СПИСАНИЕ ЗА ХУМАНИТАРНИ НАУКИ

Брой 2, Година I
 1

„ – ”
.

- , , .
“ ”
,
.

, - ,
.
.

,
- mio_contact@abv.bg
 2

1. . „
“( . . . . ) .3

2. „ “/„ “ .8

3.
. 18

4. ( ) . 53

5.
. 63

6.
1944-1989 . . 72

7. „ . “,
( . ), - , .
2015, 394 . . 82

8. „ “ . 87

9. . , .
. 90
 3

Ра о о п оф. д. .н. Вале я Фол

,
?

1972 .
„ “

, ,

,
,
,
, ,
.

:
Seminarium Thracicum, Thracia, Studia Thracica .

– , , .
?

.
,
– .
Studia Thracica, Thracia Seminarium Thracicum,
Orpheus. Journal of Indo-European and Thracian Studies
, .
, , ,

,
- .
 4
-
, , , …
.
.
?

.
, , , , .
,
, . Die thrakischen
Sprachreste. Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Wien (= Philosophisch-
Historische Klasse. Schriftender Balkan kommission. Linguistische Abteilung XIV)
1976 .
.
.
. . .
( )
.
.
– ,
. , ,
. ,
,
. ,
.

.
„ ” , ,
, …

.
, .
, ,

. ,
.
, . ,
, -
.
, -
, ,
.
,

. . (
)
 5
,
. , „
”, , ,
.
,
, .
– , , ,
, , ,
, , , ... ,
, ,
, .
, ,
,
,
.
, .

.
, ,
?

„ ”,
, .
- , -
,
, .
, .
, ,
; ;
... , ,
, - , .

,
, . ,
,
, , , ,
,
; ,
,
„ “, .

,
. -
 6
. ,
, -
, ,
, ,
.
, .
,
,
, .

,
?

- , , „ “ (
) ,
, - ,
,
.
,
, , , ,
.

, ,
?

. , ,
, .
-

, 1861
. , , ,
. ,
.

.
?

, - -
,
. .

. - ,
 7
, ? –
?

,
, , , , ,
,

,
, ,
.
,
– ,
, , , , ,
, , , , . .
.

,
?

.
-
. ,
, .
, . .
;
, ; ;
, .
 8

.
,
„ ” „ ”.

. ,
-
,
.
. ,
.

„ ” / „ ”
GPS- 42°14´42.7´´N, 24°00´30.3´´E.
620,4 . ,

. , - . , .
, . ( .1 2).

. 1: 1

, СttЩ://аОЛ.ЮЧТ-
1

ЩХШЯНТЯ.ЛР/ЯОНrТЧ/ (25. 2015 .).

 9

. 2: „ “/„ “–

,
2

, 3
.
,
;
,
.
,
– ,
„ ”/„ ” ,

- „ ” /
„ ” . 3/4
,
„ ”.
, , ,
„ , , 1286
. ”. ,
.
, ;
4
.

„ . .
2

” . „ . ” .
. - .
3
.
. . :
, 1967, . 170.
4
. - - -
. : . - , 1870, 76-77 – „[...]
¾ ѫ ѣ , - -
. ѣ ,
 10

5
.

. . .
, ,
. ,
60
130 . ,
6
.

„ ”,
7
.

, ѣ ѣ ѣ ,
, ѣ , 1286 . ,
ѣ ѫ ѣ - . ѣ
ѣ , - , - - .
[...]”.
( ). :
5
.
„ ”, 1978, 330-331 – „[...] [ ] .
, . [ . ]
„ ”, ,
,„ ” 1286 . Д…Ж” –
. СttЩ://ааа.ЩrШЦКМОНШЧТК.ШrР/ФТ/ФТИ18.СtЦ (25. 2015 .).
. ,
6

, . :„ ”, 1973 (=1915), 361-362 – „[…] ,¾

, .
, ,
,
( 60×130 .). 30-35 ,
, . . ,
, ¾ .
. , , « ,
, , , 1286 .,
». «
, ».
; , , .
, ,
, .
. [...]”.
. 2. :
7
.
, 1953, . 182 – „[…] 2 . Д . Ж .
. (120 60 .).
. ,
. . .
„ ,
, 1286 .
”. ,
( , . 76). .
. , .
 11
.
, „
” .
, .
8
9
.

.
10
.
,
, ,
, 11
.

. , „
” ІV – V .12
.
, ,
, .
. , „
”, .

„ ”, , , ,
, ., ( , ). [...]”.
. . :
8
. -
, 1969, . 666 – „[...] , –
,
– 590 ( 300 ), 2,5 – 3 . .
( . 76-77) , 1286 .
. ,
. „ ” („ .
”) 1.5 .
(ІV – V . . .),
.
. [...]”.
, .
9

, .
Peter Soustal. Tabula Imperii Byzantini, 6 – Thrakien (Thrake, Rodope und Haimimontos). Wien:
10

Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1991, p. 173 – „[…] 2,5 km wsw des Dorfes befinden
sich auf einem höheren Bergrücken Spuren (Aufschüttung) einer wohl auf frühbyz. Zeit
zurückgehenden Befestigung (60×130 Schritt); deren Bezeichnung als Smilevo grКНТštО erinnert wohl
an die Herrschaft des Zaren Smilec, des Bruders Vojsils u. Radoslavs; vermutlich irreführend u.
unrichtig ist die Benennung dieser Festungsspuren als Smilecov măЧКstТr. […]”.
, ІІ: .
11
.
: ТгНКЯКЦ.МШЦ, 2014, 170-174.
12
Nedyalka Gizdova. Akandzhievo, in Rumen Ivanov (ed.). Tabula Imperii Romani, K35/2
Philippopolis. Sofia: Tendril Publishing House, 2012, p. 12 – „[...] Fortress Smilevo Gradishte, 4 – 5
th th

c., located 2.5-3 km SW of the village, in Smilets Manastir district. Remains of stone walls with red
mortar have been found. […]”.
 12

( )
.
.
,
, –
, . ( . 3).
, .
13
.

