Press, 1991). es sami maxasiaTebeli gansazRvrulia Goldstone-is wignSi An Analytical
Framework, 325.
41. rogorc Goldstone-i aRiarebs 1970 wlidan dawyebuli mis mier revoluciaTa
Seswavla Seesabameba revoluciis miseul zogad gagebas. ix. Goldstone, An Analytical
Framework, 37-38.
42. es msjeloba ZiriTadad eyrdnoba Gurr-isa da Goldstone-is Comparisons and Policy
Implications, 324-352.
43. Barry Schult da Robert Slater, A Framework for Analysis, wignSi Revolution and Political
Change in the Third World, red. B. Schutz da R. Slater (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner,
1990), 7-9. ix. aseve Gurr-isa da Goldstone-is Comparisons and Policy Implications, 331.
44. 1975 wels wignis Thinking about Crime gamoqveynebidan James Q. Wilson-i Tavis
naSromebSi amerikaSi danaSaulebaTa Sesaxeb xazs usvamda imas, rom axalgazrda
mamakacebis socializacia didi sirTulea kanonmorCil sazogadoebaSi; amJamad,
literaturaSi arsebobs mosazrebebi imis Taobaze, rom am demografiul faqtsac
aqvs gavlena revoluciaze. Seadare Gurr-isa da Goldstone-is Comparisons and Policy
Implications, 335 (romlebmac xazi gausves asaks da ara sqess) da James Q. Wilson-is
Thinking about Crime (New York: Basic Books, 1975).
45. Walter Lacqueur, Revolution wignSi International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences
(New York: Macmillan/Free Press, 1968), 501. ix. aseve, Robert Hunter-is Revolution:
Why? How? When? (New York: Harper & Row, 1940), 126.
46. Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia,
and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 249.
47. Tocqueville, The Old Regime, 176.
48. iqve.
49. iqve, 187.
50. D. E. H. Russell, Rebellion, Revolution and Armed Forces: A Comparative Study of Fifteen
Countries with Special Emphasis on Cuba and South Africa (Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press,
1974).
revolucia
513
51. totalitaruli revoluciisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania qarizmatuli

lideri. ix. me-3 Tavi.
52. Gurr da Goldstone, Comparisons and Policy Implications, 353-354.
53. iqve, 334.
54. Jose Ortega y Gasset, The Revolt of the Masses (New York: Norton, 1993). pirvelad
daibeWda 1930 wels.
55. citirebulia veb-gverdidan The History Guide, www.history-guide.org/europe/gasset.
html, 2002 wlis 13 maisi.
56. iqve.
Ta v i X V
terorizmi
sustis iaraRi
ra aris terorizmi?
terorizmis warmoSoba
orizmis logika
taqtika
omi
ter
teroristuli
teroristuli aqti da
teroristuli jgufebis
maxasiaTeblebi
terorizmi
alJirSi: Tanamedrove magaliTi.
vin aris teroristi?
teroristebis
klasifikacia:
kriminalebi, partizanebi Tu rev
olucionerebi?
identificireba
teroristis
terorizmi da sazogadoeba
axalgazrda rekrutebi
izmis fsiqologia
da masmedia
teror
terorizmi
terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZola

Sida kanonmdebloba
qveynebs So
ris TanamSromloba
unilater
aluri zomebi terorizmis winaaR

mdeg
ra SeuZlia pirovnebas
SesaZlebelia ki terorizmis Sekaveba?
514
terorizmi
515
1993 wlis TebervalSi, qalaq niu-iorkSi mdebare msoflio savaWro cen

tris Senobis miwisqveSa avtosadgomze afeTqda 1200-futiani bombi, romelic
naqiraveb, yviTel feris satvirTo manqanaSi iyo damontaJebuli. afeTqebam
msoflioSi simaRliT meore Senobis sardafSi myisierad warmoSva 200 futi
radiusis krateri. daSavda aTasze meti adamiani, Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom
msxverplis ricxvi didi ar iyo, daiRupa mxolod Svidi. msoflioSi erT-erTi
yvelaze cnobili Senobis da aSS-es ekonomikuri siZlieris simbolos winaaR
mdeg mimarTulma teroristulma aqtma amerikelebs Soki mihgvara. rva wlis
Semdeg, 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers, msoflio savaWro centrze axali teroris
tuli Tavdasxma ganxorcielda. amjerad Senobebs komerciuli reisis ori,
advilad aalebadi sawvaviT datvirTuli TviTmfrinavi Seejaxa. caTambjen
ebi mcire xnis ganmavlobaSi iwvoda, Semdeg ki saocari siZlieriT Camoingra,
ramac manhetenis centris didi nawili gaanadgura, SenobebSi myofi aTaso
biT adamiani imsxverpla, quCebi aTasobiT tona cecxlmodebuli nangreviT
aavso da kvamlis, mtvrisa da ferflis uzarmazari Rrubeli warmoqmna, ro
melic ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi iyo Camowolili qalaqis Tavze.
1993 wels mravalma amerikelma dasva kiTxva: msoflio savaWro centrze
ganxorcielebuli Tavdasxma erTaderTi iyo Tu momavalSic ganmeordebo
da? male am kiTxvaze pasuxi cxadi gaxda: amerikelebis winaaRmdeg mimarTu
li teroristuli Tavdasxmebi gaxSirda, rac uamravi adamianis sicocxles
uqmnida safrTxes (ix. cxrili 15-1).
graund z _ nangrevebis grova iq, sadac 2001 wlis 11 seqtembramde amayad idga
msoflio savaWro centris caTambjenebi.
516
cxrili 15.1
terorizmis samizne: amerikelebi
aprili, 1983

Ooqtomberi, 1983

Ddekemberi, 1988

Tebervali, 1993

ivnisi, 1993

aAprili, 1995

noemberi, 1995

aAprili, 1996

TviTqmkvlelma aifeTqa Tavi libanSi, bei-

ruTSi, SeerTebuli Statebis saelCoSi. dai-
Rupa 63 adamiani.
beiruTSi amerikuli samxedro yazarmebis da
bombvam 229 adamiani imsxverpla.
niu-iorkSi, msoflio savaWro centris
Senobis miwisqveSa avtosadgomSi afeTqda
avtomanqana. daiRupa 7 adamiani,
daSavda 1042.
federalurma gamomZieblebma droulad
gadaarCines SeerTebuli Statebi da
mdinare huZonis ori gvirabi muslimi
eqstremistebis mier dagegmili teroristuli aqtisgan.
manilaSi, filipinebi, policiam daakava
islamis mimdevari teroristuli
dajgufebis
wevrebi. isini cdidnen
bombebs, romlebiTac Semdeg apirebdnen
SeerTebuli Statebis sareiso TviTmfrinavebze Tavdasxmas wynar okeaneze gadafrenis dros. am SeTqmulebis lideri,
ramzi ahmed iusefi mogvianebiT pakistanSi daakaves. mas bralad edeba msoflio savaWro centrze Tavdasxmis dagegmvaSi monawileobac.
oklahomas StatSi oklahoma sitiSi afeTqebulma satvirTo manqanam gaanadgura
federaluri Senoba. daiRupa 168
adamiani, daSavda 600-ze meti. damnaSaved
cnes amerikis ori moqalaqe.
saudis arabeTSi, qalaq riadSi mdebare
amerikul samxedro sawvrTnel banak-
Tan afeTqda manqana. daiRupa 5 amerikeli,
daSavda 30.
gamoZiebis federalurma biurom
daakava Teodor j. kaZinski da brali
dasdo dajgufeba ùnabomberis~ mier
18 wlis ganmavlobaSi Cadenili teroristuli aqtebis dagegmvaSi (kaZinski damnaSaved cnes).
terorizmi
517
ivnisi, 1996
saudis arabeTSi, dharanSi, sacxovrebel

kompleqsTan afeTqda danaRmuli satvir
To manqana. daiRupa 19 amerikeli, daSav
da 280.
1 ivlisi, 1996
arizonas StatSi, qalaq feniqsSi, fede
raluri samsaxuris TanamSromlebma

daakaves `vaiper miliciis~ dajgufebis 12

wevri, romlebsac bralad mTavrobis

Senobebis afeTqebis dagegmva edebodaT.
17 ivlisi, 1996
TviTmfrinavi niu-iorkidan afrenis Sem-

deg maleve afeTqda da Camovarda, ramac

230-ve mgzavri imsxverpla. afeTqebis

mizezi dRemde ucnobia.
27 ivlisi, 1996
jorjiis StatSi, atlantaSi, zafxulis

olimpiuri TamaSebis dros, koncertze
afeTqda bombi. daiRupa erTi adamiani,

daSavda 111.
Aagvisto, 1998
keniasa da tanzaniaSi afeTqeba moxda

SeerTebuli Statebis saelCoebTan.

daiRupa 224 adamiani, romelTa umrav
leso ba ubralo kenieli iyo.
Ooqtomberi, 2000
iemenSi, qalaq adenSi, SeerTebuli State
bis bazaze, danaRmuli katarRis afeT
qebis Sedegad daiRupa 17 adamiani.
11 seqtemberi, 2001
SeerTebuli Statebis aRmosavleT sanapi
ros
aeroportebidan gaitaces 4 TviT
mfrinavi: ori msoflio savaWro centris

caTambjenebs Seejaxa da aTasobiT adami
ani imsxverpla, mesame pentagonis teri
toriaze Camovarda, meoTxe ki _ pensil-
vaniis StatSi, erT-erT yanaSi.
wyaro: ùol strit jornali~, 29 ivnisi, 1996, Agv. 14; èkonomisti~, 15 seqtem
beri 2001, gv. 18.
rogorc vxedavT, SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg mravali teroristu

li Tavdasxmas moxda, Tumca ukanaskneli aTwleulebis manZilze msoflios
zogierT sxva kuTxeSi terorizmis problema kidev ufro mwvaved dgas. ter
orizmma didi gasaqani hpova mraval ganviTarebad qveyanaSi, gansakuTrebiT
aziisa da afrikis kontinentebze (magaliTad, alJirSi, sadac mTavrobas
yoveldRiurad uxdeba TavdasxmebTan gamklaveba, da israelSi, sadac TviT
mkvlelebis mier mowyobili afeTqebebi moqalaqeebs mudmiv safrTxes uqm
nis). sparseTis yuris qveynebis mdgomareobac msgavsia. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
CrdiloeT afrikidan sparseTis yuremde mdebare yvela muslimuri qveyana
terorizmis xSiri msxverplia.
518
dRes msoflioSi terorizmisgan daculi ar aris arc erTi qveyana.

ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze teroristuli aqtebi xSiria mraval samxreTamerikul qveyanaSi (gansakuTrebiT peruSi, kolumbiasa da meqsikaSi). ter
orizmisgan dazRveuli arc dasavleT evropis yvelaze ganviTarebuli in
dustriis mqone qveynebia. amis erT-erT naTeli magaliTia didi britaneTi,
sadac irlandiuri respublikuri armiis (IRA) ultranacionalistebi 1960iani wlebidan warmarTaven teroristul kampanias CrdiloeT irlandiaze
(igive olsterze) britanuli kontrolis winaaRmdeg.
terorizmis problema imdenad aqtualuria, rom misi Sedegebis ignori
reba SeuZlebelia. amaze metyvelebs mravali arc ise gaxmaurebuli da ma
leve miviwyebuli SemTxveva. magaliTad, 1994 wlis gazafxulze germaniis
policiam aRmoaCina da aRkveTa birTvuli masalebis gayidvis oTxi mcde
loba, ris Sedegadac SeiZleboda atomuri bombi damzadebuliyo. 1994 wlis
agvistoSi aviakompania lufthanzas moskovi-miunxenis reisze 350 grami
birTvuli sawvavi aRmoaCines. ori dRis Semdeg daakaves germaniis moqalaqe,
romelmac policiis informatorss sufTa plutoniumi miyida.1 aseve did sa
SiSroebas qmnis biologiuri da qimiuri masalebis gadaxedvis faqtebi Sav
bazarze gayidvis mizniT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom teroristebis mier masobrivi
ganadgurebis iaraRis gamoyenebis mcdeloba mxolod novelebsa da filmeb
Si aRar gvxvdeba. 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers amerikelebma dainaxes, rom aseTi
ram axla ukve savsebiT realur safrTxed iqca.
ra aris terorizmi?
miuxedavad misi aqtualurobisa, terorizmi bundovan cnebad rCeba. zo
gierTi ganmarteba xazs usvams terorizmis Zalismier meTodebs politikaze
gavlenis mosaxdenad. vebsteris leqsikonis mixedviT, terorizmi aris `Za
lis an muqaris gamoyeneba daSinebis, gavlenis moxdenis mizniT. igi xSirad
gamoiyeneba rogorc politikuri iaraRi.~ sxva wyaro terorizms ganmar
tavs, rogorc ùdanaSaulo moqalaqeebze ganzrax Tavdasxmas politikuri
miznebiT.~2 terorizmis ganmartebebi mravalricxovania, Tumca maTi umete
soba ramdenime faqtors iTvaliswinebs, rogoricaa Zaladoba, survili
imisa, rom momxdari faqti gaxmaurdes, politikuri motivi da mosaxleobis
gamiznuli daSineba.3 rogorc am TavSi mogvianebiT vnaxavT, terorizmis Cve
neuli ganmarteba mis strategiasa da meTodebsac moicavs.
terorizmis ramdenime forma arsebobs.4 zogi mecnieri teroristul mo
qmedebebs imis mixedviT axarisxebs, (1) aris Tu ara igi romelime mTavro
bis mier dafinansebuli an ganxorcielebuli an (2) ramden qveyanas moicavs
igi (ix. cxrili 15-2). anu, saxelmwifo terorizmi arsebobs maSin, roca xe
lisufleba misive qveynis moqalaqeebze axorcielebs teroristul aqtebs,
rogorc es hitleris drois germaniaSi xdeboda. saerTaSoriso terorizms
uwodeben movlenas, roca romelime qveynis xelisufleba Seifarebs saerTa
Soriso teroristebs (rogorc avRaneTis Talibebis mTavroba moiqca osama
bin ladenTan da organizacia al qaidasTan mimarTebaSi), afinansebs saer
terorizmi
519
TaSoriso teroristul operaciebs an raime sxva gziT uWers mxars saerTa

Soriso terorizms (anu terorizms, romelic mis sazRvrebs gareT xorciel
deba). civi omis dros SeerTebuli Statebi xSirad adanaSaulebda sabWoTa
kavSirs msoflios sxvadasxva mxareebSi arsebuli antiamerikuli teroris
tuli dajgufebebis dafinansebasa da iaraRiT daxmarebaSi. sabWoTa kavSiri
am braldebas pasuxobda, rom SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobac mimarTavda
msgavs meTodebs, roca es amerikis interesebSi Sedioda. irani, erayi, libia,
sudani, siria, CrdiloeTi korea da kuba bolo ramdenime welia, SeerTebuli
Statebis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli saerTaSoriso terorizmis eWvmit
anilTa siaSi iricxeba [dReisaTvis am siaSi Sedian: kuba, irani, sudani, siria
_ mTargmn. Sen.]. am siaSi, rasakvirvelia, avRaneTic iyo 2001 wlamde, roca
Talibebis reJimi daemxo.
terorizmi: xuTi ganmarteba

terorizmis ganmarteba Znelia. teroristuli aqtebi did emocias iwvevs
rogorc mis msxverplSi (adamianebSi, vinc fizikurad daSavda an fsiqolo
giuri travma miiRo), aseve mis uSualo momwyobSic. SeerTebuli Statebis
mTavrobac ki ver Tanxmdeba erTian ganmartebaze. gamonaTqvami _ ìs, vinc
erTi adamianisTvis teroristia, sxvisTvis TavisuflebisTvis mebrZolia,~
dResac aqtualuria. gTavazobT terorizmis ramdenime ganmartebas.
terorizmi aris Zaladobis an muqaris gamoyeneba politikuri cvli
lebis gamowvevis mizniT.
_ braian jenkinsi
terorizmi aris udanaSaulo mosaxleobis mimarT Zaladobis ukanono
gamoyeneba politikuri miznebis misaRwevad.
_ uolter lakeri
terorizmi aris udanaSaulo adamianebis mizanmimarTuli da siste
maturi mkvleloba, Cagvra da muqara, risi saSualebiTac xdeba mo
saxleobis daSineba mTavrobaze gavlenis moxdenisa da politikuri an
taqtikuri upiratesobis mopovebis mizniT.
_ jeims m. polani
terorizmi aris politikuri an socialuri miznebiT Zaladobis an
muqaris ukanono gamoyeneba adamianebisa Tu maTi sakuTrebis mimarT.
igi, Cveulebriv, gamoiyeneba romelime qveynis xelisuflebis, indi
videbis an jgufis dasaSineblad da Sesaviwroveblad an maTi qcevis,
politikis Secvlis mizniT.
_ aSS-s vice-prezidentis operatiuli
samsaxuri, 1986
terorizmi aris adamianebis an maTi sakuTrebis mimarT ganxorciele
520
buli Zaladobrivi aqti xelisuflebis, mSvidobiani mosaxleobis an

misi romelime nawilis dasaSineblad an Sesaviwroveblad, raime poli
tikuri an socialuri miznebis misaRwevad.
_ gamoZiebis federaluri biuros ganmarteba
wyaro: adaptirebulia veb gverdidan www.terrorism.com 2002 wlis 18 maisi.
cxrili 15.2
terorizmis klasifikacia
tipi
kontroldeba da imarTeba
romelime mTavrobis mier?
exeba Tu ara
erTze met qveyanas?
saxelmwifo terorizmi
ki
saerTaSoriso terorizmi
ki
ara
ki
saSinao terorizmi
ara
ara
transnacionaluri terorizmi
ara
ki
wyaroebi: adaptirebulia Charles W. Kegley, Jr., ed., International Terrorism: Characteristics, Causes, Controls (New York: St. Martins Press, 1990), 5; and Edward Mickolus, Trends in
International Terrorism, in International Terrorism in the Contemporary World, ed. Marius H.
Livingston et al. (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1978), 45.
saSinao terorizmi erTi qveynis farglebSi xorcieldeba teroristebis

mier, romlebsac mTavrobasTan araviTari kavSiri ar aqvT. Cveulebriv, sa
Sinao terorizmis mizani mosaxleobaSi SiSisa da uTanxmoebis gamowveva da
arsebuli politikuri institutebis diskreditaciaa. inglisis, espaneTisa
da dasavleTis bevri sxva qveynisgan gansxvavebiT, SeerTebul StatebSi aseTi
terorizmi sakmaod iSviaTi iyo 1995 wlamde, roca oklahoma sitis federal
uri ofisis Senoba aafeTqes, xolo 1996 wlis zafxulSi atlantaSi olimpi
uri TamaSebis dros bombi afeTqda. transnacionaluri terorizmi maSin
Cndeba, roca sxvadasxva qveynis teroristuli dajgufebebi, romlebsac
arc erTi mTavroba ar afinansebs, erTmaneTTan iwyeben TanamSromlobas, an
aseTi dajgufebebis teroristuli operaciebi erTi saxelmwifo sazRvrebs
scildeba.
Tanamedrove terorizmis globalurma xasiaTma terorizmis saSinao da
saerTaSoriso formebs Soris arsebuli zRvari kidev ufro bundovani gaxa
da.5 SegviZlia, klasifikaciis sxva meTodi vcadoT da teroristuli aqtebi,
romlebic ar aris romelime mTavrobis mier dafinansebuli an ganxorciele
buli, antisaxelmwifoebriv terorizmSi gavaerTianoT. es ukanaskneli,
terorizmi
521
Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba or saxeobad davyoT: dajgufebebi, romlebic sakuTar

samSobloze politikuri kontrolis dabrunebas cdiloben, rogorc baskebi
espaneTSi, irlandieli kaTolikeebi CrdiloeT irlandiaSi, Tamilebi Srilankaze, siqhebi indoeTSi da CeCnebi ruseTSi. isini nacionalistur-separatistul terorizms axorcieleben. am tipis terorizmi, rogorc wesi,
romelime erTi qveynis sazRvrebs ar scildeba, Tumca xSirad xdeba ise,
rom teroristebi sxva radikaluri dajgufebebisgan, ucxoeli kerZo do
norebisgan an sxva qveynebis mTavrobisganac ki iReben fuls, iaraRsa da sxva
saxis daxmarebas. xolo is dajgufebebi, romlebic sazogadoebis destabi
lizacias raime abstraqtuli rwmenis safuZvelze cdiloben, ideologiur
terorizms axorcieleben. ideologia SeiZleba marqsizmis an islamis rome
lime ganStoebas warmoadgendes,6 an STagonebad faSizmi an anarqizmi edos.
magaliTad SegviZlia moviyvanoT `wiTeli armiis fraqcia~ germaniaSi, `wiTe
li brigadebi~ italiaSi, `naTeli biliki~ peruSi, ìslamuri jihadi~ egvip
teSi, osama bin ladenis àl qaida~ da aseve, ramdenime ukiduresi memarjvene
dajgufeba SeerTebul StatebSi. xSirad, aseT dajgufebebsac aqvT saerTa
Soriso kavSirebi.
zogjer terorizmi SeiZleba erTdroulad nacionalistur-separatis
tulic iyos da ideologiuric. amis magaliTia hamasi (islamuri winaaRmde
gobis moZraoba), romelic daupirispirda mSvidobian molaparakebebs is
raelsa da palestinis gaTavisuflebis organizacias Soris israelis mier
okupirebuli _ md. iordanes dasavleT napirisa da Razas seqtoris Sesaxeb.
hamasi nacionalistur-separatistuli moZraobaa, romelic israelis ga
nadgurebasa da mis adgilas radikaluri islamuri qveynis Seqmnas cdilobs.
magram misi motivacia amavdroulad ideologiuricaa, kerZod ki igi islam
uri fundamentalizmis erT-erT ganStoebas eyrdnoba, romelic momxreebs
mouwodebs eqstremizmisa da jihadisken (wminda omisaken). hamasis magaliTi
naTlad gviCvenebs, rom terorizmis ganmarteba SedarebiT ufro advilia,
vidre misi klasifikacia, radgan zogi teroristi erTdroulad ramdenime
kategorias miekuTvneba.
terorizmis warmoSoba
terorizmsa da religiur fundamentalizms Soris kavSiri namdvilad ar
sebobs _ islamuri eqstremizmi amis naTeli magaliTia. Tumca, bevri teror
isti religiuri ar aris. teroristuli aqtebis realur ganxorcielebamdec
religiuri fundamentalistebis Zalian mcire nawili midis. amasTan, aRsan
iSnavia isic, rom terorizmis warmoSoba SegviZlia religias davukavSiroT,
ufro konkretulad ki sam saidumloebiT mocul religiur seqtas.7
Tugebi erT-erTi induisturi seqtis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. religi
uri mosazrebis safuZvelze saukuneebis manZilze maT aTasobiT adamiani
Seiwires. es seqta sabolood mecxramete saukuneSi daiSala. zelotebi,
ebraelTa eqstremistuli dajgufebis wevrebi, Zv.w. 66-73 wlebSi sxva reli
giis warmomadgenlebs xocavdnen da kerpTayvanismcemeli romis winaaRmdeg
522
ajanyebis dawyebas cdilobdnen. meTerTmete saukunis dasawyisSi asasineb

ma, Siituri muslimuri seqtis warmomadgenlebma, islamis `ganwmendis~
mizniT, sxva religiebis uamravi warmomadgenlis sicocxle Seiwires. gvian
Sua saukuneebSi da Semdeg, reformaciis periodSi, warmoiSva mravali sisx
lismRvreli qristianuli seqtac.8
Tanamedrove revoluciuri terorizmi xSirad naklebad ukavSirdeba
religiur motivs, razec metyvelebs safrangeTis revoluciis liderebi
sa da mecxramete saukunis rusi anarqistebis naSromebi da moRvaweoba.9
zogi eqsperti mimCnevs, rom Tanamedrove terorizms safuZveli 1960-iani
wlebis bolos Caeyara; zogi misi Casaxvis wlad konkretulad 1968 welsac
ki asaxelebs. 1960-iani wlebis bolos moxda rasistuli dapirispirebebi
SeerTebul StatebSi, konfliqtis eskalacia vietnamSi da arabeTsa da is
raels Soris eqvsdRiani omi (1967 weli). dRevandeli terorizmi nawilo
briv ganapiroba 1968 wels momxdarma SeE m degma movlenebma:
samma palestinelma teroristma israelis samgzavro TviTmfrinavi gaita

ca da mis ekipaJs alJirSi Cafrena aiZula. es sahaero mekobreobis erTerTi pirveli SemTxveva iyo.
dasavleT germaniaSi baader-mainhofis bandis wevrebma pirveli teror
istuli aqti ganaxorcieles _ frankfurtSi dawves maRazia.
iasir arafati, israelis winaaRmdeg SeiaraRebuli brZolis mxardamWeri,
palestinis gaTavisuflebis organizaciis lideri gaxda.
martin luTer kingis mkvlelobam SeerTebul StatebSi ganapiroba iseTi
Sida teroristuli dajgufebebis warmoqmna, rogorebicaa `Savi pantere
bi~ da ùezermeni~ [àmindis mTqmeli~ _ saxeli momdinareobs bob dilanis
erT-erTi simReridan _ mTargmn. Sen.].10
amas garda, terorizmisTvis xelsayrel garemos Seqmnas sul cota samma is

toriulma faqtorma Seuwyo xeli. pirvel rigSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom atomur
epoqaSi samxedro dapirispirebebisa da konfliqtebis globaluri saSiSroe
ba uzomod gaizarda (Cveulebrivi konfliqti an omi, vTqvaT, pakistansa da
indoeTs Soris, dRes SeiZleba, msoflio omad gadaiqces). amitom qveynebi,
romelTa interesebic garkveul teroristul dajgufebaTa miznebs emTxveva,
zogjer am dajgufebebs moraluri, finansuri an samxedro mxardaWeriT uz
runvelyofen. amgvarad, terorizmi garkveulwilad qveynebs Soris SeiaraRe
buli konfliqtis damxmare saSualebad iqca. terorizmis xelSemwyob meore
istoriul faqtorad davasaxelebT evropuli kolonializmis dasrulebas,
ramac mraval axladSeqmnil qveyanas mosagvareblad dautova uamravi teri
toriuli, nacionaluri da religiuri konfliqti. Sedegad, am qveynebSi da
maT Soris gaCaRda teroristuli qmedebebiT gajerebuli omebis seria. ada
mianis uflebebisa da sicocxlis mimarT demokratiuli sazogadoebebis gan
sakuTrebuli pativiscema mesame faqtorad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, radgan aman
gamoiwvia is, rom teroristulma SemTxvevebma masmediisTvis prioritetuli
mniSvneloba SeiZina. amitom, 1960-iani wlebidan aseTi incindentebi farTo
daa gaxmaurebuli, rac teroristebisTvis xelsayreli reklamaa.
terorizmi
523
sqema 15-1. saerTaSoriso teroristuli aqtebi 1981-dan 2000 wlis CaTvliT.

wyaro: aSS saxelmwifo departamenti, kontrterorizmis koordinaciis ofisi,
`globaluri terorizmis maxasiaTeblebi~, www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2000/2452.
htm, 2002 wlis 14 maisi.
terorizmi da kontrterorizmi, anu terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZola

masStabur industriad XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi iqca. arsebobs monaceme
bi, romelTa mixedviT teroristuli incidentebis ricxvi 1971-1985 wlebs
Soris aTjer gaizarda.11 teroristuli aqtebis raodenoba 1980-ian wlebSi
da mis Semdegac sakmaod didia (sqema. 15-1). Tumca, sxvadasxva monacemSi es
raodenoba ganxsvavebulia, rasac, sxva mizezebTan erTad, terorizmis gan
sxvavebuli ganmartebebi ganapirobebs. `risks interneiSenalis~ monaceme
biT, magaliTad, 1985 wels momxdari teroristuli SemTxvevebis raodenoba
3000-s aWarbebs, SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis maCvenebeli ki oTxjer da
balia.12
asea Tu ise, terorizmi gasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebis Semdeg Zlier gan
viTarda da dRemde realur safrTxes warmoadgens. 2001 wels SeerTebuli
StatebisTvis is upirveles safrTxed iqca. manamde ki terorizmi bevrad aq
tualur problema iyo dasavleT evropis, samxreT amerikisa da aziis qvey
nebisTvis (sqema 15-2). (sakvirvelia, magram 1990-iani wlebis bolos teror
izmi axlo aRmosavleTSi bevrad iSviaTi movlena iyo, vidre msoflios sxva
regionebSi, CrdiloeT amerikis garda).
terorizmis logika
xSirad teroristuli aqtebis mizani SiSis da gaurkvevlobis atmosfer
os Seqmnaa, ris Sedegadac mosaxleobas moqmedi mTavrobis mimarT ndoba ek
524
argeba da mas mxars aRar uWers. teroristebi Zaladobas fsiqologiur iara

Rad iyeneben.
teroristebi kategoriulad ewinaaRmdegebian status kvos: isini cvli
lebebis an qaosis, rogorc TviTmizanis an rogorc sasurveli cvlilebis
winapirobis miRwevas cdiloben. teroristebi arsebul viTarebas dauSve
blad miiCneven da dakarguli aqvT imedi, rom maTTvis sasurveli cvlilebe
bi protestis gamoxatvis mSvidobiani meTodebis an politikuri qmedebebis
Sedegad moxdeba. xSirad teroristebis mizani imdenad revoluciis moxdena
ar aris, ramdenadac mTavrobis mxridan represiuli qmedebebis provocire
saerTaSoriso teroristuli aqtebis saerTo

raodenoba regionebis mixedviT, 1995-2000
sqema 15-2. saerTaSoriso teroristuli aqtebis saerTo raodenoba regionebis

mixedviT, 1995-2000
wyaro: aSS saxelmwifo departamenti, kontrterorizmis koordinaciis ofisi,
`globaluri terorizmis maxasiaTeblebi~, www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2000/2452.
htm, 2002 wlis 14 maisi.
terorizmi
525
ba, ris Sedegadac mTavroba susti da ususuri Cans. amgvarad, maTi azriT,
safuZveli eyreba momaval revolucias.
terorizmi xSirad ara yvelaze usamarTlo, aramed yvelaze susti xelisuf
lebis mqone qveynebSi gvxvdeba. terorizmis erT-erTi eqsperti aRniSnavs:
`Cvens droSi terorizmisgan yvelaze daculi sazogadoebebi swored isinia,
sadac politikaSi Cartulobis done dabalia da usamarTlobis done _ maRa
li~.13 SegviZlia davamatoT, rom teroristuli Tavdasxmebis yvelaze xSiri
obieqtebi is sazogadoebebia, romlebSic politikaSi monawileobis done
maRalia, usamarTlobisa ki _ dabali. SeerTebuli Statebi da gaerTianeb
uli samefo samxedro da ekonomikuri standartebiT sustebi namdvilad ar
arian, magram terorizmi orive am qveynisTvis aqtualuri problemaa.
teroristuli taqtika
terorizms xSirad uwodeben sustebis iaraRs ZlierTa winaaRmdeg. te
roristuli aqtebis ganxorcieleba im individebisTvis da patara dajgufe
bebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, romlebic resursebis naklebobas ganicdian.
maTi samizneebi, rogorc wesi, daucvelia. terorizms didi fuli ar sWir
deba, is SeiZleba iseT qmedebebs efuZnebodes, romlebic Cveulebriv dana
SaulTan asocirdeba (magaliTad, SeiaraRebul ZarcvasTan).
teroristTa iaraRi xSirad iaffasiani da TviTnakeTia (magaliTad, pa
tara zomis cecxlsasroli iaraRi da dinamiti), magram, rogorc viciT, isini
zogjer Zalian masStaburi da daxvewilicaa (magaliTad, samgzavro TviT
mfrinavebi, romlebsac samiznis gasanadgureblad iyeneben an cimbiruli
wylulis (jilexis) sasikvdilo virusi). teroristuli meTodebi ukve sak
maod nacnobi gaxda. rkinigzis xalxmraval sadgurebze bombis damontaJeba,
mdidari biznesmenebis gataceba da samgzavro TviTmfrinavebis afeTqeba
sakvirvel an Tundac uCveulo movlenebad ukve aRar migvaCnia.
teraqtebis obieqti, Cveulebriv, mSvidobiani mosaxleobaa, magram
zogjer maTi samizne msoflio liderebic xdebian. teroristul dajgufe
bebs bralad edebaT mravali adamianis mkvleloba. maT Sorisaa italiis yo
fili premier-ministri aldo moro (1978), dedofal elisabedis biZaSvili,
erl mauntbateni (1979), egviptis prezidenti anvar sadaTi (1981), indoeTis
premier-ministri indira gandi (1984) da misi Svili, yofili premier-minis
tri rajiv gandi (1991). teroristebma aseve scades romis papis ioane pavle IIis (1981), britaneTis yofili premier-ministris, margaret tetCerisa (1984)
da misi Semcvlelis, jon meijoris (1991) mokvla. SesaZloa (Tumca dazuste
buli ar aris), 11 seqtembris teraqtis erT-erTi obieqti TeTri saxlic yo
filiyo. Tu asea, teroristebs, albaT, SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentis
mokvlis imedic hqondaT.
urTierTdamokidebuleba teroristul meTodebsa da maT obieqtebs So
ris kargad Cans brazilieli teroristis, karlos marigelas civ da saSiS
nawarmoebSi `saxelmZRvanelo urbanuli partizanuli omebisaTvis~, ro
melic 48 gverdSi aswavlis moyvarul teroristebsa da revolucionerebs
526
xidebis afeTqebis, gatacebisa da bankebis gaZarcvis saSualebiT fulis Sov

nasa da mtrebis `fizikur likvidacias~. wignSi uamravi `rCevaa~, magaliTad,
manqanis, TviTmfrinavisa da gemis marTvis swavla; meqanikuri da radiogad
amcemi mowyobilobebis teqnikis daufleba; fizikuri formis SenarCuneba;
fotografiisa da qimiis Seswavla; `kaligrafiis srulyofili codnis~ SeZe
na; farmakologiis, pirveladi daxmarebisa an medicinis Seswavla. wigni aseve
xazs usvams, rom saWiroa pirvelma daartya da amasTan, sworad daumizno.
ZiriTadaT, teroristebi politikuri aqtivobis yvela sxva formasTan
SedarebiT upiratesobas Zaladobas aniWeben. metic, iseTi revolucionere
bi, rogoric marigelaa, Zaladobas miiCneven ara aucilebel sisastiked,
aramed gaTavisuflebisa da Semoqmedebis pozitiur formad.14 marigelas
azriT, terorizmi maSin aris warmatebuli, roca strategia da taqtika er
Tiandeba:
`mTavrobas represiis gaZlierebis garda sxva alternativa ar gaaCnia.
policiis patrulireba, saxlebis gaCxreka, udanaSaulo adamianebis
dapatimreba qalaqSi cxovrebas autanels xdis. mTavroba warmoCndeba,
rogorc usamarTlo, problemis gadaWris unaris armqone... politi
kuri situacia samxedro situaciad gardaiqmneba, roca Zalovanebi sul
ufro xSirad uSveben Secdomebs da iyeneben Zaladobas... pacifistebi
da memarjvene oportunistebi... erTiandebian, da jalaTebs arCevnebs
sTxoven.~15
urbanuli (saqalaqo) partizanuli omebis momxreebi uaryofen egreT

wodebul `politikur gamosavals~ da ufro metad emxrobian agresiasa da
Zaladobas, mimarTaven sabotaJs, terorizms, eqspropriacias, Tavdasxmebs,
gatacebebsa da mkvlelobebs, amZafreben problemebs, romelsac mTavroba
unda gaumklavdes.16
urbanuli partizanuli jgufi, saxelad `tupamarosi,~ 1963-1972 wlebSi
urugvais aterorebda mTavrobis gadagdebis mizniT. `tupamarosi~ marige
las revoluciuri principebis xorcSesxma iyo da STagonebis wyarod iqca
mTeli msoflios teroristebisa da eqtremistebistebisTvis. aRsaniSnavia,
rom `tupamarosis~ safrTxes urugvaiSi mxolod mas Semdeg moeRo bolo,
rac misi wevrebis umravlesoba mTavrobis masStaburi operaciis Sedegad
daixoca. dRes urugvai mSvidobiani, demokratiuli qveyanaa.
teroristuli aqtebi da omi

al qaidas moqmedebas, roca misma mebrZolebma 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers
gaitaces oTxi komerciuli TviTmfrinavi, sami maTgani warmatebiT Seajaxes
xalxiT savse Senobebs _ mxolod gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT Tu vuwodebT
saomar moqmedebas. isini am dros teroristul aqts axorcielebdnen. rode
sac 1941 wlis 7 dekembers iaponelma kamikaZe pilotebma saomari TviTmfri
navebi perl harborTan amerikul samxedro gemebs Seajaxes, es, upirveles
terorizmi
527
yovlisa, saomari moqmedeba iyo da mxolod SemTxveviT _ teroristuli

aqti, Tu saerTod SeiZleba mas teroristuli aqti ewodos. iaponelTa mou
lodneli Tavdasxma zustad iqna Sesrulebuli: erTi xelis mosmiT maT Ca
Zires aSS-is wynari okeanis flotis saomar gemTa didi nawili. omis Jargo
niT, es Tavdasxma winmswrebi dartymis klasikuri magaliTia. rac ar unda
saSineli da veraguli yofiliyo amerikelTaTvis im dros es operacia, is Za
lian warmatebuli iyo, rogorc strategiuli movlena (cxadia, mTliani omis
perspeqtivaSi, is gansxvavebul aspeqts iZens: man moaxerxa amerikeli xalxis
gamowveva ise, rogorc sxva veraferi SeZlebda amas da mwvane Suqi aunTo
prezident ruzvelts, raTa daesva sakiTxi kongresSi iaponiisa da germani
isaTvis omis gamocxadebis Taobaze).
am or movlenas _ 11 seqtembris Tavdasxmebsa da perl harbors _ xSirad
erTmaneTs adareben, magram isini, cxadia, gansxvavebul kategoriebs gane
kuTvnebian. perl harbori iyo Sedegi im gadawyvetilebisa, romelic miiRes
aSS-sTan im dros diplomatiuri urTierTobebis mqone saxelmwifoTa mTav
robebma da umaRlesma samxedro pirebma: amas, yovelgvar eWvs gareSe, Sei
Zleba saomari moqmedeba vuwodoT. metic, dartyma mimarTuli iyo samxedro
samizneebze _ iaponel pilotebs SeeZloT samoqalaqo samizneebisaTvisac
daertyaT havais kunZulebze, magram isini ase ar moqceulan. da bolos, es
Tavdasxmebi ar ganxorcielebula imisaTvis, rom destabilizacia gamoewvia
da daemxo aSS-is an nebismieri sxva qveynis xelisufleba. misi mizani iyo gae
nadgurebina aSS-is sazRvao Zalebi wynar okeaneSi da amiT Tavidan aecile
bina amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis Careva iaponiis gegmebSi aziis imperial
isturi gadanawilebis Taobaze.
11 seqtembris Tavdasxma am sam arguments mwvaved upirispirdeba. is ar
iyo SemuSavebuli da ganxorcielebuli saxelmwifos mier (Tumca, avRaneTma
TavSesafari misca al qaidas qselis wamyvan liderebsa da mis bevr mebrZols).
teraqti, ZiriTadad, mimarTuli iyo samoqalaqo pirebis winaaRmdeg. es Tav
dasxma miznad isaxavda aSS-is sisustis gamoaSkaravebas, misi mTavrobis Ser
cxvenas, amerikis ekonomikuri ZalisTvis Ziris gamoTxrasa da pentagonis
imijis dakninebas rogorc sakuTar qveyanaSi, ise sazRvargareT. amasTan, es
Tavdasxmebi ganxorcielda osama bin ladenis radikaluri islamizmis mxar
dasaWerad, raTa maT sabolood daemxoT e.w. `moRalate~ mTavrobebi arabul
samyaroSi (maT Soris bin ladenis samSobloSi _ saudis arabeTSi).
teroristuli jgufebis maxasiaTeblebi

msoflioSi 600-ze meti teroristuli dajgufeba arsebobs.17 rogorc
wesi, isini mcirericxovanni da mWidrod Sekrulni arian, maTi ricxvi 100ze met wevrs iSviaTad scildeba da ZiriTadad ramdenime aTeulze naklebs
iTvlis. yvelaze cnobil teroristul dajgufebTagan bevri axlo aRmosav
leTSi gvxvdeba da dakavSirebulia islamur fundamentalizmTan (abu ni
dalis organizacia, al qaida, islamuri jihadi, hezbola (RvTis partia) da
hamasi). radganac es dajgufebebi eTnikurad da politikurad homogenuria
528
_ zogjer misi wevrebi erTmaneTis axlo megobrebi da naTesavebic ki arian

_ uaRresad Znelia am teroristul qselebSi SeRweva da maTi kontroli.
xSirad amisaTvis dazvervis saukeTeso samsaxurebi erTad muSaoben.
2001 wlis dekemberSi, bin ladenis videoCanaweris gavrcelebis Semdeg,
msofliom Seityo, rom al qaida moqmedebs ,,icode, rac saWiroas~ princip
iT, mkacrad icavs da anawevrebs informacias organizaciis SigniT ierar
qiebs Sorisac ki. es Zalian waagavs oficialuri sadazvervo samsaxurebis
praqtikas. kontrdazvervasTan amgvari msgavseba arsebiTi mniSvnelobisaa
teroristuli jgufebisa da qselebis warmatebisa da gadarCenisaTvis, gan
sakuTrebiT im pirobebSi, rodesac aSS-Si, evropaSi, arabul samyarosa da
danarCen msoflioSi usafrTxoebis zomebi uaRresad gamkacrebulia.
saudeli mdidari osama bin ladeni aSS-ze ganxorcielebuli teroris

tuli Setevebis sulisCamdgmeli iyo. es Tavdasxma msoflio savaWro
centris ganadgurebiT dasrulda.
amis gaTvaliswinebiTac teroristuli dajgufebebis arsebobis xan

grZlivoba xuTidan aT wlamde meryeobs. maTi liderebic ver inarCuneben
Zalauflebas ramdenime welze met xans (Tumca, aqac arsebobs gamonaklise
bi. abu nidali, burusiT moculi figura, 1980-ian wlebSi samogzauro gemis
àCile lauros~ gatacebisa da romisa da venis aeroportebze Tavdasxmebis
iniciatori [abu nidali gaurkvevel viTarebaSi daiRupa 2002 wels, baRdadSi
_ mTargmn. Sen.]. Aaseve, osama bin ladeni, al qaidas damfuZnebeli da pirve
li figura). teroristuli jgufebi iSviaTad moqmedeben mudmivi adgilsa
myofelidan. teroristebi SedarebiT mcire wvrTnas gadian, ar iyeneben rTul
terorizmi
529
iaraRs, aqvT xelsawyoebi, rogorsac Ceulebrivi qurdebi floben, zogierTi

maTganis Sovna SeiZleba nebismier sabiTumo teqnikis maRaziaSi. cxadia, es
daxasiaTeba ar miesadageba 11 seqtembris Tavdasxmebis organizatorebs.
terorizmi alJirSi: Tanamedrove magaliTi

1990-ian wlebis alJirSi Zneli iyo xazis gavleba islamur fundamenta
lizmsa da terorizms Soris an revoluciasa da samoqalaqo oms Soris.
alJiri yvelaze cxadad warmogvidgens im tendenciebs, romlebic arabul sa
myaroSi aRiniSneba, magaliTad egviptesa da saudis arabeTSi, sadac teror
izmi iqca eqstremistuli dajgufebebis erTgvar taqtikad (isini iRvwodnen
regionSi samoqalaqo xelisuflebebis dasamxobad).
xangrZlivi revoluciuri brZolis Semdeg, 1962 wels, alJirma safrange
Tisgan damoukidebloba moipova. amis Semdeg qveyanas daaxloebiT 30 weli
umetesad promarqsistuli samxedro pirebi marTavdnen, ris gamoc muslim
uri fundamentalizmis ukmayofileba saxifaTod gaizarda. am mRelvarebis
gan warmoiSva politikuri organizacia islamis gadarCenis fronti. mogvi
anebiT, 1991 wels, rodesac alJirSi pirveli mravalpartiuli arCevnebi
Catarda, frontma pirvelsave turSi miaRwia warmatebas. Tumca, 1992 wels
samxedroebma gaauqmes arCevnebis Sedegebi da daniSnes axali prezidenti. am
cinikurma aqtma frontis radikalizacia gamoiwvia da iatakqveSa organiza
ciis Seqmnisken ubiZga. metic, man daanawevra SeiaraRebuli islamisturi
moZraoba da pirveloba yvelaze eqstremalur jihadur elementebs _ to
taluri terorizmis momxreebs dauTmo. 1992 wlis bolos warmoiSva Seiara
Rebuli islamisturi dajgufeba rogorc mkvlelTa, sisxlismRvrelTa or
ganizacia _ nak-lebad Zaladobrivi da ukompromiso gadarCenis frontis
alternativa.
policiaze, usafrTxoebis Zalebsa da samTavrobo pirebze islamisturi
dajgufebebis pirvel TavdasxmebTan erTad, alJirSi teroristuli koS
mari daiwyo. sul male teroristebma mizanSi sxva dajgufebebic amoiRes.
1993-94 wlebSi aTobiT Tavdasxma ganxorcielda opoziciur dajgufebe
bze, ucxoelebze, inteligenciaze, Jurnalistebsa da ubralo moqalaqee
bze. 1995-dan 1998 wlamde teroristul aqtTa mxolod 25% iyo mimarTuli
usafrTxoebis ZalTa da xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa winaaRmdeg, danar
Ceni 75% ki _ moqalaqeebze (ix. cxrili 15-3). skolebi da skolis personali
Tavdamsxmelebis `sayvarel~ samizneTa Soris iyvnen.
roca strategia Seicvala da teroristebis samizneSi moqalaqeebi mo
eqcnen, Seicvala ajanyebulTa taqtikac. 1996 wels ufro meti iyo afeTqe
ba, vidre mkvleloba, sisxlismRvreli Setakebebi samarTaldamcavebTan da
organizebuli SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmebi (ix. cxrili 15-4). adre, ZiriTa
dad, samTavrobo Senobebsa da policiis ganyofilebebs afeTqebdnen. 1990iani wlebis Sua ricxvebidan gaxSirda bazrebis, kinoTeatrebis, restor
nebisa da skolebis afeTqebebi.
alJiris islamuri moZraobis Sesaxeb axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebis xeli
suflebaTa cnobebis Tanaxmad:
530
Zaladobam sisastikis ukidures dones miaRwia masobriv sasaklaoTa

seriebSi, romelic dawyo 1996 wlis bolos. 1996 wlis noembridan 1999
wlis ivlisamde sul mcire 67 masobrivi mkvleloba moxda. maTi umete
soba 1997 wels aRiniSna (41 Setakeba). am SetakebebSi monawileobdnen
avtomatebiT, yumbarebiT, danebiTa da najaxebiT SeiaraRebuli samx
edro aqtivistebi. isini Tavs esxmodnen soflebs RamiT, raTa amoexo
caT macxovreblebi. xSirad maT Cexavdnen da yels Radidnen. daucveli
iyo sakontrolo-gamSvebi punqtebi, samxedro aqtivistebi gegmavdnen
specialuri samizneebis, magaliTad, saxelmwifo moxeleebis an maRali
samxedro Cinis mqone pirebis likvidacias.18
cxrili 15.3
alJireli islamisti aqtivistebis samizneebi 1992-dan 1998 wlamde*
weli
policia
samTav-
opozici-
ucxoe-
inteli-
moqala-
da
robo
uri
lebi
gencia
qeebi
samarTal-
pirebi
dajgu-
da Jurna-
febebi
listebi
damcavebi
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
sul
28
43
25
31
18
19
7
171
1
26
18
17
8
5
0
75
0
1
12
11
3
3
0
30
2
10
19
10
3
0
0
44
2
7
15
27
6
0
0
57
5
1
14
37
49
98
60
264
sul
38
88
103
133
87
125
67
641
* dadgenilia TiToeul kategoriaSi calkeuli Tavdasxmebis ricxvTa da ara msxver

plTa mTliani raodenobis mixedviT.
wyaroebi: monacemebi Segrovilia Middle East Journal da Middle East International-is
qronologiis seqciebidan. aq mocemulia mxolod iseTi SemTxvevebi, romlebSic dad
genilia movlenis TariRi da adgilmdebareoba. bevri incidenti ar aris Setanili
am cxrilSi, radgan isini ar uzrunvelyofen sakmaris informacias misi sandoobis
dasamtkiceblad. imis miuxedavad, rom es procedura saTanadod ver afasebs alJirSi
Zaladorbriv incidentebs, is sakmaod sandod asaxavs Zaladobis tendenciebs.
alJiris mTavroba yovelive amas upirispirdeboda Zalismieri politikiT
_ teroristTa adgilze likvidaciiT. mogvianebiT man dado politikuri
reformis piroba. 1996 wlis noemberSi umravlesobam aRiara mTavrobis mier
mxadaWerili sakonstitucio cvlilebebi, romlebic xalxSic popularobiT
sargeblobda. cvlilebebs alJirs SezRuduli demokratiisaken mihyavda.
mTavrobam SeZlo Seemcirebina islamisturi radikaluri dajgufebebi, Sein
terorizmi
531
arCuna Zalaufleba aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi da akrZala religiaze

dafuZnebuli yvela saxis politikuri partia (amrigad, 1997 wlis ivlisis
arCevnebis dros islamis gadarCenis frontsa da mis msgavs dajgufebebs
ufleba ar hqondaT TavianTi kandidaturebi wamoeyenebinaT, SeeZloT mx
olod mosaxleobisaTvis arCevnebis boikotisken mowodeba).
frontma uaryo da gaakritika axali konstitucia da ganagrZo brZola
reJimis winaaRmdeg 1997 wlis seqtembramde, rodesac misma SeiaraRebulma
frTam, islamis gadarCenis armiam, cecxlis Sewyveta gamoacxada. magram
yvelaze sisxlian masobriv mkvlelobebSi ara gadarCenis armiis, aramed is
lamuri dajgufebis TavzexelaRebul banditTa da fanatikosTa jgufebi
monawileobdnen. mTavrobis wevrebs surdaT teroristTa moZebna da likvi
dacia da ara maTTan molaparakeba. arci isini iyvnen kompromisis momxre.
cxrili 15.4
alJireli islamistebis meTodebi 1992-98 wlebis ajanyebis dros*
weli
mSvidobiani
Zaladobrivi
afeTqeba
mkvleloba da
demosnt-
Setakeba
da
SeiaraRebuli
sabotaJi
Setakeba
10
4
10
43
42
34
22
165
14
62
73
68
25
63
46
351
racia
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
sul
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
15
19
16
8
9
10
11
88
sul
44
85
99
119
76
107
79
609
* monacemebi Segrovilia imave gziT, rogorc 15-3 cxrilis monacemebi
1999 wlis saprezidento arCevnebma yinuli gaalRo. mTavrobam gaaTavi

sufla ramdenime politpatimari da mxari dauWira samoqalaqo Serigebis/
mSvidobis aRdgenis kanons. amiT, amnistia vrceldeboda ajanyebulebze,
romlebsac ar miuRiaT monawileoba sisatikeSi, vandalur aqtebSi. gadar
Cenis armiamac isargebla amnistiiT da 1999 wels daiwyo Tavisi samxedro
aqtivistebis demobilizacia saxelmwifos zedamxedvelobis qveS. aTasobiT
aqtivistma isargebla reJimis mier miniWebuli amnistiiT. 2000 wlis dasawy
isidan islamisturi dajgufebis aqtivistebmac daiwyes cecxlis Sewyvetis ga
mocxadeba. amis miuxedavad, alJirSi masobrivi Jletis kidev ramdenime faqti
532
dafiqsirda, Tumca ufro iSviaTad, vidre sisxlian _1994-1998 wlebSi.

mTeli am drois ganmavlobaSi alJiri itanjeboda seriozuli ekonomi
kuri da socialuri problemebiT. gazisa da navTobis didi maragis miuxeda
vad, alJirSi adamianebi ukidures siRaribeSi cxovroben. umuSevroba 25%-s
aRwevs. 1997 wels mosaxleobis naxevarze meti 20 welze axalgazrda iyo (es
mniSvnelovania imdenad, ramdenadac umuSevroba yvelaze mtkivneulad ax
algazrdobas awveba tvirTad. amas SeuZlia nawilobriv axsnas, ratom aris
amdeni teroristi da revolucioneri axalgazrda). Mmetic, saxezea mougva
rebeli eTnikuri dayofa. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia berberebi, romlebic
umciresobas warmoadgenen da Tavs gaucxoebulad da daCagrulad grZno
ben. es grZnoba ufro intensiuri gaxda, mas mere, rac alJirma arabuli
oficialur enad gamoacxada, riTac gaaRiziana berberulad da frangulad
molaparakeni. am problemebis ignorireba grZeldeba, radgan reJimi yur
adRebas amaxvilebs mxolod militaristi islamistebisgan Seqmnil safrTx
eze, romlebic cdiloben alJiri Teokratiul saxelmwifod gardaqmnan.
vin arian teroristebi?

normalur qveynebSi wynarad mcxovrebi adamianebisaTvis Znelia 1990-ian
wlebSi alJirSi ganviTarebul saSinelebaTa gageba. vin arian am teroristu
li aqtebis ganmaxorcieleblebi? saidan modian isini? riT gansxvavdebian
teroristebi Cveulebrivi kriminalebisgan, partizanebisa an revolucio
nerebisgan? ra aiZulebs adamianebs, mimarTon terors?
teroristebis klasifikacia: kriminalebi,

partizanebi Tu revolucionerebi?
ra aris terorizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli? terorizmi da fanatizmi
erTmaneTTan mWidrodaa asocirebuli. magram rogor SeiZleba am saxis fa
natizmis gageba? aSS-is sagareo politika terorizms epyroba, rogorc
politikur fenomens, teroristebs ki politikuri saqmianobisaTvis Ziris
gamomTxrel adamianebad Tvlis. es midgoma xazs usvams mTlianad teroriz
mis aralegalurobas da mxars uWers masTan brZolas swrafi dasjiTa da Ses
aferisi sifrTxiliT. am midgomis kritikosebi (maT Soris evropisa da natos
wevri ramdenime qveyana) terorizms, upirveles yovlisa, sazogadoebriv
problemad miiCneven. imis miuxedavad, rom es qveynebi ar arian teroristTa
dasjis winaaRmdegni (da amas Tavadac akeTeben), isini, rogorc wesi, Tanau
grZnoben socialur fenebs da eTnikur erTobebs, romelTa warmomadgenlo
basac iCemeben teroristebi. maTi azriT, terorizmi gaqreba mxolod maSin,
roca usamarTlobis, sasowarkveTisa da uimedobis mizezebi aRmoifxvreba.
aSS da israeli filosofiuri wyalgamyofis erT mxares arian, evropa
_ meore mxares. arabuli samyaro gayofilia: islamuri fundamentalizmi
anaTemaa egviptisaTvis, alJirisa da iordaniisaTvis, magram aRiarebulia
terorizmi
533
sudanSi. saudis arabeTis mdgomareoba ambivalenturia, is ufrTxis islamur

fundamentalizms da amavdroulad amayobs Tavisi roliT, rogorc islamis
dabadebis adgili da rwmenis damcveli. iqac ki, sadac xelisufleba avi
wroebs islamistur dajgufebebs, bevri adamiani saidumlod keTilganwyo
bilia maT mimarT. palestinaSi keTilganwyoba iseTi dajgufebebis mimarT,
rogoricaa hamasi da hezbola, didia da faqtobrivad, aSkarac. bevri arabi
aRiarebs, rom mTels arabul samyaroSi adamianebi aRtacebulni arian osama
bin ladeniT. marTlac, monacemebis Tanaxmad, bevr qveyanaSi osama yvelaze
gavrcelebuli saxelia Cvil vaJebSi.
dasavleTi Tanxmdeba imaze, rom teroristebi kriminalebi arian, Tumca
araviTar SemTxvevaSi _ Cveulebrivi kriminalebi. mkvleloba, motaceba,
bankebis gaqurdva da TviTmfrinavebis gataceba sazizRari danaSaulia, imis
miuxedavad, vin da ratom ganaxorcielebs mas. es teroristuli aqtebia, Tu
maTi motivi politikuria. roca seriuli mkvlelebi TavianT `saqmeze~ mid
ian, udanaSaulo adamianebi iRupebian da mTeli sazogadoeba daSinebulia.
magram am mkvlelobebis mizani ar aris erTobaTa daSineba da cxadia, arc
politikuri miznebis miRweva. isini, upirveles yovlisa, mkvlelebi arian
da mxolod SemTxveviT _ `teroristebi~. drodadro teroristebi TanamS
romloben kriminalebTan an kriminalebi iyeneben maT taqtikas, magram aseTi
SemTxvevebi SedarebiT iSviaTia da, rogorc wesi, narkoteroristebis sax
elTanaa dakavSirebuli. SeiaraRebuli ajanyebebi iseT qveynebSi, rogori
caa kolumbia da peru, asocirebulia Zalauflebis mqone narkobaronebTan.
orive maTgani cdilobs Ziri gamouTxaros legitimur politikur xelisu
flebas da daamarcxos (an gadaibiros) mTavrobis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi.
Tu teroristebi ar arian Cveulebrivi kriminalebi, maSin isini arc Cveu
lebrivi partizanebi an `TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZolebi~ arian, rogorc
xSirad Tavad irwmunebian xolme. partizanebi Seadgenen revoluciuri
moZraobis an partiis SeiaraRebul frTas. maos wiTeli armia, albaT, amis
yvelaze cnobili magaliTia. partizanuli Zalebi iTreven mTavrobas Sei
araRebul brZolaSi. aravis SeuZlia imis mtkiceba, rom partizanebs aras
dros CaudeniaT sisastike moqalaqeebis mimarT (an is, rom uniformiani
jariskacebi amas arasdros akeTeben), magram yvelaze mwvave Zaladoba mimar
Tulia saxelisuflebo da usafrTxoebis Zalebisken. amisgan gansxvavebiT,
teroristebi, pirvel rigSi, mizanSi iReben moqalaqeebsa da aramebrZolebs.
es strategia dafuZnebulia SiSisa da eWvis daTesvaze, raTa adamianebma ar
iTanamSromlon policiasTan da samxedroebTan da daarwmunon isini, rom xe
lisuflebas maTi dacva ar SeuZlia.
yvela teroristi revolucioneria, Tumca, ara Cveulebrivi gagebiT. cxa
dia, meoce saukunis bevri revolucineri mimarTavda terors, Zalauflebis
xelSi Cagdebamdec da mis Semdegac. magram Cveulebrivi revolucionerebi kon
centrirebulni arian xelisuflebis damxobaze da ara mcdelobaze, xelovnu
rad (masobrivi teroris saSualebiT) gamoiwvion politikuri da socialuri
krizisi. miznebis misaRwevad revolucionerebi cdiloben Seqmnan ajanyebul
Ta partia, SeaRwion mTavrobaSi, policiasa da SeiaraRebul ZalebSi; profka
vSirebis meSveobiT gaswion agitacia da propaganda axalgazrdaTa STagonebi
534
sTvis amboxebebis, ajanyebebisa da quCis demonastraciTa wamosawyebad.

amrigad, revolucionerTa xelSi terorizmi aris taqtika da ara strategia.
teroristTa xelSi terori rogorc taqtika, ise strategiaa. xSirad teror
istebi frangi emil anris azrs iziareben. rodesac es adamiani kafeSi bombis
SegdebisaTvis gaasamrTles 1894 wels, man Tqva: ùdanaSaulo aravinaa~.
teroristis identificireba
erTi mosazrebis Tanaxmad, terorizms urbanuli siRaribe asazrdoebs.
amrigad, Tanamedrove terorizmis Sesaxeb nebismierma Teoriam unda gaiT
valiswinos misi socialuri konteqsti, maT Soris urbanuli problemebi,
ojaxuri struqturis rRveva, axalgazrdaTa umuSevroba da gadaWedil,
swrafi tempis da xSirad usaxur qalaqSi gaucxoebis faqtori. aseve, ra Tqma
unda, gasaTvaliswinebelia dasavluri Careva _ jer kolonializmi da axla
globalizacia. adamianebi, romelTac ar SeuZliaT SeewinaaRmdegon amas da
Seeguon am stress, sxvadasxvagvarad reagireben. zogi danaSauls sCadis, sx
vebi _ alkoholisa da narkotikebis miRebas iwyeben, mcire nawili teror
isti xdeba. Tumca, yvela teroristi ar modis urbanuli garemodan da arc
siRaribe awuxebs. zogi teroristi izrdeba urbanuli siRaribis centrSi,
sxvebi ki ubralod, mis winaaRmdeg ibrZvian. magaliTad, osama bin ladeni
daibada saudis arabeTis Zalze SeZlebul ojaxSi. metic, bevri teroristi
ganaTlebuli da privilegirebuli warmoSobisaa. isini, ubralod, akvird
ebian sastik usamarTlobas, romelic Tavad ar ganucdiaT. teroristTa um
ravlesoba mamrobiTi sqesis, martoxela da axalgazrdaa.19
terorizmi da sazogadoeba
msoflios sxvadasxva adgilas mraval adamians protestis WeSmariti,
samarTliani da Rrma gancda aqvs. Tu es protesti aRar iarsebebs, SesaZloa
terorizmic gaqres.20 magram aseve, arseboben sazogadoebebi, sadac indi
videbsa da jgufebebs usamarTlod eqcevian, Tumca, amis miuxedavad, iq ter
orizmi ar gaCenila. ratom? dafiqrdiT amaze: totalitarul da (xSirad
aseve)avtoritarul saxelmwifoebs ara aqvT terorizmis problema.21
xSirad terorizmisaken midrekili ufro susti saxelmwifoebia _ anu
maT arastabiluri politikuri struqturebi (mTavroba, biurokratia, Tav
dacvisa da usafrTxoebis Zalebi, partiuli sistema da a.S) da danawevrebu
li politikuri kultura aqvT. sustma saxelmwifom SeiZleba miiRos arapop
ularuli da aralegitimuri avtoritaruli saxelmwifos forma an susti
da ganukiTxavi demokratiis saxe.22 Tuki yvela saxis susti xelisufleba
garkveulwilad dakavSirebulia terorizmis SemTxvevebTan, isic unda aRin
iSnos, rom demokratiuli qveynebi Tavisi bunebiT metad mgrZnobiareni
(mowyvladebi) arian terorizmis mimarT da maTTvis miuRebelia mkacri kon
trteroristuli programebi (ix. sqema 15-3). modiT, vnaxoT ratom.
terorizmi
535
axalgazrda rekrutebi
Siiti TviTmkvleli qali, romelic 1985 wels Tavisi danaRmuli manqaniT
israelis armiis patruls Seejaxa samxreT libanSi, Teqvsmeti wlis iyo. ior
daneli, romelmac 1984 wels romSi arabTa gaerTianebuli saemiroebis dip
lomatis mokvla scada, 22 wlisa iyo. samgzavro gemis àCile lauros~ oTxi
gamtaceblidan ufrosi 23, xolo umcrosi _ 19 wlisa iyo. gamokvlevebis
Sedegebis Tanaxmad, teroristebis saSualo asaki 22,5 welia.
regionis mixedviT
movlenis tipis
mixedviT
Tavdasxmis samiznes
mixedviT
4
6
2
3
4
7
9
172
axlo aRmosavleTi 2
evrazia 4
afrika 6
das. evropa 7
azia 9
laT. amerika 172
3
8
17
11
179
dabombva 1
cecxlis wakideba 2
sxva 3
SeiaraRebuli Seteva 4
gataceba 11
danaRmva 179
178
mTavroba 2
diplomatebi 3
samxedroebi 8
sxvebi 17
biznesi 178
sqema 15-3. antiamerikuli teroristuli Tavdasxmebi, 2000

wyaroebi: aSS saxelmwifo departamenti, kontrterorizmis sakoordinato ofi
si, Pattern of Global Terrorism, 2000. Online at www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2000/2461.
html, 14 maisi, 2002.
CrdiloeT irlandiaSi daapatimres Tormeti da ToTxmeti wlis teror

istebi. arabul da iranul dajgufebebSi ahyavT ToTxmeti-TxuTmeti wlis
bavSvebi xSirad Zalze saxifaTo misiebisaTvisac.23 germanelma fsiqologma,
romelic gaesaubra `wiTeli armiis fraqciis~ dajgufebis dakavebul wev
rebs, `gardatexis asakis krizisis~ elementebi aRmoaCina [irlandiis respub
likuri armiis ganayofi _ mTargmn. Sen.] irlandiis droebiTi respublikis
armiis eqsperti akvirdeboda `teroristul tradiciebs~ zog qveynebSi,
sadac òjaxebi STaunergaven Svilebs, rom [terorizmi] aris maTi uflebebi
saTvis brZolis gza.~24
erik hoferi Tavis naSromSi mimoixilavs zogierTi axalgazrdis fanatizmi
sadmi midrekilebas. is aTavsebs aseT axalgazrdebs e.w. `Seufereblebis~ kat
egoriaSi, romelsac Semdeg yofs droebiTad da mudmivad. hoferi wers:
536
am kategoriaSi mozardebi, umuSevari kolejdamTavrebulebi, vete

ranebi, axali imigrantebi da misTanani Sedian. isini ukmayofiloni da
aRelvebulebi arian SiSiT, rom maTi saukeTeso wlebi gaileva manam,
sanam mizans miaRweven.25
amavdroulad, hoferi mainc fiqrobda: miuxedavad imisa, rom isini àd

vilad eqcevian gavlenis qveS, maTi bolomde gadabireba yovelTvis mainc
ver xerxdeba~.
terorizmis fsiqologia
terorizmis fsiqologiis erTi eqspertis azriT, `mizezis mqone tero
ristebi~ sazogadoebisaTvis yvelaze saxifaToni arian.26 vin arian es meam
boxeebi? vin axdens maT motivirebas? araa gasakviri, rom teroristul
dajgufebaTa wevrebis yvelaze xSirad damaxasiaTebeli Strixebi asocire
bulia mozardobasTan. es Strixebia:27

zedmeti gamartiveba. teroristebi xedaven kompleqsur sakiTxebs

Sav-TeTr ferebSi. maT ar ainteresebT debatebi da xSirad cxovroben
`fantaziis omis~ principiT, hgoniaT, rom adamianebi maT mizans mxars
uWeren.
imedgacrueba. teroristebi fiqroben, rom cxovreba usamarTloa,
mets imsaxureben, sazogadoebam ki moatyua isini. maT ar surT dae
lodon an iRvawon ukeTesisaTvis da miaCniaT, rom raRacis misaRebad
morideba ar aris saWiro.
riskis gawevaze orientacia. bevri teroristi mowyenilobis gamo saT
avgadasavlo situaciebs eZebs xolme.
TviTkmayofileba. teroristebi amJRavneben Tavdajerebulobas, dog
matizmsa da Seuwynareblobas sawinaaRmdego mosazrebebis mimarT.
utopizmi. teroristebs aqvT erTi rwmena _ samoTxe dedamiwaze, ax
los, horizonts miRmaa da erTaderTi, rac mas eRobeba, aris arsebuli
binZuri da mCagvreli wesrigi.
sazogadoebrivi izolacia. erTi eqspertis mixedviT, teroristebi Za
lian martosulebi arian. zogierTisaTvis teroristuli qseli Sei
Zleba erTaderTi òjaxi~ iyos.
TviTrealizaciis saWiroeba. teroristebs aerTianebs saWiroeba _ Tavi
mniSvnelovnad igrZnon, survili _ Tavisi anabeWdi datovon gazeTebis
pirvel furcelze.
sisxlis gemo. Sepyrobil teroristebTan interviuebSi, nacnobebisa da
naTesavebis CvenebebSi, TviTmxilvelTa da yofil mZevalTa gancxade
bebSi xazgasmulia kidev erTi SemaSfoTebeli maxasiaTebeli: zogi
teroristi saerTod ar ganicdis sindisis qenjnas.
teroristebi xSirad zedmetad amartiveben realobas. magaliTad, maT
terorizmi
537
SeiZleba dainaxon msxverpli, rogorc mxolod obieqti _ es Cveva aRmoCe

nilia nacist mcvelebs Soris sakoncentracio banakebSi.28 msgavsi mosazreba
aqvs pol r. makhius, jons hopkinsis universitetis samedicino skolis gamo
Cenil fsiqiatrs. igi Tvlis, rom teroristebs aqvT `cxoveluri Jini~ erT
gvari ìdea fiqsi~. es idea aris `kulturis an sazogadoebis gaziarebuli
azri, magram is pacientSi aRviZebs dominantur qcevebs, rom emsaxuros am
ideas.~29 erTi saxis klinikuri aSliloba, romelsac es idea iwvevs, aris ner
vuli anoreqsia. doqtor makhius azriT, adolf hitleri (antisemiti), kari
neiSeni (alkoholisagan TavSekaveba) da jon brauni (abolicionizmi, monebis
gaTavisufleba) sami istoriuli figuraa, romelTac msgavsi idea fiqsebi
hqondaT. ufro Tanamedrove magaliTebia unabomberi da jek kevorkiani
(evTanazia). [am adamianebs miaCndaT, rom isini emsaxurebian ideas, romlisT
visac mizani yvela saSualebas amarTlebda - mTargmn. Sen.]
maT, vinc ideebisTvis gadaWarbebuli mniSvnelobis miniWebasTan da
kavSirebiT pirovnul aSlilobas ganicdian, xSirad fanatikosebs uwode
ben. hoferis mimoxilvebi fanatikosTa Sesaxeb amaves amtkicebs: fanatizmi
(usazRvro, brma Tavdadeba), iqneba is politikuri Tu religiuri, hoferis
SexedulebiT, TiTqmis yovelTvis dafuZnebulia siZulvilze. misi Tval
sazrisiT, fanatizmi siZulvils miznis samsaxurSi ayenebs. Tavis mxriv ki
siZulvili, siyvarulisgan gansxvavebiT, gamaerTianebeli Zalaa erTnairad
moazrovne fanatikosebisaTvis. amrigad, siZulvili gansazRvravs maTi ar
sebobis azrs.
sayuradReboa fanatikuri gonebrivi mdgomareobis hoferiseuli daxa
siaTeba:
fanatikosi mudam xifaTiani da arasrulfasovania. mas ar SeuZlia
Tavdajerebuli iyos mxolod sakuTar Sinagan Zalebze da resurse
bze, sakuTar uaryofil `me~-ze dayrdnobiT. amitom is mTeli vnebiTa
da TavdadebiT epotineba nebismieri saxis mxardaWeras, razec ki xeli
miuwvdeba. misi dauokebeli erTguleba misi brma Tavdadebisa da re
ligiurobis arsia. is amas yvela saxis Zalisa da Rirsebis wyarod aRiq
vams. Tumca, misi mizanmimarTuli Tavdadeba sococxleze moWidebis
saSualebaa misTvis, is advilad aRiqvams Tavs im miznis damcvelad da
mxardamWerad, romelsac Tavad eWideba. is mzad aris sakuTari sicocx
le gaswiros, raTa sakuTar Tavsac da sxvebsac aCvenos, rom swored
es aris misi roli. is sakuTar sicocxles sakuTari mniSvnelovnebis
dasamtkiceblad swiravs.30
ar aris aucilebeli, rom fanatikosebi keTilSobiluri miznebiT iyvnen

motivirebulni. isini eWidebian mizans ara imitom, rom is samarTliani an wmindaa, aramed imitom, rom usazRvrod sWirdebaT raime xelCasaWidi. swored
raime ideis erTgulebis es dauokebeli saWiroeba aqcevs mizans TviTmiznad.
aqedan ki mcire nabiji rCeba jihadamde an teroristul kampaniamde.31
imis miuxedavad, rom ar aris aucilebeli terorizmi socialuri uTanaswo
robisa da usamarTlobis anarekli iyos, xSirad mainc asea xolme. magaliTad,
538
alJiris SemTxvevaSi, romelsac saerTaSoriso amnistiam (Amnesty International _

adamianis uflebaTa damcveli saerTaSoris organizacia) 1990-iani wlebis bo
los axlo aRmosavleTSi yvelaze Zaladobrivi qveyana uwoda, terorizmi iyo
sapasuxo reaqcia samxedroebis mier 1992 wlis arCevnebis Sedegebis ukanono
gauqmebaze. magram mainc, roca saqme saqmeze midgeba, did gamocanad rCeba, ro
gor SeuZlia adamians Caidinos iseTi barbarosuli aqtebi, Tundac idealizmi
sa da religiurobis suliskveTebiT, romlebic arRvevs moralurobis yvelaze
elementarul standartebsac ki.
terorizmi da media
teroristebi saxelis moxveWisken iswrafvian, cdiloben yuradRebis mip
yrobas. ratom? imitom, rom mediaSi gaSuqeba, gansakuTrebiT ki dramatuli
kadrebi, romlebsac televizia uCvenebs, msoflios yuradRebas miipyrobs,
sazogadoebas gaacnobs teroristebisaTvis mniSvnelovan ideasa da mizans.
es aramarto politikuradaa momgebiani, aramed amiT ucnobi da uintereso
individebi Tavs mniSvnelovnad miiCneven. metic, CNN-sa da msoflios sxva
wamyvan arxebze `praim taimi~ (saukeTeso saeTero dro televiziaSi) eTmoba
teroristebisa da terorizmis problemis gaSuqebas. cxadia, yvelaze SemaZ
rwunebel, sensaciur teroristul aqtebs gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqce
va mediaSi. eWvgareSia, rom msoflio savaWro centris fataluri afeTqeba
istoriaSi yvelaze farTod da vrclad gaSuqebuli teroristuli aqtia.
politikis bevri analitikosi, romelic Jurnalistikis sferos farg
lebs gareT moRvaweobs, terorizmis aseT mzard aRzevebas nawilobriv me
dias, kerZod ki televizias abralebs. cud axal ambavSi meti sensaciaa da,
Sesabamisad, nilsenis maRal reitings (anu Tavis mxriv maRal sareklamo
Semosavals) iZleva [Nielson rating _ mediaauditoriis kvlevis sistema, Se
muSavebuli nilsen media riserCis mier _ mTargmn. Sen.]. am TvalsazrisiT,
terorizmi televiziisTvisaa `zedgamoWrili~.
sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi mediisaTvis mxolod siaxlis Setyo
bineba ar aris sakmarisi. axali ambebis industriam unda gayidos informa
cia, mayurebelTa wili _ axali ambebis bazari, romelic irCevs satele
vizio siaxleebs, gansazRvravs imas, ramdens gadauxdian kompaniebi TavianT
sareklamo prodiuserebs. amrigad, axal ambebis prodiuserebs ar undaT xe
lidan gauSvan kargi istoria, maSinac ki, Tu es teroristTa sasargeblod
gadadgmuli nabiji iqneba.
mediis dasacavad SegviZlia vTqvaT: SeuZlia vinmes amtkicos, rom udan
aSaulo adamianebiT savse TviTmfrinavis gataceba ar aris gasaSuqeblad
mniSvnelovani? media xom, bolos da bolos, pasuxismgebelia, miawodos ada
mianebs informacia da sad aris garantia, rom maSinac, Tu erTi telekompania
gadawyvets ar gaaSuqos garkveuli teroristuli incidenti an mxolod mci
re yuradReba miaqcios mas, sxvebic igives gaakeTeben? sabolood, saidumlo
molaparakeba da cenzura erTaderTi `gamosavalia~, magram am SemTxvevaSi
gamojanmrTelebis saSualeba daavadebaze uaresia. roca demokratiuli sax
terorizmi
539
elmwifoebi ebmebian konstituciurad saeWvo saqmianobaSi teroristuli

aqtebis sapasuxod, terorizmis ganmaxorcieleblebi imarjveben politiku
rad da moralurad. protestsa da demonstracias, romlebic SeiZleba cen
zuram, satelefono saubrebis mosmenam da sxva msgavsma zomebma gamoiwvios,
SeiZleba zogjer sazogadoebis destabilizacia mohyves.
mediis TviTSekaveba mxolod mimzidveli gamosavalia. realurad Tu vim
sjelebT, axali ambebis industria ar Seamcirebs terorizmis Sesaxeb infor
maciis miwodebas, sanam sazogadoebrivi azri ar ganewyoba am gamoSvebebis
winaaRmdeg. rogorc momxmareblebi, xSirad viRebT imas, rasac viTxovT da
am TvalsazrisiT vimsaxurebT imas, rasac viRebT.
terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZola

kiTxva, romelsac demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi awydebian, mdgomareobs
ara imaSi, rogor SeiZleba terorizmis Sekaveba, aramed rogor SeiZleba misi
Sesusteba ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa SezRudvis gareSe. es kiTxva awuxebda aSS-sa
da mis evropel mokavSireebs gviani 1960-iani wlebidan. sabWoTa kavSiris daS
lasTan da rusuli mafiis aRzevebasTan erTad, birTvuli terorizmis safrTxe
SesamCnevad gaizarda. amiT xazi gaesva qmediTi xelisuflebebis saWiroebas
msoflo terorizmTan dapirispirebisa da misi damarcxebis mizniT.32
Sida kanonmdebloba
avtoritarul da totalitarul saxelmwifoebSi teroristebs swrafad
a sastikad uswordebian. demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi mihyvebian kanons
d
yovelTvis, roca es SesaZlebelia. bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi bevrma
demokratiulma qveyanam miiRo axali kanoni an Secvala Zveli, raTa ufro
efeqtianad gamklaveboda teroristebsa da terorizms.
amerikeli demokratebis erT-erTi midgomaa axali kanonmdeblobis miRe
ba. magaliTad, aSS-Si sahaero mekobreoba (TviTmfrinavebis gataceba) fed
eralur danaSauladaa aRiarebuli iseve, rogorc nebismieri Zaladobrivi
aqtis Cadena TviTmfrinavis mgzavris mimarT aSS-is farglebSi da nebismieri
amerikeli mgzavris mimarT sazRvargareT. savaWro centris da oklahoma si
tis afeTqebis Semdeg, 1996 wlis aprilSi kongresma miiRo antiteroristu
li da efeqtiani sasikvdilo ganaCenis aqti (Antiterorism and Effective Death Penalty
Act) . am aqtma aRWurva federaluri aRmasrulebeli organoebi meti finanse
biTa da axali meqanizmebiT terorizmTan sabrZolvelad, SeboWa imigracia
da gaamartiva terorizmSi eWvmitanil ucxoelTa deportaciis procedura.
2001 wels, seqtembris im sabediswero dRes, msoflio savaWro centrze
meore dartymam gamoamJRavna yvela adre miRebuli kontrteroristuli zo
mis sruli araadekvaturoba aSS-Si. prezidentma jorj buSma swrafad Seqmna
qveynis usafrTxoebis axali ofisi kontrterorizmis sferoSi momuSave yve
la federaluri departamentisa da saagentos saqmianobis koordinaciisaT
540
vis. prezidentma aseve gamosca orazrovani direqtiva terorizmSi eWvmit

anilTaTvis samxedro tribunalis Seqmnis Taobaze:
ganxiluli iyo SesaZlebloba sasamarTlo procesebis warmoebisa ge
mebze zRvaSi an aSS iseT samxedro nagebobebze, rogoricaa baza guan
tanamos yureSi, kuba. es procesebi unda yofiliyo swrafi da uaRres
ad gasaidumloebuli. . . .[da] informaciis gacema SeiZleba SezRuduli
yofiliyo mSral faqtebamde, rogoricaa mopasuxis saxeli da ganaCeni.
saoqmo Canawerebi SeiZleba sajaro sazogadoebisgan dafruli yofil
iyo wlobiT, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSic ki.33
yvelaze didi cvlilebebi, romlebic exeba mTavrobis uflebamosilebas

aSS-Si legalurad myof ucxolebze, 11 seqtembris Semdeg kongresis mier
miRebul kanonSi aisaxa. am kanonis sruli saxelia: amerikis gaerTianeba da
gaZliereba Sesaferisi meqanizmebis Seqmnis saSualebiT, raTa SeaCeron da ar
dauSvan 2001 wlis msgavsi teroristuli aqti (Uniting and Strengthening America
by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001). aSSSi mas patriotis aqtis saxeliT icnoben. masSi ganxilulia cneba, vin unda
moiazrebodes terorizmSi eWvmitanilad da aRWurvavs generalur proku
rors uflebamosilebiT, daakavos arabebi da muslimebi, iseve rogorc sxva
ucxoelebi. es kanoni aZlevs mTavrobas uflebas, aukrZalos aSS-Si Sesvla
nebismier ucxoels, romelic sajarod amarTlebs terorizms an miekuTvneba
romelime teroristul dajgufebas. kanoni afarToebs aseve `teroristu
li saqmianobis~ gansazRvrebasac, masSi axla ukve nagulisxmebia nebismieri
ucxoeli, romelic iyenebs `saSiS xelsawyos~ an agrovebs fuls teroris
tuli dajgufebisaTvis gacnobierebulad Tu gaucnobiereblad. da bolos,
kanoni saSualebas aZlevs xelisuflebas, daakavos nebismieri ucxoeli, ro
melic generalur prokurors saxifaTod miaCnia.
prezidentis brZanebebidan gamomdinare, antiteroristuli zomebi da
axali kanoni federalur xelisuflebas, mSvidobis SenarCunebis mizniT,
moqalaqeebis Tvalyuris devnebis uflebas da dakavebis saSualebas aZlevs
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis sazRvrebSi. gamokiTxvebma daadgina, rom
amerikelTa didi umravlesoba am zomebs Sesaferisad miiCnevda da ar
fiqrobda, rom isini riskis qveS ayenebda samoqalaqo uflebebs. mainc ar
sebobda umciresoba, rogorc memarcxene, ise memarjvene mxridan, romelic
kategoriulad ar eTanxmeboda am zomebs. isini gamoxatavdnen SiSsa da SeS
foTebas imis mimarT, rac individualuri Tavisuflebebisa da konstituci
uri garantiebis eroziad miaCndaT (gansakuTrebiT, uflebebis Sesaxeb sa
konstitucio Sesworebis I, IV, V da VI muxlebTan mimarTebaSi).
terorizmTan brZolis kidev erTi, axali midgoma dakanonda _ teror
istuli organizaciebis wevrobis ukanonod gamocxadeba. gaerTianebul
samefoSi teroristuli dajgufebebi ukanonoa, maT Sorisaa irlandiis re
spublikuri armia (IRA) da irlandiis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli armia.
saberZneTSic miiRes kanonebi, romlebic krZalavs teroristul dajgufe
bebs da maT wevrobas danaSaulad Tvlis. amasTan, safrangeTma, britaneTma
terorizmi
541
da SvedeTma SezRudes vizebis gacema ucxoeli nacionalistebis mier Cade

nili teroristuli aqtebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT. italiasa da SvedeTSi
kanoniT policiisaTvis ufro ioli gaxda telefonebis mosmena da safosto
gzavnilebis gaxsna `werili-bombebis~ aRmosaCenad. yovelTvis, roca de
mokratebi aseT zomebs mimarTavs, is gardauvlad wamoWris samoqalaqo Ta
visuflebaTa sakiTxebs.
TanamSromloba qveynebs Soris

saerTaSoriso Zalisxmeva terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, romelsac
gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia axorcielebda, aseve araefeqtiani aR
moCnda. igive SeiZleba iTqvas amerikul saxelmwifoTa organizaciisa (1971
wels) da evrosabWos (1977 wels) mier ganxorcielebul regionul midgome
bze.34 amisgan gansxvavebiT, zogierTi ormxrivi molaparakeba mokavSire qvey
nebs an msgavsi interesebis mqone moqiSpe qveynebs Soris ufro warmatebuli
gamodga terorizmTan brZolaSi. magaliTad, 1973 wlis molaparakebam aSS-sa
da kubas Soris bolo mouRo amerikuli TviTmfrinavebis gatacebas havanaSi.
kidev erTi magaliTia 1986 wlis molaparakeba aSS-sa da did britaneTs So
ris, romlis mixedviTac maT gaafarToves eqstradiciis xelSekruleba da
gamoricxes politikuri motiviT Cadenili seriozuli Zaladobrivi dana
Saulis CamdenTa Sewyaleba. 11 seqtembris teraqtebis Semdeg aSS-m moipova
bevri qveynis, maT Soris pakistanisa da ruseTis mTavrobebis mxardaWera da
aqtiuri TanamSromloba msoflio masStabiT antiteroristuli kampaniis
warmoebaSi. amas gansakuTrebiT uWerdnen mxars natos wevri qveynebi, maTgan
yvelaze aRsaniSnavia didi britaneTi imdroindeli premier-ministr toni
bleris meTaurobiT.
didi yuradReba daeTmo sadazvervo samsaxurebis TanamSromlobas da in
formaciis gacvlas, magram aman mxolod mcire warmateba moitana terorizm
Tan brZolaSi. interpoli policiis saerTaSoriso saagentoa, romlis Stab
bina safrangeTSia. aseve, dasavleT evropaSi arsebobs organizacia, romelic
drodadro axvedrebs erTmaneTs wevri qveynebis sagareo saqmeTa ministrebsa
da policiis uwyebaTa meTaurebs terorizmis Sesaxeb informaciis gasacv
lelad da gamoZiebis koordinirebisaTvis. am organizaciebma erTgvarad
gaaioles teroristTa Sepyroba da zogjer xelic SeuSales teroristuli
aqtebis ganxorcielebas. magaliTad, gamoZiebis federaluri biurosa da
centraluri sadazvevrvo saagentos maRali rangis warmomadgenlebma iTa
namSromles ruseTTan saerTaSoriso teroristul dajgufebebsa da birT
vuli iaraRis SesaZlo kontrabandistebs Soris kavSiris gamosavlenad.
saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobas SeuZlia miaRwios swraf warmatebas, roca
misi mizani konkretul teroristul problemebTan brZolaa da mokavSire
qveynebs Soris arsebobs urTierTgageba da koordinacia. misi dadebiTi Tu
uaryofiTi mxareebi gamovlinda 1986 wlis aprilSi, roca prezidentma ron
ald reiganma gasca libiaze saraketo Setevis brZaneba. es qveyana saerTa
Soriso terorizmis Ria mxardamWerad miiCneoda. Tavdapirvelad britaneTi
542
momxre iyo aSS-is mier dartymis ganxorcielebisa. frangebs SeeSindaT ter

oristTa SuriZiebisa da uari uTxres britaneTis bazebidan afrenil aSS-is
samxedro TviTmfrinavebs gadaekveTaT safrangeTis sahaero sivrce.
aSS-is sadamsjelo sahaero dartyma warmatebuli gamodga da male gaCnda
mravalmxrivi konsensusis niSnebic. 1986 wlis aprilSi evropis Tanamego
brobam xma misca libiaze ekonomikuri sanqciebis dawesebas da 1986 wlis zaf
xulSi libiis moqalaqeebi gaaZeves britaneTidan, safrangeTidan, dasavleT
germaniidan, italiidan, espaneTidan, daniidan, belgiidan, niderlandebi
dan da luqsemburgidan. mogvianebiT, loqerbis [Sotlandia] Tavze samgza
vro TviTmfrinavebis afeTqebaSi dadanaSaulebuli libielebi daapatimres.
isini haagis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos winaSe 2000 wels warsdgnen. imis
miuxedavad, rom es loqerbis tragediidan didi xnis Semdeg moxda, cxadi
gaxda, rom mTavrobaTSoris TanamSromlobas SeuZlia teroristebis dasjas
Seuwyos xeli.
unilateraluri zomebi
zogi kontrteroristuli strategia elementaruli Cans, Tumca mxolod
erTi SexedviT. magaliTad, bevr aeroportSi gamZafrda usafrTxoebis zome
bi 1985 wlis teroristuli sisxliani sasaklaoebis Semdeg, magram aSS-Si es
saTanadod ar gakeTda 11 seqtembris teraqtamde. erT dResac, oTxi komer
ciuli TviTmfrinavi TiTqmis erTdroulad gaitaces aRmosavleT sanapir
os sami sxvadasxva aeroportidan da, rogorc Cans, gamtaceblebma moaxeres
TviTmfrinavebSi iaraRis Setanac.
bevr xelisuflebas sjera, rom Sekaveba da angariSworeba terorizmTan
brZolis erTaderTi efeqtiani saSualebaa. am TvalsazrisiT, terorizmis
winaaRmdeg brZola moiTxovs sul mcire teroristebTan molaparakebaze
uaris Tqmas, gansakuTrebiT roca saqmeSi CarTuli arian mZevlebi an samo
qalaqo samizneebze tavdasxma ar wydeba. sxvagvarad moqceva marcxisaTvis
ganwiruli da borotebis dajildoebis tolfasi iqneboda, rac momavalSic
waaxalisebda msgavs Tavdasxmebs.
perus `ganaTebuli gza~ terorizmis winaaRmdeg

warmatebisaken
Sendero Luminoso _ `ganaTebuli gza~ 1980 wels perus demokratiul qvey
nad gadaqcevasTan erTad gaCnda. Tavdapirvelad, agrarul safuZvelze
Seqmnilma teroristulma organizaciam saarCevno yuTebi dawva da gasa
frTxileblad mkvdari ZaRlebis dakidebiT gaiTqva saxeli, mogvianebiT
ki yuradReba masobriv Zaladobas miapyro. Zaladoba zogjer regionul
omSi gadaizrdeboda xolme sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebis dabomb
vis, adgilobrivi xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa da ubralo moqalaqeTa
mkvlelobebis CaTvliT. 1992 wlisaTvis 5 aTas wevriani Zlieri organiza
terorizmi
543
ciis kiserze daaxloebiT 23 aTasi mkvleloba da 20 mlrd dolaris zarali

iyo. organizaciis lideri qarizmatuli abimal guzmani saSualo klasis
warmomadgeneli da yofili filosofiis maswavlebeli iyo. misi xelmZRvan
elobiT `ganaTebuli gza~ mxars uWers da maoisturis msgavs ideologias.
jgufis gamorCeuli niSani iyo yvela sxva samTavrobo Tu arasamTavrobo,
samoqalaqo, reformistuli Tu radikaluri organizaciis mimarT mtroba.
mis mtrebs Soris iyo ufro mcirericxovani, naklebad Zaladobrivi memar
cxene teroristuli organizacia revoluciuri moZraoba tupak amaru,
romelsac XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis mijnasa da 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi
Zalze momgebian narkotikebis operaciebze kontrolis brZola mougo. tu
pak amaru gauCinarda politikuri scenidan, magram 1996 wlis dekemberSi
kvlav gamoCnda, roca diplomatiuri miRebis dros misma partizanebma alya
Semoartyes iaponiis elCis adgilsamyofels da mZevlad aiyvanes (bevri maT
gani oTxi TviT) mravali maRalCinosani (isini gaaTavisufles mas Semdeg,
rac uSiSroebis Zalebma teroristebis adgilsamyofeli SturmiT aiRes da
partizanebi mokles).
XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi guzmansa da `ganaTebul gzas~ perus ramdenime
susti demokratiuli xelisufleba daupirispirda. verc erTma ver SeZlo
hiperinflaciis, maRali umuSevrobis, uzarmazari sagareo valis, farTod
gavrcelebuli siRaribis, narkobaronebisa da xelisuflebis korufciis
(terorizmze rom araferi vTqvaT) daTrgunva. 1992 wlis 5 aprils peruSi
movlenebi radikalurad Seicvala. gadawyvita ra mkacri da mtkice moqmede
bebis kursis aReba, prezidentma alberto fuximorim sruli Zalaufleba
aiRo xelSi. man SeaCera konstituciis moqmedeba, daSala arCeuli kongresi
da mniSvnelovnad SeaCera sasamarTlos muSaoba. fuximoris akritikebdnen
samxedro moqmedebebis gamo. miuxedavad amisa, eqvsi Tvis Semdeg guzmani
cixeSi ijda. metic, 1993 wels politikur mkvlelobaTa raodenoba 50%-iT
Semcirda da kleba momdevno welsac gagrZelda. warmatebuli iyo fuximo
ris ekonomikuri politikac: 7%-ianma zrdis tempma perus laTinuri ameri
kaSi Zlieri ekonomikis saxeli moutana. mniSvnelovnad Semcirda inflaciis
done. [2000 wels fuximori avtoritarizmis da adamianis uflebebis Selax
vis braldebiT gadaayenes _ mTargmn. Sen.]
guzmanis daWeris Semdeg `ganaTebul gzas~ daSlis safrTxe emuqreboda,
radgan misi aTasobiT wevri dapatimrebuli iyo. mogvianebiT, organizacia
kvlav aRdga. miuxedavad imisa, rom `ganaTebuli gzis~ wevrebis raodenoba
sagrZnoblad Semcirda, xolo ideologia bundovani gaxda, organizacia
arsebobas ganagrZobda oskar ramires durandis (guzmanis Zveli megobris)
xelmZRvanelobiT. is kvlav axorcielebda misTvis Cveul Zaladobis aqtebs,
Tumca ukve Semcirebuli masStabiT. organizacia kvlav Cafluli iyo nar
kotikebis aralegalur vaWrobaSi.
rogori Canda momavali? perus ukiduresi ekonomikuri vardnis garda, sa
varaudoa, rom `ganaTebuli gza~ an teroristul organizaciad darCeba, an
sazogadoebisaTvis sxvagvar safrTxed transformirdeba _ magaliTad, spe
cializdeba organizebul danaSaulze (transformacia, romelic ukve gani
cada ramdenime teroristulma dajgufebam kolumbiasa da braziliaSi).
544
kontrterorizmma imuSava iq, sadac mTavrobebma gamoamJRavnes neba da

SesaZlebloba, mieRoT mtkice da prevenciuli (profilaqtikuri) samxedro
kontrzomebi. 1976 wels israelis komandosebis mamacurma reidma ugandis
entebes aeroportSi daamtkica, rom teroristebi ar arian daumarcxeble
bi maSinac ki, roca maT mZevlebi hyavT. igive gaakeTes komandosebma 1996
wlis dekemberSi, roca tupak amarus revoluciur moZraobas limaSi (peru)
mZevlad hyavda ayvanili adamianebi iaponiis saelCoSi. mZevalTa daxsnis
operaciebSi warmatebisaTvis saWiroa kargad gawvrTnili, swrafad moqmed
komandosTa erTeulebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, germaniis GCG-9, romelmac
gaaTavisufla lufthanzas gatacebul TviTmfrinavSi myofi mZevlebi mog
adiSuSi, somaliSi 1977 wels. aRsaniSnavia aseve britanelTa SAS (Special Air
Service) da aSS-s Delta Force. adgilobrivi policiis samsaxurebi ar arian tero
ristebTan gasamklavebad saTanadod aRWurvili da gawvrTnili:
roca SAS-Tan erTad muSaob iseT arealSi, rogoricaa qalaqi armaSi
[CrdiloeT irlandia], sul male acnobiereb, rom omis monawile xar
da ara sapolicio operaciisa. Ramidan Ramemde irlandiis respubli
kuri armiis aqtivistTa danayofebi [mtris zurgSi aRweven] usafrTxo
samxreTisaken da [gadaadgildebian] Tavisuflad iseTi adgilebisaken,
romlebic TavianTTvis usafrTxo gaxades mkvlelobiT, wamebiT, mo
tacebebiTa da sxva danaSaulebebiT. isini rTul iaraRs iyeneben, [maT
Soris], msxvilkalibrian tyviamfrqvevebs, saraketo danadgarebs, fu
gasur naRmebsa da mravalnair asafeTqebel nivTierebebs. audiomeT
valyureobis meSveobiT Sen usmen maT Sexvedrebs, sadac gaicema sabo
taJis mowyobis brZanebebi, romlebmac moqalaqeebi unda Seiwiros.
samoqalaqo sapolicio procedurebs ar SeuZlia gaumklavdes am saxis
safrTxes. Tu Sen daadgen jgufis adgilsamyofels, savaWro centrze
organizebuli Tavdasxmis procesSi, sadac rZis bidonebi savsea asa
feTqeblebiTa da lursmnebiT, masTan gasamklaveblad sabrZolo pa
truls agzavni da ar iZaxeb adgilobriv policiels.35
kontrterorizmi italiaSi: istoriuli warmatebuli SemTxveva

XX saukunis 70-ian wlebis dasavleTSi italia teroris masStabebiT
gamoirCeoda. ukiduresi memarcxene wiTeli brigadebi kapitalizmisa da xe
lisuflebis `simboloebs~ _ asobiT mosamarTles, mewarmes da politikoss
itacebdnen da klavdnen. 1969-dan 1983 wlamde teroristuli Zaladobis 14
aTasze meti aqti aRiricxa, 409 adamiani mokles, xolo 1366 daWres.
1978 wels wiTelma brigadebma yofili premier-ministri da italiis
erT-erTi wamyvani politikosi aldo moro gaitaces. igi mokles, roca xe
lisuflebam uari Tqva moros gamtaceblebTan molaparakebaze. sabolood
teroristebi damarcxdnen. aRSfoTebuli sazogadoeba mkacr kontrteror
terorizmi
545
istul brZolas iTxovda, ris Sedegadac wiTeli brigadebis wevrTa raode

noba mkveTrad Semcirda.
rogor SeZlo es italiam? Tavdapirvelad policiam wiTeli brigadis
teroristul dajgufebebSi SeaRwia da misi asobiT wevri daapatimra. Sem
deg, sasjelis Semsubuqeba SesTavazes im monanie teroristebs, romlebic
aqtivistebisa da sxva teroristebis adgilsamyofelis Sesaxeb informa
cias gadascemdnen. Semdeg, policiam Tavisi Zalebi iseT SezRudul da Se
darebiT advilad samarTav teroristuli samizneebze mimarTa, rogoricaa
aeroportebi, portebi da sazRvrebi. sabolood, axalma kanonebma policias
uflebamosileba gauzarda satelefono saubrebisa da sxva resursebis
ufro efeqtianad gamoyenebis mizniT.
TanagrZnobis gareSe darCenili italiis teroristebi izolaciaSi moeqcnen
da dRes qveynis stabilurobisaTvis umniSvnelo safrTxes warmoadgenen.
Tumca, iseTi specialuri kontrteroristuli danayofebis arseboba,

rogoric britaneTis SAS-ia, ar aris sakmarisi. xelisuflebas unda surd
es maTi gamoyeneba. rogorc erTi eqsperti aRniSnavs, kontrteroristuli
politikis mTavari mizania àCvenos arsebuli sistemis Seucdomloba~.36
warumatebloba, rogoric iyo 1980 wlis aSS mcdeloba, gaeTavisuflebina
tyveebi iranidan, 1985 wels egviptis mcdeloba, daekavebina maltaSi gata
cebuli TviTmfrinavi, xandaxan gardauvalia xolme da zogjer tragikuli
SedegebiT mTavrdeba, magram kidev ufro tragikuli SeiZleba aRmoCndes
Sedegebi maSin, Tu gadawyvetilebebi ar iqneba droulad miRebuli.
sxva nabijebi, romelTa gadadgmac mTavrobas SeuZlia, moicavs Sei
araRebisa da feTqebadi nivTierebebis kontrols da albaT, yvelaze mniS
vnelovani (marTalia, yvelaze Zneli) aris kargi Sida sadazvervo Zalebis
ganviTareba. mxolod teroristTa samalavebis, gadaadgilebisa da gegmebis
Sesaxeb informaciis mopovebiTaa SesaZlebeli maTi Tavdasxmebis Tavidan
acileba. teroristTa samizneebis dacva maSin iqneba SesaZlebeli, Tu winas
war gvecodineba rodis da sad apireben teroristebi dartymis miyenebas.
cxadia, demokratiuli sazogadoeba da is konstituciuri normebi, rom
lebSic policia da sagamoZiebo samsaxurebi moqmedeben, dabrkolebaa nebismi
eri xelisuflebisaTvis, romelic terorizmis safrTxis winaSe aRmoCndeba.
moqalaqeebi ar arian miCveulni megobrebis, ojaxis wevrebis, mezoblebisa
da TanamSromlebis TvalTvals. aseve, sadazvervo informaciis mogrovebas
ramdenime saagento axorcielebs, nawilobrv imitom, rom ar moxdes erTerTi maTganisTvis zedmeti Zalauflebis miniWeba. aSS-Si, magaliTad, daz
verva da kontrdazverva erTmaneTisgan mkacrad gamijnulia, centraluri
sadazvervo saagento CIA pasuxismgebelia ucxoeTSi dazvervaze da ekrZa
leba aSS-is moqalaqeebis an dajgufebaTa winaaRmdeg Sida SpionaJis oper
aciebSi monawileobis miReba _ kontrdazverva gamoZiebis federaciuli
biuro funqciaa. am biurokratiuli ufskrulis Semcirebis saWiroebam ga
napiroba 11 seqtembris teraqtis Semdeg prezident buSis gadawyvetileba,
Seeqmna qveynis usafrTxoebis axali samsaxuri.
546
ra SeuZlia pirovnebas?
moqalaqeebma da firmebma Tavadac mimarTes usafrTxoebis zomebs sa
kuTari Tavis dasacavad.37 iseve, rogorc bevri mTavroba aZlierebda Tavis
saelCoebisa da sxva sazRvargareTuli dawesebulebebis dacvas 1980-1990ian wlebSi, kerZo kompaniebic yovelwliurad milionobiT dolars xarja
ven dacvis momsaxurebisaTvis aSS-Si da sxvagan.38 dacvis saWiroeba gansa
kuTrebiT gamoikveTa 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris Semdeg. bevr moqalaqes ara
aqvs imis saSualeba, rom piradi dacva daiqiraos. magram sazogadoebis si
frTxiles SeuZlia teroristebisaTvis saqmis sakmaod garTuleba. magali
Tad, israelSi, sadac terorizmis mudmivi safrTxea, oficialuri infor
maciiT sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi moTavsebuli naRmebis 80%-is
gauvnebelyofa xerxdeba, radgan saeWvo obieqtebs adamianebi cnoben da
maT Sesaxeb droulad acnobeben saWiro instanciebs.39 aSS-Si usafrTxoebis
eqspertTa umravlesoba Tanxmdeba, rom momavalSi terorizmisaTvis winaaR
mdegobis gaweva didwilad iqneba damokidebuli rogorc moqalaqeebis, ise
xelisuflebis sifxizleze. aseve, komerciuli TviTmfrinavebis pilotebi
Tanxmdebian, rom Tu TviTmfrinavis gataceba Sewydeba, es moxdeba mgzavrTa
mzadyofnis gamo, gauswordnen teroristebs da ara imitom, rom aviaci-is
usafrTxoebis inspeqtorebi arian bortze.
SesaZlebelia ki terorizmis Sekaveba?

