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2
ARTIKEL
1. BESTIMMT ARTIKEL
2. UNBESTIMMT ARTIKEL
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PRONOMEN
4. PERSONAL PRONOMEN
5. POSSESSIV PRONOMEN
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6. mein(my)
7. dein(your:tumhara)
8. sein(his)
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10. ihr(her)
11. unser(our)
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(this/that//these/those)
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VERB
A verb is a word, which shows action or position or being. The original form of a verb
is called the “infinitive form”. This infinitive form is conjugated according to the
subject of the sentence and is called conjugated form. The conjugation depends upon
the number and person. In some languages, gender also plays a role in conjugation,
but not in German.
In German, all the verbs, except a few, end with –en. To conjugate the
verb, -en is removed and the ending is applied according to the rules. Do note-
conjugation of a verb doesn’t determine a verb to be a weak verb or a strong verb.
For the purpose of conjugation, verb can be divided in four parts:
1. Regular (exactly according to the rules)
2. ‘e’ changes into ‘i’/’ie’, but only with du & er/es/sie
3. ‘a’ changes into ‘ä’, but only with du & er/es/sie
4. Irregular (no concrete or exact rule)
Two things must be noted:
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a. “sein” is a complete exception. It doesn’t follow any rule. It has its own
conjugation.
b. Changes do occur in second, third and fourth category, but it occur only with du &
er/es/sie and sometimes with ich in the irregular category. Conjugation of plural
never ever changes and it remains same for all the four categories.
How to Conjugate:-
1. Remove the ending –en.
2. Put the endings according to the rule.
3. With du, er/es/sie and ihr, there are two endings. After removing –en from the
verb, if the verb ends with –d or –t, put an extra –e.
(Eg- finden, arbeiten, antworten etc.)
4. Those verbs, which end with –s, -ss, -β, -z, after removing –en, they take only –t
ending with du.
(Eg:- lesen, sitzen, heiβen, essen, vergessen etc.)
In a Satzfrage, the second part of the verb comes at first place in conjugated
form and the first part will come at the end and if there is a modal verb in a sentence,
then the conjugation of Modal verb comes at first position in conjugated form and the
Trennbar verb will come at the end in infinitive form.
Eg. Rufst du deinen Freund an?
Willst du deinen Freund anrufen?
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• Regular or weak verbs have a fixed or definite rule for forming the past tense
while irregular or strong verbs have no such fixed rule.
• Conjugation of ich and er/es/sie remains same in past tense.
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Root + te / ete
CLUES:
1. Those verbs in which ‘e’ changes into ‘i’/ ‘ie’ in the conjugation in present tense,
‘e’ changes into ‘a’ in the past tense.
Eg; helfen - half, geben – gab, lesen – las, sehen – sah.
VERB – PERFECT
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CLUES:
a) No change in root.
Eg. kommen – gekommen, lesen – gelesen, fahren – gefahren etc.
b) ‘ei’ changes into ‘ie’.
Eg. bleiben – geblieben, schreiben – geschrieben.
c) ‘I’ changes into ‘u’.
Eg. finden – gefunden, trinken – getrunken.
d) ‘e’ changes into ‘o’.
Eg. werden – geworden, treffen – getroffen, werfen – geworfen.
e) ‘i’ changes into ‘o’.
Eg. beginnen – begonnen, schwimmen – geschwommen.
f) Exceptions – which takes ‘t’ as ending like weak verbs.
Eg. haben – gehabt, bringen – gebracht, denken – gedacht.
g) must learn – where there are no clues.
Eg. sein – gewesen, verstehen – verstanden, sitzen – gesessen etc.
Exceptions:
1. There are some verbs which don’t take –ge as prefix.
a) Verbs starting with –be, -er, -ver, -ent, -ge (with few verbs only), über, unter etc.
Eg. – bekommen – bekommen, erklären – erklärt, verstehen – verstanden, gewinnen
– gewonnen, unterhalten – unterhalten etc.
2. –ge comes in between with Trennbar and Double Infinitive verbs and becomes one
single word. However, some people take Perfect of Double Infinitive Verb in
separated form where –ge is applied with the IInd part.
anrufen – angerufen, einladen – eingeladen, kennen lernen – kennengelernt/kennen
gelernt, einkaufen gehen – einkaufengegangen/ einkaufen gegangen
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PREPOSITION
As the name itself suggests – before position, i.e. a word which comes before
position to show the position of the word. In other words, it shows the connection
between the two things that where, how or when these are connected with each
other.
Von Zu S N A M B A G
vii) B – bei – at, with, near (to), at, for (in/by with work), by
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viii) A – ab - onwards
FUDBOGE
i) F – für – for, by
ii) U – um - around, at
v) O – ohne - without
AAHUUVINZ
* There are few verbs which use fixed preposition with itself. These are called “Verbs
with fixed Preposition”.