. 3: .

,
.
( . 4).
.
, ( . 5),
14
. .

,
15
.
,
,

.
13

, .
, , І ,
1983, . 69-78.
14

, .
. . : „ . ”, 2015, . 179 .;
. (І – ІV .). : „ .
”, 2015, . 22 .
.
15
-
 13
.
16
. 17
. .„ ”,
, ,
.
42 .

. 4: ,

. 5:

( . 6-7).
, -
. „ . ” ( . )18,
19
.

„ . . ” . .
16

.
17
-
18

. . „ ”, . .
. ,
.
.
19
Alexey Gotsev. Field
Survey in the Environs of Vetren – Pistiros, in PISTIROS III: Excavations and Studies. Prague, 2007,
pp. 111-116.
 14

. 6-7:

.
( ?). ,
,
( . 8-11),
.
( . 12-13).

. 8-9:
 15

. 10-11: ( )
( )

. 12-13:

, .
( . 14-
15).

. 14-15:
 16

-
, -
, -
.
; .
.
; –
.

, ,
, ,
. , ,
. , .
,
,
.
20

. 16-17:

( ?).

.
, .

,
20

(Α ς е НШЦТЧШ AЮПОНШs е П ЯТЮХОЧШs),

„ . ” . , - .
. , , І , 1992, 44-52.

, ,
- , . ., 47-49.
 17

2015 . ,
- - . . -

,
.
- .

„KALETO” / „SMILEVO GRADISHTE” NEAR BELOVO

Jordan Iliev

Abstract. In the following lines is presented a critical overview of the available

information about the archaeological remains on a peak in Sredna Gora Mountain,
НОsТРЧКtОН Лв tСО ХШМКХs Кs „KКХОtШ” Шr „SmТХОЯШ РrКНТsСtО”. Presented is also the
current situation on the object and some observation about its interpretation are
ПШrmЮХКtОН. It’s ЧШtОН tСКt mШst ЩrШЛКЛХв ТЧ КЧtТqЮТtв ШЧ tСО ЩОКФ tСОrО аКs К
Thracian sanctuary with monumental architecture, which was transformed in late
antiquity into fortress. The fortress probably continued existence in the Middle Ages.
Life on the peak continues until a major fire that can not be dated without
archaeological excavations.
 18

, -

. ,
1
,
(juvenes), 2
.

" " -
3
.
, , , ( Spangenhelm) -
, . ( . .
), -
. 4

(strenuitas), (corage), (hardiesce) (vaillantize).

5
.

milites 6
.
7
.

, -
.
8
9
.
, XI . .
( ) .
( )
(960-1031), II
.

. peregrinus).
1
- (
2
Houts, E. Normandy and Byzantium. - In: Byzantion, 55, 1985, 544-559.
. . ., 2012, . 87.
3

. Oakeshott, E. A Knight and his Horse, Dufour Editions, 1998.

4
5
Webber, N. The Evolution of Norman Identity, 911-1154, Boydell, Woodbridge, 2005, 60-71.
Toubebert, P. LК ЩrОЦТчrО СТstШrТШРrКЩСТО НО ХК МШЧqЮшtО ЧШrЦКЧНО НО Х’ItКХТО ЦцrТНТШЧКХО (БIО
6

siècle). - In: I caratteri originari della conquista normanna. Diversità e identità nel Mezzogiorno (1030-
1130), ed. R. Licinio – F. Violantete [Atti delle sedicesime giornate normanno-sveve., Bari 2006, 15-49.
. D'AХОssКЧНrШ V., StШrТШРrКПТК О ЩШХТtТМК ЧОХХ'ItКХТК ЧШrЦКЧЧК, NКЩoli, 1978.
7
8
Martin J.-M. La Pouille du VIe au XIIe siècle, Roma, 1993, p. 214.
Joranson, E. The Inception of the Normans in Italy – Legend and History. - In: Speculum, 23, 1948,
9

353-396.
 19
. ,
X ., , , .
,
.
10

" " ,
,
,
,
.
11
,
- .

, 1018 .

.
, -
, 12
.
,
. ,

,
.
, gastaldi, comites palatii,

.
, .
,
- fideles, idonei homines
, II (1052-1072)13. -
, idonei homines, . .
. , ,

10
Amatus, 18-24; Chron. Casin., II. 37, 236-39.
11
Gesta, I, 98-102; Lupus Protospatharius, s.a. 1017.
.
12

, (princeps agminis) (Rainulf

Drengot). , ,
IV .
– III.
, . ,
- ,
.
. ,
,
,
( ,
) , .
, .
13
Garufi, C. A. Sullo strumento notarile nel Salernitano nello scorcio del secolo X I, Archivio storico
italiano 46, 1910, 324-326.
 20
,
, -
.