Tanamedrove terorizmi seriozuli problemaa da rogorc Cans, misi
aRmofxvra mokle xanSi ver moxerxdeba. safrTxe, piriqiT, ufro izrdeba:
birTvuli terorizmi, rogorc adre aRvniSneT, ukve realuria.
cxadia, rom ar arsebobs erTi da sruliad efeqtiani gamosavali teror
izmis problemidan. Tumca, rogorc vnaxeT, arsebobs teroristTa xelsayre
li pirobebis SezRudvis an Semcirebis gzebi, agreTve dasjis, an ubralod,
terorizmis aRmofxvris meTodebi sawyis etapze, sanam is dramatul zRvars
miaRwevdes (rogorc es moxda italiaSi da ekvadorSi 1970-ian da 1980-ian
wlebSi da alJirSi 1990-ian wlebSi).
warmatebis miuxedavad, mainc arsebobs mniSvnelovani problema: erTma
teroristmac ki SeiZleba uzarmazari ziani miayenos sazogadoebas. am aras
rulyofil samyaroSi SeuZlebelia terorizmis srulad aRmofxvra, magram
moTminebiT, uryeobiT, gambedaobiTa da sifrTxiliT SeiZleba misi SeCereba
da Tavisuflebis dacva _ es aris uaxlesi warsulidan miRebuli erT-erTi
gakveTili.
daskvna
terorizmi SeiZleba gavigoT rogorc status kvos Secvlaze mimarTuli
politikuri Zalisxmeva, romelic xorcieldeba moqalaqeTa dasaSineblad
terorizmi
547
Zaladobis gamoyenebiT. igi Tanamedrove samyaroSi yoveldRiuri movlenad

iqca. misi uZvelesi fesvebi religiur konfliqtSia. Tanamedrove teroriz
mi 1960-iani wlebidan iRebs saTaves.
teroristebi iRvwian qaosisa da dabneulobis klimatis SeqmnisaTvis, im
rwmeniT, rom politikuri arastabiluroba daaCqarebs xelisuflebis dace
mas. isini qmnian mWidrod dakavSirebul, homogenur, mcire dajgufebebs.
teroristebs SeuZliaT didi safrTxis winaSe daayenon politikuri da eko
nomikuri problemebis mqone qveynebi. amis magaliTia muslimuri fundamen
talizmi alJirSi.
imis miuxedavad, rom teroristebi arRveven kanons, isini ar arian dam
naSaveebi am sityvis Cveulebrivi gagebiT. isini arc partizanebi da Cveu
lebrivi revolucionerebi arian. yvela teroristi revolucioneria, magram
yvela revolucioneri ar aris teroristi. teroristi iseTi saxis revolu
cioneria, romelic ar iRvwis politikuri Zalauflebis xelSi Casagdebad,
misi upirvelesi mizania protesti gamoTqvas da SeebrZolos arsebuli
politikuri wesrigiT gamowveul usamarTlobas Zaladobrivi aqtebis saSu
alebiT. teroristebi, rogorc wesi, axalgazrdebi, martoxela mamakacebi
arian. maT aseve saerTo aqvT bevri fsiqologiuri maxasiaTebeli, maT Soris
fanatizmi da siZulvili.
sust, avtoritarul mTavrobas da demokratias teroristebi did safrTx
es uqmnian. demokratia da terorizmi erTmaneTis umowyalo mtrebi arian.
demokratia damokidebulia qveynis mosaxleobis kompromisis survilze da
sxva adamianebis mosazrebis pativiscemaze, teroristebi ki borotmoqmedebi
arian, romlebic nebismier qmedebaze midian miznis misaRwevad. metic, Tavisi
bunebiT demokratiuli qveynebi teroristuli TavdasxmebisaTvis Riaa.
problema, romlis winaSec demokratiuli qveynebi aRmoCndebian xolme
terorizmTan brZolaSi, garTulebulia imiT, rom erTdroulad SenarCu
nebul unda iqnes individualuri Tavisufleba da daculi iyos erovnuli
usafrTxoeba. demokratiuli qveynebis mier miRebulma unirateralurma Tu
TanamSromlobiTma zomebma dagvanaxa, rom SesaZlebelia terorizmis Seka
veba magram ara misi srulad aRmofxvra.
sakvanZo sityvebi
terorizmi
saxelmwifo terorizmi
saerTaSoriso terorizmi
saSinao terorizmi
transnacionaluri
terorizmi
antisaxelmwifoebrivi terorizmi
nacionalistur-separatistuli
terorizmi
ideologiuri terorizmi
kontrterorizmi
548
1. riT gansxvavdeba terorizmi Cveulebrivi danaSaulisgan? partizanuli

omisgan?
2. rogoria teroristebis tipuri taqtika da rogor aris dakavSirebuli
erTmaneTTan maTi miznebi da saSualebebi?
3. ra fsiqologiuri fesvebi aqvs terorizms da ra aris tipuri teroristis
damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi?
4. ratom aris demokratia daucveli terorizmisgan? SeafaseT terorizmis
safrTxe demokratiuli qveynebis mimarT.
5. ra dabrkolebebi xvdeba kontrteroristul politikas?
6. ra nabiji gadadga konstituciurma demokratiam terorizmisgan Tavis da
sacavad? kidev risi [Tu saerTod ramis] gakeTeba SeiZleba?
SeniSvnebi:
1. Cindy Coombs. Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century (Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Prentice-Hall, 1997), 1-2.
2. `Nihilism and Terror~, New Republic, September 29, 1986, 11.
3. aseve ix. Martha Crenshaw, `The Causes of Terrorism,~ wignSi International Terrorism: Characteristics, Causes, Controls, red. Charles W. Kegley, Jr. (New York:
St. Martins Press, 1990), 113.
4. ori klasifikaciis sqema aris TanamimdevrobiT ganxiluli. isini ar
amowuraven literaturaSi mocemul informacias. Tavdapirveli disku
sia aq mihyveba keglis, romelic eyrdnoba edvard miqolusis `Trends in
International Terrorism,~ in International Terrorism in the Contemporary World,
red. Marius H. Livingston da sxvebi (Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1978);
ix. Charles W. Kegley, Jr., `Characteristics, Causes, and Controls of International
Terrorism: An Introduction,~ wignSi International Terrorism, red. Kegley, 5.
5. iqve.
6. gansxvaveba religiasa da ideologias Soris sruliad qreba, roca momxree
bi Riad misdeven politikur miznebs da religias TavianTi saSualebebis
gasamarTleblad iyeneben. magaliTad, islamisti eqstremistebi xSirad
mouwodeben xalxs jihadisken (wminda omisken) israelis winaaRmdeg da
`jvarosnuli omebisaken~ (Tu bin ladenis epiTets gamoviyenebT), magram
yvela muslimma icis, rom yurani (islamis wminda wigni) mkacrad krZalavs
udanaSaulo adamianisaTvis sicocxlis warTmevas da aranair gamonakliss
ar uSvebs. islami terorizms kidev ufro metad krZalavs, vidre qris
tianoba.
7. ufro srulyofili ganxilvisaTvis ix. Devid Rapoport, `Religion and Terror:
Thugs, Assassins and Zealots,~ wignSi International Terrorism, ed. Kegley, 146-157.
aseve ix. Leonard Weinberg and Paul Davis, Introduction to Political Terrorism
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989), 19-23
terorizmi
549
8. Weinberg and Devis, Political Terrorism, 22

9. Compare Repoport, `Religion and Terror,~ 146, da iqve., 24-26
10. Rushworth M. Kidder, Ùnmasking Terrorism,~ Christian Science Monitor, May 13,
1986, 19.
11. iqve, 20.
12. iqve, ix. aseve sqema 15-1 am TavSi.
13. Walter Laqueur, Terrorism (Boston: Little, Brown, 1977), 220.
14. Paul Johnson, `The Seven Deadly Sins of Terrorism,~ wignSi International Terrorism, red. Kegley, 65.
15. Carlos Marighella, Mini-Manual for Urban Guerillas, mTargmn. Gene Hanrahan
(Chapel Hill, N.C.: Documentary Publications, 1984). (Tavdapirvelad gamo
qveynda espanurad 1970 wels).
16. Claire Marighella, The Terror Network: The Secret War of International Terrorism
(New York: Holt, 1981), 21-22.
17. statistika eyrdnoba David E. Long, The Anatomy of Terrorism (New York: Free
Press, 1990), 165.
18. Mohhamad M. Hafez, Middle East Journal 4 (Semodgoma 2000): 584-585.
19. Long, The Anatomy of Terrorism, 17.
20. Walter Laqueur, `The Futility of Terrorism,~ wignSi International Terrorism, red.
Kegley, 69. avtori aRniSnavs am Sexedulebas, magram ar emxroba mas.
21. rogorc adre aRvniSneT. ix. magaliTad, Henry Dietz, `Revolutionary Organization in the Counterside: Peru,~ wignSi Revolution and Political Change in the
Third World, red. Barry Schutz and Robert Slater (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Reinner,
1990), 135.
22. Laqueur, `Faculty of Terrorism,~ 70; and Walter Laqueur, `Reflections on the Eradication of Terrorism,~ wignSi International Terrorism, red. Kegley, 207.
23. Coombs, Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century, 68.
24. Rushworth M. Kidder, Ùnmasking Terrorism,~ Christian Science Monitor, May 15,
1986, 18.
25. Eric Hoffer, The True Believer (New York: Harper & Row, 1951), 49.
26. ix. Frederick J. Hacker, Crusaders, Criminals, Crazies: Terror and Terrorism in Our
Time

(New York: Norton, 1977).
27. Kidder, Ùnmasking Terrorism,~ May 15, 1986, 19.
28. sindisis qenjnis naklebobis Sesaxeb ix. Long, Anatomy of Terrorism, 19.
29. Paul McHugh, The Weekly Standard, December 10, 2001.
30. Hoffer, True Believer, 80.
31. iqve, 81.
32. am ganxilvis didi wili dafuZnebulia Weinberg-isa da Devis-s naSromze Political Terrorism, Tavi 8, 151-188.
33. Mattew Purdy, `Bushs New Rules to Fight Terror Transform the Legal Landscape,~
New York Times (online edition), December 16, 2001.
34. Weinberg and Devis, Political Terrorism, 168-170.
35. Gayle Rivers, The Specialist: Revelations of a Counterterrorist (New York: Charter
Books, 1985), 40.
550
36. Richard Clutterburck, Protest and the Urban Guerilla (New York: Abelard-Shuman,
1974), 287.
37. ix. generally Brian Jenkins, red., Terrorism and Personal Protection (Boston: Butter-worth, 1985)
38. Kidder, Ùnmasking Terrorism,~ May 21, 1986, 16.
39. iqve, 17.
Ta v i X V I
omi
politika sxva
saSualebebiT
omis mizezebi
adamianis buneba
sazogadoeba
garemo
omis Teoriebi: kritika politikis miRma
totaluri omi: omi, romelSic
yvela
ibrZvis
SemTxveviTi omi: omi, romelic
aravis surs
birTvuli omi: omi, romelsac
veravin igebs
aris Tu ara omi odesme moralurad gamarTlebuli?
samarTliani omis doqtrina

samarTliani omis doqtrinis Se
faseba
niurnbergis procesi
551
552
omi saerTaSoriso politikis umTavresi problemaa. prusieli samxedro

Teoretikosi karl fon klauzevici (1780-1831) ambobs, rom òmi politikis
gagrZelebaa, oRond sxva saSualebebiT~. mTavroba yovelTvis acnobierebs,
rom diplomatia SeiZleba uZluri aRmoCndes da Sesabamisad, nebismier dros
gaCaRdes omi mezobel saxelmwifosTan an saxelmwifos SigniT moqiSpe eT
nikur an religiur jgufebs Soris. cxadia, nebismieri donis politikis
yvelaze didi marcxi gamoixateba mis uunarobaSi, Tavidan aicilos sxvadasx
va formis SeiaraRebuli konfliqti.
Cveulebriv, rodesac omze saubroben, gulisxmoben saxelmwifoTaSoris
oms _ oms, romelSic ori an meti eri-saxelmwifoa CarTuli. samoqalaqo omi
erTi saxelmwifos teritoriaze mimdinareobs. Tanamedrove samyaroSi am ti
pis omebi ufro xSiria, vidre damoukidebel saxelwifoebs Soris. partizanuli omi aris brZolis erT-erTi nairsaxeoba, romelsac ZiriTadad msubuqad
SeiaraRebuli moZravi SenaerTebi awarmoeben soflebSi (xSirad mebrZolebs
adgilobrivi mosaxleoba sakvebiT da TavSesafriT exmareba). partizanebi,
rogorc wesi, gamiznul Zaladobas mimarTaven armiis, policiisa da xelisu
flebis winaaRmdeg, rac miznad isaxavs xelisuflebis Sesustebas an damxobas.
omis meoTxe kategoria _ mcire intensivobis konfliqtebi, iwyeba maSin,
rodesac erTi saxelmwifo afinansebs metoqe saxelmwifoSi Zaladobis peri
odul an xangrZliv gamovlinebas (magaliTad, daqiravebuli jariskacebis
gagzavniT an partizanebis daxmarebiT).
Tu gavixsenebT daRupulTa ricxvs, ganadgurebul qonebas, daxarjul
Tanxebs, cxadi gaxdeba, rom omi adamianis yvelaze damangreveli da fuWi
qmedebaa. mxolod meoce saukuneSi omma 35 milioni adamiani _ maT Soris 25
mln samoqalaqo piri imsxverpla (es Sefaseba 1990 wels gakeTda, roca sauku
nis dasasrulamde kidev aTi weli iyo darCenili).1 generalma uiliam Sermanma
sakuTar Tavze gamoscada omis saSinelebebi (igi, rogorc meTauri, Tavgamo
debiT ibrZoda omebSi). amerikis samoqalaqo omis damTavrebdan 15 wlis Sem
deg warmoTqmul sityvaSi man Tqva: `bevri patara biWi fiqrobs, rom omi dide
buli ram aris, magram, biWebo, damijereT _ es namdvili jojoxeTia~!
saubedurod, yvelas ar esmis omis saSinelebebi ise, rogorc general
Sermans esmoda. istoriis mravali saxelganTqmuli (an saxelgatexili)
pirovneba omis didebam `Seqmna~. sxvebma ki, vinc sisxlisRvras ar Seurigda,
mainc aRiara omis perversuli momxibvleloba. Cvens welTaRricxvamde merve
saukuneSi berZenma poetma homerosma aRniSna, rom kaci Zilis, siyvarulisa
da cekva-simRerisgan ufro iRleba, vidre omisgan. homerosis Semoqmedeba
miZRvnilia simamacisa da Tavganwirvisadmi, romelsac omi moiTxovs. ber
Zeni filosofosi aristotele, romelic homerosze 500 wliT adre cxov
robda, simamaces adamianis upirveles Rirsebad miiCnevda. aristoteles az
riT, brZolaSi gamoCenili simamace akeTilSobilebda adamians, radganac es
iyo moralurad swori nabiji sikvdilis SiSis sapasuxod, rac, Tavis mxriv,
safrTxes uqmnis politikur sazogadoebas.
aqcenti omis sargeblianobaze ar axasiaTebs mxolod Zvel berZnebs an an
tikur mwerlebs. albaT, ise aravis mouxdenia omis racionalizacia, rogorc
es germanelma filosofosma hegelma SeZlo (1770-1831). igi amtkicebda: `Tu
omi
553
saxelmwifoebi ver aRweven urTierTSeTanxmebas da ver xerxdeba maTi sur

vilebis harmonizacia, maSin omi erTaderTi gamosavalia~. am winadadebaSi
araferi ar aris Sokis momgvreli, Tumca, igi sakmaod pesimisturad JRers.
hegeli ufro Sorsac midis da amtkicebs, rom omi, faqtobrivad, erTaderTi
gamosavalia, radgan `gaWianurebuli da, miT ufro, mudmivi mSvidoba erebs
ryvnis~. mSvidobis dros, hegelis azriT, sazogadoeba dundeba da nawevrde
ba. òmi aZlierebs saxelmwifoebs. aseve maTTvis, vinc monawileobs samoqa
laqo daumorCileblobaSi, sazRvrebs gareT brZolaa saWiro, raTa qveynis
SigniT mSvidoba damyardes.~2
ramdeni omi xdeba weliwadSi?

SeiZleba gvegonos, rom es ioli gamosaTvlelia, magram sinamdvileSi
ase araa. magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT 1996 weli. centralurma sadazvervo
saagentom ocdarva SeiaraRebuli konfliqti daiTvala mTeli msoflios
masStabiT. imave wels, Tavdacvis informaciis centrma gamoavlina ocdaS
vidi mimdinare da aTi Camcxrali SeiaraRebuli konfliqti, xolo Tavdac
vis erovnuli sabWos fondis monacemebiT es ricxvi gacilebiT didi _ sa
mocdaoTxi iyo. romeli wyaroa sarwmuno?
es gansxvaveba ramdenime faqtoriT aixsneba. maT Soris, upirvelesia sa
jaro politikis mkvlevari organizaciebis politikuri orientacia. Tav
dacvis erovnuli sabWos fondi konservatiuli asociaciaa, romelic mxars
uWers Tavdacvis xaziT biujetis zrdas. amitom, gasakviri araa, rom am or
ganizaciisTvis garemomcveli samyaro gacilebiT saSiSia, xolo mimdinare
SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis ricxvi _ ufro didi, vidre liberalurad
ganwyobili Tavdacvis informaciis centrisTvis, romelic xandaxan ukmayo
filebas gamoTqvams Tavdacvaze daxarjul TanxebTan dakavSirebiT. isic ar
aris gasakviri, rom Tavdacvis erovnuli sabWos fondi konfliqtebs ufro
did mniSvnelobas aniWebs, vidre Tavdacvis informaciis centri. erovnuli
sabWo konfliqtebad miiCnevs ara mxolod SeiaraRebul dapirispirebas, ar
amed narkotikebTan da organizebul danaSaulTan dakavSirebul inciden
tebsac.
amgvari gansxvavebebi rom ar arsebobdes, omebis daTvla mainc gaWird
eboda. omis gansazRvra daRupulTa ricxvis mixedviT imTaviTve SeuZlebe
lia, radganac omSi monawile arc erTi mxare ar axmaurebs sarwmuno infor
macias, xolo miukerZoebeli damkvirveblebisTvis Sesabamisi informaciis
xelmisawvdomoba an SezRudulia, an saerTod SeuZlebelia. erovnuli saz
Rvrebis mixedviT omisa da brZolebis gansazRvra aseve warumatebelia.
magaliTad, Tavdacvis erovnuli sabWo bosniisa da serbeTis konfliqtebs
erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad ganixilavs, xolo centraluri sadazvervo
saagento maT balkaneTis konfliqtad moixseniebs.
hegeli ambobda, rom `msoflios istoria aris msoflios sasamarT
554
lo~. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, hegelisaTvis saimedoobis an gamZleobis

yvelaze didi gamocda aris ara raRac abstraqtuli moraluri standartebi,
aramed konkretuli warmateba. da radganac msoflio politikaSi warmateba
ZalauflebiT da sididiT izomeba, gamodis, rom Zala da ufleba sinonimebi
yofila.
germanelma filosofosma fridrix nicSem (1844-1900) meti radikalizmi
SesZina am ideas. nicSe zogadad uaryofda pirobiT zneobriobas, xolo qris
tianul eTikasa da humanurobas gansakuTrebiT ver itanda da sisusted mi
iCnevda. nicSe eTayvaneboda Zalauflebis agresiul gamovlinebas rogorc
adamianebSi, aseve qveynebSi. igi xotbas asxamda nebisyofas da omis, erTi
SexedviT usiamovno, magram sasikeTo gavlenas erebsa da civilizaciebze.3
daaxloebiT erTi saukunis Semdeg es Tema uCveulo ZaliT gacocxldeba
omis mexotbe diqtator adolf hitlerisa da misi aranakleb agresiuli
mokavSiris, benito musolinis mier, romlebic, hegelis da nicSes msgavsad,
abuCad igdebdnen pacifizms. italiuri faSizmis mamis _ musolinis mixed
viT, òmi adamianis energiis mobilizacias axdens da ganadidebs imaT, visac
Zala Seswevs, mas Tvali gausworos~.4
idealur samyaroSi omi ar iqneboda, magram igi yovelTvis iyo da aris.
omis safrTxe imis imedTan erTad arsebobs, rom erT mSvenier dRes omi aRar
iqneba. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi bevri moazrovne-politikosi (rom araferi
vTqvaT utopist meocnebeebze) imeorebda, rom goni, an RmerTi, an istoria
msoflios gaaTavisuflebda omis agoniisgan. magram es optimistebic ki
TiTqmis verasdros Tanxmebodnen iseT sakiTxze, rogoricaa omis gamomwvevi
mizezebi. rasakvirvelia, Tu gvinda, rom aRar iyos omi, upirveles yovlisa,
misi gamomwvevi mizezebi unda aRmovfxvraT.
omis mizezebi
ratom maincdamainc omi? am kiTxvaze martivi pasuxi ar arsebobs, sx
vadasxva omis SemTxvevaSi, pasuxic sxvadasxvaa. igi damokidebulia mraval
faqtorze, upirveles yovlisa ki _ droze.
cxadia, oms sxvadasxva epoqaSi gansxvavebuli faqtori iwvevda. magali
Tad, meTormete saukunis evropaSi an axlo aRmosavleTSi mcxovrebi nebis
mieri miukerZoebeli mkvlevari am periodis gansakuTrebulad xSir da sas
tik omebs aucileblad religiur aRtkinebas miawerda. paradoqsulia, rom
gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT gamorCeuli jvarosnuli omebi, romlebic me
TerTmete saukunis dasasruls daiwyo da TiTqmis 200 wels mimdinareobda,
im rwmeniT iyo gamsWvaluli, rom `RmerTi CvenTanaa~.
religiam Zalze mcire roli Seasrula meoce saukunis ZiriTadi omebis
gaCaRebaSi (Tumca man xeli Seuwyo ufro regionul da adgilobriv omebs).
magaliTad, religiuri fanatizmi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar yofila pirveli
msoflio omis safuZveli. bevri damkvirvebeli am omis dawyebis mizezad nacionalizms miiCnevs, romlis Sesaxebac meTormete saukuneSi araferi iyo
cnobili. mkvlevarTa meore nawili omis dawyebas evropul qveynebs Soris
omi
555
SeiaraRebaSi Sejibrs ukavSirebs da amtkicebs, rom samxedro momzadebis

tempma evropa sabolood omamde miiyvana. mkvlevarTa mesame jgufi imperializms adanaSaulebs: mecxramete saukunis meore naxevarSi koloniebis
dasapatroneblad dawyebuli brZola omSi gadaizarda maSin, rodesac dau
patronebeli aRar darCa arc erTi kolonia aziasa da afrikaSi.
religias arc meore msoflio omis dawyebaSi uTamaSia mTavari roli. misi
umTavresi da gadamwyveti mizezi iyo ideologia (nacionaluri socializmi
germaniaSi, faSizmi _ italiaSi, xolo komunizmi _ sabWoTa kavSirSi). da
mainc, umTavresi ìzmi~, romelic germaniis, italiis da iaponiis agresiuli
politikis ukan idga, iyo ultranacionalizmi an, rogorc saerTaSoriso
politikis gamoCenili mkvlevari hans j. morgenTau uwodebda, nacionalisturi universalizmi. koreis (1950-1953) da vietnamis (1963-1975) omebs geo
politikuri anu saxelmwifoebrivi da ideologiuri mizezebi daedo safuZ
vlad. bevri mecnieri miiCnevs, rom swored pragmatizmisa da idealizmis am
nazavma ganapiroba orive omis aradamakmayofilebeli (amerikelebis Tval
sazrisiT) Sedegebi.
zedapirulad ise Cans, TiTqos orive msoflio omis gamomwvevi mizezebi
radikalurad gansxvavdeboda im mizezebisgan, romlebmac ganapiroba jva
rosnuli omebis dawyeba. magram, miuxedavad savaraudo (an uSualo) mizeze
bisa (rogoricaa religiuri fanatizmi, nacionalizmi da ase Semdeg), nebis
mieri omi aris erTi da imave Zveli `daavadebis~ gamovlineba, miuxedavad
imisa, rom am `senis~ simptomebi da simwvave droTa ganmavlobaSi Seicvala.
filosofosebi da Teologebi, romlebic imedovnebdnen, omis fenomenis
SeswavliT moeZebnaT axsna mSvidobisaTvis, 2000 welia cdiloben ipovon
omis gamomwvevi ZiriTadi mizezebi. istoriis yvelaze damangreveli _ meore
msoflio omis Semdeg, mecnierebi maTematikuri da statistikuri modelebis
gamoyenebiT cdiloben problemis arsSi Cawvdomas. am tipis raodenobrivi
kvleva aris mcdeloba, gamoiyenos sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis meTodo
logiuri Jini da sizuste. am midgomis erT-erTi yvelaze Tavgamodebuli dam
cveli jon vaske ambobs:
samyaros filosofiuri analizi, maSinac ki, rodesac is ekuTvnis iseT
did moazrovnes, rogoricaa aristotele, ar iZleva mTlian codnas.
Cveni Semecnebis areali gafarTovda mxolod mecnieruli meTodis
ganviTarebis Sedegad. mxolod kontrolirebuli dakvirvebis, samx
ilebis Segrovebis, frTxili induqciisa da im rwmenis meSveobiT, rom
hipoTeza yovelTvis unda gamoicados miRebamde, SesaZlebeli gaxda
progresis miRweva. ara aqvs mniSvneloba, dadgeba Tu ara eWvqveS priv
ilegirebuli Teoriebi, es procesi aucilebelia, sanam omisa da mSvi
dobis Sesaxeb utyuar cnobas moivipovebT. 5
ra nayofi gamoiRo omis Seswavlisadmi mecnierulma midgomam am dromde?

vakses mixedviT, man `daxvewa fiqrebi omze da dasva seriozuli kiTxvebi misi
gagebis Sesaxeb arsebul axsnebTan dakavSirebiT~.6
politologebis erTi nawili ase darwmunebuli ar aris.7 magaliTad, jeims
556
doerti da robert palcgrafi askvian, rom `miuxedavad omis Sesaxeb statis

tikuri swavlebis (rogorc induqciuri, aseve deduqciuri) gavrcelebisa,
verc erTi maTgani ver xsnis bolomde yvelaze saWirboroto problemas...
ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi isini mxolod sqolioebSi Segvxvdeba da
klasikur Sromad aravin CaTvlis~.8 greg qeSmens am debatebSi neitraluri
pozicia ukavia:
miuxedavad imisa, rom ar arsebobs romelime konkretuli Teoria,
romelic axlos mainc mividoda universalur RirebulebasTan, so
cialur mecnierul kvlevas fuWad ar Cauvlia. zogi Teoria moklebu
lia faqtobriv safuZvels da maT mxolod miTologiis statusi aqvT
miniWebuli. magram Teoriebis nawilis sandooba msoflio istoriis
faqtebma daadastura. marTalia, gasuli oTxi aTwleulis ganmavloba
Si socialuri mecnierebis Catarebuli kvleva ver dasrulda omis
Sesaxeb erTiani Teoriis SeqmniT, magram Catarebulma kvlevebma mainc
gazarda omis mizezebis Sesaxeb Cveni codna.9
omis gamomwvevi mizezebis gamokvlevas im sami alternatiuli Teoriis

ganxilviT daviwyebT, romlebic dasavleTis yvelaze TvalsaCino politi
kuri moazrovneebis naSromebSi gvxvdeba. erT-erTi interpretacia aqcents
adamianis bunebaze akeTebs, meore xazs usvams sazogadoebas (mTavrobis
CaTvliT), mesame yuradRebas amaxvilebs saerTaSoriso garemoSi arsebul
problemebze (magaliTad, sakvebis, wylis, miwis, bunebrivi resursebisa da
a.S. naklebobas), rogorc socialuri da saerTaSoriso konfliqtis gagebis
ZiriTad saSualebaze.10 am sami interpretaciis detaluri analizis Semdeg
ganvixilavT Tanamedrove kvlevebis ramdenime Sedegs, raTa davadasturoT
an uarvyoT es interpretaciebi.
adamianis buneba
isini, vinc oms adamianis bunebis mankier mxared miiCneven, sxvadasxva axsnas
gvTavazoben `cudad moqcevis~ zogadsakacobrio tendenciis Sesaxeb. am mxriv,
qristianobam umniSvnelovanesi kvali daatyo dasavleTis politikur azrovne
bas.Zvel aRTqmaze dayrdnobiT, adreuli periodis qristiani moazrovneebi
miiCnevdnen, rom mTeli kacobrioba daRdasmulia pirvelyofili codvis anu
adamisa da evas mier saRvTo kanonis darRvevis gamo edemis baRSi. `dabade
baSi~ moTxrobili dacemis ambavi exeba moralur uZlurebasa da adamianis
codviT gamoxatul sisustes. yvela gagebiT, es aris universaluri mniSvn
elobis mqone universaluri ambavi, naWuWSi moqceuli msoflios istoria.
cnobili Teologis, netari avgustines (354-430) SexedulebiT, omi aris
safasuri, rasac vixdiT Cveni codvili bunebis gamo. sxva filosofosebic
amJRavneben msgavs pesimizms ise, rom ar asaxeleben pirvelyofil codvas,
rogorc yvela ubedurebis mizezs. berZeni filosofosi platoni omis gamom
wvevad msoflio batonobisadmi adamianis daucxromel swrafvas asaxelebs.
omi
557
XVI saukunis italielma moazrovnem, nikolo makiavelim kidev ufro pirquS

ferebSi aRwera adamianis bunebisa da politikis urTierTobis pesimisturi
suraTi. `mTavarSi~ makiaveli werda, rom politikuri warmateba da moral
uri simarTle xSirad erTmaneTTan ukuproporciul damokidebulebaSia:
rac ufro binZur politikur meTods mimarTavs mTavari sakuTari miznebis
dasakmayofileblad, miT ufro mdidrdeba da warmatebuli xdeba igi.
Tu mklevarTa erTi nawili religias, xolo meore nawili filosofias iy
enebs adamianis agresiuli qmedebebis asaxsnelad, mkvlevarTa mesame nawili
fsiqologias iSveliebs. zigmund froids (1856-1939), fsiqoanalizis fuZem
debels, miaCnda, rom adamianebi ibadebian `sikvdilis surviliT~ _ TviT
ganadgurebis Tandayolili tendenciiT, romlis mimarTulebis Secvlasac
isini mogvianebiT umeteswilad axerxeben. rogorc froidi miiCnevda, kon
fliqtis pirobebSi adamianebi am gamanadgurebel tendencias erTmaneTis
sawinaaRmdegod mimarTaven. aqedan gamomdinare, oms fsiqoTerapiuli fun
qcia aqvs: es aris TviTdamangreveli impulsis gamodevna. Tumca, am Teoriis
kritikosebi miiCneven, rom es mosazreba mxolod sanaxevrodaa swori _ is ja
riskacebi, romlebic sCadian mkvlelobas, Tavad ar iReben gadawyvetilebas
omis dawyebis Taobaze, xolo isini, vinc amis Sesaxeb iReben gadawyvetilebas
(da vinc axerxebs mSvidad jdomasa da safrTxis Tavidan acilebas), Tavad ar
ibrZvis. jariskacebis umetesoba Tavis movaleobas asrulebs da garda amisa,
ibrZvian, radgan Tavad msxverplad qceva ar surT da ara imitom, rom isini
bunebiT moZaladeebad arian dabadebuli.
fsiqologTa erTi nawili miiCnevs, rom agresia adamianis Tandayolili
Tviseba da bunebrivi reaqciaa imedgacruebaze, zogjer ki adamianebi am
JRavneben `teritoriebze mbrZaneblobis~ imave tips, romliTac xasiaT
debian cxovelTa SedarebiT dabalganviTarebuli saxeobebi. `teritoriis~
Teoriis mixedviT, farul agresias Rrmad aqvs fesvebi gadgmuli adamianis
bunebaSi da erTi piris an jgufis kuTvnili teritoriisadmi muqara stim
uls aZlevs agresiul qmedebas.
mklevarTa sxva nawili miiCnevs, rom omis umTavresi mizezi devs ara adamianis
sulSi, aramed mis gonebaSi. adamianebi arc uzneoebi arian da arc SeSlilebi,
isini ufro gonebaClungebi arian, imdenad briyvebi, rom ver xvdebian omis amaoe
bas. erTi gamoCenili pacifisti pirvel da meore msoflio omebs Soris werda:
dabrkolebas Cvens gzaze qmnis ara moraluri, aramed inteleqtual
uri sfero. es imitom ki ar xdeba, rom adamianebi winaswar arian gan
wyobilni da amitom ver swvdebian samyaros socialur WeSmaritebas,
aramed maT, Tumca modiT, viyoT gulaxdilebi da vTqvaT `Cven~ _ kon
servatiuli temperamenti da SezRuduli goniereba gvaqvs~. 11
Tomas hobsi (1588-1679) omis gansxvavebul, magram aseve aranakleb usia

movno axsnas gvTavazobs. is miiCnevs, rom adamianebi bunebiTi mdgomareobiT sastikebi da ugunurebi arian (hobsi inglisSi puritanuli revolu
ciis dros cxovrobda da mas zaravda imaze fiqri, rom erT mSvenier dRes
dabrundeboda qaosi da `yvela gaaCaRebda oms yvelas winaaRmdeg~). magram
558
yvelafris miuxedavad, hobsi realisti iyo da cdilobda Caswvdomoda ada

mianis bunebas iseTs, rogoric aris da ara iseTs, rogoric unda iyos. erTad
erTi saSualeba adamianis WeSmariti bunebis gasagebad aris codna imisa,
rogor moiqcevian isini civilizebuli sazogadoebis gareSe, bunebiT piro
bebSi. dResac mniSvnelovania mis mier gakeTebuli daskvnebi.
hobsi omis Sesaxeb. hobsis Tanaxmad, bunebiT mdgomareobaSi adamianebs
marTavs TviTgadarCenis ZiriTadi instinqti. maT yvelaze ufro sikvdilis
eSiniaT da gansakuTrebiT ufrTxian uecar, moulodnel aRsasruls. Tumca,
sikvdilis SiSi maT ki ar adunebT, aramed piriqiT, agresiulobasa da Za
ladobas hmatebs, rac am pirobebSi normad iTvleba:
amgvarad, adamianis bunebaSi devs davis sami mizezi. pirveli aris
konkurencia, meore _ gansxvaveba da mesame _ dideba. pirveli adami
ans moxveWisken ubiZgebs, meore _ usafrTxoebisken, xolo mesame _
reputaciis mopovebisken. pirveli warmoSobs Zaladobas, radgan ada
mianebs surT ibatonon sxva adamianebze, maT colebze, bavSvebze, dae
patronon maT saqonels; meore adamianebs aiZulebs, daicvan sakuTari
monapovari, xolo mesame iwvevs Rimils gasxvavebuli azrisa da sxvebis
Sefasebebis mimarT.
aqedan gamomdinare, naTelia, rom maSin, roca adamianebi Tavisuflad
cxovroben da ar emorCilebian erT saerTo Zalas, cxovroben iseT pi
robebSi, romlebsac SeiZleba omi vuwodoT da es aris yvelas omi yve
las winaaRmdeg. 12
amdenad, hobsisTvis, bunebiTi mdgomareoba omis mdgomareobasTan igivdeba.

hobsma igive logika gamoiyena Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso politikis
asaxsnelad, romelic gamudmebuli saomari mdgomareobiT xasiaTdeboda.
misi azriT, swored ise, rogorc bunebiT pirobebSi adamianebs marTavs
ZiriTadi survilebi da instinqtebi, aseve, amave instinqtebis mqone lidere
bi marTaven saxelmwifoebs. da swored ise, rogorc bunebas ar hyavs mTav
roba, raTa daicvas adamianebi erTmaneTisgan, aseve, saerTaSoriso sistemas
ar hyavs xelisufleba, raTa daicvas saxelmwifoebi erTmaneTisgan.
hobsis azriT, arsebobs davis sami saxe, romlebic Seesabameba adamianis
bunebis sam nakls. esenia: agresiuli omebi, romlebsac safuZvlad udevs
konkurenciis instinqti; TavdacviTi omebi, romlebic gamowveulia SiSiT
da mesame, agonistikuri omebi _ gamowveuli siamayiT da pativmoyvareobiT.
am kompaqturi TeoriiT, hobsi Seecada aexsna ara mxolod is, rogor moiq
ceodnen sazogadoebis da mTavrobis macivilizebeli gavlenisgan Tavisu
fali adamianebi (romlebic kisers gamoRadravdnen erTmaneTs, rom ara xe
lisuflebis mier SemoRebuli kanoni da wesrigi), aramed isic, ratom iwyeben
saxelmwifoebi oms erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg iseT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT,
romlebic gare damkvirveblisaTvis yovelad uazroa.
hobsis memkvidreoba: hans morgenTau, hobsis msgavsad, TavgamodebiT amt
kicebda, rom adamianebi mankierebi arian. morgenTaus azriT, àdamianuri
omi
559
buneba, romelSic politikis kanons Tavisi adgili aqvs, ar Secvlila im

droidan moyolebuli, rodesac Cineli, indoeli da berZeni filosofosebi
cdilobdnen aRmoeCinaT es kanonebi~ da `politika, sazogadoebis msgavsad,
imarTeba obieqtur kanonTa wyebiT, romlebsac safuZveli adamianis bunebaSi
udevs.~13 am kanonTa moqmedebis gageba SesaZlebelia ìm interesebis meSveobiT,
romlebic Zalauflebis~ saxeliTaa cnobili. am gziT politikis konceptu
alizacia niSnavs, rom adamianebi motivirebulebi arian TviTdainteresebiT,
romelic maT ZalauflebisTvis mudmivi brZolisaTvis ganawyobs. morgenTaum
gansakuTrebiT naTlad gamoxata sakuTari azri, rodesac ganacxada, rom
`saerTaSoriso politika, yvela politikis msgavsad, aris brZola Zalau
flebisTvis~. rac ar unda iyos saerTaSoriso politikis saboloo mizani,
uSualo mizani mainc Zalauflebaa. ìseve, rogorc misma winamorbedma hobsma,
morgenTaumac uaryo mcdari (idealisturi) mosazreba, romelic amtkicebs,
rom àdamianuri sawyisi keTilia, xolo adamianis buneba _ iolad drekadi
da Tvinieri~. nacvlad amisa, igi mxars uWers realistur mosazrebas, rom `sa
myaro, romelic arasrulyofilia racionaluri mosazrebidan gamomdinare,
aris im Zalebis moqmedebis Sedegi, romelic adamianis sawyisSia~.14
morgenTaus da mis naSromebze dafuZnebuli politikuri Teoriis re
alisturi skolis mixedviT, adamianis buneba da gandidebis instinqti
erTaderTi Tu ara, erT-erTi wamyvani mizezia, romelic konkurenciasa da
konfliqts iwvevs. amgvari analizi kacobriobas Zalian usiamovno kuTxiT
warmoaCens. magram, miuxedavad yvelafrisa, es mosazreba aris erTaderTi
sarwmuno axsna imisa, Tu ratom xdeba omebi.
sazogadoeba
yvela politikuri moazrovne omis mizezad adamianis fsiqikas an bune
bas ar miiCnevs. mecnierTa garkveuli nawili omis gaCaRebaSi, zogadad, Ta
namedrove sazogadoebas adanaSaulebs, romelic saxelmwifos saxiT aris
formirebuli (eqskluziuri politikuri an `wevrobis~ principze agebuli
asociaciebi), xolo meore nawili _ politikuri saxelmwifoebis im konkre
tul kategorias, romlebic safrTxes uqmnian mSvidobas. am TavSi ganvixi
lavT politikuri Teoriebisadmi sxvadasxva midgomas da agreTve im li
derebs, romlebic sazogadoebas an saxelmwifos (sazogadoebis politikuri
CarCo) adanaSauleben omebis gaCaRebaSi.
ruso: damnaSavea qoneba. àdamiani Tavisufal qmnilebadaa dabadebuli, ma
gram mas mTeli cxovreba borkilebi adevs~, _ eri-saxelmwifoebze mitanili
am ieriSiT daiwyo frangma filosofosma Jan-Jak rusom (1712-1778) klasikad
qceuli naSromi `sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba~ (1762), romelSic pirdapir
gaakritika hobsis mosazreba adamianis muxTal da moZalade bunebasTan da
kavSirebiT. rusom dasawyisSive ganacxada, rom adamianebi `suleli, magram
mSvidobiani~ arsebebi arian, romlebsac SeuZliaT TanaugrZnon daCagru
lebs (daakvirdiT, ramdenad ewinaaRmdegeba es gansazRvreba `suleli, ma
560
gram moZalade~ adamianebis Sesaxeb Tezas, romelic am TavSive ganvixileT).

am kuTxidan Tu SevxedavT, hobsma ubralod Sescoda, rodesac iseTi Tanday
olili Tvisebebi, rogoricaa ambicia, SiSi da siamaye, miawera bunebiT mdgo
mareobaSi myof adamianebs. rusos sjeroda, rom es aris socialuri adami
anisa da ara pirvelyofili adamianis Tviseba. raoden paradoqsulic unda
iyos, antisocialur saqciels socialuri safuZvlebi aqvs; es aris adamia
nis mankierebis utyuari niSani. am SemTxvevaSi damnaSavea sazogadoeba da ara
adamianis buneba. ruso sakmaod mkveTrad gamoTqvams sakuTar mosazrebas am
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT: `cxadia, rom sazogadoebas unda mieweros mkvl
elobebi, mowamvlis faqtebi, Saragzis yaCaRobebi da amgvar danaSaulebaTa
dasjac ki~.15
rusos swamda, rom sazogadoeba aris yvelanairi problemis mizezi, omis
CaTvliT. is gansakuTrebiT adanaSaulebda kerZo sakuTrebis instituts,
meTvramete saukunis evropis ZiriTad sazrunavs, im ubedurebebisaTvis,
romlebmac mTeli kacobrioba moicva mas Semdeg, rac adamianebma civiliza
ciis yalb siamovnebaze gacvales pirvelyofili umankoeba. sakuTreba gan
arCevs adamianebs imiT, rom qmnis usargeblo uTanasworobas janmrTelobis,
statusisa da Zalauflebis mxriv erTi saxelmwifos moqalaqeebsa da Tan
daTanobiT _ saxelmwifoebs Soris:
pirveli adamiani, romelmac SemoRoba miwis nakveTi, gonebaSi Caibe
Wda, rom ès misia~ da ipova adamianebi, romlebic imdenad sulelebi
aRmoCndnen, rom es daijeres, iyo samoqalaqo sazogadoebis WeSmari
ti fuZemdebeli. ramden danaSauls, oms, mkvlelobasa da saSinelebas
ascdeboda kacobrioba, vinmes rom daeyvira: nu usmenT am matyuaras,
inanebT, Tu daiviwyebT, rom nayofi yvelasia, xolo miwa _ saerTo. 16
rusom Camoayaliba postulati, rom kerZo sakuTrebis Seqmnam safuZveli

Cauyara pirvel politikur sazogadoebas, xolo politikurma sazogadoebam,
Tavis mxriv, damatebiTi, eri-saxelmwifoebis Seqmnas. da gamomdinare iqidan,
rom TiToeuli eri-saxelmwifo meoris pirispir rCeboda, warmoiSva didi
daZabuloba, romelic Semdgom èrTa Soris omebSi, brZolebSi, mkvelobebSi
gadaizarda, ramac SeZra buneba da Searyia goneba~.17 rogorc ruso ambobs,
àdamianuri rasis dayofam sxvadasxva sazogadoebebad~ gamoiwvia is, rom
adamianebi yvelaze Rirseul saqcielad TanamoZmis mkvlelobas miiC
nevdnen. TandaTanobiT saqme iqamde mivida, rom adamianebi umiznod
xocavdnen erTmaneTs. brZolis erTi dRis ganmavlobaSi ufro meti
mkvleloba xdeboda da erTi qalaqis dapyrobas ufro meti saSineleba
mosdevda, vidre es bunebiT mdgomareobaSi mTeli saukunis ganavlo
baSi.18
rusos mosazrebam imis Sesaxeb, rom yvela borotebis saTave kerZo sa

kuTrebaa, Rrma kvali daaCnia Tanamedrove inteleqtualur istorias. im
politikur moazrovneebs Sorisac ki, romlebic uaryofen rusos Sexedule
omi
561
bas eri-saxelmwifoebis mankierebis Sesaxeb, mravlad arian isinic, romle

bic aRiareben mis zogad Teorias: àdamiani kargia, magram adamianebi erTad
_ cudebi~. am Temaze ramdenime variacia warmoiSva meoce saukuneSi. rogorc
davinaxavT, TiToeuli Zireulad gansxvavdeba meorisgan, magram yvela maT
gani iziarebs mosazrebas, rom is fataluri manki, romelsac omamde mivya
varT, unda veZeboT sazogadoebaSi da ara adamianis bunebaSi.
damnaSavea nacionalizmi: bevri Tanamedrove moazrovne amtkicebs, rom
omi imTaviTve arsebobs calkeul sazogadoebebSi damoukidebeli mTavro
bebiT. am potenciuri separatistuli tendenciis ZiriTadi gamoxatulebaa
nacionalizmi (romelsac xSirad jingoizmis an Sovinizmis saxeliTac moix
senieben, gasakuTrebiT mis radikalur gamovlinebebs). nacionalizmi, Cveu
lebriv, gulisxmobs konkretuli qveynis moqalaqeebis mier patriotul
grZnobas samSoblos mimarT. erT-erTi cnobili avtori ambobs:
yvela ers Tavisi vardisferi sarke aqvs. amgvari sarkis gansakuTreb
uli Tvisebaa gamosaxulebis momxibvlelad warmoCena: is aSorebs
naoWebs da xasiaTi da mSveneba pirdapir brwyinavs! TiToeuli eri sa
kuTar Tavs miiCnevs yvelaze marTlad... TiToeuli eri darwmunebulia
(aq sagulisxmoa temperamenti da midrekileba), rom is `RvTis rCeuli~
eria da `RviTsgan kurTxeul miwaze~ cxovrobs.19
gasakviri ar aris, rom nacionalizms kerpTTayvanismcemlobas uwodeben.

miuxedavad imisa, rom is erTi sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris aZlierebs kavSirs,
erTobasa da TviTSewirvas, Tavad sazogadoebebs Soris, pirdapir Tu iribad,
militarizmis, qsenofobiisa da ormxrivi undoblobis safuZveli xdeba.
SesaZlebelia nacionalizmiT manipulireba ise, rom man mxari dauWiros
agresiul politikas, xolo omi, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes
nacionalizmis gasaZliereblad. urTierTkavSiri nacionalizmsa da oms So
ris imdenad meryevi da cvalebadia, rom bevri internacionalisti (Teo
retikosebis is nawili, romlebic mxars uWeren qveynebs Soris mSvidobasa da
TanamSromlobas xelisuflebaTa aqtiuri TanamSromlobis gziT msoflio
organizaciismagvar struqturaSi) nacionalizms msoflios xalxebs Soris
mSvidobis miRwevis mTavar dabrkolebad miiCnevs.
imdenad, ramdenadac nacionalizmi xelovnuri gatacebaa, anu ufro so
cialurad aris ganpirobebuli, vidre Tandayolilia, omebis gaCaRebaSi
damnaSavea politikuri sazogadoeba. amgvarma msjelobam misca stimuli
idealistTa erT, meocnebe nawils da maT ukiduresad (kritikosebis azriT
`briyvul~) martiv formulas miagnes: movspoT eri-saxelmwifoebi, maTTan
erTad _ nacionalizmi, nacionalizmTan erTad ki omebic moispoba. meore
nawili ufro praqtikul gamosavals xedavs _ eri-saxelmwifoebis gauqmebis
nacvlad, saWiroa maTi `koreqtireba~.
vilsoni da kanti: damnaSavea tirania. bevri eqsperti Tanamedrove kon
fliqtebis umTavres wyarod nacionalizms miiCnevs, xolo meore nawili
meoce saukunis ori damangreveli omis gaCaRebaSi despotizms adanaSaulebs.
562
prezidenti vudrou vilsoni iyo pirveli, romelmac win wamoswia es cneba

da faqtobrivad Seecada, am fundamentur pricnipebze samyaros axali mod
eli aego. pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg vilsoni Seecada gaexangrZlivebina
mSvidoba msoflioSi qartiis meSveobiT, romelic ToTxmeti principisgan
Sedgeboda. igi imedovnebda, rom am principebis dacva SesaZlebels gaxdida
msoflios mSvidobiani gziT marTvas. mis mier SemoTavazebuli msoflios ax
ali sistemis qvakuTxedia erovnuli TviTgamorkvevis ufleba anu adamian
ebis ufleba, airCion sasurveli mTavroba. vilsonis azriT TviTgamorkvevis
ufleba gaxdeboda demokratiis safuZveli, romelic, bunebrivia, mSvidobis
damkvidrebis ukeTesi saSualebaa, vidre diqtatura.
magram ratom unda gauCndeT demokratiul saxlemwifoebs omis sur
vili diqtatorul saxelmwifoebze naklebad? meTvramete saukunis ger
manelma filosofosma emanuil kantma (1724-1804) pirvelma axsna es movlena,
ramac didi gavlena iqonia vilsonze (rogorc erT-erTma kompetenturma
pirma aRniSna, `vilsonma patiosnad gadmoitana kantis maradiuli mSvido
bis ideebi Tavis ToTxmet principSi~20). kantis naSromis mixedviT imisaT
vis, raTa saxelmwifoebma SeinarCunon siZliere, saWiroa ganaviTaron ga
naTleba, komercia da samoqalaqo Tavisufleba. ganaTlebas, kantis azriT,
moaqvs saerTo ganmanaTlebloba, xolo komercia saSualebas aZlevs qveyanas
moipovos ekonomikuri damoukidebloba, xolo es ori faqtori safuZvels
uyris mSvidobas. rac yvelaze mTavaria, farTo politikuri Tavisuflebis
pirobebSi, moqalaqeebi ufro kompetenturebi gaxdebian sazogadoebriv
sakiTxebSi. radganac Tavisufleba yvelaze ufro respublikur wyobaSi mi
iRweva, amgvari xelisufleba bunebiT ufro mSvidobismoyvarea. mizezi mar
tivia: respublikaSi, monarqiisa da aristokratiuli saxelmwifoebisagan
gansxvavebiT, gadawyvetilebas omis warmoebis Taobaze iReben is adamianebi,
romlebmac Tavadac unda ibrZolon. rogorc kanti ambobs:
respublikis konstitucia axalisebs mSvidobismoyvare saqciels Sem
degi mizeziT: Tu omis dawyebisTvis saWiroa im adamianebis Tanxmoba,
romlebmac sakuTar Tavze unda gamoscadon omis mTeli saSineleba,
Zalian Zneli dasajerebelia, rom isini xalisiT daTanxmdebian am
binZur TamaSSi monawileobaze. amgvari saxelmwifoebisagan gansxvave
biT qveynebi, romelTa mTavari sagani ar aris moqalaqe, Zalze iolad
iwyeben oms, rogorc gasarTobs da amisTvis maT seriozuli mizezi ar
sWirdebaT.21
kantma iwinaswarmetyvela msoflio sistemis ufro mSvidobiani model

is damkvidrebis myari, Tumca SeumCneveli, evoluciuri procesi, rodesac
mTavrobebi gaiTvaliswineben adamianTa umravlesobis azrs. kanti fiqrob
da, rom omi TandaTanobiT istoriis kuTvnileba gaxdeboda.
kantis mier aRmoCenili kavSiri respublikanizmsa da mSvidobas Soris
vilsonis politikuri kredo gaxda. orive, kanti da vilsoni, miiCnevda, rom
eri-saxelmwifoebis Seqmna aris msoflioSi omebis Tavidan acilebis erTad
erTi gza. ufro konkretulad rom vTqvaT, orive miiswrafvoda demokratiis,
omi
563
amerikis prezidenti vudro vilsoni, romelsac didi pativiT Sexvdnen did

britaneTSi pirveli msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg, imedovnebda, rom
msoflios `demokratiisTvis usafrTxo adgilad~ aqcevda, magram misi erovnu
li TviTgamorkvevis Teoria warumatebeli aRmoCnda da ver SeZlo erebs Soris
omis SeCereba.
ganaTlebisa da Tavisufali vaWrobis globaluri gavrcelebisken mSvido

bis miRwevisa da SenarCunebis mizniT. vilsoni gansakuTrebiT did mniSnvn
elobas aniWebda rigiTi moqalaqis zneobasa da saR azrs. igi darwmunda, rom
erovnuli TviTgamorkvevis ideali aris kacobriobis politikuri xsnis Tavi
da Tavi. mas agreTve sjeroda, rom msoflios xalxebi liberalur demokra
tiasa da mSvidobas arCevdnen, alternatiuli mTavrobis arCevis saSualeba
rom hqonodaT. da bolos, vilsoni fiqrobda, rom Tu demokratiuli insti
tutebi iarsebebda yvela qveyanaSi maSin, rogorc calkeuli qveynis, aseve,
zogadad, msoflio sazogadoebrivi azris zneobrivi Zala xels SeuSlida
SeiaraRebul agresias.
lenini: damnaSavea kapitalizmi. im adamianebs Soris, romlebic ar eTanx
mebodnen ideas, rom mSvidoba emyareboda ufro meti demokratiuli saxelm
wifos Seqmnasa da diqtaturis aRmofxvras, gaxldaT vilsonis aranakleb
cnobili Tanamedrove, rusuli revoluciis sulisCamdgmeli da yofili
sabWoTa kavSiris pirveli mmarTveli v.i. lenini (1870-1924). lenini gaaf
TrebiT ewinaaRmdegeboda im burJuaziuli demokratiis ideas, romelsac
TavgamodebiT icavda vilsoni. miuxedavad imisa, rom orive maTgani iwonebda
erovnuli TviTgamorkvevis ideas, maTi interpretaciebi am cnebis Sesaxeb
gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisgan. vilsoni amtkicebda, rom nebismieri eri ar
Cevda demokratias, Tuki arCevanis SesaZlebloba eqneboda demokratiasa da
sxva romelime sistemas Soris. misgan gansxvavebiT, lenini amtkicebda, rom
564
kapitalizmsa da komunizms Soris arCevanis SemTxvevaSi, is aucileblad

komunizmis sasargeblod gadawydeboda. leninisaTvis politikis primati
cxadi iyo. leninis, rogorc karl marqsis mimdevaris, azriT, omi mxolod da
mxolod kapitalistebis interesebs emsaxureboda.
Tavis mniSvnelovan naSromSi ìmperializmi: kapitalizmis umaRlesi
safexuri~, leninma kidev ufro gaaRrmava marqsis mosazreba imis Sesaxeb,
rom dasavluri imperializmi anu gviandeli mecxramete saukunis qiSpi
koloniebisaTvis, udavod miuTiTebda kapitalizmis gadaSenebaze. leninis
azriT, imperializmi iyo im daundobeli brZolebis logikuri gagrZeleba,
rac axasiaTebs monopoliur kapitalizms. misive mosazrebiT, kapitaliste
bi yovelTvis Seecdebodnen ucxo qveynebis bazrebis dapyrobas, rac maT sa
Sualebas miscemda, ganexorcielebinaT sarfiani investiciebi an gaeyidaT
saqoneli. amgvarad, monopolisti kapitalistebi sakuTari finansuri Za
lauflebisa da misi Tanmdevi politikuri gavlenis meSveobiT cdilobdnen
omSi CaeTriaT sazogadoeba sakuTari finansuri sargeblis gazrdis mizniT.
leninis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT:
rodesac afrikaSi evropuli koloniebi teritoriis mxolod erT
meaTeds moicavda (rogorc es 1976 wels iyo), koloniurma politi
kam, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, ganviTareba teritoriebis `Tavisufali
mitacebis~ meTodiT SeZlo, magram rodesac afrikis cxra meaTedi mi
tacebul iqna (daaxloebiT 1900 wlisTvis) da moxda mTeli msoflios
danawileba, amas mohyva koloniuri monopoliis periodi, ramac, Tavis
mxriv, gamoiwvia gansakuTrebiT mwvave brZola msoflios ganawilebis
an gadanawilebisaTvis.22
SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom leninis azriT, omi sarfiani saqmea kapitaliste

bisTvis da amitom cdiloben isini omis xelSewyoba sakuTar saqmed aqcion.
omis gamomwvevi mizezebis leniniseuli analizi Zalze Sors dgas vil
sonis Teoriisagan imis Sesaxeb, rom tiranias aucileblad mivyavarT saer
TaSoriso konfliqtebamde. da mainc, es ori mosazreba erTmaneTs ZiriTad
sakiTxSi emTxveva: orive, vilsonic da leninic amtkicebdnen, rom eri-sax
elmwifoebi, ufro sworad konkretuli defeqtis mqone eri-saxelmwifoebi,
iwveven omebs. es ori lideri erTmaneTis Tanamedroveebi da amavdroulad
metoqeebic iyvnen. isini ideologiuri wyalgamyofis sapirispiro mxares
idgnen, magram, rusos msgavsad, orive fiqrobda, rom sazogadoebis manki
erebis aRmofxvris SemTxvevaSi, msoflioSi samudamo mSvidoba daisadgureb
da. es manki vilsonisTvis mTavrobis konkretuli tipi iyo, xolo leninisT
vis _ ekonomikis tipi. orive SemTxvevaSi gadamwyveti sakiTxia cvlileba:
Secvale agresiuli eri-saxelmwifoebi da adamianebi simSvidesa da harmo
niaSi icxovreben.
garemo
TeoretikosTa erTi nawili miiCnevs, rom omebi gamowveulia deficitiTa
omi
565
da daucvelobiT, rac dakavSirebulia iseT `bunebriv mtaceblebTan~, ro

goricaa sicive, SimSili, daavadebebi, qariSxlebi da a.S. es mosazreba filo
sofos jon lokis (1632-1704) ideebs emTxveva.
lokis Sexeduleba. traqtatSi samoqalaqo mTavrobis Sesaxeb (1690) loki
amtkicebda, rom omebi aris bunebis kanonebis gamoZaxili da ara adamianis
bunebisa an sazogadoebis defeqtebisa. martivad rom vTqvaT, garemo piro
bebi, romelsac adamiani ver akontrolebs, xSirad ayenebs adamians sikvdilsicocxlis sakiTxis pirispir da amitom, konfliqtebic gardauvalia. misi
winamorbedi hobsis msgavsad, lokic ar xuWavda Tvals adamianis bunebis mank
ierebebze. adamianis bunebis Seswavlam loki im azramde miiyvana, rasac hobsic
emxroboda _ anu TviTgadarCena adamianis ZiriTadi instinqtia. TumcaRa, am
sakiTxze am ori moazrovnis msjeloba erTmaneTs ar emTxveva. erT-erTi kom
petenturi piris sityvebiT:
lokis mier danaxuli bunebiTi mdgomareoba ar aris iseTi sastiki, ro
goric es hobs warmoedgina. Tu Zalis gamoyeneba uflebis gareSe Cveu
lebrivi movlenaa lokiseul bunebiT mdgomareobaSi, es imitom ar xdeba,
rom adamianebis umetesoba borotmoqmedi, veluri an sisxlismsmelia;
hobsisgan gansxvavebiT loki ar fiqrobs, rom TiToeuli adamiani erT
maneTis potenciuri mkvlelia. sicocxlisaTvis ZiriTadi safrTxe
bunebiT mdgomareobaSi aris ara mkvlelis tendenciebi adamianebSi, ar
amed is siRatake da gaWirveba, rac axasiaTebs am mdgomareobas.23
loks swamda, rom siRatake da gaWirveba gardauvalia bunebiT

dgomareobaSi, radgan, misi azriT, didi Zalixmevaa saWiro yoveldRiuri
m
sarCos mosapoveblad. am pirobebSi ki, Cveni qoneba unda davicvaT im mezo
blebisgan, romlebic iswrafvian misi dapatronebisken da im adamianebisgan,
romlebsac SiaT da Raribebi arian. amgvarad, loki problemas ufro mwir
resursebSi (sakvebi, miwa da a.S) xedavda, vidre Sinagan bunebriv xasiaTze.
lokis Sexedulebebi adamianebze, sazogadoebasa da bunebaze mWidrod aris
dakavSirebuli omisa da mSvidobis sakiTxebTan. Tu omis warmoSobis mizezebi
unda veZeboT adamianebSi, rogorc es hobs sjeroda, maSin misi aRmofxvris
erTaderTi saSualebaa Sinagani meobis Secvla. xolo, Tu problema unda ve
ZeboT sazogadoebaSi, rogorc ruso da lenini Tvlidnen, maSin gamosavali
mdgomareobs sazogadoebis (an saxelmwifos) imgvarad gadawyobaSi, rom aR
moifxvras agresiuli qcevis gamomwvevi faqtorebi. magram, Tu problemaa ara
adamiani an sazogadoeba, aramed bunebaa, maSin erTaderT gamosavlad bunebis
gardaqmnaRa rCeba.
sainteresoa is faqti, rom bunebis transformacia iyo zustad is gza,
romelsac loki Sida sazogadoebaSi konfliqtis aRmofxvris instrumen
tad miiCnevda. misi azriT, samoqalaqo xelisuflebam unda izrunos iseTi
pirobebis damkvidrebaze, romlebic xels Seuwyobs ekonomikur ganviTa
rebas. ekonomikuri ganviTarebis meSveobiT mniSvnelovnad Sesustdeba
socialuri daZabulobis ZiriTadi mizezi _ adamianis mdgomareobis bune
566
brivi `gaWirveba~. amave dros, Tu bunebis cvalebadobas Caenacvleba orga

nizebuli sazogadoebis oficialuri wesebi, mniSvnelovnad Semcirdeba imis
saWiroeba, rom adamianebma mudmivad akontrolon erTmaneTi. amgvarad, ada
mianebi SeZlebdnen sabolood daetovebinaT bunebiTi mdgomareoba, mTeli
Tavisi anarqiiTa da safrTxeebiT.
bunebiTi mdgomareobidan gamosvlis Semdeg, adamianebma aRmoaCines, rom
bedis ironiiT Seabijes sxva _ saerTaSoriso politikis sastik samyaroSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom loks ar mourgia politikis Sesaxeb sakuTari Teoria
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisaTvis, misi msjeloba srulad miesadageba am
sakiTxs. mTavrobis `gamogonebamde~ adamianebi cxovrobdnen Sida anarqi
aSi. amgvaradve, efeqtiani msoflio xelisuflebis ararsebobis pirobebSi
saxelmwifoebi arseboben saerTaSoriso anarqiaSi. am gagebiT, eri-saxelmwi
foebs Soris arsebuli damokidebuleba mcirediT gansxvavdeba im damokide
bulebisagan, romelic arsebobda adamianebs Soris samoqalaqo sazogadoe
bis Camoyalibebamde. saerTaSoriso bunebiTi mdgomareoba, iseve, rogorc
Tavdapirveli bunebrivi mdgomaroba, mudmivad imyofeba potenciur saomar
viTarebaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, TiToeuli eri-saxelmwifo sakuTari Tavis
gadarCenis mizniT moqmedebs mtrul garemoSi, swored ise, rogorc TiToeu
li adamiani moiqceoda bunebiT mdgomareobaSi.
omis yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli da Zvirfasi nadavli teritoriaa da
istoriidan gamomdinare, swored axali teritoriebisa da miwebis, lokis
mixedviT qonebis, dapatronebis gamo xdeba omebis umetesi nawili. gaix
seneT, mecxramete saukunis bolos evropis saxelmwifoebis brZolas axali
koloniebisaTvis lenini axali bazrebis, iafi muSaxelisa da nedleulis
dapatronebis survils miawerda. mniSvnelovania leninis mosazreba imis
Sesaxeb, rom kapitalis (fuli da qoneba) dagrovebisadmi midrekileba,
romelsac lokic aRwerda, pirdapir ukavSirdeba imperializmis fenomens,
rac, rogorc man iwinaswarmetyvela, msoflios omamde miiyvanda. lenini
Tundac aWarbebdes kapitalizmis winaaRmdeg sakuTari mosazrebis gamoTqmi
sas, erTi ram cxadia: teritoriuloba yovelTvis ukavSirdeboda da kvlavac
daukavSirdeba oms.
loki im dros moRvaweobda, rodesac jer kidev mravlad iyo evropelebis
mier daupatronebeli da auTvisebeli teritoria. igi aRniSnavda, rom ada
mianebi harmoniulad icxovobdnen, Tu romelime maTgani ar moindomebda sx
vebis daCagvras. am faqtebs mivyavarT im azramde, rom mosaxleobis zrdas
Tan erTad gaizarda moTxovna resursebze, xolo, siRatakis zRvris sakiTxi
ufro da ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba. loki amtkicebs, rom preistoriul ada
mians safrTxe eqmneboda bunebrivi resursebis amowurviT. warmoidgineT,
ramdenad gaZlierda es safrTxe droTa ganmavlobaSi.
bunebrivi resursebis simwire: malTusis koSmari. bevrma Tanamedrove av
torma ganavrco lokis mier wamoweuli bunebrivi resursebis simwiris Tema. am
Temas Tomas malTusic (1766-1834) Seexo Tavis cnobil naSromSi _ `gamocdile
ba xalxTmosaxleobis kanonis Sesaxeb~ (1780). riCard folkma (1972), magali
Tad, gansazRvra `planetaruli safrTxis oTxi ganzomileba~: òmis sistema~,
omi
567
`mosaxleobis zrda~, `mwiri resursebi~ da `garemos gadatvirTva~.24 safrTxis

es oTxi ganzomileba, folkis mixedviT, erTi problemis erTmaneTTan dakav
Sirebuli aspeqtebia da aqedan gamomdinare, erTad unda ganvixiloT.
saerTaSoriso konfliqtis mizezebTan dakavSirebiT folkis mosazre
bebi Seesabameba politikis lokiseul gagebas:
...saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba, rasakvirvelia, aris omis sistemis
ukiduresi magaliTi. konfliqtebi erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli.
sasicocxlo interesebi mudmivad riskis qveSaa. Zalauflebisa da
resursebis uTanasworoba ubiZgebs saxelmwifoebs daepatronon mezo
beli saxelmwifoebis kuTvnilebas.25
swored ise, rogorc adamianebi arian daucveli sxvebis Zaladobisgan

bunebiT mdgomareobaSi, mtacebeli eri-saxelmwifoebi safrTxes uqmnian
sxva er-saxelmwifoebs. amitom, istoriis ganmavlobaSi, rogorc folki
amtkicebs, is garemoebebi, romlebic ar emorCilebian konkretuli eri-sax
elmwifoebis kontrols, aiZulebs maT, ganixilon sakuTari usafrTxoeba
mezobeli saxelmwifoebis saWiroebebis pirdapirpropociulad. aqedan
gamomdinare, miuxedavad im uprecendento ngrevisa, rac pirvel da meore
msoflio omebs mohyva, `mravali nabiji gadaidga, da xSirad warmatebiTac,
omis barbarosobis xarisxis Sesamcireblad, magram faqtobrivad araferi
gakeTebula omis warmomSobi faqtorebis aRmosafxvrelad~.26 konkretulad
romel faqtorebzea laparaki? profesori folki amtkicebs, rom sakvebisa
da wylis maragis xelmisawvdomoba pirdapir kavSirSia uZveles omebTan, rac
kvlavac aqtualur sakiTxad rCeba Tanamedrove omebTan mimarTebaSi:
dRevandeli, masobrivi SimSilis viTarebaSi unda gaviTvaliswinoT
uZvelesi kavSiri, rac arsebobs omebsa da sakvebis maragis kontrols
Soris, iseve, rogorc saukuneobrivi gamocdileba, romelic gulisx
mobs samxedro ZaliT privilegirebuli politikuri da ekonomikuri
mdgomareobis dacvas.27
sakvebisa da wylis maragze ufro mniSvnelovani, folkis azriT, aris

mosaxleobis demografiuli afeTqebis kontrolis aucilebloba. bevr Sem
TxvevaSi mosaxleobis zrda planetaruli mniSvnelobisaa. gasagebia, rom
msoflioSi arc erTi saxelmwifo, miuxedavad imisa, ramdenad Zlevamosilia
igi, ar grZnobs Tavs bolomde daculad Cveni drois amgvari problemebisa
gan. 1973 wlis navTobis krizisi kidev erTxel gvaxsenebs, rom yvelaze mdi
dari da Zlevamosili qveynebic ki SeiZleba daucvelebi gaxdnen. SezRudu
lia da araproporciulad ganawilebuli ara mxolod navTobi, aramed iseTi
nedleulic, rogoricaa alumini, spilenZi da TuTia. amave dros, msoflios
yvelaze Raribi qveynebi yvelaze mniSvnelovani nedleulis _ sakvebis _
deficits ganicdian.
568
omis Teoriebi: kritika

winamdebare TavSi ganxiluli sami ZiriTadi mosazreba omis ZiriTadi
mizezebis Sesaxeb eyrdnoba dasavleTis politikuri filosofiis funda
mentur principebs _ adamianis, sazogadoebisa da bunebis triadas. samive
Teoria garkveulwilad gamarTlebulia. erTad aRebuli, es Teoriebi xsnis
omis warmoSobis ZiriTad mizezebs. calke an erTad aRebuli es Teoriebi ki
xsnis, ratom daiwyo konkretuli omebi. maSinac ki, rodesac omi izolire
bulad mimdinareobs, omis gamomwvevi mizezebi kompleqsuria da Znelia maTi
gamoyeneba sxva SemTxvevebis asaxsnelad. magaliTad, rodesac, savaraudod,
egoisturi da Zaladobisaken midrekili adamianuri buneba aris is faqto
ri, romelic ubiZgebs saxelmwifoTa liderebs awarmoon omi, yvela lideri
ar aris egoisti an moZalade. ufro metic, yvela lideri erTnairad rodi
eqvemdebareba sakuTari xalxis politikur da sakanonmdeblo SezRudvebs,
an oponentebis samxedro SesaZleblobebs. aseve, isini erTnairad ar aRiq
vamen saSiSroebebsa da riskebs. rac Seexeba eri-saxelmwifoebs, Cans, rom,
sxvadasxva maxasiaTeblebi maT omisken an piriqiT, mSvidobisken midrekil
saxelmwifoebad aqcevs. magram ar aris gansazRvruli, konkretulad romeli
maxasiaTeblebi aris dakavSirebuli omis warmoebis tendenciasTan. da bo
los, maSin, rodesac sakvebisa da sxva resursebis simcire zog saxelmwifos
konfliqtisaken ubiZgebs, es faqtori xSirad iwvevs sapirispiro reaqcias:
daxmarebisa da TanamSromlobis Zlieri survilis saxiT.
ar arsebobs erTi konkretuli ganmarteba, romelic adekvaturad xsnis
yvela omis gamomwvev mizezebs. problemis gamartiveba ufro abrkolebs pa
suxis moZiebis process. idealizmi da sxvadasxva religiuri mrwamsi imeds
aZlevs omisgan gadaqancul msoflios, magram es imedi mainc uadgiloa.
politikis miRma
mizanSewonilia vivaraudoT, rom Tu yvela Tanasworia, is saxelmwifoe
bi, romlebic amJRavneben nacionalizms, ufro midrekilebi arian omebisak
en, vidre politikurad apaTiuri saxlmwifoebi, magram yvela iSviaTad aris
Tanaswori. rasakvirvelia, erovnul saxelmwiofebriobasTan dakavSirebuli
axsna ùZluria omis SemTxvevebis axsnaSi~.28
magram ra vuyoT vilsoniseul mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom demokrati
uli qveynebi bunebiT mSvidobianebi arian, xolo tirania Tanamedrove sa
myaroSi omis gaCaRebis uTavresi mizezia? mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi bevr
ma moazrovnem gausva xazi damokidebulebas diqtatorul da omismosurne an
agresul qmedebas Soris. magaliTad, aristotele fiqrobda, rom `tiranebi
omis Semoqmedni arian~. isini sakuTar xalxs omisken ubiZgebdnen im ganzrax
viT, rom `TavianTi daqvemdebarebulebi mudam dakavebulebi yofiliyvnen da
yovelTvis dasWirvebodaT lideri.~29 zogi Tanamedrove avtori, rogori
caa hana arendti, amtkicebda, rom totalitaruli xelisufleba imTaviTve
agresiulia.30 meoce saukunis ori mniSvnelovani konfliqti (meore msoflio
omi
569
omi da koreis omi) wamoiwyes totalitarma diqtatorebma. aseve, stalinma