However, all the prepositions are from these categories only and so there is no
new preposition to learn.
beginnen mit + D
All the rules are on the pages of “Verbs with fixed Prepositions”.
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PREPOSITION – DATIV
He comes from New Delhi. (He went for some purpose and has come back)
b. by
c. of (possessive)
b. after
c. past (after)
d. according to
Er kommt zu Diwali.
The children are going for the first time to the school.
c. at (price of/for)
5. mit – with, by
a. with
b. by (transport)
a. at, with
b. near (to)
By/ in the process of/ through writing one makes less mistakes.
7. seit – since.
a. since
PREPOSITIONS – AKKUSATIV
1. für – for, by
a. for
b. by
step by step
2. um – around, at
a. around
b. at.
3. durch – through, by
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a. through
a. till
b. till/upto/as far as
c. to
d. by
5. ohne – without.
a. against
b. around
c. into
PREPOSITIONS -WECHSEL
b. at , at the edge of (Dat.), to/ towards (Akk.) (to indicate borders or perimeter)
b. in (languages)
Translate in German.
3. hinter – behind
a. over, above
b. before, to (time)
Akk Dat
9. zwischen – between
PREPOSITION GENITIV
1. statt – instead of
2. trotz – in spite of
4. während - during
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Komposita
2. The gender of the last word becomes the gender of the complete new word.
5. When a Noun is added with some other word of a different topic, the new word
becomes a Noun.
6. Komposita is not limited to Nouns only. Any two or more words form any two or
more topics can become a Komposita.
in + dem = im
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Specials of Preposition
Preposition + Article
in + das = ins
in + dem = im
an + das = ans
an + dem = am
zu + dem = zum
zu + der = zur
um + das = ums
Er ist im Kino.
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1. from
aus: origin
von: other than origin
3. on
auf: horizontal
an: vertical
4. to
nach – for big places like city or out of city, small areas with Proper
Noun(exception: nach Haus)
in - for places having boundaries or within walls (specially places for dining,
amusement and some countries taking Article etc)
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• While using prepositions, there are few verbs which use a fixed preposition
with itself and not according to the literal meaning of the preposition.
• However, it must be noted that one should still read the full sentence to
determine preposition as the verb may have been used in some other sense.
However, if arbeiten has been used in the sense of working in a company etc,
“bei” must be used, as only ‘bei’ is used for this purpose.
• One doesn’t need to learn the cases with these verbs with fixed prepositions as
Dativ prepositions will take only Dativ case, Akkusativ Prepositions will take only
Akkusativ and Wechsel Preposition will mostly take Akkusativ case.
• There are few verbs which use two or more prepositions. In that case one
should know the meaning of the sentence to determine the preposition.
E.g – schreiben an – to write to someone
• Some verbs have two forms – one simple and another – reflexive. Take care of the
form which has been used in the sentence.
E.g – sorgen für - to take care for, to look after.
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CONJUNCTION
Conjunction – as the name implies - joins words, sentences, phrases and other units
of a language together.
1. Sub-ordinating conjunction
2. Co-ordinating conjunction
1. Sub-ordinating conjunction –
There conjunctions affect the word order of the sentence(s). The sentence in
which it has been used, the verb, which comes at IInd place, goes to the end of that
sentence.
Conjunction & First sentence with verb at end -,- Verb & rest of the 2nd sentence
Wenn ich Zeit habe (Verb of first sentence), gehe (Verb of second sentence)
ii) Das Wetter ist schlecht. Die Kinder gehen in die Schule.
Obwohl das Wetter schlecht ist, gehen die Kinder in die Schule.
First sentence -,- Conjunction & second sentence with verb at end
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2. Co-ordinating conjunction-
To understand and learn the conjunctions quickly, mnemonic has been used:
1. Sub-ordinating Conjunction:
WWWOODA
W - weil - because
O - ob – whether
O – obwohl – although
D - dass – that
A - als - as, if
2. Co - ordinating conjunction:
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OSUDA
O – oder - or
S - sondern - but
U – und - and
D - denn - because
A - aber – but
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION
a. condition
2. dass – that
(Don’t get confused with “as”, which is used to show reason in English. German has a
separate conjunction “da” for English “as”)
4. ob – whether
shows doubt
5. obwohl – although
shows contrast/contradiction
Obwohl das Wetter schlecht ist, gehen die Kinder in die Schule.
Although the weather is bad, the children are going to the school.
Co-ordinating Conjunction
1. denn – because
2. oder – or
3.und – and
Sondern is used after a negative clause, where the words rather or on the
contrary can sensibly be used.
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Adjective Endings
• Adjective is a word which tells the speciality of a noun. German uses endings
with adjectives according to the gender, number and case.