-
.
- .
, 1008-1014 .,
.
,
.
,
,
, ,
14
. ( )
-
( . . incastellamento)15.
, (1038-1055),
16
. , .
,
,
17
. ,
- "capitali nemici"18.
, -
, .
19

, ,
, , .
( ),
1009 ., -
.
20

, -

14
Loud, Countinuity and Change in Norman Italy, 313-343.
15
Toubert, P. Les Structures du Latium medieval: Le Latiummeridionale et la Sabine du IXesiecle a la
fin du XIIe siecle , vol. I, Paris, 1973, 303-368.
16
Chron. Cas. II, cap. 73, 315.
17
Cheynet, J.-C. Pouvoir et contestations a Byzatice (963-1210). Paris, 1990, 385-387; von
Falkenhausen. V. A provincial aristocracy: the Byzantine provinces in southern Italy (9th century) - In:
The Byzantine Aristocracy IX to XIII centuries, BAR international series, ed. M. Angold, Oxford, 1984,
211- 235.
PШЧtТОrТ, . LК Мrisi di Amalfi medioevale. - In: Tra i Normanni nell'Italia meridionale, Napoli, 1964,
18

333- 384.
IX-XI . ; ;
19

, ; – ;
; – .– . Wickham, Early Medieval Italy, 155-157.
20
Lupus Protospatarius 1009. - In: MGH SS V, 56-57; Muratori, A. Antiquitates Italicae Medii aevi, I,
Chronicon Barense, 1773 p. 46; Chronica Monasterii Casinensis II.37. - In: MGH SS VII, p.
652; Amatus I.20, 21; Notae Sepulcrales Babenbergenses. - In: MGH XVII, p. 640.
 21

. ,
casale ,
, 1029 . , IV (1005-
1027;1029), ѝ
(beneficium)21.
, II (1014-1024)
( ) .
1038 . II (1024-1037)
,
. ,
.
1041 . , .
, , 22
.
,
, ,
23
.

. ,
, ,
II - 1020-1025 .,
40- XI . -
24
. - ,

,
, . X .
-
, - ,

Codice diplomatico normanno di Aversa, ed. A. Gallo. Naples, 1926. № 43, № 53.
21

1035 . 12-
22

- , , .
, ( )
.
23
Houts, E. Normandy and Byzantium in the Eleventh Century. - In: Byzantion 55, 1985, 544-559.
. GКв, L'ХtКХТО ЦОrТНТШЧКХО, 37-72; ,
24

-
, 1041 . -
.
(1015-1066).
- ,
. ,
,

. 1042 . ,
,
.
 22
,
.
25
26
27
. .
28
. ,
, ,
,

.
29
, " " ,
, XI .,

, - .
30

31
.

,
,
, ,
.
, 17 1053 .,
,
. ,
IX (1049-1054) . ,
,
. 1059 .,
32
. , 33
-

25
Kreutz, Before the Normans, 150-154.
26
Belting H. Byzantine Art Among Greeks and Latins in Southern Italy. - In: DOP 28, 1974, 3-29.
27
Menagér, L.-R. La «Byzantinization» religieuse de l'ltalie meridionale (IX-XII siécles) et la politique
monastique des Normands d'ltalie. – In: Revue d'Histoire Ecclesiastique. 53. 1958, 747-777.
28
von Falkenhausen, V. La dominazione bizantina nell'Italia meridionale dal LX all'XI secolo, Bari,
1978, p. 149.
.
29
30
Kreutz, Before the Normans, 150-154.
31
Holmes, Basil II and the Governance, 429-447.
1045 . ,
32
o
, o II. - (1046),
( ) (1046-1051)
IV. 1046 . ,
. ,
, ,
( ). .
(1051-1057). - ,
. 1048 . II .
( ) , -
. Chibnall, M. The Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis. Oxford Medieval Texts, 1969-80, Vol. II,
III, p. 59.
 23
, 34
, -
, , ,
. .
35

, , ,
, -
, ,
. .
, ,

. "
- milites Dei",
: " ,
, , ,
".

.36

( . .
contado) civitates37. ,

1066 ., ,

(castra castella).
,

"Anschetillus de Quadrellis" - . Chibnall, M. (ed.

33

and trans.) The Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis (Oxford Medieval Texts, 1969-80), Vol. II, .
III, p. 59; Catalogus Principum Capue : "Riccardus comes de Aversa, primus
princeps Normanus" "filius Asclittini comitis", - "principe Normannorum
Riccardo de Aversa" - . Catalogus Principum Capuæ, MGH SS III, p. 210;
, ,
- . Amatus III.12, p. 90;
: "Richardum filium Asclittini" "Raidulfus Trinclinocte
comes" - Leonis Marsicani, Chronica Monasterii Casinensis II.67, MGH SS VII, p. 676.; Chronicon
Amalphitani , "Ricardus de gente Normannorum"
1058 . - Muratori, L. A. Antiquitates Italicae Medii aevi, 1773, I, Chronici Amalphitani
fragmenta, XXIX, p. 364;
34
Delogu, P. L'evoliuzione politica dei Normanni d'Italia fra poteri locali e potestá universali. - In: Atti
del Congresso internazionale di studi sulla Sicilia Normann, Palermo, 1973, 51-104.
35
Guillou A. Roberto il Guiscardo sfruttatore del Catepanato bizantino. - In: Roberto il Guiscardo e il
suo tempo. Relazioni e communicazioni nelle Prime Giornate normanno-sveve, Bari, 1973, 147-152.
36
Angold. M. Knowledge of Byzantine History in the West: the Norman Historians (Eleventh and
Twelfth Centuries). - In: Proceedings of the Battle Conference on Anglo-Norman Studies, XXV, 2003,
19-35; Boehm, L. Nomen gentis Normannorum. Der Aufstieg der Normannen. - In: Spiegel der
ЧШrЦКЧЧТsМСОЧ HТstШrТШРrКЩСТО, SОttТЦКЧО НТ stЮНТШ НОХ МОЧtrШ ТtКХТКЧШ НТ stЮНТ sЮХХ’КХtШ ЦОНТШОvo 16,
1968, 623–704; Loud, G. The Gens Normannorum – Myth or Reality. - In: ANS 4, 1982, 104–116;
Wolf, K. Making History: the Normans and their Historians in Eleventh-Century Italy, Philadelphia
1995, 3-4, 172-175; Davis, R. The Normans and their Myth, London 1976, 49–69.
37
. ЯШЧ FКХФОЧСКЮsОЧ, V. IХ ЩШЩШХКЦОЧtШ: ОtЧТч, ПОНТ, ТЧsОНТКЦОЧtТ. - In: Terra e uomini nel
mezzogiorno normanno-svevo (Atti delle settime giornate normanno-sveve, Bari, 15–17 ottobre 1985),
ed. G. Musca, Bari, 1987, 68–69.
 24
incastellamento .
38
-
castrum castellum ,
- ,
,
39
. , " "
,