1930-ian wlebSi, hitlerma _ 1940-ian wlebSi, maom 1950-iani wlebis dasawy
isSi da pol potma 1975-1979 wlebSi, gaaCaRes omi sakuTar qveynebSi sisxlis
Rvrisa da masobrivi mkvlelobebis saxiT. saxelmwifo qmedebis ukiduresad
sisxliani es epizodebi adasturebs im faqts, rom totalitari mmarTvelebi
midrekilni arian Zaladobisaken.
arsebobs sxva mosazrebebi, romlebic erTmaneTTan akavSirebs diqtatu
rasa da organizebul Zaladobas. diqtatorebi srulad akontroleben
SeiaraRebul Zalebs, policiasa da propagandis saSualebebs. xSirad isini
omis gmirebi arian, romlebmac samxedro gamarjvebebiT gaikafes gza Zalau
flebisken. es warmatebuli jariskacebi, romlebmac xelSi Caigdes marTvis
sadaveebi, iSviaTad amboben uars Zalis gamoyenebaze. amgvari mmarTvelebi
sTvis omi saerTo saxalxo gadaxvevaa yveldRiuri cxovrebis rutinisgan da
xSirad sxva maxres mimarTavs dagubebul Sida mtrobas, romelic, sxva Sem
TxvevaSi, diqtatorisken iqneboda mimarTuli. oms SeuZlia xeli Seuwyos
sazogadoebis gamTlianebas, disidentebze mitanil ieriSs da bolos, is Sei
Zleba diqtatorma gamoiyenos stagnaciis mdgomareobaSi myofi ekonomikis
gasajansaReblad an `miZinebuli~ moqalaqeobis gamosacocxleblad.
ramdenad misaRebic unda iyos es Sexedulebebi, isini mainc ar amtkiceben
sabolood, rom oms yovelTvis despotizmi an araproporciuloba iwvevs.
erT-erTi problema isaa, rom amgvari analizis yvela SemTxvevaze morgeba
martivi ar aris. gavixsenoT Tundac vietnamis omis magaliTi. kenedis, jon
sonisa da niqsonis administraciebi omis gaCaRebis mizezad komunistebis
agresias asaxelebdnen. Tumca, samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi aSS-is sagareo
politikiT ukmayofiloebi brals SeerTebuli Statebis provokaciul an
gauTvlel qmedebebs xdebodnen. amgvarad, gamomdinare iqidan, romeli faq
tori migvaCnia ufro myarad, vietnamis omi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc
imis magaliTi, rom diqtatura ufro midrekilia omisken, vidre demokra
tiuli reJimi an kidev demokratiul qveynebs diqtatorulze aranaklebad
SeuZliaT mimarTon militarizms.
saerTod, warmomadgenlobiTma demokratiulma qveynebmac ver miaRwies
TvalsaCino warmatebas, Tavidan aecilebinaT omi. magaliTad, me-20 saukune
Si, indoeTma, msoflios udidesma demokratiulma qveyanam, ramdenime sisx
lismRvreli omi gadaitana pakistanis winaaRmdeg. arc SeerTebuli Statebis
xelisufleba mdgara ganze: misma samxedroebma 1991 wels erayis winaaRmdeg
saomari moqmedebebi wamoiwyes. demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi yovelTvis ar
yofilan aramosurne monawileebi omSi. SeerTebuli Statebi arc ki cdila
Tavidan aeridebina espanur-amerikuli omi 1898 wels. garda amisa, Znelia
Tvali davxuWoT 1914 wlis meqsikis revoluciaSi amerikis Carevis faqtze,
rodesac (arc meti, arc naklebi) swored prezident vilsonis brZanebiT
amerikelma sazRvao qveiTebma alya Semoartyes navsadgur verakuzs, xolo
Semdeg sadamsjelo razmi gaemgzavra meqsikaSi panCo vilas [meqsikis revo
luciis (1910-1917) erT-erTi lideri _ mTargmn. Sen.] Zalebis winaaRmdeg.
garda amisa, saxelmwifoTa Soris konfliqtebis raodenobrivi analizi
ar adasturebs daskvnas imis Taobaze, rom viTomcda demokratiuli qveynebi
570
omisken naklebad midrekilni arian, vidre avtoritaruli an totalita

ruli saxelmwifoebi.31 faqtobrivad, demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi iseTive
sixSiriT ebmebian saomar moqmedebebSi, rogorc sxva tipis saxelmwifoebi.
zogi mtkicebuleba xels uwyobs im mosazrebas, rom demokratiuli qveynebi
SeiZleba ufro iSviaTad iwyeben oms, magram ufro xSirad uerTdebian maT.32
Tumca, erTi mxriv, kant-vilsoniseuli omis prodasavluri da antidiqta
toruli mosazrebebi marTalia: demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi Zalian iS
viaTad (an arasodes) eomebian erTmaneTs (ix. cxrili 16-1).33 WeSmaritad de
mokratiul qveynebs Soris ukve saukune-naxevaria ar yofila omi.34
aRiareba imisa, rom demokratiuli qveynebi ufro xSirad eomebian sxva
arademokratiul saxelmwifoebs da ara erTimeores, aris demokratiuli
mSvidobis paradoqsi. erT-erTi, mravalmxrivi axsnis Tanaxmad:
demokratiul qveynebSi omis molodini da masTan dakavSirebuli sa
SiSroebebi umetes SemTxvevaSi Semcirebulia am qveynebis saerTo
politikuri kulturiT, ormxrivi identobiTa da simpaTiiT, zogadad,
adamianebsa da elitarul wreebs Soris arsebuli mWidro kavSirebiT,
am qveynebis interesTa jgufebis unariT, romelic maT saSualebas
aZlevs, Camoayalibon transnacionaluri koaliciebi, ufro xSiri ko
munikaciebiTa da ufro pozitiuri ormxrivi aRqmiT.35
urTierTTanmxvedri saxelmwifoebrivi aRqmis sakiTxi SeiZleba gansa

kuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyos. gaiTvaliswineT, rom demokratiul qveynebSi
mTavrobis Zalaufleba ufro danawevrebuli da SezRudulia, politikuri
liderebi ufro midrekilebi arian kompromisisken, rodesac saqme kon
frontacias exeba da konstituciur demokratiul qveynebSi pativs scemen
TiToeuli moqalaqis uflebas. yvela es faqtori xels uwyobs politikuri
davis mSvidobiani gziT mogvarebas demokratiul qveynebSi. demokratiuli
qveynebi ar uqmnian safrTxes erTmaneTs, rac mWidrod ukavSirdeba saerTo
faseulobebisa da interesebis aRqmas. es mniSvnelovnad amcirebs imis alba
Tobas, rom sxvadasxva saxis politikuri Zala monawileobdes iseT krizisSi,
romelic oms gamoiwvevs.
aqedan gamomdinare, rodesac demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi ebmebian
omSi, isini arademokratiuli saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg ibrZvian, rac imas
niSnavs, rom politikuri gansxvavebis (an daSorebis) xarisxi mTavrobebs
Soris, iseve, rogorc ekonomikuri da kulturuli gansxvavebebi, SesaZloa
mniSvnelovani iyos.36 amgvari monacemebi amyarebdnen vudro vilsonis daskv
nas imis Sesaxeb, rom diqtatoruli reJimi demokratiuli wyobis dauZinebe
li mteria, agreTve, mxars uWers leninis mosazrebas kapitalisturi da ko
munisturi reJimebis SeuTavseblobis Sesaxeb. laTinuri amerikis qveynebis
politikis Sesaxeb Catarebulma erT-erTma kvlevam cxadyo, rom `rac ufro
msgavsia ori qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTareba, politikuri orientacia,
kultura da sarwmunoeba, ufro Sewyobilia maT mier micemuli xmebi gaero
Si kenWisyrebSi~ da naklebsavaraudoa maT Soris konfliqtis gaCaReba. imave
logikiT, `rac ufro gansxvavebulia ori qveyana ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa
omi
571
da sididis TvalsazrisiT, miT ufro didia maT Soris konfliqtis arsebobis

albaToba.~37
cxrili 16.1
omebi, 1816-1991
omis tipebi
demokratiebi demokratiebis winaaRmdeg
demokratiebi arademokratiebis winaaRmdeg
arademokratiebi arademokratiebis winaaRmdeg
sul
raodenoba*
0
155
198
353
* ganisazRvreba im samxedro qmedebaTa safuZvelze, romlis drosac aranakleb 1000

adamiani daiRupa.
wyaro: Haiku Institut of Peace Research, (October 20, 1991) Tavi 18, 473.
ekonomikis miRma
Tu politika mxolod nawilobriv da bundovnad xsnis konfliqtis arss,
eninis Teoria imis Sesaxeb, rom omi gamowveulia ekonomikuri faqtore
l
biT, kerZod ki kapitalizmiT, kidev ufro bundovania. mniSvnelovania erTi
faqti: omi win uswrebda rogorc kapitalizms, aseve imperializms, rac imaze
miuTiTebs, rom kapitalizmi ar aris omis gamomwvevi erTaderTi mizezi.38
ufro metic, ar arsebobs istoriuli mtkicebuleba, romelic mxars uWers
leninis mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom kapitalisturi saxelmwifoebi gansa
kuTrebiT midrekilni arian omisa da konfliqtisaken. miuxedavad imisa, rom
zogi omis dakavSireba SesaZlebelia saxelmwifos ekonomikur interesebT
an, es axsna yvela SemTxvevaSi ar gamodgeba39. garda amisa, damokidebuleba
kapitalizmsa da imperializms Soris bolomde naTlad gansazRvruli araa.
kapitalisturi qveynebis nawili misdevs imperialistur praqtikas da omSic
miuRia monawileoba, magram arsebobs gamonaklisebi, magaliTad, SvedeTi da
Sveicaria. leninis ekonomikuri Teoria Znelad Tu xsnis amgvar gansxvavebas
an imas, ratom amJRavnebs socialisturi qveynebis nawili midrekilebas Sei
araRebuli agresiisadmi. rogorc erT-erTi mkvlevari ambobs:
sabWoTa kavSirma daipyro baltiispireTis qveynebi (1939), fineTi
(1939), ungreTi (1956), Cexoslovakia (1968) da avRaneTi (1979), CineT
ma Seteva miitana tibetze (1956), indoeTsa (1962) da vietnamze (1979);
vietnamma Seutia kambojas (1975), sabWoTa kavSiri da CineTi erTmaneTs
daupirispirdnen ogadenis irgvliv (1977). 1945-1967 wlebSi momxdari
69 saerTaSoriso konfliqtidan, socialisturma qveynebma monawil
eoba miiRes TxuTmet maTganSi, rac daaxloebiT 25 procents Seadgens.
572
unda gavixsenoT isic, rom msoflios qveynebis mxolod 15 procents

hqonda socialisturi ekonomika.40
yvelaferi zemoTqmuli ar niSnavs, rom ekonomikuri sistemebi ar aris da

kavSirebuli omebTan. magaliTad, sparseTis yuris omi, romelSic monawil
eobda koalicia aSS-is meTaurobiT, gamowveuli iyo ekonomikuri motivebiT,
kerZod, arabeTis uSvelebeli sanavTobe sabadoebisa da axlo aRmosavle
Tis, aziisa da CrdiloeT amerikis evropasTan damakavSirebeli sasicocxlo
arxebis sadam huseinis kontrolisgan dasacavad. magram mxolod ekonomi
kuri motivebi araa sakmarisi omis gasaCaReblad. imis dasadastureblad,
rom ekonomikuri sistemis erTi konkretuli tipi, qveynis ekonomikuri gan
viTarebis romelime faza an zogadad ekonomika gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs
omis gaCaRebaSi, argumentebi Zalian mwiria. rodesac akademiuri kvlevebi
ekonomikas erT-erT mizezad miiCnevs, isini ZiriTadad mxolod omebisa da
ekonomikis urTierTkavSiris statistikas eyrdnoba, romelic, rogorc yve
la mecnierisTvis cnobilia, ar adasturebs mizez-Sedegobriobas.
meore msoflio omidan moyolebuli, omebi ganviTarebadi qveynebis ter
itoriebze xdeba. xom ar migvaniSnebs es imaze, rom ekonomikurad naklebad
ganviTarebuli qveynebi ufro midrekilni arian omisken? ara yovelTvis,
radgan xSir SemTxvevaSi es omebi provocirebulia ganviTarebuli mrewvelo
bis mqone qveynebis mier. meore msoflio omis Semdeg mimdinare konfliqtebi
suecSi, alJirSi, kongoSi, vietnamSi, avRaneTSi, foklendis kunZulebsa da
eraySi, amis magaliTia. miuxedavad imisa, rom ver davadasturebT myar urT
ierTkavSirs ekonomikis ganviTarebasa da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis six
Sires Soris, arsebobs damamtkicebeli samxilebi, rom ekonomikurad ganvi
Tarebuli qveynebi ufro midrekilebi arian omisaken, vidre ekonomikurad
naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebi.41
zedmeti gamartivebis safrTxe

omis Sesaxeb mravali martivi Teoria arsebobs. magaliTad, zogi raoden
obrivi Teoretikosi SesaSuri sizustiT gvTavazobs modelebs, romleb
sac, maTi azriT, mivyavarT omis gamomwvev samxedro aliansamde, muqaramde,
krizisebis seriebamde da a.S.42 garda amisa, amgvarma kvlevebma aCvena, rom
politikuri liderebis mier gadadgmuli iseTi nabijebi, rogoricaa alian
sis Seqmna omis safrTxis Sesamcireblad, xSir SemTxvevaSi xels uwyobs omis
dawyebis albaTobis zrdas.43 Tumca, dRemde verc erTma kvlevam ver SeZlo
daedasturebina, rom am modelebSi aRwerili moqmedebebi aris omis uSua
lo mizezebi. TiToeuli es fenomeni SesaZlebelia dakavSirebuli iyos mis
ukan myof meore fenomenTan. ufro metic, TviT yvelaze `tipuri~ modelic
TavisTavad SezRudulia, radgan mxolod im konfliqtebs exeba, romlebic
daaxloebiT Tanabari Zalis mqone mTavar saxelmwifoebs Soris xdeba.44
omis Teoretikosebis umetesoba didi xania amtkicebs, rom patara saxel
mwifoebTan SedarebiT, Zlevamosili saxelmwifoebi ufro midrekilni arian
omi
573
omisken.45 es albaToba amtkicebs, rom saxelmwifoebi, romlebsac aqvT saku

Tari gamarjvebis rwmena, ufro ixrebian omebisken.46 Tumca, romelime sax
elmwifos Zlierebis gansazRvra rTuli saqmea, politikurma liderebma Ses
aZloa gaangariSebaSi Secdoma dauSvan da gadaWarbebiT Seafason sakuTari
qveynis siZliere an piriqiT, saTanadod ver Seafason mowinaaRmdege (amis
TvalsaCino magaliTia vietnamis omi).47 is qveynebi, romlebic ganicdian Sida
Zaladobas, ufro midrekilni arian omisken Semdegi mizezebis gamo: omma,
SesaZlebelia, gaaerTianos eri an Sida konfliqtebma iol samizned aqcios
qveyana.48 is qveynebi, romlebsac `riskis moyvaruli~ liderebi xelmZRvan
eloben, ufro xSirad ebmebian omSi.
kidev erTi Sesabamisi faqtoria saerTo sazRvrebi, gansakuTrebiT maSin,
rodesac saerTo sazRvari didia an es xdeba istoriuli mtrebis SemTxveva
Si.49 garemo faqtorebic udides rols TamaSobs, radgan qveynebi, romlebic
gamoirCevian mosaxleobis zrdis tendenciiT, saWiro resursebis ukmari
sobiTa da maRali teqnologiebiT, savaraudod ufro xSirad axorcieleben
eqspansiur sagareo politikas, maSin, rodesac mcirericxovani, magram te
qnologiurad ganviTarebuli qveynebi iSviaTad ebmebian omSi da Tu es sax
elmwifoebi mainc monawileoben omSi, isini ufro msxverpli arian, vidre
agresori.50 daskvnis saxiT rom vTqvaT, didi, Zlevamosili qveyana swrafi
tempiT mzardi mosaxleobiTa da maRal doneze ganviTarebuli teqnolo
giiT, romelic esazRvreba istoriul mters da romelsac marTavs riskis
moyvaruli lideri, iqneboda agresiuli omis pirveli kandidati, gansa
kuTrebiT maSin, Tu es qveyana imyofeba samoqalaqo mRelvarebis an Seiara
Rebuli ajanyebis pirobebSi.
am TavSi ganxiluli faqtorebis didi nawili, adamianis bunebiT da mwiri
resursebiT dawyebuli da omisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT damTavre
buli (rogoricaa mosaxleobis raodenoba, ekonomikuri ganviTareba da saz
Rvrebis problemebi), Znelia an sulac SeuZlebeli, Seicvalos. amerikeli
komikosi uil rojeri ambobda, rom msoflioSi mSvidoba mxolod im SemTx
vevaSi iqneboda SesaZlebeli, Tu qveynebi, adamianebis msgavsad, moZraobas
SeZlebdnen; magram qveynebs ar SeuZliaT moZraoba (Tumca mosaxleobas Seu
Zlia _ is migrirebs _ gadaadgildeba).
mcdar warmodgenas imis Sesaxeb, rom SesaZlebelia konfliqtebis aR
mofxvra an maTi dayvana mxolod erT faqtoramde, SeuZlia realurad gaz
ardos omis albaToba. rogorc 1919-1939 wlebis evropis istoria adas
turebs, mxolod saerTaSoriso sistemis gadawyobaze koncentrireba da
adamianis bunebis rolis uaryofam waaqeza umowyalo adamianebi omisken da
gzas gauxsna egoist da ambiciur liderebs.51 amerikel, frang da britanel
liderebs 1930-ian wlebSi realurad rom SeefasebinaT ultranacionali
stebis ideologia an hitleris jojoxeTuri zraxvebi, SesaZlebeli iqne
boda meore msoflio omis Tavidan acileba.
omTan dakavSirebuli kompleqsuri mizezebisa da faqtorebis axsnam
SesaZlebelia xeli Seuwyos konfliqtebis marTvis saerTaSoriso sistemis
mokrZalebul gaumjobesebas mSvidobis dasadgurebis Sesaxeb iluziebis
gaqarwylebis meSveobiT. amgvar mniSvnelovan sakiTxebSi martivi gadaw
574
yvetilebis miRebam, SesaZloa, ufro gaauaresos mdgomaroeba, vidre gadawy

etilebis saerTod ar miRebam, radgan adamianebi, romlebic yvelaze ufro
cdilobdnen gaemartivebinaT omis sakiTxebi, istoriisaTvis cnobili arian
omis dawyebaSi yvelaze didi wvlilis SetaniT.
totaluri omi: omi, romelSic yvela ibrZvis

totaluri omi sruliad axali fenomenia. is ramdenime arsebiTi niSniT
gansxvavdeba Soreuli warsulis SezRuduli omebisgan. pirvel rigSi, is
ar aris SezRuduli droSi, rac imas niSnavs, rom omSi monawile saxelmwifo
an saxelmwifoebi cdiloben moipovon sruli gamarjveba mowinaaRmdegeze.
maT ver aCerebs veraferi, garda upirobo kapitulaciisa. meore, totalur
omSi yvela saSualeba gamoiyeneba. totalur omSi monawile saxelmwifoebi
iyeneben ganviTarebul teqnologiebs SeiaraRebis moqmedebis manZilis, si
zustisa da ganadgurebis potencialis gazrdis mizniT. mesame, totaluri
omi arc monawileebiTa SezRuduli. masSi SeiZleba sazogadoebis yvela fena
iyos Cabmulebi.
napoleonis omebi totaluri omis prototipad iTvleba, radgan es aris
amgvari tipis omis pirveli SemTxveva. napoleonma sayovelTao hegemoniis
mopovebis mizniT wamoiwyo es omi. igi ar cnobda araviTar limits drois an
saSualebebis mxriv. napoleons surda gabatonebuliyo mTels evropaze da
hqonda yvela saSualeba, rac saWiro iyo erTiani, centralizebuli saxelm
wifos SeqmnisaTvis im dros (cxadia, napoleonis epoqaSi ar arsebobda maso
brivi ganadgurebis iaraRi, aramed iyo konvenciuri iaraRi da armia. napo
leonis swored amgvarma jarma miwasTan gaaswora moskovi, kremlis CaTvliT,
ruseTis damarcxebis Semdeg). rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, napoleonma Sem
oiRo armiaSi masobrivi gawvevis idea, rac imas niSnavs, rom man gaaerTiana
uamravi axalgazrda kaci msoflios pirvel saxalxo armiaSi. am dromde jari
Sedgeboda mxolod da mxolod profesionali da daqiravebuli jariskacebi
sgan. napoleonma aseve warmatebiT gamoiyena nacionalizmis idea, propagan
da da patriotuli simbolika mTeli sazogadoebis saomari mobilizaciisT
vis. yvela es inovacia avismomaswavebeli niSani iyo: meoce saukunis pirveli
naxevris ori totaluri omi SeiZleba CaiTvalos rogorc erTi movlena, ro
melic, mcire SesvenebiT or ukiduresad mZime spazms Soris, TiTqmis erTi
saukunis win dawyebuli procesebis saSinel kulminaciad iqca.
meore msoflio omis Semdeg totaluri omis cneba kidev ufro saSineli
gaxda, rac sabrZolo SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebasa da mecnierul da te
qnologiur aRmoCenebs ukavSirdeba. birTvuli epoqis dadgomam mTlianad
Secvala omis strategia da taqtika, aseve samxedro Zalebis moqmedebis
logika da brZolis veli. omis axali saxis msgavsad, es transformaciac to
taluri iyo.
omi
575
SemTxveviTi omi: omi, romelic aravis surs

Cven mogvwons, roca vfiqrobT, rom Cvenma liderebma yovelTvis kargad
ician, rasac akeTeben, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca saqme omisa da mSvidobis
sakiTxebs exeba. magram gauTvaliswinebeli SemTxvevebic xdeba. ra moxde
boda pakistaneli iaraRiT movaWreni indoeTis gavliT rom cdiliyvnen
cimbiris wylulis gamomwvevi tvirTis gatanas da anTraqsis sasikvdilo
sporebi indoeTis dedaqalaqis, niu-delis centrSi maSin gavrcelebuliyo,
rodesac qaSmireli taqsis mZRoli SuqniSnis wiTel Suqze gaivlida da sat
virTo manqanas daejaxeboda gadatvirTul gzajvaredinze? da ra iqneboda,
es yvelaferi pakistanTan krizisis dros rom momxdariyo? xom SesaZlebelia
indoeTs efiqra, rom pakistani globalur oms iwyebda? pakistans araferi
esaqmeboda am ambavTan, magram indoeTs SeiZleba jer sapasuxo dartyma miey
enebina da Semdeg daesva kiTxvebi (lodini metismetad sarisko iqneboda
amgvar SemTxvevaSi). am scenariT, sayovelTao birTvuli omi SeiZleboda yo
filiyo SemTxveviTobis da araswori aRqmis da ara romelime mxaris racio
naluri gadawyevetilebisa da arCevanis Sedegi.
mcdari aRqmis gamo omebs iwvevs Seqmnili situaciis araswori interp
retireba da yvelaze gavrcelebuli tipia im omebisa, romlebic aravis surs.
SemTxveviTi omebi amgvari omebis erT-erTi variantia. gzavnilis aras
wori Targmani, Setyobineba, romelic daniSnulebis adgilamde ver mivida,
yuradRebis miRma darCenili an arasworad interpretirebuli diplomati
uri signali kosmosuri epoqis iaraRebis sistemis SemoRebamde karga xniT
adre aCqarebda ganuzraxvel omebs. teqnologiur epoqaSi, sadac dominirebs
birTvuli iaraRi da balistikuri raketebi, SemTxveviT gamowveuli omebis
saSiSroeba da riski mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. omis eskalacia SesaZlebelia
iyos limitirebuli (da lokalizebuli) konfliqti or saxelmwifos Soris,
rodesac arc erTi mxare Tavdapirvelad ar apirebda mis xelT arsebuli
yvelaze gamanadgurebeli iaraRis gamoyenebas. magram msxverplis ricxvis
zrdasa da brZolis velze situaciis cvlilebasTan erTad, erT-erTi mxare
(savaraudod is, romelic agebs) brZolis bedis sakuTar mxares Semobrunebis
mizniT gamoiyenebs ufro Zlier iaraRs da mowinaaRmdegesac sxva araferi
darCeba, garda imisa, rom imave siZlieris iaraRiT daupirispirdes. im Sem
TxvevaSi, Tu orive mxare flobs birTvul iaraRs, amgvari situaciis dinami
kam SesaZlebelia birTvul omamde miiyvanos saqme. aqedan gamomdinare, is,
rac daiwyo tradiciuli omiT, SeiZleba nabij-nabij mivides sayovelTao
samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZolamde.
kaTalitikur omebsac SeuZlia Zaladobis warmoSoba da ganadgure
ba nebismieri saxelmwifos ganzraxvisgan damoukideblad. istoriulad,
amgvari omebi yvelaze metad aliansebis molaparakebaTa safuZvelze iwye
ba: Tu aliansis erT wevrze ganxorcielda Seteva, mokavSireebi ebmebian mis
dacvaSi da amgarad, omi kidev ufro farTo masStabiani xdeba. omi SeiZleba
daiwyos, rogorc lokaluri konfliqti or ganviTarebad qveyanas Soris,
romlebsac Zlieri mokavSireebi hyavs. adgilobrivi omi yovelTvis SeiZle
ba gadaizardos regionul da globalur omSic ki (rogorc es moxda orive
msoflio omis SemTxvevaSi).
576
SesaZlebelia, agreTve, sxva jojoxeTuri scenaric. magaliTad, fsiqiku

rad SeSlilma adamianma SeiZleba ramenairad moaxerxos birTvuli omis sa
SiSroebis gamowveva. gulisxmobs Tu ara yvela es scenari sabotaJs, araswor
aRqmas, SemTxveviTobas, eskalacias Tu fatalur movlenebs, gviCvenebs, ro
gor SeiZleba daiwyos omi winaswarganzraxuli agresiis gareSe.
birTvuli omi: omi, romelsac veravin igebs

masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRi mxolod erTxel gamoiyenes. SeerTeb
ulma Statebma ori atomuri bombi Camoagdo iaponiis qalaqebSi _ hiro
simasa da nagasakiSi, raTa daesrulebina meore msoflio omi. prezidenti
trumeni daeloda iaponiis umaRlesi mTavarsardlis mier danebebis Sesaxeb
gancxadebas, mas Semdeg, rac pirvelma bombma miwasTan gaaswora hirosima.
sami dRis Semdeg man meore bombis Camogdebis brZaneba gasca. amjerad am
gadawyevetilebam gaamarTla, iaponia danebda. es iyo omSi atomuri iaraRis
gamoyenebis pirveli da ukanaskneli SemTxveva. didi Secdoma iqneba am momge
biani strategiis xelaxali gamoyeneba. mizezi martivia: rodesac amerikis
prezidentma es gadawyvetileba miiRo 1945 wels, msoflioSi sul orad ori
atomuri bombi arsebobda da isic amerikelebis arsenalSi. prezident tru
mens ar gauriskavs, radgan mis gadawyvetilebas ar mohyveboda masirebuli
sapasuxo dartyma iaponiis an sxva qveynis mxridan. im droisTvis SeerTebul
Statebs hqonda (marTalia, mcirexniani) birTvuli monopolia.
sabWoTa kavSirma swrafad ganaviTara birTvuli iaraRis programa da
ukve 1950-iani wlebis bolosTvis masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis mTeli
arsenali hqonda, kontinentTaSorisi balistikuri raketebis CaTvliT. mos
kovma faqtobrivad daamarcxa SeerTebuli Statebi kosmosSi, rodesac 1957
wels gauSva pirveli sateliti vostoki, romelic dedamiwas uvlida gars.
1960-ian wlebSi SeerTebulma Statebma ara mxolod dakarga birTvuli mo
nopolia, aramed yvelaze Zlevamosili qveynis reputaciac. omis muqarisa
da konfrontaciis epoqas (birTvuli iaraRis muqariT mowinaaRmdegeebis
daSineba) mohyva ueWveli urTierT ganadgurebis an urTierT Sekavebis
epoqa anu situacia, romelSic orive zesaxelmwifos aqvs unari, win aRudges
pirvel dartymas da miayenos meore sapasuxo dartyma mowinaaRmdeges, rac
gamoiwvevs agresorisTvis miuRebel zarals.
TiToeuli zesaxelmwifo Zal-Rones ar iSurebda birTvul SejibrSi
gamarjvebulis poziciis mopovebisa da SenarCunebiaTvis. 1970-iani wlebis
dasawyisisTvis, orive supersaxelmwifos uSvelebeli SesaZlebloba hqonda
masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRiT gamanadgurebeli dartyma mieyenebina
metoqisTvis. kidev ufro SemaSfoTebeli is iyo, rom orive mxarem aago birT
vuli wyalqveSa navebi, romlebic moZravi platformis funqcias asrulebda
birTvuli raketebis gaSvebisTvis. orive mxares undoda am Sejibris mogeba,
arc erT maTgans ar surda damarcxeba, magram orive maTganma icoda, rom am
omSi gamarjvebuli ar iqneboda, Tu isini ver SeinarCunebdnen urTierTSeka
vebis mdgomareobas. kubis birTvuli krizisis dros (1963) es balansi TiTq
omi
577
mis dairRva. es iyo gamosafxizlebeli gangaSi. orma dauZienebelma mterma

saswrafod daamyara kavSiri _ axla ukve yvelasTvis cnobili cxeli xazi
_ pirdapiri sakomunikacio gza TeTr saxlsa da kremls Soris katastrofis
Tavidan acilebis mizniT.
aris Tu ara omi odesme moralurad gamarTlebuli?

jerjerobiT omi ganvixileT mxolod da mxolod agresorebis TvalTaxed
viT. magram ra SeiZleba iTqvas msxverplis Sesaxeb? Zalian cota eqsperti
Tu SeewinaaRmdegeba im mosazrebas, rom qveynebs aqvT ufleba, win aRudgnen
SeiaraRebul agresias. rodesac dgeba qveynis yofna-aryofnis sakiTxi, Tav
dacva moralurad gamarTlebulia. amitom, miuxedavad benjamin franklinis
mtkicebisa, rom àr arsebobs kargi omi da cudi mSvidoba~, zogi omi SeiZle
ba aucileblad da saWirod CavTvaloT. konkretulad romeli omebi miekuT
vneba am kategorias? vin unda gansazRvros da ramdenad darwmunebulebi
SegviZlia viyoT gansazRvrisas?
samarTliani omis doqtrina

samarTliani omis angariSgasawevi doqtrinis mixedviT arsebobs garemoe
bebi, romelTa fonze omi SeiZleba iyos `kargi~ ara `sasiamovnos~ an `bune
brivad sasurvelis~ mniSvnelobiT, aramed qveynis keTildReobisa da samar
Tlianobis dacvis principidan gamomdinare. es koncefcia Tavdapirvelad
win wamoswies adreuli periodis qristianma Teologebma, kerZod ki netari
avgustinem, xolo Sua saukuneebis filosofosebma kidev ufro daxvewes igi.
Tanamedrove epoqaSi, hugo grociusma (1583-1645) [holandieli filosofosi,
iTvleba saerTaSoriso samarTlis damfuZneblad _ mTargmn. Sen.] da bunebi
Ti samarTlis sxva Teoretikosebma moaxdines misi xelaxali formulireba.
is mecnierebi, romlebisTvisac misaRebia samarTliani omis cneba, erT
sulovnad Tanxmdebian imis Taobaze, rom TavdacviTi omebi gamarTlebulia.
Tu romelime qveyana gaxda moulodneli Tavdasxmis msxverpli, sapasuxo
Seteva moZaladeze mizanSewonilia. zogma Teoretikosma kidev ufro gaaf
arTova es doqtrina da ufleba misca mesame mxare-saxelmwifoebs CaerTon
agresiis uZluri msxverplebis dacvaSi. 1991 wlis sparseTis yuris omi,
romelsac win uswrebda erayis mier quveiTis dapyroba, amgvari SemTxvevis
naTeli magaliTia.
Tanamedrove Teoretikosebi samarTliani omis doqtrinas mxolod Tav
dacviT omebs ukavSireben, magram adreuli avtorebi yovelTvis ver ax
dendnen amgvar gansxvavebas. netari avgustines, magaliTad, ezizReboda omi
mTeli Tavisi ubedurebebiT, magram saWirod Tvlida agresiul omebsac ki
iseTi garemoebebisas, rodesac `saxelmwifo uZluria gadaixados kompensa
cia im zianis gamo, romelic misma moqalaqeebma gamoiwvies an daabrunos is,
rac mitacebul iqna.~52 adreuli epoqis sxva qristiani Teologebi, maT Soris
578
wminda ambrosi (340-397), amtkiceben, rom erebi araTu uflebamosilni, ar

amed valdebulnic ki arian, maRali principebis dasacavad gaaCaRon agresi
uli omebi. `kacs aqvs moraluri movaleoba, gamoiyenos Zala, aRudges win
borotebas da SeaCeros igi~, _ werda wminda ambrosi.53 ambrosi acnobierebda
SezRudvebsac agresiuli omis SemTxvevaSi da ambobda, rom omisTvis saWiroa
samarTliani mizezi.
samarTliani omis doqtrina gacxadebulia xuT konkretul postulatSi.
pirveli, omi unda iyos yvelaze bolo saSualeba legitimuri xelisuflebi
sTvis da mis garda aRar unda arsebobdes romelime politikurad efeqtiani
alternativa; meore, konfliqtis mizezi unda iyos samarTliani. igi unda
daiwyos mxolod im mizniT, rom SeaCeros agresia da gamoasworos usamarT
loba; mesame, omi ar SeiZleba iyos fuWi. yovelTvis unda iyos imis albaTo
ba, rom qvyanas, romelic iwyebs oms, aqvs warmatebis Sansi; meoTxe, saWiroa
iyos proporciuloba rogorc drosTan, aseve saSualebebTan mimarTebaSi,
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, omis mizezma unda gaamarTlos daxarjuli fu
lisa da daRupulTa raodenoba, xolo omSi gamoyenebuli saSualebebi unda
amarTlebdes omis dawyebis mizezs; dabolos, mexuTe, samarTliani omi maqsi
malurad unda amcirebdes samoqalaqo pirebisadmi miyenebul zaralsa da
sikvdilianobas. Tu daculia zemoT CamoTvlili yvela piroba, omi SeiZleba
gamarTlebulad CaiTvalos.
samarTliani omis doqtrinas safuZvlad udevs samarTlianobis is cneba,
romelic scildeba uSualo saxelmwifo interesebs. gansxvavebiT martivi
nacionalizmisa, rac gamoixateba iseTi lozungebiT, rogoricaa àvia Tu
kargi, mainc Cemi qveyanaa~, samarTliani omis koncefcia Seicavs im moraluri
pasuxismgeblobis Sefasebis standarts, romelic scildeba viwro saxelm
wifo interesebs. adreuli periodis qristiani Teologebi samarTlianobis
cnebas afuZnebdnen qristianul Teologiur doqtrinasa da sulier moZ
Rvrebebze. samarTliani omis Tanamedrove doqtrinebi efuZneba bunebiTi
kanonzomierebis filosofias, romlis mixedviT arsebobs adamianis keTil
dReobasTan dakavSirebuli martivi WeSmaritebebi, aseTi WeSmaritebebi na
Telia yvela saRad moazrovne adamianisTvis da erTobliobaSi qmnis `yvela
saTvis samarTlianis~ ideals.
samarTliani omis doqtrinis Sefaseba

im kritikuli SeniSvnebidan, romelic axlavs samarTliani omis doqtri
nas Tqvens yuradRebas sam ZiriTad maTganze gavamaxvilebT: doqtrina aris
moraluri relativizmi, eTnocentrulad mikerZoebulia da politikurad
ararealuri.
moraluri relativizmi. kritikosTa nawils miaCnia, rom samarTliani omis
koncefcia efuZneba Zalze subieqtur da, aqedan gamomdinare, daudastureb
el faseulobaTa gansjas, rac moraluri relativizmis saxeliTaa cnobili.
gamomdinare iqidan, rom mosazrebebi gansxvavdeba imis Sesaxeb, vin aris dam
omi
579
naSave konkretuli omis dawyebaSi, moraluri pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis

nebismieri mcdeloba xSirad asaxavs ara dazustebul realur faqtebs, aramed
damkvirvebelTa mosazrebebs. moraluri relativizmis amgvari tipis Tavidan
acilebis erTaderTi saSualeba mxolod omamdeli da omis Semdgomi situa
ciis zedmiwevniT aRweraa, rac mxolod sarwmuno faqtebs daeyrdnoba.
eTnocentruloba da nacionalisturi mikerZoeba. msgavsad amisa, dad
genilia, rom samarTliani omis dasavleli Teoretikosebi exebian mxolod
sakuTar kulturas da cdiloben yuradReba ar miaqcion im omebis gamamar
Tlebel faqtebs, romlebic sxva kulturis mqone erebma daiwyes. amas Sei
Zleba eTnocentrizmi ewodos. magaliTad, jihadis (`brZola~ an `saRvTo
omi~) islamuri koncefcia cdunebis, borotebis an `moRalateTa~ winaaRm
deg, aris agresuli omis moraluri safuZveli, romelsac iSviaTad aRiare
ben samarTliani omis doqtrinis dasavleli damcvelebi.
politikuri miamitoba. samarTliani omis doqtrinis oponentebis gar
kveuli nawili ayenebs praqtikuli winaaRmdegobis sakiTxs. maTi mtkice
biT, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu SesaZlebeli iqneba SeTanxmeba samarTliani an
usamarTlo omebis mtkice, miukerZoebeli da sayovelTaod misaRebi gansaz
Rvrebis Sesaxeb, mainc Zneli iqneba miRebuli doqtrinis marTebulad gam
oyeneba. iseve, rogorc adamianebi ver iqnebian sakuTari Tavis obieqturi
mosamarTleebi, saxelmwifoebi ver gamoiCenen miukerZoeblobasa da obieq
turobas im sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebSic sakuTari interesebi aqvT.
kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom miukerZoebeli msajulis gareSe, samarTliani
omis doqtrina rCeba im butaforiad, romelsac agresori qveynebi iyeneben
sakuTari keTildReobisken mimarTuli qmedebisa da samxedro Carevebis
gasamarTleblad.
samarTliani omis doqtrinis mxardamWerebi ki Tvlian, rom moraluri
gansja omis Sesaxeb didi xania iTvleba rogorc bunebrivad, aseve saWirod:
bunebrivad im gagebiT, rom ìm droidan dawyebuli, rac kacebi da qalebi
omze laparakoben, yovelTvis exebian `sworsa~ da àraswors~54 da saWiro
imitom, rom amis gareSe yvela omi obieqturad (an saqebrad) CaiTvleba.
rogorc cnobilia, ar arsebobs mecnierulad dadasturebuli mtkicebule
ba, rom agresiuli omi uaresia, vidre prevenciuli, magram aseTi mtkicebule
ba arc aris saWiro, radgan viciT, rom civsisxliani mkvleloba moralurad
ufro gaumarTlebelia, vidre mkvleloba Tavdacvis mizniT. am gansxvavebas
mxars uWers ara mxolod sisxlis samarTali, aramed saRi azric.
xSirad amboben, rom samarTliani omis doqtrina im adamianebis sasarge
blod muSaobs, romlebic mxars uWeren mas. es mosazreba simarTlis marcvals
Seicavs. TavisTavad, samarTliani omis doqtrina ar Seicavs sayovelTaod
misaReb standarts, romelic saWiroa eri-saxelmwifos qcevis SesazRudad.
saxelmwifoTa liderebi xSirad monawileoben zneobriv saubrebSi da amave
dros uzneod iqcevian. samarTliani omis doqtrinis SenarCuneba Rirs ara
qcevis gasakontroleblad, aramed Sefasebis meTodis saxiT.
580
niurnbergis
procesi
meore msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg moxda istoriisaTvis cnobili

pirveli SemTxveva, rodesac germaniaSi, qalaq niurnbergSi nacist liderebs
brali wauyenes. maT brali dasdes, pirveli, mSvidobis winaaRmdeg moqmede
baSi, radgan omis dawyebiT daarRvies saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi da Se
Tanxmebebi; meore, saomari wesebis darRvevaSi, rogoricaa tyveebis mimarT
gamoCenili sisastike, qalaqebis mTliani ganadgureba, dapyrobil qveynebSi
samoqalaqo pirebis mimarT gamoCenili sastiki mopyroba. mesame, kacobriobis winaaRmdeg Cadenil danaSaulSi, rac agreTve gulisxmobda mSvidobi
ani mosaxleobis masobriv xocva-Jletas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom nacistebma ver SeZles ebraeli xalxis ganadgure
ba, isini Zalian axlos iyvnen dasaxul mizanTan. evropeli ebraelebis maso
brivi Jletis gamo nacisti liderebis dasjis gadawyvetileba efuZneboda
damsaxurebuli ganaCenis gamotanis survils. germanelTa moqmedeba ver
gamarTldeboda omis faqtiT (omic, rasakvirvelia, hitlerma daiwyo). ufro
metic, germaneli nacistebis mier Cadenil sisastikes analogi ar aqvs Ta
namedrove samyaroSi.
kacobriobis winaaRmdeg Cadenil danaSaulebaTa koncefcia myarad uW
ers mxars samarTliani omis doqtrinas. nacistebis mier im moraluri prin
cipebis ugulebelyofa, rom saWiroa udanaSaulo adamianebis wamebisa da
sikvdilisgan dacva, imdenad aSkara iyo da maTi darRveva imdenad TvalSi
sacemi, rom umciresi eWvis gareSec ki, nacistebis mier Cadenil qmedebebs
aranairi moraluri gamarTleba ar hqonda. marTalia, omis dros Cadenili
danaSaulebebis moraluroba/amoralurobis sakiTxi SeiZleba problemuri
iyos. Tumca, holokostis SemTxvevaze es ar vrceldeba. samarTliani omis
doqtrinaSi miTiTebuli gansazRvrebis Sesabamisad, es aris udavod krimi
naluri saqcieli.
miuxedavad imisa, rom niurnbergis procesi gamarTlebuli iyo, zogadad,
amgvari procesebis gamarTvis tendencia seriozul SeSfoTebas iwvevs. ioli
ar aris mSvidobis winaaRmdeg mebrZolis iarliyis mikvra konkretul da xSir
ad uprecedento SemTxvevebSi. sikvdilis banakebma daarRvies kanonis, samarT
lis, Rirsebis yvela standarti, magram ra vuyoT mokavSireTa mier drezdenis
dabombvis faqts? an germaneli mSvidobiani moqalaqeebis winaaRmdeg Cadenil
qmedebebs, romlebzec, rbilad rom vTqvaT, Tvals xuWavda sabWoTa armia?
an hirosimasa da nagasakis mcxovrebTa sasowarkveTas? omSi zneobasTan da
moralTan dakavSirebuli kiTxvebi xSirad bundovani da upasuxoa.
arsebobs genocidisa da eTnikuri wmendis ufro axali magaliTebi poli
tikurad motivirebuli masobrivi mkvlelobebis CaTvliT, romlis msgavsic
bosniaSi, ruandaSi, siera-leonesa da sxva qveynebSi moxda 1990-ian wlebSi.
unda wardgnen Tu ara teroristebi marTlmsajulebis winaSe, rTuli iurid
iuli da zneobrivi sakiTxia, romlis ganxilvasac aq ar vapirebT. vTqvaT, rom
prezidentma buSma 11 teraqti saomar moqmedebad Seafasa. am teraqtma fex
qveS gaTela uzenaesi zneobrivi da religiuri principebi, kerZod is, rom
arasodes aqvs gamarTleba udanaSaulo adamianebis Jletas. wardgebian Tu
omi
581
ara al qaidas liderebi an Semsruleblebi odesme marTlmsajulebis winaSe,

damokidebulia imaze, rodis, sad da rogor daakaveben maT (Tu, rasakvirve
lia, moxerxda zogi maTganis cocxlad ayvana), agreTve imaze, moiyvans Tu
ara sisruleSi aSS-s xelisufleba sakuTar dapirebas, gaasamarTlos isini
samxedro tribunalma da ara saerTaSoriso sasamarTlom.
daskvna
omis Tavidan acileba yovelTvis ar aris saxelmwifo politikis mizani.

magaliTad, italiis faSisti lideri, benito musolini, yovelTvis xotbas
asxamda oms.
dRemde bevri mcdeloba iyo omis dawyebis mizezebis gamosavlenad. Sede
gad, masTan dakavSirebuli Teoriebi SeiZleba sam kategoriad daiyos: mec
nierTa nawili mizezs adamianis bunebaSi xedavs, meore nawili sazogadoebas
adanaSaulebs, xolo mesames sjera, rom yvelaferSi damnaSavea dedabuneba
(Seubralebeli garemo). Tomas hobsi fiqrobda, rom omi aris adamianis uku
RmarTobis pro-duqti. Jan-Jak rusos miaCnda, rom adamiani zogadad kargia,
magram sazogadoeba xdis mas mankiers; jon lokis azriT, adamianis agresia
bunebrivi resursebis simciriT aris gamowveuli (adamianis kontrolis ga
reT arsebuli obieqturi garemoebebiT). bunebrivi resursebis simwire ukav
Sirdeba bunebrivi Zalebisa da faqtorebis mravalferovnebas, SimSilis, daa
vadebebis, qariSxlebis, gvalvebisa da a.S. CaTvliT.
erT faqtorze dafuZnebuli Teoriebi ver xsnis omis gamomwvev mizezebs.
oms ganapirobebs sxvadasxva _ socialuri, politikuri, ekonomikuri da
fsiqologiuri _ faqtori.
daZabulobis pirobebSi, omi SeiZleba daiwyos ise, rom es ewinaaRmdege
bodes yvela mxaris survils. aseTi arasasurveli omebi xSirad iwyeba aras
wori interpretaciis, gaugebrobis, SemTxveviTobis, eskalaciis an kaTali
tikuri reaqciebis Sedegad. daugegmavi omis dawyebis albaToba kidev
erTxel cxadyofs im potenciur safrTxes, rac dakavSirebulia zneobrivi
pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebasTan. xSirad, rodesac omi iwyeba, garkveuli ar
aris, vin an ram gamoiwvia misi dawyeba.
saxelmwifo politikis instrumentad omis gamoyeneba saerTaSoriso
samarTlisa da zneobrivi normebis darRvevaa, Tumca, ara yvela omis Sem
TxvevaSi. samarTliani omis doqtrina amtkicebs, rom Tavdacva da univer
saluri principebis dacva aris brZolis legitimuri safuZveli, magram am
doqtrinas xSirad akritikeben zneobrivi relativizmis, kulturuli eTno
centrizmis da politikuri realizmis naklebobis motiviT.
niurnbergis procesze moxda agresiuli omis dros Cadenili danaSaule
bebis gamo bralis wayeneba. saerTaSoriso samarTlis specialistebma Camoay
alibes saomar danaSaulebaTa axali kategoria _ danaSaulebani kacobrio
bis winaaRmdeg. miuxedavad imisa, rom niurnbergis procesi gamarTlebuli
582
iyo, saWiroa amgvar procedurebs maqsimaluri sifrTxiliT movekidoT mo

mavalSi.
sakvanZo sityvebi
saxelmwifoTaSorisi omi
samoqalaqo omi
partizanuli omi
mcire
intensivobis
kon
fliqtebi
SeiaraRebaSi Sejibri
imperializmi
ultranacionalizmi
bunebiTi mdgomareoba
internacionalistebi
erovnuli TviTgamorkveva
demokratiuli mSvidobis para
doqsi
SezRuduli omi
upirobo kapitulacia
omi mcdari aRqmis gamo
SemTxveviTi omi
omis eskalacia
kaTalitikuri omi
nacionalistur-separatmasirebuli
sapasuxo dartyma
birTvuli monopolia
urTierT ganadgureba
urTierT Sekaveba
pirveli dartyma
sapasxuxo dadrtyma
masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRi
cxeli xazi
samarTliani omi
moraluri relativizmi
eTnocentruizmi
danaSauli mSvidobis winaaRmdeg
saomari danaSauli
danaSauli kacobriobis winaaRmdeg
1. ramden ZiriTad kategoriad iyofa ganmartebebi omis uSualo mizezebis

Sesaxeb?
2. Tomas hobsis mixedviT, ra aris yvla omis gamomwvevi ZiriTadi mizezi? ra
argumentebiT cdilobs hobsi sakuTari Tezisis dacvas?
3. ra aris, rusos azriT, omis ZiriTadi mizezi? riT gansxvavdeba misi mosaz
reba hobsis mosazrebisgan? ra argumentebs iSveliebs ruso sakuTari mo
sazrebis dasacavad?
4. im mecnierTa Soris, romlebic omis gamomwvev mTavar mizezad sazogadoe
bas miiCneven, arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba imis Sesaxeb, sazogadoebis
konkretulad romeli aspeqti ganapirobebs eri-saxelmwifoebis omisken
midrekilebas. daasaxeleT teqstSi warmodgenili oTxi alternatiuli
Teoria.
5. rogor xsnida jon loki omis fenomens? riT gansxvavdeba es mosazreba
hobsis mosazrebebisgan? romeli argumentebiT amyarebs is sakuTar mo
sazrebas?
omi
583
6. omis gamomwvevi mizezebis Sesaxeb romeli axsna migaCniaT yvelaze sarwmu

nod? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
7. ratom aris Zneli ubralod daigmos damnaSave mxare an mxareebi, rodesac
omi iwyeba?
8. saomari xelovnebis daxvewis epoqaSi, sul ufro da ufro SesaZlebeli
xdeba omis dawyeba winaswar ganuzraxvelad. ra SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba es
moxdes?
9. aris Tu ara yvela omi gaumarTlebeli zneobrivi kuTxiT? pasuxi daasabu
TeT.
10. aris Tu ara samarTliani omis doqtrinis mxardamWeri da sawinaaRmdego
argumentebi dabalansebuli? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
11. ra uZRoda win niurnbergis sasamarTlo process? ra aris kacobriobis wi
naaRmdeg Cadenili danaSaulebebi? rogor Seesabameba samarTliani omis
doqtrina am konteqsts?
12. mizanSewonili da SesaZlebelia Tu ara niurnbergis tipis procesebis
gamarTva yoveli omis Semdeg?
SeniSvnebi:
1. Paul Seabury da Angelo M. Codevilla, War: Ends and Means (New York: Basic
Books, 1990), 6.
2. G. W. F. Hegel, Philosophy of Rights, Targm. T. M. Knox, wignSi Great Books of the
Western World, tomi 46, red.: R. Hutchins (Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica,
1952), 149.
3. Friedrich Nietzsche, Human, All Too Human, Targm. Marion Farber (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984), 230-321), aforizmi #477.
4. Benito Mussolini, The Doctrine of Fascism, Targm. M. Oakeshott, wignSi Great
Political Thinkers, red. William Ebenstein (New York: Holt, 1965), 621.
5. John Vasquez, Introduction: Studying War Scientifically, wignSi The Scientific
Study of Peace and War: A Text Reader, red. John Vasquez da Marie Henehan
(New York: Lexington, 1992), xix.
6. iqve, xxii.
7. Tu omis Tvisobriv analizTan dakavSirebuli statistikuri meTodolo
giis gacnoba gsurT, waikiTxeT Stuart Bremer-isa da sxvaTa avtorobiT
(adaptirebuli Marie Henehan-is mier) The Scientific Study of War: A Learning
Package, iqve, 373-437.
8. James Dougherty da Robert Pfaltzgraff, Jr., Contending Theories of International
Relations: A Comprehensive Study, me-3 gamocema (New York: HarperCollins,
1990), 356.
9. Greg Cashman, What Causes War? An Introduction to Theories of International
Conflict (New York: Lexington, 1993), 279.
10. es ganxilva aseve moicavs im klasifikaciebis variacias, romelic warmod
584
genilia Kenneth N. Waltz-is naSromSi Man, the State, and War: A Theoretical
Analysis (New York: Columbia Univesity Press, 1965). vaRiarebT, rom valSi
varT am naSromis winaSe.
11. citata motanilia Sir Norman Angell-is naSromidan Neutrality and Collective
Security, romelic, Tavis mxriv, gamoiyena Edward Hallett Carr-ma wignSi The
Twenty Years Crisis, 1919-1939 (New York: Harper & Row, 1964). 39.
12. Thomas Hobbes, The Leviathan (London: Everymans Library, 1956). 64.
13. Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace,
me-5 gamoc. (New York: McGrow-Hill, 1992), 3-4.
14. iqve, 29.
15. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, FFirst and Second Discourses, Targm. Roger da Judith Masters, red. Roger Masters (New York: St. Martins Press, 1964), 197. citata aRebu
lia rusos `meore saubris~ SeniSvnebidan.
16. iqve, 195-196.
17. iqve, `meore saubari~,141-142.
18. iqve, 161.
19. Frederick Hartmann, The Relations of Nations (New-York: Macmillan, 1978), 32.
20. William Galston, Kant and the Problem of History (Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1975), 26-27.
21. Immanuel Kant, Eternal Peace, wignSi Immanuel Kants Moral and Political Writings, red. Carl Friedrich (New York: Modern Library, 1949), 458.
22. V. I. Lenin, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism (New York: International
Publishers, 1939), 124.
23. Robert Goldwin, John Locke, wignSi History of Political Philosophy, red. L.
Strauss da J. Cropsey (Skokie, III.: Rand McNally, 1963), 442.
24. Richard Falk, This Endangered Planet: Prospects and Proposals for Human Survival
(New York: Vintage Books, 1972), 106-107.
25. iqve, 105.
26. iqve, 113.
27. iqve, 155.
28. Cashman, What Causes War? 157.
29. Aristotle, The Politics, mTargm. da red. Ernest Barker (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962), 1313b, 245.
30.
Hannah Arendt, Totalitarianism (New York: Harcourt, 1951), 113-114.
31.
William Dixon, Democracy and the Peaceful Settlement of International Conflict, American Political Science Review 88 (March 1994): 14.
32. demokratiuli qveynebis tendenciaze ix. Stuart Bremer-is, Are Democracies
Less Likely to Join Wars? (naSromi warmodgenili iyo Amercian Political Science Association-is yovelwliur Sexvedraze, Chicago, September 3-6, 1992).
33. ufro vrclad ix. Brice Russett-is Grasping the Democratic Peace (Princeton, N.J.,
Princeton University Press, 1993).
34. rogorc miTiTebulia Cashman-is naSromSi What Causes War?, 129.
35. iqve.
36. iqve, 137-139.
37. Rudolph Rummel, Some Empirical Findings, World Politics 21 (1969): 238-239.
omi
585
38. msjeloba SerCeviT mohyveba Cashman-is What Causes War?, 132-134.

39.M Morgenthau, Politics among Nations, 51-57.
40. iqve, 133.
41. Michael Haas, Scietal Approaches to the Study of War, wignSi The War System,
red. Richard Falk da Samuel Kim (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1980), 355-356, 365.
42. ix. John Vasquez, The Steps to War, wignSi The Scientific Study of Peace and
War: A Text Reader, red. John Vasquez da Marie Henehan (New York: Lexington,
1992), 343-370.
43. Jack Lavy, Alliance Formation and War Behavior: An Analysis of the Great Powers, 495-1975, wignSi The Scientific Study of Peace and War: A Text Reader, red.
John Vasquez da Marie Henehan (New York: Lexington, 1992), 3-36.
44. Vasquez, The Steps to War, 370.
45. Cashman, What Causes War? 137.
46. iqve.
47. Dougherty da Pfaltzgraff, Contending Theories, 354-355.
48. iqve, 145-152; Tumca, rogorc qeSmeni aRniSnavs, mxilebuleba calsaxa ar
aris.
49. iqve, 142-145, amave naSromSia mocemulia kvlevebis Sejameba. ix., aseve Paul
Diehl-is Arms Races to War: Testing Some Empirical Linkages, Sociological
Quarterly 26 (Semodgoma 1985): 331-349; da misive Continuity and Military Escalation in Major Power Rivalries, 1816-1980, Journal of Politics 47 (noemberi 1985):
1203-1211.
50. Nazli Chourci da Robert North, Lateral Pressure in International Relations: Concept and Theory, wignSi Handbook of War Studies, red. Manus Midlarsky (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989), 310-311.
51. Waltz, Man, the State, and War, 233.
52. citirebulia Lee McDonald-is naSromSi Western Political Theory: From Its Origins to the Present (Orlando, Fla.: Harcourt, 1968), 127.
53. citirebulia Dougherty da Pfaltzgraff, naSromSi Contending Theories of International Relations, 151, n. 24.
54. Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars (New York: Basic Books, 1968), 1.
586
nawil i V
politika
mTaAvrobis
gareSe
Tavi XVII
saeraSoriso
urTierTobebi:
brZola Zlierebisvis
Tavi XVIII
saeTaSoriso
organizacia(ebi):
brZola wesrigisTvis
587
588
Ta v i X V I I
saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebi
brZola
ZlierebisTvis
iyavi realisti: makiaveli da morgenTau
klasikuri evropuli sistema
sistemuri winapirobebi
evropuli
konsensusis marcxi
Tanamedrove globaluri sistema
evrocentrizmis dasasruli
bipo
larobis dasawyisi
ideologiis pri
mati
birTvuli omis safrTxe
urTierT Sekaveba
amerikis sagareo politika: guSin da
dRes ra aris erovnuli interesi? E
erovnuli interesis dacva
didi debatebi: realizmi da idea
lizmi
bumerangis efeqti
axali sagareo
politikis ZiebaSi
idealizmi, ro
gorc egoizmi: zneobis Zala
axali
samyaro, Zveli Cvevebi
axali ten
denciebi, Zveli problemebi
ra
xdeba civi omis Semdeg?
global
uri ekonomika
regionalizmis aR
zeveba
eTnikuri Zaladobis wyevla
aRsasrulis axleburad: `mdumare
gazafxulis~ Tavidan acileba aRsas
ruli Zveleburad: birTvuli iaraRis
gavrcelebis Tavidan acileba
sain
formacio teqnologiebis revolucia
apokalifsuri xedvebi: civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba da anarqia?
589
590
politika mTavrobis gareSe
Cvens welTaRricxvamde 416 wels aTenelebma gemebi da jari spartis

neitraluri koloniis, milosis kunZulis dasapyrobad gagzavnes, romelsac
ar surda omis monawile gamxdariyo.1 aTenelebi, romlebic molaparakebebs
Zalis poziciidan awarmoebdnen, milosis mkvidrTagan upirobo kapitula
cias moiTxovdnen da eubnebodnen, rom `samarTlianobis sakiTxi mxolod
Tanabar Zalebs Soris arsebul urTierTobebSi dgeba, maSin roca Zlierni
akeTeben imas, risi Zalac SeswevT da sustni urigdebian imas, rasac unda Seu
rigdnen.~ miloselebma kiTxvis dasmiT gasces pasuxi, `ratom SeiZleba iyos
CvenTvis kargi Tqveni mmarTvelobis qveS yofna?~ ìmitom~ upasuxes aTenel
ebma, rom `Tqven geqnebaT arCevanis gakeTebis upiratesoba damorCilebasa
da sakuTari Tavis ubedurebaSi Cagdebas Soris da Sesabamisad, raki ar ga
ganadgurebT, Cvenc mogebuli davrCebiT~. miloselebi cdilobdnen daer
wmunebinaT aTenelebi, rom am or saxelmwifos Soris mSvidobiani urTier
Tobebi orive mxaris interesebSi Sedioda. Tumca, aTenelebi am logikas ar
iziarebdnen. samarTlianobis sakiTxis uxeSi ugulebelyofiT, isini Tvlid
nen, rom Tu miloss miscemdnen damoukideblobis SenarCunebis saSualebas,
maSin miloselebi da sxvebic amas AaTenis sisusted miiCnevdnen. `Cveni impe
riis gafarToebiT~, ganagrZobdnen aTenelebi `movipovebT usafrTxoebas.
faqti, rom xarT kunZulovani da SedarebiT susti saxelmwifo, adasturebs,
rom ver SeaferxebT zRvis mbrZaneblebs.~ ase rom, milosis saxelmwifo Za
lis politikis gaTvlebs Seewira.
aTenelebis Seurigeblobas miloselebi gabedulad da mtkiced dauxvd
nen. miloselebi kvlav imeorebdnen, rom, miuxedavad yvelafrisa, maT mainc
neitralurad darCena surdaT. aTenelebma ganagrZes kunZulis alyaSi mo
qceva, miloselebma sapasuxo winaaRmdegoba gauwies. spartelebi movidnen,
magram ver darCnen. Semdeg ubedurebis zarmac Camohkra:
aTenidan demeasis vaJis, filokrates meTaurobiT damatebiTi Za
lebi gaigzavna da alya ufro gaZlierda. Sida gamcemlobis gamo mi
loselebi Cabardnen aTenelebs, romlebmac yvela mamakaci daxoces,
qalebi da bavSvebi monebad gayides, Semdeg ki daaxloebiT xuTasamde
kolonisti daasaxles am teritoriaze.
es ambavi iseve ikiTxeba, rogorc erT-erTi sazareli epizodi hari pot

eris cxovrebidan, swored is, rodesac eSmakeuli voldemori ukan iseTi
gaZlierebuli brundeba, rogoric arasodes yofila. hogvartisagan gansx
vavebiT milosi realurad arsebuli adgili iyo da Sesabamisad moTxrobaSi
gadmocemuli tragedia realurad moxda. am yvelafris safuZveli pelopo
nesis omi (Zv. welTaRricxvis 431-404) iyo. Cven ki miloselebis sazareli be
disweris Sesaxeb viciT imis gamo, rom berZenma istorikosma Tukididem aR
wera es ambavi.
iyavi realisti: makiaveli da morgenTau

italiuri renesansis epoqis udidesi politikuri moazrovne nikolo ma
kiaveli (1469-1527) werda, rom Wkviani mmarTveli yovelTvis mosagebad unda
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi
591
TamaSobdes. misive sityvebiT, `Cveni cxovrebis wesi Zalze Sorsaa imisagan,

rogorc unda vcxovrobdeT. vinc sworad cxovrebas Seecdeba, gadarCenis
nacvlad safrTxeSi igdebs Tavs~.2 brZeni mmarTveli _ agrZelebda makiave
li _ acnobierebs, ra unda gakeTdes misi gavlenis sferos SesanarCuneblad
da gasafarToeblad da ar aZlevs moralur eWvebs misi azrovnebis daCrdil
vis uflebas. magaliTad, mmarTvelma mxolod maSin unda daicvas micemuli
piroba, roca es mis interesebSia:
keTilgonieri mmarTveli ar unda iyos sakuTari aRTqmis erTguli,
Tuki SeiZleba, rom es erTguleba saziano aRmoCndes misTvis da ukve
aRar arsebobs mizezebi, ramac es aRTqma daadebina. . . yvela kaci kargi
da keTili rom iyos, aseTi qceva ukeTuri iqneboda, magram raki isini
borotni arian da gamudmebiT arRveven imas, rac aRgiTqves, Sen ratom
Ra unda uerTgulo sakuTar aRTqmas maT mimarT?3
makiavelis mosazreba da miloselTa bedic im faqtis mkafio ilustrirebaa,

rom zneoba naklebad mniSvnelovania saxelmwifoebs Soris urTierTobebSi, vi
dre saxelmwifos SigniT. manam, sanam saerTaSoriso politika bunebiTi mdgo
mareobis msgavsia, saxelmwifoebs Soris daZabuloba SenarCundeba da erTad
erTi pasuxgasacemi SekiTxva iqneba, vin gadarCeba da vin ganadgurdeba.
makiavelis inteleqturi pirdapiroba da politikisadmi ulmoblad re
alisturi midgoma, SesaZloa, yvelaze warmatebuli politikuri filosofi
is safuZvelia Tanamedrove msoflioSi. es im gagebiT, rom man gauZlo drois
gamocdas, is kvlavac axdens gavlenas da moyolebuli makiavelis droidan,
misi marTebulobis damadasturebeli faqtebi mravlad dagrovda. Teoria,
rom saxelmwifoebi moqmedeben sakuTari interesebisa da ara idealebis Se
sabamisad, cnobilia, rogorc politikuri realizmi. amJamad is yvelaze
metad hans morgenTaus (1904-1980) nawerebTan asocirdeba. makiavelis ms
gavsad, politikuri realistebi nakleb yuradRebas aqceven, rogor unda
iqceodnen qveynebi da akvirdebian, realurad rogor iqcevian isini da cdi
loben gaarkvion ratom iqcevian ase. TviTgadarCena saxelmwifo politikis
umTavresi amocanaa, xolo gadarCenis uzrunvelyofis saukeTeso gza _ sax
elmwifos Zlierebis zrdaa. saerTaSoriso politikaSi, amtkicebs morgen
Tau, rac ar unda iyos saboloo mizani, uSualo mizani yovelTvis Zlirebaa.
ase rom, interesi gansazRvrulia rogorc Zliereba. morgenTausaTvis es ori
koncefcia erTiania _ nebismieri saxelmwifos umTavresi interesi, pirvel
rigSi, Zlierebis miRwevaa, Semdeg ki sxva miznebisa, rogoricaa prestiJi da
a.S., da isic mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini zrdis saxelmwifos Zlierebas.
politikuri realistebi amtkiceben, rom warmateba saerTaSoriso poli
tikaSi, maSinac ki, roca konfrontacia ar aris, sabolood mainc Zliere
bazea damokidebuli. morgenTaus Tanaxmad, `Zala, Zliereba SeiZleba gu
lisxmobdes yvelafers, rac awesebs da inarCunebs erTi adamianis kontrols
meoreze~.4 Zalis yvelaze mniSvnelovani aspeqti saerTaSoriso politikaSi
samxedro Zlierebaa. Sesabamisad, politikuri realistebi civi gonebiT ga
nixilaven iseT Temebs, rogoricaa erovnuli usafrTxoebis sakiTxebi (meti
592
yovelTvis ukeTesia, vidre naklebi), birTvuli iaraRis kontroli da saer

TaSoriso organizaciebSi monawileoba (SezRuduli sargeblobiTa da moma
vlis imedis gareSe).
Tumca, politikuri da samxedro Zliereba sinonimuri araa. sxva faqtore
bic, maT Soris geopolitikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri Eqmnian saxelmwifos
Zlierebas. TviT politikuri lideris pirovnuli qarizma da kompetenciac
an saxelmwifo institutebis efeqtianoba aZlevs mas upiratesobas konkuren
tul da saSiS msoflioSi. morgenTaus Tanaxmad, aramaterialuri faqtorebis,
rogoricaa qarizma, ugulebelyofa `tolfasia prestiJis ugulebelyofisa,
rogorc saerTaSoriso politikaSi damoukidebeli elementisa~.5
saxelmwifos mTavari interesebis optimizacia da gawonasworeba poli
tikur sibrZnes saWiroebs. morgenTau wers: `realizmi sibrZnes ganixilavs,
rogorc politikuri qmedebis Sedegebis winaswar gazomvas, rac uzenaesi
Rirsebaa politikaSi~.6 sworad interpretirebisa da gamoyenebis SemTxveva
Si amgvari sibrZne sworad warmarTavs saxelmwifos saqmeebs. erovnuli in
teresebis realistur Sefasebaze dafuZnebuli sagareo politika aramarto
riskian Tavgadasavlebs, aramed aseve dampyroblur sibrmavesac airidebs,
rac anadgurebs erebsa da civilizaciebs moraluri principebis, idealebis
Tu RmerTis saxeliTac ki~.7 rogorc morgenTau aRniSnavda, erovnuli in
teresis koncefcia moralistebis daSvebuli Secdomebis sapirispiroa.
cxadia, erovnuli interesi gansxvavdeba qveynidan qveynamde, icvleba wli
dan wlamde, aseTi interesi SeiZleba iyos mudmivi an droebiTi, pirvelx
arisxovani an meorexarisxovani, zogadi an specifikuri.
politikuri realistisaTvis warmatebuli saxelmwifo moRvawe isaa, vinc
flobs erovnuli interesebisa da amocanebis erovnul SesaZleblobebT
an dabalansebis xelovnebas. sibrZne moiTxovs, rom saxelmwifo moRvawem,
msgavsad myidvelisa supermarketSi, ganasxvavos erTmaneTisagan is, rac
aucilebelia da rac, ubralod, sasurvelia. saxelmwifos marTvis codna gu
lisxmobs eris molodinebisa da survilebis saxelmwifos SesaZleblobebT
an SesabamisobSi moyvanasa da sasicocxlo da meorexarisxovani interesebis
zustad garCevas. politikuri realizmi sagareo politikaSi gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas moqnilobas, obieqturobasa da sentimentalizmis naklebo
bas aniWebs. politikuri realisti ityvis, rom saerTaSoriso politikaSi
arseboben ara mudmivi mokavSireebi, aramed mxolod mudmivi interesebi.
morgenTaus azriT, saxelmwifo moRvawe-ebs sxva principebiT saqmianoba ar
epatiebaT, ara aqvs mniSvneloba, ramdenad amoraluri SeiZleba iyos aseTi
saqcieli Cveulebrivi adamianuri urTierTobebis poziciidan.
saerTaSoriso politikis riskian samyaroSi zneobas aqvs sxva saxe _
Cveni Sida cxovrebis zneobisagan gansxvavebuli, rogorc piraduli, aseve
politikuri. radganac sxva saxelmwifoebic moqmedeben interesebisa da
ara idealebis Sesabamisad, sakuTarma saxelmwifomac aseve unda imoqmedos.
nebismieri saxelmwifo sxvis xarjze sargeblis miRebas cdilobs _ koleq
tiuri saqcielis amgvari forma advilad SesamCnevi da universaluria. aqe
dan gamomdinare, morgenTau amtkicebda, rom politikuri realizmi ara mar
593
to xsnis, ratom iqcevian saxelmwifoebi ise, rogorc iqcevian, aramed, aseve

SeuZlia gaakeTos prognozi, rogor moiqcevian isini.
klasikuri evropuli sistema

makiaveli da morgenTau, orive evropis istoriis xmauriani epoqis
produqtebi iyvnen, Tumca sxvadasxva dros. makiavelize zegavlena iqonia im
mZafrma metoqeobam, intrigebma da konfliqtma, rac axasiaTebda XV-XVI sau
kuneebis italiur qalaq-saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebul urTierTobebs. igi
cxovrobda im dros, rodesac Tanamedrove eri-saxelmwifo jer kidev Camo
yalibebis procesSi iyo. klasikuri evropuli sistemis dabadeba makiavelis
gardacvalebidan erTi saukunis Semdeg moxda. morgenTau daibada germani
aSi I msoflio omamde. am omis erT-erTi Sedegi iyo evropuli sistemis ng
reva, romelsac monawile saxelmwifoebs Soris wonasworobis SenarCuneba
surda. koleqtiuri gawonasworobis es aqti interesze iyo dafuZnebuli,
is kavSirSi iyo ìnteresis~ imgvar definiciasTan, romelic sistemis yvela
aqtoris gadarCenas gulisxmobda. evropis cnobili ZalTa wonasworobis
sistema TiTqmis sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi funqcionirebda (ix. sqema 17-1).
is 1648 wels vestfaliis zavis dadebiT daiwyo da dasrulda I msoflio omis
dawyebasTan erTad. napoleonis safrangeTis mokle periodis garda, 266
wlis manZilze, verc erTma saxelmwifom kontinentze hegemoniis damyareba
ver SeZlo, rac TavisTavad aRsaniSnavi miRweva iyo nebismieri epoqisaTvis.
(A)
(B)
(C)
sqema 17-1. ZalTa wonasworobis regulireba

wonasworoba (A) irRveva axali monawilis damatebiT (B); wonasworoba kvlav aRdgeba
(C) ama Tu im saxelmwifos gadasvliT erTi aliansidan meoreSi.
wyaro: Edward V. Gulick, Europes Classical Ballance of Power (New York: Norton, 1967).
sistemuri winapirobebi
saerTaSoriso sistema funqcionirebda efeqtianad, radgan erTi saxelm
wifo, romelic wonasworobis damcvelis saxeliT iyo cnobili, krizisisa
da konfliqtis viTarebaSi sakuTar samxedro Tu politikur SesaZleblobebs
ufro susti aliansis mxareze gadaisroda xolme. didi britaneTi amgvarad
iqceoda, radganac amis saSualebas geografiuli mdebareoba da samxedro
(gansakuTrebiT sazRvao) SesaZleblobebi aZlevda. kontinentis siaxloves
594
mdebare kunZulovan saxelmwifos, britaneTs SeeZlo SedarebiT mSvidad

edevnebina Tvali metoqeobisa da konfliqtebisaTvis la manSis srutis
gadaRma. istoriulad, britaneTis mTavari sazrunavi is sakiTxi iyo, vin mar
Tavda e.w. dablobs (dRevandeli belgiisa da holandiis teritoria), zustad
srutis gaswvriv, romlis sigane yvelaze viwro wertilSi mxolod 22 milia.
zogadad, britaneTi miudgomel cixe-simagres warmoadgenda, radganac verc
erTma saxelmwifom ver SeZlo misi dapyroba. da bolos, britaneTis sazRvao
upiratesobam da ekonomikurma Zlierebam igi Zlieri mokavSire da sazareli
mteri gaxada, Tumca saxmeleTo jaris simcirem mis mier evraziis kontinentze
dominirebis safrTxe gamoricxa.
meore mniSvnelovani faqtori, romelic gansazRvravda tradiciul evro
pul sistemas, iyo ZiriTadi zneobrivi konsensusi _ yvela saxelmwifo erTsa
da imave civilizacias miekuTvneboda. istorikosebma eduard gibonma da ar
nold toinbim, iseve rogorc filosofosebma emerix de vatelma da Jan Jak
rusom, aRniSnes is uzarmazari mniSvneloba, rac im kulturul da religiur
tradiciebs hqonda, romelic gavrcelda evropul sazogadoebaSi da gadalaxa
saxelmwifo sazRvrebi ZalTa balansis sistemis ayvavebis pirobebSic ki.8
am araordinalur pirobebSi, `saerTaSoriso politika gaxda aristokra
tiuli garToba, sporti mmarTvelebisaTvis, rodesac yvela TamaSis erTian
wesebs aRiarebs da yvela msgavsi SezRuduli miznebisaTvis ibrZvis~.9 Sez
Ruduli miznebi niSnavs, rom maSinac ki, rodesac omi gaCaRdeboda, meto
qeebi ar cdilobdnen erTmaneTis ganadgurebas. umetes SemTxvevaSi, evro
pis mmarTvelebi, XVIII saukunis ganmanaTleblobis, racionalizmis ideebiT
Sepyrobilni, mmarTvelobisas pragmatul midgomas irCevdnen da nebismieri
saxis fanatizms absurdulad da saxifaTod miiCnevdnen. aramarto miznebi,
aramed samxedro da ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebic SezRuduli iyo: mxolod
ramdenime qveyanas Tu SeeZlo qveynis simdidre maRali riskis Semcvel Tavga
dasavlebSi gaeflanga, amasTan, Tanamedrove teqnologiis ararsebobis gamo
samxedro moqmedebebic SezRuduli iyo.
am panevropuli kulturis kidev erTi SemTxveviTi aspeqti ideologiis
ararseboba gaxldaT. mokavSireTa Secvla garemopirobebis SecvlasTan er
Tad xdeboda. struqturul sixistes SeeZlo Seeferxebina gawonasworebis
procesi da ufro SesaZlebeli gaexada totaluri omi.
evropuli konsensusis marcxi

ram ganapiroba SedarebiT stabiluri saerTaSoriso wesrigis rRveva, ro
melic 250 welze meti xnis manZilze arsebobda? pirveli, XIX saukuneSi napo
leonis mier evropis dapyrobis TiTqmis warmatebulma mcdelobam Seeqmna
pirveli saxalxo armia Tanamedrove istoriaSi da im periodSi nacionalizmis
zrdis Sesaxeb gvauwya. miuxedavad imisa, rom safrangeTis hegemoniis mcde
loba sabolood uSedegod damTavrda, is iyo mravali movlenis mauwyebeli da
man miznis erTi garSemo gaerTianebuli eris Zlierebis demonstrireba moax
dina. TviTon miznis arsi dafuZnebuli iyo adamianTa Tanasworobis feTqebad
595
ideaze, romelic gvian XVIII saukunis safrangeTisa da amerikis revoluciebis

Sedegad warmoiSva. napoleonis omebsa da I msoflio oms Soris iseTma idee
bma, rogorc iyo erTa TviTgamorkveva da universaluri uflebebi, politikis
Sesaxeb fundamenturi Sexedulebebi Secvala da amiT safuZveli gamoacala
Zvel aristokratiul wesrigs.
XIX saukuneSi industriulma revoluciam ekonomikur da teqnologiur
sferoebSi samxedro moqmedebebis arsi Secvala. magaliTad, prusiam gamoiy
ena rkinigza samxedro Zalebis gadasayvanad avstriisa (1866) da safrange
Tis (1870) winaaRmdeg. omSi axali saSualebebiT, magaliTad, samxedro daniS
nulebis Sida wvis Zravebis, moZravi savele artileriisa da ukve I msoflio
omisaTvis, sabrZolo TviTmfrinavebis gamoyenebac aRar iyo ucxo.
bolo faqtori, ramac safuZveli gamoacala evropul sistemas, samxedro
aliansebis simtkice iyo. XIX saukunis dasasrulisaTvis, koaliciebi fiqsire
buli da kargad gamokveTili xdeboda maSin, roca saxelmwifoebi TandaTano
biT axdendnen samxedro Zalis akumulirebas. mSvidobianobis Jams uprece
dento danaxarjebma samxedro kvlevebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis, SedarebiT
didi, mudmivi armiebis Seqmnam da samxedro Sejibrma kidev ufro gaamwvava
evropis dayofa or dapirispirebul aliansad. amgvarma viTarebam ganapiroba
I msoflio omis dawyeba, ramac ZalTa wonasworobis klasikuri sistemis dasas
rulis dasawyisi gvamcno.
Tanamedrove globaluri sistema

II msoflio omma ganapiroba axali konfiguraciis warmoqmna, romelic
dResac ganagrZobs msoflio politikis gansazRvras. evropuli sistema ori
supersaxelmwifos mier dominirebulma globalurma sistemam Secvala. am
axal bipolarul sistemaSi orive mxarem uzarmazari saxsrebi totaluri
omis sawarmoeblad saWiro resursebis Seqmnisaken mimarTa da TiToeuli mx
are erTmaneTs ideologiur mtrad aRiqvamda. civi omi amerikis SeerTebul
Statebsa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris 1945 wlidan daiwyo, TiTqmis naxevar sau
kunes gagrZelda da 1991 wels sabWoTa kavSiris daSliT dasrulda. Sesabam
isad, mizanSewonilia ganvixiloT msoflio politikis struqturuli maxa
siaTeblebi amerikisa da sabWoTa kavSiris metoqeobis magaliTze, manam,
sanam gadavalT Tanamedrove globaluri sistemis ganxilvaze.
evrocentrizmis dasasruli
erT-erTi yvelaze aSkara cvlileba saerTaSoriso politikaSi II msoflio
omis dasrulebis Semdeg evropis saxelmwifoebis gavlenis Semcireba iyo,
romlebic XVII saukunidan saerTaSoriso ZalTa wonasworobis brunvis cen
trs warmoadgendnen. realurad, evropas Crdili pirvelad ori araevropu
li Zalis _ amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da iaponiis gaZlierebam miayena,
risi winapirobebic ukve gvian XIX saukuneSi ikveTeboda. II msoflio omis Sem
596
deg naTeli gaxda, rom iseTi tradiciulad Zlieri saxelmwifoebi, rogoric

iyo didi britaneTi, safrangeTi da germania, meorexarisxovani saxelmwifoe
bi gaxdnen. britaneTi iZulebuli gaxda, uari eTqva msoflio masStabis im
periaze, safrangeTi sakuTari ekonomikis, sazogadoebisa da xelisuflebis
rekonstruqciiT iyo dakavebuli, germania damarcxebuli da danawevrebuli
iyo zonebad, ris Sedegadac ori axali saxelmwifo _ germaniis federaciu
li respublika (dasavleTi germania) da germaniis demokratiul respublika
(aRmosavleTi germania) warmoiSva. sabWoTa kavSiri, romelmac omis Sedegad
uzarmazari danakargebi ganicada, arnaxulad gaZlierda.
II msoflio omis Semdeg britaneTis, safrangeTis, belgiisa da holandiis
koloniebi maleve daiSala.A am yofil koloniur teritoriebze axali sax
elmwifoebi aRmocendnen, romlebmac or industriul bloks mimarTEes samx
edro da ekonomikuri daxmarebisaTvis.Aase rom, mesame samyaro bipolaruli
Zalebis metoqeobis arenad gadaiqca. am brZolis brendi civi omi iyo.
bipolarobis dasawyisi
miuxedavad imisa, rom evropulidan globalur saerTaSoriso sistemaze
gadasvla II msoflio omamde daiwyo, omma es procesi mniSvnelovnad daaC
qara _ nawilobriv msoflio politikis mTavari aqtorebis, evropis sax
elmwifoebis mTavari scenidan CamoSorebiT. yofili didi saxelmwifoebis
adgilze, romelTa raodenoba omis dawyebisas Svids Seadgenda, ori super
saxelmwifo gamoCnda _ amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da sabWoTa kavSiri.
amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma evropis dasavleT nawilze proteqtoratis
msgavsi ram Seqmna, xolo sabWoTa kavSirma `satelituri~ imperia _ evropis
aRmosavleT nawilSi.
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, romelmac pirvelma Seqmna da gamoiyena
birTvuli iaraRi, II msoflio omis Semdeg mcire periodis ganmavlobaSi
birTvul monopolias flobda. sabWoTa kavSirma, dasavleli eqspertebis
Tu politikosebis gasaocrad, warmatebiT gamoscada birTvuli iaraRi 1949
wels da amiT moaxdina imis demonstrireba, rom masac hqonda ufleba super
saxelmwifo yofiliyo.
1950-ian wlebSi samxedro Zlierebisa da ekonomikuri resursebis Tval
sazrisiT, amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma da sabWoTa kavSirma yvela dan
arCeni saxelmwifo daCrdiles. Tumca, maT Soris arsebulma ideologiurma
ufskrulma maT Soris nebismieri saxis TanamSromloba Seaferxa.
ideologiis primati
saerTaSoriso scenaze ori supersaxelmwifos dominireba maT bunebriv
metoqeebad ayalibebda; radganac erTi iyo kapitalisturi da demokratiu
li, xolo meore komunisturi da diqtatoruli, metoqeobam gansakuTrebiT
saSiSi da mZafri xasiaTi miiRo. II msoflio omis dasasrulisaTvis alian
597
sis wevrTa undobloba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda sabWoTa diqtatoris ioseb

stalinis mimarT, rac ganpirobebuli iyo sabWoTa armiis mier germanelebi
sagan gaTavisuflebuli aRmosavleT evropis dapyrobiTa da stalinis mcd
elobiT, aeZulebina dasavleTis saxelmwifoebi, uari eTqvaT dasavleT ber
linze. amerikis SerTebuli Statebisa da misi mokavSireebisaTis aranakleb
SemaSfoTebeli sabWoTa kavSiris mier 1949 wels sakuTari atomuri iaraRis
gamocda gaxda.
amasTan, sabWoTa kavSirma amerikis sagareo politikuri qmedebebi, maT So
ris didi raodenobis sesxis micemaze uaris Tqma da marSalis gegmis wamow
yeba, aRiqva, rogorc dasturi, rom àmerikuli imperializmi~ `msoflio
socialisturi sistemis~ dangrevas isaxavda miznad. stalinis mTavarma
ideologma andrei Jdanovma 1947 wels komunisturi partiis yrilobaze ga
nacxada, rom msoflio or banakad iyo gayofili. am ori banakis doqtrinas
oreuli hyavda dasavleTSi `msoflio komunisturi SeTqmulebis~ saxiT, ro
melic emyareboda mosazrebas, rom saidumlo komunisturi proeqtis mizans
yvela demokratiuli sazogadoebis damxoba warmoadgenda. retrospeqti
ulad, amgvari rwmena SesaZloa gadaWarbebulic ki iyos, Tumca orive mxares
arsebulma eqstremalurma ritorikam, romelic savse iyo ideologiuri da
pirispirebebiT, amgvar intepretacias damajerebloba Semata.
amerikis Sekavebis politika dasavleT evropaSi gavleniani samxedro
aliansis _ CrdiloeT atlantikis xelSekrulebis organizaciis (nato)
SeqmniT gaaqtiurda. sabWoTa kavSirma sakuTari samxedro aliansis _ varSa
vis xelSekrulebis organizaciis SeqmniT upasuxa (Cveulebriv varSavis
xelSekrulebis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili), romelic moskovsa da aRmosav
leT evropas akavSirebda erTmaneTTan. or bloks Soris arsebuli konfron
taciuli atmosfero kompromisisa da SeTanxmebisaTvis mcire SesaZleblo
bas tovebda. civi omi wamoiwyo orma gansakuTrebiT Zlierma saxlemwifom,
romelTa miznebi, interesebi da Rirebulebebi urTierTSeuTavsebeli
Canda. ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, TiToeuli cdilobda SewinaaRmdegeboda meo
ris ambiciebs, uares SemTxvevaSi ki, orive erTmaneTis ganadgurebas isax
avda miznad. am TvalsazrisiT, omis Semdgomi sistema mkveTrad gansxvavde
boda im tradiciuli evropuli sistemisagan, romelic man Caanacvla: omisa
da diplomatiis mizani ukve mxolod teritoriebisa da samflobeloebis
gansazRvra aRar iyo.
birTvuli omis safrTxe

rodesac evropuli ZalTa wonaswroba dairRva, saxelmwifoebma omis
warmoebis saSualebebis SezRudvis mizniT konkretuli wesebi daadgines.
XX saukunis orma tqnologiurma garRvevam didad gazarda samxedro Zalis
destruqciuli potenciali. pirvelad Seiqmna sahaero Tavdasxmis, xolo Sem
deg _ gadazidvis sistemebi, romelTa SesaZleblobebi omis warmoebis Ses
axeb erTi saukuniT adre arsebul warmodgenebs Zireulad cvlida. meore,
birTvuli fizikis miRwevebma ganapiroba atomuri da wyalbadis bombebis Se
598
qmna, romelTac mTeli qalaqebis ganadgureba SeeZlo. am samecniero da te

qnologiuri miRwevebis Sedegad, amerikisa da sabWoTa kavSiris arsenali sax
meleTo da sazRvao raketebiT gaivso. am or saxelmwifos hqonda uzarmazari
SesaZleblobebi: orive mxares gaaCnda sakmarisi raodenobis birTvuli iara
Ri, rom gaenadgurebinaT erTmaneTi. aseT viTarebaSi farTomasStabiani omi
TviTmkvlelobis tolfasi gaxda.A Seqmnili viTarebis aRqmam, rogorc Semdeg
vnaxavT, mniSvnelovani da gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa usafrTxoebis axali
sqemis warmoqmnaSi. igi miznad isaxavda kacobriobis gadarCenas msoflioSi,
romelic ganadgurebis realuri safrTxis winaSe idga.
urTierT Sekaveba
II msoflio omis Semdgomi ZalTa wonasworobis sistema Sekavebis princips
efuZneboda. birTvuli iaraRis uprecedento gamanadgurebelma efeqtma ga
napiroba Sekavebis principis arseboba, rac konfliqtis prevencias niSnav
da, ramdenadac iseTi saxelmwifoebis erovnuli Tavdacva, rogorc aSS da
sabWiTa kavSiri iyo, moiTxovda agresorisaTvis yovelgvari SezRudvis gar
eSe epasuxaT. Sekaveba amoqmedda ara rogorc abstraqtuli idea, aramed ro
gorc istoriuli aucilebloba. amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma birTvuli
monopolia II msoflio omis Semdeg maleve dakarga, Tumca 1970-iani wlebis
Sua periodamde mainc upirates poziciaSi imyofeboda. 1957 wels sabWoTa
kavSirma pirveli sateliti (Tanamgzavri) gauSva orbitaze. sabWoTa kavSiris
mier ganxorcielebulma kosmosurma gasrolam daanaxa mTels msoflios,
rom igi ukve Sori radiusis raketebis Seqmnis teqnologiasac flobda, anu
sabWoTa kavSirs SeeZlo gaesrola iaraRi sakuTari teritoriidan, romelic
pirdapir amerikuli samizneebisaken iqneboda mimarTuli.
1960-iani wlebis bolos, amerikisaTvis uZlevelobis era dasrulda:
sabWoTa kavSirma Seqmna saxmeleTo saraketo sistema, romlis sawinaaRmde
god adekvaturi Tavdacvis sistema ar arsebobda. axla ukve orive mxare aR
moCnda birTvuli ufskrulis winaSe. Sekaveba gaxda axali lozungi samxedro
strategiis Sesaxeb debatebSi da II msoflio omis Semdgomi ZalTa wonasworo
bis Semadgeneli nawili. Sekavebis Teoriis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifoebi qmnian
birTvul iaraRs ara misi gamoyenebis, aramed sxva saxelmwifoebis mier maTi
gamoyenebis Sekavebis mizniT. aqedan gamomdinare, am saxis iaraRis Sesaqmne
lad saWiro xarjebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba skolebis, biblioTekebisa
da skverebis mSeneblobasTan dakavSirebuli proeqtebis finansebisagan. am
yvelafris floba moxmarebis gareSe seriozuli Sida politikuri marcxi
iqneboda. amis sapirispirod, birTvuli iaraRis odesme gamoyeneba gamoi
wvevda bevrad ufro seriozul sagareo politikur marcxs, romelsac See
Zlo safrTxeSi Caegdo TviT kacobriobis arseboba.
ase rom, Sekaveba fundamenturad fsiqologiuri fenomenia. rogorc ase
Ti, is sakuTar TavSi maRali riskis mqone pokeris TamaSis elementebs Sei
cavs. pokeris msgavsad, Sekaveba moicavs garkveul realobaze dafuZnebul
interesTa Sejibrs, radganac gadarCenas safrTxe emuqreba, moTamaSeebma
599
minimumamde unda Seamciron riski. blefi am procesis nawilia. amrigad, Tu A

qveyana warmatebiT iyenebs samxedro Zalas, raTa B qveyanas sasurvel sagareo
politikur mizanze Buari aTqmevinos, B qveynis prestiJi ilaxeba, xolo A
qveyana fsiqologiur upiratesobas zeimobs. birTvuli Sekaveba efuZneba
ara marto realur Zlierebas, aramed udidesi saSiSroebis pirobebSi orive
mxaris motivebsa da aRqmas.
ramdenime sakvanZo mosazreba udevs safuZvlad birTvuli Sekavebis
Teorias. pirveli, saxelmwifoebi potenciur agresorebTan urTierTobaSi
acxadeben naTlad gamokveTil mzaobas Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi gamoiyenon
birTvuli iaraRi. meore, miuxedavad ormxrivi undoblobisa, orive mxareze
gadawyvetilebis mimRebni racionalurni arian, Sesabamisad arcerTi mxare
ar wamoiwyebs birTvul moqmedebebs, garda im SemTxvevisa, roca igi sakuTar
Tavs sapirispiro dartymisagan icavs. mesame, TiToeul mxares aqvs meore
dartymis (ukugebis) ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba, rac gulisxmobs, rom
saxelmwifos birTvuli SesaZleblobebi gauZlebs pirveli dartymis upi
ratesobas da SeZlebs sapasuxo dartymis ganxorcielebas, romelic Tavdam
sxmels Sesabamis zians miayenebs.
imisaTvis rom uzrunveleyo misi birTvuli Zalebis sicocxlisunariano
ba, amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma II msoflio omis Semdeg gancalkevebuli
gadazidvis sistemebi Seqmna.E es e.w. sameuli (triada) Sedgeboda saxmeleTo
kontinentTa Sorisi balistikuri raketebis (ICBM), wyalqveSa navidan gas
aSvebi balistikuri raketebisa (SLBM) da strategiuli aviaciisgan (SAC).
sabWoTa kavSirsac hqonda msgavsi sameulisagan Semdgari Sekavebis sistema.
igi ZiriTadad efuZneboda saxmeleTo saraketo sistemebs, romelic ssrk-s
ufro didi raodenobiT hqonda, vidre amerikis SeerTebul Statebs. amasTan,
amerikis sazRvao Sekavebis sistema bevrad ufro Zlieri iyo, vidre sabWoTa
kavSirisa.
Sekavebasa da samxedro SeiraRebaSi upiratesoba II msoflio omis Semdeg
xan erT mxares hqonda xan meores. ramdenime faqtori ganapirobebda Seiara
Rebis mimarTulebasa da tempebs. TiToeul saxelmwifos hqonda specifikuri
miznebi da prioritetebi, rac garkveul SezRudvebs awesebda samxedro xar
jebze. meore, TiToeuli supersaxelmwifo eWvis TvaliT uyurebda erTma
neTis qmedebebs. ase magaliTad, sabWoTa kavSiris mier 1970-ian wlebSi gama
lebuli SeiaraRebis wamowyebam aiZula amerika, TviTonac igive gaekeTebina.
am mcdelobebis erT-erTi Sedegi iyo is, rom stabiluri wonasworobis miR
weva ver xerxdeboda im pirobebSi, rodesac erT saxelmwifos, eqspansiuri
sagareo politikiT, hqonda aSkara upiratesoba birTvuli iaraRis raode
nobasa da ZlierebaSi. dabolos, Tavisi uaryofiTi gavlena teqnologiamac
iqonia. erTi mxriv, radganac teqnologiebis codna ar SeiZleba ar gavr
celdes, orive saxelmwifo zedmetad frTxilobda ganiaraRebis sakiTxTan
mimarTebaSi, meore mxriv, SesaZlebloba imisa, rom erT saxelmwifos SeiZle
ba mieRwia teqnologiuri garRvevisaTvis, sakmaod mniSvnelovani winapiroba
iyo maRali donis samxedro kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis gagrZelebisaTvis.
birTvulma Sekavebam ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi imuSava, Tumca
igi savse iyo daZabulobiTa da safrTxeebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom orive su
600
persaxelmwifo mudmivad arwmunebda danarCen msoflios, rom maT birTvuli

iaraRi mxolod TavdacviTi miznebisaTvis sWirdebodaT, TviTon birTvuli
iaraRis arsenalebis arsebobis faqti xSirad amwvavebda SiSsa da undoblobas.
amerikis sagareo politika: guSin da dREes

miznebsa da saSualebebs Soris gansxvaveba sakvanZoa saerTaSoriso poli
tikisa da aseve sagareo politikis formulirebisaTvis. sagareo politikur
mizanSi Cven vgulisxmobT im amocanebis erTobliobas, rac ganapirobebs sax
elmwifoTa qmedebebs, sagareo politikis saSualebebSi ki im strategiebs,
romelsac saxelmwifoebi mimarTaven sakuTari amocanebis realizebis
mizniT. miznebi (amocanebi) Tavisi arsiT aris farTo, mtkiced dafuZnebu
li da rTulad (nela) cvalebadi. strategiebi ki SeiZleba iyos pragmatuli
da taqtikuri, mTlianad nakarnaxevi im miznebiT, romelic saxelmwifoebs
aqvT. strategia SeiZleba icvlebodes droTa ganmavlobaSi da iyos global
uri, an regionuli. nebismieri saxelmwifos msgavsad, amerikis SeerTebulma
Statebma or ZiriTad mimarTulebas Soris arCevani unda gaakeTos. man, al
baT ufro metad, vidre nebismierma sxva saxelmwifom msoflioSi, sagareo
politikuri miznebisa da erovnuli interesebis Secvala moaxdina XX sauku
nis Sua periodSi.
ra aris erovnuli interesi?