• Adjective doesn’t take an ending if it succeeds the noun, i.e comes after the
noun . However, although the adjective is at the end of the sentence but the noun has
been skipped just to avoid the repetition, it will take an ending.
In this sentence, the adjective interressant has come after the noun and at the end
of the sentence, so there will be no ending.
ii) Welchen Kuli kaufst du? – Den blauen oder den schwarzen?
Had it been a full and complete answer with all the elements, the question would
have been:
But because Kuli has already come in the first sentence, in second sentence, it has not
been repeated. But that will not take away the right to use the adjective ending.
There is a basic difference between the example (i) and (ii). In the first example,
the sentence is complete. Neither anything has been skipped nor anything is required,
but in second example, kuli has been skipped, which doesn’t make any difference in
the use of adjective endings.
*There are few more words which use adjective-ending. These are alle, keine, einige,
wenige, andere, mehrere, viele etc.
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a) alle –en
How to understand :-
b) With neu and fem in Akk case – e. (No change in the form of definite
article i.e das remains das and die remains die with neutral and feminine. Similarly no
change with A.E also –‘e’ remains ‘e’
a) The ending of Def. Art. becomes the Adj. ending with all the three genders in Nom.
case.
b) With neu and fem in Akk case – same as in Nom. case (same logic as in Best. Art.)
3. without Article.
a) The ending of Def. Art. becomes the Adjective ending of without Aritcle.
b) Check out the gender of the word for which adjective has been used.
4. Gute Leute helfen guten and alten Leuten (coz of Dat. plu-den-n(with word))
Aktiv - Passiv
In Active voice, subject does or performs the act and the object is being acted upon
while in the passive voice, the subject doesn’t perform the act rather it is acted upon
like the object. The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the Passive
sentence.
I am reading a book.
Passive is made of :-
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Present Perfect: Ein Apfel ist von dem Kind gegessen worden.
Past Perfect: Ein Apfel war von dem Kind gegessen worden.
Degrees of Comparison
two parts :
1. Regular 2. Irregular
* Irregular: There are no fixed rules to make Komparativ and Superlativ. But these are
so few that one doesn’t even need to memorize.
REGULAR
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N-deklination
There are few masculine Nouns which take -n /-en with itself in Akkusativ, Dativ
and even in Genitiv case.
The word “even” here denotes that normally in Genitiv case, -s/ -es is applied with the
Noun, but this rule even overrules the rule of Genitiv case.
The boy’s father is a doctor. – Der Vater des Jungen ist Arzt.
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CASE
There are four cases in German:
1. Nominativ
2. Akkusativ
3. Dativ
4. Genitiv
*Subject: The main doer/ character/ thing /idea of the sentence, about which the
sentence is, is called subject. It always remains in Nominativ case.
* a) Simple Object : The object, whose case is decided by the verb is called Simple
Object.
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Genitiv
*Subject or object along with Genitiv case forms one unit and so it is
s es
Two or more syllable word One syllable word
*Structure:
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SATZ
❖ The verbs is/am/are/was/were/do/does/did are NEVER translated as helping
verbs. These verbs are helping verbs when they come along with some other
verbs(s) in the sentence. However, these are ALWAYS translated when used as
main verbs.
❖ Translating the verbs will/shall for future is your choice. You may or may not
translate it. If translated, conjugation of “werden” comes at 2nd position & the
main verb goes to the end of the sentence in its infinitive or original form.
Eg. - I am a student
Ich bin Student.
I am reading a book.
Ich lese ein Buch.
I will go to Berlin.
Ich gehe nach Berlin. / Ich werde nach Berlin gehen.
1. Aussagestaz (statement-sentence)
a) Positiv: The sentences, in which negative words like nein, kein, nicht, nie etc. are
NOT used, is called Positiv sentence.
b) Negativ: The sentences, in which negative words like nein, kein, nicht, nie etc. are
used, is called Negativ sentence.
kein nicht
Meaning no not
Negates Only a Noun(except Proper Noun) Everything including Noun
Used Only before Noun Anywhere in the sentence
Forms 16 1
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• If "nicht" comes at the end of the sentence it negates the whole sentence.There is no
if and but left in the sentence. For example, in this sentence, “Der Junge liest das
Buch nicht”, there is a straightforward meaning that the boy is not reading the book
and no other sense is hidden here.
• If “nicht” comes before the object, only the object is negated. The sentence is
complete, but the sense is incomplete. For example, in this sentence, “Der Junge liest
nicht das Buch”, it is assumed /presumed that the boy is not reading the book, rather
something else.
• If “nicht” comes before the subject, the subject is negated. The sentence is complete,
but the sense is incomplete. For example, in this sentence, “Nicht der Junge liest das
Buch”, it is presumed that book is being read by someone else and not by the boy.