,
XI .

, - ,
- ,
,

, .
( . husun) (oikoi)
, - ,
.40
,
(pyrgoi) ,
-
41
.
, .
,
- e
. qser/qasr
, . , -
, - 42 43
. 80- XX .
- ,
,

. ,
, , ,
,
,

38
Martin, J.-M. Note sur l'habitat fortifié médiéval en Pouille. In: Castrum I. Habitats fortifiés et
ШrРКЧТsКtТШЧ НО Х’ОsЩКМО ОЧ MцНТtОrrКЧцО ЦцНТцЯКХО. TКЛХО rШЧНО tОЧЮО р LвШЧ ХОs 4 Оt 5 ЦКТ 1982.
Lyon : Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée Jean Pouilloux, 1983, 105-108.
39
Chibnall, M. Orderic Vitalis on Castles. - In: Anglo-Norman Castles, The Boydell Press, Woodbridge,
2003, 119-133.
40
Witthow, M. Rural Fortifications in Western Europe and Byzantium, Tenth to Twelfth Century. - In:
Byzantinische Forschungen, 21, 1995.
41
Magdalino, P. The Byzantine Aristocratic oikos - In: the Byzantium Aristocracy, IX-XII Centuries,
BAR, 221, 1984, 92-111.
42
Maurici, F. La terminologia delle fortificazioni nella Sicilia normanna e sveva. - In: Atti del Convegno
Internazionale di Studio, Castello di Lagopesole, 16-19 ottobre 1997, I, Roma, 1998, 25-39
Denys. P. A castle in the sand: mottes in the Crusader east. – In: Château Gaillard: études de
43

castellologie médiévale. XVIII, 187–190.

 25
, -
, .
44

.
45
,
,
- : ,
,
.
46
,
,
.
rocca,
. ,
47

- rocche.
motte (castellum mota) /
oppidum. ,
, 48
. -
curtis ,
. .49
,
.
. milites
.

, ,
. ,

. ,
.

. ,
.
50

"
44
Bazzana, A., P. Cressier, P. Guishard. Les chateaux ruraux d'al-Andalus. Madrid. 1988, 35-36; 75-
193; 287-292.
Bazzana, A. « TвЩШХШРТО.. » : ХОs СКЛТtКts ПШrtТПТ s НЮ SСКrq КХ-Andalus. - In: Castrum I. Habitats
45

ПШrtТПТ s Оt ШrРКЧТsКtТШЧ НО Х’ОsЩКМО ОЧ MéditerrКЧ О ЦédiéЯКХО. TКЛХО rШЧНО tОЧЮО LвШЧ ХОs 4 Оt 5
mai 1982. Lyon , 1983, 19-27.
, , 144-168.
46
47
Loud, G. The Church, Warfare and Military Obligation in Norman Italy. - In: Studies in Church
History XX, The Church and War. 1983, 31-45.
,
48

, XIV .
,
X-XIV .
- . HТРСЦКЧ, R. Timber Castles: a Reassessment - In: Anglo-Norman Castles, Woodbridge, 2003, p.
107.
49
Bartlett, The Making of Europe, p. 66.
50
Kenyon, J. Medieval Fortifications, Continuum, London, 2005, 3-39; Bradbury, J. The Medieval
Siege, Boydell, Woodbridge, 1992, p. 51;
 26
" .
,
,
. 1062 .,
.
, -
.
(stipendiarii), ,

castrum. ,
, 51
.

,
-donjon (donio, domignonus, donjo)52,
. .
, XI .
" "
,
(opus galicum). (caestra)
,
. , ,
dominium,
,
53
.

motte ( )54. -
, .
,
,
55
. ,
, :
lapideam domum, oppidum munitissimum, praesidium, municipium, arб, tЮrrТs, mШtК
dangio. ,
(dangio regis), -
" " – ,
,
56
. ,
, ,
51
Malaterra, II, 20, p. 24.
52
Bayle, M L'Architecture Normand au Moyen Âge. 2 vols, Caen, 2001; Beck, B. Châteaux forts de
Normandie. Rennes, 1986.
53
Maurici, La terminologia delle fortificazioni, 25-39; Fuiano, M., Castelli in Puglia nei secoli X-XII. - In:
ASP XXXI, 1978,.25-45.
54
agger -
- . Chibnall, Orderic Vitalis, 119-133.
55
Maurici, La terminologia, 25-39.
56
Orderic, VI, 214–216.
 27
,
.
57
-
motte-and-ЛКТХОв
keep-and-bailey, - castle, chateau58.

-
,
I (942-996) .
59

, " - "
, - ,
. ,

, - XI .60

, -
61
- .
(1066-1086)
- , -
, 700 .
62

, II (1187-1110).
,
. ,
, , 2/3
- , ,
63
.

:
, , . X .