saerTaSoriso politikaSi ori mniSvnelovani da xSirad gameorebadi
strategia aris cnobili _ TavdacviTi anu status kvos strategia da Tav
dasxmiTi _ eqspansionisturi strategia (eqspansionizmi). saxelmwifoTa
umetesi nawili ambobs, rom isini mimarTaven pirvels, im SemTxvevaSic ki,
roca realurad meore strategias atareben. es TvalTmaqcoba garkveul
wilad winaswar ganzraxulia da sakuTari Tavis motyuebaa. yvelafers rom
Tavi davaneboT, es xom adamianis bunebaSia, movaxdinoT sakuTari qmedebebis
racionalurad warmosaxva, rodesac maT gamarTlebas ver vaxerxebT.
damkvirveblisaTvis SesaZloa gamoCndes, rom xandaxan TavdacviT, sta
tus-kvos momxre saxelmwifosa da agresiul saxelmwifos qmedebebs Soris
arsebiTi gansxvaveba ar aris, Tumca motivacia da miznebi maT sakmaod gan
sxvavebuli aqvT. saxelmwifoebi, romlebic cdiloben gafarToebas da ar
sebuli Zalauflebrivi urTierTobebis Secvlas, amas xSirad swored im sax
elmwifoebis xarjze akeTeben, visac arsebuli urTierTobebis SenarCuneba
surs. rogorc wesi, eqspansionisti saxelmwifoebi ukmayofiloni arian ar
sebuli status-kvoTi. am mizeziT, isini cdiloben moaxdinon omis provoci
reba, wamoiwyon gamalebuli SeiaraReba, xeli Seuwyon revoluciis wamowye
bas, da zogadad, eswrafvian saerTaSoriso sistemis destabilizacias. aseTi
qmedebebi warmoSobs sakmaod did zneobriv wnexs am saxelmwifoebze, Tumca
TiToeuli SemTxvevis mainc individualurad ganxilva unda moxdes.
601
gansxvaveba agresorsa da TavdacviT saxelmwifos Soris sakmaod naTelia

Teoriulad, Tumca praqtikulad sakmaod bundovania. ase rom, Tu mowinaaR
mdege saxelmwifo ar erTveba SeiaraRebis SejibrSi, status kvo saxelmwifo
mzadaa darCes arsebuli samxedro momzadebis doneze, magram Tu ukmayofilo
metoqe saxelmwifo mis xelT arsebul samxedro arsenals kidev zrdis, maSin
unda vivaraudoT, rom Tundac yvelaze kmayofili status kvo saxelmwifoc
ki iZulebuli gaxdeba igive gaakeTos, oRond, ra Tqma unda, gansxvavebuli mo
tivaciiT. pirvel SemTxvevaSi motivacia eqspansiaa, meore SemTxvevaSi _ sa
kuTari Tavis dacva.
bediswera
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi yovelTvis acxadebda pretenzias, rom igi

axorcielebda status-kvos politikas, im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca is far
Tovdeboda. istoria imisa, rogor gaizarda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi
13 Statidan da gadaiWima mTels kontinentze okeanidan okenamde, nebismier
ma skolis moswavlem icis. Tumca, maswavleblebi iSviaTad warmoaCenen amas
amerikuli imperializmis an eqspansionizmis istoriad, garda im SemTxvevi
sa, roca moswavleebi da maswavleblebi aborigeni amerikelebi arian. Eespan
elebsa da meqsikelebs am sakiTxis gamo davis sruli safuZveli aqvT, aseve
xalxs, vinc cxovrobs texasSi, kaliforniasa an floridaSi (sxva StatebTan
erTad). TviT rusebic ki SeiZleba SeewinaRmdegon (isini dasaxldnen alas
kaze manam, sanam amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi Seiqmneboda) amgvar xedvas.
eqspansionistebi aSS-is kongresSi amas `bedisweras~ uwodebdnen, magram, ro
gorc Seqspirma Tqva, vardi, Tundac sxva saxeliT, mainc vardia.
zogierTi saxelmwifo uyuradRebod tovebs am tipis saerTaSoriso

sistemaSi warmoqmnil safrTxeebs da cdilobs Tavi daaRwios saerTaSoriso
Zalis politikis TamaSebs. es saxelmwifoebi mimarTaven neitralitetis an
miumxroblobis politikas. neitraluroba gulisxmobs nebismier situaci
aSi ganze yofnas, maSin roca miumxrobloba zogadad aravis mxareze yofna,
Tumca ara yvela SemTxvevaSi neitralurad darCenaa.
status-kvo strategiebi arsiT konservatiulia. saxelmwifoebi, romle
bic mimarTaven amgvar strategiebs, miznad arsebuli wonasworobis Senar
Cunebas isaxaven, isini eTayvanebian stabilurobas, saxelmwifoebs Soris
mSvidobian urTierTobas da yvelaferTan erTad, legitimurobas. sta
tus-kvo saxelmwifoebi zogadad cdiloben mimarTon iseT instrumentebs,
rogoricaa saerTaSoriso samarTali, mravalmxrivi SeTanxmebebi da glo
baluri mniSvnelobis organoebi (magaliTad, erTa liga da gaerTianebuli
erebis organizacia), raTa msoflioSi SenarCunebul iqnes Zalauflebis
danawilebis arsebuli forma da prestiJi. Cveulebriv, isini uars amboben
revoluciis gziT mosuli xelisuflebis aRiarebaze, radgan miaCniaT, rom
602
maT Zalaufleba xelSi arakanonieri gziT Caigdes, an safrTxes uqmnian re

gionuli an globaluri wonasworobis stabilurobas, anda im motiviT, rom
Zaladobisa da ukanonobis saerTaSoriso aRiareba safuZvels aclis samar
Tlisa da wesrigis principebs mTels msoflioSi. amerikis sagareo politika
II msoflio omis Semdeg am politikis yvelaze naTeli ilustraciaa _ ameri
kis SeerTebuli Statebi CineTis xelisuflebis aRiarebaze TiTqmis mTeli
ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi ambobda uars, komunistebis mier 1949 wels
Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebis gamo.
da mainc, ramdenime saxelmwifo Tanmimdevrulad misdevs status-kvos
strategias TiTqmis yvela frontze. xandaxan politikuri mdgomareoba
romelime konkretul saxelmwifoSi meryeobs eqspansionizmsa da statuskvo strategiebs Soris. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis diplomatiuri is
toria am tendenciis ilustrirebis naTeli magaliTia. marTalia, sxvadasxva
dros igi atarebda kontinenturi da kontinents miRma eqspansiis politi
kas, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi misi arsebobis umetes nawilSi regionuli
da saerTaSoriso status-kvos SenarCunebis princips eyrdnoboda. amgvari
politikis ori magaliTia monros doqtrina da II msoflio omis Semdgomi
mcdeloba, Seekavebina sabWoTa agresia. orive maTgani wignis momdevno
nawilSia ganxiluli.
erovnuli interesis dacva

saxelmwifos grZelvadian miznebsa da moklevadian politikur qmedebebs
Soris sakmaod mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa. zRvari miznebsa da yoveldRiur
politikas Soris ramdenime mniSvnelovan sakiTxs warmoSobs. pirveli, miuxe
davad imisa, Tu romel strategias irCevs saxelmwifo _ eqspansionisturs
Tu status-kvos, is erTdroulad SesaZloa iyenebdes sxvadasxva meTods
gansxvavebul problemebTan mimarTebaSi. magaliTad, saxelmwifo SeiZleba
cdilobdes status-kvos SenarCunebas sazavo xelSekrulebis xelmoweriT
erT saxelmwifosTan da amavdroulad mimarTavdes eqspansiur politikas
meoresTan mimarTebaSi: magaliTad, 1939 wlis agvistoSi faSisturma ger
maniam _ eqspansionisturma saxelmwifom, xeli moawera Tavdausxmelobis
paqts sabWoTa kavSirTan, rac man aRmosavleT evropis dasapyrobad gamoi
yena.
saxelmwifom SesaZloa airCios eqspansionizmis strategia, roca mas
sjera, rom pirveli dartymis ganxorcieleba da potenciuri mtris teri
toriis dakaveba aucilebelia misi TviTgadarCenisaTvis. es magaliTebi sxva
sakiTxebzec migviTiTebs, kerZod imaze, rom Zalis gamoyenebis strategiebi
aris moqnili, isini icvleba pirobebis Secvlis Tanmimdevrulad da SeiZle
ba gardaiqmnas, roca saxelmwifos mmarTveli elita amas saWirod miiCnevs.
amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma araerTxel ganaxorciela laTinuri ameri
kis saxelmwifoebis dapyroba an samxedro intervencia, xolo mizezad yov
elTvis an status-kvos SenarCuneba an Cagruli xalxis tiraniisagan gaTavi
sufleba saxeldeboda.
603
monros doqtrina: status kvos dacva. 1823 wlis 2 dekembers prezidentma

jeims monrom kongresisadmi yovelwliur mimarTvaSi gamoacxada monros
doqtrina. am mimarTvaSi man Tqva, rom amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi pativs
scemda arsebul politikur konfiguracias msoflios dasavleTY naxevars
feroSi. èvropuli saxelmwifoebis ukve arsebuli koloniebis saqmeebSi
Cven ar CavreulvarT da arc CavereviT~ ganacxada monrom. magram
im qveynebis mimarT, romlebmac gamoacxades damoukidebloba da inar
Cuneben mas . . . ver SeveguebiT nebismieri evropuli saxelmwifos mier
Seviwroebis an kontrolis nebismier formas da amas aRviqvamT, ro
gorc amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mimarT aramegobruli damokide
bulebis gamomJRavnebas.10
am deklaraciiT amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma faqtobrivad ganacxada,

rom am droidan vaSingtoni nebismieri sagareo aqtoris mxridan wonasworobis
darRvevis nebismier mcdelobas SeewinaRmdegeboda. amiT, monros doqtrinam
daumtkica amerikis SeerTebul Statebs ufleba, SeenarCunebina upiratesi
pozicia msoflios TiTqmis naxevarSi _ im naxevarsferoSi, romelsac igi sa
kuTari saxelmwifo interesebis mniSvnelovan nawilad Tvlida.
istoria, konfliqti da sagareo politika:

axlo aRmosavleTis magaliTi
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi sagareo politikuri miznebis kompleq
surobisa da orazrovnebis ilustrirebisaTvis, israelsa da arabul sa
myaros Soris xangrZlivi konfliqtis gaxsenebac ki sakmarisia.
II msoflio omis Semdeg ebraelma nacionalistebma, igive sionistebma,
britanelebisa da arabebis winaaRmdeg palestinaSi sakuTari saxelmwifos
Seqmnis moTxovniT omi wamoiwyes. TavianTi qmedebebis gasamarTleblad maT
mohqondaT istoriuli, bibliuri da samarTlebrivi argumentebi da amt
kicebdnen, rom holokostis (meore msoflio omis periodSi germaniis nacis
turi xelisuflebisa da misi mokavSireebis mier ebraelebis winaaRmdeg ganxor
cielebuli masobrivi genocidi _ mTargm. Sen.) Semdeg ebraelebs usafrTxod
mxolod sakuTar samSobloSi SeiZleboda ecxovraT. oms, romelic maT
wamoiwyes, bevri udanaSaulo adamiani emsxverpla. palestinelma arabma
devnilebma ebraelebi imperialistebad miiCnies. arabma nacionalistebma es
sababad gamoiyenes da sionizmisa da axlad Seqmnili ebrauli saxelmwifos
winaaRmdeg saRvTo omi gamoacxades. regionSi arsebulma arabulma qveynebma
uaryves israelis suvereniteti, rac maincdamainc moulodneli ar yo
fila.
Semdeg radikalma palestinurma dajgufebebma teroristuli aqtebis
ganxorcieleba daiwyes israelis moqalaqeebisa da ramdenime arabuli qvey
nis, gansakuTrebiT egviptis winaaRmdeg. 1956 wels egviptem suecis arxi Ca
moarTva safrangeTsa da did britaneTs, romlebic aqtiurad uWerdnen mxars
604
israels egviptis winaaRmdeg omSi, swored im sakiTxze, Tu vin gaakontroleb

da arxs. am epizodma kidev ufro gaaZliera arabTa rwmena, rom sionizmi da
dasavluri imperializmi arabul samyaroze gabatonebas isaxavda miznad.
mtrobis gaRvivebis aTwleulis Semdeg, meore omi daiwyo. 1967 wels is
raelma, romelic pasuxobda egviptidan wamosul safrTxesa da aseve eyrd
noboda dazvervis samsaxurebis mier mowodebul informacias, rom egvipte
emzadeboda TavdasxmisaTvis, winmswrebi samxedro moqmedebebi ganaxorcie
la egviptis winaaRmdeg, rac eqvsdRiani omis saxeliT gaxda cnobili. daax
loebiT erTkviriani samxedro Setakebebis Sedegad israelma daikava arabTa
teritoriebis mniSvnelovani nawili, maT Soris, sinais naxevarkunZuli da
Razas olqi egvipteSi, golanis simaRleebi siriasa da mdinare iordanes
dasavleT sanapiro iordaniaSi. ierusalimi, manam danawevrebuli qalaqi,
mTlianad israelis kontrolos qveS aRmoCnda. am damarcxebiT damcirebul
ma egviptem da siriam momdevno brZolebisaTvis daiwyes mzadeba. 1973 wels
israelis teritoriebze TavdasxmiT maT 1967 wlis Semdeg Seqmnili status
kvos gadasinjva scades. israeli am SemTxvevaSic Tanabar Zalebs flobda,
Tumca, amjerad, warmatebas ver miaRwia. amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma me
diatoris funqcia ikisra. egviptelebma 1979 wels israelTan sazavo xelSek
rulebis (kemp-devidis SeTanxmeba) dadebiT daibrunes sinais naxevarkun
Zuli, magram sxva arabulma saxelmwifoebma egvipte sionizmsa da dasavlur
imperializmTan garigebaSi daadanaSaules.
konfliqti palestinelebsa da ebraelebs Soris 1980-ian wlebSi isev
gamwvavda, rodesac israelma daipyro libanis nawili 1982 wels, im mizniT,
rom sapasuxo qmedebebi ganexorcielebina palestinis gamaTavisuflebe
li organizaciisa da sxva dajgufebaTa Tavdasxmebze. mogvianebiT pales
tinelebma wamoiwyes pirveli intifada (ajanyeba) israelis mier md. iordanes
dasavleT sanapirosa da Razas olqis dakavebis gamo. 1990ian wlebSi droe
biTi simSvide aRiniSna da pirveli nabijebi gadaidga palestinis saxelmwi
fos Seqmnisaken. ebraelebsa da palestinel arabebs Soris mSvidoba dairRva
2000 wels, rodesac palestinis gamaTavisuflebelma organizaciam uaryo
konfliqtis mogvarebis Taobaze israelis gegma, romelic, marTalia, bevrad
ufro guluxvi iyo, vidre israelis mier adre gakeTebuli nebismieri daT
moba, mainc ver daakmayofila palestinis gamaTavisuflebeli organizaciis
lideri iasir arafati. daiwyo meore intifada, bevrad ufro sastiki, vidre
pirveli. sainteresoa, rom orive mxare mudmivad cdilobda sakuTari qmede
bebis gamarTlebas, oRond, ra Tqma unda, sxvadasxva argumentebiT. arabebi
acxadebdnen, rom isini icavdnen palestinelTa TviTgamorkvevis uflebas,
xolo ebraelebi apelirebdnen holokostsa da israelis uflebaze, hqonoda
suverenuli saxelmwifo.
Sekaveba: status-kvos gafarToeba. amerikis status-kvos politikis

meore mniSvnelovani magaliTia Sekaveba, romelic 1940-iani wlebis bolos
daiwyo da 1991 wlamde, kerZod ki sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde grZeldebo
da. II msoflio omma mniSvnelovnad Secvala ZalTa wonasworoba evropaSi
605
da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi pirvelad aRmoCnda pirvelxarisxovani

msoflio lideris rolSi, Tumca, mas metoqec gamouCnda. sabWoTa kavSiri,
ioseb stalinis liderobiT, axal sastik safrTxes uqmnida amerikis SeerTe
buli Statebis usafrTxoebas. im droisaTvis ise Canda, TiTqos asruleba
ewera aleqsis de tokvilis saukunovan winaswarmetyvelebas, rom amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebi da ruseTi, TiToeuli `gangebis mier iyvnen xeldadeb
ulni, rom ebatonaT msoflios naxevarze~.11
amerikuli politikis Semoqmedebma moulodnelad gadawyvites, rom
aRqmuli sabWoTa safrTxisaTvis Sekavebis politikiT epasuxaT, romlis
ZiriTadi safuZvlebi 1947 wlis ivlisSi prestiJul Jurnal Foreign Affairs Si
dabeWdil statiaSi iyo asaxuli. ucnobi avtori batoni X (Mr. X) im periodSi
saxelmwifo departamentis politikis dagegmvis Stabis gavleniani direq
tori da mogvianebiT amerikis elCi sabWoTa kavSirSi, jorj qenani gamodga.
qenani werda:
naTelia amerikis SerTebuli Statebis nebismieri politikis mTavari
elementi sabWoTa kavSiris mimarT unda iyos grZelvadiani, momTmeni,
magram [saWiroa] myari da fxizeli Sekaveba ruseTis eqspansiuri ten
denciebis mimarT . . . sabWouri zewola dasavleTis samyaros Tavisu
fal institutebze SeiZleba Sekavdes sapirispiro Zalis sxvadasxva
geografiul da politikur wertilebSi gamoyenebiT.12
qenanma iwinaswarmetyvela, rom Tu Sekavebis politika Tanmimdevrulad

iqneboda gamoyenebuli aTwleulis manZilze, maSin sabWoTa gamowveva mniS
vnelovnad Semcirdeboda. man aseve gamoTqva varaudi, rom Sekavebis gamar
Tlebis SemTxvevaSi totalitaruli sabWoTa saxelmwifo sakuTari Sida
politikuri zewolis msxverpli gaxdeboda.
Sekavebis es axali doqtrina sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara aprobirebuli sta
tus-kvos politika evropasTan mimarTebaSi. misi SesamCnevi siaxle im sta
tus-kvos iniciativebis specifikur misadagebaSi gamoixateboda, romelic
evropaSi II msoflio omis Semdeg Seiqmna.
Sekavebis pirveli mTavari gamocda moxda 1947 wels, rodesac saberZneTi
lamis komunisturi amboxebis msxverpli gaxda. mas Semdeg, rac didma bri
taneTma, romelic aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi tradiciulad sta
tus-kvos garantoris rols TamaSobda, ganacxada, rom mas aRar SeeZlo dax
mareboda saberZneTis legitimur mTavrobas, maSin aSS Sevida saberZneTSi.
hari trumenma kongresisadmi gagzavnil daJinebul mimarTvaSi moiTxova
daxmareba gaewiaT TurqeTisa da saberZneTis mTavrobebisaTvis. trumenma
Sekavebis principebis xelaxali formulireba moaxdina, rac Semdeg trumenis doqtrinis saxeliT gaxda cnobili: `me mjera, rom amerikis SeerTe
buli Statebis politika Tavisufali xalxebis mxardaWera unda iyos, im
xalxebisa, romlebic ewinaRmdegebian dapyrobis mcdelobas, rogorc mcire
SeiaraRebuli jgufis, aseve gare Zalis mxridan.~13 mas Semdeg, rac kongresma
daamtkica prezidentis moTxovna, Sekaveba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
oficialuri politika gaxda.
606
1948 wels CexoslovakiaSi komunisturi mTavrobis mier Zalauflebis mo

povebas amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi èvropis aRdgenis programiT~, e.w.
MmarSalis gegmiT gamoexmaura. programiT gaTvaliswinebuli16,5 miliardi
amerikuli dolari omisagan dangreuli evropis qveynebis ekonimikis rekon
struciisaTvis iyo gamiznuli. es programa Sedgenili iqna evropis ara mato
ekonomikuri, aramed sulieri da politikuri aRdgenisaTvis. im droisaTvis
SiSobdnen, rom komunizmi SeiZleboda mosuliyo ùkana karidan~ anu safr
angeTisa da italiis gavlenian komunistur partiebs SesaZloa esagreblaT
mosaxleobis saerTo demoralizaciiT da moskovis faruli mxardaWeris
gamoyenebiT moepovebinaT Zalaufleba parizsa da romSi, iseve, rogorc es
praRaSi moxda. ase rom, marSalis gegma aSS-is mier II msoflio omis Semdeg
status-kvos SenarCunebis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawili iyo.
1949 wels amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma daarRvia is tradicia, ro
melic saTaves jer kidev misi Seqmnidan iRebda. man mSvidobian dros mxari
dauWira samxedro alianss _ nato (CrdiloeT atlantikis xelSekrulebis
organizacia), romelic dasavleT evropis TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifos, aSSsa da kanadas moicavda. nato iyo Sekavebis strategiis ekonomikuridan samx
edro sferoze gadatanis logikuri mcdeloba.
1949 wels komunistebis mier CineTis kontinentur nawilze Zalauflebis
mopovebam, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi mRelvarebis axali talRa warmoS
va. 1950 wels, roca koreaSi samxedro Setakebebi daiwyo CrdiloeTis komu
nistur reJimsa da samxreTis arakomunisturs Soris, amerikis SeeTebulma
Statebma gada-wyvita iseve energiulad aemoqmedebina Sekavebis politika
aziur perimetrze, rogorc amas igi evropaSi akeTebda. miuxedavad imisa,
rom formalurad omi gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis egidiT mimdin
areobda, koreis omi, realurad, aSS-is wamowyebuli iyo misi erovnuli in
teresebis gansaxorcieleblad, rac mdgomareobda status-kvos SenarCune
baSi, oRond amjerad aziaSi.
1960-ian wlebSi politikam, romelic pirvel rigSi evropasa da Semdeg
aziaSi komunizmis gavrcelebis SeCerebas isaxavda miznad, mesame samyaros
saxelmwifoebSi antikomunisturi intervenciis forma miiRo. samxedro aR
Wurviloba, ekonomikuri daxmareba, diplomatiuri mxardaWera da amerikis
birTvuli qolga mimarTuli iyo yvela im saxelmwifosaken, romelic miiC
neoda, rom komunisturi amboxebis an saxelmwifo gadatrialebis safrTxis
winaSe idga. samxedro intervencia iTvleboda Sesabamis sapasuxo politikad
konkretuli pirobebis SemTxvevaSi. samxedro Sekavebis am strategiam umaR
les mwvervals 1964-1972 wlebSi, samxreT koreaSi asiaTasobiT amerikeli
jariskacis gagzavnis Semdeg miaRwia, rac miznad isaxavda daxmarebodnen
saxelmwifos komunisturi meamboxeebisa da CrdiloeT vietnamis Zalebis
winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. vietnamis omis Semdeg amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi
naklebad eyrdnoboda farTomasStabiani samxedro intevenciis strategias
saerTaSoriso status-kvos SesanarCuneblad, Tumca amerikis sagareo poli
tikis safuZvlebi mainc ucvleli darCa.
adreul 1990-ian wlebSi, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis Sekavebis poli
tikam misi mTavari mizani dakarga. sabWoTa kavSiris gadawyvetilebam da
607
moukidebloba mieca aRmosavleT evropis yofili sateliti saxelmwifoebi

saTvis, aseve 1991 wels erayis winaaRmdeg amerikis mier marTuli koaliciis
mxardaWeram da sabWoTa saxelmwifos dezintegraciam imave wels, daadas
tura, rom amerikis Sekavebis politikam mizans miaRwia. 1991 wlis bolos
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam sabolood gamoavlina, rom sabWoTa safrTxe veRar
Seasrulebda amerikis sagareo politikis qvakuTxedis funqcias. es ki ameri
kis Sekavebis politikas moZvelebulsa da dromoWmuls xdida.
didi debatebi: realizmi da idealizmi

arsebobs tendencia, rom politikuri realizmi erovnuli interesebis
agresiuli ganxorcielebis sinonimad iqces, ara savaldebulod eqspan
sionistebi, aramed, magaliTad, intervenciuli.P politikuri realistebi
iSviaTad Tu arian zomierni krizisul situaciebSi. magaliTad, 2001 wlis
11 seqtembers amerikis SeerTebul Statebze ganxorcielebuli teroris
tuli aqtebis Semdeg, prezidentma jorj buSma da misma konservatiulma
respublikurma administraciam yvelas mouwodes agresiuli qmedebebi
saken damnaSaveebisa da nebismieri im sax elmwifos winaaRmdeg, vinc saerTa
Soriso teroristebs mfarvelobda. amerikis mier gamoyenebuli meTodebi
iyo Zalismieri _ dabombva da specialuri sabrZolo danayofebis gadasma
im mizniT, rom (1) daemxoT Talibanis mTavroba, (2) moeklaT an daekavebinaT
osama bin ladeni da gaeneitralebinaT al qaidas teroristuli qseli.
sinamdvileSi, Zalismieri meTodebi yovelTvis eqspansionistur strate
gias rodi gamoxatavs. amerika ar cdilobda avRaneTis koloniad gadaqcevas.
sakmaod ucnauria, rom status-kvos momxreebi (gansakuTrebiT konserva
torebi) Zaladobas pirdapir ukavSireben agresias, xolo agresias _ eqspan
sionizms. amasTan, swored status-kvos damcvelebi (kvlav, gansakuTrebiT
konservatorebi) mimarTaven Zaladobas an afinanseben amboxebebs, rogorc
revoluciuri moZraobebis damarcxebisaken mimarTuli strategiis nawils.
amgvari strategiis momxreebi pretenzias gamoTqvamen, rom idealistebi
arian, magram msoflios danarCeni nawili, mcire gamonaklisis garda, gare
Zalis mxridan samxedro intervenciis nebismier mcdelobas mainc imperi
alizmad afasebs. magaliTad, reiganis administracia (1980-1988 ww) xels
uwyobda sxvadasxva antikomunistur meamboxeebs msoflioSi 1980-ian wleb
Si, maT Soris jgufebs centralur amerikaSi (kontras nikaraguaSi) aziaSi
(mujahidebs avRaneTSi) da afrikaSi (unitas partizanebs angolaSi). prezi
denti reigani veravis gaabriyvebda imiT, rom igi am meamboxe Zalebs, rom
lebic mas marTla moswonda, `TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZolebs~ uwodebda.
es magaliTebi sagareo politikis analizSi moraluri obieqturobis mniSv
nelobis (magram sirTulis) ilustrirebas axdens. Zalisa da simdidris arse
buli balansis Secvlaze mimarTuli strategia aucileblad imperializmis
an idealizmis niSani rodia; ufro xSirad, is aCvenebs, rom realizmma, avad
Tu kargad, gavlena moaxdina politikis Semqmnelebze, rom maT TavianTi
qmedebebisaTvis garkveuli mimarTuleba miecaT.
608
imis gasagebad, ra aris eqspansionizmi, unda gavigoT isic, ras ar wamoad

gens igi. magaliTad, yvela is saxelmwifo, romelsac aqvs Tundac terito
riuli pretenziebi sxva saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaSi an Zalisa da simdidris
globaluri gadanawilebis Secvla surs, ar aris agresiuli da eqspansionis
turi. sasazRvro dava TavisTavad ar gulisxmobs, rom modave saxelmwifos
imperiuli zraxvebi aqvs. arc bevri ganviTarebadi saxelmwifos àxali saer
TaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigis~ damyarebis moTxovna gulisxmobs amas (rac
globaluri simdidris xelaxla gadanawilebis moTxovnaSi gamoixateba).
status-kvos Secvla amgvari gziT naklebad agresiulia, radganac miznebi
da meTodebi SezRuduli da zomieria da isini pirwmindad politikuri da
diplomatiuria (zewola an darwmuneba) da ara samxedro an ekonomikuri
(daSineba da iZuleba).
civi omis dros politikuri realizmi umniSvnelovanesi Teoria iyo
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis aRsawerad. Zalis eqspansiis an Zalis Senar
Cunebisa da regionuli sabrZolo strategiebi kargad gaazrebuli da kri
tikulad Seswavlili gaxldaT im pirobebSi, rodesac amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebi da sabWoTa kavSiri mimarTavdnen gadarCenisa da Zalauflebis mop
ovebis strategiebs, razedac sxva saxelmwifoebic xSirad reagirebdnen. im
periodSi, sakuTar interess gamodevnebul qveynebs Soris ZaluflebisaTvis
brZolis realisturi Sexeduleba bevri (Tumca ara yvela) politologisaT
vis saxelmwifoTa qmedebebis srulyofil axsnas uzrunvelyofda. Tumca,
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisa da civi omis damTavrebis Semdeg, debatebi poli
tikuri realizmisa da erovnuli interesis cnebis relevanturobis Taobaze
ufro mwvave gaxda.
bumerangis efeqti
`bumerangis efeqtis~ koncefcia civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg akade
miur wreebSi amerikis sagareo politikis Sesaxeb debatebis umTavresi Tema
iyo (Tumca debatebi sazogadoebis didi nawilisaTvis umetesad SeumCneve
li darCa). am terminis popularizacia moaxdina Calmers jonsonma, aziis
sakiTxebis eqspertma, romelmac amave saxelwodebis bestseleri dawera.14
centraluri sadazvervo saagentos analitikosebma realurad es koncefcia
TavisTvis gamoigones, Tumca igi Semdeg saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis spe
cialobis mkvlevarebma gamoiyenes. jonsonis azriT:
es termini gulisxmobs [warsulis] im politikuri qmedebebis arasa
survel Sedegebs, romelic amerikuli sazogadoebisaTvis [dRemde]
metwilad gasaidumloebuli iyo. is, rasac yoveldRiuri presa aqvey
nebs _ `teroristTa~ saSineli qmedebebi, ùrCi saxelmwifoebi~ an
ìaraRis ukanono movaWreebi~, xSir SemTxvevaSi adrindeli qmedebebis
gamoZaxilia.15
magaliTebad jonsons moaqvs 1988 wels saaviacio kompania pan amerikanis

reisi 103-is afeTqeba lokerbis Tavze, SotlandiaSi, romelic misi mtkice
609
biT, ìyo samagieros gadaxda reiganis administraciis mier libiaze ganx

orcielebuli sahaero TavdasxmisaTvis, romlis drosac prezident muamar
kadafis geri daiRupa~.16 is aseve ambobs, rom narkotikebiT vaWroba ameri
kaSi warsulSi Statebis mier laTinur amerikaSi diqtatorebisa da antiko
munisturi moZraobis xelSewyobis Sedegia da teroristuli aqtebi amerikis
samizneebze amis ukugamoZaxilia. igi axdens pentagonis teqnologiis depar
tamentis xelmZRvanelisaTvis 1997 wels gagzavnili moxsenebis citirebas,
rom istoriuli monacemebi aCvenebs urTierTkavSirs amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebis mier saerTaSoriso situaciebSi Carevasa da amerikis winaaRmdeg
teroristuli Tavdasxmebis raodenobis zrdas Soris.~17
suraTi, romelsac jonsoni aRwers, sakmaod SemaSfoTebelia:
warsulis gamoZaxilis yvelaze pirdapiri da naTeli forma xSirad
maSin iCens Tavs, rodesac msxverpli pasuxobs amerikis saidumlo
Tavdasxmebs, an amerikis mier dafinansebul teroristul kampanias,
an centraluri sadazvervo saagentos mier dagegmil ucxo qveynis
politikuri lideris damxobas. dRes mTels msoflioSi ukve sakmarisi
safuZvelia Seqmnili momavali bumerangis efeqtebisaTvis.18
1999 wels gamoTqmuli es mosazreba winaswarmetyveluri Canda gansa

kuTrebiT im dReebSi, rodesac teroristebma msoflio savaWro centrsa da
pentagonze Tavdasxmebi ganaxorcieles gatacebuli samgzavro TviTmfri
navebis gamoyenebiT. jonsonma 1990-1991 wlebis sparseTis yuris omisa da mis
Semdeg periodze, gansakuTrebiT ki im xangrZliv gaWirvebazec dawera, rac
erayma gamoiara amerikis mier ekonomikuri blokadis dawesebis Semdeg. jon
soni werda, rom `blokadam daavadebebis, cudi kvebisa da araadekvaturi sa
medicino momsaxurebis gamo daaxloebiT naxevari milioni erayeli moqalaq
is daRupva gamoiwvia.~ osama bin ladenma da alqaidam 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris
teraqtebi Semdegi argumentebiT `gaamarTles~: (1) amerikis SeerTebulma
Statebma saudis arabeTSi amerikeli jariskacebis ganTavsebiT maTi qveynis
wminda miwa-wyali wabilwa, (2) amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma xeli Seuwyo
israels palestinelTa uflebebis darRvevaSi da (3) amerikam wamoiwyo eko
nomikuri omi erayis moqalaqeebis winaaRmedg.
prezidentma bil klintonma bin ladeni amerikis or saelCoze Tavdasxma
Si daadanaSaula 1998 wels, nairobiSi (keniis dedaqalaqi) da dar es salamSi
(tanzaniis dedaqalaqi). sapasuxod man xarTumSi (sudanis dedaqalaqi) farma
cevtuli qarxana da avRaneTSi al qaidas sawvrTneli bazebi dabomba. verc
erTi am sahaero dartymis Sedegad ver moxerxda mTavari miznis miRweva,
magram sudanze Tavdasxmam sakmaod didi dabneuloba gamoiwvia, rodesac
gairkva, rom farmacevtuli qarxana ar awarmoebda masobrivi ganadgurebis
birTvul iaraRs, rogorc es amerikis SeerTebul Statebs miaCnda. Tumca,
mTavrobis warmomadgenlebma ganagrZes am Tavdasxmebis gamarTleba
terorizmis `Sekavebis~ motiviT, im SemTxvevaSic ki Tu msxverplni ara
nair kavSirSi ar iyvnen zianTan, romelic aSS-s miadga. msoflioSi am
610
gziT inergeba momavali `bumerangis efeqtebi~. xelisuflebis warmo

madgenlebi ugulebelyofen im faqts, rom saelCoebis dabombvaSi dada
naSaulebuli bin ladeni amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis yofili prote
Jea. rodesac amerika organizebas uwevda avRanel meamboxeebs sabWoTa
kavSiris winaaRmdeg 1980-ian wlebSi, man (bin ladenma) mniSvnelovani
roli iTamaSa sabWoTa kavSiris avRaneTidan gandevnaSi da mxolod 1991
wels Semoutrialda amerikas, radganac man sparseTis yuris omisa da
misi dasrulebis Semdeg mSobliur saudis arabeTSi amerikis jaris gan
Tavseba sakuTari religiuri rwmenis SebRalvad miiCnia.19
jonsonis analizi da braldeba gansakuTrebiT damajereblad 2001 wlis

11 seqtembris teroristuli aqtebis fonzec Cans. jonsoni bevri msgavsi mag
aliTis analizs axdens, romelic misi SefasebiT, sruliad sakmarisia imisaT
vis, rom gamoiwvio momavali `bumerangis efeqti~ amerikis urTierTobebSi
iaponiasTan (okinava [ganlagebulia samxedro baza _ mTargmn. Sen.]), samxreT
koreasTan (1980 wlis kvanjus Jleta [samxreT koreaSi ajanyeba, romelic
samxedro Zalis gamoyenebiT CaaxSves _ mTargmn. Sen.), CineTTan, indonezias
Tan da sxvebTan. miuxedavad imisa, rom jonsonis kritikis zogierTi adgili
sakmaod mkveTria da wignSi bevri simarTlea naTqvami, misi Sexedulebebi
sakamaToa da xSirad ar aris gaziarebuli akademiuri wrisa da samTavrobo
eqspertebis mier. marTlac, 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris teroristuli aqtebis
periodSi bevri amerikeli eWvis TvaliT uyurebda amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebis sagareo politikis nebismier kritikas da bevri politologic am
Sexedulebas eTanxmeboda.
axali sagareo politikis ZiebaSi

saerTaSoriso urTierToebebis zogierTi Teoretikosi kvlav daJinebiT
amtkicebda, rom civi omis Semdgom periodSi bevri araferi Secvlila. isini
agrZeleben erovnuli interesebis cnebis tradiciul misadagebas msoflio
politikasTan. Tumca, Secvlilma garemoebebma (sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam)
amerikis SeerTebul Statebs metwilad izolacionisturi anu qveynis Sida
procesebze orientirebuli sagareo politikis gatarebisaken ubiZga. civi
omis Semdgomi realistebis Tanaxmad, amerikis SeerTebul Statebs aRar
hqonda imis fufuneba, rom msoflio policielis roli eTamaSa da arc misi
usafrTxoeba Tu keTildReoba saWiroebda amas. nacvlad amisa, amerikis
SeerTebulma Statebma, ùnda ganamtkicos sakuTari usafrTxoeba da keTil
dReoba ara utopiur miznebze dayrdnobiT da ara mTeli msoflios keTil
dReobaze zrunviT, aramed . . . bolomde misi erovnuli interesebis gaTval
iswinebiT.20
neoizolacionistebi anarqiul saerTaSoriso sistemas obieqtur moce
mulobad miiCneven da amitom rCevebs msoflios Secvlis mcdelobis sawi
naaRmdegod iZlevian. nacvlad amisa, isini amboben, rom amerikis SeerTe
bulma Statebma minimumamde unda Seamciros sagareo konfliqtebSi misi
611
monawileoba. saerTaSoriso ganxeTqilebebi da konfliqtebi saerTaSor

iso sistemis damaxasiaTebeli nawilia, romlis wevrebic erTmaneTisagan
sagrZnoblad gansxvavdebian zomiT, bunebrivi resursebiT, ekonomikuri
ganviTarebiT, istoriuli gamocdilebiTa da a.S.
Sida politikaze orientirtebuli erovnuli interesebis koncefcia
gamoricxavs im tipis saerTaSoriso ekonomikur iniciativebs, romelic
amerikas pirdapir ar asargeblebs. amavdroulad, is kiTxvis niSnis qveS ay
enebs amerikis rols arsebul aliansebSi (gansakuTrebiT natoSi) da saer
TaSoriso organizaciebSi (magaliTad, gaeroSi) da sxva mravalerovnul in
stitutebSi (rogoricaa msoflio banki da msoflio savaWro organizacia).
da bolos, aman SeiZleba msoflio mesaWis (anu efeqtiani xelmZRvanelobis)
gareSe datovos.
politologebi maqs singeri da aaron vildavski sxva kuTxiT uyureben
civi omis Semdgom saerTaSoriso politikas. isini amtkiceben, rom miuxeda
vad àxali msoflio wesrigis~ Taobaze saubrebisa, bevri Tanamedrove kri
tikosi ver axerxebs gaacnobieros is realuri msoflio, romelic civi omis
Semdeg Camoyalibda.21 gansxvavebiT im meocnebeTagan, romlebic acxadeben
erTi politikuri msoflios arsebobis Sesaxeb, da civi omis realistebisa
gan, vinc axdens sami politikuri samyaros identificirebas, vildavski da
singeri amtkiceben, rom arsebobs ori amgvari msoflio _ erTi, romelic
Sedgeba ganviTarebuli demokratiuli saxelmwifoebisagan da meore, ro
melic Sedgeba gaRatakebuli, arademokratiuli saxelmwifoebisagan. ufro
metic, isini warmatebul demokratiul qveynebs, rac daaxloebiT msoflio
mosaxleobis 15 procents moicavs, `mSvidobis zonebs~ uwodeben, xolo
ganuviTarebel diqtatorul saxelmwifoebs - `konfliqtis zonebs.~ ori
zona Tu ori msoflio danaxulia, rogorc erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli
da gancalkevebuli. singeri da vildavski midian im daskvnamde, rom Zalauf
lebrivi dapirispirebebi da konfliqtebi kvlav normaa konfliqtur zonaSi.
amasTan erTad, mSvidobianma konkurenciam da ekonomikurma TanamSromlo
bam Caanacvla omi mSvidobis zonaSi.
am analizis politikuri datvirTva bevris mTqmelia. magaliTad, Tu
amgvari gansxvavebuli da gancalkevebuli zonebi arsebobs, maSin saxelmwi
foebs mSvidobis zonaSi SeuZliaT ganze gadgnen im Zaladobisa da sisxlis
Rvrisagan, rac konfliqtis zonaSi xdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, samxedro in
tervencia regionul konfliqtebSi didi sifrTxiliT unda ganxorcieldes.
singerisa da vildavskis Tanaxmad:
Cveni saerTo mizani stabiluri demokratiuli qveynebis ricxvis zrda
unda iyos, anu mSvidobis zona unda gafarTovdes rac SeiZleba male.
vvaraudobT, rom amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma es politika xuTi
mimarTulebiT unda warmarTos: pirveli, mkafiod unda gavmijnoT
Cveni politika demokratiul da arademokratiul qveynebTan mimarTe
baSi; meore, savaWro barierebis SemcirebiT; mesame, ekonomikuri dax
marebis gaweviTa da rekomendaciebiT; meoTxe, magaliTis micemiTa da
sabazro ekonomikis xelSewyobiT; sxva demokratiul qveynebTan dau
612
Ralavi muSaobiT mSvidobis SenarCunebisa da saerTaSoriso wesrigis

gaumjobesebis mizniT, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu samxedro intervencia
gaxdeba aucilebeli. magram ar unda gavataroT iZulebis politika av
toritarul reJimebze demokratiis Tavsmoxvevis mizniT.22
amgvari analizi optimisturia imdenad, ramdenadac igi gviCvenebs `magali

Tis micemisa da Cveni bazrebis gaxsnilobis SesaZleblobebs,~ rogorc yvelaze
efeqtian gzas, zemoqmedeba movaxdinoT avtoritarul saxelmwifoebze. ma
Sasadame, miuxedavad imisa, rom es Sexeduleba avtoritarul saxelmwifoTa
Soris urTierTobebs tradiciuli realisturi TvalTaxedviT ganixilavs,
igi politikas demokratiul saxelmwifoebs Soris sxvagvarad afasebs.
idealizmi, rogorc piradi interesi: zneobis Zala

politikuri realizmi, misi aqcentirebiT Zalaze, egoizmsa da erovnul
interesze, sakamod gavleniani gamodga. jer kidev civi omis damTavrebamde
politikuri realizmis indiferentuloba zneobis sakiTxebis mimarT far
Tod iyo gakritikebuli. rogorc zeviT vnaxeT, politikuri realizmi na
klebad iyenebs zneobis ideas, nacvlad amisa, igi keTilganwyobilia iseTi
cnebebis mimarT, rogoricaa faqtebi, interesi da Zala. miiCneven ra moral
urobis amgvar uaryofas aRmaSfoTeblad, zogierTi politologi mxars
saerTaSoriso politikis alternatiul Sefasebas uWers, rasac idealizms
uwodeben, romelic Rirebulebebs, idealebsa da zneobriv principebs miiC
nevs mTavar komponentad saxelmwifoTa qmedebebis asaxsnelad, gasagebad
da Sesacvleladac ki. idealebiT daintereseba ara marto gvexmareba, avx
snaT, ratom iqcevian saxelmwifoebi, ise rogorc iqcevian, aramed aseve
aZlevs mimarTulebas saxelmwifoebs, rogor unda moiqcnen. idealistebi
xSirad miiCneven, rom saxelmwifoebs, msgavsad adamianebisa, surT mSvidoba
da keTildReoba, magram rodesac politikuri liderebi SecdomaSi Sedi
an iracionaluri Zalebis, magaliTad, ideologiisa da mxurvale naciona
lizmis zemoqmedebis Sedegad, sanacvlod omebsa da saerTaSoriso daZabu
lobebs vRebulobT. imisaTvis, rom Semcirdes msoflio daZabuloba, rom
aRdges racionaluroba da sabolood Seewyos xeli mSvidobis ganmtkicebas,
idealistebi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas saerTaSoriso samarTals da iseT
globalur organizaciebs aniWeben, rogoric gaerTianebuli erebis or
ganizaciaa.
idealistebi realistebs xSirad cinikosebad aRiqvamen, sapasuxod re
alistebi idealistebs gulubryviloebs uwodeben. vin aris marTali? albaT
oriveni. TviT realizmis arqiteqtori, hans morgenTau, ar uaryofs, rom
zneobrivi faqtorebi garkveul rols TamaSobs saerTaSoriso urTierTo
bebSi. zneobis sakiTxis gauTvaliswineblad realistisaTvis Tu nebismieri
sxva Teoriuli skolis warmomadgenlisaTvis, Zalian rTulia eri-saxelm
wifoTa calkeuli qmedebebis gageba. singeri da vildavski aRniSnaven re
alizmis siRrmiseul gavlenas sabWour-amerikuli metoqeobis zenitisas:
613
`praqtikulad yvelas sjeroda, rom Tu saxelmwifo bevrad ufro Zlieri

iyo, vidre misi mezoblebi, igi sakuTar Zlierebas maT dasapyrobad an gasa
kontroleblad gamoiyenebda.~23 magram, ra Tqma unda, es arasdros momxdara,
arc civi omis dros da arc mis Semdeg, rodesac amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi
sayovelTaod iyo aRiarebuli, rogorc msoflios erTaderTi supersaxelm
wifo. ase rom, SesaZloa TviT Sekavebac ki zneobrivi principebis gavleniT
iseve avxsnaT, rogorc Zalis politikis urTierTqmedebiT.
zogierTi saxelmwifo lideri sagareo politikis formulirebisas aSka
rad zneobriv principebs aniWebs upiratesobas, vidre sxvebi. magaliTad,
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi prezidenti vudro vilsoni gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas erTa TviTgamorkvevis principsa da koleqtiur usafrTxoebas
aniWebda, xolo prezidenti jimi karteri aqtiurad uwyobda xels adamianTa
uflebebis globalur gavrcelebas; orive prezidenti garkveul zneobriv
principebs iziarebda. saxelmwifoebi xandaxan altruistulad iqcevian,
magaliTad, im devnilTaTvis TavSesafris micemiT, vinc politikur devnas,
ekonomikur katastrofas, Tu samoqalaqo oms gamoeqca. or msoflio oms So
ris periodSi britaneTis liderebma scades versalis sazavo xelSekrulebis
Sedegad germaniaze dakisrebuli mkacri pirobebis Semsubuqeba. amgvari
midgoma Sefasda `keTilSobilur idead, romelic fesvgadgmuli aris qris
tianobaSi, mamacobasa da saerTo gonierebaSi.~24
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis samxedro moqmedebebi somaliSi 1992-1994
wlebSi masobrivi SimSilobis aRmofxvris mizniT ganxorcielda. am interven
cias, romelsac bevri amerikeli jariskacis sicocxle Seewira da aranairi
ekonomikuri Tu samxedro upiratesoba ar moutania amerikisaTvis, mxolod
erovnuli interesis safuZvelze ver avxsniT.25 ufro metic, am intervenciam
islamisti eqstremistebis (osama bin ladenis CaTvliT) gaucxoebis garda
sxva araferi gamoiwvia da maTi SefasebiT, es amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
kidev erTi morigi intervencia iyo islamuri sazogadoebis Sida saqmeebSi.
umetes SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifos sagareo politika moicavs rogorc
idealebs, aseve sakuTar interesebsac. magaliTad, marSalis gegma nebismier
SemTxvevaSi didsulovani iyo. ufro metic, TviT uinston CerCili, romelic
Tavis naTqvam nebismier sityvas kargad zomavda, mas ìstoriaSi yvelaze uan
garo qmedebas~ uwodebda.26 magram marSalis gegma aseve miesadageboda ameri
kis SeerTebuli Statebis II msoflio omis Semdgom status kvos strategiul
politikas da miznad isaxavda stabiluri dasavleTevropuli sazogadoebis
Seqmnas, romelic SeZlebda win aRdgomoda samxedro agresiasa da Signidan
gadatrialebas. msgavsad, germaniam didi daxmareba gauwia ruseTs 1991-92
wlebSi, nawilobriv humanitaruli motivebiT da nawilobriv imis SiSiT,
rom dasustebul ruseTSi mimdinare procesebi gamoiwvevda dasavleT ev
ropis destabilizacias, es ki, Tavis mxriv, gamoiwvevda didi raodenobiT
devnilebis gadaadgilebas germaniis mimarTulebiT.
marTalia, rom saxelmwifoebi yvelaze ufro TanamgrZnobni maSin arian,
roca maT garkveuli fsoni aqvT dadebuli, magram bevri saxelmwifo xvdeba, rom
SesaZloa kargi sagareo politika kargi saqmeebic iyos da maRali idealebis
mxardaWeramac Seuwyos xeli saxelmwifos interesebis gatarebas. keTilSo
614
bilebas xSirad keTili neba mosdevs da keTil nebas `gacvliTi Rirebuleba~

aqvs saerTaSoriso politikaSi (iseve, rogorc nebismier politikaSi).
saxelmwifoebs xandaxan konkretuli erovnuli interesebi dauTmiaT
moraluri principebis gamo. II msoflio omis dros swored dania iyo am mo
sazrebis naTeli ilustrireba. miuxedavad imisa, rom igi okupirebuli qvey
ana iyo, faSisturma mTavrobam mas sakmaod farTo politikuri damoukide
bloba mianiWa. ebrauli warmoSobis moqalaqeebisa da sxva devnilebis dacvis
motiviT, daniis mTavrobam da mosaxleobam Riad ganacxada uari germanelTa
im brZanebebis Sesrulebaze, romelic miznad ebraelTa danarCeni mosaxleo
bisagan izolacias isaxavda da Sesabamisad, amgvari qmedebiT sakuTari Tavi
Caigdo safrTxeSi. aseTi uCveulo zneobrivi gambedaobis Sedegad, danieleb
ma èqstraordinaluri dabrkoleba Seuqmnes germanul gamanadgurebel man
qanas: es iyo daniis xelisufalTa mier TanamSromlobaze uaris Tqma da adgi
lobrivi mosaxleobis erTsulovneba ebraelebis gadasarCenad.~27 danielTa
qmedebebis Sedegebi da TviT amgvari qmedebebic sakmaod iSviaTi iyo. Tumca,
`patara daniam, zedmetad sustma imisaTvis, rom Tavdacvaze Zalaze dayrd
nobiT ezruna, sagareo politika humanitarul motivebze mimarTa. . . da SEed
egad hitleris dapyroba gadaitana.~28
aRiareba imisa, rom orives, zneobasac da Zalasac SeuZlia garkveuli
rolis Sesruleba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, amtkicebs, rom erovnuli
interesebis farTo gageba orive komponents unda moicavdes. ufro metic,
iseTi zneobrivi principebis msoflios masStabiT gavrceleba, rogori
caa Tavisufleba, demokratia da adamianTa uflebebi, warmodgenilia, ro
gorc demokratiul saxelmwifoTa erovnuli interesebis Semadgeneli um
niSvnelovanesi komponenti. es idea dafuZnebulia varaudze, rom sagareo
politika, romelic indiferentulia zneobis mimarT, ar SeiZleba moral
urad gamarTlebuli iyos; aseve igi eyrdnoba utilitarul Sexedulebas,
rom demokratiuli saxelmwifoebisagan Semdgari msoflio, romelic pativs
scems Tavisuflebasa da adamianis uflebebs, ufro usafrTxoc iqneba. de
mokratiuli saxelmwifos erovnuli interesebi xSirad idealizmisa da re
alizmis elementebs erTdroulad Seicavs. es mniSvnelovan WeSmaritebaze
miuTiTebs: Zala samarTlianobis gareSe ubralo sargeblianobas, maSin,
roca zneoba Zalis gareSe mxolod kargi ganzraxvaa.29
axali samyaro, Zveli Gvevebi

politikur realizmis Teoriis mixedviT, erovnuli interesis cnebis mTa
vari daSveba ambobs, rom suverenuli qveynebi Tavad cdiloben, gansazRvron
sakuTari interesebi. zogierTi Tanamedrove kritikosi miiCnevs, rom mxolod
sakuTar Tavze orientirebuli erovnuli interesis cneba moZvelebulia. isi
ni amtkiceben, rom àxali diplomatiis, institutebisa da maregulirebeli
saerTaSoriso reJimebis arsebobaa saWiro imisaTvis, rom saxelmwifoebma
Tavi gaarTvan msoflioSi saxelmwifoTa Soris gazrdil ùrTierTdamokide
bulebas,~ radganac ` erovnuli suverenitetis Cveneuli, sayovelTaod miRe
buli Tanxvedra saxelmwifo sazRvrebTan, ukve dromoWmulia.~30
615
aSkarad gamokveTili ekologiuri gamowvevebi (rogoricaa globaluri

daTboba, mJavuri wvimebi, haeris dabinZureba), iseve, rogorc araganaxlebadi
bunebrivi resursebis swrafi amowurva, Warbmosaxleoba da msoflio siRari
be globaluria Tavisi mniSvnelobiT da Sesabamisad globaluri midgomebis
SemuSavebas saWiroebs. ìfiqre lokalurad, imoqmede globalurad~, aseTia
Tanamedroveobis devizi. misi arsia is, rom saxelmwifoebs aqvT garkveuli
moraluri valdebuleba, rom mxolod viwro, egoisturi interesebis far
glebSi ar imoqmedon. gadarCenis interesebidan gamomdinare, adrindelma
msoflio wesrigma gza axal msoflio wesrigs unda dauTmos, romelSic glo
baluri interesebi Caanacvlebs erovnul interesebs. ase rom, sul ufro da
ufro mzardi urTierTdamokidebulebis msoflioSi, nebismieri saxelmwi
fosaTvis sakuTari keTildReobisa da usafrTxoebis ganmtkicebis saukeTe
so gza ara SigniT, aramed gareT yureba, saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobisaT
vis karis gaReba da nebis-mieri saxis nacionalisturi tendenciebis (iseTis,
rogoricaa gadametebuli patriotizmi, proteqcionizmi da izolacionizmi)
uaryofaa axali globaluri TviTSegnebis damkvidrebisaTvis.
amgvari midgoma adamianebis azrovnebisa da qmedebebis mkafio cvlile
bas moiTxovs. is aseve saWiroebs sakuTari interesis bevrad ufro farTo
da gaTviTcnobierebul definicias, vidre es iyo saerTaSoriso politikis
praqtikaSi warsulSi. zogierTi axal msoflio wesrigsa da globalur Ta
namegobrobas kargad SeniRbul idealizmad aRiqvams. Tumca, am midgomis
momxreebi uaryofen braldebas da amtkiceben, rom politika, romelsac isi
ni mxars uWeren, Rrmad devs adamianis interesSi da globaluri usafrTxoe
ba, albaT, TviTgadarCenac ki, msoflio politikis xedvis radikalur gada
fasebazea damokidebuli. dRevandel msoflioSi, askvnian isini, guSindeli
realizmi araTu dromoWmuli, aramed saSiSicaa.
axali tendenciebi, Zveli problemebi

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam II msoflio omis Semdgomi ZalTa wonasworobis
sistemis dasasrulis Sesaxeb gvamcno. saxelmwifoebs moulodnelad erT
maneTTan urTierTobaTa xelaxla gansazRvra mouxdaT. aqedan gamomdinare,
xSirad amtkiceben, rom axali msoflio wesrigi aRmocenebis procesSia. am
axali msoflio politikis dinamikis gageba arsebiTia Tanamedrove saerTa
Soriso politikis nebismieri Tanmimdevruli xedvisaTvis.
saerTaSoriso politika dRes ar asaxavs ZalTa wonasworobis mkafio
konfiguracias, sadac monawileebi dausrulebeli miznebiT, konfliqturi
interesebiTa da daaxloebiT Tanabari SesaZleblobebiT urTierTqmedeben
stabilurobisa da mSvidobis SesanarCuneblad, ise, rogorc es xdeboda ev
ropaSi 1648-1914 wlebSi. aRmocenebadi saerTaSoriso wesrigisaTvis urT
ierTsapirispiro tendenciebia damaxasiaTebeli, magaliTad, evropuli inte
graciisaken mimarTuli moZraoba, romelic scdeba tradiciul saxelmwifo
sazRvrebs, religiuri da eTnikuri partikularizmis Tanadrouli zrda
ukve arsebuli saxelmwifoebis SigniT, ramac gamoiwvia sami mravaleTnikuri
616
saxelmwifos _ sabWoTa kavSiris, iugoslaviisa da Cexoslovakis daSla

evropaSi. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis dRevandeli mdgomareoba ufro
droebiTi da gardamavalia da garkveuli drois Semdeg ufro stabilur xa
siaTs miiRebs.31
ra xdeba civi omis Semdeg?

Cven vcxovrobT gauwonasworebel (daubalansebel) msoflioSi. sabWoTa
imperiis daSlam da adreul 1990-ian wlebSi erayis winaaRmdeg omSi ameri
kis SeerTebuli Statebis samxedro Zlierebis demonstrirebam aSkara gaxa
da, rom amerika msoflioSi erTaderTi supersaxelmwifoa. es daskvna kidev
ufro ganamtkica amerikis stabilur ekonomikasa da yofil sabWoTa ekonomi
kas Soris arsebulma aSkara gansxvavebam, aseve amerikis Sida stabilurobisa
da sabWoTa kavSiris sxvadasxva regionSi warmoqmnili arastabilurobis Se
darebam da dasavluri aliansis SenarCunebam mas Semdegac ki, rac varSavis
xelSekrulebis organizaciam arseboba Sewyvita.
miuxedavad imisa, rom supersaxelmwifos universaluri definicia ar ar
sebobs, analitikosTa umetesi nawili amtkicebs, rom supersaxelmwifo sam
kriteriums unda akmayofilebdes: pirveli, mas unda hqondes sruli Zliere
ba anu ara mxolod samxedro Zliereba, aramed ekonomkuri, politikuri,
diplomatiuri da TviT zneobrivic ki; meore, hqondes globaluri xedva,
rac msoflios yvela regionSi sakuTari Zlierebis ganxorcielebis SesaZle
blobas gulisxmobs; mesame, hqondes saerTaSoriso arenaze liderobis damt
kicebis survili. am kriteriumebis mixedviT, mxolod amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebi aris supersaxelmwifo. iaponia da germania ekonomikurad Zlieri
qveynebi arian. britaneTsa da safrangeTs aqvs TvalsaCino diplomatiuri
Zliereba da mniSvnelovani samxedro SesaZleblobebi, Tumca ar miiCnevian
ekonomikurad Zlier saxelmwifoebad. ruseTis federacias aqvs uzarmaz
ari strategiuli birTvuli SesaZleblobebi da garkveuli diplomatiuri
Zliereba, Tumca am etapze sakuTari Sida ekonomikuri problemebiT aris
dakavebuli. CineTs, regionul Zalas, aklia globaluri SesaZleblobebi da
ganviTarebuli mrewveloba.
unipolaruli msoflios erTi Tanamdevi efeqti globaluri daZabulo
bis Semcirebaa (rasac ver vityviT regionuli konfliqtebis SemTxvevaSi).
birTvuli Cixi, romelic civ oms gansazRvravda, ukve aRar aris msoflio
politikis mamoZravebeli Zala. Cacxra ideologiuri konfliqti (kapital
izmi da demokratia, socializmisa da komunizmis winaaRmdeg)MDEG, romelic II
msoflio omis Semdgom msoflios gansazRvravda. es `deideologizacia~
ar gulisxmobs, rom Tanamedrove msoflio bolomde gaTavisuflda gansx
vavebuli interesebisa da Rirebulebebisagan. es mxolod imas niSnavs, rom
xedva, romelze dayrdnobiTac amerikelebi afasebdnen msoflio politikas
TiTqmis oTxi aTwleulis manZilze, gadasinjvas saWiroebs. realizmi iseve
saWiroa erovnuli TviTgadarCenisaTvis, rogorc adre, magram zustad ra
aris realisturi sagareo politika Tanamedrove msoflios Secvlili gare
617
moebebis pirobebSi, naklebad aSkara da cxadia.

unipolaruli msoflios kidev erTi Sedegi aris is, rom msoflios erTad
erTi supersaxelmwifo _ amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi sagareo faqtorebis
gavlenis Sedegad naklebadaa SezRuduli. Tumca, arc erTi saxelmwifo ar
aris bolomde srulad Tavisufali sakuTar qmedebebSi (gansakuTrebiT
imis gamo, rom bevri saxelmwifo flobs birTvul iaraRs). bevri SezRudva,
romelsac dRes amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi ganicdis, TviTon amerikam
daiwesa. es SeiZleba iyos ekonomikuri, politikuri da moraluric ki.
globaluri ekonomika
msoflios yvelaze gavlenian saxelmwifoebs Soris politikuri kon
fliqtebis Semcirebis pararelurad izrdeba saerTaSoriso ekonomikis mniS
vneloba. msoflios saxelmwifoebis dedaqalaqebSi gavrcelebuli sityvaa
globalizacia. bunebrivia, rom omisa da mSvidobis problematikis Semci
rebis Sedegad, saxelmwifoebi da maTi liderebi biznessa da keTildReobis
uzrunvelyofis sakiTxebs miubrundnen. eWvgareSea, rom dRes saxelmwifoe
bi ekonomikurad bevrad ufro urTierTdamokidebulni arian, vidre odesme
kacobriobis istoriaSi, Tumca ras niSnavs es yvelaferi? mokled rom vTq
vaT, ekonomikuri urTierTdamokidebuleba, erTi mxriv, ekonomikuri Tanam
Sromlobis, xolo, meore mxriv, ekonomikuri konkurenciis zrdas iwvevs.
msoflio ekonomikis es transformacia umeteswilad didi mravalerovnu
li korporaciebisa da axali sainformacio teqnologiebis arsebobiTaa
ganpirobebuli, romelsac saxelmwifo sazRvrebi ver abrkolebs. garda
amisa, zogierTi problema, magaliTad, regionuli da garemosdacviTi prob
lemebi, SeiaraRebis kontrolis SezRuduli formebi, saerTaSoriso valis
sakiTxebi da ekonomikuri politikis Sejereba krizisebis dros, ubralod
saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobas saWiroebs. magaliTad, msoflio mniSvnelo
bis mqone ekonomikur sakiTxebs pasuxi gaeca 1997-98 wlebSi, rodesac bevrma
aziurma saxelmwifom moulodneli mkveTri ekonomikuri vardna ganicada.
globaluri ekonomikuri safrTxeebis sapasuxod, SemuSavebul iqna dax
marebis programa, romelmac pirdapiri sargebeli moutana bevr saxelmwifos,
maT Soris samxreT koreasa da indonezias. am programas xelmZRvanelobda saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi _ organizacia, romelSic mravali saxelmwifo
Sedis da miznad msoflioSi ekonomikuri stabilurobis ganmtkicebas isaxavs.
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma koordinacia gauwia didi ekonomikuri ses
xebis gacemas da moiTxova, rom saxelmwifoebs, romelsac is exmareboda, sesxi
mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri reformebis gatarebisTvis gamoeyenebina.
amgvari TanamSromlobiTi mcdelobebis fonzec ki, ekonomikuri
konkurencia saxelmwifoebs Soris mainc izrdeba. xSirad, mTavrobebi cdi
loben asargeblon sakuTari moqalaqeebi Sida sawarmoebis an soflis meur
neobis subsidirebiT, importul saqonelze tarifis dawesebiT, an sxva saxis
savaWro barierebis SeqmniT. amgvari proteqcionistuli qmedebebi xels uS
lis Tavisufal saerTaSoriso vaWrobas da SesaZloa, saerTaSoriso daZabu
618
lobac gamoiwvios TviT mokavSireebs Sorisac ki. aseTi daZabulobis naTeli

magaliTi amerikasa da iaponias Soris arsebuli savaWro molaparakebebia.
amerikuli da iaponuri urTierTobebi moulodnelad garTulda iaponiis
xelisuflebis proteqcionistuli politikis gamo. savaWro molaparakebebi
amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da mis evropul mokavSireebs Soris 1993-94
wlebSi daiZaba soflis meurneobisaTvis samTavrobo subsidiebis gacemis
gamo. es magaliTebi kidev erTxel Segvaxsenebs, rom udidesi mniSvnelobis
mqone saerTaSoriso vaWrobisa da ekonomikis samyaroSi konkurencia, iseve,
rogorc TanamSromloba, kvlavac arsebobs.
regionalizmis aRzeveba
msoflios umdidresi saxelmwifoebi geografiul ekonomikur gaerTiane
bebs ayalibeben. xSirad es gaerTianebebi scdeba saxelmwifoTa viwro ekonomi
kur interesebs da did finansur jildos hpirdeba maT. gansakuTrebiT aR
saniSnavia dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebuli TanamSromloba
ekonomikisa da vaWrobis sferoebSi. ase rom, evropis kavSirs aqvs erTiani eko
nomika erTiani valutiT da mis sazRvrebSi WeSmaritad Tavisufali vaWrobiT.
evropul saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebuli es ekonomikuri TanamSromloba
evoluciuri xasiaTisaa da wlebis manZilze viTardeba ekonomikuri (erTiani
bazari) da samxedro (nato) TanamSromlobis safuZvelze. yvelaze ufro ST
ambeWdavi is faqti iyo, rom am TanamSromlobiTi urTierTobebis Sedegad
safrangeTsa da germanias Soris arsebuli saukuneobrivi metoqeoba da un
dobloba daZleul iqna. amasobaSi, 1994 wels amerikis SeerTebulma Stateb
ma, meqsikam da kanadamG gaaformes CrdiloeT amerikis Tavisufali vaWrobis
xelSekruleba (NAFTA). mogvianebiT, imave wels, gaCnda idea, rom NAFTA-Si
Cilec CaerToT. 1994 wlis dekemberSi, dasavleT naxevarsferos 34 saxelmwi
fos warmomadgenlebma xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas Tavisufali savaWro zo
nis Taobaze (SeTanxmebas oficialurad amerikis Tavisufali zona ewoda),
romelic gadaWimuli iqneboda kanadidan argentinis teritoriis CaTvliT.
amgvar ekonomikur gegmas unda moecva bazari daaxloebiT 850 milioni momx
marebliT, romelic 13 miliardi amerikuli dolaris Rirebulebis saq
onelsa da momsaxurebas moixmarda [es iniciativebi jer-jerobiT ganuxor
cielebeli rCeba _ mTargmn. Sen.]. da bolos, iaponiam ganamtkica kavSirebi
wynari okeanis auzis sxva saxelmwifoebTan da ikveTeba niSnebi, rom `1990-ian
wlebSi iaponias da aziis axlad industrirebul saxelmwifoebs (samxreTi
korea, singapuri, honkongi da taivani) ZaluZT axali Zlieri blokis Seqmna,
romelic mis wevr saxelmwifoebs vaWrobiT, investiciebiTa da daxmarebe
biT daakavSirebs erTmaneTTan.~32 es potenciuri regionuli bloki yvelaze
naklebad gamokveTilia am sam alianss Soris da amavdroulad, aRmocenebadi
ekonomikuri manqana CineTis saxiT, sakmaod arTulebs mis realizacias.
ra aRmocendeba ekonomikuri Zlierebis amgvari `samTaviani~ koncentra
ciisagan? ra Tqma unda, TanamSromloba am ekonomikur blokebs SigniT gaiz
rdeba. TanamSromloba aseve urTierTdamokidebulebas niSnavs, kargad an
619
cudad, rogorc es amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma aRmoaCina adreul 1950ian wlebSi, rodesac meqsikis pesos gaufasurebam safrTxe amerikis finansur
bazrebsac Seuqmna. ufro metic, am TanamSromlobidan gamomdinare, bevri
momavali politikuri integraciis imgvar formebs winaswarmetyvelebs, ro
melic saxelmwifo sazRvrebs gadafaravs.
ufro rTuli kiTxva, romelic ismis, Semdegia: rogor moaxerxebs Ta
naarsebobas es sami geoekonomikuri bloki? konkurencia maT Soris
gardauvalia. Tumca, amave dros, ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis potencial
ic didia. bolos, savaraudoa, rom samive blokis saxelmwifoebi regionul
savaWro asociaciebSi wevrobiT isargebleben da advili mosalodnelia, rom
maTsa da bevr ganviTarebad saxelmwifos Soris ekonomikur zRvars gazrd
ian. aseT SemTxvevaSi, regionuli jgufebis arseboba SesaZloa ufro dam
abrkolebeli, vidre xelisSemwyobi faqtori gaxdes globaluri ekonomikis
aRmocenebisaTvis.
eTnikuri Zaladobis wyevla

maSin, roca mWidro regionulma ekonomikurma TanamSromlobam SesaZloa
xeli Seuwyos iseT saxis politikuri organizaciebis aRmocenebas, romelic
scdeba egoisturi eri-saxelmwifoebis farglebs, eTnikuri daZabulo
bebi msoflios sxvadasxva nawilSi TviT eri-saxelmwifos arsebobas uqmnis
safrTxes. miuxedavad imisa, rom es sakiTxi VIII TavSia ganxiluli, ramdenime
im mniSvnelovan moments unda SevexoT, romelic aRmocenebad saerTaSoriso
wesrigTan aris kavSirSi.
ori ukanaskneli aTwleulis manZilze msoflioSi eTnikuri konfliqtebis
raodenoba sagrZnoblad gaizarda. uTanxmoebebi sxvadasxva eTnikur, re
ligiur da rasobriv jgufebs Soris eri-saxelmwifoebis SigniT da amgvar
jgufebsa da mTavrobebs Soris, miuTiTebs mniSvnelovan faqtze: intensiuri
eTnikuri dapirispirebebi msoflios mxolod erTi romelime regioniT ki ar
Semoifargleba, aramed TiTqmis yvelgan arsebobs.
eTnikuri SuRlis magaliTebi TiTqmis SeuzRudavia. yvelaze cnobil
dapirispirebul eTnikur [da religiur - red. Sen.] jgufebs waroadgenen
siqhebi da muslimebi indoeTSi, frangulad mosaubre kvebekelebi kanadaSi,
qurTebi eraysa da TurqeTSi, Tamilebi Sri-lankaSi da timorelebi indone
ziaSi. intensiuri eTnikuri daZabuloba dapirispirebul xalxebs Soris
TiTqmis yovelTvis asocirdeba qveynis SigniT politikur brZolasa da Za
ladobasTan. eTnikur daZabulobebs xSirad gamouwvevia amboxi, samoqalaqo
omi, teroristuli aqti da drogamoSvebiT, qveynebis dezintegraciac ki.
erTi konkretuli problema, romelic asocirdeba eTnikur brZolasTan,
dakavSirebulia devnilebTan da sxva iZulebiT gadaadgilebul adamianebT
an. 1994 wlis zafxulSi samoqalaqo omma ruandaSi gamoiwvia 200 aTasidan 500
aTasamde adamianis sikvdili, daaxloebiT 3 milionma devnilma (qveynis mo
saxleobis 40 procenti) scada mezobel zairSi gadasvla (axla zairs kongos
demokratiuli respublika hqvia). saerTaSoriso daxmarebis saagentoebisa
620
da zairis mTavrobis winaSe masobrivi SimSilobisa da epidemiuri daavade

bebis problema dadga. omma bosniaSi aseve milionobiT devnili, oboli da
TavSesafris maZiebeli warmoSva 1990-iani wlebis Sua periodSi.
TviT mosaxleobis sayovelTao aRweris rutinuli samTavrobo val
debuleba, romelsac amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia yovel
aT weliwadSi savaldebulod miiCnevs, SeiZleba safrTxis Semcveli iyos
msoflios sxva regionebSi. eraySi, libanSi, keniasa da pakistanSi, sxva qvey
nebis msgavsad, eTnikurma uTanxmoebebma daabrkola aRweris Catareba, radgan
`sakanonmdeblo adgilebis, Semosavlebis da sxva sazogadoebrivi saqonlis
gadanawileba sxvadasxva eTnikur jgufebs Soris damokidebulia imaze, ra
Sedegebs aCvenebs aRwera.~33 aRweris Catarebam TviT omic ki gamoiwvia:
Crdilo-aRmosavleT indoeTSi mdebare asamis StatSi, aRweris Sede
gebma, romlis Tanaxmadac umniSvnelo cvlileba iyo dafiqsirebuli
bengalelebsa da asamelebs Soris arsebul proporciaSi, 1970-ian
wlebSi gza gaukafa Zaladobriv reaqcias saarCevno siebSi bengaluri
saxelebis zrdis faqtis gamo. amis Sedegad aTasobiT adamiani daiRupa.
aRwera SesaZloa sikvdil-sicocxlis sakiTxi gaxdes eTnikurad dayo
fil sazogadoebaSi.34
bolos, mniSvnelovania imis gacnobiereba, rom eTnikuri konfliqtebi

ufro kompleqsuri xasiaTisaa, vidre es erTi SexedviT Cans. bevr saxelmwi
foSi, rogoricaa araerTi axlad damoukideblobamopovebuli saxelmwifo
yofili sabWoTa kavSiridan, sxvadasxva xalxia warmodgenili, romlebic
gansxvavebul eTnikur jgufebs miekuTvnebian da umetesoba erTmaneTisagan
damoukideblobis survils gamoTqvams da moTxovnasac ayenebs. TviT kanada
Sic ki, bevri frangulad mosaubre kvebekeli, romelTa raodenoba kanadis
27 milioniani mosaxleobis meoTxeds Seadgens, damoukideblobis moTxov
nas mxars sakuTari enisa da kulturis SenarCunebis motiviT uWers. kvebek
Si mcxovreb daaxloebiT 800 aTasi indiels msgavsi moTxovnis argumentad
sakuTari 10000 wliani istoria mohyavs. kvebekelma eskimosebma (inuitebma)
ganacxades, rom isini Seecdebian Seqmnan TavianTi damoukidebeli saxelm
wifo kvebekisave farglebSi im SemTxvevaSi Tu es ukanaskneli moipovebs da
moukideblobas. amgvari moTxovnebi aqcents akeTebs im faqtze, rom gazrdi
li eTnikuri grZnobebi, rac politikis, ekonomikis, enis, diskriminaciisa da
kulturis sakiTxebze paeqrobaSi gamoixateba, SesaZloa, gadamwyveti mamoZ
ravebeli Zala iyos dRevandel msoflioSi, rac xSirad politikuri erTo
bis mis yvelaze mcire nawilebad fragmentacias iwvevs.
aRsasruli axaleburad:
`mdumare gazafxulis~ * Tavidan acileba
amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da TiTqmis mTels msoflioSi garemos
dacviTi sakiTxebis umetesi nawili uyuradRebod rCeboda 1960-ian wle
621
bamde. mas Semdeg daintereseba garemosdacviTi sakiTxebiT didad gaizarda,

iseve, rogorc gaizarda garemosdacviTi jgufebis raodenoba da maTi Sesa
Zlebloba msoflios masStabiT gavlena moexdinaT mTavrobebze globaluri
ekologiuri sakiTxebis mosagvareblad. es e.w. mwvane partiebi TiTqmis yve
la wamyvan industriul saxelmwifoSi arsebobs, garda amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebisa. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am qveyanaSi ufro garemosdacviTi interes
Ta jgufebi ayvavda. iseT kargad cnobil da finansurad Zlier jgufebs, ro
goricaa sieras klubi, audubonis sazogadoeba, gadaarCineT delfinebi da
erovnuli bunebis federacia, sakmaod didi politikuri gavlena aqvs. ufro
metic, kvleviTi institutebi monitorings uweven garemos mdgomareobas
da moiTxoven imgvari sajaro politikuri qmedebebis gatarebas, romelic
ekologiur faqtorebs gaiTvaliswinebs.
arcTu ise gasaocaria, rom gasulma aTwleulebma aseTi gazrdili dain
tereseba gamoiwvia garemosdacviTi sakiTxebiT _ mJavurma wvimebma, globa
lurma daTbobam, wylis resursebis dakonservebis saWiroebam, tyeebisa da
Tevzis mrewvelobis problemebma iseTi amowurvadi bunebrivi resursebis
gamoyenebam, rogoricaa navTobi, gazi da sxva mineralebi, ubiZga saxelmwi
foTa meTaurebs eTanamSromlaT garemosdacviTi SeTanxmebebis dasadebad.
miuxedavad im faqtisa, rom amgvari SeTanxmebebis umetesi nawilis gavlena
sakmaod SezRudulia, varaudoben, rom momavalSi maTi raodenoba da mniSvn
eloba TandaTan ufro gaizrdeba.
aRsasruli Zveleburad:
birTvuli iaraRis gavrcelebis Tavidan acileba
ganadgurebis uzarmazari masStabiT gamowvevis SesaZleblobis gamo, ato
muri, biologiuri da qimiuri iaraRi _ zogjer maT ABC iaraRs (inglisuri
Atomic, Biological and Chemical Weapons-is _ atomuri, biologiuri da qimiuri
iaraRi. mTargmn. SeniSvna) uwodeben _ TavisTavad gansxvavebul kategoriad
klasificirdeba. (atomuri iaraRi aseve birTvuli iaraRis saxelwodebiT
aris cnobili; _ es ori saxelwodeba urTierTSemcvlelia). garda imisa, rom
am iaraRs SeuZlia gamoiwvios sicocxlis ganadgureba, infrastruqturis
dazianeba da farTomasStabiani ekologiuri dabinZureba, maTi gamoyenebis
Sedegad aseve moxdeba genetikuri mutaciebi, rasac didi gavlena eqneba mo
maval Taobebze. realurad, maT mier gamowveuli efeqtebis prognozireba an
gakontroleba sakmaod rTulia. saxelmwifoebs, romlebsac aqvs es iaraRi,
surT, rom sxva saxelmwifoebs ar hqondes igi. erayi da CrdiloeTi korea is
ori saxelmwifoa, romelmac scada masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis Seqmna, ra
sac amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da misi mokavSireebi mtkiced upirispird
ebodnen [Tavisi birTvuli programa aqvs irans _ red. Sen.].
marTalia, arsebobs ABC iaraRis gauvrceleblobis SeTanxmebebi (ix. VIII
Tavi), magram bevri is saxelmwifoc ki, romelsac ukve aqvs masobrivi ga
nadgurebis iaraRi, uars acxadebs am SeTanxmebebis xelmoweraze. logikuria,
rom saxelmwifoebrivi arastabiluroba da regionuli konfliqtebi ufro
622
saSiSi gaxda masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis sistemebis gavrcelebis alba

Tobis gamo. cxeli wertilebi, magaliTad, CrdiloeT korea aziaSi, safrTxes
uqmnis msoflio stabilurobas. rogorc 17-1 cxrili gviCvenebs, birTvuli
iaraRis mqone saxelmwifoTa raodenoba jer kidev sakmaod mcirea, Tumca,
Tu 1960-ian wlebSi birTvuli iaraRis mflobelTa raodenoba xuTs Seadgen
da, dRes es ricxvi cxramde gaizarda.
cxrili 17.1
birTvuli iaraRis gavrceleba
aqvs
birTvuli
iaraRi
savarudod,
aqvs
birTvuli
iaraRi
CineTi
israeli
safran
geTi
didi
britaneTi
piroba dado,
rom ar
Seqmnis
birTvul
iaraRs
uari Tqva
birTvul
iaraRze
alJiri
belorusia
irani
argentina
yazaxeTi
eErayi*
brazilia
ukraina
lLibia*
indoeTi
germania
pakistani
iaponia
ruseTi
miCneulia,
rom cdilobs
birTvuli
iraRis
mopovebas
CrdiloeT
korea
siria
samxreTi
afrika
SeerTebu
li Statebi
* aSS-s libiasTan daaxloebisa da eraySi intervenciis Semdeg es qveynebi aRar iTvle
bian birTvu-li ambiciebis mqoned. red. Sen.)
aranakleb aRmaSfoTebelia is faqti, rom zogierT ganviTarebad saxelm

wifos, romelsac aqvs Rirebuli bunebrivi resursebi - magaliTad, navTobiT
mdidari libia, irani da erayi _ miiCneva, rom surs (an surdaT) birTvuli
iaraRis Seqmna. ufro metic, es faqtebi kidev erTxel miuTiTebs birTvuli
iaraRis gavrcelebis safrTxeebis realurobaze. dResdReobiT, birTvuli
iaraRis dasamzadebeli teqnologia farTodaa cnobili da mis dasamzade
blad saWiro aucilebeli nivTierebebi (magaliTad, gamdidrebuli urani)
gacilebiT advilad moipoveba. erT-erTi Sefasebis Tanaxmad, 2000 wlisaT
vis daaxloebiT 40 saxelmwifos unda hqonoda birTvuli iaraRis sawarmoe
blad saWiro saSualebebi.35 am iaraRis politikuri, samxedro da simboluri
mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, miamitobaa velodoT, rom qveynebi (gansa
623
kuTrebiT, agresiuli miznebis mqone qveynebi), romelTac ar gaaCniaT aseTi

iaraRi, ar Seecdebian mis Seqmnas.
rac ufro meti iqneba im saxelmwifo Tu arasaxelmwifo aqtorebis (mag
aliTad, teroristebis) raodenoba, visac eqneba birTvuli, biologiuri Tu
qimiuri iaraRi, miT ufro didia albaToba, rom es iaraRi gamiznulad Tu
umiznod iqneba gamoyenebuli. gavrcelebis uamravi forma arsebobs. magali
Tad, sabWoTa kavSiris Semdeg birTvuli iaraRi memkvidreobiT ergo ramden
ime yofil sabWoTa respublikas. Zlieri diplomatiuri zewolis Sedegad
yazaxeTsa da ukrainaSi [aseve belorusSi _ mTargmn. Sen.] arsebuli konti
nentTaSorisi raketebi ruseTs gadasces.
kidev erTi koSmaruli scenari realobad iqca 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris
Semdeg, roca teroristebma antraqsiT (cimbiruli wylulis virusi) ramden
ime Tavdasxma ganaxorcieles. kidev ufro did safrTxes Seicavda SesaZle
bloba, rom teroristul qselebs gamoeyenebinaT atomuri iaraRi dasaxle
bul adgilebSi radiaciis gasavrceleblad an antraqsze ufro Zlieri
baqteriuli iaraRi.
sainformacio teqnologiebis revolucia

axal saerTaSoriso wesrigSi zogierTi procesi miuTiTebs SezRudul,
magram mniSvnelovan tendenciaze, romelic gardaqmnis Tanamedrove ersaxelmwifoebs (magaliTad, globaluri ekonomikisa da TanamSromlobiTi
organizaciebis zrda, rogoricaa vTqvaT evropis kavSiri). aseve, zogierTi
procesi eri-saxelmwifos dezintegraciaze mianiSnebs (magaliTad, eTni
kuri daZabulobebi). Tanamedrove realobis kuriozuli faqti is gaxlavT,
rom es orive urTierTsapirispiro tendencia erTdroulad aRiniSneba.
sainteresoa, rogor jdeba sainformacio teqnologiebis revolucia
am modelSi? eWvgareSea, rom sainformacio revolucia realurad mimdin
areobs. globaluri komunikaciebis SesaZleblobebi gasaocrad gaizarda
ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi. muris kanonis Tanaxmad (gordon
muri, intelis TanadamfuZnebeli) gamoTvliTi simZlavre erT dolarze yov
el 18 TveSi ormagdeba: dRes 2000 dolariani nouTbuqi bevrad ufro Zlieria,
vidre 10 miliondolariani kompiuteri 1970-ian wlebSi. amas emateba isic,
rom 1970-ian wlebSi mxolod daaxloebiT 50000 kompiuteri iyo msoflioSi;
dRes maTi raodenoba daaxloebiT 140 milionamde gaizarda. roca transat
lantikur satelefono xazs erTdroulad mxolod 138 satelefono saubris
gadacema SeeZlo, dRes es ricxvi 1,5 milions Seadgens. internets msoflios
masStabiT daaxloebiT 50 milionamde momxmarebeli hyavs da maTi raodenoba
kvlav izrdeba.
sainformacio revoluciis yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani politikuri
efeqti xelisuflebis mier sakuTar moqalaqeebze kontrolis dawesebis
SesaZleblobis Sesustebaa. moqalaqeebs msoflios masStabiT ukve xeli miu
wvdebaT informaciis damoukidebel wyaroebze. yvelaferi, dawyebuli mTav
robis kritikiT da damTavrebuli pornografiiT an kriminal-teroristis
624
piradi veb-gverdiT `Seqmeni Seni sakuTari birTvuli iaraRi~, xelmisawvdo

mia nebismieri qveynisaTvis, rogorc wesi, xelisuflebis Zalisxmevis gar
eSe. sainformacio revolucia TviT im tradiciul kulturebsa da civili
zaciebs uqmnis safrTxes, romlebic ar iziareben dasavlur Rirebulebebs.
ra Tqma unda, sainformacio revolucias mniSvnelovani politikuri
Sedegebic aqvs, romelTagan zogierTi dRes mxolod nawilobriv SeiZle
ba davinaxoT. magaliTad, zogadad miCneuli iyo, rom teqnologia tiran
mmarTvelebs sakuTari Zalauflebis gaxangrZlivebis kuTxiT SeeZloT
gamoeyenebinaT (gavixsenoT jorj oruelis mier mis klasikur novelaSi
1984 teleekranebisa da sxva teqnologiebis aRwera, romelsac totalitari
mmarTvelebi iyenebdnen), magram sapirispiroc SesaZloa simarTle iyos:
sainformacio revolucia garkveulwilad xels uwyobs msoflioSi Tavisu
flebas imiT, rom igi urTulebs arademokratiul liderebs sakuTari moqa
laqeebis kontrols. ufro metic, Tu teqnologia xels uwyobs Tavisufali
mTavrobebis raodenobis zrdas da demokratiuli qveynebi erTmaneTTan
omisagan Tavs ikaveben, SeiZleba Tu ara vivaraudoT, rom teqnologiurma
revoluciam ufro mSvidobiani msoflios Seqmnas unda Seuwyos xeli?
apokalipsuri xedvebi: civilizaciaTa

Sejaxeba da anarqia?
axali, aRmocenebadi saerTaSoriso wesrigi marTlac rom gadaizardos
ufro mSvidobian epoqaSi, igi mSvidobas bolomde mainc ver uzrunvelyofs.
kacobriobis istoriaze Tvalis gadavlebac ki Segvaxsenebs, rom konfliqtis
arseboba saukuneebs iTvlis. ase rom, dRevandel civi omis Semdgom epoqaSi,
mecnierebi daoben ara imaze, iqneba Tu ara momavalSi konfliqtebi, aramed
imaze, riTi iqneba igi gansxvavebuli warsulSi arsebuli konfliqtebisagan.
semuel hantingtoni momavali konfliqtis erT-erT yvelaze damaintrigeb
el da amaRelvebel xedvas gvTavazobs. is amtkicebs, rom civi omis ideolo
giur dapirispirebebs `civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba~ Secvlis:
konfliqtebis fundamenturi wyaro am axal msoflioSi ukve arc ideo
logia da arc ekonomika ar iqneba. kacobriobis gamyofi umniSvnelova
nesi sazRvrebi da konfliqtis upiratesi wyaroebi kulturiT ganisaz
Rvreba. eri-saxelmwifo mTavar moqmed pirad darCeba saerTaSoriso
asparezze, magram globaluri politikis yvelaze mniSvnelovani kon
fliqtebi gaiSleba erebsa da jgufebs Soris, romlebic sxvadasxva
civilizacias ekuTvnian. civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba msoflio politikis
dominirebadi faqtori gaxdeba. momavalSi, civilizaciaTa gamyofi
sazRvari iqneba axali frontis xazi.36
hantingtonis ganmartebiT civilizacia aris àdamianTa umaRlesi kul

turuli dajgufeba da maTi kulturuli identobis umaRlesi done, romelic
adamianebs sxva cocxali arsebebisagan ganasxvavebs~.37 amas garda, didi Tu
625
patara, bevrisa Tu mxolod erTis momcveli civilizacia, ori ZiriTadi

TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeba. pirvelSi Sedis obieqtur faqtorebi, rogori
caa ena, istoria, Cveulebebi, institutebi da, rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania,
religia.38 ideebi miekuTvneba meore mniSvnelovan Taviseburebas. ase rom,
maSin, roca ideebi individualizmis, liberalizmis, konstitucionalizmis,
adamianis uflebebis, Tanasworobis, Tavisuflebis, kanonis uzenaesobis, de
mokratiis, Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikisa da eklesiis saxelmwifosagan
damoukideblobis Taobaze dasavluri kulturis fundamenturi aspeqtebia,
hantingtoni Tvlis, rom ès Rirebulebebi mcired Tu aisaxeba islamur, kon
fuciur, iaponur, induistur, budistur an marTlmadideblur kultureb
Si.~39 hantingtons miaCnia, rom momavali konfliqtebi mWidrod iqneba dakav
Sirebuli kulturul identobebTan da adamianebis survilTan, ibrZolon da
mokvdnen im tradiciebisa da Rirebulebebis dacvisaTvis, romelTac safrTx
es amerikanizacia, vesternizacia da globalizacia uqmnis (rac ganviTarebad
samyaroSi bevri adamianis gonebaSi erTmaneTisagan ganuyofeli cnebebia).
rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, civi omis Semdgomi msoflios ganmsazRvrel
Taviseburebas eTnikuri daZabulobebi da konfliqtebi Seadgens. hanting
tonma Tanamedrove eTnikuri konfliqtebis buneba da geografia Seiswavla.
magaliTad, maT Soris, dapirispireba qristianobaze dafuZnebul dasavlur
evropasa da islamur civilizaciaze dafuZnebul arabul axlo aRmosavleTsa
da CrdiloeT afrikas Soris. aq eTnikurma daZabulobam Zaladobrivi forma
miiRo, magaliTad, dasavleTis saxelmwifoebis mier wamowyebuli samxedro in
tervenciebi (rogoric iyo sparseTis yuris omi 1991 wels) da teroriristebis
antidasavluri aqtebi islamur da arabul saxelmwifoebSi (gansakuTrebiT,
iranSi, eraySi, libiaSi, egviptesa da siriaSi). kulturaTa da civilizaciaTa
Sejaxebis sxva magaliTebi arsebobs balkaneTSi, sadac marTlmadidebeli
qristianebi da muslimebi mtroben erTmaneTs, iseve, rogorc Zveli ruseTis
imperiis periferiebSi. dapirispirebam erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg ganawyo osebi
da inguSebi ruseTSi, somxebi da azerbaijanelebi _ kavkasiaSi.
hantingtonis xedviT, civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba moicavs ara mxolod msof
lios regionebs Soris konfliqtebs, aramed aseve kulturul konfliqtebs
im arealSi, sadac ori civilizacia Tanaarsebobs. magaliTad, aziaSi Cin
uri da iaponuri civilizaciebi upirispirdeba erTmaneTs, iseve, rogorc
Cinelebi da tibetelebi (budistebi), Cinelebi da indoelebi (indusebi) da
Cinelebi da muslimebi (centralur da samxreT aziaSi). indoeTis subkonti
nentze, induisturi umravlesoba indoeTSi ebrZvis sakuTar mravalricxo
van muslimur umciresobas, iseve, rogorc mezobel pakistans.
evropaSi kulturuli dayofa dasavlur, anu im saxelmwifoebs, romle
bic iziareben kaTolikur, aRorZinebis, reformaciis, ganmanaTleblobisa
da industriuli revoluciis ideebs da aRmosavleTis saxelmwifoebs So
ris, romlebic ZiriTadad slavuri da marTlmadidebluria da dasavleTis
umTavresi religiuri da inteleqtualuri miRwevebisagan ganze rCebian,
Caenacvla did dapirispirebas rkinis fardis Camoxsnis Semdeg. dRes mas
`xaverdis fardas~ uwodeben. Dda bolos, dasavleTi naxevarsfero ori gan
sxvavebuli kulturuli memkvidreobis samSobloa. CrdiloeTi amerika
626
(amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da kanada) anglofonuria da mkveTrad gan

icdis britanuli da CrdiloeT-evropuli kulturis, maT Soris protes
tantizmis, gavlenas. meqsika, centraluri da samxreTi amerika ZiriTadad
espanurenovani da kaTolikuria da adgilobrivi da iberiuli kulturebis
sinTezs warmoadgens.
hantingtoni aqcents akeTebs, rom naTesavi qveynis sindromi, romlis
Sesabamisadac sxvadasxva qveynis adamianebi da liderebi kulturulad ari
an erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni, Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso urTierTo
bebSi aSkarad iCens Tavs. magaliTad, 1991 wels sparseTis yuris omSi, arabi
elitac da mosaxleobac erays farglebs gareT dasavleTis sawinaaRmdegod
ganewyo. arabTa mxardaWera sxva arabul-islamuri qveynis mimarT, romelsac
Tundac iseTi sastiki diqtatori marTavda, rogoric sadam huseini iyo, na
Tesauri sindromis gamomJRavnebis mxolod erTi magaliTia. sxva magaliTe
bia Turqebis mier azerbaijanis (muslimuri) mxardaWera somxeTis winaaR
mdeg (qristianuli) an dasavleTis mier marTlmadidebeli serbebis dasja,
aseve bosnieli muslimebis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli sisastike.
ufro metic, hantingtoni axdens `gaxleCili qveynebis~ identificirebas,
romlebic sxvadasxva civilizaciasa da kulturas mikuTvnebuli xalxebisa
gan Sedgeba da dezintegraciis pirveli kandidatebi arian. amis naTeli mag
aliTebia sabWoTa kavSiri, iugoslavia da meqsika. konfliqtebi gaxleCil
qveynebSi advilad SeiZleba gadaizardos sxvadasxva civilizacias mikuT
vnebul saxelmwifoebs an jgufebs Soris omSi.
yvelaze ufro avismomaswavebeli elementi hantingtonis civilizaciaTa
Sejaxebis TeoriaSi aris globaluri konfliqtis SesaZlebloba dasavlur
da aradasavlur civilizaciebs Soris (hantingtonis sityvebiT `dasavleTi
_ danarCenis winaaRmdeg~). arabul saxelmwifoebsa da CineTs Soris poli
tikuri kavSirebis ganviTareba islamur-konfuciuri aliansis Seqmnas moas
wavebs. osama bin ladenis al qaidas moZraobis warmoSoba antidasavluri, an
tiiudeur-qristianuli ganwyobebiT amagrebs hantingtonis mTavar Teziss,
miuxedavad imisa, rom mas (hantingtons) ar uwinaswarmetyvelebia, ra formas
miiRebda civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba axal saukuneSi. TviT faqti, rom osama bin
ladenma formalurad gamoacxada jihadi `dampyroblebis~ winaaRmdeg da mus
limebis movaleobad aqcia àmerikelebis ganadgureba yvelgan ~40 miuTiTebs,
rom amerikelebis mier marTuli kampania saerTaSoriso terorizmis winaaRm
deg bevrad ufro metia, vidre ubralod konfrontacia urC arasaxelmwifoe
briv aqtorsa da msoflios yvelaze Zlier saxelmwifos Soris. ras niSnavs es
zustad, jer kidev dasadgenia. dagmoben ki arabuli qveynebi ara mxolod bin
ladens, aramed terorizmsac? SeZlebs amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, gam
onaxos gza arabTa interesebis dasakmayofileblad (gansakuTrebiT pales
tinelTa miswrafebebis) ise, rom aman israelTan misi gansakuTrebuli urT
ierTobebis gawyveta ar gamoiwvios?
hantingtonis Tezisi gamoCenisTanave farTod iqna ganxiluli da azrTa
didi sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia. rogorc yvela idea msoflioSi, isic maleve
mieca daviwyebas, yovel SemTxvevaSi 2001 wlis 11 seqtembramde mainc. 11 se
qtembris teroristuli aqtebiT gamowveulma Sokma da SiSma ganapiroba, rom
627
amerikelebs eZebnaT pasuxebi iseT kiTxvaze, rogoricaa: ratom vZulvarT

maT ase Zalian? pasuxis Ziebam kvlav gamoiwvia daintereseba am Temaze
dawerili naSromebiT, maT Soris hantingtonis, Calmers jonsonisa da Jur
nalist robert kaplanis naSromebiT, romelmac 1994 wels _ im wels, rode
sac pirvelad daibomba msoflio savaWro centri, Jurnal Atlantic Monthly-Si
dabeWda statia `momavali anarqia~.41
kaplani amtkicebs, rom `msoflio rukis danawevreba da gadakeTeba mxo
lod axla iwyeba.~ eri-saxelmwifo im formiT, ra formiTac igi CvenTvis
aris cnobili, ukve moZvelebulia da misi Canacvleba moxdeba ara ufro
didi regionuli dajgufebebiT an msoflio saxelmwifoTi (ise, rogorc amas
idealistebi sulelurad winaswarmetyvelebdnen II msoflio omis Semdeg)
aramed, kaplanis SexedulebiT, politikuri qarborbalebis uformo ZaliT,
romelic isazrdoebs uzarmazari da sakmaod arastabiluri urbanuli kon
centraciiT, rogoric aris momavlis gadatvirTuli, qaosuri, kriminaluri
qalaqebi. suraTi, romelsac kaplani gvixatavs, SemaSfoTebelia:
warmoidgineT hologramis msgavsi kartografia sam ganzomilebaSi.
am hologramaSi iqneba jgufebisa da sxva erTeulebis urTeirTgadam
kveTi dakiduli Sreebi, qalaqi-saxelmwifoebisa da sxva erebis organ
zomilebiani feradi niSnulebis zemoT, romelic aRniSnavs narkokar
telebis, mafiebis da usafrTxoebis kerZo saagentoTa Zalauflebas.
sazRvrebis magivrad iqneba Zalauflebis moZravi centrebi, Sua sau
kuneebis msgavsad. am SreTagan bevri iqneba moZravi. swor adgilze
fiqsirebuli da uxeSad gavlebuli xazebis magivrad iqneba buferu
li erTeulebis cvalebadi naxazi, qurTuli da azerbaijanuli buf
eruli erTeulebis msgavsad TurqeTsa da irans Soris. am proteanul
kartografiul hologramas aseve unda davumatoT sxva faqtorebic,
rogoricaa, mosaxleobis migracia, daavadebebis gavrceleba. ase, rom
amgvari msoflios ruka arasodes iqneba statikuri. es momavali ruka,
savaraudod bolo rukac ki, qaosis mutaciis anarekli iqneba.42
dasavleTi afrika amgvari ulmobeli momavlis magaliTia, sadac sazRvre

bi realurad qreba, sazogadoeba xdeba eTnikuri konfliqtis wyaro, policia
da politikuri Zalaufleba TandaTanobiT qreba am suraTidan, kriminalebi,
yaCaRebi da korumpirebuli saxelmwifo moxeleebi akontroleben vaWrobas,
Zaladoba gaxSirebulia, avadmyofoba isea modebuli qalaqgareT, rogorc
mkvleli, romelsac gadawyvetili aqvs, daxocos yvela cocxlad darCenili.
ra formas miiRebs momavali konfliqtebi, iqneba es eri-saxelmwifoebis
dezintegracia Tu civilizaciaTa globaluri masStabis Sejaxeba, jerac
gaurkveveli rCeba. Tumca, eWvgareSea, rom omis Rrublebi gaagrZelebs
politikis saTamaSo moednebis wyvdiadSi moqcevas yvela doneze _ lokal
urze, regionulze da saerTaSorisoze. isic eWvgareSea, rom lokaluri kon
fliqtebi zogierTi saxelmwifos arsebobasa da xelisuflebis stabiluro
bas safrTxes Seuqmnis da isic, rom erT qveyanaSi Seqmnili arastabilurobis
mezobel saxelmwifoebSi gadadinebac moxdeba. konfliqtis SeCerebisa da
omis Semcirebis warmateba nawilobriv damokidebuli iqneba amave miznebi
628
saTvis II msoflio omis Semdeg Seqmnili saerTaSoriso institutebis efeq

tianobaze. es institutebi, maT Soris, gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia,
Cveni yuradRebis centrSi am wignis daskvniT TavSi moeqceva.
anarqia afrikaSi
siera-leonesa Tu dasavleT afrikis danarCen nawilSi tirania ucxo xili

namdvilad ar aris. is ukve gazrdili ukanonobis Semadgeneli nawilia, rac,
sakuTari mniSvnelobiT, bevrad ufro seriozulia, vidre nebismieri saxis
saxelmwifo gadatrialeba, amboxeba Tu demokratiis damkvidrebis epizo
duri eqsperimentebi. danaSauli iyo is Tema, razedac Cems megobars, maRali
Tanamdebobis afrikel saxelmwifo moxeles (romlis sicocxles safrTxe
daemuqreba, Tu davasaxeleb), namdvilad surda saubari. danaSaulis Tema
aqcevs dasavleT afrikas Cemi mosazrebebis amosaval wertilad imis Tao
baze, Tu rogori politikuri xasiaTi eqneba Cvens planetas XXI saukuneSi.
dasavleT afrikis qalaqebi, gansakuTrebiT RamiT, yvelaze saSiSi adgile
bia dRevandel msoflioSi: Cabnelebuli quCebi; policias xSirad ara aqvs
sawvavi satransporto saSualebebisaTvis; SeiaraRebuli Ramis qurdebi da
manqanebis mZarcvelebi mravlad arian. ` mTavroba siera-leoneSi daRamebis
Semdeg yovelgvari gavlenis gareSe rCeba,~ ambobs erT-erTi ucxoeli. 2000
wlis seqtemberSi, rodesac dedaqalaqSi, friTaunSi viyavi, kalaSnikovis av
tomatiT SeiaraRebuli 8 piri SeiWra erTi amerikelis sacxovrebel saxlSi.
maT is SeboWes da gaZarcves. daiviwyeT maiami: usafrTxoebis adekvaturi
zomebis ararsebobis gamo aSS-s transportis mdivnis gadawyvetilebiT
Sewyda pirdapiri frenebi amerikasa da muhamed murtalas saxelobis aero
ports Soris, romelic mezobel nigeriul qalaq lagosSi mdebareobs. es
erT-erTia, im arcTu mravalricxovan SemTxvevas Soris, rodesac amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobam ucxo qveynis aeroports danaSaulebrivi
kavSirebis gamo embargo daado. abijanSi, spilos Zvlis sanapiros dedaqa
laqSi, restornebSi Sens manqanasa da Sesasvlels Soris, TxuTmetiode
nabijis moSorebiT moZraoben SeiaraRebuli dacvis samsaxuris warmomad
genlebi da geqmneba Semzaravi warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori SeiZle
ba iyos amerikis qalaqebi momavalSi. italieli elCi daiRupa maSin, roca
mZarcvelebi Tavs daesxnen abijanis erT-erT restorans. nigerieli elCis
ojaxis wevrebi Tavis sacxovrebelSive SeboWes da gaZarcves. universite
tis studentebma spilos Zvlis sanapiroSi daiWires yaCaRebi, romlebic maT
sacxovreblebs Zarcvavdnen, yelze yulfi moabes da dawves. yvelafers spi
los Zvlis sanapiros erT-erTi policieli uyurebda, magram SiSiT Carevas
ver bedavda. roca abijanis avtobusis sadgurze mivdiodi, axalgazrda ada
mianebis jgufi mousvenari TvalebiT uyurebda Cems taqss, xels urtyamdnen
manqanis minebs da moiTxovdnen qiras Cemi bargis waRebisaTvis, miuxedavad
imisa, rom mxolod erTi patara xelCanTa mqonda. dasavleT afrikuli eqvsi
qveynis sxvadasxva qalaqSi yvelgan vxedavdi axalgazrda adamianebis aseT
629
save brboebs. isini hgavdnen gaTavisuflebul molekulebs Zalian arastabi

lur sazogadoebriv garemoSi, romelic aalebis piras iyo misuli. `rogorc
xedav, afrikis soflebSi bunebriv movlenad aris miCneuli, ikvebo nebismier
magidaze da Tavi Seafaro nebismier qoxs,M magram qalaqebSi amgvari Temuri
pirobebi ukve aRar arsebobs _ Ramis gasaTevad unda gadaixado da saWmelad
unda migiwvion. rodesac axalgazrda adamianebi aRmoaCenen, rom naTesavebi
veRar Seifareben, isini gamouval mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebian, uerTdebian
sxva emigrantebs da TandaTanobiT kriminalur saqmianobaSic erTvebian~, _
miTxra Cemma megobarma ministrma.
àrabuli CrdiloeT afrikis gaRaribebul nawilebSi,~ _ gaagrZela man,
_ `naklebi danaSaulia, imitom, rom islami uzrunvelyofs socialur simt
kices: ganaTlebisa da indoqtrinaciis gziT. aq, dasavleT afrikaSi, zeda
pirulad islamic da qristianobacaa warmodgenili. dasavluri religia
ZirgamoTxrilia animisturi rwmenebiT, romelic SeuTavsebelia moralur
sazogadoebasTan, radganac is dafuZnebulia iracionalur sulis Zalau
flebaze. aq suli gamoyenebulia, raTa nebaze miuSvan erTi pirovnebis Su
risZieba meoris sawinaaRmdegod an erTi jgufisa meoris winaaRmdeg.~ libe
riis samoqalaqo omis dros Cadenili bevri Zaladoba jujus sulis rwmenas
ukavSirdeboda. BBC-im Tavis Jurnal Focus on Africa-Si aRwera, rom sieraleones samoqalaqo omSi amboxebulebs `win miuZRoda axalgazrda sruliad
SiSveli qali ukusvliT, romelic gzas sarkeSi xedavda. siSiSvle mas armiis
poziciebis gadakveTas uadvilebda da iq marxavda Tavis silamazes... raTa
ajanyebulTa warmatebis Sansi gaezarda.~
nawyveti Robert D. Kaplan-is wignidan The Coming Anarchy, New York: Vintage Books,
2001, 4-6.
daskvna
centraluri xelisuflebis ararsebobis gamo saerTaSoriso politikis
moqmedeba mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba saxelmwifo Tu Sida politikasagan.
qalaq melosis bediswera saerTaSoriso arenaze samxedro Zlierebis upira
tesi mniSvnelobis ilustrirebas axdens. ZalauflebisaTvis brZola saer
TaSoriso sistemis bunebis Semadgeneli nawilia. yoveli suverenuli sax
elmwifo status kvos Secvlis msurvel sxva saxelmwifosTan konkurenciis
pirobebSi sakuTari erovnuli interesebis dacvas cdilobs. erovnuli in
teresis koncefcia orazrovania, Tumca, moicavs yvelafers, rasac saxelm
wifo liderebi sakuTari qveynis grZelvadiani usafrTxoebisa Tu keTil
dReobis xelSemwyobad miiCneven.
saerTaSoriso politikis mkvlevarebma unda ganasxvavon erTmaneTisa
gan sagareo politikuri miznebi da am miznebis miRwevis saSualebebi. sax
elmwifoebi sxvadasxva saSualebebs irCeven, Tumca, es arCevani yovelTvis
630
erTi umTavresi mizniT _ saxelmwifoebis Zlierebis zrdis surviliTaa

ganpirobebuli. zogierTi saxelmwifo kmayofilia Zalis arsebuli gadan
awilebiT da mxolod arsebuli status kvos SenarCunebas cdilobs, sxvebi
ukmayofiloni arian da Sesabamisad, misi Secvlisaken iswrafvian. yvela sax
elmwifo, romelsac surs konkurentunariani iyos saerTaSoriso arenaze,
mudmivadaa CarTuli sakuTari Zlierebis gazrdis procesSi. mxolod ram
denime saxelmwifo Tu axerxebs, Tavi aaridos Zlierebis SenarCunebasa da
Zlierebis gazrdas Soris arCevanis gakeTebas; isini, zogadad, Zalis poli
tikis uaryofas cdiloben.
monros doqtrina miznad isaxavda gaexangrZlivebina regionuli status
kvo dasavleT naxevarsferoSi; aseve, sabWoTa kavSiridan momavali safrTxis
Sekaveba SesaZlebeli iyo globaluri status kvos strategiiT, romelic
amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma SeimuSava II msoflio omis Semdeg. civi omis
Semdeg periodSi, zogierTma politologma politikuri realizmis Teo
riaze daydnobiT daiwyo mtkiceba, rom amerikis SeerTebul Statebs unda
miemarTa izolacionizmis strategiisaTvis. sxvebis azriT ki saerTaSor
iso politikuri sistemis mTavari maxasiaTeblebi mniSvnelovani meqanizmi
iyo Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso politikis gasagebad da amerikis sagareo
politikis gansasazRvrad. marTalia, politikuri realizmi warsulSi
saerTaSoriso politikis axsnas gvTavazobda, dRes mas akritikeben zneo
bis sakiTxis mimarT misi indiferentuli damokidebulebisa da erovnuli
interesis koncefciaze aqcentirebis gamo, globaluri problemebis arse
bobis fonze.
tradiciuli ZalTa wonasworobis sistema, romelic formalurad 1648
wlidan arsebobda, SezRuduli iyo masStabiT. evropuli sistemis erTi upi
ratesoba is iyo, rom misi yvela wevri iziarebda saerTo Rirebulebebsa da
rwmenebs. didi britaneTi moqmedebda, rogorc wonasworobis damcveli. ev
ropuli sistema muSaobda, radgan miznebi da saSualebebi SezRuduli, xolo
aliansebi moqnili iyo. XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi am pirobebis Secvlam Zal
Ta wonasworobis sistemis daSlas daudo saTave.
II msoflio omis Semdeg, Zveli evropuli multipolaruli sistemis adgil
ze bipolaruli sistema Camoyalibda. geografiulad ufro farTe, vidre
misi winamorbedi, am bipolaruli sistemis mTavari maxasiaTebeli iyo sasti
ki dapirispireba or supersaxelmwifos _ amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da
sabWoTa kavSirs Soris. siRrmiseuli ideologiuri gansxvavebebi da birTvu
li holokostis safrTxe am metoqeobis Tavisebureba iyo. 1960-iani wlebis
bolosTvis, strategiuli Cixis viTarebam, romelic efuZneboda urTierT
Sekavebas, am or titans Soris omi iracionaluri gaxada.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlasa da civi omis damTavrebasTan erTad, axali
saerTaSoriso wesrigi iwyebs aRmocenebas. sayuradReboa, rom es ZalTa
wonasworobis sistema ki ar aris, aramed igi sxvadasxva saxis tendenciebs
amJRavnebs. ufro metic, sakmarisi safuZvelia imisaTvis, raTa virwmunoT,
rom es sistema droebiTi da gardamavali iqneba.
aRmocenebadi saerTaSoriso wesrigi unipolarulia, romlis saTaveSi
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebia. TanamSromloba da konkurencia ekonomikuri
631
sakiTxebis garSemo gaizarda. ufro metic, ekonomikuri Zliereba koncen

trirebuli xdeba sam regionSi: dasavleT evropaSi, amerikasa da iaponiaSi.
damafiqrebelia msoflio masStabiT eTnikuri konfliqtebis raodenobis
zrda. gaumjobesebuli saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis Sedegad globaluri
garemosdacviTi problemebi ufro met yuradRebas iqcevs. Tumca, ganviTa
rebad qveynebSi masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis gavrceleba msoflio sta
bilurobas sakmaod did safrTxes uqmnis. da bolos, miuxedavad imisa, rom
momavali konfliqtebis wyaro ucnobia, erTi gavleniani mecnieris mtkice
biT, is kulturuli gansxvavebulobidan amoizrdeba da mas civilizaciaTa
Sejaxebis forma eqneba.
sakvanZo sityvebi
politikuri realizmi
ZalTa wonasworobis sistema
wonasworobis damcveli
bipolaruli sistema
marSalis gegma
CrdiloeT
atlantikis
xelSek
rulebis
organizacia (nato)
varSavis xelSekruleba
erovnuli interesi
status kvos strategia
eqspansionizmi
neitraliteti
miumxrobloba
monros doqtrina
Sekaveba
trumenis doqtrina
idealizmi
globalizacia
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi
naTesavi qveynis sindromi
1. ras gveubneba aTenelTa da meloselTa dapirispirebis Tukidideseuli

aRwera saerTaSoriso politikis bunebis Taobaze?
2. ra moiazreba politikisadmi makiavelistur damokidebulebaSi? ra saxis
msoflmxedvelobas gulisxmobs amgvari midgoma?
3. ras gulisxmobs cneba èrovnuli interesi~? rogor iyeneben politikuri
realistebi am termins?
4. romeli ori ZiriTadi sagareo politikuri strategia aris xelmisawvdomi
saxelmwifoebisaTvis?
5. ra igulisxmeba ZalTa wonasworobaSi? rogor muSaobda tradiciuli ev
ropuli ZalTa wonasworobis sistema? ra iyo misi mTavari maxasiaTeblebi?
ratom SeZlo man met-naklebad warmatebulad funqcionireba 260 wlis gan
mavlobaSi?
6. ram gamoiwvia klasikuri evropuli ZalTa wonasworobis sistemis rRveva?
632
7. riTi gansxvavdeboda II msoflio omis Semdgomi saerTaSoriso sistema misi

winamorbedebisagan?
8. aris Tu ara dRes ZalTa wonasworoba?
9. ra qmnis mSvidobis mTavar safrTxes dRevandel msoflioSi?
SeniSvnebi
1. citirebebi am diskusiidan ekuTvnis Tukidides The Melian Conference, in
Readings in World Politics, me-2 gamoc., red., Robert Goldwin and Tony Pearce
(new York: Oxford University Press, 1970),472-478.
2. Niccolo Machiaveli, The Prince, in The Prince and Discourses (New York: Modern
Library, 1952), 56.
3. iqve, 64
4. Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace,
me-5 gamoc., (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1992), 11.
5. iqve, 22-23.
6. iqve, 11.
7. iqve, 11.
8. iqve, 221-223.
9. iqve, 27.
10. citirebulia, Alexander De Conde, A History of American Foreign Policy:
Growth to World Power, tomi 1, me-3 gamoc., (New York: Scribners, 1978), 130.
11. Alexis De Tocqueville, Democracy in America, tomi 1 (New York: Schocken Books,
1961), 522.
12. George F. Kennan, ``Sources of Soviet Conduct,`` in Caging the Bear: Containment
and the Cold War, red. Charles Gati (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1974), 18.
13. Congressional Record, 80 Cong., 1st sess. (March 1947), 1981.
14. ix. Chalmers Johnson, Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire
(New York: Holt, 2000).
15. iqve, 8.
16. iqve.
17. iqve, 9.
18. iqve.
19. iqve, 11.
20. magaliTisaTvis ix. Alan Tonelson, ``What is the National Interest?`` in Americas
National Interest in a Post Cold War World, red. Alvin Z. Rubinstein (New York:
McGraw-Hill, 1994), 56. aseve, Barbara Conry, U.S. ``Global Leadership``: A Euphemism for World Policeman, Policy Analysis No. 267 (CATO Institute, February 8,
1997).
21 Max Singer and Aaron Wildavsky, The Real World Order: Zones of Peace/Zones of
Turmoil (Chatham House, 1996), 5-6.
22. iqve, 199.
23. iqve, 5.
24. Martin Gilbert, The Roots of Appeasement (New York: New American Library,
1996).
633
25. miuxedavad ramdenime eqspertis gancxadebisa, rom prezident klintonma

amgvari politikis gatarebiT ganimtkica politikuri kavSirebi afroamerikel kongresmenebTan, mainc unda davuSvaT, rom es mis mTavar mizans
ar warmoadgenda. altruizmis saintereso SemTxveva moxda 1920-1921
wlebSi, rodesac sazareli SimSili sufevda sabWoTa kavSiris teritori
aze. miuxedavad sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier antikapitalisturi revolu
ciebis aqtiuri mxardaWerisa, amerikis mTavrobam daxmarebis organizacia
(huveris komisia) Seqmna. am organizaciis xelmZRvanelobiT milionobiT
dolaris Rirebulebis sakvebi iqna gagzavnili da milionobiT adamiani ga
darCa volgis regionSi. im periodis oficialurma sabWoTa gazeTma aRniS
na kidevac, rom `yvela kapitalistur saxelmwifos Soris, mxolod ameri
kis SeerTebulma Statebma aRmogviCina drouli da realuri daxmareba.~
cit. Adam Ulam, Expansion and Coexistence: Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917-1973,
me-2 gamoc., (New York: Praeger, 1974) 148.
26. cit. Marvin Jones, The Fifteen Weeks ( New York: Harbinger, 1955 ), 256.
27. Raul Hilberg, The destruction of the European Jews (New York: Harper&Row,
1961), 358-359.
28. Arnold Wolfers, Discord and Collaboration: Essays on International Politics (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1965), 93.
29. mosazreba, rom idealizmsa da realizms Soris gansxvaveba igivea, rac gan
sxvaveba principsa da gonivrulobas Soris naTan tarkovs ekuTvnis. Nathan Tarcov, Principle and Prudence in Foreign Policy: The Founders Perspective,
The Puiblic Interest 76 (Summer 1984) 45-60.
30. Jessica Tuchman Mathews, ``The Environment and International Security,`` in
World Security: Challenges for a New Century, me-2 gamoc., red. Michael Klare
and Daniel Thomas (New York: St. Martin Press, 1994), 286.
31. gansakuTrebiT gamosadegia Charles Krauthammer, ``The Lonely Superpower,``
New Republic, July 29, 1991. 23-27. Cveni msjeloba ramdenime mniSvnelovan
aspeqtSi Krauthammer-isas emTxveva.
32. Joan Edelman Spero, The Politics of International Economic Relations, me-4 gamoc.,
(New York:St. Martins Press, 1990), 229.
33. Donald Horowitz, Ethical and National Conflict, in World Security Challenges for
a New Century, red. Klare and Thomas, 175.
34. iqve, 176.
35. Charles Kegley, Jr., and Eugene Wittkopf, World Poitics: Trend and Transformation, me-6 gamoc., (New York: St. Martins Press, 1997), 395-396.
36. Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations? Foreign Affairs 72 (Summer 1993):
22-43; and Samuel Huntington, If Not Civilizations, What? Paradigms of the PostCold War Era, Foreign Affairs 72 (December 1993): 24-39; amis Semdeg, hantingtonma am sakiTxis Sesaxeb sakuTari TvalTaxedva gamoaqveyna wignSi The Clash
of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster,
1996).
37. Huntington, Clash of Civilizations, 24.
38. iqve, 25, 26.
39. iqve, 40.
634
40. Judith Miller, A Child of Privilege Who Champions Terror, New York Times, September 14, 2001, veb-gverdi.
41. Robert D. Kaplan, The Coming Anarchy (New York: Vintage Books, 2001). es best
seleri arsebiTad gamoqveynebul naSromTa krebulia.
42. iqve, 50-51.
Ta v i X V I I I
saerTaSoiso
orgnizaciebi
brZola
wesrgisTvis
arasaxelmwifo aqtorebi msof

lio asparezze
multinacionaluri korporaciebi
saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo da
samTavrobo oranizaciebi
gaerTianebuli
erebis
organizacia (gaero)
istoriuli foni: erTa liga
gaeros daarseba
omis dros
gaero civi
gaero civi omis Sem
deg
didi saerTaSoriso orga
nizaciebis problemebi
saerTaSoriso samarTali
sargeblianoba
iZuleba
Sesruleba da
saerTaSoriso samarTa
li Tanamedrove epoqaSi
saerTa
Soriso samarTlis SezRuduloba
saerTaSoriso samarTlis Sefa
seba
mudmivi swrafva mSvidobisaken
635
636
Tu gsurs mSvidoba, emzade omisaTvis _ uxsovari droidan es gamonaTqva

mi politikur realistTa kredo iyo. istoria gvaswavlis, rom konfliqti
adamianuri realobis nawilia da omis Tavidan acileba an mere SeCereba,
saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, sifxizliTa da samxedro mzadyofnis politiki
Taa SesaZlebeli. Tumca am Sexedulebas yovelTvis hyavda oponentebi. Cven
vcxovrobT samyaroSi, sadac
sawvavis fasi amerikis benzogasamarT sadgurebze ucxo qveynebis
dedaqalaqebSi dgindeba... amerikeli momxmareblisaTvis feradi tele
vizorebis xelmisawvdomobas gansazRvravs ara mxolod Sida bazris
Zalebi, aramed SeTanxmebebi, erTi mxriv, vaSingtonsa da meore mxriv,
tokios, taipeisa da seuls Soris... kremlSi miRebuli gadawyvetile
bebi gavlenas axdens amerikul gadasaxadebze da aseve imaze, Tu raSi
daixarjeba amoRebuli Tanxebi... miwodeba gansazRvravs keTildReo
bas yvelgan, xolo iq, sadac yvelaferi erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli,
saWiroa axleburi azrovneba da axali konceptualuri midgomebi.1
saxelmwifoTa erovnuli meurneobebi sul ufro erwymis msoflio eko

nomikas. amgvar ganviTarebas bevri winaswarmetyvelebda da miesalmeboda
didi xniT adre, vidre es realobad iqceoda. egreT wodebuli funqcionalistebi amtkicebdnen, rom efeqtiani saerTaSoriso organizaciebi xels
Seuwyobda TanamSromlobas msoflio masStabiT da es TanamSromloba, Tavis
mxriv, warmoSobda saerTo ekonomikur interesebs, xels Seuwyobda saerTa
Soriso urTierTgagebas da Seamcirebda msoflio daZabulobasa da saomar
moqmedebebs. azrovnebis am skolam, romelsac funqcionalizmi ewodeba,
meore msoflio omis Semdeg akademiuri sazogadoebis didi yuradReba miiq
cia. mis momxreebs swamdaT, rom erovnul sazRvrebs gacilebuli mSvidobis,
vaWrobisa da TanamSromlobis upiratesobebi sazogadoebas sabolood vi
wro erovnuli interesebis uaryofamde miiyvanda.
is, rasac guSin funqcionalizmi ewodeboda, dRes urTierTdamokidebu
lebis saxeliTaa cnobili. es termini aRniSnavs erebs Soris arsebuli axlo
kavSirebis rTul qsels, romelic, zogierTis TqmiT, TviT saerTaSoriso
wesrigis safuZvels cvlis. kerZod, msoflio ekonomikis mudmivma ganviTa
rebam da zrdam gamoiwvia zeerovnuli (supranacionaluri) struqturebis
warmoqmna, romlis mizania uzrunvelyos Sesabamisi regulaciebi da moixs
nas xelovnuri dabrkolebebi (rogoricaa tarifebi da savaWro kvotebi).
regionuli savaWro kavSirebis zrda da ekonomikuri integraciisken svla
naTlad aisaxa evrokavSiris 1992 wlis gadawyvetilebaSi, Seeqmna erTiani
ekonomikuri zona. iseTi zeerovnuli struqturebis warmoqmna, rogoricaa
amerikis erTiani bazari karibis zRvis auzSi, merkosuri _ samxreT amerikis
samxreTSi, aziisa da wynari okeanis auzis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis fo
rumi da samxreT aziis regionuli TanamSromlobis asociacia (SAARS), asax
avs regionuli integraciis mimarT im did interess, romelic evropis farg
lebs gareTac arsebobs. am ganviTarebis saboloo Sedegi, savaraudod, iqneba
gazrdili TanamSromloba da erTa Soris arsebuli samxedro konfliqtebis
saerTaSoriso organizaciebi
637
ekonomikuri konkurenciiT Canacvleba. sabolood, racionaluri interesi

ubiZgebs yvela saxelmwifos aRiaros, rom Tavisufali vaWroba da inves
ticiebi sargeblis momtania yvela erisaTvis.
gamoiwvia Tu ara amgvari ekonomikuri gaerTianebebis zrdam keTildRe
obis garda mSvidobis sakiTxis win wamowevac? da namdvilad Seuwyo Tu ara
xeli aseT TanamSromlobas globaluri da regionuli organizaciebis, maT
Soris, ramdenime universaluri organizaciis (rogoricaa gaero) Seqmnam an
saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis SemuSavebam da cxovrebaSi gatarebam?
am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad jer msoflioSi arsebuli sxvadasxva saxis
zeerovnuli struqturis ganxilvaa saWiro.
arasaxelmwifo aqtorebi msoflio asparezze

saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobas, saxelmwifoebis garda, xels uwyoben
arasaxelmwifo subieqtebic. aseT organizaciebs, Cveulebriv, arasaxelmwifo aqtorebs uwodeben. multinacionaluri korporaciebi, arasamTavro
bo organizaciebi da saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebi arasax
elmwifo institutebis sami ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi formaa, romlebic
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs msoflio politikaSi.
multinacionaluri korporaciebi
kompaniebs, ùcxouri filialebiT, romlebsac firmis produqcia da mar
ketingi qveynis farglebs gareT gaaqvT,~ Cveulebriv, multinacionalur
(mravalerovnul) korporaciebs (MNC) uwodeben. `Tanamedrove multina
cionaluri korporacia aris Svilobil kompaniaTa globaluri qseli.~2 Zli
er, aSS-Si dafuZnebul multinacionalur korporaciaTa magaliTs warmoad
gens jeneral motorsi, maikrosofti, eqsoni, koka-kola, makdonaldsi da
inteli. gasaocari iyo meore msoflio omis bolodan multinacionalur ko
rporaciaTa aRmavloba. 1990-iani wlebSi amgvar korporaciebSi dasaqmebuli
iyo 73 milioni adamiani, rac msoflios anazRaurebadi arasasoflosameur
neo samuSao adgilebis 10% da samrewvelo qveynebSi dasaqmebulTa daax
loebiT 20%-s Seadgenda. pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri gziT dasaqmebulTa
ricxvi, sul mcire, 150 milioni adamiani iyo, rac mTlianad anazRaureba
di, arasasoflo-sameurneo samuSao adgilebis 20%-s Seadgenda.3 amasTan,
1990-ian wlebSi msoflios 350 umsxvilesi multinacionaluri korporacia
msoflio saqonelbrunvis TiTqmis 40%-s moicavda. amJamad, zogi umdidre
si mravalerovnuli kompaniis wliuri gayidvebi bevri suverenuli qveynis
mTlian Sida produqts aWarbebs.4 msoflio masStabiT korporaciebis gayid
vebi yovelwliurad mraval trilion dolars Seadgens.5 ukve gasagebi xdeba,
ratom miaCnia zogierTs, rom axali msoflio wesrigi fundamenturad gansx
vavdeba winamorbedisagan:
638
axla Zalis balansze fiqris dro ar aris. iseTma zesaxelmwifomac ki,

rogoricaa SeerTebuli Statebi, sakuTar Tavze gamoscada, rom mcd
eloba, Seaferxo vaWrobisa da investirebis nakadi iseT qveynebSi, ro
goricaa irani da kuba, ara marto araefeqtiani, aramed finansurad
wamgebianicaa. multinacionaluri korporaciebi, romelTac erT dros
qonebas arTmevdnen an angariSebs uyadaRebdnen, ukrZalavdnen vaWro
bas mtrul qveynebTan da uaxlesi maRali teqnologiebisa da defici
turi saqonlis Tavisufal yidva-gayidvas, axla Tavad gansazRvraven
sagareo politikas.6
gaumjobesebulma teqnologiam da ekonomikuri mdgomareobis cvlam

xeli Seuwyo multinacionaluri korporaciebis zrdas. Tanamedrove kom
piuterebma, komunikaciebma da satransporto teqnologiebma Seqmnes kor
poratiuli gafarToebis, integraciisa da pirovnuli mobilobis saSualeba.
globaluri ekonomikis zrdam xeli Seuwyo am process (1950 wlidan moyole
buli msoflio vaWroba 10-jer da metad gaizarda), sul ufro metma korpo
raciam gaxsna filiali sazRvargareT, raTa moepovebina upiratesoba axali
bazrebisa da muSaxelis Semcirebuli Rirebulebis kuTxiT.7
CrdiloeT amerikis, dasavleT evropisa da (bolo dromde) iaponiis
ZiriTadi bankebi warmoadgendnen fuladi saxsrebis ZiriTad wyaros mul
tinacionaluri korporaciebis msoflio gafarToebisaTvis. Tavad es gigan
turi bankebic mravalerovnulia da trilionobiT dolaris aqciebs floben.
1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi (iaponiis ekonomikis daRmasvlamde da safinan
so sistemis TiTqmis srul ganadgurebamde) udidesi multinacionaluri
bankebis naxevarze meti iaponuri iyo, danarCenebi ki umetesad SeerTebul
Statebsa da dasavleT evropaSia ganlagebuli. msoflio bankTan da saer
TaSoriso savaluto fondTan erTad, romlebic gaeros specializebuli
saagentoebia, multinacionaluri bankebi gadamwyvet rols asruleben inve
stirebisa da ekonomikuri zrdis xelSewyobaSi.
arastabilur wlebSi komerciuli bankebic cdilobdnen msoflios fi
nansuri sistemis dabalansebas. 1973-74 wlebis zamTarSi, rodesac navTobis
fasi gaoTxmagda da 1979-80 wlebSi kvlav orjer da metad gaizarda, erovnul
simdidreebs Soris uceb didi uTanasworoba gaCnda, gansakuTrebiT ganviTa
rebad qveynebSi. am wlebSi saerTaSoriso sabanko sistema uzrunvelyofda
stabilurobas navTobiT mdidari qveynebidan amoRebuli fulis gasesxebiT
im qveynebze, romlebic naRdi fulis naklebobas ganicdidnen an navTobze
maRali fasebis gamo xeli ar miuwvdebodaT kvebis produqtebze.
multinacionaluri korporaciebi momavalSic iarsebebs. zogierTi
miesalmeba maT arsebobas da amtkicebs, rom isini zrdian msoflio konkuren
cias, aumjobeseben ekonomikur efeqtianobas da xels uwyoben teqnologiur
ganviTarebas. da mainc, multinacionaluri korporaciebis warmoqmnam SeS
foTeba gamoiwvia mraval qveyanaSi. kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom aseTi ko
rporaciebi Zalze xSirad orientirebulni arian mogebaze da yuradRebas
ar aqceven im zians, rasac am procesSi maspinZel qveynebs ayeneben da isini
ukanonod erevian maspinZeli qveynebis Sida saqmeebSi (magaliTad, CileSi
639
1970-ian wlebSi). am mxriv, vinaidan isini erTi romelime saxelmwifos samar

Tlebrivi kontrolis farglebs gareT moqmedeben, seriozul problemas
uqmnian tradiciuli teritoriuli saxelmwifos suverenitetsa da saerTa
Soriso sistemis erTianobas.
rogori safuZvlianic ar unda iyos es kritika, udavoa, rom multina
cionaluri korporaciebi koleqtiurad Tu individualurad mZlavri
Zalaa Tanamedrove msoflio politikaSi. erTi cnobili politiko
sis sityvebiT: mravalerovnuli firmebi, romlebic koordinirebas
uweven warmoebas globaluri masStabiT da sakuTar nawarms mTels
msoflioSi anawileben, globaluri urTierTdamokidebulebis Zalze
STambeWdavi manifestaciaa. isini kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayeneben msoflio
politikis models, romelic erovnuli TviTkmarobis ideas efuZneba
da sazRvrebs miRma urTierTobebs gamonaklis SemTxvevad ganixilavs.
erT-erTi mosazrebis Tanaxmad, isini XIX saukunis industriuli revo
luciis saerTaSoriso ekvivalentia; meore mosazrebis Tanaxmad ki, Se
saZloa isini momavalSi msoflio ekonomikis safuZvlad iqces.8
saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo da samTavrobo organizaciebi

arsebobs saerTaSoriso organizaciebis ori ZiriTadi tipi: organizacias,
romelic Sedgeba kerZo pirebisa da maTi gaerTianebebisagan, ewodeba saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizacia (INGO), xolo saerTaSoriso orga
nizacias, romlis wevrebsac mTavrobebi warmoadgenen, saerTaSoriso samTavrobo (saxelmwifoTaSorisi) organizacia (IGO) ewodeba. orive maTgani
sxvadasxva saxis gaerTianebas moicavs (ix. cxrili 18-1 da 18-2). am TavSi yu
radRebas gavamaxvilebT saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizaciebze, radgan
isini ufro pirdapiri gziT axdenen gavlenas msoflio politikasa da saer
TaSoriso mSvidobis gzebis Ziebaze.
Tanamedrove epoqis pirveli TvalsaCino samTavrobo saerTaSoriso or
ganizacia iyo saRvTo kavSiri. igi 1815 wels Seiqmna ruseTis, avstriisa da
prusiis mier evropaSi revoluciuri demokratiuli moZraobis CasaxSobad.
saerTod, samTavrobo saerTaSoriso organizaciebi mniSvnelovani gaxda
or msoflio oms Soris periodSi (1919-1939 wlebSi). istoriaSi pirveli
universaluri saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizacia iyo erTa liga da
masTan dakavSirebuli institutebi. 1940 wlisaTvis ukve 80-ze meti saerTa
Soriso samTavrobo organizacia da 500-mde saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo
organizacia iyo; meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi orive tipis orga
nizaciaTa ricxvi gamudmebiT izrdeboda (ix. cxrili 18-1).
brZola, Riaa yvelasaTvis. meore mxriv, afrikis erTobis organizaciis
wevroba SezRudulia regionuli CarCoebiT, magram emsaxureba ramden
ime saerTo mizans ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri xaziT. gaero
msoflios gamorCeul saerTaSoriso organizaciad iTvleba im mizezebis
gamo, romlebic momdevno TavSia axsnili.
640
cxrili 18.1
zogierTi tipuri saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizacia (INGO)
afro-aziel xalxTa solidarobis organizacia

saerTaSoriso amnistia
arab iuristTa kavSiri
evropel mauwyebelTa kavSiri
aziel qalTa asociaciebis federacia
sahaero transportis saerTaSoriso federacia
qalTa saerTaSoriso aliansi
saerTaSoriso savaWro palata
wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komiteti
akordionistTa saerTaSoriso konfederacia
arabul profkavSirTa saerTaSoriso konfederacia
Tavisufal profkavSirTa saerTaSoriso konfederacia
koridis mowinaaRmdegeTa saerTaSoriso sabWo
samecniero kavSirTa saerTaSoriso sabWo
kriminaluro policiis saerTaSoriso organizacia
aviakompaniebis pilotTa asociaciebis saerTaSoriso federacia
xelburTis saerTaSoriso federacia
saerTaSoriso olimpiuri komiteti
politikuri mecnierebis saerTaSoriso asociacia
venerul daavadebebTan da treponematozTan brZolis saerTaSor
iso kavSiri
adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobaTA saerTaSoriso kavSiri
laTinoamerikel gemTmflobelTa asociacia
sareklamo saagentoTa skandinaviuri asociacia
rotari saerTaSoriso fondi
xsnis armia
gadavarCinoT bavSvebi
eklesiaTa msoflio kavSiri
ebrael JurnalistTa msoflio federacia
ostat mkeravTa msoflio federacia
gaerTianebuli erebis asociaciaTa msoflio federacia
zeerovnul, transnacionalur da saerTaSoriso struqturaTa mraval

ferovneba qmnis imas, rasac erTi avtori ùrTierT damokidebulebis qsels~
uwodebs.10 Cven saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizaciaTa or gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovan tips mimovixilavT: ekonomikur TanamSromlobas (kerZod,
evrokavSirs) da samxedro aliansebs (kerZod, natos, romelic amJamad cvli
lebebs ganicdis civi omis dasrulebis gamo).
641
cxrili 18.2
zogierTi tipuri saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizacia (IGO)
afrikis ganviTarebis fondi
afrikis miwis Txilis sabWo
arabuli safosto kavSiri
aziis ganviTarebis banki
aziisa da wynari okeanis auzis qveynebis ekonomikuri sabWo
samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis saxelmwifoTa asociacia
centraluri amerikis erTiani bazari
evropis uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizacia
sayovelTao ekonomikuri daxmarebis sabWo
evropis ekonomikuri Tanamegobroba
evropis kosmosuri saagento
sursaTisa da soflis meurneobis organizacia
yureTa TanamSromlobis sabWo
tropikuli Tinusis interamerikuli komisia
ganviTarebisa da rekonstruqciis saerTaSoriso banki
samoqalaqo aviaciis saerTaSoriso organizacia
yavis saerTaSoriso organizacia
Sromis saerTaSoriso organizacia
zeiTunis zeTis saerTaSoriso sabWo
wiTeli kaliebis (akaciis) kontrolis saerTaSoriso organizacia
centraluri da
samxreT afrikisaTvis
telekomunikaciebis satelitis saerTaSoriso organizacia
veSapTWeris saerTaSoriso komisia
laTinuri amerikis Tavisufali savaWro asociacia
CrdiloeT atlantikis xelSekrulebis organizacia (NATO)
afrikis erTobis organizacia
amerikis saxelmwifoTa organizacia
navTobis eqsportior qveyanaTa organizacia (OPEC)
bananis eqsportior qveyanaTa kavSiri
gaeros saganmanaTleblo, samecniero da kulturis organizacia
(UNESCO)
gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia (gaero)
universaluri (sayovelTao) safosto kavSiri
jandacvis msoflio organizacia
ekonomikuri TanamSromloba. meore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodis

yvelaze mniSvnelovani saerTSoriso xelSekrulebebis did nawils Seadgens
savaWro SeTanxmebebi. maTi did umravlesoba mxolod ormxrivi iyo (moicav
642
da mxolod or qveyanas). arsebobs mravalmxrivi ekonomikuri SeTanxmebebis

sul mcire, 5 gamorCeuli forma, maT Soris:

preferenciuli (upiratesobis) savaWro SeTanxmebebi. amgvari SeTanx

mebebiT ramdenime saxelmwifo Tanxmdeba mianiWos erTmaneTs eqskluziuri
savaWro uflebebi, sabaJo tarifebis urTierTSemcirebis CaTvliT. erTerTi TvalsaCino magaliTia britaneTis Tanamegobroba, romelic didi
britaneTisa da misi yofili mravali koloniisagan Sedgeba.
aradiskriminaciuli savaWro organizaciebi. misi ideaa, xeli Seuwyos
ufro mWidro savaWro urTierTobebis damyarebas globaluri an regio
nuli masStabiT. amgvari SeTanxmebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani Tanamedrove
magaliTia msoflio savaWro organizacia (WTO), romelsac adre erqva
sayovelTao SeTanxmeba vaWrobasa da tarifze (GATT); kidev erTi aseTi or
ganizaciaa evropis Tavisufali vaWrobis asocoacia (EFTA), romlis mocu
loba da gavlena evrokavSiris Seqmnis Semdeg Semcirda (ix. CanarTi èvro
kavSiri: Camoyalibebis istoria~).
Tavisufali savaWro zonebi.

aseTi SeTanxmebebi scildeba
preferenciul sistemebs imiT, rom masSi srulad aris aRmofxvrili
savaWro barierebi wevr qveynebs Soris. wevr saxelmwifoTa
mTavrobebi Tmoben savaWro politikis gansazRvris suverenul
uflebas sxva wevr qveynebTan mimarTebaSi, Tumca inarCuneben srul
Tavisuflebas, gansazRvron sakuTari saxelmwifo savaWro politika
arawevr qveynebTan. amis TvalsaCino magaliTia CrdiloeT amerikis
Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba
(NAFTA), romelic warmatebiT
Sedga 1993 wels aSS-s, kanadasa da meqsikas Soris da momdevno wlebSi
igegmeba misi gafarToeba centralur da samxreT amerikaSic.
sabaJo kavSiri.
aseTi ekonomikuri TanamSromloba Tavisufal
savaWro zonebze erTi safexuriT maRla dgas da efuZneba rogorc
Tavisufal vaWrobas wevr saxelmwifoTa Soris, ise erTian sagareo
tarifs arawevr qveynebTan nebismieri saxis vaWrobaze. magaliTad,
merkosuris savaWro SeTanxmeba, romelic moicavs 4 sruluflebian
wevrs (argentina, paragvai, brazilia da urugvai) da or asocirebul
wevrs (Cile da bolivia), xels uwyobs Tavisufal vaWrobas wevr
qveynebs Soris, Tumca 14%-ian saerTo gare tarifs awesebs warmoebis
saSualebebze.
ekonomikuri kavSirebi. aseTi SeTanxmebebi uzrunvelyofs erTa Soris
ekonomikuri integraciis mniSvnelovan dones, aseve gulisxmobs
suverenitetis nawilobriv daTmobas. aseTi zesaxelmwifoebrivi
organizaciis yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTia evrokavSiri (EU),
romelsac CanarTSi ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT.
samxedro aliansebi. samxedro alianss iSviaTad ganixilaven saerTaSoriso

samTavrobo organizaciad, Tumca, faqtobrivad, isini warmoadgenen mTav
robaTSorisi urTierTobis pirvel formas, romelic Tanamedrove saxelm
wifo sistemaSi warmoiqmna. me-17 saukuneSi am sistemis Camoyalibebidan
643
dawyebuli, aseTi aliansebi saerTaSoriso politikis ZiriTadi atributia.

samxedro aliansis mizani potenciur Tu ukve arsebul mterTan brZola an
misi Sekavebaa. gasakviria araa, rom aliansi, Tavis mxriv, sxva alianss war
moqmnis. ase rom, samxedro aliansi xSirad SeiraRebaSi Sejibris nawilia,
rasac, Cveulebriv, omebi mohyveboda. am faqtma zogierTi politologi da
msoflio lideri im daskvnamde miiyvana, rom samxedro aliansi iyo saerTa
Soriso TanamSromlobis iseTi forma, romelic, raoden paradoqsulic unda
iyos, winaaRmdegobaSi modioda msoflio mSvidobasa da wesrigTan. magali
Tad, prezident vudro vilsons miaCnda, rom pirveli msoflio omis erT-erT
mTavari mizezi samxedro aliansebi iyo; rogorc Semdeg vnaxavT, man scada
daearsebina `Ria garigebis~ principze dafuZnebuli axali saerTaSoriso
organizacia (erTa liga). mas swamda, rom aseTi aliansi aRmofxvrida samx
edro aliansebis saWiroebas (romlebic saukuneebis manZilze saidumlod
iqmneboda da zogjer bolomde saidumlod rCeboda).
aliansebi ar gamqrala. meore msoflio omis Sedeg SeerTebuli Statebi
Seecada, sabWoTa kavSiris mxridan dasavleT evropisadmi momdinare safrTxe
CrdiloeT atlantikis xelSekrulebis organizaciis (nato) SeqmniT aecile
bina. SeerTebuli StatebisaTvis es iyo mSvidobianobis perodSi miRebuli
pirveli samxedro kavSiri, mas Semdeg, rac jorj vaSingtonma Tavis cnobil
`gamosamSvidobebel mimarTvaSi~ axalgazrda amerikeli eri gaafrTxila,
arasodes Cabmuliyo `SemboWvel aliansSi~. sabWoTa kavSirma natos 1955
wels varSavis xelSekrulebis organizaciis (aseve cnobilia, rogorc varSa
vis xelSekruleba) SeqmniT upasuxa.
varSavis xelSekruleba daiSala 1989 wels, rodesac aRmosavleT evropa
Si komunisturi reJimi daemxo (sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde ori wliT adre).
ase rom, natom Seasrula Tavisi Tavdapirveli misia, magram imis magier, rom
daSliliyo, SeerTebuli StatebiT saTaveSi axali mizezi moZebna arsebobis
gasagrZeleblad da axali tipis aliansad iqca. vinaidan misi yuradReba aRar
iyo mimarTuli mtris damarcxebisaken, nato Seecada evropaSi axali roli
Seesrulebina rogorc mSvidobismyofels. natos axladCamoyalibebuli mi
siis pirveli gamocda iyo bosniis omi [aseve omi kosovoSi. dRes nato-s mTa
var gamowvevad avRaneTSi mimdinare samSvidobo operacia miiCneva. red. Sen.].
nato amJamadac gafarToebis procesSia. misi 26 wevridan oris garda (aSS da
kanada) yvela evropuli saxelmwifoa. 2004 wels natos sruluflebian wevr
Ta ricxvi 26-mde gaizarda [2009 wlidan wevrTa ricxvi 28-mde gaizarda _
red. Sen.]. natos gafarToebas xels uwyobs 2 mizezi: erTi is, rom natos arse
bobis samxedro mizani politikuriT Seicvala, meore ki is, rom aRmosavleT
evropis qveynebisTvis wevrobaze uaris Tqma iqneboda civi omis dasrulebis
Semdeg aRmosavleT da dasavleT evropis dayofis gagrZeleba.
natos axali roli, iyos evropis `policieli~, azrTa sxvadasxvaobas
iwvevs. zogierTi kritikosi eWvqveS ayenebs misi arsebobis saWiroebas civi
omis dasrulebis Semdgom. amas garda, rusi nacionalistebi amtkiceben,
rom aliansSi moskovis yofili aRmosavleT evropeli mokavSireebis miReba,
aris agresiuli politika, romlis mizania ruseTis federaciis izolacia
evropisgan da evropis xelaxali gadanawileba ruseTis sazianod. natos ga
644
farToebis mowinaaRmdegeebi SeerTebul StatebSi amtkiceben, rom es kvlav

gamoiwvevs evropis dayofas da ufro gaamwvavebs urTierTobas SeerTebul
Statebsa da ruseTs Soris, rac, Tavis mxriv, safrTxes Seuqmnis evropis sta
bilurobas.
evrokavSiri: Gamoyalibeba istoria
evrokavSirs adre evropis Tanamegobroba ewodeboda. misi istoria

iwyeba 1952 wels, roca safrangeTma, dasavleT germaniam, italiam, belgiam,
luqsemburgma da niderlandebma daaarses evropis qvanaxSirisa da foladis
gaerTaineba (ECSC). 1957 eqvsma saxelmwifom dado ori xelSekruleba romSi
(romis xelSekrulebebi), ramac samarTlebrivi safuZveli Cauyara evropis
ekonomikur Tanamegobrobas (EEC) da evropis atomuri energiis Tanamego
brobas (Euratom). 1987 wels xeli moaweres erTian evropul aqts, romelmac
gaaerTiana aqamde arsebuli samarTlebrivi dokumentebi. mniSvnelovani iyo
1992 wels maastrixtis SeTanxmeba, ris Semdegac evropis gaerTianebas evro
kavSiri ewoda.
dReisaTvis evrokavSiri uzrunvelyofs xalxis, saqonlis, kapitalisa
da momsaxurebis Tavisufal gadaadgilebas wevr qveynebs Soris. 2002 wli
dan mimoqcevaSia erTiani valuta evro. evrokavSirma Seqmna zesaxelmwifoe
brivi funqciis mqone institutebi: evropuli sabWo, ministrTa sabWo, evro
komisia, evroparlamenti, sasamarTlo da a.S.
evropis Tanamegobroba eqvsma qveyanam daafuZna. dRes evrokavSiris
wevria 27 qveyana: dania, irlandia, didi britaneTi (1973), saberZneTi (1981),
portugalia, espaneTi (1986), avstria, fineTi (1995), SvedeTi (1995), polone
Ti, ungreTi, CexeTi, slovakeTi, slovenia, litva, latvia, estoneTi, kvipro
si, malta (2004), bulgareTi, rumineTi (2007).
azrTa aseTi sxvadasxvaobis miuxedavad, nato kvlavac gaagrZelebs ar

sebobas. Tumca, kiTxvebi kvlav rCeba. gaamarTlebs Tu ara nato, rogorc
samSvidobo aliansi? ra Sedegebs miaRwevs igi sabolood? da rac yvelaze
mniSvnelovania, namdvilad Seuwyobs Tu ara igi xels evropaSi mSvidobisa da
wesrigis damyarebas?
gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia (gaero)

gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia aris istoriaSi yvelaze ambiciuri
mcdeloba, Seiqmnas universaluri saerTaSoriso organizacia, romelsac
Seswevs Zala,A Seqmnas CarCoebi msoflio mSvidobisaTvis da Tundac samxedro
zegavlenis gziT uzrunvelyos samarTlianobis dacva mTels msoflioSi.
meore msoflio omis Semdeg gaeros Seqmna ar iyo pirveli aseTi mcdeloba.
645
istoriuli foni: erTa liga

gaeros arsis gasagebad saWiroa misi ganxilva istoriul konteqstSi.
mecxramete saukunidan moyolebuli ramdenime saerTaSoriso samSvidobo
gaerTianeba daarsda da Cveulebriv, es damangreveli omebis Semdgom xde
boda. saRvTo kavSiri, romelic 1815 wels, napoleonis omebis Semdeg Seiqmna,
iyo evropis uZlieres saxelmwifoTa mcdeloba, Sexvedrebisa da konferen
ciebis gziT gaekontrolebinaT saerTaSoriso situacia. ufro daxvewili
organizacia iyo erTa liga, romelic pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg, 1919
wels Camoyalibda.
1919 wels, rodesac erTa ligis SeTanxmeba oficialurad gaformda,
mis daarsebas vilsonianelebi ise miesalmnen, rogorc msoflio istoriaSi
axali epoqis dawyebas. erTa ligis meqanizmebi iyo asamblea, sabWo da mud
mivi samdivno. asamblea iyo saTaTbiro organo, romelic Sedgeboda wevri
qveynebis warmomadgenlebisagan. TiToeul wevrs hqonda Tanabari Zalis xma.
raime gadawyvetilebis misaRebad saWiro iyo erTsulovani mxardaWeris mop
oveba, rac imas niSnavda, rom yvela saxelmwifo, raoden patarac unda yofil
iyo igi, sargeblobda vetos uflebiT TiTqmis nebismier gadawyvetilebaze.
ufro mcire sabWo oTxi mudmivi da oTxi aramudmivi wevrisagan Sedgeboda.
sabWos movaleobaSi Sedioda safrTxis arsebobis gamoZieba da moxseneba
asambleisaTvis, agreTve rekomendaciis micema saTanado zomebis misaRebad.
am orive organos saqmianobas koordinacias uwevda mudmivi samdivno, erTa
ligis administraciuli erTeuli.
sxva miznebTan erTad, erTa ligis upirvelesi ambiciuri mizani iyo saer
TaSoriso mSvidobis SenarCuneba da amave dros, agresori qveynebisaTvis sa
magieros gadaxda _ mSvidoba da sasjeli, es iyo èrTi medlis ori mxare~.
omi (rogorc danaSauli) aRar iyo racionaluri, radgan Tavdasxma erT rome
lime wevrze niSnavda Tavdasxmas yvela maTganze. am kuTxiT ligam moaxdina
prezident vudro vilsonis survilis institutionalizacia, Caenacvle
bina ZalTa tradiciuli balansi `qveyanaTa erTiani, yovlismomcveli, Zli
eri gundiT, romelic gaxdeboda msoflioSi mSvidobis garanti~.11 mTavari
iyo iseTi STambeWdavi koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistemis Seqmna, rom arc
erT saxelmwifos, visac arsebuli mdgomareobis darRveva moundeboda, ar
hqonoda raime Sansi mis winaaRmdeg. nebismier saxelmwifos, romelic saer
TaSoriso mSvidobas daarRvevda, daupirispirdeboda kanonmorCili qvey
nebis gaerTianebuli samxedro Zalebi. erTa ligis damaarsebelTa azriT,
aseTi Zalis mxolod arsebobac ki SeaCerebda potenciur agresorebs, isini
ver gabedavdnen mis gamocdas.
prezident vlsonis mxardaWeris miuxedavad, SeerTebuli Statebi Tavi
danve ganze gadga (radgan senatSi myofi respublikelebi am xelSekrulebis
damtkicebas ewinaaRmdegebodnen). es nabiji erTa ligis momavali warumate
blobebisa da saboloo daSlis momaswavebeli iyo. 1930-iani wlebis dasaw
yisSi Tavi iCina mwvave metoqeobam da erovnuli interesebis konfliqtma.
Tu kargad davakvirdebiT, mivxvdebiT, rom erTa liga marcxisaTvis iyo
ganwiruli. pirvel rigSi, igi msoflio organizaciad miiCneoda, magram ar
646
yofila sayovelTaod aRiarebuli (rogorc SeerTebuli Statebi, ise ax

alwarmoqmnili sabWoTa kavSiri ligis gareT rCebodnen, Tumca, sruliad
sxvadasxva mizezis gamo). meore, mas hqonda proceduruli xarvezebi: nebi
smieri samxedro Tu sapolicio qmedebisaTvis saWiro iyo erTsulovani
mxardaWera, rac faqtobrivad garantia iyo imisaTvis, rom krizisis SemTx
vevaSi liga paralizebuli iqneboda, radgan yvelas, didsa Tu mcire sax
elmwifos, vetos ufleba hqonda. mesame, koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis zomebs
qartiis mixedviT ganapirobebda agresia, Tumca, qartia ar ganmartavda, ra
iTvleboda agresiad. wevri qveynebi mis gansazRvraze verc abstraqtulad
SeTanxmdnen da verc Semdgom, krizisul situaciebSi, rodesac hitlerma
germaniis rainis olqis remilitarizacia moaxdina, italia eTiopiaSi Sei
Wra, germania daemuqra (da sabolood SeiWra kidec) poloneTsa da Cexoslo
vakias, xolo iaponiam aziis dapyroba daiwyo.
da bolos, erTa ligis warmateba yvelaze metad damokidebuli iyo
SeerTebul Statebze, radgan pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg ZalTa balans
ma dasavleT evropidan ufro globaluri saxelmwifos xelSi gadainacvla.
am omma SeerTebuli Statebi win wamowia msoflio asarezze da ramdenime
weliwadSi daimsxvra miTi evrocentruli msoflios Sesaxeb. aqedan gamom
dinare, ZalTa gadanawileba ukve moicavda msoflios yvela saxelmwifosa
da regions da manamde arsebuli udidesi saxelmwifoebi an saerTod gaqrnen
(avstria-ungreTis imperia da mefis ruseTi), an daiCrdilnen iseTi saxelm
wifoebis gverdiT, rogorebicaa SeerTebuli Statebi, sabWoTa kavSiri, ia
ponia da (sabolood) CineTi.
gaeros organizaciis daarseba

uzarmazarma ngrevam, gamaognebeli raodenobis msxverplma da meore
msoflio omis saSinelma axalma iaraRma kvlav wamoWra Zlieri saerTaSoriso
organizaciis daarsebis gziT msoflio mSvidobis uzrunvelyofis aucile
bloba. gaeros damaarseblebi acnobierebdnen, rom organizaciis warmatebi
saTvis is erTa ligaze maRla unda mdgariyo. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, erTa
ligas sul mcire, ori fataluri nakli hqonda: pirveli, misi yvela wevri
Tanabari uflebebiT sargeblobda saxelmwifoTa gansxvavebuli Zlierebis
miuxedavad. asambleaSi yvela wevr saxelmwifos erTi vetos ufleba hqonda;
meore, sabWoSic ki, sadac Zlieri saxelmwifoebi mudmivi wevrebi iyvnen, ar
amudmiv wevrebsac hqondaT vetos ufleba. amis Sedegad, sust saxelmwifoe
bs zedmeti gavlena gaaCndaT, xolo Zlierebs piriqiT _ mcire.L ligis kidev
erTi didi sisuste misi arasruloba gaxldaT. SesaZloa, ligis samSvidobo
miznebi msoflio masStabis iyo, magram misi wevroba SezRuduli iyo. ram
denime Zlieri saxelmwifos aryofna, gansakuTrebiT SeerTebuli Statebisa,
niSnavda, rom ligis mandati mxolod Teoriulad iyo sayovelTao, praqti
kulad ki _ SezRuduli.
1945 wels gaeros damaarseblebi miznad isaxavdnen erTa ligis koleq
tiuri usafrTxoebis sistemis xarvezebis gamosworebas. didi Zalisxmeva
647
daWirda imas, rom arc erTi potenciuri wevri ar darCeniliyo axali orga
nizaciis miRma (ix. cxrili 18-2). generaluri asamblea Camoyalibda saTaT
biro organod, sadac yvela wevr qveyanas Tanabari warmomadgeneli hyavs da
xmis ufleba aqvs. gaeros qartiis Tanaxmad Seiqmna uSiSroebis sabWo, romlis
`ZiriTadi pasuxismgeblobaa saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis
SenarCunebaa~. qartia azustebs, rom es organo Sedgeba xuTi mudmivi wevr
isa (aSS, sabWoTa kavSiri [romelic ukve ruseTma Secvala], gaerTianebuli
samefo, safrangeTi da CineTi) da aTi aramudmivi wevrisagan. erTa ligisagan
gansxvavebiT, mxolod, egreT wodebul did xuTeuls mieca vetos ufleba
zogierT mniSvnelovan sakiTxze, magaliTad, rogoricaa generaluri mdiv
nis arCeva da aseve mSvidobis uzrunvelyofis zomebi. am gziT, gaeros qar
tia Seecada gamoesworebina legaluri Tanasworobis anomalia politikuri
uTanasworobis pirobebSi. gaeroSi TiToeul wevr qveyanas ekisreba pasux
ismgeblobebi, romlebic Seesabameba TiToeuli maTganis SesaZleblobebs.
gaeros qartiis me-7 TavSi _ `qmedebani mSvidobisadmi muqaris, mSvido
bis darrvevisa da agresiis aqciebis mimarT~ _ aRwerilia, Tu rogor unda
moxdes am movaleobebis ganxorcieleba. 39-e muxlSi dazustebulia, rom
uSiSroebis sabWo wyvets, arsebobs Tu ara muqara da dairRva Tu ara mSvi
doba an ganxorcielda agresiis aqti. amis Sesabamisad igi gascems rekomen
daciebs an wyvets, ra zomebi unda iqnes miRebuli me-41 da 42-e muxlebis Ses
abamisad saerTaSoriso mSvidobis SesanarCuneblad an aRsadgenad. Sesabamis
muxlebSi gawerilia, rogor unda aRasrulos uSiSroebis sabWom sakuTari
movaleobebi. 41-e muxli exeba ekonomikur sanqciebs èkonomikuri urTier
Tobebis, sarkinigzo, sazRvao, sahaero, safosto, satelegrafo, radio da
komunikaciis sxva saSualebebis nawilobrivi an sruli Sewyvetis CaTvliT.~
42-e muxli aregulirebs iseT situaciebs, sadac ekonomikuri sanqciebi ara
sakmarisia; aseT SemTxvevebSi uSiSroebis sabWom, SesaZloa, ganaxorcielos
sahaero, sazRvao an saxmeleTo operaciebi, romlebic aucilebelia saerTa
Soriso mSvidobis SesanarCuneblad an aRsadgenad. SesaZloa, es gulisxmob
des manevrebs, blokadas an sxva operaciebs wevri qveynebis sahaero, sazRvao
an saxmeleTo Zalebis mier. me-7 Tavis danarCeni muxlebi eTmoba koleqti
uri usafrTxoebis sistemis samxedro komponentebis mowyobas, samxedrosaStato komitetis daarsebis CaTvliT (muxli 47).
am muxlebiT gansazRvrulma saerTaSoriso samSvidobo meqanizmebma
bevrad gadaaWarba erTa ligis Sesabamis meqanizmebs. ufro metic, ro
gorc gaeros egreT wodebuli specializebuli organizaciebis daarsebam
cxadyo, gaero gascda mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis dacvis funqciebs. am
organizaciebis wyalobiT, gaero did rols asrulebs mTels msoflioSi
sxvadasxva saxis katastrofebTan brZolis, ltolvilTa gansaxlebis, sur
saTisa da soflis meurneobis sferoSi teqnikuri daxmarebis, jandacvasTan
dakavSirebuli problemebis mogvarebisa da mravali sxva TvalsazrisiT. igi
aseve xels uwyobs cxovrebis donis amaRlebas iseTi samsaxurebis saSuale
biT, rogoricaa ekonomikuri da socialuri sabWo (ECOSOC) da gaeros bavS
vTa fondi (UNICEF). da bolos, msoflio bankis (WB), saerTaSoriso savaluto
fondisa (IMF) da gaeros vaWrobisa da ganviTarebis konferenciis (UNCTAD)
648
saSualebiT gaero exmareba ekonomiurad gaWirvebul saxelmwifoebs. spe

cializebuli organizaciebis simravle cxadyofs, rom gaeros mizani Tavi
danve ara mxolod msoflio omis Tavidan acileba, aramed msoflioSi keTil
dReobis xelSewyobac iyo.
Tumca, gaeros qartia namdvilad ar iyo gamiznuli, rogorc msoflio
mTavrobis modeli. qartiis meore abzacis meSvide muxlSi naTlad aris naTq
vami, rom `nebismieri qveynis saSinao iurisdiqcia~ gaeros kompetencias
scildeba. garda amisa, meore muxlSi calsaxad aris naTqvami, rom gaero
èfuZneba mis wevrTa suverenuli Tanasworobis princips.~
amis miuxedavad, gaeros wevrTa Tanasworobas zRudavs qartiis sxva mux
lebi, romlebic organizaciis SigniT met Zalauflebas aniWebs yvelaze Zli
er saxelmwifoebs. aseTi muxlebis miRebis ZiriTadi mizezi iyo Zlieri sax
elmwifoebis mizidva gaeroSi. magram arsebobda kidev erTi, ufro sapatio
mizezi: gaeros Seqmnis Tavdapirvel momxreTa nawili am axal saerTaSor
iso organizacias ganixilavda ara mxolod rogorc suverenul saxelmwi
foTa asociacias, aramed rogorc msoflio mTavrobis winamorbeds. Tuki es
odesme realobad iqceoda, Zlier saxelmwifoebs sust qveynebTan SedarebiT
didi roli daekisrebodaT. ase rom, qartiaSi arsebuli winaaRmdegobebi im
idealizmisa da realizmis anareklia, romelic gaeros Seqmnisas arsebobda;
xolo im idealistTaTvis, romlebic èrTiani msoflios~ Seqmnaze ocne
bobdnen, es gaxldaT garkveuli daTmoba warsulisadmi, rac, maTi azriT,
aucilebeli iyo momavlisaTvis gzis gasakvalad.
gaero civi omis dros

samwuxarod, gaerom Tavi ver aarida zogierT im problemas, romelmac
Tavis droze erTa liga daasamara. calkeuli saxelmwifoebi, ubralod, mzad
ar iyvnen im doziT SeetanaT wvlili gaeroSi, rasac misi normaluri funq
cionireba moiTxovda. maT arc sakuTari suverenitetis daTmoba surdaT.
erTi mxriv, qartia ramdenime sakiTxSi avaldebulebs wevr qveynebs, imoq
medon kanonis uzenaesobis dacviT da uSiSroebis sabWos aniWebs uflebas,
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi dasajos isini. meore mxriv, qartiaSi aris ramdenime
punqti, romelic mis wevrebs saSualebas aZlevs gverdi auaron sakuTari
movaleobebis Sesruleba. magaliTad, 51-e muxlSi naTqvamia, rom àrsebul
qartiaSi veraferi SezRudavs saxelmwifoTa udavo uflebas individualuri
da koleqtiuri Tavdacvis Sesaxeb~. vinaidan `Tavdacva~ Zalis gamoyenebis
legaluri gamarTlebaa da calkeul saxelmwifoebs ufleba aqvT Tavdac
vis motiviT, faqtobrivad, gaamarTlon yvelanairi qmedeba sakuTari sax
elmwifo interesebidan gamomdinare, aseTi debuleba agresias mwvane Suqs
aZlevs. dilema saxezea: iseTi punqtebis gareSe, rogoricaa 51-e muxli, qvey
nebi gaeros qartias ar miiRebdnen; aseTi muxlebiT ki misi misiis Sesruleba
eWvqveS dgeba.
kidev erTi problema, romelic gaeros bolo dromde sdevda Tan, iyo mud
mivi daZabuloba SeerTebul Statebsa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris, rac civi
649
sqema 18-2 gaerTianebuli erebis sistema
sqema 18-2 gaerTianebuli erebis sistema
gaerTianebulma
msoflios
umniSvnelovanesma
saerTaSoriso
mraval
gaerTianebulma
erebmaerebma,
msoflios
umniSvnelovanesma
saerTaSoriso
samTavrobo samTavrobo
organizaciam organizaciam,
mraval Svilobil,
SedarebiT
Svilobil,
SedarebiT
mcire
samTavrobo
organizacias Cauyara safuZveli.
mcire
samTavrobo
organizacias
Cauyara
safuZveli.
wyaro:
adaptirebulia
The World
Factbook
Central 1996,
Intelligence
Agency,
1997, da Current
Operations,
UN Department of
wyaro:
adaptirebulia
The
World1996,
Factbook
Central
Intelligence
Agency,Peacekeeping
1997, da Current
Peacekeeping
Public
Information,UN
1997.
Operations,
Department of Public Information, 1997.
mTavari komiteti
mudmivmoqmedi da
saproceduro komiteti
sxva daqvemdebarebuli
organoebi
UNRWA
palestinel
ltolvilTa daxmarebis
da samuSaoTa organizebis gaeros axlo
aRmosavleTis saagento
UNSCOM _ gaeros
specialuri komisia
gaeros sakompensacio komisia
gaeros eray-iranis
sazRvris damdgeni komisia
IAEA _ atomuri energiis

saerTaSoriso saagento
uSiSroebis sabWo
sameurveo sabWo
generaluri asamblea
saerTaSoriso
sasamarTlo
UN
gaeros specialuri
fondi
UNCTAD
vaWrobisa da
ganviTarebis
gaeros konferencia
UNDP
gaeros ganviTarebis
programa
ekonomikuri da
socialuri sabWo
regionuli
komisiebi
ICAO
samoqalaqo aviaciis
saerTaSoriso organizacia
IBRD
rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso banki
mudmivmoqmedi
komiteti
IDA
ganviTarebis
saerTaSoriso asociacia
saeqsperto
organoebi
IFC
saerTaSoriso safinanso
korporacia
UNFPA
gaeros mosaxleobis
fondi
UNHCR
gaeros ltolvilTa
umaRlesi komisari
UNICEF
gaeros bavSvTa fondi
UNITAR
gaeros kvlevisa
da treiningis
instituti
UNRISD
gaeros socialuri
ganviTarebis kvleviTi
instituti
UNU
gaeros universiteti
WFP
msoflio
sasursaTo programa
FAO
gaeros sursaTisa da soflis
meurneobis organizacia
funqciuri
komisiebi
UNEP
gaeros garemos dacvis
programa
samdivno
gaeros ZiriTadi organoebi

gaeros sxva organoebi
specializebuli saagentoebi da sxva
avtonomiuri organizaciebi sistemis SigniT
IFAD
soflis meurneobis
ganviTarebis
saerTaSoriso fondi
ILO
Sromis saerTaSoriso
organizacia
IMF
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi
IMO
saerTaSoriso
sazRvao organizacia
ITU
telekomunikaciebis
saerTaSoriso gaerTianeba
UNESCO
gaeros ganaTlebis,
mecnierebisa da
kulturis organizacia
UNIDO
gaeros samrewvelo
ganviTarebis organizacia
UPU
sayovelTao safosto
kavSiri
samxedro Stabis komiteti
MINURSO
gaeros misia dasavleT saharaSi
referendumisaTvis
(1991 w. seqtembridan _ dRemde)
MONUC
gaeros misia kongos demokratiul
respublikaSi (1999 w. dekemberi)
UNDOF _ gaeros teritoriuli dayofis
sadamkvirveblo Zalebi (golanis maRlobi)
(1974 w. ivnisidan - dRemde)
UNFICYP
gaeros samSvidobo Zalebi kviprosSi
(1974 w. martidan _ dRemde)
UNIFIL
gaeros droebiTi Zalebi libanSi
(1978 w. martidan _ dRemde)
UNIKOM
gaeros erayisa da quveiTis
sadamkvirveblo misia
(1991 w. seqtembridan - dRemde)
UNMIBH
gaeros misia bosniasa da hercegovinaSi
(1995 w. dekembridan _ dRemde)
UNIMOGIP
gaeros samxedro sadamkvrveblo jgufi
indoeTsa da pakistanSi
(1949 w. ianvridan - dRemde)
UNMOP
gaeros damkvirvebelTa
misia prevlakaSi (xorvatia)
(1996 w. ianvridan _ dRemde)
UNMIK
gaeros droebiTi administraciuli misia
kosovoSi (1999 w. ivnisidan _ dRemde)
UNOMIG
gaeros sadamkvirveblo misia saqarTveloSi
(1993 w. agvistodan _ dRemde)
UNMEE
gaeros misia eTiopiasa da eritreaSi
(2000 w. ivlisidan _ dRemde)
WHO
jandacvis msoflio organiz.
UNAMSIL
gaeros misia siera leoneSi
(1999 w. oqtombridan _ dRemde)
WIPO
inteleqturi
sakuTrebis dacvis msoflio
organizacia
UNMISET
gaeros daxmarebis misia aRmosavleT
timorSi (2002 w. maisidan _ dRemde)
WMO
msoflio meteorologiuri
organizacia
UNTSO
gaeros zavis sameTvalyureo organizacia
WTO
msoflio savaWro organiz.
(axlo aRmosavleTi)
(1948 w. ivnisidan _ dRemde)
650
omis periodSi gaeros muSaobas aferxebda. vinaidan asambleaSi umravlesoba

xan erT xan meore saxelmwifos ekuTvnoda, gaeros ganzraxvaTa umetesoba
CixSi eqceoda. umetes SemTxvevaSi ver xerxdeboda im konsensusis miRweva,
rac saWiro iyo uSiSroebis sabWoSi koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb gadaw
yvetilebis misaRebad. Tu sabWoTa kavSiri ar gamoiyenebda vetos uflebas
raime sadavo gadawyvetilebaze, maSin amas SeerTebuli Statebi akeTebda.
amis miuxedavad, konfliqtis marTvaSi gaeros SezRuduli funqciebi
yovelTvis uSedego ar iyo. sxvadasxva dros gaerom didi wvlili Seitana
mSvidobis damyarebaSi specialuri Suamavlebis, zavebze zedamxedvelobis
gaweviT, naxevrad gasamxedroebuli Zalebis gagzavniT msoflios mraval
kuTxeSi, kviprosis, axlo aRmosavleTisa da kongos CaTvliT. marTalia, es
mcdelobebi yovelTvis SezRuduli iyo masStabebisa da warmatebis Tval
sazrisiT, igi mainc Zalze mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda.
gaero civi omis Semdeg

1980-iani wlebis Sua da bolo periodi uprecedento iyo gaeros uSiSroe
bis sabWos xuTi mudmivi wevris, gansakuTrebiT ki SeerTebuli Statebisa da
sabWoTa kavSiris TanamSromlobis TvalsazrisiT. am mxriv katalizatoris
roli Seasrula sabWoTa kavSiris axalma Semrigeblurma sagareo politikam
mixeil gorbaCovis iniciativiT. 1991 wels, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg,
SeerTebuli Statebi konkurentis gareSe darCa gaeroSi. pirvelad misi arse
bobis istoriaSi, gaerosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gaxda erTsulovneba miznis
misaRwevad da ara mwvave konfliqti mis or uZlieres wevrs Soris. amas ori
mniSvnelovani Sedegi mohyva: pirveli, gaeros midgoma saerTaSoriso mSvi
dobis dacvis mimarT ufro mkacri gaxda da zogjer mSvidobis dacvis farg
lebsac ki scildeboda (ix. cxrili 18-3).12 meore, man gasca sanqcia koleqti
uri samxedro moqmedebis Sesaxeb erayis winaaRmdeg, rodesac es ukanaskneli
quveiTSi SeiWra.
samSvidobo misiebis gaZliereba. is faqti, rom axali aTaswleulis da
sawyisSi gaeros samSvidobo Zalebi mTels msoflioSi iyo ganlagebuli,
miuTiTebda gaeros rolis zrdaze civi omis Semdeg saerTaSoriso asparez
ze. 88 qveynis sul mcire 47 aTasi mSvidobismyofeli msaxurobda gaeros 15
misiaSi. civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg ufro meti samSvidobo misia ganxor
cielda, vidre mTeli civi omis epoqaSi (romelic daaxloebiT ramdenime
aTwleuls gagrZelda). mTlianad, 1948-2001 wlebSi sul ormocdaToTxmeti
samSvidobo misia Sesrulda.
gaeros bolodroindeli samSvidobo qmedebebi moicavda mravali saxis mi
sias, romelTagan bevri am organizaciisaTvis uprecedento iyo. Tavis mxriv,
es qmedebebi masStabebiTac gansxvavdeboda. mxolod ormocdaaTi damkvirve
beli uwyobda xels sabWoTa kavSiris gamosvlas avRaneTidan 1988 wels. 1989
wels ki gaeros 109 qveynis samxedro personali dasWirda namibiaSi mSvidobisa
da qveynis damoukideblobis uzrunvelsayofad. gaeros mSvidobismyofelebs
651
DOMREP _ generaluri
UNMIK _ gaeros droebiTi
UNTSO _ gaeros
mdivnis warmomadgenlis
misia kosovoSi (1999 w. ivnisidan
zavis sameTvalyureo
misia dominikis
_ dRemde)
organizacia (1948 w.
respublikaSi (1965 w. maisi
ivnisidan _ dRemde) (axlo
UNIPROFOR _ gaeros
_ 1966 w. oqtomberi)
sqema 18-3 gaeros dasrulebuli da

mimdinare samSvidobo operaciebi [2002
wlis mdgomareobiT]
wyaro: United Nations, Peacekeeping,
www.un.org/peace, accessed May 22,
2002. ibeWdeba gaerTianebuli erebis
nebarTviT.
aRmosavleTi)
TavdacviTi Zalebi (1995 w.
UNMIH _ gaeros misia
marti _ 1996 w. ianvari) (yof.
haitiSi (1983 w.seqtemberi _
iugoslavia)
1996 w.ivnisi)
Zalebi libanSi (1978 w.

martidan _ dRemde)
UNCRO _ gaeros ndobis
UNSMIH _ gaeros
UNIFIL _ gaeros droebiTi
aRdgenis operacia xorvatiaSi
mxardamWeri misia haitiSi

(1996 w. ivlisi _ 1997 w.
ivlisi)
(1995 w. marti _ 1996 w. ianvari)
UNOGIL _ gaeros
UNIMOG _
UNIKOM _
UNIMOGIP _
UNPSG _ gaeros samoqalaqo
damkvirvebelTa
gaeros iran-
gaeros erayisa
gaeros samxedro
jgufi libanSi
erayis samxedro
da quveTis
sadamkvirveblo
(1958 w. ivnisi _
sadamkvirvebli
sadamkvirveblo
jgufi indoeTsa
1958 w. dekemberi)
jgufi (1988 w.
misia (1991 w.
da pakistanSi (1949
agvisto _ 1991 w.
seqtembridan _
w. ianvridan _
Tebervali)
dRemde)
dRemde)
policiis damxmare jgufi (1998
UNTMIH _ gaeros
w. ianvari _ 1998 w. oqtomberi)
gardamavali misia haitiSi
(yof. iugoslavia)
(1997 w. agvisto _ 1997 w.
UNPREDEP _ gaeros
UNDOF _ gaeros
prevenciuli Zalebi (1995 w.
daSoriSorebis
MIPONUH _ gaeros
marti - 1999 w. Tebervali) (yof.
sadamkvirveblo
UNMOT
UNIPOM _
UNGOMAP _
samoqalaqo policiis misia
iugoslavia)
Zalebi (1974
_ gaeros
gaeros indoeTi-
gaeros saSuamavlo
w. ivnisidan _
damkvirvebelTa
pakistanis
misia avRaneTsa da
dRemde) (axlo
misia tajikeTSi
sadamkvirveblo
(1994 w. dekemberi
pakistanSi (1998 w.
aRmosavleTi)
misia (1965 w.
aprili _ 1990 w.
_ 2000 w. maisi)
seqtemberi _ 1966
marti)
noemberi)
haitiSi (1997 w. dekemberi _
UNTAES _ gaeros gardamavali
2000 w. marti)
administracia aRmosavleT
sloveniis, baranjis, da
dasavleT sirmiumisaTvis (1996
UNOMIG _ gaeros
sadamkvirveblo
misia saqarTveloSi
(1993 w. agvistodan
_ dRemde)
w. ianvari - 1998 w. ianvari)
UNMOP _ gaeros damkvirvebelTa misia prevlakaSi (1996 w.

ianvridan - dRemde)
MINGUA _ gaeros
bosniasa da hercegovinaSi (1995
kontrolis misia
w. dekembridan - dRemde)
gvatemalaSi (1997 w.
UNASOG _ gaeros aouzus

zolis sadamkvirveblo jgufi
(1994 w. maisi _ 1994 w. ivnisi)
UNMIBH _ gaeros misia
adamianis uflebaTa
w. marti)
(afrika)
UNFICYP _ gaeros
samSvidobo Zalebi
kviprosze (1964 w.
martidan _ dRemde)
UNSF _ gaeros uSiSroebis

Zalebi dasavleT axal
ianvridan - dRemde)
gvineaSi (dasavleT irsanSi)

(1962 w. oqtomberi _ 1963 w.
aprili)
UNYOM _ gaeros iemenis
ONUCA _ gaeros
sadamkvirveblo jgufi
(1963 w. ivlisi _ 1964 w.
centralur amerikaSi
seqtemberi)
(1989 w. noemberi _ 1992

w. ianvari)
UNMISET _ gaeros daxmarebis misia aRmosavleT timor-
ONUSAL _ gaeros
Si (2002 w. maisidan _ dRemde)
el-salvadorSi (1991
UNTAET _ gaeros gardama-
w. ivlisi _ 1995 w.
vali periodis administ racia
aprili)
UNOSOM I _ gaeros
operacia somaliSi I (1992 w.
aprili _ 1993 w. marti)
MINURSO _ gaeros
misia referendumisaTvis
dasavleT saharaSi (1991 w.
seqtembridan - dRemde)
UNAVEM I _ gaeros angolis

kontrolis misia I (1989 w.
ianvari _ 1991 w. ivnisi)
UNAVEM II _ gaeros angolis

kontrolis misia II (1991 w.
UNAMSIL _ gaeros
ivnisi _ 1995 w. Tebervali)
misia siera-leoneSi
(1999 w. oqtomberi _
UNAVEM III _ gaeros
dRemde)
angolis kontrolis misia
UNOMSIL _ gaeros
UNEF I _ gaeros
pirveli sagangebo
siera-leoneSi (1998
Zalebi (1956 w. noemberi
w. ivlisi _ 1999 w.
_ 1967 w. ivnisi) (axlo
oqtomberi)
aRmosavleTi)
UNEF II _ gaeros
III (1997 w. ivnisi _ 1999 w.