IMPERATIV
❖ It is used to order/ command/ request/ suggest/ advise.
❖ It is used to avoid Noun or Prounoun and to avoid subject (exception : Sie)
❖ It is used with 2nd person only : Sie, ihr & du.
❖ The word “ bitte” (please), to make it more polite can be used anywhere in the
sentence.
❖ Exclamatory mark (!) is generally used (however you may or may not find in the
books)
❖ A Trennbar verb is separated in Imperativ also.
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➢ Sie
- The infinitive form of the verb, the conjugated form with “Sie” & Imperativ
form with “Sie”are ditto same.
- The word “Sie” is applied just after the Imperativ.
➢ ihr
- The conjugated form with “ihr” & the Imperative form with “ihr” are ditto
same.
- The word “ihr” is NOT applied anywhere in the sentence.
➢ du
- The word “du” is NOT applied anywhere in the sentence.
- Just remove –en.
- After removing – en, if the verb ends with –d /-t /-z/-ig, put an extra –e.
- The verbs, in which-e changes in –i /-ie, conjugate it, but don’t put the ending.
-
Sentences
1. Come tomorrow.
2. Go soon.
3. Find the book.
4. Answer.
5. Complete the table.
6. Excuse me!
7. Read the book.
8. Throw the ball.
9. Give me the money.
10. Take the medicine.
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Sie
ihr
1. Kommt morgen!
2. Geht bald!
3. Findet das Buch!
4. Antwortet!
5. Ergänzt die Tabelle!
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6. Entschuldigt!
7. Lest das Buch!
8. Werft den Ball!
9. Gebt mir das Geld!
10. Nehmt die Medikamente!
11. Habt Geduld!
12. Seid geduldig!
13. Ruft mich an!
14. Hört zu!
du
1. Komm morgen!
2. Geh bald!
3. Finde das Buch!
4. Antworte!
5. Ergänze die Tabelle!
6. Enstschuldige!
7. Lies das Buch!
8. Wirf den Ball!
9. Gib mir das Geld!
10. Nimm die Medikamente!
11. Hab Geduld!
12. Sei geduldig!
13. Ruf mich an!
14. Hör zu!
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FRAGESATZ
There are two types of questions
1. W – Frage 2. Satzfrage
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a) Masculine:
Always
I. Timings of the Day(except: die Nacht), Days of the week, Months of the Year,
Seasons, Points on the compass
der Morgen, der Abend, der Sonntag, der Montag, der Januar, der Dezember, der
Osten
Almost always/Mostly:
b) Feminine
Always:
die Wohnung, die Dummheit, die Schwierigkeit, die Gesellschaft, die Frequence,
die Toleranz, die Kultur, die Logik
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Almost Always:
c) Neutral
2. Small children
Language Pantheon
M-161/1,G.L House,
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Contact No: 7042515131,991107398.
By Anuj K. Acharya
83
Zahlen
0 – 12 13 – 19 20 …
0 – null 13 – dreizehn 20 – zwanzig
1 – eins 14 – vierzehn 21 – einundzwanzig*
2 – zwei 15 – fünfzehn 22 – zweiundzwanzig
3 – drei 16 – sechzehn* 30 – dreißig
4 – vier 17 – siebzehn* 40 – vierzig
5 – fünf 18 – achtzehn 50 – fünfzig
6 – sechs 19 - neunzehn 60 – sechzig*
7 – sieben 70 - siebzig *
8 – acht 80 – achtzig
9 – neun 90 – neunzig
10 – zehn 100 – (ein)hundert
11 - elf 1000 – (ein)tausend
12 - zwölf 1000000 – eine Million
ACHTUNG!!!
BUT NO
Language Pantheon
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Contact No: 7042515131,991107398.
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92 – zweiundneunzig
785 – siebenhundertfünfundachtzig
2537 – zwietausendfünfhundertsiebenunddreißig
die Uhrzeit
Informell
3. “Sie” and the words associated with “Sie”(Ihnen – Ihr – Ihren – Ihrem –
Ihres – Ihre – Ihrer)
Language Pantheon
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By Anuj K. Acharya
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4. If “Sie” comes in the beginning of the sentence: Conjugation, Case & Context
Language Pantheon
M-161/1,G.L House,
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Contact No: 7042515131,991107398.
By Anuj K. Acharya
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i) if Subject(Nominativ): you(all)
1. Wo wohnt ihr?
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90
CASE
DATIV
AKKUSATIV
WECHSEL
Language Pantheon
M-161/1,G.L House,
Gautam Nagar, Greenpark.
Contact No: 7042515131,991107398.
By Anuj K. Acharya
91
Language Pantheon
M-161/1,G.L House,
Gautam Nagar, Greenpark.
Contact No: 7042515131,991107398.
By Anuj K. Acharya