Higham, R. Timber Castles – A Reassessment. - In: Anglo-Norman Castles, Woodbridge, 2003,

57

105-119.
58
Fournier, G. Le château dans la France médiévale, Paris, 1978, p. 67; Renn, Norman Castles in
Britain, p. 4;
. MОsqЮТ, J. Châteaux et Enceintes de la France Médiévale, 2 vols, Paris, 1991, 1993; Aubenas,
59

R. Les Châteaux-forts des Xe et XIe Siècles. - In: Revue Historique de Droit Francais et Entranger,
1938, 548–586.
60
Debort, A. Le fortifications de terre en Europe occidentale du Xe et XIIe siècles. - In: Archeologie
Medievale 11, 1981, 72-117.
61
Armitage, E. The Early Norman Castles of England. - In: The English Historical Review, 19, 1904,
209-245; King, D.Castellarium Anglicanum: An Index and Bibliography of the Castles in England,
Wales and the Islands. New York, 1983; Renn, D. Norman Castles in Britain, London, 1968;
Thompson, A. H., Military Architecture in England during the Middle Ages, Oxford, 1912; Armitage, E.,
Early Norman Castles of the British Isles. London, 1912; English, B. Towns, Mottes and Ringworks of
the Conquest,. - In: The Medieval Military Revolution, ed. A. Ayton and J. Price, London, 1995, 43–62;
Thompson, M. The Military Interpretation of Castles. - In: Archaeological Journal, 1994, 439-445.
62
Higham, Timber Castles, p. 47; Eales, R. Royal Power and Castles in Norman England. - In: The
Ideals and Practice of Medieval Knighthood III, Woodbridge, 1990, 54-63.
63
Higham, Timber Castles, p. 47; Eales, R. Royal Power and Castles in Norman England. - In: The
Ideals and Practice of Medieval Knighthood III, eds. C. Harper, B. Harvey, Woodbridge, 1990, 54-63.
 28
(mons a pretis) Cava dei Tirreni ( )64.
ШЩЮs МКОmОЧtТМТЧm
65
magistri commacini, .
XII . - Santa Maria
di Guglieto, .
,
,
. , . . castrum lapidum
, ,
. , -
. ,
,
. , ,
(domus),
(aula),
, , , .
, .
(capella)
,
,
- - .

(camera).
, ,
( ) .
66

. (castellum),
( ) castrum, -
,
(intra muros)
.
, .
XII . - , ,
. ,
( )
.
67

. ,
.
68
,

64
Arthur, Naples, 32-33.
65
Peduto, P. Nascita di un mestiere. Lapicidi, ingegneri, architetti di Cava dei Tirreni (secc. XI-XVI).
Cava dei
Tirreni, Avagliano,1982, 16-17.
. BШЮКrН, M. LО château de Caen, Caen, 1979.
66
67
Dedalo, E. Società, potere e popolo nell'età di Ruggero II. Atti delle terze giornate normanno-sveve,
Bari, 1977, p. 181.
Delogu, I Normanni in citta, 173-205. - . . .
68
 29
,
.
,
.
69

, (palatium)
,
, 70
.
, ,
.
castellum .
–
, ,
. 71
.
( . . )–
. ,
-
72
.
.

- , .
, .
, - ,
73
.

, ,
( ), .
(molimenum), 74
.
, -
. ,
,
, , 75
.
,
( castellum),
. ,
" "
palatium. ,

.
69

. Gambardella, A. Il centro antico di Salerno, Aspetti e problemi, Napoli, 1968.

70
71
Arthur, Naples, 35-37.
CКrsКЧК, V. NКЩШХТ: ЮЧШ sМКЯШ КrМСОШХШРТМШ ЧОХХ’КХК ЦОrТНТШЧКХО НТ PКХКггШ GТЮssШ. RОХКгТШЧО
72

preliminare. -In: Annali di Archeologia e Storia Antica 3, 1996, 141-148.

. CКЩЮtШ, P., MШrТМСТ, R., PКШЧО, R., . RТsЩШХТ Cuma e il suo parco archeologico. RШЦ , 1996.
73
74
Alex. Tel., II, 10.
75
Mallatera, II, p. 25.
 30
,
76
.

,
. ,
III (1032-1086) " " 1038 .,
castellum. , ,
77
.
(solidi), ,
78
.
,
" ", ,
79
.

- , castrum
-
- , . ,
, -
, ,
.
,
80
. ,
,
. ,
,
. ,
, ,
,
, ,
. : "
, " .81
,
, castrum lapidum
,
.
, - , "
, , "82.

76
.
77
Feller, L. Les Abruzzes Médiévales. Territoire. Économie et Société en Italie Centrale du IXe au XIIe
Siècle. Rome 1998, 63-83.
78
The Chronicle of St. Clement, IV, p. 9.
79
, p. 8.
80
Mallatera, I, p. 12.
81
Bresc, H. Les Normands, constructeurs de châteaux. Caen, 2001, p. 72.
, , 144-168.
82
 31
, ( )
, 83
.

,
(suburbia), , borgo84.
,
" ",
85
. ,
-
,
, ,
burgenses XI .
(burgi suburbia)
,
, (1128, 1140 .); 1169
.; XII .86
- ,
-
. , .
, " ,
,
, ,
,
.
БIII-БIV .87"

,
. ,
civitates, ( )
,
.
,
- :
-
,
.
,
( ) - -

.
83

, . ,
84

- . . suburbium, burgus,
vicus portus. - . Johanek, P. Merchants, markets and towns - In: NCMH, III, 64-95.
85
Orderic vi, 346–52.
86
Dedalo, Società, potere e popolo nell'età di Ruggero II, 201-203.
87
, . (XI-XII): .-
: MEDIAEVALIA CHRISTIANA 2, ., 2007, 7-29.
 32
, - .
,
.