Tebervali)
MONUA _ gaeros
angolaSi (1997 w. ivnisi _
1999 w. Tebervali)
UNOSOM II _ gaeros
operacia somaliSi II (1993 w.
marti _ 1995 w. marti)
MONUC _ gaeros
organizaciis misia
kongos demokratiul
respublikaSi (1999 w.
aRmosavleT timorSi (1999 w.

oqtomberi _ 2002 w. maisi)
UNAMIC _ gaeros winsvlis

misia kambojaSi (1991 w.
oqtomberi _ 1992 w. marti)
UNTAC _ gaeros gardamavali xelisufleba

kambojaSi (1992 w. marti _
1993 w. seqtemberi)
dekembridan _ dRemde)
ONUC _ gaeros
operacia kongoSi (1960
w. ivlisi - 1964 w. ivlisi)
MINURCA _ gaeros
misia centraluri
afrikis respublikaSi
(1998 w. aprili _ 2000 w.
Tebervali)
UNMEE _ gaeros misia eTiopiasa

da eritreaSi (2000 w. ivlisidan
_ dRemde)
UNOMUR _ gaeros
sadamkvirveblo misia ugandasa
da ruandaSi (1993 w. ivnisi _ 1996
w. marti)
UNOMIL _ gaeros
meore sagangebo Zalebi
UNTAG _ gaeros
(1973 w. oqtomberi _
gardamavali periodis
ONUMOZ _ gaeros
liberiaSi (1997 w.
1979 w. ivlisi) (axlo
damxmare jgufi (1989 w.
operacia mozambikSi (1992
UNAMIR _ gaeros daxmarebis
aprili _ 1990 w. marti)
w. dekemberi _ 1994 w.
misia ruandaSi (1993 w. oqtomberi
(namibia)
dekemberi)
_ 1996 w. marti)
seqtembridan _ dRemde)
aRmosavleTi)
* 2009 wels Sewyvita arseboba
652
aseve mouwiaT iseTi sakiTxebis gadaWra, rogoricaa arCevnebisaTvis saTana

do pirobebis Seqmna, diskriminaciuli kanonmdeblobis gauqmeba, patimarTa
gaTavisufleba da samSoblodan gandevnilTa dabruneba.
gaeros jariskacebi zogjer gadamwyvet rols asrulebdnen mSvidobis

SenarCunebaSi mTel msoflioSi. am suraTze naCvenebia, rogor gahyavs
gaeros jariskacs xorvati qali samSvidoboze snaiperis cecxlis safrT
xis pirobebSi.
1991 wlidan gaeros 400-mde mSvidobismyofelma ikisra axali rolis Ses

ruleba el-salvadorSi: samoqalaqo omis dasasruls maT Tvalyuri unda
edevnebinaT da daefiqsirebinaT samoqalaqo uflebaTa darRvevis faqtebi
da gaewiaT rekomendaciebi maTi saboloo aRmofxvrisaTvis. aseve, 1991 wlis
oqtombridan gaeros mSvidobismyofelebs daevalaT kambojaSi samSvidobo
SeTanxmebis Sesrulebis monitoringi oTx mxares Soris, romlebic manamde
omSi iyvnen CarTulebi. SeTanxmeba moicavda sxvadasxva SeiaraRebuli Za
lebis ganiaraRebas, 350 aTasi ltolvilis samSobloSi dabrunebas (repatri
acias) da arCevnebis Catarebis uzrunvelyofas. erTi eqspertis TqmiT, aman
gaeros daakisra `faqtobrivi pasuxismgebloba, emarTa qveyana 18-Tvian gar
damaval periodSi~.13 1993 wels 40 aTasi mSvidobismyofeli gaigzavna yofil
iugoslaviaSi molaparakebebis xelSesawyobad, ramac qveyana sabolood 1995
wlis noemberSi SeerTebuli Statebis mier lobirebul samSvidobo SeTanx
mebamde miiyvana. am Zalebma, natos samxedro mxardaWerasa da gaeros mier
dawesebul sanqciebTan erTad, aiZula serbi diqtatori, slobodan miloS
eviCi, keTilsindisierad ewarmoebina molaparakebebi. mogvianebiT, rodesac
arCevnebSi damarcxebis Semdeg miloSeviCs saxelmwifo sadaveebi waarTves
(da saxalxo mRelvarebis Semdeg, rodesac man scada arCevnebis Sedegebis
653
gauqmeba), gaerom didi roli Seasrula yofili diqtatori prezidentisa da

samxedro danaSaulSi braldebuli sxva pirebis gasamarTlebis saqmeSi.
civi omis Semdeg gaeros samSvidobo misia ufro xSiri da ambiciuri gax
da, vidre odesme yofila. mxolod erTi wlis manZilze (1999 wlis ivnisi-2000
wlis ivlisi) gaerom ganaxorciela samSvidobo misia kosovoSi (iugoslavia),
siera-leoneSi (dasavleTi afrika), aRmosavleT timorSi (indoneziis yo
fili nawili), kongosa (centraluri afrika) da afrikis koncxze (eTiopia
da eritrea). magram es wamowyebebi, risks Seicavs da warmateba garantire
buli ar aris. magaliTad, 1992 wels gaerom mSvidobismyofelebi gagzavna
somaliSi, raTa xeli Seewyo SimSilis zRvarze myof mosaxleobaSi sursaTis
usafrTxo darigebisaTvis, magram maT Tavs daesxnen amboxebulebi, romle
bic gaeros dasavleTis (kerZod ki SeerTebuli Statebis) marionetad moiaz
rebdnen. gaeros mSvidobismyofelebi, Cveulebriv, cdiloben Tavi aaridon
Zalis gamoyenebas da msxverpls, Tumca es yovelTvis araa SesaZlebeli, gan
sakuTrebiT, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, ra cxel wertilebSi uwevT maT moqmede
ba. 1948 wlidan dRemde gaeros samSvidobo Zalebma didi danaklisi ganicada
daRupuli 1600 adamianis CaTvliT. samSvidobo misia libansa (244 msxverpli)
da kviprosSi (170 msxverpli) gansakuTrebiT sarisko iyo. am oridan arc erT
SemTxvevaSi konfliqti ar dasrulebula (meomari mxareebisaTvis misaRebi
gadawyvetileba ar moiZebna) da amitom gaeros samSvidobo Zalebi iq isev
imyofebian. 1990-ian wlebSi ganxorcielebuli 10 samSvidobo operaciidan
umetesoba 15 adamianze naklebi msxverpliT dasrulda, rasac ver vityviT
siera-leoneze _ aq misiis 46 wevri daiRupa.
gaeros mSvidobismyofelebi yovelTvis verc saWiro politikuri cv
lilebebis gatarebas axerxeben. kambojaSi mSvidobianoba gaeros jarebis
gasvlis Semdeg didxans ar gagrZelebula: 1997 wlis ivnisSi saxelmwifo
gadatrialebis Sedegad gaeros ambiciurma mcdelobam, xeli Seewyo qveya
naSi demokratiis ganviTarebisaTvis, marcxi ganicada. yofil iugoslaviaSi
gaeros mSvidobismyofelTa mcdelobam, mieRwiaT cecxlis SewyvetisaTvis,
Sedegi mxolod mas Semdeg gamoiRo, rac natos jarebma sahaero da saxmeleTo
mxardaWera aRmouCina samSvidobo operacias. sabolood, serbeTis armia dam
arcxda da prezidenti miloSeviCi iZulebuli gaxda, molaparakebebi daewyo.
erT-erTi daskvna, rac gaerom bosniisa da kosovos omebidan gaakeTa, aris is,
rom samSvidobo misia regionul konfliqtebs ver SeaCerebs wevr qveyanaTa
samxedro daxmarebisa da regionuli samxedro aliansis (magaliTad, natos)
mxardaWeris gareSe. faqtobrivad, iugoslaviasa da sxvagan miRebuli gamoc
dileba mtkice argumentia axali regionuli samxedro jgufebis SeqmnisaT
vis, romlebic imoqmedeben rogorc gaeros samarTaldamcavi organoebi.
gaeros samSvidobo misia zog regionSi mudmiv realobad iqca konfliqtis
saboloo mowesrigebis gareSe (qaSmiri, kviprosi, libani da zemoT dasax
elebuli magaliTebi). aseTi misiebi gaeros biujetis xarjebis zrdis mud
mivi mizezi gaxda. 1990-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi gaeros samSvidobo misiebze
weliwadSi 3.2 miliardi aSS dolari ixarjeboda da am Tanxis erTi mesamedi
deficituri iyo. 2001 wlis ivlisidan 2002 wlis ivnisamde gegmis mixedviT
gawerili iyo 3-3,5 miliardi aSS dolaris xarji. mTlianobaSi, 1948 wlidan
654
2001 wlamde samSvidobo operaciebis saerTo danaxarjma daaxloebiT 23 mil

iardi aSS dolari Seadgina.
amasTan, saWiroa am cifrebis dinamikaSi ganxilva, rasac gaeros mowi
naaRmdegeebi iSviaTad akeTeben. SedarebisTvis, SeerTebuli Statebis Tav
dacvis biujeti mxolod 2001 wels 300 miliardi aSS dolari iyo [2009 wels
aSS-s Tavdacvis xarjebi 700 mlrd aSS dolars aWarbebs - mTargmn. Sen]. pen
tagonisTvis imave priodSi gamoyofili iyo 48 miliardi aSS dolari axali
vertmfrenebis, 67 miliardi aSS dolari TviTmfrinavebis (F-22) SesaZenad
da 223 miliardi aSS dolari axali erToblivi sabrZolo qvedanayofebis
Sesaqmnelad (JSF). am cifrebTan SedarebiT yvela samSvidobo misiis saerTo
xarji Zalian cotaa. rac unda mokrZalebuli iyos am misiebis warmateba,
mainc warmoudgenelia ukeTesi kapitaldabandeba msoflios gadasaxadebis
gadamxdelTaTvis.
gaero da amerikis sazogadoebrivi azri

sazogadoeba gaeros undoblobas ucxadebs. bevrisaTvis gaugebaria,
sinamdvileSi ra funqciebs asrulebs igi. paradoqsia, magram gaeros imijis
problema yovelTvis gansakuTrebulad mwvaved idga SeerTebul StatebSi,
qveyanaSi, sadac mdebareobs gaeros Stab-bina da romelmac yvelaze didi
roli Seasrula mis CamoyalibebaSi. sazogadoebis undobloba gaeros mimarT
metwilad arainformirebulobiTaa gamowveuli. gaeros miCneva Camoyali
bebis procesSi myof msoflio mTavrobad, igivea, rac zRapris dajereba.
gaero, msoflio organizaciidan, romlis Tavdapirveli mizani omis Ta
vidan acileba iyo, gadaiqca organizaciad ufro nakleb ambiciuri mizniT,
rogoricaa mSvidobis xelSewyoba (magaliTad, droebiTi zavis (cecxlis Sew
yvetis) monitoringi, samSvidobo procesze dakvirveba da naxevrad gasamx
edroebuli Zalebis ganlageba). is aseve Zalian mosaxerxebeli adgilia wevri
qveynebisaTvis dialogisa da umTavres globalur sakiTxebze molaparake
bebisTvis. gaero aseve arapirdapir uwyobs xels mSvidobis SenarCunebas,
roca ekonomikur da teqnikur daxmarebas uwevs uRaribes qveynebs.
arc is Seesabameba simarTles, rom gaero mxolod da mxolod SeerTebuli
Statebis nebis Semsrulebelia. piriqiT, iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac zogierTma
wevrma qveyanam, maT Soris SeerTebulma Statebmac, uari Tqves sawevros gadax
daze, rodesac ukmayofilo darCnen ama Tu im gadawyvetilebiT (1998 wlis
martSi SeerTebul Statebs 1.3 miliardi dolari davalianeba hqonda gaeros
mimarT). mTlianobaSi, gaerosadmi sxvadasxva qveynis davalianebam 2.5 mili
ardi aSS dolari Seadgina, rac TiTqmis orjer metia mis wliur biujetze.
amerikis sazogadoebis nawili miiCnevs, rom amerikam sakuTar Tavze didi
tvirTi aiRo. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom gaeros daaxloebiT 1300 mSvidobis
myofelidan, romlebic 1945 wlidan sxvadasxva misiisas daiRupnen, mxolod
3 procenti iyo amerikeli. kidev erTi, naklebad cnobili faqtia gaeros
mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri wvlili SeerTebuli Statebis ekonomikaSi. niu
655
iorkis yofili meris, rudolf julianis gancxadebiT, gaeros wyalobiT niu

iork siTis ekonomika 1990-iani wlebis bolos yovelwliurad 3.2 miliardi
aSS dolaris mogebas naxulobda; niu-iorkSi gaeros Stabbinis arsebobam
30600 samuSao adgili Seqmna, rac 1.2 miliardi dolaris wliur gamomuSave
bas niSnavs.

koleqtiuri samxedro moqmedeba. 1990 wlis agvistoSi, rodesac erayi
quveiTSi SeiWra, gaerom samxedro operaciiT upasuxa. amgvari koleqtiuri
saomari moqmedeba koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis mizniT, romelsac aSS xelmZ
Rvanelobda, vudro vilsonis auxdeneli ocneba iyo. misi xedviT erTa ligas
samxedro Zala msoflioSi mSvidobisa da samarTlianobis dasacavad unda
gamoeyenebina. gaeros moqmedeba eraySi analogiuri iyo 1950 wels Crdilo
eT koreis winaaRmdeg Zalis gamoyeneba. maSinac, koalicias aSS meTaurobda.
amgvarma moqmedebam maSinac problemebi warmoSva. sabWoTa kavSiri ar monaw
ileobda am operaciaSi. moskovi kategoriulad ewinaaRmdegeboda amerikis
mier gaeros gamoyenebas Tavisi sateliti (damokidebuli) saxelmwifos,
samxreT koreis dasacavad. marTalia, samxedro misia gaeros droSis qveS mim
dinareobda, es, egreT wodebuli koreis konfliqti, sinamdvileSi iyo omi,
romelsac SeerTebuli Statebi awarmoebda jer CrdiloeT koreis da Semdeg
CineTis winaaRmdeg. samSvidobo operaciis meTauri, generali duglas makar
turi angariSvaldebuli iyo aSS-s prezidentis da ara gaeros generaluri
mdivnis mimarT.
kidev oTxi aTwleuli gavida, vidre gaero isev CaerTveboda saerTaSor
iso koaliciaSi agresoris winaaRmdeg. civi omis dros yvela aseTi mcdelo
ba uSedegod sruldeboda, radgan TiToeuli zesaxelmwifo vetos uflebas
iyenebda meoris mier SemoTavazebuli Zalismieri gamoyenebis SesazRudad.
1990-91 wlebSi, rodesac SeerTebulma Statebma (britaneTis mxardaWer
iT) eraySi wamoiwyo samxedro operacia ùdabnos qariSxali~, gaeros uSiS
roebis sabWoSi Seikribnen msoflios wamyvani saxelmwifoebi, raTa gadaew
yvitaT, rogor epasuxaT erayis agresiisaTvis. es iyo pirveli didi gamocda
gaerosaTvis civi omisSemdgom periodSi. SeerTebulma Statebma moipova
uSiSroebis sabWos mxardaWera erayis winaaRmdeg rezoluciis misaRebad,
mkacri ekonomikuri sanqciebis dasaweseblad da sabolood miiRo Tanxmoba
Zalis gamoyenebaze quveiTidan erayis armiis gansadevnad.
erayis winaaRmdeg omi amerikis moqmedebis Sedegi iyo. gaeros sakuTari
Zalebi eraySi ar gaugzavnia. generaluri mdivani ver akontrolebda verc
koaliciuri Zalebis ganlagebas da verc maT moqmedebas. iq ar imyofeboda
gaeros generaluri Stabi da Sesabamisad ver xelmZRvanelobda koaliciis
wevrTa (ZiriTadad SeerTebuli Statebisa da britaneTis) mier ganxorciele
bul samxedro Tu diplomatiur operaciebs. igi arc operaciis dafinanse
baSi monawileobda. saomar moqmedebebs umTavresad amerikis mokavSireebi:
iaponia, germania, quveiTi da saudis arabeTi afinansebda. amitom, ar Sei
Zleba erayis winaaRmdeg oms gaeros operacia vuwodoT. igi arc koleqtiur
qmedebad SieZleba CaiTvalos. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, es iyo SeerTebuli
656
Statebis mier Seqmnili da gaeros mier sanqcirebuli farTomasStabiani ko

alicia. [sparseTis yuris meore omis dros, aSS-m erayis winaaRmdeg samxedro
operacia uSiSroebis sabWos sanqciis gareSe daiwyo - red. Sen.]
didi saerTaSoriso organizaciebis problemebi

warmatebebis miuxedavad, gaerom ver gaamarTla mis SemqmnelTa yvela
imedi. misi damaarseblebi Seecadnen gadaeWraT is proceduruli probleme
bi, romlis winaSec idga erTa liga, magaliTad, gadawyvetilebis misaRebad
saWiro konsensusi, romelic ligas xSirad xels uSlida adekvaturi zomebis
miRebaSi. amis miuxedavad, gaeroc araerTxel aRmoCnda imave problemebis
winaSe. proceduruli problemebi xSirad politikuri azrTa sxvadasxvao
bis Sedegia.
universalurobis problema. pirvel rigSi, saWiroa yvela, metnaklebad mniS
vnelovani sididisa da gavlenis mqone qveynis darwmuneba, raTa SeuerTdnen
did saerTaSoriso organizaciebs da darCnen mis nawilad. winaaRmdeg SemTx
vevaSi, adre Tu gvian, krizisul situaciaSi gamomJRavndeba aseTi organiza
ciis araadekvaturoba da igi daiSleba. erTa ligis magaliTiT TvalsaCino
gaxda, rom saWiroa aseT organizacias SeuerTdes yvela Zlieri saxelmwifo
anu yvela, visac Seswevs Zala, daarRvios sayovelTao mSvidoba. gaeros SemTx
vevaSi amis TvalsaCino magaliTia CineTis saxalxo respublikas, romelic ori
aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi gaeros miRma rCeboda. dRes gaero universalur
organizaciaa 192 wevri qveyniT, im juja saxelmwifoebis CaTvliT, romlebic
rukaze wertilebad Canan.
uTanasworobis problema. patara saxelmwifoebi did saxelmwifoe
bTan Tanasworobas moiTxoven saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi. sxvagvari
damokidebuleba Seuracxmyofeli iqneba da SesaZloa sxva saxelmwifos
suverenuli qveynis Sida saqmeebSi Carevis saSualeba misces. imave prin
cipiT, Zlieri saxelmwifoebi moiTxoven, rom maTi upiratesoba gamoCndes
specialur procedurul sakiTxebSi, rogoricaa vetos ufleba, romliTac
gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos mudmivi wevrebi sargebloben. sxva SemTxvevaSi,
isini amas sakuTari mniSvnelobis damcirebad miiCneven. ufro metic, vi
naidan wevr saxelmwifoTa SefardebiTi Zala droTa ganmavlobaSi icvle
ba, Tavdapirveli formula, romelic aseT sakiTxebs agvarebs, drodadro
gadaxedvas saWiroebs. zogierT qveyanas, romelsac adre didi Zala hqonda,
unda CamoerTvas uwindeli uflebebi, raTa adgili gaTavisufldes aRmav
lobis fazaSi myofi saxelmwifoebisaTvis. es bevrad metia, vidre ubralod
`teqnikuri~ problema. verc erTi saerTaSoriso organizacia ver SeinarCu
nebs sicocxlisunarianobas, Tuki ar gadaWris uTanasworobis problemas da
amave dros ar iqneba imdenad moqnili, rom Seicvalos mdgomareobis cvli
lebasTan erTad.
657
kompetenciis problema. xSirad saerTaSoriso organizaciebs Zala ar Sesw

evT, gadadgan esa Tu is nabiji, radgan mas esa Tu is saxelmwifo ewinaaRmde
geba. arada, calkeul aseT saxelmwifoebs vetos ufleba SeiZleba arc hqon
deT. magaliTad, Tuki ganviTarebadi qveynebi gaerTiandebian, maT SeuZliaT
dablokon generaluri asambleis funqcionireba, SesaZloa uSiSroebis sab
Wos romelime mudmivi wevri daiyolion, veto daados ama Tu im sakiTxs (an,
Teoriulad, maT SeuZliaT umravlesobis mopovebiT dablokon esa Tu is
sakiTxi uSiSroebis sabWoSi). Sedegad, saerTaSoriso organizaciebs akli
aT im saxis Zalaufleba sxvadasxva sakiTxis gadasaWrelad, rac sabolood
calkeuli mTavrobis kompetenciaSi Sedis. erTaderTi, risi gakeTebac
maT SeuZliaT, aris sayovelTao interesis sferoSi arsebuli konkretuli
sakiTxebis gadaWra (magaliTad, samSvidobo operaciebi).
erTianobis problema. warsulSi yvelaze warmatebuli saerTaSoriso or
ganizaciebi iyo aliansebi, romlebic saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg iqmneboda.
amis magaliTia saRvTo kavSiri, romelic safrangeTis aRorZinebis SiSiT
Seiqmna. kidev erTi magaliTia Tanamedrove arabuli liga: rom ara saerTo
mtris (israelis) winaaRmdeg gaerTianebis aucilebloba, arabuli qveynebi,
albaT, am bolo aTwleulebis manZilze sisxlismRvrel brZolaSi CaerTve
bodnen erTmaneTTan. aseve, rom ara komunisturi eqspansiis safrTxe, 1940iani wlebis bolosa da 1950-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, CrdiloeT atlantikis
xelSekrulebis organizacia arasodes daarsdeboda. gaerom erTianobis
piks 1990-91 wlebSi miaRwia, rodesac mas msoflios saxelmwifoTa umetesoba
SeuerTda saerTo metoqis _ erayis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. Tumca, ro
gorc ki realuri safrTxe qreba, aliansic sustdeba.
suverenitetis problema. suvereniteti, anu saxelmwifos uzenaesoba ter
itoriul farglebs SigniT, safuZvlad udevs oTxive zemoxsenebul proble
mas. qveyanas suvereniteti an aqvs, an ara, an Tavad wyvets sakuTar Sida saq
meebs, an ara. rogorc mecxramete saukunis amerikelma politikosma jon
kalhunma erTxel aRniSna, qveyana iseve ar SeiZleba nawilobriv suverenuli
iyos, rogorc qali nawilobriv fexmZime. ase rom, efeqtiani msoflio mTav
robis Seqmna mxolod im SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli, Tu arsebuli mTavro
bebi daTanxmdebian daTmon suvereniteti ufro zemdgomi xelisuflebis sa
sargeblod. am perspeqtivas ki saxelmwifoTa (da politikosTa) umetesoba
Zalze sariskod miiCnevs SiSiT, crurwmenebiTa da undoblobiT gamsWvalu
li msoflios pirobebSi.
mSvidobisa da harmoniulobis ganviTareba SesaZlebelia mxolod dRe
vandeli eri-saxelmwifoebis sistemis pirobebSi. am konteqstSi saerTaSor
iso samarTals SeuZlia gaaZlieros saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, raTa maT
ufro mSvidobiani da usafrTxo msoflios ganviTarebas Seuwyon xeli.
658
350 wlis ganmavlobaSi saerTaSoriso sistema regulirdeba saerTaSoriso samarTliT. es ukanaskneli gansazRvravs saxelmwifoTa uflebebsa da
movaleobebs erTmaneTis mimarT. `TamaSis wesebi~, romlebic suverenulma
saxelmwifoebma aRiares, ZiriTadad xelSekrulebebiT gamoixateba. saerTa
Soriso samarTlis sxva, aseve farTod aRiarebuli wyaroebia Cveuleba da
konvencia; samarTlianobasa da moralze dafuZnebuli zogadi principebi;
agreTve, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi da avtoritetuli iuristebis swav
lebani.
saerTaSoriso samarTlis yvelaze cnobil kodifikaciad rCeba hugo gro
ciusis (omisa da mSvidobis Sesaxeb naSromi), romelic gamoqveynda 1625 wels,
ocdasami wliT adre, sanam 1648 wels vestfaliis zaviT eri-saxelmwifoTa
sistemis dabadeba oficialurad gamocxaddeboda. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom
Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso sistemis warmoSoba daemTxva TamaSis wesebis
Camoyalibebas, romliTac saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis mowesrigeba xdeba.
vestfaliis zavis Semdeg, saerTaSoriso samarTali yoveldRiuri msoflio
politikis ganuyofeli nawili gaxda.
sargeblianoba
erTi wuTiT warmoidgineT uamravi praqtikuli SekiTxva, romlebzec sar
wmuno pasuxis gacema SeuZlebelia saerTaSoriso normebisa da konvenciebis
gareSe. rogor SeiZleba ganisazRvros sazRvrebi xmeleTsa da zRvaze? da
vuSvaT, or saxelmwifos Soris sazRvarze mdinarea, vin gadawyvetda: (1) sad
unda gaevlo sazRvars: mdinaris napirebs Soris, mis kalapotze, Tu mdinaris
zustad centrSi; (2) mdinare unda yofiliyo Tu ara naosnobisTvis Ria erTi
saxelmwifosaTvis, orive saxelmwifosaTvis, Tu arc erTisaTvis; (3) aqvT Tu
ara mdinaris saTaveSi mdebare saxelmwifoebs dambebis, hidroeleqtrosad
gurebisa da rezervuarebis aSenebis ufleba mdinareebze, romlebic dinebis
boloSi sxva saxelmwifoebis teritoriazec miedineba? am saxis kiTxvebi
Tavs iCendnen saerTaSoriso urTierTobis bevr sxva SemTxvevasa da sferoSi.
ras SeuZlia ama Tu im ucxo qveyanaSi akreditebuli diplomatiuri warmo
madgenlebis usafrTxoebis garantireba? rogor mowesrigdeba moZraoba Ria
zRvaSi? vin wyvets, unda hqondes Tu ara neitralur saxelmwifos ufleba,
gaagrZelos normaluri savaWro urTierToba omSi CarTul orive dapiri
spirebul mxaresTan? esaa ramdenime im arsebiTi mniSvnelobis sakiTxTagan,
romelTa gadawyvetac uaRresad rTuli iqneboda saerTaSoriso samarTlis
arsebobis gareSe.
Sesruleba da iZuleba
gasaocaria, magram saerTaSoriso samarTals adgenen da axorcieleben is
saxelmwifoebi, romelTa SesazRudadac iqmneba igi. rogorc erTi avtori
aRniSnavs:
659
Tavisi arsebobis oTxasi wlis manZilze, saerTaSoriso samarTalis

zedmiwevniT akvirdebodnen. roca misi erT-erTi kanoni irRveoda,
amas yovelTvis ar mohyveboda saTanado reagireba. xolo roca sadam
sjelo qmedebas mimarTavdnen, is ar iyo yovelTvis efeqtiani. da mainc,
ar iqneba swori uarvyoT saerTaSoriso samarTlis, rogorc savalde
bulo wesebis sistemis arseboba.14
saerTaSoriso samarTlis ganxorcieleba yovelTvis did siZneleebs ukav

Sirdeboda. damnaSaves saxelmwifo sjis kanonis ZaliT, magram saerTaSor
iso sferoSi arc erTi saxelmwifo ar aris mmarTveli (cxadia, arc gaero).
cxadia isic, rom SeuZlebelia saxelmwifoTa dapatimreba, gasamarTleba da
cixeSi Casma. Tumca, maTi dasja mainc SesaZlebelia. mTavrobaTa funqciuri
ekvivalenti saerTaSoriso sistemaSi ZalTa balansia. sxva sityvebiT, `kanon
damrRvevebad miCneuli~ saxelmwifoebi, sxva saxelmwifoebisgan diploma
tiuri SezRudvebis, ekonomikuri embargos an blokadis msxverplni xdebian.
eqstremalur situaciaSi SesaZlebelia maT sazRvrebSi SeWra da dapyroba.
aseve, ar aris marTali mosazreba, rom saerTaSoriso samarTals aranairi
Zala ar aqvs da did eri-saxelmwifoebs arasdros mouwevT daemorCilon mis
diqtats. sinamdvileSi saerTaSoriso da saxelmwifos samarTals Soris gan
sxvaveba intensivobazea damokidebuli: im dros, roca rigiTi moqalaqeebi,
rogorc wesi, umal elian sasjels kanonis darRvevisas, mTavrobebs ufro
xSirad SeuZliaT daarRvion kanoni da darCnen dausjelni. amis gaTval
iswinebiT, politikuri zewola saerTaSoriso samarTlis moTxovnaTa Sesas
ruleblad realuri da azriania. amis Tanamedrove magaliTi iyo serbeTis
xelisuflebis mier iZulebis gziT miRebuli gadawyvetileba eqs-prezident
miloSeviCis gaeros tribunalisaTvis gadacemis Sesaxeb.
sapasuxo politikuri reaqciis SiSi ar aris imis erTaderTi mizezi, rom
mTavrobaTa umravlesoba umeteswilad mihyveba saerTaSoriso TamaSis we
sebs. rogorc ukve vnaxeT, yvela qveyanas SeuZlia saerTaSoriso wesebisa
da regulaciebis unificirebuli sistemidan sargeblis miReba. am wesebis
gareSe saerTaSoriso vaWroba, mogzauroba da turizmi Zalian garTulde
boda, xolo saerTaSoriso finansuri transaqciebi, ucxouri investiciebi,
teqnologiuri transferi, safosto da telekomunikaciebi lamis SeuZle
beli iqneboda. diplomatiuri imunitetis saguldagulod damuSavebuli da
farTod aRiarebuli wesebis gareSe Zalian cota mTavroba gagzavnida Tavis
warmomadgenels ucxo qveynis dedaqalaqSi. arsebul garemoebebSi saeWvoa,
SeuZlia Tu ara nebismier mTavrobas, qedmaRlurad Sexedos saerTaSoriso
samarTals. diplomatiuri izolaciis, ekonomikuri ngrevisa da samxedro
SurisZiebis safrTxis winaSe mTavrobebi, rogorc wesi, xelSkrulebebs, kon
venciebsa da zogad wesebs mxolod yvelaze eqstremalur, gamonaklis situa
ciebSi arRveven.
saerTaSoriso samarTlis SemTxvevaSic Zala yvela saxis politikis
safuZvlad rCeba. uzrunvelmyofi Zalis gareSe kanoni farsia. saerTaSor
iso scenaze policiis rols saerTaSoriso aqtorebi individualurad an
660
koleqtiurad TamaSoben. amrigad, ZalTa balansi àucilebeli mdgomareo

baa TviT saerTaSoriso samarTlis arsebobisaTvis.~15
saerTaSoriso samarTali Tanamedrove epoqaSi

meore msoflio omamde saerTaSoriso samarTlis yvelaze mniSvnelovani
nawili gaxldaT Jenevisa da haagis konvenciebi, riTac Camoayalibes omis we
sebi. 1945 wlidan saerTaSoriso samarTali gansakuTrebiT ganviTarda ram
denime mniSvnelovan sferoSi, maT Soris, SeiaraRebis kontrolis sakiTxebSi.
samomavlod, mosalodnelia, rom saerTaSoriso samarTali dainteresdeba
ekologiuri problemebiT.
Jenevisa da haagis konvenciebi. mecxramete saukunis Sua xanebamde omis
wesebi gansazRvruli ar iyo. 1856 wels ramdenime Zlierma saxelmwifom mxari
dauWira mravalmxriv saerTaSoriso konferenciaTa seriebs, romelic dag
virgvinda parizis deklaraciiT, romelic zRudavda oms zRvaSi, ukanonod
acxadebda mekobreobasa da akanonebda sazRvao blokadis formebs. ufro
mniSvnelovani iyo 1864 wlis Jenevis konvencia (gadaxedil iqna 1906 wels),
romelic exeboda brZolis velze daWrilTa mopyrobas. kidev ufro didi mniS
vnelobis iyo 1899 wlis haagis konvencia, romelmac gaamaxvila yuradReba
saxmeleTo omis wesebze. 1907 wels haagis meore konferenciaze gadaixeda 1899
wlis normebi meomar da neitralur saxelmwifoTa uflebebisa da movaleo
bebis SEesaxeb. aseve, wamoWril iqna sakiTxebi axali saxis iaraRis gamoyenebis
Sesaxeb, rogoricaa e. w. `centrdakarguli~ tyviebi [tyvia, romelic mizanSi
moxvedris Semdeg iSleba da mniSvnelovan zians ayenebs msxverpls, amJamaDd
akrZalulia - mTargmn. Sen.] momwamvleli gazi da gaziT savse naRmebi.
SeiaraRebaze kontrolis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebi. arc erTi sakiTxi ar Canda
imdenad mniSvnelovani, rogorc SeiaraRebaze ormxrivi kontrolis Sesaxeb
molaparakebebi aSS-sa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris civi omis dros (ix. cxrili
18-3). imis miuxedavad, rom es molaparakebebi mravalricxovani da sapirisp
iro iyo, maT birTvul Sekavebaze gavlena mainc moaxdines.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam, gaumjobesebulma urTierTobam aSS-sa da ruseTs
Soris, ubiZga aSS-sa da ruseTs SeiaraRebis SezRudvis sakiTxebze molapara
keba gaemarTaT. yvelaze mniSvnelovania 1993 wlis strategiuli SeiaraRebis
Semcirebis xelSekruleba II (START II), romlis safuZvelzec birTvuli qo
binebis raodenoba, pirveli msgavsi xelSekrulebis mixedviT Semcirebul
donesTan SedarebiT, kidev 60 procentiT Semcirda. metic, START II-ma akrZala
mravalqobiniani saxmeleTo raketebi da Seamcira wyalqveSa gemebis atomuri
qobinebic. aSS-sa da ruseTs imedi hqondaT, rom `SeZlebdnen gamanadgure
beli omis safrTxis Semcirebas iseTi saxis birTvuli iaraRis akrZalviT,
romelsac orive zesaxelmwifo gamoiyenebda prevenciuli dartymisas.~16
bolo ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi SeiaraRebis kontrolis mizniT miRe
buli xelSekrulebebi mravalmxrivi gaxda da mas miuerTda msoflios bevri
qveyana. molaparakebaTagan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia:
661
1959 wlis antarqtidis SeTanxmebam akrZala yvela saxis samxedro saqmi
anoba antarqtidis kontinentze da yovel xelmomwer mxares misca sahaero

meTvalyureobis ufleba. aseve, akrZala birTvuli mrewvelobis narCenebiT
garemos dabinZureba da waaxalisa TanamSromloba samecniero gamokvlevebi
sas.
1967 wlis kosmosis SeTanxmebam akrZala kosmosSi birTvuli iaraRis,
mTvaresa da planetebze samxedro bazebis ganlageba da akrZala kosmosur
sivrceze romelime saxelmwifos pretenziebi.
1968 wlis birTvuli iaraRis gauvrceleblobis SeTanxmebam SezRuda
xelmomweri qveynebi birTvuli iaraRisa da masalebis gacemasa da miRebaSi.
im dros, roca qveyanaTa umravlesobam xeli moawera am molaparakebas, ram
denime xelmomweri ar emorCileboda am wess. irans, erays, libias, pakistan
sa da indoeTs xeli ar mouweriaT am SeTanxmebaze.
1971 wlis zRvis fskeris SeTanxmebam akrZala birTvuli iaraRis gamoc
da wyalqveS TiToeuli qveynis 12-miliani sasazRvro radiusis gareT.
1972 wlis biologiur iaraRis konvenciam savaldebulo gaxada biolo
giuri rezervebis ganadgureba da ukanonod gamoacxada am saxis iaraRis
Senaxva da warmoeba.
1993 wlis qimiuri iaraRis konvencia miznad isaxavs aTi wlis ganmav
lobaSi qimiuri iaraRis ganadgurebas. aSS-is senatma SeTanxmebis ratifi
kacia 1997 wels moaxdina.
amgvari SeTanxmebebis molodini usasrulo araa. mTavrobebi, rogorc wesi,

xels ar aweren xelSekrulebebs, romlebic arasasurvel valdebulebebs uwe
sebs mas. magaliTad, aSS-m gamoacxada, rom mas isedac ar ganuzraxavs qimiuri
iaraRis ganviTareba (erovnuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad ar eyrd
noboda am saxis iaraRs) im dros, roca man xeli moawera qimiuri iaraRis kon
vencias. iq, sadac qcevis wesebis Sesaxeb molaparakeba qveynebisagan moiTxovs
maTTvis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze uaris Tqmas, saerTaSoriso samarTali ar
aris sakmarisad efeqturi.
saerTaSoriso samarTali da garemos dacva. mosalodnelia, rom moma
valSi saerTaSoriso samarTlis is nawili, romelic garemosa da ekologias
Seexeba, sagrZnoblad gaizrdeba da gafarTovdeba. zog mecniers miaCnia,
rom iaraRis SezRudvis molaparakebebis gamocdileba safuZvlad daedeba
transnacionaluri ekologiuri molaparakebebis axal epoqas.
ramdenime gamonaklisis garda, rogoricaa monrealis protokoli, ro
melic krZalavs ozonis garsisaTvis saSiS nivTierebaTa gamoyenebas (ix. Can
arTi `saerTaSoriso samarTali da garemo: monrealis protokoli~), saerTa
Soriso ekologiur molaparakebaTa raodenoba da farglebi SezRudulia.
SeiaraRebis msgavsad, ekologiuri sakiTxebic, rogorc wesi, erovnuli su
verenitetis sferoSi eqceva. Tumca resursebis amowurva, gadaSenebis zR
varze myofi saxeobebi da adamianis mier gamowveuli cvlilebebi biosfer
oSi is sakiTxebia, romlebic, birTvuli omis SesaZleblobis msgavsad, yvela
qveyanaze axdens gavlenas.
662
cxrili 18.3
SeiaraRebis kontrolis Sesaxeb ZiriTadi ormxrivi SeTanxmebebi
SeerTebul Statebsa dayofil sabWoTa kavSirs/ruseTs Soris
TariRi
SeTanxmeba
ZiriTadi miznebi
1963
cxeli xazis Sesaxeb
amyarebs mTavrobebs Soris pirdapir radio da satele

grafo sakomunikacio sistemas, romelic gamoiyeneba
krizisis periodebSi.
1971
cxeli xazis modernizaciis Sesaxeb
safuZvels uyris cxeli xazis satelituri sakomunika

cio sistemis amoqmedebas.
1971
birTvuli avariebis Sesaxeb
qmnis birTvuli iaraRis SemTxveviTi an arasanqcire

buli afeTqebis Sesaxeb Setyobinebis process; qmnis
SemTxveviTobis Tavidan acilebis garantiebs.
1972
antibalistikuri raketebis Sesaxeb

(SALT 1)
zRudavs antibalistikuri raketebisagan dacvis sis

temebis gafarToebas erT teritoriaze da krZalavs
kosmosuri raketsawinaaRmdego dacvis sistemebis Se
qmnas.
1972
SALT 1-is droebiTi xelSekruleba Tav

dasxmis strategiuli iaraRis Sesaxeb
1972
xuTwliani periodiT yinavs supersaxelmwifoTa xelT

arsebuli balistikuri raketis gamSvebis mowyobilo
bebis mTlian raodenobas.
droebiTi SeTanxmebis protokoli

ganmartavs da aZlierebs strategiul iaraRze Tavda
pirvel SezRudvas.
1972
Ria zRvis Sesaxeb

ayalibebs okeaniaze krizisis gamomwvevi incidentebis
Tavidan acilebis procedurebs.
1973
birTvuli omis Tavidan acilebis

Sesaxeb
supersaxelmwifoTagan
moiTxovs
konsultaciebs
birTvuli omis safrTxis gaCenis SemTxvevaSi.
1974
birTvuli iaraRis miwisqveSa

dilebis SezRudvis Seesaxeb
1974
antibalistikuri raketebis Sesaxeb

SeTanxmebis protokoli
1976
1977
1979
gamoc
birTvuli iaraRis miwisqveSa gamocdis

SezRudvis Sesaxeb samSvidobo miznebiT
konvencia samxedro an nebismieri sxva

mtruli miznebiT garemos Semcvleli te
qnikis gamoyenebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb
zRudavs 150 kilotonaze meti wonis birTvuli iaraRis

araregalur gamocdas.
amcirebs antibalistikuri raketebis dasaSveb raode

nobas erT teriroriaze.
afarToebs 1974 wlis SeTanxmebiT gansazRvrul
akrZalvas birTvuli iaraRis miwisqveSa gamocdis Tao
baze; moiTxovs damkvirveblebis daswrebas 150 kilo
tonaze meti wonis iaraRis gamocdisas.
krZalavs iaraRs, romelic planetis ekologiis modi

ficirebis safrTxes qmnis.
Salt II (araratificirebuli)
awesebs strategiuli matareblebis, MIRV-ed raketebis,
grZeldistanciuri bombdamSenis, frTiani raketebis,
kontinentTaSorisi balistikuri raketebis da sxva iara
Ris zRvars; zRudavs iaraRis gamocdas.
1987
birTvuli riskis Semcirebis centrebis

Sesaxeb
orive qveynis dedaqalaqSi qmnis birTvul krizisis

marTvis berketebs.
TariRi
SeTanxmeba
663
ZiriTadi miznebi
1987
saSualo radiusis birTvuli

Zalebis SeTanxmeba
anadgurebs SeerTebul Statebisa da ssrk-s saxmeleTo, sa

Sualo da mokle radiusis birTvul iaraRs evropaSi da rTavs
adgilze inspeqtirebis uflebas
1990
qimiuri iaraRis ganadgurebis

Sesaxeb
bolos uRebs qimiuri iaraRis warmoebas; anaxevrebs qimiuri

iaraRis inventaris raodenobas 1999 wlisaTvis, xolo 2002
wlis bolosaTvis 5 aTas metrul tonamde amcirebs.
1990
molaparakebebi birTvuli gamoc

dis Sesaxeb
axali protokoli aumjobesebs verifikaciis procedurebs.
1991
START (SeTanxmeba strategiuli

iaraRis Semcirebis Sesaxeb)
30%-iT amcirebs strategiuli birTvuli iaraRis arsenals.
1992
START I protokoli
ruseTis, belorusiis, ukrainisa da yazaxeTisagan moiTxovs

strategiuli iaraRis Semcirebas yofili ssrk-s mier STARTiT SeTanxmebuli pirobebis mixedviT.
1992
Ria cis SeTanxmeba
nebas rTavs SeuiaraRebel TviTmfrinavebs dakvirvebis

mizniT ifrinon SeerTebuli Statebis, ruseTisa da maTi mo
kavSireebis Tavze.
1992
erToblivi safrTxis Semcirebis

Sesaxeb
uzrunvelyofs ruseTs mravalgvari mowyobilobebiTa da

daxmarebiT strategiuli matareblebis sistemis usafrTxo
ganadgurebis, birTvuli sabrZolo muxtis transpor
tirebis, birTvuli iaraRis radiaqtiuli narCenebis damarx
visas fizikuri dacvis, sabrZolo muxtis balansirebis da
qimiuri da biologiuri iaraRis ganadgurebisa da mowyobi
lobaTa demontaJisaTvis.
1993
START II
2003 wlisaTvis amcirebs SeerTebul Statebsa da ruseTSi

strategiuli birTvuli qobinebis raodenobas 3000-dan
3500-mde; krZalavs mravaljeradi gamoyenebis saxmeleTo
sistemebs.
Zalze gamdidrebuli uranis

Sesaxeb
amcirebs birTvuli sabrZolo daSlis Sedegad miRebuli

birTvuli sawvavis diversiisa da moparvis risks samTavrobo
Sesyidvebisa da samoqalaqo daniSnulebis reaqtorSi sawva
vad gamoyenebis gziT.
birTvuli sawvavis Semcirebis

Sesaxeb
krZalavs birTvuli sawvavis warmoebas birTvuli iaraRis an

sxva birTvuli afeTqebis mowyobilobebisaTvis.
1995
1997
1997
konversiis Sesaxeb
1997
START III
avaldebulebs SeerTebul Statebs xeli Seuwyos ruseTSi

plutonis mwarmoebeli darCenili sami reaqtoris gadakeTe
bas ise, rom veRar awarmoos iaraRis klasis plutoni; pro
eqtis dasruleba 2000 wlis bolosaTvis iyo navaraudevi,
magram savaraudoa, rom 2002 wlisTvis dasruldeba.
1998 wels moskovis samitze ganaxlebuli xelSekruleba, rom
SeerTebuli Statebi da ruseTi aRar ganadgebs 2000-2500-ze
met strategiul birTvul sabrZolo qobins kontinentTa
Soris balistikur raketebze, wyalqveSa navis balistikur
raketebze da strategiul bombdamSenebze 2007 wlis 31
dekembrisaTvis, START II-is xelSekrulebis ratifikaciis
molodinSi.
664
saerTaSoriso samarTali da garemo: monrealis protokoli

monrealis protokoli, formalurad cnobili, rogorc protokoli
nivTierebebze, romlebic cveTen ozonis safars, aRiarebulia yvelaze mniS
vnelovan ekologiur SeTanxmebad istoriaSi da saerTaSoriso samarTlis
axali epoqis momaswavebel modelad. kibos gamomwvevi ultraiisferi ra
diaciisgan planetis damcavi ozonis sferos eroziam SeaSfoTa msoflio
sazogadoeba. 1986 wels ocdasamma saxelmwifom SeimuSava 1999 wlisaTvis
florofluorokarbonebis (cnobilia CFC saxeliT da farTod gamoiyeneba
avtomobilebis kondicionerebSi) 50 procentiT Semcirebis gegma. 1990 wels
londonSi ganaxlda molaparakeba, romlis mixedviTac 2000 wlisaTvis CFC
srulad unda aRmofxvriliyo. ori wlis Semdeg kopenhagenSi 80-ze meti
qveynis warmomadgenlebi SeTanxmdnen, es vada 1996 wlamde gadmoewiaT da
aekrZalaT ramdenime saziano nivTiereba. 1992 wels aSS-m erTpirovnulad
gamoacxada Tanxmoba monrealis protokolis modifikaciaze.
monrealis protokolis modifikaciis uprecedento masStabebma daamS
vida garemos cvilebiT SeSinebuli bevri adamiani. da mainc, molaparakebis
Sedegebis ganxorcieleba rTuli aRmoCnda. Zalian neli tempebiT mimdin
areobda ganviTarebadi qveynebisa saerTaSoriso subsidireba, raTa maT SeeZ
inaT iseTi teqnologiebi, romelic ar daazianebda ozons. xelSekrulebis
kritika sxvadasxva mxridan gaismoda. zogs xelSekruleba usargeblod mi
aCnda, sxvebs sjerodaT, rom is Zalian cotas cvlida.
da mainc, arsebobda faqtobrivi mtkicebulebebi, rom es mniSvnelovani
saerTaSoriso SeTanxmeba SeiZleba efeqtianad moqmedebdes. 1997 wels
gamoqveynebuli holandiuri kvlevisas erTmaneTs Seadares sam mosalod
nel scenari: pirveli, ar arsebobda araviTari SezRudvebi ozonis fenis
gamanadgurebel qimiur nivTierebebze; meore, xorcieldeboda monrealis 1987
wlis protokolis SeTanxmebebi da mesame, xorcieldeboda ufro mkacri ko
penhagenis SeTanxmebebi. Sedegebi STambeWdavi aRmoCnda. `Tu SeadarebT imas,
ra SeiZleba momxdariyo sxva SemTxvevaSi, dainaxavT saocar warmatebas.~
globaluri daTbobis Sesaxeb molaparakeba (ganxiluli msoflio li

derebis mier kiotoSi, iaponia, 1997 wlis dekemberSi) kargi magaliTia imisa,
raoden Znelia saerTaSoriso ekologiuri samarTlis Camoyalibeba. bevri
mecnieri, maT Soris geofizikosebi da meteorologebi, winaswarmetyvele
ben dedamiwaze globalur daTbobas momaval saukuneSi. msoflio masStabis
globaluri daTbobis efeqti SeiZleba damRupveli iyos, uaryofiTad imo
qmedos msoflio klimatze, gamofitos niadagi da gamoiwvios zRvis donis
mateba, rac daemuqreba bevr sanapiro qveyanas.
globaluri daTbobis umTavresi mizezia naxSirorJangi, romelic war
moiqmneba navTobis, naxSirisa da sxvaTa Sida wvis ZravaSi wvis Sedegad. magram
aSS-Si arsebobs politikuri opozicia nebismier molaparakebaze, romelic
665
xels SeuSlida, SeaCerebda an SezRudavda sawvavis moxmarebas. profkavSirebs

afiqrebs samuSao adgilebis dakargva. mrewvelobis umsxvilesi dargebis
warmomadgenlebi damatebiTi samarTlebrivi SeRavaTebis dawesebas iTxoven.
skeptikosebi kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayeneben kompiuteruli modelirebis gziT
miRebul Sedegebs da eeWvebaT, rom globaluri daTboba saerTod moxdeba.
fiqroben, rom SesaZlebelia misi Sedegebis advilad gadatana.
am sakiTxze msoflioSi mravali gansxvavebuli mosazreba arsebobs. ev
ropis qveynebi ekologiuri standartebis momxreni arian, rac mxardaWeras
ver poulobs aSS kongresSi. karibis zRvisa da wynari okeanis samxreTiT
mdebare qveynebis mcire raodenoba sakuTar Tavs globaluri daTbobisas
yvelaze maRali riskis qveS miiCnevs (magaliTad, zRvis donis mxolod ori
futiT matebasac ki SeuZlia safrTxeSi Caagdos maTi sanapiro biznesi da
daabinZuros wyali). es qveynebi kidev ufro mkacr standartebs lobireben,
vidre evropa. am dros, ganviTarebadma qveynebma, maT Soris CineTma, in
doeTma da braziliam, uari Tqves nebismieri saxis molaparakebaze. navTob
mompovebeli qveynebi, rogoricaa saudis arabeTi, nebismieri saxis momaval
molaparakebas miiCneven ekonomikurad sazianod da agrZeleben maT katego
riul oponirebas.
erT-erTi pirveli umniSvnelovanesi sagareo politikuri gadawyvetile
ba, romelic jorj buSma miiRo, iyo is, rom xels ar moawerda kiotos xelSek
rulebas. am gadawyvetilebam farTo kritika daimsaxura sazRvargareT, qvey
nis SigniT ki sapirispiro reaqcia gamoiwvia. globaluri daTbobis Sesaxeb
xelSekrulebis gaurkveveli Sinaarsi kidev erTi mxarea, raSic is Seiara
Rebis SezRudvis xelSekrulebebs waagavs: maTze mosalaparakeblad mravali
welia saWiro, kidev ufro meti _ maT gansaxorcieleblad da es procesi
yovelTvis politikosebisa da politikis gavlenis qveS aris.
saerTaSoriso samarTlis SezRuduloba

xelSekrulebebi, romelTa mizania omis ukanonod cnoba (magaliTad 1928
wlis brian-kelogis paqti, romlis ratifikaciac sabolood samocdaoTxma
qveyanam moaxdina) da molaparakebebi, romlebic mSvidobisa da saerTaSor
iso urTierTgagebis ganviTarebisaTvis imarTeba (magaliTad gaeros qar
tia), iSviaTad uZleben drois gamocdas an saxelmwifoTa ambiciebs. mezobe
li qveynebis mier xelmowerili yvelaze Tavmdabali `megobrobis~ paqtebic
ki saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi irRveoda.
Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso sistemas aklia sami praqtikuli winapiroba
msoflio samarTlebrivi normebis misaRebad. pirveli, dResdReobiT ar ar
sebobs saerTaSoriso sakanonmdeblo organo, generaluri asambleis garda,
romlis Zalauflebac umniSvneloa. meore, arc erT saerTaSoriso aRmas
rulebel organos ar aqvs ufleba, inicireba moaxdinos da ganaxorcielos
saerTaSoriso samarTali (simbolurad, gaeros generalur mdivans akisria
es movaleoba, magram, am SemTxvevaSic, am organos brZanebebs ar aqvs real
uri Zala). mesame, ar arsebobs saSualeba, aiZulo suverenuli mTavrobebi,
666
uTanxmoebebi gansaxilvelad warudginon saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos an

daemorCilon mis verdiqts.
gadawyvetilebebis ganxorcieleba aris im eri-saxelmwifoebis preroga
tiva, romlebic xSirad am gadawyvetilebebs naxevrad an saerTod ar axor
cieleben. manam, sanam saerTaSoriso samarTals aklia ganWvretadoba da Tan
mimdevruloba, kanonis uzenaesobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli, is mTavrobebis
mxolod darwmunebas Tu SeZlebs, magram ara iZulebisas.
saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo. saerTaSoriso samarTlis moqmedebis araefeq
tianoba naTlad Cans saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos muSaobaSi. saerTaSoriso
sasamarTlo gaurkveveli institutia, romelic ikribeba haagaSi (holandiis
Zvel dedaqalaqSi). igi gaeros qartiaSi Camoyalibebuli eqvsi umTavresi
organodan erT-erTia. saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo aris sruliad kanonierad
dafuZnebuli sasamarTlo organo mosamarTleebiT, proceduruli kanonebi
Ta da tribunaliT, magram yvelaze mniSvnelovania is, rom mas aklia cxadad
dadgenili iurisdiqcia.
saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo erT-erTia dasavleTis samyaros im sasamarTlo
Tagan, romelsac gansaxilveli saqme iSviaTad aqvs. samuSaos nakleboba warmo
Sobilia ara saerTaSoriso uTanxmoebaTa ararsebobiT, aramed uTanxmoebaTa
mimarTebaSi sasamarTlos gaurkveveli iurisdiqciiT. monawile saxelmwifoe
bma unda imoqmedon saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos 36-e muxlis mixedviT, romelic
ambobs:
mocemuli wesdebis xelmomwer qveynebs nebismier dros SeuZliaT ga
moacxadon, rom im qveyanasTan mimarTebaSi, romelic aseve aRiarebs
am valdebulebas, isinic aRiareben savaldebulod sasamarTlos
iurisdiqcias yvela samarTlebriv uTanxmoebaSi, romelic exeba: (1)
xelSekrulebis interpretacias, (2) nebismier kiTxvas saerTaSoriso
samarTalTan dakavSirebiT, (3) nebismieri faqtis arsebobas, romelic
dadasturebis SemTxvevaSi arRvevs saerTaSoriso movaleobas.
sxva sityvebiT, mTavrobebi kanoniT movaleni arian daemorCilon sa

samarTlos gadawyvetilebas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT micemuli aqvT
Tanxmoba sasamarTlos mier saqmis ganxilvaze. maT SeuZliaT winaswar gaa
keTon deklaracia sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis miRebis Sesaxeb, rogorc
maT 36-e muxli mouwodebs an daemorCilon mas garkveuli pirobebis gaTval
iswinebiT.
saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos arsebobis pirveli oci wlis ganmavlobaSi
42-ma mTavrobam gamoTqva survili, damorCileboda sasamarTlos savaldebulo iurisdiqcias. es kanonze dafuZnebuli msoflio wesrigis mimarTule
biT win gadadgmul nabijad iyo aRqmuli. Tumca, saerTaSoriso saqmeebSi, is
eve, rogorc zogadad cxovrebaSi, yvelaferi ise araa, rogorc Cans. am mxriv
sainteresoa amerikis damokidebuleba 36-e muxlis mimarT. aSS-sgan, moelo
dnen, rom is ufro medgrad ibrZolebda saerTaSoriso samarTlis pativis
cemaze dafuZnebuli stabiluri da mowesrigebuli samyarosaTvis, magram
667
aSS-s 1946 wlis 14 agvistos deklaracia, rom amerika Tanxmobas acxadebda

saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos savaldebulo iurisdiqciaze, sinamdvileSi
diplomatiuri xriki iyo. is acxadebda:
deklaracia ar gamoiyeneba, roca saqme exeba: a) uTanxmoebebs, romlTa
gadaWrasac mxareebi andoben sxva tribunals ukve arsebuli molapara
kebebis safuZvelze an romelTa gadaWrac SesaZlebelia momavalSi; b)
im uTanxmoebebs, romlebic exeba arsebiTad aSS-is saSinao iurisdiqci
aSi arsebul sakiTxebs, radgan mas Tavad amerika gadawyvets; g) uTanx
moebebs, romlebic Tavs iCens mravalmxrivi xelSekrulebebidan garda
im SemTxvevebisa, Tu (1) SeTanxmebis yvela monawile mxare, romlebzec
gavlenas axdens gadawyvetileba, aris saerTaSoriso sasamarTloSi
ganxilvis mxare an (2) aSS-i eTanxmeba iurisdiqcias.
es niSnavs, rom aSS daTanxmdeba sasamarTlos savaldebulo iurisdiqcias

mxolod misTvis sasurvel SemTxvevaSi da ara avtomaturad. aSS-is Tanxmoba
savaldebulo iurisdiqciaze ar iyo unikaluri. Tanamedrove samyaros arc
erTi mTavroba ar daTanxmebula upirobod damorCileboda saerTaSoriso
sasamarTlos.
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo. vinmem SeiZ
leba ifiqros, rom Tu aSS an sxva romelime saxelmwifo itvirTavda lidero
bas saerTaSoriso sasamarTlosTan gonieri urTierTobis damyarebis saqme
Si, SesaZloa, sxva qveynebic mihyolodnen maT kvals. ram unda SeuSalos xeli
aSS-s da, vTqvaT, did britaneTs, raTa maT dadon piroba, rom momavalSi maT
Soris uTanxmoebaTa gadawyvetas msoflio sasamarTlos andobdnen? yovel
SemTxvevaSi, garegnulad mainc arafers SeeZlo daebrkolebina qveynebs So
ris aseTi xelSekrulebis dadeba. Tumca, es SesaZlebelic rom yofiliyo,
ratom iqneboda saWiro? erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi aSS-sa da britaneTs
Zalian mcire uTanxmoeba Tu hqoniaT, romelic xangrZliv molaparakebas
saWiroebda; nebismieri uTanxmoeba momavalSic mcire da umniSvnelo iqneba,
axlo mokavSireebSi iSviaTia azrTa sxvadasxvaoba, romelsac sasamarTlo
garCeva dasWirdeba. cxadia, savaldebulo iurisdiqciis efeqtianoba ver
gaizomeba, roca or mTavrobas esoden megobrul urTierToba aqvs erTmaneT
Tan. nebismieri uTanxmoeba, romlis gamosworebac SeuZlebelia Cveulebrivi
diplomatiis gziT, isedac gadaecema gasarCevad saerTaSoriso tribunals.
saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos sargebloanoba gamoicada 1980-ian wlebSi,
nikaraguis yofil marqsistul reJimsa da reiganis administracias Soris
warmoSobili dapirispirebisas. 1985 wels aRiZra saqme saerTaSoriso sa
samarTloSi aSS-is winaaRmdeg. is daadanaSaules sazRvris danaRmvasa da
ajanyebulTa mxardaWeraSi. saxelmwifo departamentma gamoacxada, rom aSSis mTavroba process boikots ucxadebda da uars ambobda nikaraguis mTav
robasTan molaparakebebze. prezidentma reiganma es qmedeba imiT gaamarTla,
rom nikaragua sasamarTlos politikuri da propagandistuli miznebisaT
vis iyenebda. 1986 wlis ivnisSi sasamarTlom aSS-is gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni
668
gamoitana. nikaraguis iniciativiT gaeros usafrTxoebis sabWom kenWi uyara

sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis mxardaWeris sakiTxs. kenWisyra aSS-is sawi
naaRmdegod dasrulda: 11 xma 1-is winaaRmdeg (didma britaneTma, safrangeT
ma da tailandma Tavi Seikaves, aSS-m vetos ufleba gamoiyena). samwuxarod,
rogorc es winaaRmdegobebiT savse saqme gviCvenebs, savaldebulo iuiris
diqciasTan dakavSirebuli problema, iseve, rogorc zogadad saerTaSoriso
samarTali, yvelaze naklebefeqtiani iq, sadac yvelaze metad saWiroa.
1998 wlis TebervalSi saerTaSoriso sasamarTlom mniSvnelovan saqmeSi
kidev erTxel gamoitana ganaCeni aSS-is winaaRmdeg. amjerad saqme exeboda
uTanxmoebas, romelmac Tavi iCina 1988 wels loqerbi (Sotlandia) Tavze `pan
amerikis~ aviaxazebis 103-e reisis TviTmfrinavis teroristul afeTqebas
Tan dakavSirebiT. am dros 259 adamiani daiRupa (plus 11 adamiani miwaze). aSS
da didi britaneTi intensiurad ibrZodnen libiisaTvis gaeros sanqciebis
dasaweseblad, mas mere, rac libiis mTavrobam uari Tqva teroristul aqtSi
eWvmitanili ori libieli nacionalistis eqstradiciaze. sanqciebi dawesda
1992 wels da agrZelebda moqmedebas. libiis mTavrobam saqme gansaxilve
lad saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos warudgina, magram aSS irwmuneboda, rom
sasamarTlos ar hqonda am saqmeSi iurisdiqcia. es proceduruli sakiTxi
mosamarTleebma sabolood gadawyvites 1998 wels.
am saqmeSi politikuri da samarTlebrivi manevrireba erTadroulad mim
dinareobda. aSS zewolas axdenda libiaze, raTa mas gadaeca eWvmitanilebi
haagisaTvis, oRond ara saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos, aramed Sotlandiuri
sasamrTlos iurisdiqciaSi. 1998 wlis bolos libia daTanxmda aSS-is SeTava
zebas da 1999 wels gadasca eWvmitanilebi gaeros. sajaro sasamarTlo pro
cesi gaimarTa 2000 wels, xolo 2001 wlis ianvarSi erT-erTi libieli (libi
is dazvervis yofili agenti), romelsac brali edeboda loqerbis masobriv
mkvlelobebSi, damnaSaved cnes Sotlandielma mosamarTleebma da 20 wliani
patimroba miusajes. meore eWvmitanili gaamarTles da libiaSi dabrunebis
ufleba misces.
am ganaCeniT saqme ar daxurula da arc aSS daTanxmebula libiisaTvis
gaeros sanqciebis Sewyvetas. Tumca, am SemTxveviT Semzadda niadagi libiisa
da dasavleTis (kerZod, aSS-is) xelaxali daaxloebisaTvis.
saerTaSoriso samarTlis Sefaseba

suverenuli saxelmwifoebi saerTaSoriso samarTlis uyoymanod aRiare
baze maRla saxelmwifo interesebs ayeneben. ra Tqma unda, am TvalsazrisiT
erebi gansxvavdebian _ zogi saerTaSoriso samarTlis wesebs iSviaTad ar
Rvevs, sxvebs, SeiZleba, saerTod ar anaRvlebdeT es wesebi da maT mxolod
mizanSewonilobis, mogebis TvalsazrisiT emorCilebodnen. nebismier SemTx
vevaSi, faqti, rom qveynebi arian samarTlis ZaliT SeboWilni, niSnavs, rom
saerTaSoriso samarTals isini daemorCilebian mxolod maSin, roca amgvari
qceva qveynis interesebSi Sedis. sxva sityvebiT, saerTaSoriso samarTlis mor
Cileba da pativiscema, sabolood, saxelmwifo intereszea damokidebuli.
669
aris Tu ara aqedan gamomdinare, samarTlis principebi, umniSvnelo saer

TaSoriso politikaSi? saqme ase calsaxad araa; saerTaSoriso samarTals
didi mniSvneloba aqvs mTavrobebisa da mmarTvelebis qmedebaTa gagebisa
da SefasebisaTvis. xandaxan SesaZlebelia mTavrobaTa dasja (magaliTad,
sanqciebis gziT, rogorc erayis, iranis, CrdiloeT koreisa da bevri sxva
damoukidebeli saxelmwifos SemTxvevaSi). mmarTvelebi aseve SesaZlebelia
daisajon, magaliTad, yofili iugoslaviis prezidenti slobodan miloS
eviCi saerTaSoriso tribunalis winaSe warsdga 2002 wels.
saerTaSoriso politikuri cxovrebis pirveli principia erovnuli
TviTgadarCena. saerTaSoriso samarTali warmatebulia maSin, roca is em
saxureba gansakuTrebiT Zlevamosili saxelmwifoebis erovnul interesebs.
aseT dros saerTaSoriso samarTlis meqanizmi (rogorc wesi, saerTaSoriso
sasamarTlo) iwyebs moqmedebas. Tumca, wamyvan Zalebs mainc urCevniaT gamo
savlis miRwevis tradiciuli da samxedro saSualebebi (sadac Sedegs ufro
kargad akontroleben), vidre sasamarTlo saSualebebi (sadac Sedegze kon
trols gadascemen im mosamarTleebs, romelTa erTguleba garantirebuli
araa). albaT, movida imis dro, rom saerTaSoriso samarTlis roli da saer
TaSoriso sasamarTlos prestiJi gaizardos.
mudmivi swrafva mSvidobisken

2001 wels gaerom da misma generalurma mdivanma kofi ananma miiRes no
belis mSvidobis premia, radgan isini iRvwodnen mSvidobiani msoflios Ses
aqmnelad. es iyo msoflio istoriaSi yvelaze warmatebuli saerTaSoriso
organizaciis aRiareba. SesaZlebelia, gaeros amgvari sityvebiT daxasiaTeba
bevris mTqmelia Tavad samyaroze (da msoflios istoriaze). sinamdvileSi,
gaeros miRwevebi iyo mcire, magram arc sul mTlad umniSvnelo.
1945 wlis Semdeg SedarebiT stabiluri wesrigs ZalTa balansis poli
tika da birTvuli Sekaveba amyarebda, xolo civi omis dasasrulma warmoSva
ara mxolod wesrigis damyarebis axali gzebi, aramed axali safrTxeebi da
arastabilurobis wyaroebic. jer kidev ucnobia, SeZlebs Tu ara qaosis
mudmivi Zalebis dabalansebas axali saerTaSoriso organizaciebis gaCena
da Zvelebis ganviTareba.
saerTaSoriso samarTali da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi ver Secvlis
diplomatiasa da oms (an mis safrTxes), rogorc saSualebebs, romelTa meS
veobiTac eri-saxelmwiofoebi agvareben uTanxmoebaTa umravlesobas. ar
unda velodeT, rom saerTaSoriso samarTlis pativiscema an xelSekrule
baTa xelSeuxebloba moimatebs imdenad, rom Zala aRar iyos omis SeCerebis
an SezRudvis mTavari saSualeba.
saerTaSoriso organizaciebs SeuZliaT dagvexmaron konfliqtebis mar
Tvis uzarmazari davalebis SesrulebaSi, Tumca, isini ver gadaWrian yvela
konfliqts yvelgan. mowesrigebuli msoflio naklebad iqneboda ganwyobili
omisaTvis. SesaZloa, is yvela gagebiT ukeTesi samyaro yofiliyo. asec rom
iyos, logikuri Secdoma iqneboda imis Tqma, rom vinaidan omi wesrigis ararse
670
bobaa, amitom wesrigis arseboba avtomaturad niSnavs omis ararsebobas.

faqtobrivad, ar arsebobs swrafi warmateba. arc erT calkeul faqts an
movlenas, misi mniSvnelobis miuxedavad, ar SeuZlia gaxdes iseTi msofli
os winapiroba, sadac aRar iqneba omi. ideologiuri mtrobis dasruleba
msoflios umsxviles da uZlieres saxelmwifoebs Soris mniSvnelovani win
gadadgmuli nabijia ufro usafrTxo da janmrTeli msofliosaken. magram
es, samwuxarod, ar aris maradiuli mSvidobis garantia.
amrigad, Zieba grZeldeba. imis miuxedavad, rom mSvidoba rCeba miuRw
eveli, omis Tavidan acilebis saWiroeba, gansakuTrebiT umsxvilesi omebisa
masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis gamoyenebiT, imdenad aucilebelia, rom
adamianebi gamudmebiT eZeben konfliqtebis mogvarebis gzebs. aris Tu ara
konfliqtis marTva sakmarisi? unda vecadoT Tu ara konfliqtis srul aR
mofxvras? naTqvamia, rom politika aris SesaZleblobebis xelovneba. Tumca,
konfliqtebTan ufro warmatebiT gamklavebis gzebis monaxva dRes msofli
os Zalian sWirdeba.
daskvna
ra wvlili miuZRvis saerTaSoriso organizaciebsa da saerTaSoriso
samarTals mSvidobiani samyaros SenebaSi? vaWrobaze, mogzaurobasa da yve
la saxis mimosvlaze saxelmwifo barierebis Semcireba aisaxa Tanamedrove
msoflioSi arasamTavrobo aqtorebis zrdaSi, maT Sorisaa multinacio
naluri korporaciebi, saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizaciebi da saer
TaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebi. mravalerovnulma ekonomikurma
SeTanxmebebma da samxedro kavSirebma aseve gaaZlieres regionuli da saer
TaSoriso urTierTdamokidebuleba.
miuxedavad amisa, saerTaSoriso organizaciebisa da saerTaSoriso Se
Tanxmebebis es STambeWdavi qseli Tavisufali ar aris saxelmwifo SuRl
isagan. mravalmxrivma saerTaSoriso organizaciebma daamtkices TavianTi
dadebiTi roli saerTaSoriso arenaze xangrZlivi mSvidobisa da stabilu
robis uzrunvelyofaSi. meoce saukuneSi erTa liga daiSala dapirispire
buli erovnuli interesebis gamo. civi omis ganmavlobaSi gaero mraval
dabrkolebas gadaawyda, Tumca warmatebasac miaRwia, rogorc mSvidobis
SenarCunebis institutma. muSaoba mSvidobis SenarCunebis sferoSi gaizar
da civi omisSemdgom samyaroSi. am periodSi Sedga gaeros egidiT koleqti
uri samxedro aqcia erayis winaaRmdeg.
saerTaSoriso samarTali aregulirebs da aiolebs urTierTobebs da
moukidebel saxelmwifoebs Soris, romelTa urTierToba sxva mxriv Sei
Zleba qaosuri iyos. rogorc gaeros, saerTaSoriso samarTalsac, zogadad,
araTanmimdevruli istoria aqvs. saerTaSorso samarTlis Tanamedrove mag
aliTebia Jenevisa da haagis konvenciebi, romlebmac gansazRvres omis we
sebi da daadgines SeiaraRebis SemzRudveli mravalmxrivi xelSekrulebebi.
saerTaSoriso ekologiuri molaparakebebi saerTaSoriso samarTlis sul
ufro metad mniSvnelovani nawili xdeba. saerTaSoriso samarTlis SezRud
671
vebi aSkara xdeba im siZneleebis ganxilvisas, romlebsac saerTaSoriso sa