.
-
,
kastra ( . . . ά ρον)
. kastron
,
- kastellion; phrourion, acropolis 88. a
- , ,
, , , , 89
.
, , (muricinum,
antemurale)90. - ,
91
.
, , , ,
, 92
,
1018 . 93
,
.
94

, 1019 .
95
. ,
- kastroktisia,
X-XI . 96

, ,

, ,
- .
,
-
( - ), 1080 ., , (castello di Porta Nova) , 97

Falkenhausen, V. La НШЦТЧКгТШЧО ЛТгКЧtТЧК ЧОХХ’ItКХТК ЦОrТНТШЧКХО НКХ IБ КХХ’БI sОМШХШ, BКrТ, 1978,
88

148-149.
89
Martin, La Pouille, 258-267.
, 269-270.
90
91
Cirelli, E., G. Noye, La cittadella bizantina e la motta castrale di Vaccarizza. - In: Atti del
IIICongresso Nazionale di Archeologia Medievale (Castello di Salerno, Complesso di S. Sofia, Salerno
2-5 ottobre 2003), Firenze 2003, 481-486.
92
Trinchera, F. Syllabus Graecarum Membranarum, Naples, 1895, N. 18.
93
Martin, La Pouille, 259-260.
94
Noyé, G. Types et typologie des habitats fortifiés. In: Castrum I. Habitats fortifiés et organisation de
Х’ОsЩКМО ОЧ MцНТtОrrКЧцО ЦцНТцЯКХО. LвШЧ, 1983, 121-143.
95
Chalandon, Domination Normande, p.62.
96
Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, ed. A. Kazhdan, II, p.1111; Trojanos, S. Kastroktisia. Einige
Bemerkungen über die Finanzielle Grundlage des Festungsbaues im Byzantinischen Reich. - In:
Byzantina, I, 1969, 39-57.
97
Delogu, Normanni in citta., p.192.
 33
, , , 98
.
,
,
99
.

,
, .
, .
100
-
,
(quasi-citta),
. .
castellum. (donjon) . 101

, ,
borghi. ,

,
- 102
.
,
.
, ,
(Castèllu Paiànu), ;
( ); ́ ;
1073 . . .

, ,
,
. ,
, ,
. ,
castellum/castrum vetus.
" "
.
-
,
.
,
- . . rocca ( ).
, ,

1075 .
98
Porta Nova,
- . NТttТ, F. Lpergamene di S. Nicola di
Bari, Periodo normanno (1075-1194), Bari, 1968, N. 1 (1075); Delogu, Normanni in citta., p.192.
99
Martin, La Pouille, 272-277.
100
Martin, Note sur l'habitat fortifié médiéval en Pouille, 105-108.
101
Martin, La Pouille, 277-282.
102
Martin, J.-M., Modalités de l'"incastellamento" et typologie castrale en Italie méridionale (Xe-XIIe
siècles). - In: Castelli. Storia e archeologia. Relazioni e comunicazioni al Convegno di Cuneo (1981),
ed. R. Comba, A.A. Settia, Turin, 1984, 89-104.
 34
4 .
, ,
, . ,
, . .
(barbecana),
. ,
( )
.

II103.
- -
, ' .

-
,
.
104

,
50- XI .105
,
. , ,
( 1056 .); ( 1057 .); , ,
106
, (1058-1059 .)107. ,
-

,
. ,
1059 . - ,
,
XI . 108
. ,
,
.
(1047-1048)
- ,
, 109
.
. ,
1139.
,
103
Alex. Tel., I-II.
104
Noyé, G. Problèmes posés par les habitats fortifiés médiévaux de Calabre et de Basilicate. - In:
Castrum I. Habitats fortifiés et ШrРКЧТsКtТШЧ НО Х’ОsЩКМО ОЧ MцНТtОrrКЧцО ЦцНТцЯКХО. TКЛХО rШЧНО tОЧЮО
à Lyon les 4 et 5 mai 1982. Lyon : Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée Jean Pouilloux, 1983, 109-
111.
105
Matthew, D.. The Norman Kingdom of Sicily. Cambridge, 1992, 185-229.
ЩrКОsШЩЮs - Malaterra, I, 32.
106
107
Malaterra, I, 18-32.
108
Higham, Timber Castles, 78-79; Noyé, G. Archéologie normande en Italie meridionale et en Sicilie.
- In: Les mondes normands (VIIe-XIIe siecles). Tours, 1990, 155-169.
. A. Bruschi, C. Mariani. Arhitectura sveva nell'Italia meridionale, Prato, 1975.
109
 35
,
110
.
. ѝ
, , ,
.
,
111
. XI-XII .
.
. donjon residentiel,
,
112
.
, ,
,
,
, -
.
113
,
114
.
, -
.
- 1065 ., .
, domus regia
praedia regis.
(1074 1085 .) , 1122 .
. ,
1185 .
1783 .,
115
.

. 1060
.116 ,
.
117

( ), ,
. ,
,
- ’ . 1062
. ( ) ,

NШвц, G. PrШЛХцЦОs ЩШsОs ЩКr Х’ТНОЧtТПТМКtТШЧ Оt Х’ОtЮНО НОs ПШssОs-sТХШs sЮr ЮЧ МТtО Н’ItКХТО
110

ЦОrТНТШЧКХО”, Archaeologia Medievale, 8, 1981, 421-438.

Rotili, M. Rocca San Felice: ricerche archeologiche1990-1992. - IЧ: RОЧНТМШЧtТ НОХХ’AММКНОЦТК НТ
111

Archeologia, Lettere e Belle Arti in Napoli, LXIII, 1991-1992, 231-384;

112
Rotili, M. Archeologia medievale. I. - In: PESCATORI COLUCCI, CUOZZO, BARRA 1996, 257-272;
Rotili, M. Archeologia medievale. II. - In: PESCATORI COLUCCI, CUOZZO, BARRA 1996, 273-288.
113
Noyé, Problèmes posés par les habitats fortifiés médiévaux de Calabre et de Basilicate, 109-111.
.
114

.
115
116
Bresc, H. Les Normands constructeurs de chateux. - In: Les Normandes en Mediterranee aux XIe-
XIIe siecles, ed. P. Bouet, F. Neveux, Presses Universitaires de Caen, Caen, 2001, 64-65.
117
Maurici, F. Castelli medievali in Sicilia. Dai Bizantini ai Normanni, Palermo 1992, p. 162.
 36
.
(1066 .).
,
(1073 .) -
, (1073 .), ̀
( ), , , , 1085-
1086 . ,
.
118

XII ,
.
( - ).
, -
.

, .
,
. 1087 .
.

.
( ),
.
.
, . .
,
,
, .

" ",

. ,
(Palatium).
, - . .
" " " ". I
(1154-1166) II (1166-1189) La Ziza ( aziz -
), ,
, .
La Cuba, - , -
119
. - ,
, ;

118
Bresh, H. La casa rurale nella Sicilia médiévale, masseria, casale e terra. - In: Archeologia
Médiévale, VII, 1980, 375-381.
. CКrШЧТК, G. LК ГТгК НТ PКХОrЦШ: stШrТК О rОstКЮrШ. BКrТ, 1982; CКrШЧТК, G., NШtШ, V. LК CЮЛК НТ
119

Palermo: Arabi e Normanni nel XII secolo. Palermo, 1988.

 37
120
. , ,
,
121
.

***

.
122

XI .
(choria, loci, casale)
123
. ,
,

dominus124. Campania felix

(petiolae) .

XI-XII .,
consorteria125.
(pastinatio) , . ,
- .
, ,
. ,
" . " -
, .
126

1057 .127
, Terra S. Benedicti .
. , Chronicon Vulturnense
castrum V 1066 . -
120
Gabriele, F., U. Scerrato, Gli arabi in Italia. Cultura, contatti, tradizioni, Milano 1979, 737-738.
121
Taramontana, Palermo la terra, 75-86.
122
Renoux, A Chateaux et residences fortifiees des dues de Normandie aux Xe et XIe s. - In: Les
Mondes Normandes (VIII-XII s.): actes du congres international d'archeologie medievale, Caen, 1989,
113-124.
123
Wicham, C. Castelli e incastellamento nell'Italia centrale: la problematica storica. - In: Archeologia e
storia del Medioevo italiano, Urbino 1987, 94-102; Wicham C., I1 problema dell'incastellamento
nell'Italia centrale. L'esempio di San Vincenzo al Volturno, Firenze, 1985.
124
Fasoli, G. Castelli e signorie rurali. - In: Agricoltura e mondo rurale in Occidente nel' alto medioevo,
Spoleto, 1966, 531-570.
125
Fabiani, L. La Terra di S. Benedetto, Miscellanea Cassinese 33-34. Montecassino, 1968, p. 320.
126
Loud, G. The Liri Valley in the Middle Ages. - In: Archeological Survey in the Lower Liri Valley,
Oxford, 1994, 56-47.
.
127

(Montecassino) (MШЧtО CКssТЧШ) . .

 38
128
. " "
castella - 129
.
-
, .
130

(praepositura)
, . ,

incastellamento - 131
. ,

XI .
.
, , 1366 .
casale132.

" " .
,
, .
,
133
. ,
,
.
(magistri muratores), - (conciare
castellum vene ex iuxta ratione)134.
, opus Dei,
,
XI .

- ,
135
.
,
, (1061 .)136 (1079 .)137,

128
Chron. Vult, 101-103.
129
Gatto, L. Ugo Maumouzet, conte di Manopello, normanno d'Abruzzo. - In: Studi sul Medioevo
cristiano offerti a R. Morghen per il 90. anniversario dell'Istituto Storico Italiano, 1, Ist. Storico Italiano
per il Medio Evo. Studi storici 83-92, Rom 1975, 355-373.
130
Chronica Sancti Benedicti Casinensis. - In: MGH, Scriptores rerum langobardorum et italicarum
saec. VIIX, ed. G. Waitz, Hanover 1878, 467-489.
131
Martin, J.-M. Citta e campagna: economia e societa (VII-XIII) - In: Storia del Mezzogiorno, Naples,
1990, 259-382.
FКЯТК, P., G. VОЧtЮЧШ, A. ГКЧЧТ. PrШРОttШ НТ rТМОrМК КrМСОШХШРТМК К SКЧ LШrОЧгШ “ТЧ CКrЦТЧТКЧШ”
132

FШРРТК.. L’КЯЯТШ НОХХ’ТЧНКРТЧО О ТЩrТЦТ rТsЮХtКtТ. - In: Atti del 26° Convegno sulla Preistoria, Protostoria e
Storia della Daunia, San Severo, 2006, 533-568.
133
Chron. Cass. 467-489.
.
134
135
Chron. Cass. . 467-489.
136
Cod Cajet., II, N. 213.
137
Cod Cajet., II, N. 253.
 39
- .
" ",
vicecomes,
. - ,
-
,
. . .
, casalia
, - manzil rahl138.
,
, ,
139
.
casalia, ,
livello, -
.
,
, X .
(magistri
fabricatores). ,
, , champart,
140
.
,
. ,
. ,
( )141.
, ,
, ,
- -
. ,
XI . .