samarTlo awydeba. gaerosa da saerTaSoriso samarTlis sisustes ganapiro
bebs is, rom maT ar SeswevT unari gadawonon erovnuli interesebi.
sakvanZo sityvebi
funqcionalizm funqcionalistebi
urTierTdamokidebuleba
arasaxelmwifo aqtorebi
multinacionaluri korporaciea
saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo orga
nizaciebi (INGO)
saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizaciebi (IGO)
britaneTis Tanamegobroba
msoflio savaWro organizacia (WTO)
CrdiloeT amerikis Tavisufali
vaWrobis SeTanxmeba (NAFTA)
evrokavSiri (EU)
erTa liga
koleqtiuri usafrTxoeba
saSinao iurisdiqcia
Jenevis konvencia
haagis konvencia
strategiuli SeiaraRebis
Semcirebis xelSekruleba II
(START II)
antarqtidis SeTanxmeba
kosmosis SeTanxmeba
birTvuli iaraRis gauvrcele
blobis SeTanxmeba
zRvis fskeris SeTanxmeba
konvencia biologiuri iara
Ris Sesaxeb
konvencia qimiuri iaraRis
Sesaxeb
saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo
savaldebulo iurisdiqcia
1. gansazRvreT arasamTavrobo faqtorebi saerTaSoriso politikaSi. ra
gavlena aqvs mas saerTaSoriso sistemaze?
2. ram ganapiroba gaeros daarseba? riT gansxvavdeba igi erTa ligisagan?
3. ras akeTebs gaeros uSiSroebis sabWo da rogor iRebs is gadawyvetile
bebs?
4. sad gamoiyenes gaeros samSvidobo operaciebi yvelaze metad 1990-ian wle
bamde? rogor Seicvala saerTaSoriso mSvidobis SenarCunebis konteqsti
civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg? CamoTvaleT adgilmdebareoba sami an oTxi
yvelaze ambiciuri samSvidobo misiisa bolo wlebSi.
5. asrulebs Tu ara saerTaSoriso samarTali pozitiur rols Tanamedrove
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
6. ra SezRudvebi aqvs saerTaSoriso samarTals?
7. ramdenad efeqtianad funqcionirebs saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo?
8. risi gakeTeba aris SesaZlebeli msoflio politikaSi saerTaSoriso
samarTlis rolis gazrdisaTvis?
9. aniWebs Tu ara msoflio politikis tendenciebi upiratesobas saerTa
Soriso sasamarTlos? ufro farTo rols aniWebs mas, Tu ufro mcires?
672
SeniSvnebi:
1. Charles W. Kegley, Jr., and Eugene Wittkopf, American Foreign Policy: Pattern and
Process, me-2 gamoc., (New York: St. Martins Press, 1987), 149-150.
2. pirveli citata aris Joan Edelman Spero-s naSromSi The Politics of Economic
Relations, me-4 gamoc., (New York: St. Martins Press, 1991), 104. meore ki Bruce
Kogut-is Foreign Policy (Spring 1998): 7; online at www.findarticles.com/cf_dls/
m1181/n110/20492572/.
3. rogorc gaeros World Investment Report-Si aris naTqvami. reziumesaTvis ix.
Francis Williams, `Global Business: A Fact of Life _ UNCTADs World Investment
Report Assesses the Role of Multinationals, Financial Times, August 31, 1994, 4.
4. Lester Brown, et al., Vital Signs: The Trends That Are Shaping Our Future (New
York: Norton, 1993), 74.
5. Charles W. Kegley, Jr., and Eugene Wittkoph, World Politics: Trend and Transformation, me-6 gamoc., (New York: St. Martins Press, 1997), 129.
6. Kogut, Foreign Policy, 1; online reprint at findarticles.com
7. Joan Edelman Spero, The Politics of Economic Relations, 112-113.
8. George Modelski, ed., Transnational Corporations and World Order (New York:
Freeman, 1979),3.
9. Kegley and Wittkopf axdenen IGO-ebis klasifikacias wevrobis moculobisa
da miznebis raodenobis mixedviT. aq mocemulia maTze miTiTeba. ix. Kegley
and Wittkopf, World Politics, 144-148.
10. Harold K. Jacobson, Networks of Interdependence: International Organization and
the Global Political System (New York: Knopf, 1979).
11. citirebuli Inis L. Claude, Jr., Power and International Relations-Si (New York:
Random House, 1962), 97.
12. Margaret Karns, `Maintaining International Peace and Security: UN Peacekeeping
and Peacemaking, in World Security: Challenges for a New Century, me-4 gamoc.,
red. Michael Klare da Daniel Thomas (New York: St. Martins Press, 1994), 199.
Cveni msjeloba gaeros rolis Sesaxeb civi omis Semdeg eTanxmeba karnesas
da Cven valSi varT misi naSromis winaSe.
13. Karns, Maintaining International Peace, 206.
14. Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace,
me-5 gamoc., (New York, Knopf, 1978), 281.
15. Lassa Francis Oppenheim, International Law: A Treatise, nawili 1, me-2 gamoc.,
(London: Longman, 1912), 281.
16. Kegley, Jr., and Wittkopf, World Politics, 472.
17. es citata gadmotanilia Associated Press-dan, Semdegi statiis mixedviT
Henry Slapper, Guus J. M. Velders, John S. Daniel, Frank R. de Gruijl, and Jan C.
van der Leun, Èstimates of Ozone Deplation and Skin Cancer Incidence to Examine
the Vienna Convention Achievements, Nature 384 (November 1996): 256-258.
673
sityvari:
adamianis buneba adamianTa saerTo niSnebi, romlebic gansazRvravs maT
reaqciebs garemosa da sxva adamianebis mimarT.
adamianis uflebaTa deklaracia 1789 wlis agvistoSi safrangeTis erovnuli
asambleis mier miRebuli es mokle manifesti Seiqmna rogorc
preambula mogvianebiT dasaweri liberalur-demokratiuli
konstituciisa; man suverenuli Zalaufleba ers mianiWa,
magram SezRuda igi sicocxlis, sakuTrebis da usafrTxoebis
individualuri uflebebiT.
administraciuli decentralizacia marTvis kompetenciebis gadacema
centraluri
xelisuflebisgan
adgilobrivi
biu
rokratiisTvis.
avtokratia erTi mmarTvelis SeuzRudavi politikuri Zalaufleba.
avtoritarizmi am terminiT xasiaTdeba saxelmwifoebi, sadac mTeli
legitimuri
Zalaufleba
koncentrirebulia
erTi
pirovnebis (diqtatoris) an mcire jgufis (oligarqiis)
xelSi,
individualuri
uflebebi
saxelmwifos
nebasurvils eqvemdebareba, xolo politikuri Zalauflebis
SesanarCuneblad yvela SesaZlo saSualeba gamoiyeneba.
avtoriteti xelisuflebis unari, sazogadoebis wevrTa morCileba
daimsaxuros.
aziuri gripi termini, romliTac aRniSnaven 1997 wlis areulobas aziis
safondo birjebze, finansur institutebsa da ekonomikebSi.
amerikis revolucia (1775-83) am epoqalurma movlenam, romelsac agreTve
`damoukideblobisTvis oms~ an `revoluciur oms~ uwodeben,
bolo mouRo amerikis camet koloniaze didi britaneTis
batonobas da 1787-89 wlebSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
Seqmnas daudo safuZveli; mas Cveulebriv 1776 wels
damoukideblobis deklaraciis miRebiT aTariReben.
amerikuli konservatizmi politikuri midgoma aSS-Si, romelic sxva
RirebulebebTan
SedarebiT
upiratesobas
ekonomikur
keTildReobas, usafrTxoebas da tradicias aniWebs.
amerikuli liberalizmi politikuri midgoma aSS-Si, romelic sxva
RirebulebebTan SedarebiT upiratesobas individualizms,
Tanasworobas da samoqalaqo uflebebs aniWebs.
anarqizmi doqtrina, romelic principulad ewinaaRmdegeba nebismieri saxis
xelisuflebis arsebobas da xSirad ukanono da Zaladobrivi
meTodebiT ebrZvis mas.
angariSsworeba (retribution) damnaSaveTa dasja imis safuZelze, rom maT
boroteba Caidines da tanjvas imsaxureben.
antarqtidis SeTanxmeba saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba, romelic karZalavs
yovelgvar samxedro saqmianobas antarqtidis kontinentze
da uSvebs iq nebismieri qveynis mier ganxorcielebul
674
RonisZiebaTa inspeqtirebas. is agreTve auqmebs nebismieri
qveynis teritoriul pretenziebs antarqtidis mimarT da
xelmomwer mxareebs avaldebulebs mSvidobian TanamSromlobas
kvlevebis sferoSi.
antisaxelmwifoebrivi terorizmi terorizmi, mimarTuli xelisuflebis da
saxelmwifo institutebis winaaRmdeg.
arakonvenciuri monawileoba politikuri aqtivobis formebi, romlebic
kanons ar ewinaaRmdegeba, magram moqalaqeTa umravlesobis
mxridan gakicxvas imsaxurebs.
arasamarTlebrivi monawileoba politikuri saqmianoba, romelic
winaaRmdegobaSi modis saxelmwifos kanonebTan.
arasaxelmwifo aqtorebi eri-saxelmwifoebisgan gansxavebuli moqmedi pirebi,
rogoricaa multinacionaluri korporaciebi, arasamTavrobo
organizaciebi, saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebi,
romlebic
garkveul
rols
TamaSoben
saerTaSoriso
politikaSi.
araZaladobrivi winaaRmdegoba konfrontaciisa da protestis araZaladobrivi
forma; mas xandaxan `samoqalaqo daumorCileblobasac~
uwodeben.
asi yvavilis kampania mokle periodi CineTis istoriaSi (1956 w.), rodesac
mao Ze-dunma gasaqani misca gamoxatvis Tavisuflebasa da
individualizms. es politika Seicvala reJimis mimarT
gaxSirebuli kritikis pasuxad.
askriptiuli sazogadoeba sazogadoeba, romelSic individs statusi da
mdgomareoba ganesazRvreba misi religiiT, sqesiT, asakiT an
sxva msgavsi niSniT.
axali industriuli qveynebi qveynebi, romlebmac bolo aTwleulebSi miaRwies
ekonomikis ayvavebas, industriis saeqsporto dargebis
ganviTarebas da saSualo klasis swraf zrdas: magaliTad,
samxreT korea, taivani, singapuri, tailandi.
balfuris deklaracia ase ewoda britaneTis sagareo saqmeTa ministris
pativsacemad, romelmac 1947 wels gamoacxada, rom `britaneTi
mxars uWers palestinaSi ebraeli xalxisTvis erovnuli saxlis
dafuZnebas~ da ikisra valdebuleba, rom `xels Seuwyobs am
miznis miRwevas im pirobiT, rom araferi unda gakeTdes iseTi,
rac Selaxavs palestinis arsebuli ara-ebrauli Temebis
samoqalaqo da religiur uflebebs an romelime sxva qveyanaSi
mcxovreb ebraelTa uflebebs da politikur statuss~.
bastilia safrangeTis revoluciis dros (1789) es iyo parizis avadsaxsenebeli
samefo sapyrobile; 1789 wlis 14 ivliss bastiliaze xalxis
ieriSma da tusaRTa gaTavisuflebam mZime dartyma miayena
monarqias da safrangeTis istoriaSi mTeli epoqis aRsasrulis
simbolod iqca. mogvianebiT revolucionerebi giliotiniT
gauswordnen TviT burbonTa samefo dinastias, kerZod mefe
lui XVI-s da mis eqstravagantul meuRles, dedofal maria
antuanetas.
675
bikameralizmi ix. orpalatiani sistema.
bipolaruli sistema ix. orpolusiani sistema.
birTvuli iaraRis gauvrceleblobis SeTanxmeba 1968 wels Seqmnili
saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba, romlis mizania Seaferxos
birTvuli iaraRis armqone erebis mier aseTi iaraRis mopoveba.
mas ar SeuerTdnen safrangeTi, CineTi da sxva qveynebi,
romlebic aqtiurad cdilobdnen birTvuli iaraRis xelSi
Cagdebas.
birTvuli monopolia mas adgili aqvs, roca dapirispirebaSi myofi ori
qveynidan erTs birTvuli iaraRis gamoyenebis realuri
SesaZlebloba aqvs; meore msoflio omis Semdeg SeerTebuli
Statebi daaxloebiT aTi wlis manZlze inarCunebdnen birTvul
monopolias.
biujetis deficiti centraluri xelisuflebis mier wlis ganmavlobaSi
imaze metis daxarjva, vidre is Semosavlebis saxiT iRebs.
wlebis ganmavlobaSi es deficiti saxelmwifo valad iqceva
da mniSvnelovani xangrZlivvadiani gavlena aqvT qveynis
ekonomikis sijansaResa da keTildReobaze (ix. agreTve
erovnuli vali).
bihevioralistebi am mimdinareobis momxreebi politikis Seswavlisas qcevas
ZiriTadad faqtebze dayrdnobiT afaseben.
bihevioristuli fsiqologia fsiqologiis skola, romlis Tanaxmadac
adamianTa da cxovelTa qcevas garemodan an sxva adamianebisgan
miRebuli
stimulebi
(gamRizianeblebi)
gansazRvravs;
Sesabamisad, SesaZlebelia adamianTa da cxovelTa qceviT
manipulireba, Tu sasurvel qcevas pozitiur stimulebs
SevuTanadebT, xolo arasasurvels negatiurs.
bihevioraluri inJineria waxalisebisa da sasjelis kargad daprogramebuli
gamoyeneba individsa Tu cxovelSi qcevis sasurveli wesebis
dasamkvidreblad.
breidis kanoni prezident ronal reiganis pirveli pres-mdivnis jeims
breidis saxeliT cnobili kanoni (ZalaSi Sevida 1994 wels),
romelic iaraRis yidvisas xuTdRian mosacdel vadas awesebs;
misi mizania, dro misces samarTaldacvis organoebs, gaarkvion,
myidveli nasamarTlevi xom ar aris. (breidi mZimed daiWra
1981 wels prezident reiganze ganxorcielebuli Tavdasxmis
dros).
britaneTis Tanamegobroba TvalsaCino magaliTi preferenciuli savaWro
SeTanxmebisa, rodesac ramdenime saxelmwifo Tanxmdeba,
erTmaneTs eqskluziuri savaWro upiratesobebi mianiWos.
moicavs did britaneTs da misi yofili koloniebis
umravlesobas.
britaneTis raji britaneTis koloniuri mmarTveloba aziis subkontinentze
me-18 saukunidan 1947 wlamde, rodesac indoeTma da pakistanma
damoukidebloba moipoves.
676
bundesrati zeda palata germanul federalur sistemaSi. mis wevrebs,
romelTac uSualod niSnaven qveynis miwebi (Lnder), ZiriTadad
araformaluri gavlena aqvT sakanonmdeblo procesze.
bundestagi qveda palata germanul federalur sistemaSi, romelsac wamyvani
roli aqvs qveynis sakanonmdeblo saqmianobaSi.
bunebiTi mdgomareoba adamianTa cxovrebis wesi manamde, sanam Seiqmneboda
qcevis socialuri kodeqsebi da normaluri adamianuri qcevis
kontrolis koleqtiuri teqnikebi.
burJuazia marqsistul ideologiaSi, kapitalistTa klasi.
`gamarjvebuls yvelaferi miaqvs~ (winner-takes-all) saarCevno sistema,
romelSic imarjvebs kandidati, vinc yvelaze met xmas iRebs.
gamoCenili liderebi individebi, visac gansakuTrebuli politikuri sibrZnisa
da unarebis meSveobiT Tavisi qveynebi gansakuTrebuli
gansacdelidan gamoyavs.
ganviTarebadi qveynebi qveynebi, sadac ar aris uzrunvelyofili politikuri
Zalauflebis gadacemis meqanizmebi, saxelmwifos mxridan
servisebi da piradi usafrTxoeba.
ganmeorebadi gamokiTxvebi (tracking polls) amomrCevelTa erTsa da imave
SerCevasTan ramdenjerme Catarebuli gamokiTxvebi, romelTa
mizania droSi cvalebadi ganwyobebis dinamikis Seswavla.
gancalkevebuli kunZulebi ojaxi, eklesia Tu sxva socialuri organizacia,
romlis SigniTac SeiZleba SenarCundes Sida winaaRmdegoba
gabatonebuli totalitaruli reJimis winaaRmdeg.
garantirebuli urTierTgandgureba CixSi Sesuli dapirispireba birTvuli
SeiaraRebis
sferoSi,
rodesac
orive
mowinaaRmdege
saxelmwifom icis, rom Tu erT-erTi oms wamoiwyebs, Tavdasxmis
obieqts gancdili moulodneli birTvuli Setevis miuxedavad
mainc darCeba sapasuxo, `meore dartymis~ sakmarisi unari, rom
agresors miuReblad mZime ziani miayenos. civi omis dros amas
eyrdnoboda or zesaxelmwifos Soris stabiluri strategiuli
urTierToba.
gaorebuli aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba (dual executive) saparlamento
sistemebSi miRebuli funqciebis ganawileba or pirovnebas
saxelmwifos meTaursa da umaRles aRmasrulebel Tanamdebobis
pirs Soris. ukanasknelis rols premier-ministri asrulebs,
xolo saxelmwifos ceremoniul meTaurad romelime sxva
arCeuli piri (prezidenti) an monarqi gvevlineba.
gaucxoeba ubralo moqalaqeebis ganwyoba, rom politikuri monawileobis
normalur formebs Sedegi ar moaqvs an rom maT ar eZlevaT
politikur procesebSi qmediTi monawileobis SesaZlebloba.
gayofili aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba (divided executive) viTareba
safrangeTis xelisuflebaSi, rodesac prezidenti da pre
mier-ministri xSirad sxvadasxva partiebsa Tu politikur
msoflmxedvelobebs warmoadgenen.
gawveva pirdapiri kenWisyra arCeuli Tanamdebobis piris gadasayeneblad.
677
genderuli gansvla es termini gamoiyeneba SeerTebul StatebSi qalebisa
da mamakacebis saarCevno qcevebs Soris gansxvavebaTa
dasaxasiaTeblad.
gansxvaveba
yvelaze
TvalsaCinoa
im
politikur
problemebTan
mimarTebaSi,
romlebic
xelisuflebis mier Zalis gamoyenebis marTebulobas exeba.
generaluri Statebi (Estates-General) safrangeTis sakanonmdeblo organo
1789 wlamde, romelSic warmodgenili iyo sami wodeba
samRvdeloeba, Tavadaznauroba da ubralo xalxi.
gestapo nacistur germaniaSi ase erqva saidumlo saxelmwifo policias
hitleris instruments, romelsac is ebraelTa da politikur
oponentTa masobrivi teroris gasatareblad iyenebda.
glastnosti sityva-sityvtiT niSnavs `Riaobas~; es termini aRniSnavs sabWoTa
kavSirSi mixeil gorbaCovis mier cenzuris Sekvecas da
politikuri debatebisa da gansxvavebuli azrisTvis asparezis
Seqmnas.
glastnostis pirveladobis modeli ganviTarebis Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac
liberaluri politikuri reformebi win unda uswrebdes
ekonomikur reformebs.
globalizacia procesi, ris Sedegadac teqnologiurad yvelaze gan
viTarebuli demokratiebis Rirebulebebi, ganwyobebi, da
mokidebulebebi da produqtebi mTel msoflioSi vrceldeba
mas-mediisa da vaWrobis meSveobiT.
gomindani CineTis nacionalisturi partia Can kai-Sis liderobiT. 1949 wels
daamarcxa mao Ze-dunma.
gradualizmi rwmena, rom mniSvnelovani sazogadoebrivi cvlilebebi unda
ganxorcieldes TandaTanobiT, reformebis gziT, da ara
erTbaSad, revoluciuri wesiT.
gulagis arqipelagi metaforuli saxeli, riTac cnobilia yofil sabWoTa
kavSirSi ioseb stalinis mier Seqmnili da saidumlo policiis
mier marTuli monuri Sromis banakebi, sadac gansxvavebulad
moazrovne da politikurad arasasurvel pirebs agzavnidnen.
damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba (dsT) sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis
Semdeg Semqnili axlad suverenuli qveynebis susti federacia.
masSi Sevida TiTqmis yvela respublika, manamde ssrk nawili
rom iyo.
danaSauli kacobriobis winaaRmdeg danaSaulis kategoria, romelic pirve
lad niurgbergSi nacisti samxedro damnaSaveebis gasamarTle
bisas gamoiyenes; mieyeneba milionobiT udanaSaulo moqalaqis ganurCevlad ganadgurebis SemTxvevebs.
danaSauli mSvidobis winaaRmdeg samxedro damnaSaveTa niurbergis
sasamarTloze gamoyenebuli kategoria, romelic mieyeneba
saerTaSoriso mSvidobis darRvevas gaumarTlebeli, agresiuli
omiT.
daqvemdebarebis Teoria mis mixedviT ganviTarebadi qveynebi Raribi da
mdidar erebze damokidebuli rCebian didi xnis manZilze
678
kolonializmis formaluri dasrulebis Semdeg, radgan
industriuli erebi (dasavleTi) yvela Rones (politikurs,
ekonomikurs, samxedrosa da kulturuls) xmaroben nakleb
ganviTarebuli da Warbi iafi muSa xelis mqone qveynebis
mxridan konkurenciis aRsakveTad. amiT narCundeba msoflio
ekonomikuri sistema, sadac dabalia fasebi nedleulsa da
soflis meurneobis produqtebze.
devolucia aSS federalizmis konteqstSi es aris Statebisa da adgilobrivi
xelisuflebisTvis meti uflebebis miniWeba, raTa maT
vaSingtonis Carevis gareSe SemoiRon kanonebi, gaataron
politika da miiRon gadawyvetilebebi.
deitonis SeTanxmebebi 1995 wels parizSi (safrangeTi) xelmowerili
samSvidobo SeTanxmeba bosniis omis dasrulebis Taobaze; man
qveynis teritoriis 49 procenti serbebs gadasca, xolo 51
procenti muslimebsa da xorvatebs, saraevos dedaqalaqis
statusi SeunarCuna da Seqmna centraluri xelisufleba
koleqtiuri saprezidento mmarTvelobiTa da parlamentiT.
demagogi adamiani, romelic saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis mopovebas cdilobs
popularuli SiSebisa da crurwmenebis manipulirebiT, Semdeg
ki Tanamdebobas piradi gamorCenisTvis iyenebs.
`demokratizacia~ mixeil gorbaCovis SemoRebuli politika yofil sabWoTa
kavSirSi demokratiul reformaTa wasaxaliseblad, rac
agreTve gulisxmobda met konkurencias komunisturi partiis
SigniT.
demokratiis kedeli kedeli pekinis centrSi, romelzec 1978 wlidan dauSves
reJimis sajaro kritika.
demokratiis korelatebi pirobebi da garemoebebi, romlebic erSi demokratiis
Seqmnasa da SenarCunebasTan pozitiur korelaciaSi myofad
miiCneva.
demokratiuli mSvidobis paradoqsi demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi
xSirad arian samxedro TavlsazrisiT Zlieri, eomebian sxva
saxelmwifoebs, axdenen samxedro intervencias, xandaxan
agresiis aqtebs Cadian, magram erTmaneTs ar eomebian.
demokratiuli socializmi mmarTvelobis forma, romelic emyareba saerTosaxalxo arCevnebs, ekonomikis ZiriTad seqtorebze saxelmwifo
sakuTrebasa da kontrols da moqalaqeTa keTildReobaze
mimarTul farTo socialur programebs jandacvisa da
ganaTlebis sferoSi.
diadi proletaruli kulturuli revolucia 1966 wels dawyebuli qaoturi
periodi, rodesac mao Ze-dunis miTiTebiT CineTis axalgazrdebi
(`wiTeli gvardia~) Tavs esxmodnen biurokratiul da samxedro
Tanamdebobis pirebs kapitalisturi da materialisturi
tendenciebis aRmofxvris sababiT. eWvmitanil Tanamdebobis
pirebs
iZulebiT
agzavnidnen
SromiT
koloniebSi
`gamosasworeblad~.
679
dialeqtikuri materializmi karl marqsis Teoria istoriuli progresis
Sesaxeb, romlis Tanaxmadac ekonomikuri klasebi erTmaneTTan
brZoliT
safuZvels
uqmnian
ekonomikur
sistemaTa
ganviTarebad Tanmimdevrobas, romelic sabolood uklaso
sazogadoebis SeqmniT dasruldeba.
didi naxtomi CineTis ekonomikuri struqturis gardaqmnisa da modernizaciis
mcdeloba mao Ze-dunis mier 1950-iani wlebis bolos da 1960-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi; am dros mTeli mosaxleoba mobilizebuli
iyo TviTkmar komunebad, romelTa SigniT yovelgvari
saqmianoba jgufuri wesiT mimdinareobda.
distopia sazogadoeba, romlis Semqmnelebs srulyofili politikuri
wesrigis Camoyalibeba swaddaT, magram aRmoaCines, rom
Zalauflebis SenarCuneba mxolod ZaladobiT da komunikaciis
saSualebebze uxeSi monopoliiT SeeZloT.
disciplinebuli partiebi saparlamento demokratiebSi es niSnavs imas, rom
kanonmdeblebi rogorc wesi erTiani partiuli jgufebis saxiT
aZleven xmas partiuli platformis mxadasaWerad.
doqtor bonebis saqme precedenti inglisis sasamarTloSi (1610 w.), rodesac
iuristma edvard qouqma Camoyaliba principi, riTac kanonis
uzenaesobasTan winaaRmdegobaSi mosuli sakanonmdeblo
aqtebi Zaladakargulad cxaddeba.
duma sruli oficialuri saxelia `saxelmwifo duma~ an `saTaTbiro~; ase qvia
ruseTis erovnuli sakananmdeblo organos federaluri
sakrebulos qveda palatas. is 1993 wlis konstituciiT aRdga
mas Semdeg, rac 1917 wels gaauqmes. masSi Sedis 450 deputati,
romelTagan naxevars saerTo-erovnuli partiuli siebiT
irCeven, meore naxevars ki erTmandatiani olqebidan.
evgenika saxeobaTa memkvidreobiTi Tvisebebis kontrolze mimarTuli
moZRvreba; Cveulebriv, is mimarTavs SerCeviT Sejvarebas
saxeobis gaumjobesebis mizniT.
evrokavSiri evropeli erebis ekonomikuri asociacia; adre cnobili iyo
rogorc saerTo bazari an evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianeba.
evrokomunizmi tradiciuli sabWoTa komunisturi Teoriis saxecvlileba
dasavleT evropaSi, romelmac uari Tqva Zaladobriv
revoluciasa da diqtaturaze da arsebuli saxelisuflebo
struqturebis arCevnebis gziT gakontrolebas mianiWa
upiratesoba.
eTnikuri wmenda bosniaSi gavrcelebuli praqtika, rodesac muslimanebs
ZaladobiT aZevebdnen qalaqebidan da soflebidan.
eTnocentrizmi erebis uunaroba, met-naklebad obieqturad Seafason sa
kuTari qmedeba nacionalizmis ideologiis gamo.
ekonomikuri SeRweva gavlena, romelsac erTi an ramdenime qveyana
axorcielebs winarevoluciur periodSi myofi qveynis
ekonomikur cxovrebaze.
erTguli (loialuri) opozicia inglisSi Camoyalibebuli rwmena, rom
680
ZalauflebaSi armyof partias ekisreba pasuxismgebloba,
alternatuli politikuri strategiebi da programebi
Camoayalibos. aseT partias xandaxan èrTgul (loialur)
opozicias~ uwodeben.
erToba ix. Temi.
eri (nacia) Tumca es termini xSirad saxelmwifos da qveynis sinonimad
ixmareba, is aRniSnavs gamorCeuli enisa da kulturis mqone
specifikur xalxs an did erTnikur jgufs. magaliTad,
frangebi, holandielebi, Cinelebi da iaponelebi qmnian
rogorc ers, aseve saxelmwifos (swored aqedan warmodgeba
termini èri-saxelmwifo~). magram yvela ers ara aqvs imis
iRbali, rom sakuTari saxelmwifo hqondes amis Tanamedrove
magliTebia qurTebi (cxovroben TurqeTSi, iransa da eraySi),
palestinelebi (dasavleT sanapiro da Raza, libani, iordania),
puStunebi (avRaneTi), uigurebi da tibetelebi (CineTi).
eri-saxelmwifo geografiulad gansazRvruli erToba, romelsac erTi
xelisufleba aqvs.
eris mSenebloba procesi, ris Sedegadac mocemuli teritoriis
macxovreblebma, maTi eTnikuri, religiuri Tu lingvisturi
maxasiTeblebis miuxedavad, Tavi unda gaaigivon Sesabamisi
eri-saxelmwifos simboloebTan da institutebTan.
erovnuli asamblea safrangeTis orpalatiani sakanonmdeblo organos qveda
da politikurad wamyvani palata, romelic yvela kanons iRebs.
erovnuli TviTgamorkveva eris ufleba, sakuTari xelisufleba Tavad
airCios.
erovnuli vali yovelwliuri sabiujeto deficitebis TandaTanobiTi
akumulacia, rac iqmneba imis Sedegad, rom mTavroba xarjavs
mets, vidre Semosavali aqvs. es aiZulebs xelisuflebas, fuli
isesxos xarjebis gasastumreblad, ris Sedegadac msxvili
Tanxebis gadaxda uxdeba sabanko procentis dasafarad, rac
TiToeuli wlis saxelmwifo biujets akldeba.
erovnuli interesi politikis mizani, mimarTuli eris gavlenisa da prestiJis
SenarCunebasa Tu gazrdaze.
erovnuli usafrTxoeba qveynis dacva sagareo Tu saSinao mtrisgan.
eqspansionizmi qveynis strategia, mimarTuli misi teritoriis an gavlenis
gasafarToeblad.
vaimaris respublika ase erqva germaniaSi pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg,
1919 wels q. vaimarSi gamarTuli sakonstitucio konvenciis
gadawyvetilebiT dafuZnebul konstituciur demokratias. mas
politikuri da ekonomikuri arastabilobis periodSi mouwia
arseboba da 1933 wels hitleris xelisuflebaSi mosvliT
dasrulda.
`varskvlavTa palata~ (Star Chamber) istoriulad ase uwodebdnen sasamarTlos
inglisSi, romlis iurisdiqciac gafarTovda saimisod, rom
mefes SeuzRudvelad SeZleboda daesaja nebismieri qve
Semrdomi misi brZanebis SeusruleblobisTvis.
681
varSavis xelSekruleba 1955 wels sabWoTa kavSirisa da misi satelitebis mier
Seqmnili samxedro bloki, riTac Seiqmna erTiani samxedro
sardloba da sabWoTa kavSirs mieca SesaZlebloba, sateliti
saxelmwifoebis teritoriaze didi samxedro kontingenti
hqonoda am qveynebis gare agresiisgan dacvis gamocxadebuli
mizniT.
vaWrobis pirobebi saerTaSoriso ekonomikaSi ase qvia qveynis mier
msoflio bazarze SeZenili produqtebis (saqonlis, nawarmis,
momsaxurebis) fass mis mier gayiduli produqtebis fasTan
mimarTebaSi. sxvadasxva saxis saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
fasebis struqtura saerTaSoriso bazarze ar aris
xelsayreli sasoflo-sameurneo produqciisa da nedleulis
mwarmoeblebisaTvis, radgan samrewvelo nawarmi maTTan
SedarebiT Cveulebiv ufro Zviria.
zRvis fskeris SeTanxmeba saerTaSoriso SeTanxmeba, romelic krZalavs
birTvuli iaraRis ganTavsebas zRvis fskerze 29-miliani
teritoriuli sazRvris miRma.
Tavisufali (laisser-faire) kapitalizmi ekomomikuri wyoba, damyarebuli im
ideaze, rom centralizebuli saxelmwifos regulirebisagan
Tavisufali bazari
ekonomikuri sistemis saukeTeso
regulatoria.
Tavisufali mewarmeoba sxva saxeli kerZo mewarmeobisTvis, romelsac
saxelmwifo zedmetad ar aferxebs Tavisi regulaciebiT
da SezRudvebiT; misi sawinaaRmdegoa saxelmwifos mier
kontrolirebadi ekonomika an biznesebisa da mrewvelobis
saxelmwifo sakuTreba.
Tavisufali sabazro ekonomika decentralizebuli ekonomika, romelSic
fasebi, xelfasebi da sabanko procenti, iseve rogorc
warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis erTobliobas
miwodebisa da moTxovnis Zalebi gansazRvravs da ara
saxelmwifo.
Tanaarseboba ix. kohabitacia.
TanatolTa jgufi asakiTa da sxva maxasiaTeblebiT msgavs adamianTa jgufi.
Temi individTa nebismieri asociacia, romelic emyareba geografiul,
eTikur, religiur Tu eTnikur niSnebze dafuZnebul saerTo
identobas.
Teokratia xelisufleba, romelic eyrdnoba religias da romelSic
samRvdeloeba dominirebs.
idealizmi politikuri filosofia, romelic saxelmwifoTa qcevis gasagebad
da, SesaZloa, Sesacvlelad sakvanZo mniSvnelobas aniWebs
Rirebulebebs, idealebsa da moralur principebs.
ideologia myari, winaswar gansazRvruli warmodgenebis erToblioba
sazogado sikeTis miRwevis saukeTeso gzebze, gaziarebuli
politikosebisa Tu moqalaqeebis mier.
ideologiuri terorizmi teroris forma, Cveulebriv marqsistuli mi
682
marTulebisa, romelic miznad isaxavs saxelmwifos damxobas.
imperializmi teritoriuli gafarToebis (imperiis mSeneblobis) politi
ka, xSirad samxedro dapyrobis gziT. warmoiSoba sityvidan
ìmperia~.
individualizmi aleqsis de tokvilis mixedviT, ase qvia adamianis grZnobebis
sakuTar Tavze problemebze mimarTvas, mTliani sazogadoebis
zogadi wuxilebisgan Tavis gamoyofas. jon stuart milis
mixedviT, es adamianis is Tvisebaa, rac mas cxovelebisagan
ganasxvavebs da mis gansakuTrebulobasa da Rirsebas
gansazRvravs.
instituciuri revoluciuri partia meqsikis dominanturi politikuri par
tia 1929 wlidan bolo periodamde; mas arCevnebi ar waugia 2000
wlamde, rodesac erovnuli qmedebis partiis warmomadgenelma
vinsente foqsma saprezidento arCevnebi moigo.
interesTa jgufi adamianTa erToblioba, romelic cdilobs, gavlena
moaxdinos politikasa da kanonmdeblobaze specialur
interesTa gansazRvrul sferoSi, risTvisac iyenebs lobirebas,
partiebisTvis finansur Sewirulobebs da sxva xerxebs.
internacionalistebi Teoretikosebi, romlebic upiratesobas aniWeben
erebs Soris mSvidobas da TanamSromlobas da saamisod mxars
uWeren yvela mTavrobis monawileobas raime saxis msoflio
organizaciaSi.
intifada arabulad àjanyebas~ niSnavs; ase daerqva palestinelTa ajanyebas
dasavleTi sanapirosa da Razas seqtoris israelis mier
okupaciis winaaRmdeg 1987-1993 da 2001-02 wlebSi. meore
intifada Zaladobis gansakuTrebuli eskalaciiT aRiniSna
eqstremistuli palestinuri dajgufebebi xSirad iyenebdnen
afeTqebebs kamikaZe (TviTmkvleli) terorostebis mier,
israeli ki okupirebuli teritoriebis dasaSoSmineblad
uaRresad mkacr meTodebs mimarTavda.
kaTalitikuri omi konfliqti, romelic lokaluri da SezRuduli Sejaxebis
saxiT iwyeba, magram farTo omSi gadaizrdeba mas Semdeg,
rac samxedro aliansebis gaaqtiurebis Sedegad masSi sxva
monawileebi CaerTvebian.
kapitalisturi dagrovebis kanoni karl marqsis mixedviT, es aris Seuvali
kanoni, risi ZaliTac yvelaze Zlieri da xarbi kapitalistebi
TandaTanobiT moicileben ufro sust konkurentebs da
gazrdian bazarze kontrols.
kanoni ex post facto kanoni, romelic ukana ricxviT axdens Cadenis momentSi
kanonierad miCneuli qmedebis kriminalizacias.
kanonis uzenaesoba am koncefciis Tanaxmad, xelisuflebis da misi
Tanamdebobis pirebis Zalaufleba da diskrecia SezRuduli
unda iyos uzenaesi neitraluri wesebis erTobliobiT,
romlebic xels uSlis mTavrobis mxridan TviTnebur da
usamarTlo moqmedebas.
683
kapitalizmi kerZo mewarmoebaze damyarebuli da mogebis motiviT warmarTu
li sabazro ekonomikis sistema; is komunizmis sapirispiroa
da mkveTrad gansxvavdeba yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebuli
centralurad dagegmili ekonomikis sistemisagan.
keTildReobis saxelmwifo saxelmwifo, romlis xelisuflebis upirvelesi
sazrunavia Tavisi moqalaqeebis socialuri uzrunvelyofa
da romelic am mizans aRwevs specifikuri sajaro politikiT,
rogoricaa janmrTelobis dazRveva, minimaluri xelfasi da
subsidiebi binebis asaSeneblad.
kemp-devidis SeTanxmeba 1979 wlis SeTanmxmeba, riTac israelma sinas
naxevarkunZuli daubruna egiptes da sanacvlod egiptesgan
misi arsebobis uflebis aRiareba miiRo; yofilma mtrebma
sruli diplomatiuri urTierToba daamyares da erTmaneTTan
mSvidobis SenarCunebis valdebuleba aiRes.
kerZo interesTa jgufebi maTi wevrebis pirad interesTa dasakmayofileblad
Seqmnili jgufebi.
koaliciuri mTavroba politikuri situacia mravalpartiul saparlamento
sistemebSi, romlis drosac arc erT partias ara aqvs
umravlesoba da yvelaze Zlieri partia droebiT kavSirs
amyarebs ufro mcire partiebTan sakanonmdeblo organoSi
umravlesobis mosapoveblad.
koleqtivizacia miwisa da warmoebis yvela sxva saSualebis saxelmwifo
sakuTrebaSi gadasvla.
koleqtivizmi rwmena, rom saerTo keTildReobisTvis ukeTesia, politikuri
erTeulis SigniT arsebuli warmoebis da ganawilebis
saSualebebi saerTo (da ara individualur) sakuTrebaSi iyos.
koleqtiuri usafrTxoeba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi am mizniT
ideba SeTanxmeba ramdenime qveyanas Soris erTiani Zlieri
gaerTianebis Seqmnaze, romelic daupirispirdeba nebismier
qveyanas, romelic agresiis aqts Caidens. raki verc erTi
calke aRebuli eri ver ajobebs koleqtiur Zalas, agresia
warumatebeli aRmoCndeba.
kolonializmi politika, romelic ganuviTarebeli regionebis da susti
qveynebis ekonomikur da politikur saqmeebze gabatonebas
cdilobs. mas ìmperializmsac~ uwodeben.
komunizmis pirveli stadia marqsistul TeoriaSi ase uwodeben kapitalizmis
damxobis momdevno periods, romlis drosac proletariati
amyarebs mSromelTa diqtaturas kontr-revoluciis Tavidan
asacileblad da socialisturi ekonomikuri sistemis
dasamyareblad.
komunizmis meore stadia marqsistul TeoriaSi ase uwodeben utopiur
uklaso sazogadoebas, romelSic adamianebi maqsimalur
TviTgamoxatvas aRweven, sazogadoeba TanamSromlobis da
harmoniis mdgomareobaSia, xolo omi sruliad gamoricxulia.
konvencia biologiuri iaraRis Sesaxeb 1972 wlis saerTaSoriso xelSekrule
684
ba iaraRis kontrolis sferoSi, romelmac monawile qveyne
bi daavaldebula, gaenadgurebinaT biologiuri iaraRis
arsebuli maragebi da ukanonod gamoacxada aseTi iaraRis
warmoeba da Senaxva.
konvencia qimiuri iaraRis Sesaxeb 1993 wlis saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba
iaraRis kontrolis sferoSi, romlis ZaliTac qimiuri
iaraRi aTi wlis vadaSi unda moispos. is moiTxovs qimiuri
iaraRis maragebis ganadgurebas da, aseTi iaraRis warmoebis
Sewyvetis mizniT, im kompaniebis monitorings, romelTa
produqcia SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas nervuli agentebis
dasamzadeblad.
konvenciuri monawileoba CarTva politikuri aqtivobis yvelaze
gavrcelebul da martiv formebSi, rogoricaa xmis micema,
mediaSi politikuri sakiTxebis midevneba da politikur
mitingebze misvla.
konservatizmi politikuri filosofia, romelic sxva RirebulebebTan
SedarebiT upiratesobas aniWebs keTildReobas, usafrTxoebas
da tradicias.
konstitucia xelisuflebis mowyobisa da moqmedebis ZiriTadi wesebis
gansazRvra.
konstitucionalizmi ix. kanonis uzenaesoba.
konstituciuri demokratia umravlesobis nebis principze agebuli
SezRuduli mmarTvelobis sistema, romelSic politikuri
Zalaufleba daqsaqsulia mraval dajgufebasa da interesTa
jgufs Soris, xolo saxelisuflebo moqmedebebi da institutebi
konstituciiT gansazRvrul wesebs unda Seesabamos.
kontrterorizmi terorizmTan sabrZolvelad gamoyenebuli meTodebi.
kohabitacia (Tanaarseboba) safrangeTSi ase uwodeben gayofili
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis iZulebiT Tanaarsebobas.
kosmosis SeTanxmeba SeerTebul Statebsa da yofil sabWoTa kavSirs Soris
dadebuli saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba, romelmac akrZala
kosmosSi iaraRis Setana, kosmosze erovnuli suverenitetis
gavrceleba, da waaxalisa TanamSromloba da informaciis
gacvla kosmosuri kvlevebis sferoSi.
kulakebi SeZlebuli miwaTmflobelebis klasi ruseTis sazogadoebaSi,
romelic ioseb stalinma gaanadgura, radgan isini
ewinaaRmdegebodnen saxelmwifo kontrolis qveS myofi didi
koleqtiuri meurneobebis Seqmnis miseul programas.
legitimuri xelisufleba mTavrobis samarTlebrivi da moraluri ufleba,
marTos garkveuli mosaxleoba da konkretuli teritoria.
legitimuroba politikuri Zalauflebis aRsruleba adamianTa erTobis
SigniT mis wevrTa mier wesebis nebayoflobiTi dacvis
safuZvelze.
liberalizacia yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi ase uwodebdnen represiuli saSinao
politikis Serbilebas. sabWoTa istoriisTvis damaxasiaTebe
li iyo liberalizaciisa da represiis monacvleoba.
685
liberalizmi politikuri filosofia, romelic yvela sxva RirebulebasTan
SedarebiT upiratesobas aniWebs individualizms, Tanasworo
bas da samoqalaqo uflebebs.
liberaluri ganaTleba ganaTleba, romelic xazs usvams kritikuli
azrovnebis unarTa ganviTarebas literaturis, filosofiis,
istoriisa da mecnierebis Seswavlis gziT.
liberaluri tradicia 300-wliani tradicia dasavlur politikur
azrovnebaSi, romlis azriTac xelisuflebis mizani in
dividualur uflebaTa win wamoweva da dacvaa. amerikuli
liberalizmisa da amerikuli konservatizmis damcvelTa
Soris didi xania mimdinareobs dava imis Taobaze, romel
individualur uflebebs unda mieniWos upiratesoba.
libertarianeloba moZRvreba, damyarebuli rwmenaze, rom xelisufleba
aucilebeli borotebaa, romelic rac SeiZleba naklebad un
da Caerios individualur Tavisuflebasa da pirad cxovrebaSi. uwodeben agreTve `minimalizms~.
loialuri opozicia ix. erTguli opozicia.
lobistebi adamianebi, romlebic cdiloben, gavlena moaxdinon xelisufle
bis politikaze raime specialuri interesis sasargeblod.
lok sabha indoeTis federaluri parlamentis pirdapiri xmis micemiT
arCeuli qveda palata. indoeTSi, iseve rogorc gaerTianebul
samefoSi da sxva sapalamento sistemebSi, mTavrobebi iqmneba
qveda palatis umravlesobaSi myofi partiis (an partiaTa
koaliciis) mier saerTo-erovnuli arCevnebis Semdeg.
magna karta (magana carta, TavisuflebaTa didi qartia) 1215 wels mefe jonis
mier misi baronebis mimarT gakeTebuli politikuri daTmobebi,
ramac inglisSi kanonis uzenaesobas Cauyara safuZveli.
maJoritaruli sistema (first past the post) gaerTianebul samefosa da SeerTe
bul StatebSi gamoyenebuli saarCevno sistema, romliTac
sakanonmdeblo organos kandidatebi erTmandatian olqebSi
iyrian kenWs da imarjvebs is, vinc sxvaze met xmas daagrovebs.
zogierT sxva qveyanaSi magaliTad, safrangeTSi Tu verc
erTma kandidatma xmebis gansazRvrul procentze meti ver
moagrova, or yvelaze Zlier kandidats Soris kenWisyris meore
turi cxaddeba. es wesi xels aZlevs farTo da myari socialuri
bazis mqone partiebs da orpartiuli sistemis Camoyalibebas
uqmnis safuZvels. kritikosebis azriT, is arademokratiulia,
radgan gadaulaxav winaaRmdegobebs uqmnis patara an axal
partiebs da amomrCevels dilemis winaSe ayenebs: an xma misces
mxolod politikuri speqtris centrTan axlos mdgom, wamyvani
partiis kandidatebs, an gaflangos Tavisi xma gamarjvebis
Sansis armqone kandidatis mxardaWeriT.
marTebuli samarTlebrivi procesi samarTliani iuridiuli procedurebis
garantia; aSS konstituciaSi mas me-5 da me-15 Sesworebebi
adgens.
686
marqsistebi karl marqsis (1818-1883) politikuri filosofiis mimdevrebi,
romlis mixedviTac momavali ekuTvnoda industriul Cagrul
klass (`proletariats~) da rom saboloo jamSi ùklaso
sazogadoeba~ Secvlida sakuTrebis mixedviT klasebad dayo
fil sazogadoebas; civi omis (1947-91) dros am termins Secdo
miT miuyenebdnen yvelas, vinc sabWoTa kavSiris Tu CineTis
saxalxo respublikis ideologias emxroboda dasavleTis
winaaRmdeg.
marSalis gegma meore msoflio omis Semdeg dasavleT evropisadmi masiuri
ekonomikuri daxmarebis programa. mas safuZvlad edo SiSi,
rom omiT gaCanagebul qveynebs komunisturi revoluciebis
safrTxe Seeqmneboda.
masirebuli sapasuxo dartyma samxedro-stretegiuli doqtrina, romelic
birTvuli kontrdartymis realistur muqaras eyrdnoboda.
mas SeerTebuli Statebi 1950-ian wlebSi, amerikuli birTvu
li monopoliis mokle periodSi iyenebda. am doqtrinis Tanax
mad, Tu sabWoTa kavSiri SeerTebul Statebs an mis romelime
mokavSires konvenciuri iaraRis gamoyenebiT daesxmeboda
Tavs, SeerTebuli Statebi birTvuli dartymiT upasuxebda.
masmedia masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi, rogoricaa televizia, radio,
filmebi, wignebi, Jurnal-gazeTebi.
masobrivi mobilizaciis reJimebi totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi maTi
evoluciis yvelaze aqtiur etapze, roca isini xels uwyobdnen
moqalaqeTa monawileobas mitingebsa da politikur Sek
rebebSi.
masobrivi moZraoba lideris da/an ideologiis erTgul mimdevarTa nebismie
ri didi jgufi, romelic mzadaa moZraobis gulisTvis nebismie
ri msxverpli gaiRos.
meiZis restavracia iaponiis feodaluri xanis dasasruli 1868 wels, rode
sac gavlenian individTa mcire jgufma taxtze dasva simbolu
ri Zalauflebis mqone imperatori, wamoiwyo ekonomikuri
modernizaciis programa da Tanamedrove saxelmwufo
biurokratia Camoayaliba.
meore dartyma simetriuli sapasuxo dartyma birTvuli Tavdasxmis winaaRm
deg; paradoqsia, magram `meore dartymis unari~ arsebiTad am
cirebs imis albaTobas, rom birTvuli dapirispireba realur
birTvul omSi gadaizrdeba.
meore samyaro komunisturi saxelmwifoebi.
mesame samyaro ase uwodeben aziis, afrikis da laTinuri amerikis ganviTare
bad qveynebs, romelTa umravlesoba adre evropis kolonia iyo.
es qveynebi rogorc wesi Raribi da mWidrod dasaxlebulia.
mzardi molodinebis revolucia ganviTarebis gziT miRweuli revolucia,
romelsac mesame samyaros qveynebma unda ganicadon pirveli
da meore samyaroebis warmatebaTa mibaZviT.
mTavroba pirovnebebi da institutebi, romlebic qmnian da amkvidreben
wesebsa da kanonebs adamianTa ufro didi erTobebisTvis.
687
ministrTa koleqtiuri pasuxismgebloba britanul sistemaSi es principi kabinetis ministrebs mTavrobis yvela qmedebaze da
gadawyvetilebaze saerTo pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs; mi
nistrebi Riad da sajarod ar upirispirdebian oficialur
politikas an premier-ministris nabijebs, Tumca daxurul
Sexvedrebze SeuZliaT idavon da gansxvavebuli azri gamoTqvan
sxvadasxva sakiTxze (da ueWvelad asec iqcevian).
miumxrobloba civi omis periodisTvis damaxasiaTebeli politika, rodesac
mravali ganviTarebadi qveyana (maSin maT `mesame samyaros~
qveynebs uwodebdnen) arCevda, ar mimxroboda arc SeerTebul
Statebsa da mis mokavSireebs (`dasavleTs~) da arc sabWoTa
kavSirsa da mis mokavSireebs (àRmosavleTs~). miumxrobloba
imiT gansxvavdeba neitralitetisgan, rom is ar gamoricxavs
lokalur konfliqtebSi qveynis Carevas an agresiul
moqmedebas, da rom meore msoflio omamde is ar qceula
mniSvnelovan cnebad saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi.
miuRebeli zarali omis dros ase uwodeben ngrevis dones, romelic
potenciur agresors sxva qveyanaze Tavdasxmis cTunebas
gauqrobs. swored am mizniT aviTareben birTvuli strategiis
doqtrinaSi meore dartymis unars: man unda Seakavos winaswari
an prevenciuli birTvuli Seteva (`pirveli dartyma~).
mogolebi muslimi dampyroblebi, romlebmac dinastiuri imperia Seqmnes azi
is sub-kontinentze; maTi yvelaze gamoCenili mmarTvelebi iyv
nen baburi (1483-1530), akbari (1556-1605), Sah iahani (1628-1658)
da aurangzebi (1658-1707). Sah iahani taj-maxalis arqiteqto
ric iyo.
mozaikuri sazogadoeba socialur-kulturuli mravalferovnebis gan
sakuTrebiT maRali doniT gamorCeuli sazogadoeba (aseTi
ram gavrcelebulia afrikis da laTinuri amerikis erebSi). am
niSans SeuZlia, qveynis ganviTareba Seaferxos.
moTxovna-miwodebis kanoni kapitalisturi anu sabazro ekonomikis
safuZvlad myofi es principi adgens, rom ekonomikis saukeTeso
regulatoria bazris ùxilavi xeli~, anu Tavisufali da
SeuzRudavi ekonomikuri aqtivobis savaraudod racionaluri
Sedegi. kerZod, es Sedegi moaqvs sakuTari egoisturi
interesebis mqone Tavisufali individebis (mwarmoeblebis,
momxmareblebis, mewarmeebis, mSromelebis) racionaluri ga
dawyvetilebebis safuZvelze aRmocenebul kanonzomierebebs
warmoebis, ganawilebis, dabandebis da moxmarebis sferoSi.
monarqistebi mxardamWerebi sistemisa, romelSic politikuri Zalaufleba
ekuTvnis erT pirovnebas (magaliTad, mefes), romelic piradi
gadawyvetilebebis safuZvelze marTavs.
monawileoba aqtiuri CarTuloba politikur saqmeebSi, rac SeiZleba
gulisxmobdes moqmedebis saxeTa farTo speqtrs xmis
688
micemiTa da masobrivi protestiT dawyebuli da SeiaraRebuli
ajanyebiTa da terorizmiT damTavrebuli.
monros doqtrina aSS prezidentis jeims monros mier formulirebuli
status qvoze mimarTuli politika, romlis Tanaxmadac
SeerTebuli Statebi unda SeewinaaRmdegos gare Zalebis
nebismier mcdelobas, Secvalon ZalTa balansi dasavleT
naxevarsferoSi.
moraluri relativizmi azri, rom yvela moraluri msjeloba arsebiTad
subieqturia da mxolod maTi gamomTqmeli pirovnebisTvis aqvs
Zala. am koncefciis Tanaxmad, ar arsebobs romelime mosazreba moralis sakiTxze, romelic ramiT jobia nebismier sxvas.
moqalaqeoba ufleba da movaleoba, konstruqciuli monawileoba miiRo
TviTmmarTvelobis mimdinare funqciobaSi.
mravalerovani saxelmwifoebi suverenuli saxelmwifoebi, romelTa kon
trolirebad teritoriaze cxovrobs ori an meti (xandaxan
gacilebiT meti) eTnolingvisturi jgufi (an eri); sagulisx
mo magaliTebia indoeTi, nigeria, ruseTi, CineTi, yofili
iugoslavia.
mravaljeradi ganadgurebis unari (overkill) imaze gacilebiT ufro didi
birTvuli arsenalis floba, vidre saWiroa mtris sruli
ganadgurebisTvis.
msoflio savaWro organizacia (WTO) aradiskriminaciuli savaWro or
ganizacia, risi mizanicaa globalur Tu regionul doneze
daubrkolebeli savaWro urTierTobebis mxardaWera. adre mas
erqva sayovelTao xelSekruleba vaWrobasa da tarifebze.
msoflio sasamarTlo aseve cnobilia rogorc `saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo~
(International Court of Justice) gaeros ZiriTadi sasamarTlo
organo; sasamarTlo ganixilavs nebismier saqmes, riTac masSi
Sedian misi iurisdiqciis nebayoflobiT maRiarebeli mxareebi.
mtkicebulebis uaryofis wesi (dauSvebeli mtkicebuleba) samarTlebriv
procedurebSi ase qvia wess, romlis ZaliTac konstituciu
ri moTxovnebis darRveviT mopovebuli mtkicebuleba ver ga
moiyeneba sasamarTloSi braldebulis winaaRmdeg.
multinacionaluri korporaca kompania, romlis saqmianobis mniSvnelovani
nawili sxvadasxva qveyanaSia ganawilebuli.
mcire intensivobis konfliqti aseTi ram xdeba, roca erTi saxelmwifo
afinansebs, asponsorebs da exmareba Zaladobis sporadul da
xangrZliv gamoyenebas metoqe qveyanaSi.
mwvane revolucia soflis meurneobis produqtiulobis dramatuli zrda
Tanamedrove sairigacio sistemebisa da qimiuri sasuqebis
Setanis Sedegad, damaxasiaTebeli Tanamedrove indoeTis,
meqsikis, taivanisa da filipinebisTvis.
mwiri informaciis racionaloba idea, rom moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT, azriani
arCevani gaakeTon (magaliTad, gonivrulad miscen xma)
miuxedavad imisa, rom isini arasakmarisad erkvevian sajaro
689
politikaSi, kandidatebis av-kargianobaSi da mimdinare
problemebSi.
naTesavi qveynis sindromi viTareba, romlis drosac erTmaneTTan
kulturulad dakavSirebuli qveynebi da liderebi msgavs
poziciebs icaven.
nato (CrdiloeT atlantikis xelSekrulebis organizacia) 1949 wels
daarsebuli samxedro kavSiri, romelSic Crdilo amerikisa da
evropis saxelmwifoTa umravlesoba Sedis. misi Tavdapirveli
mizani iyo evropaSi sabWoTa kavSiris agresiis aRkveTa.
nacia ix. eri.
nacionalistur-separatistuli terorizmi terorizmis forma, romelsac
sakuTari saxelmwifoebriobis maZiebeli jgufebi misdeven.
maTi saqmianoba Cveulebriv mocemul erovnul sazRvrebSia
moqceuli.
neitraliteti politika, romelic upirobo prioritetad miiCnevs omSi Ca
ubmelobas. saamisod qveyana mezoblebis mimarT raime muqaras
erideba, mxolod TavdacviT samxedro resursebs inarCunebs
da arasodes emxroba konfliqtis romelime mxares. fineTi,
SvedeTi da Sveicaria neitralitetis politikis warmatebiT
ganxorcielebis magaliTebia.
nihilizmi msoflmxedveloba, ris Tanaxmadac yvela arsebuli socialuri da
politikuri institutis ganadgureba TavisTavad sasurveli
mizania.
nomenklatura yofili sabWoTa komunisturi partiis sistema, riTac
is akontrolebda yvela mniSvnelovan administraciul
Tanamdebobas da amiT uzunvelyofda mimdinare gadawyve
tilebebis mimRebTa mxardaWeras da erTgulebas.
oligarqia avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis forma, romlis drosac gavlenian
individTa mcire jgufi srulad akontrolebs Zalauflebas.
oligarqiis rkinis kanoni elitisturi Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac nebismi
eri didi organizaciis (mag., politikuri partiis, profesi
uli kavSiris) marTvis saWiroebebs TavisTavad mivyavarT
mdgomareobamde, roca informaciisa da komunikaciis
misawvdomoba da maTze kontroli biurokratTa mcire jgu
fiTaa SemozRuduli. amis gamo es jgufi organizaciis far
glebSi Zalauflebis yvela berkets eufleba.
omi mcdari aRqmis gamo saomari konfliqti imis gamo, rom or qveyanas
arasworad esmis erTmaneTis namdvili ganzraxvebi.
omis eskalacia saomar konfliqtSi ase qvia gadasvlas SedarebiT ufro
lokaluri da SezRuduli Setakebebidan srulmasStabian omze.
Cveulebriv es xdeba, roca mocemul momentSi wagebuli mxare
brZolaSi gardatexis Sesatanad Tavisi samxedro Zalis mkveTr
gazrdas gadawyvets, da es tendencia grZeldeba, sanam orive
mxare omSi Tavisi sruli potencialiT ar Caebmeba.
orpalatiani sistema (bikameralizmi) sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis dayofa
or palatad.
690
orpolusiani (bipolaruli) sistema ZalTa balansis tradiciuli evropuli
sistemis gardaqmna or mtrul banakad, romelTac SeerTebuli
Statebi da yofili sabWoTa kavSiri edgnen saTaveSi. TiToeu
li flobda gadamwyvet samxedro da ekonomikur upirateso
bas da mkveTrad upirispirdeboda metoqis politikasa da
ideologias.
palestina libanis da siriis samxreTiT da iordaniis dasavleTiT mdebare
teritoria, romelsac bibliur dros iudeasa da samarias
uwodebdnen. dRes am teritoriis udides nawilze arsebobs
israelis eri-saxelmwifo, romelic 1947 wels Seiqmna Se
erTebuli Statebisa da didi britaneTis mxadaWeriT.
palestineli arabebi palestinis yofili teritoriis (misi udidesi nawili
dRes israelia) arabi macxovreblebi. sxva arabTa umravleso
bis msgavsad, palestineli arabebic muslimanebi arian. mi
lionobiT palestinels iZulebiT gadasaxleba mouxda meore
msoflio omis Semdeg, roca ebraelma emigrantebma, ZiriTadad
evropidan, istoriuli samSoblos aRdgenis ocneba aisrules.
aman saTave daudo xangrZliv dapirispirebas palestinel
arabTa da israels Soris.
partizanuli omi mcire mobilur erTeulebad moqnilad organizebuli
samxedro dajgufebebis taqtika, romlebic terorisa da
sabotaJis aqtebs axorcieleben, Semdeg ki samoqalaqo mo
saxleobaSi iTqvifebian.
partiis yriloba sabWoTa sistemis umaRlesi politikuri organo, romelic
xuT weliwadSi erTxel ikribeboda. formalurad is partiis
wevrebs wamoadgenda, sinamdvileSi ki mmarTveli elitis mier
gatarebuli politikis legitimacias emsaxureboda.
partiuloba Tagvanwirvis, enTuziazmisa da upirobo erTgulebis su
liskveTeba, rac komunisturi partiis wevrebs moeTxoveboda.
pauperizaciis kanoni am debulebiT karl marqss surda imis Tqma, rom raki
kapitalizms axasiaTebs Tandayolili midrekileba krizisebisa
da umuSevrobis zrdisken, muSebi garduvalad gadadian Warbi
muSaxelis kategoriaSi.
patron-klienteluri urTierToba politikuri monawileobis forma,
ufro metad gavrcelebuli ganviTarebad qveynebSi, rodesac,
ierarqiuli sistemis farglebSi, gavleniani pirebi garkveuli
sikeTeebis sanacvlod moipoveben xmebs, finansur saxsrebs da
imtkiceben politikuri Zalauflebis bazas.
perestroika am terminiT aRniSnavdnen mixeil gorbaCovis sxvadasxva
mcdelobas, gardaeqmna sabWoTa ekonomika misi socialisturi
xasiaTis sruli uaryofis gareSe.
perestroikis pirveladobis modeli erovnuli ganviTarebis Teoria,
romlis Tanaxmadac liberaluri sabazro reformebi win unda
uswrebdes politikur reformebs.
pirdapiri demokratia mmarTvelobis forma, romlis drosac gadawyvetilebe
691
bi uSualod moqalaqeebisa da ara maTi warmomadgenlebis mier
miiReba.
pirveli dartyma moulodneli an winmswrebi Tavdasxma birTvuli iaraRis
gamoyenebiT.
pirveli samyaro industriuli demokratiebi.
piruku diskriminacia masze saubroven maSin, rodesac pozitiuri qmedebe
bi, romelTa mizania istoriulad Cagrul jgufebs daexmaron
samsaxuris, sacxovreblis da ganaTlebis mopovebaSi, um
ravlesobisTvis Semaferxebel faqtorebad iqceva. es um
ciresobebis da genderuli diskriminaciis msxverplTaTvis
upiratesobis miniWebis gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegia.
plebisciti kenWisyra, romelic qveyanaSi tardeba sajaro politikis
konkretul problemaze.
pluralistebi am Tvalsazrisis momxreebi Tvlian, rom raki nebismier did
demokratiaSi politikuri procesi decentralizebuli da
instituciurad danawevrebulia, politikuri Zalauflebis
struqturebis kontroli SeuZliaT mxolod specialur
interesTa SemozRudul sivrceSi Seqmnil, erTi sakiTxis
garSemo gaerTianebul koaliciebs.
propaganda mas-mediis gamoyeneba mosaxleobaSi sasurveli Sexedulebebis
Casanergad da xalxis azrebisa da qmedebis sasurveli
mimarTulebiT warsamarTad.
proporciuli warmomadgenloba politikuri struqtura, ris pirobebSic
sakanonmdeblo organos mandatebi partiebs Soris nawildeba
amomrCevelTa miRebuli xmebis wilis Sesabamisad.
proletariati marqsistul TeoriaSi, muSaTa klasi.
pozitiuri qmedebebi socialurad an ekonomikurad uares mdgomareobaSi
myofi jgufebis wevrebisTvis upiratesobis miniWeba war
suli diskriminaciis gamo dakarguli SesaZleblobebis
sakompensaciod.
politbiuro patara jgufi, romelic yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi umaRlesi
gadawyvetilebis mimRebi organo iyo. misi wevrebi xSirad
imavdroulad komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis
mdivnebi an wamyvani dargebis ministrebi iyvnen.
politika procesi, ris Sedegadac sazogadoeba irCevs da gadawyvetilebebis
misaRebad saWiro ZalauflebiT aRWurvavs Tavis mmarTvelebs,
moqmedebs saerTo miznebis misaRwevad da agvarebs konfliq
tebs Tavis SigniT.
politikis axali gageba meTvramete saukunis doqtrina, ris Tanaxmadac
politikuri sistema SeiZleba ise moewyos, rom Seiqmnas
kompetenturi mTavroba, magram Tavidan iyos acilebuli Za
lauflebis zedmeti centralizaciidan gamomdinare tirania.
`politiko~ aSS-Si ase uwodeben kanonmdebels, romelic maTTvis
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan sakiTxebSi amorCevelTa nebas
misdevs, magram sakuTar mosazrebebs eyrdnoba im sferoebSi,
692
rac nakleb aRelvebs amomrCevlebs an sasicocxlo mniSvneloba
aqvs eris keTidReobisTvis.
politikuri apaTia politikuri monawileobis mimarT interesis arqona.
politikuri ganviTareba xelisuflebis unari, efeqturad gamoiyenos
Zalaufleba, wesrigi da sazogadoebrivi samsaxurebis muSaoba
uzrunvelyos, amasTan Tavidan aicilos cvlilebebi liderTa
Soris.
politikuri partia individTa nebismieri jgufi, romelic erTmaneTs
eTanxmeba sajaro politikis zogierT an yvela sakiTxze
da organizdeba im mizniT, rom Tavisi wevrebis meSveobiT
xelisuflebis kontrols miaRwios.
politikuri realizmi filosofia, romlis Tanaxmadac yvela politikur
urTierTobaSi sakvanZo faqtori Zalauflebaa, amitom
saWiroa misi pragmatuli da gamozomili gamoyeneba erovnuli
interesebis
dasakmayofileblad.
ganxorcielebuli
politika fasdeba rogorc kargi an cudi imis mixedviT, Tu
ramdenad sasikeToa is erovnuli interesebisTvis da ara misi
moralurobis xarisxiT.
politikuri socializacia procesi, riTac sazogadoebis wevrebi iTviseben
maTi garemos Zireul Rirebulebebs da emzadebian samoqalaqo
movaleobaTa Sesasruleblad.
politikuri qmedebis komitetebi konkretuli kandidatebis mxardasaWerad
an sawinaaRmdegod warmarTuli kampaniebisTvis saxsrebis
mosazidad Seqmnili jgufebi aSS-Si.
politikuri qmedunarianoba politikur saqmianobaSi qmediTi monawileobis
unari, romelsac Cveulebriv safuZvlad udevs ganaTleba,
socialuri statusi da sakuTari Tavis rwmena.
politikuri SeRweva ekonomikuri ganviTarebis xelSewyoba gzebis da
xidebis mSeneblobiT, satelefono xazebis gayvaniT, raTa
saboloo jamSi ufro integrirebuli erovnuli ekonomika
Camoyalibdes.
policiuri Zalaufleba saxelmwifoTa unari, SeinarCunon Sida mSvidoba
da wesrigi, uzrunvelyon ganaTleba da zogadad dacvan
adamianebis janmrTeloba, usafrTxoeba da keTildReoba.
prefeqti safrangeTSi ase qviaT mniSvnelovani saxelisuflebo organoebis
xelmZRvanelebs.
proletariati muSaTa klasis sinonimia marqsistul TeoriaSi.
proletariatis diqtatura marqsistul TeoriaSi es aris muSaTa revoluciis
uSualod momdevno stadia, romlis drosac saxelmwifos
komunisturi partia akontrolebs da mas kapitalisturi
reaqciisa Tu kontrrevoluciisgan icavs; proletariatis
diqtaturas wminda komunizmisa da uklaso sazogadoebisken
mivyavarT.
proporciuli siebis sistema proporciuli waromadgenlobis meTodi, romlis
drosac partiebi qmnian sakuTari kandidatebis ranJirebul
693
sias da mis mixedviT SeyavT isini sakanonmdeblo organoSi.
Jenevis konvencia saerTaSoriso samarTlis korpusi, romelic adgens omis
dros daWrilTa, tyveTa da omis zonaSi moxvedril samoqalaqo
pirTa mimarT mopyrobis wesebs.
rajia sabha indoeTis federaluri parlamentis zeda palata Statebis
arapirdapir arCeuli sabWo.
`rbili fuli~ (soft money)- (aSS-Si) iseTi Sewirulobebi politikuri partiebis
erovnuli komitetebisadmi, rodesac partia ar aris
angariSvaldebuli federaluri saarCevno komisiis mimarT im
pirobiT, rom fuli konkretuli kandidatis saWiroebisTvis
ar iqneba gamoyenebuli; erovnuli komitetebi ase miRebul
Tanxebs gadascemen partiul organizaciebs Statebis doneze,
romelTac Cveulebriv angariSvaldebulebis nakleb mkacri
wesebi aqvT. kritikosebi `rbil fuls~ uwodeben uzarmazar
xvrels kanonmdeblobaSi partiebis dafinansebis Sesaxeb da mas
legalizebul korufcias uTanabreben.
revolucia sazogadoebis politikuri da socialuri institutebis
Zirfesviani Secvla, rasac xSirad Tan axlavs Zaladoba,
kulturuli dapirispireba da samoqalaqo omi.
revoluciis ufleba jon lokis Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac, Tu xelisufleba
Tavisi moqmedebiT sicocxlis, Tavisuflebis da sakuTrebis
Zireul uflebebs laxavs, moqalaqeebs ufleba aqvT, ajanydnen
da Secvalon is axliT, romelic marTebulad Seasrulebs Tavis
amocanebs.
revoluciuri komunizmi ideologia, romlis Tanaxmadac kapitalisturi
sistema muSaTa klasis Zaladobrivma ajanyebam unda daamxos
da sajaro sakuTrebiTa da saxelisuflebo kontrolze
damyarebuli ekonomikuri sistemiT Secvalos.
revoluciuri omi amerikis omi damoukideblebisTvis (1975-83); ix. amerikis
revolucia.
rektifikacia maoistur CineTSi ase erqva yvela `kapitalisturad~ miCneuli
Tvisebis mag., materializmisa da individualizmis,
aRmofxvras.
respublika mmarTvelobis forma, romlis drosac suverenitetis
matarebelia mocemuli qveynis xalxi da ara misi mmarTvelebi.
respublikebis udidesi umravlesoba dRes demokratiuli
anu warmomadgenlobiTia, rac niSnavs, rom suverenul
Zalauflebas axorcieleben moqalaqeTa mier arCeuli da maT
winaSe pasuxismgebeli warmomadgenlebi.
referendumi xmis micema, riTac moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT pirdapir gaauqmon
sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba.
saapelacio sasamarTlo sasamarTlo, romelic ganixilavs saCivrebs saolqo
sasamarTlos mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebze.
sabotaJi xelisuflebisTvis Ziris gamoTxris mcdeloba, xSirad gare Zalebis
daxmarebiT.
694
saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebi saerTaSoriso organizaciebi,
romelTa wevrebic kerZo pirebi da jgufebi arian.
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi gaeros mier Seqmnili saerTaSoriso
organizacia, romelSic mravali qveynis mTavroba Sedis. misi
mizania xeli Seuwyos globalur TanamSromlobas savaluto
sferoSi, saerTaSoriso vaWrobasa da ekonomikur stabilobas.
is aseve exmareba sagadasaxado balansis gaTanabrebas wevri
qveynebisTvis sakuTari fondidan sesxebis gacemiT.
saerTaSoriso samarTali CveulebaTa, xelSekrulebaTa da sazogadod
miRebul wesTa erToblioba, romlebic gansazRvravs erebis
uflebebsa da movaleobebs erTmaneTTan urTierTobaSi.
saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizaciebi saerTaSoriso organizaciebi,
romelTa wevrebic mTavrobebi arian.
saerTaSoriso terorizmi terorizmis forma, romelSic erTi qveyana sxva
qveynis xelisuflebas upirispirdeba. xandaxan `saxelmwifos
dasponsorebul terorizmsac~ uwodeben.
savaldebulo iurisdiqcia samarTlebrivi valdebuleba, daemorCilo
sasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebas.
msoflio
sasamarTlos
arsebobis pirveli oci wlis manZilze ormocdaori qveynis
xelisuflebam ganacxada mzaoba, eRiarebina misi savaldebulo
iurisdiqcia.
sazogado sikeTe politikuri erTobis wevrTa mier gaziarebuli Sexedulebebi
imis Taobaze, Tu ra miznebis miRwevas unda emsaxurebodes
xelisufleba: magaliTad, man unda uzrunvelyos usafrTxoe
bis, keTildReobis, Tanasworobis, Tavisuflebis, samarTlia
nobis maqsimaluri done yvela moqalaqisTvis.
sazogadoebriv interesTa jgufebi jgufebi, romlebic mxars uWeren
RonisZiebebs, romlebic maTi azriT mTel sazogadoebas
waadgeba.
sazogadoebrivi azri moqalaqeTa Sexedulebebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen
saxelisuflebo Tanamdebobis pirTa gadawyvetilebebze da
qcevaze.
sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxva moqalaqeTa gamokiTxva maTi Sexedulebebis
gasagebad.
saliamis taqtika am meTodebiT v. i. lenini TiSavda Tavis oponentebs mcire
jgufebad, romlTac erTmaneTs upirispirebda da iolad
amarcxebda.
samarTliani omi TavdacviTi omi, an omi, romelic erTaderTi saSualebaa
qveynis mier dasaxuli marTebuli miznis misaRwevad.
samarTlianoba sazogadoebis SigniT sikeTeebisa da movaleobebis ganawileba
damsaxurebis mixedviT.
samoqalaqo ganaTleba potenciur moqalaqeebSi im Zireuli Rirebulebebi
sa da Sexedulebebis STanergva, romlebic safuZvlad udevs
mocemul wesrigs.
samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba kanonis araZaladobrivi da Ria darRveva,
695
risi mizanicaa iuridiuli, politikuri Tu socialuri
usamarTlobis warmoCena.
samoqalaqo liderebi individebi, romlebic seriozul gavlenas ax
denen xelisuflebaze raime oficialuri Tanamdebobis da
ukaveblad.
samoqalaqo omi omi eris geografiul Tu politikur nawilebs Soris.
saomari danaSauli omis dros Cadenili danaSauli, romelic serozulad
arRvevs omis zogadad aRiarebuli wesebs.
saparlamento sistema demokratiuli mmarTvelobis sistema, romlis drosac
xelisufleba koncentrirebulia sakanonmdeblo organoSi,
romelic irCevs premier-ministrs da kabinetis wevrebs. maT
imden xans SeuZliaT Tanamdebobaze yofna, ramden xansac
parlamentSi umravlesobis mxardaWera eqnebaT.
saparlamento suvereniteti did britaneTSi ase uwodeben dauwerel
konstituciur princips, risi ZaliTac britaneTis parlamenti
uzenaesi sakanonmdeblo organoa; parlamentis mier miRebuli
kanonebi ar eqvemdebareba samarTlebriv gadasinjvas da arc
samefo taxts SeuZlia maTi gauqmeba.
saprezidento sistema mmarTvelobis demokratiuli forma, romelSic
umaRlesi aRmasrulebeli Tanamdebobis piri saerTosaxalxo xmis micemiT airCeva fiqsirebuli vadiT, xolo misi
uflebamosileba mkafiodaa gamijnuli xelisuflebis sxva
Stoebisgan.
sasamarTlo gadasinjva sasamarTlos ufleba, xelisuflebis aqtebi
arakonstituciurad, maSasadame Zaladakargulad gamoac
xados.
safrangeTis revolucia (1789) man safrangeTSi burbonebis dinastia daamxo
Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobisa da Zmobis (libert, egalit, fraternit)
saxeliT, konservatuli, aristokratuli da roialisturi
institutebiT marTul evropaSi liberalizmis virusi
Seitana da napoleon bonapartis mmarTveloba moamzada; man
safrangeTis pirvel respublikasa da napoleonis omebs Cauya
ra safuZveli.
saSinao iurisdiqcia arsebiTad suverenuli saxelmwifos ganmgeblobas
mikuTvnebuli saqmeebi.
saSinao terorizmi terorizmis forma, romelsac axorcieleben adamianebi
qveynis SigniT romelime mTavrobasTan kavSiris gareSe.
saxelmwifo damoukidebeli politikur-administraciuli erTeuli,
romelsac gaaCnia mocemuli mosaxleobis loialoba, axor
cielebs monopolias Zalis legitimur gamoyenebaze da
akontrolebs teritorias, razec misi moqalaqeebi Tu qve
Semrdomebi cxovroben.
saxelmwifoTaSorisi omebi omebi suverenul saxelmwifoebs Soris.
saxelSelaxulTa bili (bill of attander) saparlamento aqti, romelic pirovne
bas damnaSaved cnobs da sasjels ufardebs sasamarTlo proce
sis gareSe.
696
saxelmwifo gadatrialeba (coup dtat) saxelmwifo Zalauflebis xelSi Cag
debis mcdeloba alternatuli jgufis (xSirad samxedroebis)
mier, visac ZiriTad saxelisuflebo institutebze kontrolis mopoveba surs mmarTvelobis formis an sazogadoebis
Zirfesviani Secvlis gareSe.
saxelmwifo moRvawe xelisuflebaSi myofi politikosi, visac gaaCnia
gamorCeuli politikuri unarebi da praqtikuli sibrZne,
sazogado sikeTeze zrunavs da adamianebisTvis mniSvnelovan
pozitiur Sedegebsac aRwevs.
saxelmwifos armqone erebi xalxebi an erebi, romlebic sxvadasxva
saxelmwifoSi an farTo teritoriaze cxovroben da ar gaaC
niaT sakuTari avtonomiuri, damoukidebeli Tu suverenuli
mmarTvelobiTi struqtura; aseTi xalxebis magaliTebia
qurTebi, palestinelebi, tibetelebi (ix. eri).
saxelmwifos marTvis xelovneba saxelmwifos saqmeTa unariani gaZRola.
saxelmwifos mSenebloba iseTi politikuri institutebis Seqmna, romel
Tac xelewifeba qveynis SigniT saxelisuflebo funqciebis
ganxorcieleba da resursebis ganawileba.
saxelmwifo terorizmi Zaladobrivi meTodebi, rasac saxelmwifos
usafrTxoebis samsaxurebi iyeneben sakuTari xalxis da
saSineblad da dasaSoSmineblad.
sajaro sikeTe ix. sazogado sikeTe
sionizmi moZraoba, romlis Tavdapirveli mizani iyo ebraelTa erovnuli
saxelmwifos israelis aRdgena, dRes ki mis mxardasaWerad
iRwvis.
socializmi es ideologia koleqtiur da saxelmwifo sakuTrebas upiratesobas
aniWebs individualur da kerZo sakuTrebasTan SedarebiT.
status kvos strategia saxelmwifos amgvari politika miznad isaxavs,
SeinarCunos ZalTa arsebuli balansi koleqtiuri usaf
rTxoebis meqanizmebis, diplomatiisa da molaparakebebis
gamoyenebiT, aseve eswrafvis mis legitimacias saerTaSoriso
samarTlisa da saerTaSoriso organizaciebisAmeSveobiT.A
strategiuli gamokiTxva sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvis am tips iyeneben
imis gasarkvevad, Tu ra poziciebi unda daikavos kandidatma da
ra saxis politikuri reklama Seuqmnis mas pozitiur imijs.
strategiuli SeiaraRebis Semcirebis xelSekruleba II (START II) SeerTebul
Statebsa da yofil sabWoTa kavSirs Soris dadebuli xel
Sekruleba strategiuli birTvuli SeiaraRebis SezRudvaze.
stratificirebuli SerCeva sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvis am na
irsaxeobaSi respondentebi SeirCevian asakis, Semosavlis, so
cialur-ekonomikuri statusis da msgavsi niSnebis mixedviT im
angariSiT, rom SerCeva mTlianad sazogadoebis struqturas
Seesabamebodes; gansxvavdeba SemTxveviTi SerCevisagan.
suvereniteti mTavrobis unari, realurad ganaxorcielos uzenaesi
Zalaufleba saxelmwifoSi.
697
terorizmi politikuri aqtivoba, romelic Tavisi miznebis misaRwevad
eyrdoba Zaladobas an Zaladobis muqaras.
teroris mefoba adamianTa masobrivi dasja safrangeTis revoluciis dros
maqsimilian robespierisa da misive sajaro usafrTxoebis
komitetis brZanebiT. ase uswordebodnen adamianebs, visi
Sexedulebebic revolucionerTa utopiuri idealebisgan
gansxvavdeboda.
tiananmenis moednis Jleta 1989 wels mosamsaxureebma da studentebma
pekinSi, tiananmenis moedanze, gamarTes mitingi demokrati
uli Tavisuflebisa da mmarTvelobis sistemis reformis
moTxovnebiT. jarma Zaladobrivad CaaxSo saprotesto aqcia,
ris Sedegadac daixoca 1500 da daSavda aTi aTasamde adamiani.
totalitarizmi politikuri sistema, romelSic sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
yvela sferos, ekonomikasa da xelisuflebas mkacrad akontrolebs mmarTveli elita.
tradicionalistebi Teoretikosebi, romelTa mier politikis Seswavla fun
damentur da `maradiul~ problemebSi CaRrmavebas emyareba.
tradiciuli sazogadoebebi aseTi sazogadoebebi warsulze arian ori
entirebulni da winaaRmdegobas uweven cvlilebebs. maTi
gavrcelebuli niSnebia siRaribe, ekonomikis ZiriTadad ag
raruli xasiaTi, wera-kiTxvis dabali done da maRali Sobadoba.
transnacionaluri terorizmi aseT ramesTan gvaqvs saqme, roca sxvadasxva
qveyanaSi moqmedi teroristuli jgufebi erTmaneTTan Ta
namSromloben an mocemuli teroristuli jgufis saqmianoba
saxelmwifo sazRvrebs kveTs.
trumenis doqtrina aSS prezidentis hari trumenis dapireba, rom misi qveyana
daexmareba yvela Tavisufal qveyanas, romelsac SeiaraRebuli umciresobis mier ganxorcielebuli revolucia an gare
agresia daemuqreba.
tutelaJi yvela adgilobrivad miRebul gadawyvetilebaze centralize
buli biurokratiuli kontrolis sistema, romelic ga
moiyeneba mmarTvelobis unitarul sistemebSi (magaliTad,
safrangeTSi).
ubralo umravlesoba amomrCevelTa yvelaze didi nawili.
uzenaesi sasamarTlo (aSS-Si) umaRlesi donis federaluri sasamarTlo,
romelic wyvets samarTlis interpretaciasTan Tu sakon
stitucio principebTan dakavSirebul gansakuTrebiT rTul
sakiTxebs.
ultranacionalizmi ukiduresi nacionalizmi, romelsac xSirad faSizms
adareben; agresiuli memarjvene orientacia, romelsac Cve
ulebriv axasiaTebs militarizmi, rasizmi da qsenofobia.
umravlesobis mmarTveloba principi, romlis Tanaxmadac upiratesoba eniWeba kandidats an programas, romelic miiRebs amomrCevelTa
xmebis naxevars plus erT xmas mainc.
698
umravlesobis tirania politikuri situacia, romelSic dominanturi jgu
fi xelisuflebis kontrols iyenebs umciresobis jgufebis
dasaCagrad.
undoblobis votumi saparlamento demokratiebSi ase hqvia kenWisyras
parlamentSi, romelic mTavrobam aucileblad unda moigos,
raTa xelisuflebaSi darCes.
unitaruli sistema sistema, sadac adgilobrivi xelisuflebisaTvis ufleba
Ta delegireba centraluri mTavrobis nebazea damokidebuli.
upirobo kapitulacia arCevani, romelsac meomari mxare damarcxebis piras
misul mowinaaRmdeges aZlevs: an dauyonebliv danebdi (riTac
gamarjvebulis keTil nebaze mTlianad damokidebuli darCebi),
an bolomde ganadgurdi.
urTierTdamokidebuleba politikuri moZRvreba, romlis Tanaxmadac arc
erT ers ar SeuZlia sruli izolacia sxva erebis politikuri,
ekonomikuri da kulturuli qmedebebisgan, da rom amis gamo
iqmneba erovnul interesebze maRla mdgomi saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis mzardi qseli.
urTierTSekaveba am Teoriis Tanaxmad agresiuli omebi Tavidan SeiZleba
aviciloT, Tu Tavdasxmis potenciur obieqts sakmarisi
samxedro Zala eqneba saimisod, rom nebismieri SesaZlo
agresori saTanadod dasajos.
utopia srulyofili politikuri da socialuri sistemis warmosaxva.
utopisti socialistebi adamianebi, visac swamda, rom SesaZlebelia qonebis
warmatebuli erToblivi marTva, riTac gadaiWreba yvelaze
mniSvnelovani politikuri problemebi.
uflebaTa peticia inglisis parlamentis mier 1628 wels gamocemuli aqti,
romelmac daawesa marTebuli samarTlebrivi procesi da
SezRuda mefis mier gadasaxadebis dawesebis ufleba.
ujredebi mcire, mWidrod dakavSirebuli qveda donis organizaciuli
erTeulebi v. i. leninis bolSevikur partiaSi.
faSizmi totalitaruli politikuri sistema, romelsac saTaveSi udgas
popularuli qarizmatuli politikuri lideri da romelSic
erTaderTi politikuri partiisa da kargad marTuli Zalado
bis meSveobiT sruli politikuri da socialuri kontroli
xorcieldeba. faSizmi imiT gansxvavdeba komunizmisgan, rom
Tumca ekonomikur struqturas saxelmwifo akontrolebs, is
kerZo mesakuTreTa xelSia.
federalizmi SezRuduli mmarTvelobis sistema, romelic emyareba Zala
uflebis ganawilebas centralur xelisuflebasa da ufro
mcire regionul erTeulebs Soris.
federaluri asamblea ruseTis erovnuli sakanonmdeblo organo, orpalatia
ni parlamenti, Seqmnili 1993 wlis konstituciiT. masSi Sedis
qveda (saxelmwifo duma) da zeda (federaciis sabWo) palatebi.
federaluri erTeuli (`Stati~, `miwa~ da a. S.) ZiriTadi politikuradministraciuli erTeuli federalur sistemaSi. is
699
suverenuli ar aris da Cveulebriv damokidebulia centra
lur xelisuflebaze iseT sakiTxebSi, rogoricaa resursebis
(sagadasaxado transferebis da grantebis) gamoyofa, Tavdacva
(samxedro usafrTxoeba da sagangebo situaciebSi daxmareba),
agreTve sxva federalur erTeulebTan da ucxo qveynebTan
ekonomikuri urTierToba.
federaciis sabWo ruseTis erovnuli sakanonmdeblo organos, federaluri
asambleis zeda palata, Seqmnili 1993 wlis konstituciiT.
masSi Sedis 89 teritoriuli erTeulidan arCeuli 178
warmomadgneli (TiTo erTeulidan or-ori).
filosofosi mefeebi brZeni filosofosebi, romlebic platonis
`saxelmwifoSi~ aRweril idealur qalaqSi mmarTvelebad
gvevlinebian.
fokus-jgufebi adamianTa mcire jgufebi, romlebic komunikaciebis eqspertis xelmZRvanelobiT ganixilaven konkretul sakiTxebs.
funqcionalizmi/funqcionalistebi am politikuri moZRvrebis Tanaxmad,
ekonomikuri da socialuri funqciebis TandaTanobiTi ga
dacema saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobiTi organizaciebisTvis
(rogoricaa gaeros specializebuli saagentoebi magaliTad,
iunesko), sabolood saerTaSoriso doneze gadaanacvlebs
realur Zalauflebas da aq moaxdens politikuri qmedebis
integracias.
qarizmatuli lideri politikuri lideri, romlis legitimuroba mosaxleobis mxridan Tayvaniscemas emyareba. aseTi Tayvaniscemis sa
fuZveli SeiZleba iyos warsuli sagmiro saqmeebi (realuri an
warmosaxviTi), pirovnuli oratoruli niWi Tu politikuri
nawerebi.
qaSmiri indoeTsa da pakistans Soris sadavo teritoria. qaSmiris udides
nawilze kontrols induisturi umravlesobis mqone indoeTi
axorcielebs, magram TviT am provinciis mosaxleobis
umravlesoba muslimania, anu pakistanis oficialur religias
misdevs. 1947 wels, damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg, in
doeTma da pakistanma samjer iomes qaSmiris gamo, 2000-2001
wlebSi ki daZabulobam kvlav imata. indoeTsac da pakistansac
arsenalSi birTvuli iaraRi aqvs.
qveyana rogorc politikuri termini, is daaxloebiT Seesabameba saxelmwifos
da SeiZleba èris~ da èri-saxelmwifos~ sinonimad iyos gamoyenebuli. sityva `qveyana~ SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas mis
mimarT siyvarulis gamosaxatavadac (magaliTad, patriotul
leqsebsa da simRerebSi), radgan `saxelmwifosgan~ gansxvavebiT
mas emociuri elferic aqvs.
qneseTi israelis erTpalatiani parlamenti.
SezRuduli omi totaluri omis (magaliTad, totaluri birTvuli omis)
sapirispiro cneba.
SezRuduli xelisufleba koncefcia, romlis Tanaxmadac xelisufleba ver
700
gadadgams nabijs, rac ginda bevrma adamianma moisurvos es,
romelic winaaRmdegobaSi Seva konstituciur principebTan
magaliTad, samarTalTan.
SeiaraRebaSi Sejibri moqipSe saxelmwifoebis mier urTirTsawinaaRmdegod
mimarTuli iaraRis momarageba; es procesi xels uwyobs
SeiaraRebis sistemebis dargSi kvlevis da teqnologiebis
ganviTarebas, zogi eqspertis azriT ki omis mizezic SeiZleba
gaxdes.
Sekaveba SeerTebuli Statebis politika meore msoflio omis Semdgeg, ro
melic globaluri status-kvos SenarCunebaze iyo mimarTu
li. termini ukavSirdeba SeerTebuli Statebis mcdelobas,
Seekavebina sabWoTa kavSiri, raTa mas ver SeZleboda Semdgom
gaefarTovebina Tavisi kontrolis sfero ise, rogorc es
aRmosavleT evropaSi gaakeTa. am politikidan amoizarda nato,
marSalis gegma, koreisa da vietnamis omebi.
Sekaveba da gawonasworeba sakonstitucio saSualebebi, romlebic saSualebas
aZlevs saxelisuflebo Stoebs, win aRudgnen Zalauflebis
ukanono gadametebas sxva Stoebis mier.
SekiTxvebis saaTi did britaneTSi ase hqvia yoveli kviris orSabaTidan
xuTSabaTamde sagangebod gamoyofil dros, rodesac misi
udidebulesobis loialuri opozicia (xelisuflebaSi armyofi partia) axdens mTavrobis (xelisuflebaSi myofi partiis)
qmedebaTa da gadawyvetilebaTa kritikas da gamokvlevas;
yoveli kviris ganmavlobaSi premier-ministri orjer aris
movale, upasuxos mwvave SekiTxvebs opoziciis mxridan.
SemTxveviTi omi birTvuli Seteva winaswari ganzraxvis gareSe Secdomis an
araswori gaTvlis gamo (Tanamedrove epoqaSi).
SemTxveviTi SerCeva gamokiTxvis meTodi, rodesac adamianebi (respondentebi)
SemTxveviTi wesiT SeirCevian mosaxleobis saerTo masidan (ix.
agreTve stratificirebuli SerCeva).
Sereuli ekonomika ekonomikuri sistema, romelic axamebs rogorc
saxelmwifo, ise kerZo mflobelobaSi myof sawarmoebs.
Sereuli reJimi saxelmwifo, romelSic Zalauflebis sxvadasxa Sto sxvadasxva socialur klass wamoadgens.
Stati ix. `federaluri erTeuli~
`Calis gamokiTxvebi~ aramecnieruli kvlevebi; sazogadoebrivi azris martivi, iafi gamokiTxvebi, romlebic xSirad manipulaciis da
borotad gamoyenebis sagnad iqceva.
Cveulebrivi politikosebi individebi, visi prioritetic arCevnebis
(xelaxla) mogebaa.
CrdiloeT amerikis Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba (NAFTA) 1994 wels
SeerTebuli Statebis, meqsikisa da kanadis mier dadebuli
xelSekruleba, riTac sami eri SeTanxmda erTmaneTTan vaWroba
Tavisufal reJimSi an Semcirebuli tarifebiT ewarmoebina.
CrdiloeT atlantikis xelSekrulebis organizacia ix. nato.
701
centraluri komiteti jgufi, romelic marTavda sabWoTa komunistur
partias mis yrilobaTa Soris. mis wevrebs partiis liderebi
arCevdnen.
civi omi daZabulobis maRali done SeerTebul Statebsa da sabWoTa
kavSirs Soris, romlis drosac gavlenis gasaZliereblad
mxareebi iyenebdnen diplomatiur manevrebs, urTierTmtrul
propagandas, ekonomikur sanqciebsa da samxedro Zlierebis
zrdas.
cxeli xazi vaSingtonsa da moskovs Soris komunikaciis daculi pirdapiri xazi, romelic 1963 wels, civi omis pikSi Seiqmna gaufrTxileblobiT gamowveuli birTvuli katastrofis Tavidan asacileblad.
Zalaufleba adamianTa da institutTa qcevaze gavlenis moxdenis an
misi kontrolis unari rogorc darwmunebis, ise iZulebis
meSveobiT.
Zalauflebis danawileba xelisuflebis organizeba erTmaneTisgan
gamoyofili sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo
funqciebis mixedviT; TiToeul Stos angariSvaldebulebis
damoukidebeli wesi, agreTve gansxvavebuli kompetencia da
movaleobebi aqvs.
ZalauflebaTa Serwyma (fusion of powers) yovelgvari mmarTvelobiTi
Zalauflebis Serwyma sakanonmdeblo organoSi, rac sapar
lamento sistemisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.
ZalTa wonasworobis (balansis) sistema saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis
klasikuri Teoriis ZiriTadi principi, romlis Tanaxmadac
daaxloebiT Tanabari Zalis mqone qveynebi cdiloben arsebu
li viTarebis SenarCunebas imiT, rom saSualebas ar aZleven
nebismier saxelmwifos, sxvebze upiratesoba moipovos.
ZalTa balansis sistemaSi monawile erebi aliansebs qmnian da
SezRudul omebSi ibrZvian, xolo erTi qveyana wonasworobis
damcvelis rols TamaSobs imiT, rom rigrigobiT uWers mxars
moqiSpe blokebs ZalTa balansis SesanarCuneblad.
ZiriTadi kanoni 1949 wlis dasavleT germaniis konstitucia.
WeSmariti morwmune adamiani, romelic Tavidan bolomde erTgulia
revoluciuri moZraobisa da fanatizmis niSnebs avlens ideis
mxardaWerasa da misTvis TavganwirvaSi.
warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia samoqalaqo monawileobis forma, risi
meSveobiTac moqalaqeebi irCeven Tavis warmomadgenlebs
xelisuflebaSi.
warmomadgenlobis delegaciuri Teoria mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac
arCeuli Tanamdebobis pirebi Tavisi saarCevno olqis
Sexedulebebs unda asaxavdnen.
warmomadgenlobis meurveobiTi Teoria mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac
arCeuli Tanamdebobis pirebi unda iqceodnen rogorc
liderebi, romlebic Tavisi amomrCevlebis interesebSi
kompetentur arCevans akeTeben.
702
wmenda ZalauflebisTvis brZolaSi yvela metoqis Tavidan mocileba
masobrivi dapatimrebebis, cixeSi Casmis, qveynidan gaZevebis
da mkvlelobebis gziT. xSirad mimarTulia yofili
Tanamzraxvelebis da maTi momxreebis winaaRmdeg, romelTac
sakmarisi gavlena aqvT (realurad an xelisuflebis azriT),
raTa safrTxe Seuqmnan gabatonebul elitas.
wonasworobis damcveli qveyana ZalTa wonasworobis sistemaSi, romelic
konfliqtebis dros arbitris funqcias asrulebs da
morigeobiT emxroba sxvadasxva mxares politikuri balansis
SesanarCuneblad.
xunta mmarTveli oligarqia, Cveulebriv samxedro oficrebisgan Semdgari.
haagis konvencia farTod gaziarebuli wesebis erToblioba, romelic
gansazRvravs rogorc meomari, ise neitraluri mxareebis
qmedebebs saxmeleTo omebis dros, maT mier axali iaraRis
gamoyenebas da sxva uflebebsa da movaleobebs.
habeas korpusi (habeas corpus act) 1679 wels inglisis parlamentis mier
miRebuli aqti, romelmac gaaZliera inglisis moqalaqeTa
ufleba, daculi yofiliyvnen kanonis mier.
703
indeqsi
àdamianis uflebebi~
(peini), 500
àCile lauros~ gataceba
528, 535
`gaazrebani safrange
Tis revoluciaze~
(berki), 499
`gamocdileba xalxTmo
saxleobis kanonis
Sesaxeb~ (malTusi),
566
`demokratia amerikaSi~
(de tokvili), 70, 357,
454, 480
`demokratizacia~, 228,
230, 678
ìmperializmi: kapi
talizmis umaRlesi
safexuri~ (lenini),
564
`kanonTa goni~ (mon
teskie), 436
`kapitali~ (marqsi), 56,
145
`komunisturi manifesti~
(marqsi da engelsi),
429, 504
`mamaci axali samyaro~
(haqsli), 62
`masebis amboxi~ (gaseti),
508
`mTavari~ (makiaveli), 107
`moralis Sesavali~ (lip
mani), 394
`politika~ (aristo
tele), 106
`politiko~, 412-413, 691
`sadnobi qvabi~ 23
`sazogadoebrvi xelSek
ruleba~ (ruso), 559
`saxelmZRvanelo ur
banuli partizanuli
omebisaTvis~ (marige
la), 525
ùtopia~ (mori), 48
`SekiTxvebis saaTi~, 210,
700
`xalxTa simdidris
bunebisa da mizezebis
kvleva~ (smiTi), 436
`xedva ukan~ (belami), 49
`xelisuflebisadmi
miZRvnili meore
traqtati~ (loki), 501
abaCa, sani 98, 105
aborti, 473
adamianis uflebaTa
deklaracia, 495, 673
adamianis Rirseba, 68
adamianuri buneba
gansazRvreba, 673
omi, 556
utopiebi da, 60
adamsi, jon 366, 396
aderi, duglas 396
administraciuli decen
tralizacia 81, 673
avgustine, 556, 577
avstralia
amomrCevelTa raode
noba, 354
aRiareba, 78
mosaxleobis ruka,
290-291
pirdapiri demokratia,
350-353
pirveli samyaros
gansazRvreba, 268
SedarebiTi politika,
36
CrdiloeTisa da
samxreTis konfliqti,
269
avstria
amomrCevelTa raode
noba, 354
evrokavSiri, 644
eri-saxelmwifoebi, 23
saerTaSoriso samTav
robo organizaciebi,
639
saparlamento de
mokratia, 170
avtobusebis saqme, 464
avtoritarizmi, 97, 115
avtokratia, 98, 673
Tanamedrove fenomeni,
106-107
interesTa jgufebi,
384-385
legitimuroba, 108109, 684
naklovanebebi, 98-101
nigeria da, 103-106

niSnebi, 102-103,
oligarqia, 98, 689
politikuri monawileoba, 364-365
politika, 103
popularoba, 110
sazogadoebrivi
interesis ugulebelyofa, 111-113
saxelmwifo gadatri
aleba 102 , 696
tiranuli, 108
qarizmatuli lideri,
109, 700
Rirsebebi, 97, 98
xunta, 97
avtoriteti, 24-25, 673
avRaneTi, 268, 304 ix.
aseve al qaida; osama
bin ladeni
ganviTareba, 268, 287
gaerTianebuli erebis
mier mSvidobis uzrun
velyofa, 650
Talibebis mmarTvelo
ba, 121, 300, 518
omi, 572
terorizmi, 448, 518
SeerTebuli Statebis
sagareo politika da,
607
azerbaijani
komunizmidan tranzi
cia, 246
ruka, 225
ruseTis intervencia,
239
azia, ix. aseve specifi
kuri qveynebi
avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi, 115
aziuri gripi, 259, 679
araasociaciuri in
teresTa jgufebi, 375
axlad industriuli
qveynebi, 258
ganviTarebadi qvey
nebi, 269, 280-281, 289,
292
daqvemdebarebis Teo
ria, 33
704
indeqsi
ekonomikuri tranzi
cia, 285, 258, 264
kolonializmi, 271-273
meore samyaros gansaz
Rvreba, 269
mosaxleobis ruka,
290-291
politikuri ekonomiis
perspeqtiva, 32
terorizmi, 524
Zalaufleba, 25
azia-wynari zRvis auzis
TanamSromlobis fo
rumi, 636
aixmani, adolfi, 40-41
al-asadi hafezi, 98-99
albaneTi da komunizmis
kraxi, 223
aleqsandre robert um
crosi, 398
alisas Tavgadasavali
saocrebaTa qveyanaSi
(keroli), 422
almondi, gabrieli, 375
alJiri
birTvuli iarRis
gavrceleba, 622
kolonializmi, 272
omi, 571
terorizmi, 529, 532,
534, 538
al qaida, 120, 300, 518,
526, 528, 581, 607, 609,
626
ambrosi, 578
amerikuli konservatiz
mi, 434, 673
amerikis mmarTveloba,
Seswavla 35
amerikul saxelmwifoTa
organizacia, 541
amerikuli liberalizmi,
434, 673
amerikuli revolucia,
68, 86, 489, 490, 673
gamarTleba, 491
evropis konsensusi
da, 594
istoriuli mniSvneloba, 490
peines Sexeduleba
sasurvelobis Sesaxeb,
500
revoluciuri omi, 490,
693
safrangeTis revolu
ciasTan Sedareba, 493,
498
socialuri da poli
tikuri cvlilebebi,
492
Serbileba, 492
amin, idi, 98
anani, kofi, 699
anarqizmi, 423, 673
angola
ganviTareba, 270, 273,
176, 287
kolonializmi, 273
UNITA, 607
anomikuri interesTa
jgufebi, 375
anri, emili, 534
antarqtidis SeTanxmeba,
661, 673
antisamTavrobo ideolo
gia, 423
antisaxelmwifoebrivi
terorizmi, 520, 674
apaTia, politikuri, 358,
692
aparatCikebi, 228
aqvineli, Tomas, 436
araasociaciuri interes
Ta jgufi, 375
arabeTis gaerTianebuli
saamiroebi
ganviTareba, 270
arakonvenciuri monawileoba, 337, 674
aralegaluri monawileoba, 338
arasaxelmwifo aqtorebi,
637-644, 674
arafati, iasir, 402, 604
araZaladobrivi winaaRm
degoba, 272, 674
arCevnebi, 336, 345-347,
350-358 ix. aseve xmis
micema
arendti, hana, 40, 131, 568
argentina
avtoritaruli saxelmwifo, 115
politikuri tranzi
cia, 261
sabaJo kavSiri, 642
folklendis omi, 163,

262, 572
faSizmi, 425
aristotele, 27, 35, 75,
86, 106, 108, 161, 312,
425, 436, 503, 552
asi yvavilis kampania, 146,
674
askriptiuli sazogadoe
ba, 286, 674
asociaciis tipis in
teresTa jgufi, 375
aum sinrikios seqtis mier
cremlsadeni gaziT
Tavdasxma, 477
afrika, ix. aseve specifi
kuri qveynebi
avtoritaruli sax
elmwifoebi, 114
afrikis erTobis or
ganizacia, 639
ganviTarebadi qvey
nebi, 268, 289
damokidebulebis
Teoria, 33
mosaxleobis gegma,
290, 291
terorizmi, 524
civilizaciaTa Se
jaxeba, 626
afrikis erTobis orga
nizacia, 639
afroamerikelebi, 78, 415
aRmosavleT evropa
avtoritaruli sax
elmwifoebi, 97, 112
ganviTarebadi qvey
nebi, 280-281
germanuli investici
ebi da, 192
evrokavSiri da, 644
varSavis xelSekrule
ba, 597, 616, 643, 681
komunizmis kraxi, 26,
119, 223, 243-247, 431,
489
Rvreba, 269
saparlamento de
mokratia, 170
civi omi, ix. civi omi
aRmosavleT germania,
184, 191, 224, 233
aRmosavleT pakistani, ix.
bangladeSi
indeqsi
aRmosavleT timori
da gaerTianebuli
erebis mier mSvidobis
uzrunvelyofa, 653
aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
germania, 187
didi britaneTi, 166167, 213
safrangeTi, 173-175,
179
SeerTebuli Statebi,
212-213
axali atlantida (beko
ni), ix. bekonis àxali
atlantida~
axali industriuli qvey
nebi (NICs)
azia, 258
axali kursi, 79
gansazRvreba, 674
37
axali zelandia
pirveli samyaros
gansazRvreba, 268
CrdiloeTisa da
269
axali federalizmi, 79
axlo aRmosavleTi, ix.
aseve sparseTis yure;
specifikuri qveynebi
avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi, 97, 115
velyofa, 650
ganviTarebadi qvey
nebi, 271
saxelmwifos armqone
erebi, 24
civilizaciaTa Se
jaxeba, 625
Zalaufleba, 25
ajanyebisken waqezeba, 339
babangida, ibrahimi, 105
babefi, fransua-noel,
428
bakis saqmeze miRebuli
gadawyvetileba, 466
bakunini, mixeili, 424
baladuri, eduardi, 179
baltiispireTis qveynebi.
ix. gansakuTrebuli
qveynebi
balfuris deklaracia,
206, 674
bangladeSi, 271, 274, 287
barbadosi, 270
bare, siad, 294
baristerebi, 214
bastilia, 495, 674
baxreini
ganviTareba 270
bediswera, 601
bekonis àxali atlan
tida~, 48, 53
gza utopiisaken, 59
samomvalo gegma, 55
stabiluroba da mec
niereba, 53-54
utopiiT STagoneba, 59
utopiis praqtiku
loba, 60
belami, eduardi, 49
belgia
amomrCevelTa raode
noba, 354
evrokavSiri, 644
proporciuli warmo
madgenloba, 348, 349
saparlamento de
mokratia, 170
terorizmi, 541
belorusia
birTvuli iaraRis
gavrceleba, 622
birTvuli iaraRi, 235
komunizmidan tranzi
cia, 246
ruka, 225
benini, 280
betankuri, romulo,
396-398
bilbo, Teodori, 406
Bill of attainder, 74, 696
biologiuri iaraRis
konvencia, 661
bipolaruli sistema,
595-599, 675
birTvuli iaraRis
gavrceleba, 621-623
birTvuli iaraRis
gauvrceleblobis
SeTanxmeba 661, 675
birTvuli monopolia,
576, 675
birTvuli omi, 597-600
705
bismarki, oto von, 183

biujetis deficiti, 456458, 675
biukeneni, pati, 427
bihevioralistebi, 29-31,
675
bihevioralisturi in
Jineria, 675
bihevioralisturi
fsiqologia, 675
blani, lui, 428
blekstouni, 214
bleri, toni, 163, 167, 169,
432, 541
bokasa I, 98
bolivia
ganviTareba, 282
sabaJo kavSiri, 642
bonaparte, napoleoni,
110, 497, 574, 593 594
bosnia
gaero da, 298, 653
omi, 580
civilizaciaTa Se
jaxeba, 626
boSebi, 39
bocvana, 281
brazilia
birTvuli iarRis
gavrceleba, 622
globaluri daTboba
da, 665
daqvemdebarebis Teo
ria, 33
politikuri ekonomi
kis perspeqtiva, 33
politikuri tranzi
cia, 261-262
sakonstitucio de
mokratia, 68
sabaJo kavSiri, 642
terorizmi, 543
umravlesobis mmarTveloba, 92
federalizmi, 79
CrdiloeTisa da
269
Zalauflebis danawileba, 91
xmis micema, 336
706
indeqsi
brauni topekis ga
naTlebis sabWos
winaaRmdeg, 464
brauni, joni, 537
braxeri, karl ditrixi,
142
breidis kanoni, 451, 675
britaneTis Tanamegobroba, 642, 675
britaneTis raji, 205, 675
brJezinski, zbignive, 138
bulgareTi
evrokavSiri da, 644
komunizmidan tranzi
cia, 246
223, 233
bumerangis efeqti 608610
bundesrati, 188, 676
bundestagi, 188, 349, 676
bunebrivi resusrsebis
simwire, 566-567
burke, edmundi, 411, 498499, 509
burkina faso, 271
burJuazia, 429, 676
burundi
ganviTareba, 271
kolonializmi, 273
buSi, jorj h. v., 294
buSi, jorji v., 217, 354,
372, 391, 476, 539, 580,
607, 665
gaboni, 280, 281
gadasaxdi, 457-458
germania, 185
didi britaneTi, 180
gaeros bavSvTa fondi
(UNICEFF), 294, 647
gaeros vaWrobisa da gan
viTarebis konferen
cia (UNICTAD), 647
gaerTianebuli erebi,
639, 644, 669
bosnia, 298
daarseba, 646-648
erTa liga, 645-646
erTianoba, 657
idealizmi, 612
israeli, 207
istoria, 645-646
kamboja, 224
koleqtiuri
usafrTxoeba, 645, 683
kompetencia, 657
kosovo, 298
mSvidoba, 669-670
neoizolacionistebi,
610
saSinao iurisdiqcia,
648, 695
samxedro moqmedeba,
655-658
samSvidobo misiebi,
650-654
suvereniteti, 657, 696
terorizmi, 541
uTanasworoba, 656
universaluroba, 656
civi omi, 648
civi omis Semdgomi
periodi, 650-654
gaerTianebuli samefo.
ix. didi britaneTi
gambia, 281
gamokiTxvebi, 340-345
ganaTleba
samoqalaqo ganaTleba,
320, 695
gandi, indira, 206, 284,
525
gandi, mahaTma, 272, 339,
404
gandi, rajiv, 284, 525
ganviTarebadi qveynebi,
268, 304 ix. aseve
askriptiuli sazoga
doeba, 286, 674
klasifikacia, 268-269
kolonializmis memkvi
dreoba, 271-273
ganviTarebis Teoria,
301-302
ganviTarebis motive
bi, 281-282
ganviTarebis sazoga
doebrivi barierebi,
282-283
ganviTarebis
fsiqologiuri bari
erebi, 285-286
gansazRvreba, 676
glastnostis pirve
ladobis modeli, 279,
677
demokratia da, 276-281
demokratiis kore
latebi, 276-277, 678
daqvemdebarebis Teo
ria, 677
ekonomikuri ganvi
Tarebis winaRobebi,
287-292
ekonomikuri kore
latebi, 277
eris mSenebloba, 274,
680
istoriuli anu gare
moebiTi korelatebi,
278
marcxi ganviTarebaSi,
292-293
meore samyaro, 269, 686
mep-i erT sul mo
saxleze, 288
mesame samyaro, 269, 686
mzardi molodinebis
revolucia, 282, 686
mozaikuri sazogadoe
bebi, 285, 687
monawileoba, 274
mosaxleobis ruka,
290-291
mwvane revolucia, 289,
688
patron-klienturi
urTierToba, 275, 690
perestroikis pirve
691
pirveli samyaro, 268,
691
politikuri ganviTa
reba, 273-276, 692
politikuri kore
latebi, 277-278
politikuri SeRweva,
274, 692
tradiciuli sazoga
doeba, 286, 698
fsiqokulturuli
korelatebi, 278
CrdiloeTisa da
269
Zalauflebis
resursebis ganawile
ba, 279
WarbganviTareba, 302303
ganviTarebis sazoga
doebrivi barierebi,
282-285
ganmeorebadi gamokiTxva,
342, 676
gantevebis vaci, 124
indeqsi
gancalkevebuli kun
Zulebi, 122, 676
gancalkevebuli, magram
Tanaswori, 463
gaorebuli aRmasrule
beli xelisufleba,
166, 676
gare mtrebi, 446-448
garemos sakiTxebi
dacva, 454
saerTaSoriso samar
Tali, 661-665
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi, 615
gaseti, xose ortega i,
508
gaucxoeba, 356, 676
gayofili aRmasrule
beli xelisufleba,
179, 676
gawveva, 351, 676
gebelsii, iosefi, 136
gegmuri ekonomika, 226
genderuli gansvla, 317,
677
generaluri Statebi 494,
677
genro, 194
germania, 170-171, 182,
191-193
aRmosavleT germania,
184, 191, 224, 233
aRmosavleT evropis
investiciebi, 192
aRmasrulebeli xe
lisufleba, 187
bundesrati, 188, 676
bundestagi, 188, 349,
676
gaerTianeba, 185, 191
samxedro qmedeba, 655
gayofa 183-185
evrocentrizmi, 595596
evrokavSiri, 192, 644
ekonomika, 191
emigracia, 192
eri-saxelmwifo, 23
vaimaris respublika,
183, 680
Tavisufleba, 81, 190
idealizmi da ruseTis
daxmareba, 612, 613
kanonebi, 191
kancleri, 187
konstituciuri de
mokratia, 68
nacisturi germania,
ix. nacisturi germania
neofaSisturi 192
politikuri partiebi,
189, 370
proporciuli warmo
madgenloba, 348, 349
ruka, 186
sakanonmdeblo xe
lisufleba, 188
samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebi, 190-191
Lander (miwa), 81-82,
185, 188
sasamarTlo sistema,
190
521, 535, 542, 544
ucxoeli muSa, 192
federalizmi, 79, 81,
185
fraqcia, 188
civi omi, 183-185
germaniis qristian de
mokratiuli kavSiri/
qristian socialis
turi kavSiri CDU/
CSU, 189
germaniis social-de
mokratiuli partia
(sdp), 189
gestapo, 136, 677
gvinea-bisau, 271, 281
giboni, edvardi, 594
gingriCi, niti, 455
gladstoni, jeki, 505
glastnosti, 230, 677
glastnostis pirvelado
bis modeli, 279, 677
Gleichschaltung (unifika
cia), 129
globalizacia, 617, 677
globaluri daTboba,
664-665
gomesi, xuan visenti, 397
gorbaCovi, mixeili, 184,
223, 225-233, 254
gori, ali, 217, 354, 372
gradualizmi, 431, 677
grociusi, hugo, 577, 658
707
gruvi, joan, 360

guzmani, abimali, 543
gulagis arqipelagi, 141,
677
guri, tedi, 505
damoukidebel saxelmwi
foTa Tanamegobroba
(dsT) 225, 235, 677
danaSauli
samarTlianoba, 474,
478-479
usafrTxoeba, 446
danaSaulis prevencia 474
dania
amomrCevelTa raode
noba, 355
evrokavSiri da, 644
idealizmi da ebrauli
mosaxleoba, 614
masmedia da politi
kuri socializacia,
324
saparlameto demokra
tia, 170
sayovelTao keTil
dReobis saxelmwifo,
432
terorizmi, 542
dasavleT evropa. ix.
aseve specifikuri
qveynebi
daqvemdebarebis Teo
ria, 33-34
interesTa jgufebi,
378, 381
multinacionaluri
korporaciebi, 638
pirveli samyaros
gansazRvreba, 269
politikuri ekonomi
kis persepqtiva, 32
524
37
civilizaciaTa Se
jaxeba, 625
daqvemdebarebis Teoria,
33, 677
de goli, Carlzi, 172, 173,
174, 175, 176, 178, 352
de tokvili, aleqsis, 504,
507, 509, 605
deitonis SeTanxmeba, 298,
678
708
indeqsi
dekoleqtivizacia, 250
demagogebi, 392, 406-409,
678
demokratia
ganviTarebadi qvey
nebi, 276-281
interesTa jgufebi,
382-383
350-353, 691
saparlamento de
mokratia ix. aseve
saparlamento de
mokratia
warmomadgenlobiTi
demokratia, gansaz
Rvreba, 703
demokratiis kedeli, 253,
678
demokratiis korelate
bi, 226-228, 586
demokratiuli mSvidobis
paradoqsi, 678, 570
demokratiuli socializmi, 431-433, 678
den siaopini, 229, 249, 254
devolucia, 79, 678
diadi proletaruli
kulturuli revolu
cia, 148, 248, 678
dialeqtikuri materializmi, 429, 679
dialeqtikuri procesi,
429
dideba, 395-396
didi britaneTi, 161
1911 da 1949 wlebis
saparlamento aqtebi,
162
amerikis revolucia,
ix. amerikis revolu
cia
aRiareba 78
aRmasrulebeli xe
lisufleba, 166-167,
212-213
baristerebi, 214
britaneTis Tanamego
broba 642, 675
britaneTis raji, 205,
675
gadasaxadi 169, 457
wevroba, 647
samxedro moqmedeba,
655
gaorebuli aRmas
rulebeli xelisufleba, 166, 676
daSoSmineba 413
disciplinirebuli
partiebi, 165-166, 679
doqtor bonemis saqme,
77, 679
evrocentrizmi, 596
evrokavSiri, 644
eri-saxelmwifo, 23
varskvlavTa palata,
77
TemTa palata, 162
interesTa jgufebi,
384
irlandiis respubli
kuri armia (IRA), 169,
518, 540
keTildReobis saxelm
wifo, 168, 432
konstitucia, 68
loialuri opozicia,
166
lordTa palata, 162,
216
magna karta, 76
masmedia da politi
kuri socializacia,
324
omi, 573
politikuri lidero
ba, 399-400
162, 165-166, 366
referendumebi, 350
saarCevno sistema, 348
sakanonmdeblo xe
lisufleba, 209-212
saparlamento sistema,
161
sasamarTlo xelisufleba 213-216
saxelmwifo xarjebi,
169
sistemis upiratesoba
da nakli, 216-217
solisitorebi, 214
supersaxelmwifos
statusi, 616
518, 540, 545
undoblobis votumi,
164, 698
unitaruli sistema, 82
uflebaTa peticia, 77

262, 572
Zalauflebis Serwyma,
162-163, 701
Sida kabineti, 166
Sereuli wyoba, 161,
700
CrdiloeT irlandia,
169
ZalTa wonasworoba
593
habeas korpusi, 77, 702
didi britaneTis kon
servatuli partia,
165-166
didi britaneTis leiboristuli partia, 165
didi depresia, 79, 455
didi naxtomi, 147, 248,
679
diskriminacia, 462-467,
ix. aseve umcireso
bebi
disciplinebuli partie
bi, 165-166, 679
distopia, 62, 679
doerti, jeimsi, 556
dominikis respublika, 98
doris ajanyeba, 504
dostoevski, fiodori,
110
douli, bobi, 317, 343, 344
77, 679
dred skotis saqme, 462
duglasi, stiveni, 401
duvalie, `beibi doki~, 98
duvalie, fransi `papa
doki~, 98
duma, 239, 679
durandi, oskar ramirez,
543
ebraelebi
israeli, ix. israeli
holokosti, 39, 119,
144, 154, 207, 580, 603
egvipte
289
kemp devidis SeTanx
meba, 207, 403, 604, 683
politikuri lidero
ba, 402-404
sagareo politika, 603
indeqsi
532, 545
egviptis revolucia, 504
evgenika, 60, 679
evrokavSiri (EU), 184,
192, 193, 618, 623, 636,
640, 642, 644, 679
evrokomunizmi, 431, 679
evropa ix. aseve specifi
kuri qveynebi
avtoritaruli re
Jimebi, 108-109, 111-112
aRmosavleT evropa,
ix. aRmosavleT evropa
globaluri daTboba
da, 665
mosaxleoba, 290-291
omi, 573
366
revolucia, 488-489
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sistema, 593
539-546
civi omi, ix. civi omi
evropis atomuri ener
giis Tanamegobroba,
644
evropis ekonomikuri
Tanamegobroba (EEC),
647
evropis qvanaxSirisa da
foladis gaerTianeba
(ECSC), 644
evropis savaluto kav
Siri (EMU), 180, 192
evropis Tavisufali
vaWrobis asociacia
(EFTA), 642
evrosabWo, 541
evrocentrizmi, 595
eTiopia
velyofa, 653
282, 287
mengistu haile mari
amis mmarTveloba, 149
kolonializmi, 273
eTnikuri Zaladoba, 619620
eTnikuri wmenda, 297, 679
eTnocentruli miker
Zoeba, 579, 679
eizenhaueri, duait d.,

409
ekvadori
ekonomika da omi, 571
ekonomikis centralize
buli kontroli, 138
ekonomikuri ganviTareba,
287-293
ekonomikuri da socialuri sabWo (ECOSOC), 647
ekonomikuri TanamSrom
loba, 641-642
ekonomikuri SeRweva, 506,
679
elcini, borisi, 233-235,
236, 240, 241
elisabed II, 166, 167
el salvadori
velyofa, 650
ganviTareba, 276
emigracia
germania, 192
safrangeTi, 181
engelsi, fridrixi, 57,
429
erayi
birTvuli iaraRis
gavrceleba 621, 622
sanqciebi, 669
ganviTareba, 282
eTnikuri Zaladoba,
619
omi, 569, 572, 577, 626,
655, 657
terorizmi, 381, 519
qurTebi, 24, 73
civilizaciaTa Se
jaxeba, 625, 626
erebi sabWoTa kavSirSi,
231-233, 620
erTa liga, 639, 643, 645646, 655, 656
erToba, 22, 680
erTpartiuli sistema,
368-369
eri, 22, 680
eris mSenebloba, 274, 680
709
eritrea
velyofa, 653
ganviTareba, 271
erovnuli asamblea, 176,
680
erovnuli vali, 456-458,
680
erovnuli TviTgamorkve
va, gansazRvreba, 680
erovnuli interesi, 600607, 680
erovnuli usafrTxoeba,
446-448, 680
erovnuli qmedebis par
tia 263
espaneTi
evrokavSiri, 644
eri-saxelmwifo, 23
kolonializmi, 272
komunizmi, 431
omi, 569
samoqalaqo omi, 493
saparlamento de
mokratia, 170
592
faSizmi, 425
estafeta, 141
estoneTi
evrokavSiri, 644
489
komunizmidan tranzi
cia, 246
nato-s gafarToeba,
643
ruka, 225
235
efeqtiani xelisufleba,
82-85
eqspansionisturi
strategia, 600, 680
ex post facto kanoni 74, 682
vaimaris respublika, 183,
680
valonebi, 23
varskvlavTa palata, 77,
680
varSavis paqti, 597, 616,
643, 681
710
indeqsi
vaSingtoni, jorji, 86,

320, 365, 393, 396, 493,
643
vaske, joni, 555
vateli, emerix de, 594
vaWrobis pirobebi, 34,
681
vauCerebi, 460
venesuela
ganviTareba, 281
politikuri lidero
ba, 397-399
372
politikuri tranzi
cia, 261
versalis SeTanxmeba, 183,
613
vestfaliis zavi, 658
vietnami
ekonomikuri tranzi
cia, 260
224
omi, 571, 573
totalitarizmi, 149
36
SeerTebuli Statebis
vildavski, aaroni, 611,
612
vilsoni, jeims q., 359
vilhelm II, 183
Winner-take-all (gamar
jvebuls yvelaferi
miaqvs) saarCevno
sistema, 347
vitfogeli, karli, 111
volteri, 491
vudvordi, juliani l.,
355
zairi. ix. kongo
zambia
politikuri ekonomi
kis perspeqtiva, 33
ziuganovi, evgeni, 234
zRvis fskeris SeTanx
meba, 661, 681
Tavisufali (laissez-faire)
kapitalizmi, 437, 681
Tavisufali mewarmeoba,
427, 681
Tavisufali sabazro eko
nomika, 427, 681
Tavisufleba, 469
aborti, 473
germania, 81, 191
samoqalaqo Tavisu
flebebi, 190-191, 477
sakonstitucio de
mokratiebi, 81, 86-92
piradi cxovreba, 472473
pirveli Sesworeba,
470-472
presis Tavisufleba,
471
religiis Tavisufle
ba, 471-472
sityvis Tavisufleba,
470-471
Rirebuleba, 469
winaswari SezRudva,
471
Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb
(mili) 438
Talibebi, 120, 300, 518
Tanaarseboba, 179, 681
Tanamgzavri, 598
Tanasworoba, 462
gaero, 656
daculi jgufebi, 468
piruku diskriminacia
466-467, 691
pozitiuri qmedebebi,
466
siRaribe, 468
rasobrivi diskrimina
cia, 462-467
radikaluri egalite
rianizmi, 433
homoseqsualTa ufle
bebi, 468
Tanatolebi, 323-324, 681
TemTa palata, 162
Teokratia, 97, 681
TurqeTi
avtoritaruli sax
elmwifo, 102
eTnikuri Zaladoba,
619
trumenis doqtrina,
605
qurTebi, 24, 73
civilizaciaTa Se
jaxeba, 626
iaponia, 170-171, 193,
201-204
aum sinrikios seqtis
cremlsadeni gaziT
Tavdasxma, 477
birTvuli iaraRis
gavrceleba, 622
bumerangis efeqti, 610
genro, 194
daqvemdebarebis Teo
ria, 34
evrocentrizmi da, 595
ekonomika da, 201-204
vaWroba, 202, 618
Tanmimdevruloba
xelisuflebaSi, 202
istoria, 194
konkurentuli upi
ratesoba, 203
konstitucia, 195-196
kultura, 201
meiZis restavracia
194, 686
multinacionaluri
korporaciebi, 638
nagasaki, 576
omi, 555, 576
pirveli samyaros
gansazRvreba, 268-269
politikuri ekonomi
kis perspeqtiva, 32
197-199, 369
politikur cvlile
baTa Semaferxebeli
faqtorebi, 199
ruka, 197
saparlamento de
mokratiis garegnuli
da realuri mxareebi
196
sasamarTlo, 201
supersaxelmwifos
statusi, 616
terorizmi, 477, 543
tradicia da Taname
droveoba, 204
faSizmi, 425
37
SeerTebul StatebTan
urTierToba, 203
civilizaciaTa Se
jaxeba, 625
indeqsi
cxovrebis done, 203
hirosima, 576
iaponiis liberal-de
mokratiuli partia
(ldp), 199
iaraRis kontroli, 451
ibo, 23, 104
idealizmi
gaerTianebuli erebi
da, 612
gansazRvreba, 681
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi, 612-614
ideologiebi, 423
anarqizmi, 423, 673
antisamTavrobo ideo
logia, 423-425
burJuazia, 429, 676
gradualizmi, 431, 677
demokratiuli so
cializmi, 431-433, 678
dialeqtikuri materi
alizmi, 429, 679
dialeqtikuri pro
cesi, 429
evrokomunizmi, 431,
679
Tavisufali mewarmeo
ba, 427, 681
Tavisufali bazris
ekonomika, 427, 681
kapitalizmi, 427-428
kapitalisturi dag
rovebis kanoni, 429
keTildReobis saxelm
wifo, 432, 683
koleqtivizmi, 428, 683
komunizmi da demokra
tia, 431
libertarianeloba,
424, 685
marqsizmi, 429
memarcxene ideolo
gebi, 428-429
memarjvene ideolo
gebi, 425
monarqia, 425
nihilizmi, 424
pauperizaciis kanoni,
430, 690
proletariati, 429,
692
radikaluri egalite
rianizmi, 433
revoluciuri komu
nizmi, 429-430, 693
religiuri uflebebi,
426-427
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi, 596-597
socializmi, 428, 696
totalitarianizmi,
124-127
utopisti sociali
stebi, 428, 698
faSizmi, 425-426, 698
CineTi, 249
ideologiuri teror
izmi, 521
iemeni, 271, 276
imperializmi, 555, 682
individualizmi, 356-358,
682
indoeTi, 170-171
araZaladobrivi wi
naaRmdegoba, 272, 674
britaneTis raji, 205,
675
282, 284-285, 289
globaluri daTboba,
665
eTnikuri Zaladoba,
619
konstitucia, 68
konstituciuri de
mokratia, 68
lok sabha, 206, 685
mogolebi, 205, 687
mravalerovnuli saxelmwifoebi, 23
omi, 559, 569, 571, 575
369
rajia sabha, 206, 693
saparlamento mmarTv
eloba, 205-206
terorizmi, 521, 522
umravlesobis mmarTv
eloba, 92
federalizmi, 79
qaSmiri, 205, 653, 699
civilizaciaTa Se
jaxeba, 625
indonezia
avtoritaruli sax
elmwifoebi, 98, 109
ganviTareba, 276
ekonomikuri tranzi
cia, 260
saprezidento de
mokratia, 90
711
indusebi, 23
indusi Tamilebi, 23
iniciativa, 351
instituciuri interesTa
jgufebi, 375
instituciur-revoluci
uri partia (PRI), 263,
280, 369
interesTa jgufebi, 374
avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi, 384-385
anomikuri interesTa
jgufebi, 375
araasociaciuri in
asociaciuri tipis in
gavlena, 376-378
demokratia da, 382-383
instituciuri in
kerZo interesTa
jgufebi, 376, 683
lobistebi, 376, 685
politikuri mecniere
ba, 35
politikuri qmedebis
komiteti, 379-381, 692
raodenoba, 378-380
rbili fuli, 381, 393
sazogadoebriv in
teresTa jgufebi, 376,
694
tipebi, 375-376
SeerTebuli Statebi,
379, 383
internacionalistebi,
561, 682
intifada, 207, 604, 682
ioane pavle II, 224, 525
iordania
monarqia, 425
terorizmi, 532
ioruba, 104
irani
birTvuli iaraRis
gavrceleba, 622
ganviTareba, 283
multinacionaluri
korporaciebi, 637-638
terorizmi, 448, 519
712
indeqsi
civilizaciaTa Se
jaxeba, 625
xomeinis mmarTveloba,
150
irlandia
evrokavSiri, 644
proporciuli warmo
madgenloba, 348-349
saparlamento de
mokratia, 170
CrdiloeT irlandia,
169, 477, 518, 521
irlandiis respublikuri
armia, 171, 518, 540
israeli, 170-171, ix. aseve
palestina
balfuris deklaracia,
206, 674
birTvuli iaraRis
gavrceleba, 622
207
ganviTareba, 270
intifada, 207, 604, 682
kemp-devidis SeTanx
meba, 207, 404, 604, 683
konstitucia, 69
palestineli arabebi,
206, 690
proporciuli warmo
madgenloba, 348-349
sadaTi, 403
saparlamento mmarTveloba, 206-208
sionizmi, 206, 603, 696
544
qneseTi, 208, 699
istoni, devidi, 36
italia
avtoritaruli sax
elmwifoebi, 111
amomrCevelTa raode
noba, 355
britanul sistemasTan
Sedareba, 166-168
gadasaxadebi, 457
evrokavSiri, 644
kolonializmi, 272
komunizmi da, 431
marSalis gegma, 606
omi, 555
371
proporciuli warmo
madgenloba, 348-349
541, 544
unitaruli sistemebi,
82
faSizmi, 119, 123, 131,
425, 508, 554
qmediToba mTavrobaSi,
85
xelisuflebis stabi
luroba, 83, 85
iugoslavia, 268, 295 ix.
aseve specifikuri
respublikebi
balkaneTis krizisi,
295-297
bosnia, 297-299
gaeros samSvidobo
misiebi, 652, 653
ganviTareba, 292
daSla, 22, 24, 616
deitonis SeTanxmeba,
298, 678
eTnikuri wmenda, 257,
679
TviTregulireba, 296
kosovo, 297
civilizaciaTa Se
jaxeba, 626
iumi, devidi, 491
kabo-verde, 280
kadafi, muamari, 98, 109,
274
kalhuni, joni s., 657
kaliforniis samoqalaqo
uflebaTa iniciativa
(CCRI), 352
kamboja
gaerTianebuli erebi
da, 652
ganviTareba, 276
kolonializmi, 273
224
pol potis mmarTv
elobisas, 149
omi, 571
kameruni, 281
kampanelas `mzis qalaqi~,
49
kampuCia. ix. kamboja
kanada
aRiareba, 78
dabegvra, 457
eTnikuri Zaladoba,
619
NAFTA, 263, 545, 618,
642, 702
federalizmi, 79
civilizaciaTa Se
jaxeba, 626
kanonis uzenaesoba, 7577, 682
kanoni ucxoelebisa da
amoboxebisadmi waqe
zebis Sesaxeb, 80
kanti, imanueli, 312-313,
562, 570
kancleri, 187
kapitalizmi, 455
gansazRvreba, 683
ideologia, 427-428
SeerTebuli Statebi
da, 427
kapitalisturi dag
rovebis kanoni, 429,
682
kaplani, roberti, 627
karibis auzis qveynebi,
636 ix. aseve specifi
kuri qveynebi
karibis auzis qveynebis
erTiani bazari, 636
karteri, jimi, 341, 613
kasineli, s.v., 151
kastro, fideli, 123, 149,
224, 316, 397
katalituri omi, 575, 682
katari
kaunda keneti, 114
kacobriobis winaaRmdeg
Cadenili danaSauli
580
kevorkiani, jek, 537
keTildReoba, 454-456
erovnuli vali, 456,
680
sabiujeto deficiti,
456-458
sagadasaxo tvirTi,
457
saganmanaTleblo
krizisi, 458-460
skolis vauCeri, 460
indeqsi
Semosavlis ganawile
ba, 460-462
Sereuli ekonomika,
455, 700
jandacvis erovnuli
dazRveva, 455
keTildReobis saxelm
wifo, 432
gansazRvreba, 683
didi britaneTi, 162,
168
kelog-brianis paq
ti-1928, 665
kemp-devidis SeTanxmeba,
207, 403, 604, 683
kenani, jorji f., 605
kenia
eTnikuri Zaladoba,
620
konstitucia, 68
politikuri ekonomi
kis perspeqtiva, 33
SeerTebuli Statebis
saelCoze Tavdasxma,
609
keniata, jomo, 274, 276
kenWisyra, 176
kereku, meTiu, 280
kerZo interesTa jgufi,
376, 683
kviprosi da gaerTianebuli erebis mier mSvi
dobis dacva, 650, 653
kim de iungi, 259
kingi, martin luTeri,
272, 320, 339, 415
kiotos xelSekruleba,
664-665
kiribati, 270
kirovi, sergei, 140
klasi, 316
klauzevici, karli, 552
klintoni, bili, 79, 88,
212, 317, 341, 343, 359,
456, 609
koaliciuri mTavroba,
370
koiZumi, Ziunitiro, 199,
201
koleqtivizacia, 139, 683
koleqtivizmi, 428, 683
koleqtiuri samTavrobo
pasuxismgebloba, 213
koleqtiuri usafrTxoe
ba, 645, 683
koli, helmuti, 191
kolonializmi, 271-273,
683
kolonizacia, 4-5
kolumbia
avtoritaruli reJimi,
114
287
371
politikuri tranzi
cia, 261
terorizmi, 518, 542
kolxozi, 139
komerciuli respublike
bi, 436
komunizmi, 431-432, ix.
aseve specifikuri
qveynebi
komunizmis meore sta
dia, 58, 683
komunizmis pirveli
stadia, 57, 683
revoluciuri komu
nizmi, 429-430, 693
komunizmis meore stadia,
58, 683
komunizmis pirveli sta
dia, 57, 683
konfrontacia, 576
kongo
mier mSvidobis dacva,
653
280, 281
eTnikuri Zaladoba,
691
kolonializmi, 273
omi, 572
konservatizmi, 433-437,
439-442, 684
konstitucia, 68-69
gansazRvreba, 684
iaponia, 195-196
safrangeTi, 68, 178-179
safrangeTis revolu
cia, 494
SeerTebuli Statebi,
ix. SeerTebuli
Statebis konstitucia
konstituciuri demokra
tia, 68, 92-93
adamianis Rirseba, 68
713
administraciuli de
centralizacia, 81, 673
axali federalizmi, 79
bill of attainder, 74
ganmanaTleblobis
ideebi, 86
germania da, 68
devolucia, 79, 687
demokratiuli kon
stitucia, 68-69
77
energiuli xelisufleba, 84-85
efeqtiani xelisufle
ba, 82-85
varskvlavTa palata,
77, 680
Tavisufleba da federalizmi, 81-82
Tavisuflebis arqite
qtura, 86-92
kanonis uzenaesoba,
75-78, 682
kompensaciuri dis
kriminacia, 75
konstitucionalizmi,
77-78
konstitucia, ix.
aseve konstituciis
ganmarteba, 684
magna karta, 76
marTebuli samarT
lebrivi procesi, 77,
686
mgrZnobiare xelisu
fleba, 69-74
paraleluri Zalaufleba, 68
popularuli avtono
mia, 68
respublikebi, 68, 693
saparlamento siste
mebi, 71
saprezidento sistema,
89, 695
sapolicio Zalaufle
ba, 79
stabiluroba, 83-84
tutelaJi (meurveoba),
82, 698
umravlesobis mmarTveloba, 70-72, 91
umravlesobis tirania,
72-74, 698
714
indeqsi
umciresobis ufle
bebi, 75
unitaruli sistemebi,
82, 698
uflebaTa peticia 77,
699
federalizmi, 579-80,
699
feminizmi, 75
SeerTebuli Statebi,
86
SezRuduli xelisufleba, 74-82, 701
Sekaveba da gawonas
woreba, 88-89, 701
Zalauflebis danawileba, 89, 702
xmosanTa SedarebiTi
umravlesobis sistema,
71
habeas korpusi, 76
konstituciuri konven
ti, 80, 83
kontras, 607
kontrterorizmi, 523,
542-545, 684
korea
samxreT korea ix.
samxreT korea
CrdiloeT korea, ix.
CrdiloeT korea
korufcia, 104
kosmosis SeTanxmeba, 661,
684
kosovo, 298, 653
kosta rika
politikuri tranzi
cia, 361
kristoli, irvingi, 40
kuba
ganviTareba, 276
kastros mmarTveloba,
123
224
marqsizmi, 33
Rvreba, 269
multinacionaluri
korporaciebi, 637
terorizmi, 519, 541
37
kuTvnili daxmareba, 452
kulakebi, 138, 310, 684
kuliji, kalvin 428
kuomintangi, 134, 145, 677
laTinuri amerika, ix.

aseve specifikuri
qveynebi
avtoritaruli
saxelmwifoebi, 97,
114-115
amerikul saxelmwifo
Ta organizacia, 541
araasociaciuri tipis
interesTa jgufi, 375
ganviTarebadi qvey
nebi, 270, 280, 288
daqvemdebarebis Teo
ria, 34
kolonializmi, 272
latifundia, 289
minifundia, 289
mosaxleobis ruka,
290-291
omi, 570
372
politikuri tranzi
cia, 261, 264
terorizmi, 524
saprezidento de
mokratia, 90
Zalaufleba, 25
lakeur, uolteri, 519
laosi
ganviTareba, 276
ekonomikuri tranzi
cia, 211
224
latifundia, 289
latvia
evrokavSiri, 644
489
komunizmidan tranzi
cia, 246
nato-s gafarToeba,
643
ruka, 225
235
le peni, Jan mari, 178, 181
legitimuroba, 25, 108109, 684
lendoni, alfi, 340
lenini, v. i., 121, 122, 123,
124, 126, 127, 128, 130,
133, 134, 135, 247, 430,
563, 567, 571
li ten-hui, 260
libani
gaeros samSvidobo
misia, 562
eTnikuri Zaladoba,
620
liberalizacia, 684
liberalizmi, 433-435,
438-442, 685
liberaluri ganaTleba,
322, 685
liberaluri tradicia,
685
liberia
ganviTareba, 281
kolonializmi, 273
sulieri rwmena, 629
libertarianeloba, 424,
685
libia
arabuli respub
likebis federacia,
403
birTvuli iaraRis
gavrceleba, 622
pan amerikuli reisi,
608, 668
terorizmi, 519, 541
civilizaciaTa Se
jaxeba, 625
lideris kulti, 123
linkolni, abraami, 394,
400-402, 476
lipmani, uolteri, 393
litva
evrokavSiri, 644
481
komunizmidan tranzi
cia, 246
ruka, 225
lobistebi, 376, 685
loialuri opozicia, 685
lok sabha, 206, 685
loki, joni, 35, 76, 86, 108,
436, 437, 455, 462, 491,
501-502, 509, 565-566,
581
long, hiu, 407-408
lordTa palata, 162, 216
lui XVI, 494, 495, 496
luqsemburgi
evrokavSiri, 644
terorizmi, 542
indeqsi
maastrixis SeTanxmeba,
644
madagaskari, 281
magna karta, 76, 685
makartur, duglasi, 655
makgrati, maikli, 360
makedonia, 246
makiaveli, nikolo, 86,
107-108, 133, 557, 590591
makkarti, jozefi, 408409
makhiu, poli r., 537
malaizia
ganviTareba, 279
ekonomikuri tranzi
cia, 260
malavi, 271
maleri, gustavi, 142
malTusi, Tomas, 566
malTusis Sexeduleba,
566-567
mali, 271, 281
mandela, nelsoni, 391
mao Zeduni, 25, 124, 126,
128, 134, 151, 153, 154,
224, 247, 248, 249, 251,
253, 260, 533, 569
marigela, karlosi, 525,
526
markos, ferdinandi, 98
maroko
marqsi, karli, 111, 145,
429, 503, 509, 564
marqsiseuli uklaso
sazogadoeba, 48, 55-56
gza utopiisaken, 59
ekonomikis wamyvani
roli, 56
komunizmis meore sta
dia, 58, 683
komunizmis pirveli
stadia, 57, 683
proletariatis
diqtatura, 56-57, 692
utopiiT STagoneba 59
utopiis praqtiku
loba, 60
marqsistebi da marqsizmi,
521
gansazRvreba, 686
ideologia, 429
politologia, 29,
33-35
SeerTebuli Statebi,
33
CineTi, 33
marSali, jorji, s., 409
marSalis gegma, 597, 606,
686
marTebuli procedura,
474
marTebuli samarTlebri
vi procedura, 77, 474,
686
martivi umravlesoba, 347
masirebuli sapasuxo
dartyma, 576, 686
masmedia, 324-328, 686
masobrivi ganadgurebis
iaraRis gamoyeneba,
576
masobrivi komunikacia,
138
masobrivi mobilizacia,
248, 686
masobrivi mobilizaciis
reJimi, 364, 686
masobrivi moZraoba, 434,
592
mgrZnobiare xelisufle
ba, 69-74
media da terorizmi,
538-539
medisoni, jeimsi, 83, 84,
87, 382, 396
meieri, golda, 392
meiZis reabilitacia, 194,
686
meijori, joni, 169, 525
memarcxene ideologiebi,
428-433
memarjvene ideologebi,
425-428
mengistu, haile mariami,
149
mendelsoni, feliqsi, 142
meore dartyma, 576, 686
meore samyaro, 269, 686
meqsika
115
280, 289
erovnuli qmedebis
partia, 263
civilizaciaTa Se
jaxeba, 626
instituciur-revo
luciuri partia, 263,
280, 369
715
konstitucio de
mokratia, 68
omi, 569
politikuri ekonomi
kis perspeqtiva, 33
politikuri tranzi
cia, 263
terorizmi, 518
umravlesobis mmarTv
eloba, 92
federalizmi, 79
CrdiloeT amerikis
Tavisufali vaWrobis
SeTanxmeba (NAFTA)
263, 618, 642, 700
Zalauflebis dan
awileba, 91
merkosuri, 636
mesame msoflio, 269, 686
mexuTe respublika, 172173
mzardi molodinebis
revolucia, 282, 686
mTavroba, gansazRvreba,
22, 686
mTavroba, koalicia, 309,
585
miamitoba, politikuri,
579
mianma
ganviTareba, 271
ekonomikuri tranzi
cia, 260
miiZava, kiiCi, 198
mili, jon stuarti, 35,
314, 438
miloSeviCi, slobodani,
297, 299, 652, 653, 659,
669
milsi, s. raiti, 362
minifundia, 289
mistiki, jozefi, 327
miterani, fransua, 82,
175, 179, 180, 433
miumxroblobis poli
tika, 601
miuRebeli zarali, 576,
687
mixelsi, roberti, 362
mogulebi, 205, 687
modernizirebadi qvey
nebi, ix. ganviTareba
di qveynebi
moinihani, daniel patri
ki, 450
moldoveTi
716
indeqsi
komunizmidan tranzi
cia, 246
ruka, 225
ruseTTan konfliqti,
239
235
monarqia
ideologia, 425
monarqistTa gansaz
Rvreba, 687
stabiluroba, 83
monawileoba, politi
kuri. ix. politikuri
monawileoba
monoliTuri sazogadoe
ba, 136-137
monrealis protokoli,
664
monros doqtrina, 602603, 688
monteskie, baron de, 86,
111, 436, 437, 455, 491
moqalaqeoba, 310-313, 688
moraluri relativizmi,
578, 688
moraluri umravlesoba,
426-427
morgantau, hansi j., 555,
558, 590-593, 612
moris utopia, 49
moro, aldo, 525, 544
mosaxleobis ruka, 290291
moTxovna-miwodebis
kanoni, 370, 591
mountbatenis teroris
tuli aqti, 525
mozaikuri sazogadoeba,
285, 687
mozambiki, 280
mravalerovnuli saxelm
wifo, 23
mravalpartiuli sistema,
370-371
msoflio banki, 330, 611,
638
msoflio savaWro orga
nizacia (WTO), 611,
642, 688
msoflio savaWro cen
tri. ix. terorizmi
mtkicebulebis uaryofis
wesi, 478, 688
mubaraqi, hosni, 102
multinacionaluri kor
poracia, 637-639, 688
muris kanoni, 623
musolini, benito, 111,
123, 131, 554, 581
mSvidoba, 669
mSvidobis winaaRmdeg
moqmedeba, 580
mcire intensivobis kon
fliqti, 552, 688
mZRoli-amomrCevelis
kanoni, 355
mwvane revolucia, 289,
688
mwvaneTa partiebi
SeerTebul StatebSi,
621
mwiri informaciis ra
cionaloba, 360, 688
nagasaki, 576
naiSeni, kari 537
namibia
samSvidobo misia, 650
ganviTareba, 281
napoleon bonaparte, 110,
497, 593, 594
naseri, gamal abdeli, 102,
109, 274, 276, 402, 403
natesavi qveynis sindro
mi, 627, 689
nauru, 270
NAFTA CrdiloeT
amerikis Tavisufali
vaWrobis SeTanxmeba,
263, 454, 618, 642, 700
nacionalizmi, 228, 554,
561, 578
nacionalistur-separatistuli terorizmi,
521, 689
nacisturi germania, 39-41
gestapo, 136, 677
TanatolTa jgufebi
da politikuri so
cializacia, 323, 325
niurnbergis procesi,
580-581
omi, 555, 580
poltikuri partiebi,
368, 373
religia da politi
kuri socializacia,
317-318
terorizmi, 518, 537
totalitarianizmi,
119, 120, 121, 142, 151
faSizmi, 425, 442
CerCili, 399, 400
neitraliteti, 601, 689
neitralitetis poli
tika, 601
neoizolacionistebi, 610
neru, javaharlal, 206,
274, 276
nigeria
avtoritaruli
saxelmwifoebi, 98,
103-106
283
danaSauli, 628
mravalerovnuli saxemwifoebi, 23
kolonializmi, 271
saprezidento de
mokratia, 90
umravlesobis mmarTv
eloba, 92
federalizmi, 79
Zalauflebis daxleC
va, 91
niderlandebi
amomrCevelTa raode
noba, 355
evrokavSiri, 644
eri-saxelmwifo, 23
kolonializmi, 272
narkotikebisa da
prostituciis dekriminalizacia, 449
saparlamento de
mokratia, 170
terorizmi, 542
nikaragua
kontras, 607
saerTaSoriso sa
samarTlo, 667
niqsoni, riCardi, 78, 79,
88, 212, 217, 337, 359,
391
niumeni, sandra Sulci,
327
580-581
niutoni, isaaki, 86
nicSe, fridrix, 554
nihilizmi, 424, 689
nkruma, joSua, 276
indeqsi
nomenklatura, 228, 689
nonalignment, 515, 594
norvegia
interesTa jgufebi,
318
eri-saxelmwifo, 23
saparlamento de
mokratia, 170
proporciuli warmo
madgenloba, 349
amomrCevelTa raode
noba, 355
keTildReobis saxelm
wifo, 432
noriega, manueli, 98
normebi, 25
obasanjo, oluseguni,
105, 281
oblasti, 237
okeaneTis Tanamegobroba
(heringtoni), 49
oklahomas dabombva, 520
oligarqia, 98, 689
oligarqiis rkinis
kanoni, 362, 689
omani
avtoritaruli sax
elmwifoebi, 97
ganviTareba, 270
omi, 552-554, 581
adamianis buneba, 556559
birTvuli monopolia,
576, 675
birTvuli omi, 576,
597-598
bunebrivi resursebis
simwire, 566
bunebiTi mdgomareoba,
557
garemo mizezebi, 564567
danaSauli kacobrio
bis winaaRmdeg, 580,
677
danaSauli mSvidobis
winaaRmdeg, 580, 677
demokratiuli mSvi
dobis paradoqsi, 570,
678
eTnocentrizmi, 579,
679
erovnuli TviT
gamorkveva, 562
vilsonis Sexeduleba,
561-562
TeoriaTa zedmeti
gamartiveba, 572-573
imperializmi, 555, 682
internacionalistebi,
561, 682
kaTalitikuri omi,
575, 682
kantis Sexeduleba, 562
kontinentTaSorisi
balistikuri raketa,
599
konfrontacia, 576
leninis Sexeduleba,
563-564
lokis Sexeduleba,
565-566
malTusis Sexeduleba,
566-567
masirebuli sapasuxo
dartyma, 576, 686
masobrivi ga
nadgurebis iaraRi, 576
meore sapasuxo dar
tyma, 576, 686
mizezebi, 554-567
miuRebeli zarali,
576, 687
moraluri relativizmi, 578-579, 688
mcire intensivobis
konfliqtebi, 552, 688
nacionalizmi, 554, 561
nacionalisturi mik
erZoeba, 579
nacionalisturi uni
versalizmi, 555
580-581
omis eskalacia, 575,
689
omi mcdari aRqmis
gamo, 575, 689
partizanuli omi, 552,
690
peloponesis omi, 590
pirveli dartyma, 576
pirvelyofili codva,
556
politikuri miami
toba, 579
rusos Sexeduleba,
559-561
sazogadoeba, 559-564
samarTliani omis
doqtrina, 577, 580
samoqalaqo omi, 80,
493, 552, 695
717
saxelmwifoebrivi
mizezebi, 555
saxelmwifoTaSorisi
omebi, 552, 695
terorizmisa da omis
aqtebis Sedareba,
526-527
totaluri omi, 574
ultranacionalizmi,
555, 697
upirobo kapitulacia,
574, 698
urTierT ganadgureba,
576
urTierT Sekaveba, 576
SeerTebuli Statebis
konstitucia, omis
Zalaufleba, 90
SezRuduli omi, 574,
699
SeiaraRebaSi Sejibri,
555, 700
SemTxveviTi omi, 575576
civi omi. ix. civi omi
cxeli xazi, 577, 701
hobsi omis Sesaxeb, 558
omis garemo mizezebi,
564-567
omisa da mSvidobis kanonis Sesaxeb (grociu
si), 658
o'nili, tipi, 210
opoziciuri partiebi,
133-134
ordinaruli poli
tikosebi, 392, 409-411,
700
orpalatiani sistema, 91,
690
orpartiuli sistema, 370
oruelis àTas cxraas
oTxmocdaoTxi~, 62,
122, 624
osama bin ladeni, 120, 300,
518, 521, 527, 528, 534,
607, 609, 610, 613, 626
ouotergaiti, 78, 88, 337,
391
ojaxebi da politikuri
socializacia, 314323
pakistani, 205
eTnikuri Zaladoba,
620
718
indeqsi
kaSmiri, 205, 653, 699

omi, 569, 575
terorizmi, 522, 541
palestina, 206, 690
palestinelebi. ix. aseve
israeli
intifada, 207, 604, 682
palestineli arabebi,
206, 690
palestinis gaTavi
suflebis orga
nizacia, 402, 604
saxelmwifos armqone
erebi, 24
terorizmi, 521, 522
palcgrafi, roberti, 556
pan amerikis reisi, 608,
668
panama
ganviTareba, 280
paragvai
sabaJo kavSiri, 642
paraleluri Zalaufle
ba, 68
parksi, roza, 416
partiebi, politikuri.
ix. politikuri par
tiebi
partiis yriloba, 690
partiuloba, 128, 690
partizanuli omi, 552, 690
patnemi, roberti, 357
patriotis aqti, 476, 540
patron-klienteluri
urTierToba, 275, 692
pauperizaciis kanoni,
430, 690
peine, Tomasi, 498, 500, 509
peloponesis omi, 590
perestroika, 228-230, 690
perestroikis pirve
690
perl harbori da 11 se
qtemberi, 526-527
peroi, rosi, 344, 370
peru
politikuri ekonomi
kis perspeqtiva, 33
542-543
pinoCeti, augusto, 261
piradi cxovreba, 472-473
piradi interesi, 38-39,
612-614
350-353, 691
pirveli dartyma, 576, 691
pirveli sakonstitucio
Sesworeba, 470-472
pirveli samyaro, 268, 691
platoni, 35, 556
platonis `respublika~,
48, 49
adamianis buneba da
utopia, 60
bekonis àxal atlan
tidasTan~ Sedareba, 54
gza utopiisaken, 59
keTilSobili tyuili,
52-53
samarTliani qalaqi,
50-52
filosofosi mefeebi,
51, 699
utopiis praqtiku
loba, 60
utopiis STagoneba, 59
plebisciti, 350, 691
plesi fergiusonis wi
naaRmdeg, 463
pluralistuli Teoriebi, 363-364
polani, jeimsi m., 519
politbiuro, 691
politekonomistebi, 29,
32, 34
politikis axali gageba,
gansazRvreba 691
politikis gansazRvreba,
21, 691
politikis Seswavla. ix.
politikuri mec
niereba
politikis ZiriTadi kon
cefciebi, 21-27
politikuri apaTia, 358,
692
politikuri ganviTareba,
273-276, 692
politikuri lideroba,
391, 419
`politiko~, 412-413,
691
bedis wyaloba, 395

betankuri, romulo,
369-399
bilbo, Teodori, 406
damSoSmineblebi, 413
demagogebi, 392, 406409, 678
dideba, 395-396
kanonmdeblebi, ro
gorc delegatebi, 410
kanonmdeblebi,
rogorc meurveebi,
411-412
kingi, martin luTeri,
415-416
linkolni, abraam,
400-402
longi, hei, 407-408
makarti, jozefi, 408409
namdvili lideri, 392,
392-405
parksi, roza, 416
politikuri unarebi,
394-395
praqtikuli sibrZne,
394
sadaTi, anvari, 402-404
sazogadoebrivi sikeTe, 393-394
samoqalaqo liderebi,
392, 414-417, 695
saxelmwifo moRvaweo
ba, 393
saxelmwifos marTvis
xelovneba, 393, 696
totalitarizmi, 123124
ueterlingi, pati, 416
qarizmatuli lideri,
109, 699
SeerTebuli Statebi,
401-402, 404, 410, 416
SesaZleblobebi, 395
CerCili, uistoni,
399-400
Cveulebrivi poli
tikosebi, 392, 409-414,
700
warmomadgenlobis
meurveobiTi Teoria,
411-412
haveli, vaclavi, 414415
politikuri mecniereba,
27
indeqsi
amerikis mmarTveloba,
35
bihevioralistebi,
29-32
daqvemdebarebis Teo
ria, 33
erT sul mosaxleze
wliuri zrda, 33
vaWrobis pirobebi,
34, 681
interesTa jgufebi, 35
marqsistebi, 29, 33-35
meTodebi, 29-35
mizani, 28
piradi interesi, 38
politikuri Teoria,
35-36
politikuri ekono
mistebi, 29, 32-33
35
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi, 35, 37-38
sazogadoebrivi in
teresi, 39-41
sakonstitucio samar
Tali, 35
sajaro mmarTveloba,
35, 38
sajaro politika, 35
tradicionalistebi,
29
qvedargi, 35-38
SedarebiTi poitika,
35, 36-37
Seswavlis mizani, 38-41
politikuri miamitoba,
579
politikuri monawileoba, 336, 385-386
`gamarjvebuls
yvelaferi miaqvs~ 347,
676
`Calis gamokiTxvebi~,
340, 700
avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi, 364-365
amomrCevlis codna,
359-361
amboxi, ajanyebisken
waqezeba, 339
arakonvenciuri monawileoba, 337, 674
arasamarTlebrivi
formebi, 338-339
arCevnebi, 336, 345-347,
354-355
gamokiTxvebi, 340-345
ganmeorebadi gamokiTxva, 342, 676
gaucxoeba, 356, 676
gawveva, 351, 676
elitisturi Teoriebi,
362-363
individualizmi, 356358, 682
iniciativa, 351
interesTa jgufebi.
ix. interesTa jgufebi
koaliciuri mTavroba,
370, 683
martivi umravlesoba,
347
masobrivi mobiliza
ciis reJimebi, 364, 686
mmarTveli elitis
mbrunavi kari, 361
monawileobis gansaz
Rvreba, 274
monawileobis mod
elebi 355
mZRoli-amomrCevlis
kanoni, 355
mwiri informaciis ra
cionaluroba, 360, 688
oligarqiis rkinis
kanoni, 362, 689
350-353, 690
plebiscistebi, 350,
691
pluralistuli Teor
iebi, 363-364, 691
politikuri apaTia da
SeerTebuli Statebi,
358
politikuri qmedu
narianoba, 356, 692
politikuri partiebi.
ix. politikuri par
tiebi
proporciuli warmo
madgenloba, 348-349
referendumi, 351-352,
693
saarCevno siebi, 349
saarCevo sistema,
347-350
sabotaJi, 339, 693
sazogadoebrivi azri,
339-340, 694
sazogadoebrivi azris
gamokiTxva, 340, 694
719
samarTlebrivi forme
bi, 336-338
samoqalaqo daumor
Cilebloba, 272, 338,
694
satelefono jgufi,
341
strategiuli gamokiTxva, 341, 696
stratificirebuli
SerCeva, 342, 696
terorizmi, 339
tradiciuli monawileoba, 336
fokus-jgufebi, 341,
699
SemTxveviTi SerCeva,
341, 700
xmis micema SeerTebul
StatebSi, 337, 354
politikuri monawile
obis elitisturi
Teoriebi, 362-364
365
gansazRvreba, 692
germania, 189-190, 370
didi britaneTi, 162,
165-166, 367
disciplinebuli par
tiebi, 165-166, 679
erTpartiuli sistema,
368-369
iaponia, 197-199, 368,
369
istoria, 365-366 in
doeTi, 369
laTinuri amerika, 372
meqsika, 263, 280, 369
momavali, 373-374
mravalpartiuli
sistema, 370-371
133-134, 166
orpartiuli sistema,
370
partiuli sistemis
ganmsazRvrelebi,
371-373
safrangeTi, 176-178
SeerTebuli Statebi,
365-366, 370, 372
CineTi, 249
ZiriTadi miznebi,
366-368
politikuri realizmi,
591, 692
720
indeqsi
politikuri socializacia, 313, 331

gansazRvreba, 692
genderuli gansvla,
317, 677
Tanatolebi, 323-324
kanonebi, 328-329
liberaluri ganaTle
ba, 422, 685
masmedia, 324-328, 686
moqalaqeoba, 310-313,
688
ojaxebi, 314-323
politikuri Rirebulebebi, 329
religia, 317-320
320, 694
skola, 320-322
socialuri klasi, 316
socializaciis mar
cxi, 330
umaRlesi ganaTleba,
322
umciresobis statusi,
316
politikuri qmedebis
komiteti, 379-380,
384, 692
politikuri qmedunari
anoba, 356, 692
politikuri SeRweva, 274,
692
poloneTi
evrokavSiri, 644
erTa ligis umoqmedoba, 646
eri-saxelmwifo, 23
komunizmidan tranzi
cia, 243
233
konstituciuri de
mokratia, 68
nato-s wevroba, 644
saparlamento de
mokratia, 170
holokosti, 39
pompidu, JorJ, 178
popkinsi, samueli, 360
portugalia
evrokavSiri, 644
eri-saxelmwifo, 23
kolonializmi, 272
saparlamento de
mokratia, 170
poti, poli, 149, 397, 569
praqtikuli sibrZne, 394

presis Tavisufleba, 471
prefeqti, 82, 692
precedentuli samar
Tali, 214
primakovi, evgeni, 241
proletariati, 429, 692
proletariatis diqta
tura, 56-57
propaganda, 129-130, 691
proporciuli warmomad
genloba, 348-349, 691
prusia, 639
putini, vladimeri, 234,
237, 240, 241
Jdanovi, andrei, 597
Jenevis konvencia, 660
Jospini, lioneli, 175,
179, 181
rabin, icxak, 403
radikalizmi, 496
radikaluri egaliteri
anizmi, 433
raija sabha, 206, 693
raseli, bertrani, 430
rasobrivi diskriminacia,
462-467
rbili fuli, 381, 693
reabilitacia, 474
realizmi, politikuri,
591, 692
reaqciuli Zalebi, 228
revolucia, 488, 509
amerikis revolucia.
ix. amerikis revolu
cia
berkis pozicia sa
survelobis Sesaxeb,
498-500
gansazRvreba, 693
egviptis revolucia,
504
ekonomikuri SeRweva,
506, 679
Tanamedrove Teoria,
506-508
kvlavdabruneba, 488489
masobrivi moZraoba,
508, 686
mizezebi, 503-509
mizezebis tradiciuli
axsna, 503
revoluciis ufleba,
502, 693
ruseTis revolucia,
123, 504
safrangeTis revolu
cia. ix. safrangeTis
revolucia
socialuri fsiqolo
gia, 503-504
winarevoluciuri
problemebi, 506
warmatebuli revolu
ciebi, 507-508
xelisuflebis reaqcia
winarevoluciur
problemebze, 506-507
revoluciis socialuri
fsiqologia, 503-504
revoluciis ufleba, 502,
693
revoluciuri komunizmi,
429, 693
revoluciuri moZrao
bebis damarcxebisken
mimarTuli strategia
607
revoluciuri omi, 490,
693
referendumi, 350, 351,
693
regionalizmi, 618-619
reigani, ronaldi,79, 217,
426, 455, 541, 667
rektifikacia, 122, 693
religia
politikuri socializacia, 317-320
religiis Tavisufle
ba, 471-472
CineTis represia,
254-255
religiis Tavisufleba,
471-472
religiuri memarjvenee
bi, 426-427
respublika (platoni).
ix. platonis `respub
lika~
respublikebi, 22, 68, 693
retribucia, 474
riCardsi, leonardi j.,
360
robertsoni, peti, 427
robespieri, maqsimiliane,
496, 497
romi, ernsti, 135
roperi, elmo, 355
rojeri, uili, 573
ruanda, 268
indeqsi
292
eTnikuri Zaladoba,
691
kolonializmi, 273
omi, 580
ruzvelti, Tedi, 370
ruzvelti, franklin
delano, 79, 340, 393,
455, 457
rukebi
germania, 186
iaponia, 195
mosaxleobis ruka,
290-291
ruseTi, 225
sabWoTa kavSiri, 225
safrangeTi, 174
rumineTi
evrokavSiri, 644
223, 233, 489
komunizmidan tranzi
cia, 246
ruseTi, 235, 242-243
wevroba, 647
germaniis humanita
ruli daxmareba, 613
damoukidebel saxelm
wifoTa Tanamegobro
ba, 225, 235
duma, 239, 679
eTnikuri fragmenta
cia, 237-239
eTnikuri Zaladoba,
619
elcinis roli, 233-235
ekonomikuri vardna,
236-237
lideroba, 241
oblasti, 237
prezidentis mier Za
lauflebis borotad
gamoyeneba, 92
proporciuli warmo
madgenloba, 348-349
putinis roli, 241
respublikebi, 225
ruka, 225
saerTaSoriso samTav
robo organizaciebi,
639
saprezidento de
mokratia, 89-90
saxelmwifos mSene
bloba, 239-240
supersaxelmwifos
statusi, 616
terorizmi, 521, 541
federaluri asamblea,
239, 698
federaciis sabWo, 240,
699
CeCneTi, 235, 237, 241
civilizaciaTa Se
jaxeba, 625
Zalauflebis dan
awileba, 91
ruseTis revolucia, 123,
504
ruso, Jan-Jaki, 35, 491,
559-561, 564, 581, 594
saapelacio sasamarTlo,
215, 694
saarCevno siebi, 349
saberZneTi
amomrCevelTa raode
noba, 354
evrokavSiri, 644
eri-saxelmwifo, 23
saparlamento de
mokratia, 170
terorizmi, 540
trumenis doqtrina,
605
omi, 559
saboloo gadawyvetile
ba, ix. holokosti
sabotaJi, 339, 693
sabWoTa kavSiri
aparatCikebi, 228
birTvuli iaraRis
gavrceleba, 622
gaeros samxedro moq
medeba, 655
gaeros wevroba, 647
gegmuri ekonomika, 226
glastnost, 230, 677
gorbaCovis tranzi
cia, 225-235
gulagis arqipelagi,
141, 677
damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamego
broba, 225
721
demokratizacia, 228,
230-231, 678
evrocentrizmis
dasasruli, 595-596
elcinis roli daS
laSi, 233-235
erTa ligis wevroba,
646 erovnebebi, 232
estafeta, 141
varSavis xelSekrule
ba, 597, 616, 643, 681
Tanatolebi da poli
tikuri socializacia,
324
koleqtivizacia, 139,
683
kolxozi, 139
komunizmis kraxi da
daSla, 22, 24, 26, 119,
223-224, 264, 431, 606,
615
kulakebi, 139, 310, 684
masobrivi moZraobebi
da safrTxeebi, 508
mbrZanebluri eko
nomika, 226
Rvreba, 269
nacionalistebi, 228
nomenklatura, 228, 689
omi, 571
ormxrivi Sekaveba, 598,
600
perestroika, 228-229,
230, 690
reaqciuli Zalebi, 228
religia da politi
kuri socializacia,
318
ruka, 225
savxozi, 139
saCvenebeli sasamarT
loebi, 140
skolebi da politi
kuri socializacia,
321
stalinis mmarTveloba, 119, 121, 122,
138-141, 151
supersaxelmwifos
statusi, 596
SeerTebuli Statebis
Sekaveba, 604-605
SeerTebuli Statebis
erovnuli usafrTxoe
ba, 446-448
722
indeqsi
civilizaciaTa Se
jaxeba, 626
sadaTi, anvari, 101, 102,
402, 404
sadamsjelo operaciebi,
131
saerTaSoriso arasamTav
robo organizaciebi,
639-644, 694
saerTaSoriso politika,
636, 669
arasaxelmwifo aq
torebi, 637-644, 674
ix. gaerTianebuli
erebi
ekonomikuri TanamS
romloba 641-642
multinacionaluri
korporaciebi, 637-639,
688
mSvidoba, 669
saerTaSoriso samTav
robo organizaciebi,
639-644, 694
saerTaSoriso samar
Tali, ix. saerTaSor
iso samarTali
saerTaSoriso arasam
Tavrobo organizacie
bi, 639-644, 694
samxedro aliansebi,
642-644
urTierTdamokidebuleba, 636, 698
funqcionalizmi, 636,
699
funqcionalistebi,
636, 699
saerTaSoriso savaluto
fondi (IMF), 34, 617,
647, 694
saerTaSoriso samarTa
li, 657-658
garemo 661, 664-665
mSvidoba, 669
Jenevis konvencia, 660,
693
savaldebulo iuris
diqcia, 666,
saerTaSoriso sa
samarTlo, 666-667
sargeblianoba, 658
SezRuduloba 665-668,
SeiaraRebaze kontro
lis Sesaxeb SeTanxme
bebi, 660-661
Sesruleba da iZuleba,
658-659
Sefaseba, 668-669
haagis konvencia 660,
702
saerTaSoriso samTav
robo organizaciebi,
639-644, 694
saerTaSoriso sasamarT
lo, 666, 669, 688
saerTaSoriso teror
izmi, 518, 694
saerTaSoriso urTier
Tobebi, 608, 629-631
birTvuli iaraRis
gavrceleba, 621-623
bipolaruli sistema,
595-600, 675
bumerangis efeqti
608-610
garemosdacviTi
sakiTxebi, 620-621
globalizacia, 617,
677
evropuli sistema,
593-595
eTnikuri Zaladoba,
619-620
eqspansionisturi
strategia, 600, 680
varSavis xelSekrule
ba, 597
Tanamedrove globaluri sistema, 595-600
idealizmi, rogorc pi
radi interesi, 612-614
ideologia, 596-597
makiaveli da, 590-591
marSalis gegma, 597,
606
miumxroblobis
strategia, 601, 687
morgenTau da, 591-592
naTesavi qveynis sin
dromi, 626, 689
nato, 597
neitralitetis
strategia, 601, 689
politikuri realizmi,
591, 692
politologia, 32, 37
saerTaSoriso savalu
to fondi, 617
sainformacio teqnologiebis revolu
cia, 623-624
supersaxelmwifoebi,
596
urTierT Sekaveba,
598-599
SeerTebuli Statebis
sagareo politika, ix.
SeerTebuli Statebis
sagareo politika
civilizaciaTa Se
jaxeba, 624-628
civi omis Semdgomi
sagareo politika,
610-611
ZalTa wonasworobis
sistema, 593-594, 701
wonasworoba, 593
wonasworobis damcve
li, 593, 702
saerTo samarTali 213
savaldebulo iurisdiq
cia, 694
sazogadoeba
askriptiuli sazoga
doeba, 286, 674
marqsistuli sazoga
doeba. ix. marqsis
uklaso sazogadoeba
terorizmi, 534-539
sazogadoebriv interes
Ta jgufebi, 376, 694
sazogadoebrivi azri,
339-340, 694
sazogadoebrivi azris
gamokiTxva, 340, 694
sazogadoebrivi intere
si, 39-41
safrangeTi, 170-171, 182
avtoritaruli sax
elmwifoebi, 110
aRiareba, 78
aRmasrulebeli xe
lisufleba, 173-175,
179
britanul sistemasTan
Sedareba, 167-170
gadasaxadi, 457
wevroba, 647
gayofili aRmasrule
beli xelisufleba,
179, 676
indeqsi
evrokavSiri da, 180,
618, 644
evrocentrizmis
dasasruli, 595-596
ekonomika, 180
emigracia, 181
erTiani kenWisyra 176
erovnuli asamblea,
175-176, 680
Tanaarseboba, 179, 681
kolonializmi, 222224, 431-432
konstitucia, 68, 178
marSalis gegma da, 606
mexuTe respublika,
172-173
msoflio vaWroba, 180
176-178
prefeqtebi, 82
revolucia, ix. safrangeTis revolucia
referendumi, 350
ruka, 174
sakonstitucio de
mokratia da, 68
saprezidento de
mokratia, 90
sasamarTlo sistema,
181-182
saxelmwifo da qveyana,
22
supersaxelmwifos
statusi, 616
541
umuSevroba, 180
unitaruli sistema, 82
faSizmi, 426
Zalauflebis danawileba, 90
safrangeTis komunistu
ri partia, 176-178
safrangeTis nacionalis
turi partia, 178
safrangeTis revolucia,
68, 182, 489-490, 494495, 695
àxali dRis wesrigi~,
497
adamianis uflebaTa
deklaracia, 495, 673
amerikis revolucias
Tan Sedareba, 493, 498
arastabiluroba, 495
bastilia, 495, 674
berkis pozicia 498-499
generaluri Statebi,
494, 677
evropis konsensusi,
594-595
radikalizmi, 496
teroris mefoba, 497,
697
terorizmi, 522
safrangeTis socialis
turi partia, 176-177
saganmanaTleblo ideebi,
86
saidumlo policia, 138
sainformacio teqnolo
giebis revolucia,
623-624
sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba
germania, 188
didi britaneTi, 209212
iaponia, 196
kanonmdeblebi, ro
gorc delegatebi, 410
kanonmdeblebi,
rogorc meurveebi,
411-412
saparlamento de
mokratia, 209-211
SeerTebuli Statebi,
209-211
sakompensacio diskrimi
nacia, 466
sakomstitucio samar
Tali, 35
saliamis taqtika, 133, 694
samarTliani omi, 577-579,
694
samarTlianoba, 474
gansazRvreba, 694
danaSaulis prevencia,
474
danaSauli da sasjeli,
474
marTebuli samarTlis
procesi, 474, 685
mtkicebulebis uaryo
fis wesi 478, 688
marTebulo proce
dura, 474-475
politika, 26-27
reabilitacia, 474
samarTlebrivi dacvis
sazRvrebi, 475-479
723
sanacvlos migeba, 474

sasamarTlo da sasje
laRsrulebis administrirebis diskre
tuli uflebebi, 478
sikvdiliT dasja, 479
320, 695
samoqalaqo daumorCile
bloba, 272, 338, 695
samoqalaqo Tavisufle
bebi da uflebebi, 477
germania, 191
samoqalaqo liderebi,
392, 414-417, 695
samoqalaqo omi, 80, 493,
522, 695
samrewvelo revolucia,
595
samSvidobo misiebi, gaer
Tianebuli erebi, 651,
650-656
samxedro aliansebi,
642-644
samxedro moqmedeba da
655
samxedro xarjebi, 447
samxreT aziis regionuli
TanamSromlobis aso
ciacia, 636
samxreT afrika
birTvulo iaraRis
gavrceleba, 622
ganviTareba, 280
konstituciuri de
mokratia, 68
saprezidento de
mokratia, 90
CrdiloeTis da
269
samxreT korea
ganviTareba, 279
daqvemdebarebis Teo
ria, 34
ekonomikuri tranzi
cia, 258-259
konstituciuri de
mokratia, 68
724
indeqsi
politikuri socializaciis marcxi, 330

37
SeerTebuli Statebis
CrdiloeTis da
269
san tome, 281
saolqo sasamarTlo, 215
saparlamento demokra
tia, 161, 218
avstria, 170
aRmasrulebeli Sto,
212
belgia, 170
germania, ix. germania
didi britaneTi. ix.
didi britaneTi
iaponia. ix. iaponia
indoeTi. ix. indoeTi
israeli. ix. israeli
koleqtiuri samTav
robo pasuxismge
bloba, 213
konstitucia, 217
precedentuli samar
Tali, 214
saerTo samarTali, 213
sakanonmdeblo da
moukidebloba, 209-210
sakanonmdeblo xe
lisufleba, 209-212
saparlamento siste
mis gansazRvreba, 161,
695
saparlamento suve
reniteti, 209, 695
saprezidento xelisuflebasTan Sedar
eba, 210-218
sasamarTloebi, 213216
safrangeTi. ix. safrangeTi
upiratesobebi da nak
lovanebebi, 216-217
SekiTxvebis saaTi, 211,
700
sapolicio Zalaufleba,
79, 692
saprezidento sistema
gansazRvreba, 695
konstituciuri de
mokratia, 89
saparlamento de
mokratiasTan Sedareba, 208-218
saqarTvelo
komunizmidan tranzi
cia, 246
ruka, 225
235
saqmeebi samoqalaqo
uflebaTa Sesaxeb,
463, 464
sasamarTlo kontroli,
215
sasamarTlo sistema
germania, 190
didi britaneTi, 213216
saparlamento de
mokratia, 213-216
safrangeTi, 181-182
SeerTebuli Statebi,
213-216
saSinao iurisdiqcia, 648,
696
saSinao terorizmi, 520,
696
saCvenebeli sasamarT
loebi, 140
saskolo avtobusi, 464
sasjeli, 474, 479
satelefono jgufi, 341
saudis arabeTi
ganviTareba, 270
globaluri daTboba,
665
monarqia, 425
sparseTis yuris omi,
656
533
CrdiloeTis da
265
saxelmwifo gadatriale
ba, 102, 696
saxelmwifo moRvaweoba,
393
saxelmwifo terorizmi,
518, 696
saxelmwifo, 22, 695
saxelmwifos armqone
erebi, 24, 696
saxelmwifos mSenebloba
ganviTarebadi qvey
nebi, 274
gansazRvreba, 696
ruseTi, 239-240
saxelmwifoTaSorisi
omebi, 552, 695
sajaro mmarTveloba,
35, 38
sajaro politika SeerTe
bul StatebSi, 446,
481-482
Tanasworoba. ix.
Tanasworoba
keTildReoba. ix.
keTildReoba
miznTa konfliqti,
479-481
politikuri mecniere
ba, 35
samarTlianoba. ix.
samarTlianoba
usafrTxoeba. ix.
usafrTxoeba
sajaro sikeTe, 422, 442
gansazRvreba, 696
ideologia. ix. ideo
logia
politikis miznebi da
saSualebebi, 422
politikuri lidero
ba, 394
SeerTebuli Statebis
politika. ix. SeerTe
buli Statebi
seko, mobutu sese, 98
sen-simoni, komte de, 49,
428
serbska, 298
seqtemberi, 11. ix. terorizmi
sviti peinteris winaaRm
deg, 464
sibrZne, 394
siera-leone, 268, 299-300
danaSauli, 628
kolonializmi, 273
omi, 580
sikvdiliT dasja, 479
singapuri
avtoritarizmi, 108,
113
ganviTareba, 279
daqvemdebarebis Teo
ria, 33-34
indeqsi
37
CrdiloeTis da
269
singeri, maqsi, 611, 612
sinxebi, 23
sinhalebi, 23
sionizmi, 206, 603-604, 696
siria
arabuli respub
likebis federacia,
403
terorizmi, 519
civilizaciaTa Se
jaxeba, 625
470-471
470-4741
siRaribe, 468
skolebi
skovakeTi
evrokavSiri, 644
komunizmis kraxi, 223
komunizmidan tranzi
cia, 246
saparlamento de
mokratia, 170
slovenia, 297
evrokavSiri, 644
komunizmidan tranzi
cia, 246
saparlamento de
mokratia, 170
smiti, adam, 89, 111, 427,
455
socializacia, politi
kuri. ix. politikuri
socializacia
socializmi, 428, 696
socialuri dacva, 451454
socialuri klasi, 316
sokrate, 49, 53, 70, 322
solisitori, 241
solJenicini, aleqsan
dre, 141
somali, 268, 294
282, 292
idealizmi da SeerTe
buli Statebis samx
edro moqmedeba, 613
somoza, anastasio, 98
somxeTi
komunizmidan tranzi
cia, 246
ruka, 225
sorokini, pitirim, 488
sparseTis yure. ix. aseve
axlo aRmosavleTi;
ganviTareba, 270
terorizmi, 519
omi, 572, 626, 656
spilos Zvlis sanapiro
danaSauli, 628
ssrk. ix. sabWoTa kavSiri
stalini, iosebi, 119-123,
126, 135, 138-141, 151,
153, 233, 247, 310, 569,
597, 605
status kvo strategia,
600-607, 69
strategiuli gamokiTxva,
341, 696
strategiuli Seiara
Rebis Semcirebis
xelSekruleba II, 660,
696
stratificirebuli Ser
Ceva, 342, 696
sudani
ganviTareba, 271
terorizmi, 519, 533
SeerTebuli Statebis
saelCos dabombvis
kontrdartyma, 609
suecis konfliqti, 572
sukarno, axmedi, 274, 276
supersaxelmwifos sta
tusi, 596
suvereniteti, 657, 696
suharto, generali, 98
taivani
avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi, 102, 108, 113
daqvemdebarebis Teo
ria, 33-34
ekonomikuri tranzi
cia, 260
37
725
CrdiloeTisa da
269
tailandi
ganviTareba, 279
ekonomikuri tranzi
cia, 260
tajikeTi
ruka, 225
235
tanzania, 609
teini, rojeri, 462, 477
terorizmi, 515-518, 546547
alJiri, 529-532
antisaxelmwifoebrivi
terorizmi, 521, 674
armoSoba, 521-523
axalgazrda rekrute
bi, 535-536
biujetis deficiti,
456
gansazRvreba, 518-521,
697
TanamSromloba qvey
anebs Soris, 541-542
ideologiuri teror
izmi, 521, 681
kanonmdebloba, 539541
kontrterorizmi, 523,
542-545, 684
logika, 523-525
media, 538-539
mizanTa konfliqti,
479-481
msoflio savaWro cen
tri, 515
nacionalistur-sep
aratistuli teror
izmi, 521, 689
oklahomas dabombva,
520
patriotis aqti, 476,
540
saerTaSoriso terorizmi, 518, 694
sazogadoeba, 534-539
samoqalaqo uflebebi
ucxour qveynebSi, 477
saSinao terorizmi,
520, 695
saxelmwifo terorizmi, 518, 696
teroristTa klasi
ficireba, 532-534
726
indeqsi
teroristTa taqtika,
525-526
teroristis identi
ficireba, 534
transnacionaluri
terorizmi, 520, 697
unilateraluri
zomebi, 542-545
utopia, 62-63
fsiqologia, 536-538
SeerTebuli Statebis
erovnuli usafrTxoe
ba, 448
Sekaveba, 546
winaaRmdeg brZola,
539-546
jgufis maxasiaTeble
bi, 527-529
teroris mefoba, 497, 697
tetCeri, margareti, 163,
164, 168-170, 525
tiananmenis moednis
Jleta, 254, 697
tibeti, 571
tirania, 108
tito, iosef brozi, 101,
296, 297, 392
toinbi, arnoldi, 594
tomas, normani, 432
totalitarizmi, 119-122,
153-154
adamianuri msxverpli,
151-152
avRaneTSi Talibebis
reJimi, 120
Gleichschaltung (unifi
kacia), 129
gansazRvreba, 697
gantevebis vaci, 124
gancalkevebuli kun
Zulebi, 122, 676
germania hitleris
mmarTvelobisas, 119,
121, 123, 142-144, 151
eTiopia mangistu
haile mariamis mmarTvelobisas, 149-150
ekonomikis centrali
zebuli kontroli, 138
ideologia, 124-127
irani xomeinis mmarTvelobisas, 150
kamboja pol potis
mmarTvelobisas, 149
kuba kastros mmarTvelobisas, 123
lideris kulti, 123
lideroba, 123-124
momavlis dapirebebi,
126
monoliTuri sazoga
doeba, 136-137
monopolia masobrivi
komunikaciis saSuale
bebze, 138
133-134
organizacia, 127-129
partiuloba, 128, 690
propaganda, 129-130,
691
revoluciuri etapi,
123-132
revoluciuri brZola,
125
rektifikacia, 122, 693
sabWoTa kavSiri
stalinis mmarTvelo
bisas, 119, 121, 122,
138-141, 151
sadamsjelo opera
ciebi, 131
sazogadoebis trans
formacia, 137-138
saidumlo policia,
138
saliamis taqtika, 133,
694
sicocxlisunarianoba,
153
ujredebi, 127-128, 698
fasci di combattimento
(`mebrZoli jgufebi~),
131
faSisturi italia,
119, 131
SeiaraRebuli Zalebi,
138
CineTi maos mmarTvelobisas, 119, 121, 122,
123, 124, 145-149
Zaladoba, 130-132
Zalauflebis konsolidacia, 132-137
ZiriTadi partiuli
organizaciebi, 128
wmenda, 134, 702
totalitarizmis
revoluciuri etapi,
123-132
totaluri omi, 574
tradicionalistebi,
gansazRvreba, 697
tradiciuli monawileoba, 336

tradiciuli sazogadoe
ba, 286, 697
transnacionaluri terorizmi, 520, 697
triada, 599
trumeni, hari, 217, 391,
576
trumenis doqtrina, 605606, 697
truxilo, rafaeli, 98
tutelaJi (meurveoba),
82, 697
tutsi, 23
uganda
ganviTareba, 271
ueWveli urTierT ga
nadgureba, 576
uTanasworoba, ix. Tanas
woroba
uilsoni, vudrou, 562,
563, 568, 570, 613, 643,
655
ukraina
ruseTTan konfliqti,
238-239
nato-s gafarToeba,
643
birTvuli iaraRis
gavceleba, 622
komunizmidan tranzi
cia, 199
ultranacionalizmi, 555,
697
umaRlesi ganaTleba, 322
umravlesobis mmarTv
eloba, 70-72, 73, 91,
697
umravlesobis tirania,
72-74, 698
umciresobebi
afroamerikelebi, 578,
465
brauni topekas sagan
manaTleblo sabWos
winaaRmdeg, 464
konstitucio de
mokratia, 75
politikuri socializacia, 316
rasobrivi diskrimina
cia, 464-467
indeqsi
sakompensacio dis
kriminacia, 75, 466-467
SeerTebuli Statebi,
316
unabomberi, 537
ungreTi
evrokavSiri da, 644
223, 233
komunizmidan tranzi
cia, 245-246
omi, 571
saparlamento de
mokratia, 170
faSizmi, 425
undoblobis votumi, 164,
698
unita, 607
unitaruli sistema, 82,
698
Untermenschen (qveadami
anebi), 39
uorneri, marki, 380
uoterling, pati, 416
upirobo kapitulacia,
574, 698
urTierT Sekaveba
omi, 576
saerTaSoriso urT
ierTobebi, 598-600
urTierTdamokidebule
ba, 636, 698
urugvai
sabaJo kavSiri, 642
terorizmi, 526
usafrTxoeba, 446
garemos dacvis programebi, 454
gareSe mtrebi, 446-448
danaSauli, 448-451
erovnuli usafrTxoe
ba, 446-448, 680
kuTvnili daxmareba,
452
sakuTari qmedeba, 454
samxedro xarjebi, 447
socialuri dacva,
451-454
Sida mtrebi, 448-451
xandazmulTa samedi
cino momsaxureba, 453
utopia, 48, 59, 63-64
adamianuri buneba,
60-61
bekonis àxali at
lantida~. ix. bekonis
àxali atlantida~
belamis `xedva ukan
2000-1887~, 49
gansazRvreba, 48, 698
distopia, 62, 679
evgenika, 60, 679
kampanelas `mzis qa
laqi~, 49
marqsis uklaso
sazogadoeba. ix. mar
qsis ulaso sazoga
doeba
moris ùtopia~, 48
oruelis àTas cxraas
oTxmocdaoTxi~ 62
oruelis samyaro, 62
platonis `respub
lika~. ix. platonis
`respublika~
politikis ugulebelyofa, 61-62
terorizmi, 62-63
haqslis `mamaci axali
samyaro~, 62
heringtonis òkeane
Tis Tanamegobroba~, 49
utopisti socialistebi,
428, 698
uflebaTa peticia, 77,
698
fagi, joni, 398
fainstaini, daiana, 380
falveli, jeri, 426, 427
faraxani, luisi, 27
Fasci di combattimento,
(`mebrZoli jgufebi~)
131
faSizmi, 119, 123, 131, 425426, 699
federaciis sabWo, 240,
700
federalizmi
germania, 79, 81, 185
sakonstitucio de
mokratiebi, 79-81
federalisti, 87, 172,
382, 503
federaluri asamblea,
239, 699
ferbenki, jon kingi, 147
fehlevi Sah muhamed
reza, 98, 108
filipinebi
727
ekonomikuri tranzi
cia, 260
saparlamento de
mokratia, 90
filosofosi mefeebi,
51, 699
fineTi
evrokavSiri, 644
eri-saxelmwifo, 23
omi, 571
saparlamento de
mokratia, 170
First past the post arCev
nebis sistema, 347
fokus-jgufebi, 341, 699
folki, riCardi, 566, 567
262, 572
foqsi, visente, 259, 263,
280, 369
franklini, benjamini, 396
fraqcia, 188
fridrixi, karli, 138
froidi, zigmundi, 557
fsiqologia
bihevioristuli
fsiqologia, 675
ganviTarebis bariere
bi, 285-287
revoluciis socialuri fsiqologia,
503-504
terorizmi, 536-538
fulbraiti, uiliami, 412
funqcionalizmi/funq
cionalisti, 636, 699
furie, Carlsi, 49
fuximori, alberto, 543
qali
aborti, 473
avRaneTi 301
feminizmi, 75
qarizmatuli lideri,
109, 700
qaSmiri, 205, 653, 699
qerol, luis, 422
qeSmen, gregi, 556
qveyana, 22, 700
qmediTi xelisufleba,
84-85
qneseTi, 208, 699
quveiTi
728
indeqsi
ganviTareba, 270
omi, 391, 577, 655
qurTebi
saxelmwifos armqone
eri, 24
umravlesobis mmarTv
eloba, 73
Rirebulebebi, politi
kuri, 329
yazaxeTi
birTvuli iaraRis
gavrceleba, 622
ruseTTan konfliqti,
239
Savkaniani amerikelebi,
78, 464, 465
Saiko, ronaldi, 379
SvedeTi
amomrCevelTa raode
noba, 355
evrokavSiri, 644
interesTa jgufebi,
381
keTildReobis saxelm
wifo, 432
omi, 571
saparlamento de
mokratia, 170
terorizmi, 541
Sebrunebuli diskrimina
cia, 466-467
SedarebiTi politikuri
sistemebi
avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi, ix. aseve
avtoritarizmi
politikuri mecniere
ba, 35
sakonstitucio
demokratiebi, ix.
aseve sakonstitucio
demokratia
totalitaruli sax
elmwifoebi, ix. aseve
totalitarizmi,
utopia, ix. aseve uto
piebi
SedarebiTi umravleso
bis sistema, 71
SeerTebuli Statebi
amerikuli konserva
tizmi, 434, 673
amerikuli liberalizmi, 434, 673
amomrCevlis codna,
359-361
arCevnebi, 345-347,
350-358
aRmasrulebeli xelisfleba, 212-213
gaeros wevroba, 647,
648, 650, 653, 654
gaeros samxedro
qmedeba, 655
ganmanaTleblobis
ideebi, 86
gawveva, 351
genderuli gansvla,
317
globaluri daTboba,
665
demagogebi, 406-409
daqvemdebarebis Teo
ria, 33-34
erTa liga, 645-646
iniciativa, 351
interesTa jgufebi,
378, 383
kaliforniis samo
qalaqo uflebaTa
iniciativa, 352
kapitalizmi, 427-428
klasi, 316
keTildReobis saxelm
wifo, 432
komunizmi, 431
konservatizmi, 433438, 439-442, 684
konstitucia. ix.
SeerTebuli Statebis
konstitucia
konstituciuri de
mokratia, 86
liberalizmi, 433-436,
438-442, 685
liberaluri tradi
cia, 434
masmedia da politi
kuri socializacia,
324-329
moTxovna-miwodebis
kanoni, 437, 687
moqalaqeoba, 311
multinacionaluri
korporaciebi, 637
mZRoli-amomrCevlis
kanoni, 355
mwvane partiebi, 621
omi, 569, 573, 576
ojaxi, 314-315
350-353
politikuri apaTia,
358, 692
politikuri ekonomi
kis perspeqtiva, 32
politikuri lidero
ba, 401, 405, 410, 416
365-368, 369, 371-373
politikuri socializaciis marcxi, 330
politikuri Rireb
ulebebi, 329
revolucia. ix. ameri
kis revolucia
religia, 317-320
religiuri memarjve
neebi, 426-427
referendumi, 351
saapelacio sasamarT
lo, 215, 693
saarCevno sistema,
347-350
sagareo politika. ix.
SeerTebuli Statebis
sagareo politika
sakanonmdeblo xe
lisufleba, 209-212
saerTaSoriso sa
samarTlo, 666
skola da politikuri
socializacia, 321
samoqalaqo uflebebi,
438-439
samoqalaqo omi, 80
saolqo sasamarTlo,
215
sasamarTlo xelisufleba, 213-216
sistemis Rirseba da
nakli, 216-217
supersaxelmwifos
statusi, 596
saxelmwifo poli
tika. ix. SeerTebuli
Statebis saxelmwifo
politika
indeqsi
515-518, 522, 523, 532,
535
uzenaesi sasamarTlo,
215
umciresobebi, 316
faSizmi, 425
federalizmi, 79
37
CrdiloeT amerikis
Tavisufali vaWrobis
SeTanxmeba (NAFTA)
263, 454, 642, 700
civilizaciaTa Se
jaxeba, 626
xmis micema, 354-355
SeerTebuli Statebis
konstitucia, 68, 78,
87, 371, 492
omis gamocxadeba, 90
orpalatiani sistema,
91, 689
saprezidento sistema,
89
Sekaveba da gawonas
woreba, 88-89
Zalauflebis danawileba, 90-91
SeerTebuli Statebis
sagareo politika
bediswera, 601
bumerangis efeqti,
608-610
burTvuli iaraRis
gavrceleba, 621-623
garemos dacvis
sakiTxebi, 615, 620
globalizacia, 617
eTnikuri Zaladoba,
619-620
erovnuli interesi,
600-607, 680
eqspansionisturi
strategia, 600
vietnami, 606
kontra, 607
idealizmi, rogorc pi
radi interesi, 612-614
ideologia, 596-597
iaponia, urTierToba,
203
marSalis gegma, 597,

606, 613, 686
monros doqtrina, 603,
688
nato, 606
neoizolacionistebi,
610
ormxrivi Sekaveba,
598-600
sainformacio te
qnologiebis revolu
cia, 623-624
status kvos strate
gia, 600-607, 696
triada, 599
trumenis doqtrina,
605-607, 697
unita, 607
Sekaveba, 604-607
civilizaciaTa Se
jaxeba, 624-629
civi omis Semdgomi pe
riodis sagareo poli
tika, 610-612, 6166
SezRuduli omi, 574, 699
SezRuduli xelisufle
ba, 74-82, 699
SeTanxmebebi. ix. specifi
kuri SeTanxmeba
SeiaraRebaze kontrolis
Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebi,
660-661
SeiaraRebaSi Sejibri,
555, 701
Sekaveba da gawonaswore
ba 88-89, 701
Seli krameris winaaRm
deg, 464
SemTxveviTi omi, 575, 701
SemTxveviTi SerCeva, 341,
700
Sereuli ekonomika, 455,
700
Sereuli reJimi, 161, 700
Sermani, uiliam 552
SeRweva, politikuri,
274, 692
Sveicaria
lenini gadasaxlebaSi,
123
omi, 571
350
saparlamento de
mokratia, 170
Sida mtrebi, 448-451
729
Siraki, Jaki, 175, 177, 179,

180
Speeri, alberti, 40
Sri-lanka
eTnikuri Zaladoba,
619
kolonializmi, 273
terorizmi, 521
Cadi, 271, 274, 281, 282
Calis gamokiTxva, 340, 700
Can kai-Si, 134, 145, 247
Carlz I, 502
Cemberleni, nevili, 164,
406, 413
Cemi brZola (Mein Kampf)
(hitleri), 125, 130
Cen Sui-bini, 260
CerCili, joni, 399
CerCili, uinstoni, 164,
392, 399-400, 613
CeCneTi, 234, 238, 241, 521
CexeTis respublika
evrokavSiri da, 644
komunizmis kraxi, 223
komunizmidan tranzi
cia, 244-245
politikuri lidero
ba, 415
saparlamento de
mokratia, 170
Cexoslovakia
daSla, 24
erTa liga 646
233, 489
marSalis gegma da, 606
omi, 571
politikuri lidero
ba, 414
Cile
sabaJo kavSiri, 642
daqvemdebarebis Teo
ria, 33
280, 282
multinacionaluri
korporaciebi, 638
politikuri tranzi
cia, 261
730
indeqsi
Ciluba, frederiki, 114

CineTi
109, 111, 112
asi yvavilis kampania,
146, 674
bazarze orientirebu
li reforma, 250-253
wevroba, 647, 655
282
globaluri daTboba
da, 664
dekoleqtivizacia, 250
demokratiis kedeli,
254, 678
den siapinis mefoba,
248
didi naxtomi win, 147,
248, 679
diadi proletaruli
kulturuli revolu
cia, 148, 248, 678
ideologia, 249
keTilsasurveli eris
(MFN) statusi, 255
komunizmi tranzicia
Si, 223-224, 247-249, 264
maos mmarTveloba, 119,
121, 122, 123, 124, 145149, 247-248
marqsizmi da, 33
masobrivi mobili
zacia 248, 686
meore samyaro, 269
omi, 559, 57
partiis gavlena, 249
permanentuli meur
neobis sistema, 111
pirovnuli Tavisu
fleba, 253
politikuri fragmen
tacia, 255-256
politikuri represia,
254-255
religiuri represia,
254-255
sazogadoebrivi prob
lemebi, 253
samxedro Zalaufleba,
257
supersaxemwifos sta
tusi, 616
tiananmenis moednis
xocva-Jleta, 254-255,
697
37
SeerTebul StatebTan
vaWroba, 256
SeerTebuli Statebis
sagareo politika da,
607
civilizaciaTa Se
jaxeba, 625, 626
CineTis saxalxo respub
lika. ix. CineTi
CrdiloeT afrika. ix.
aseve specifikuri
qveynebi
ganviTarebadi qvey
nebi, 270, 271
danaSauli, 629
terorizmi, 517
Zalaufleba, 25
civilizaciaTa Se
jaxeba, 625
CrdiloeT amerika. ix.
aseve specifikuri
qveynebi
ganviTarebadi qvey
nebi, 288
mosaxleobis ruka,
290-291
multinacionaluri
korporaciebi, 637-639
pirveli samyaros
gansazRvreba, 268
politikuri ekonomi
kis perspeqtiva, 32
terorizmi, 524
civilizaciaTa Se
jaxeba, 625
CrdiloeT atlantikis
TanamSromlobis
organizacia (nato),
298, 299, 391, 541, 597,
606, 611, 618, 640, 643,
652, 689
CrdiloeT irlandia, 169,
477, 518, 521
CrdiloeT korea
birTvuli iaraRis
gavrceleba, 621
birTvuli iaraRi da
iaponia, 203
ekonomikuri tranzi
cia, 260

224
marqsizmi, 33
37
SeerTebuli Statebis
terorizmi, 448, 519
CrdiloeTisa da samxre
Tis konfliqti, 269
ceiloni, ix. Sri lanka
centraluri afrikis
respublika, 98
centraluri komiteti,
701
civi omi, 427, 446, 448,
505, 519, 595, 597, 616,
655, 669, 702
civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba,
624-628
cxeli xazi, 577, 701
Zaladoba
breidis kanoni, 451,
675
revolucia. ix. revo
lucia
terorizmi. ix. terorizmi
totalitarizmi, 130132 omi. ix. omi
Zalaufleba, 24-26, 701
ZalauflebaTa Serwyma,
162-163, 701
Zalauflebis danawileba,
90-91, 701
Zalauflebis konsolida
cia, 132-137
Zalauflebis mqone
elita, 362
Zalauflebis mqone
elitis mbrunavi kari,
361-364
ZalTa wonasworobis
sistema 593, 702
Zian Zemin 249
ZiriTadi kanoni, 703
warmomadgenlobiTi
demokratia, gansaz
Rvreba, 701
warmomadgenlobis delegaciuri Teoria,
410, 703
indeqsi
warmomadgenlobis meur
veobiTi Teoria, 411,
701
wesrigi, 21-24
winaswari SezRudva, 471
wm, valentinis dRis
xocva-Jleta, 450
wmenda, 134, 702
wonasworoba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi,
593
wonasworobis damcveli,
593, 701
WarbganviTareba, 302-303
xmis micema
amomrCevlis raode
noba, 354
amomrCevlis codna,
359-361
brazilia, 337
SeerTebuli Statebi,
337, 354-355
xmosanTa SedarebiTi
umravlesobis sistema,
71
xomeini, aiaTola ruho
la, 150
xorvatia, 297
bosniis konfliqti,
297
komunizmidan tranzi
cia, 246
xruSCovi, nikita, 140,
248
xunta, 97
jandacvis erovnuli
dazRveva, 455-456
jandacvis msoflio or
ganizacia (WHO), 641
jefersoni, Tomasi, 86,
366, 435, 491, 492
jeikob uoterlingis
aqti, 417
jenkinsi, braiani, 519
jonsoni, Calmersi, 609,
610, 627
jonsoni, endriu, 212
jonsoni, lindoni, 217,
391
jorj III, 490

haagis konvencia, 660, 702
habeas korpusi (Habeas
Corpus Act), 77, 702
hadamovski, eugeni, 131
haiti, 98
hamiltoni, aleqsander,
84, 87, 88, 366, 396, 404
han seni, 224
hantingtoni, semueli,
293, 624, 625, 626, 627
haqslis `mamaci axali
samyaro~, 62
hardingi, uoreni, 391
harlani, joni m., 463, 467
hafingtoni, maikli, 380
haSimoto, ruiuitaro,
199
hata, cutoumo, 198
hausa-fulani, 104
haveli, vaclavi, 414
hegeli, g. v. f., 552, 553
henri, patriki, 469
heringtonis òkeaneTis
keTildReoba~, 49
hirosima, 576
hitleri, adolfi, 39, 110,
119, 124, 125, 127, 128,
129, 130, 134, 135, 149,
151, 153, 154, 233, 392,
399, 400, 414, 425, 537,
554, 569, 573, 580
hobsi, Tomasi, 86, 268,
446, 557-558, 559, 581
holokosti, 39, 119, 144,
154, 207, 603
homoseqsualebi
holokosti da, 39
homoseqsualTa ufle
bebi, 468
hondurasi, 287
honekeri, erix, 185
honkongi, 269
hosokava, morihino, 198
hoferi, eriki, 123, 536,
537
huseini, sadami, 98, 391,
572, 626
hutus, 23
731
732
indeqsi
733

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