, -
. ,
-
,
- defensaticum.
- familia,
, ,
-
142
. , -

- ,
138
Martin, J.-M. La Pouille du VI au XII siecle, Rome, 1993.
. Martin, J. M., G. Noye. La Capitanata nella storia del Mezzogiorno medievale, Bari 1991.
139
140
Chron. Vult. ii, 196-203, 297-301; iii.58-62.
141
Montanaro, P. Tursi, Guida di Locorotondo, Bari, 1991, p. 15.
, , 77-97.
142
 40
.
,
143
.

( )
- XII . 144

143
Monatanari, M. Il trionfo dei poteri localinelle campagne e nelle città secoli X-XI. - In: Il trionfo dei
poteri locali nelle campagne e nelle città (secoli X-XI), 106-115. – .
.
.
144
 41

. 1. (Castello Normanno) ,
 42

. 2.

. 3. ,
 43

. 4. ,

. 5. " ", -
, , .
 44

. 6.

. 7.
 45

. 8. , X-XII .

. 9. , X-XII .
 46

. 10-16. X-XII .
 47

. 17. castrum , X-XII .

. 18. castrum , X-XII .

 48

. 19. castr , X-XII .

 49

. 20. , XI-XII .

. 21. , XI-XII .
 50

. 23.
 51

. 24. ( ) ,
 52

. 25. , ,
 53

( )

, - - ,
.
( )
. 14 .

( ) .
.

.
.

“ ” “ ”.
,

1456 . ,
.

“ ”
,
.
, .
,
.
15-16 .
, - ,
.

, ( ) -
“ ”
.
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
 63

.
, .
, ,
, ,
,
, .
, XIX .
.
.
.
,
.

,
….

, .
, -
.…
.
.
, .
, … ,
”

19.09.1902 . . -
( .
) . – .
– , ,
.

.
, .
,
1827 .
 64

,
,
. 1828 . „
”
. 1830-
1831 .
.
. . .

1832-1836 . „ ” –

( ), , ( . ).

. ,
” ”.
. 4 2
1839 . 10 1840 .

,
, .

1840 .

(
. ) – .
.

, – .
o , ,
.
,
.
, 9 1841 .
.

,
, .

„ , ,
, , .”
 65

.
.
.
–
. 14. 04.1849 .

.
.

.
:

„ ,
.“

,
. , .
.

21 1849 .
, „ ”.

, .

.
, ,
.
.
– . 200-300
„ ”
. , ,
. 35-40 , , ,
. ,
.
.
,
.
.
„ ”.
„ ”.

–
.
 66

1848-1849 .,
„ ”,
- .
30 .
, .

16 02.
1850 . 1 1851
„ ”.

.
.
.

. , 02.02.1852 .
. „ ”. „
”. .
;
,
, 4% .

, .
. 1889
. „ ” –
-
.
.
.
– , ,

„ 7 1849 . , ,
.
„ ”–
. , ,
. „ ” –
.
, : „
.”

1 7 1849 .
„ ” .
:
 67
„ ?” „ !” : „

.” ,
,
„ ”. „
?” : „
”.

28 1857 . ,
, .
,
.
. – ,
, .
,
, - .
„ - , - ”,
. „ - , ” –
,
, : „ , , . - ”.

. ,
: „
.“

.
. 20 , 100
1949 . – „
”.

 „ ” : . . . .
,
 „ – ”
 – „ ”
 " " " " 1999
 68

, 4

– „ ”
 69

, –
„ ”

. .„ ” .
 70

– .
„ ”
 71

15- – ,
,
– „ ”
 72

, „ . . “

. 20
. „ “.
,
,
. : , ,
, , , . ,
, −
.1

, a -
. ,
,
– , , ,
, .
„
” 1944−1989 .
,

I. 1944-1956 .

9
.
-
−
81%.
„
“. ,
- .
:

- “
”,
1945 .;

, . “ ” /
1

/1944 -1989/ . 2
 73
- e 1946 . „
“;
- „ “ (
);
- –
;
- 1947 . „ ”,
;
- 2 1948 .
, ;2
- ,
;

„ ”
, .

. , „ ”
:“ ,
, ,
, ,
...”3

, , „
,
“.

, . . , ,
2

(1944-1989) . 24
, . , ., 2011 / : −
3

http://www.omda.bg/ 09.06.2015.
 74
. . .
.4

40- 50- XX
.
– , - .
. 1950−1951 .
,
.
,
5000 . - .
,
– .

II. 1956-1970 .

,
, -
. „ “ ,
,„ “ .
- : „ –
„ ”.
.
1956 . ,
.” 1957 . .” ” . „ ”
( ), 1959 . .„ ”.
,
5
.

№ 1216
17 1957 . „
”. - ( ),
- ,
. ,
.
: „
, , ,
, ,

,
”6.

, . “ ” /
4

/1944 -1989/ . 4-5

, .
5
, ., 2011 / : −
http://www.omda.bg/ 09.06.2015.
, . “ ” /
6

/1944 -1989/ . 9
 75
. ,
,
. .
.

, ?

№
258 17 1958 . – „
”.
: „...
, ,
, , ,
, .

- .” № 258
№ 1216. , ,
„
”.

- –
. 1956 . „
, 1956 . ,
”.
,
( № 1216 258), 70 -
( №1360), .

1. .

№ 258 17 1958 .
-
 76
1960 . - 1000
. „ “

. ,

.
.

.
„ “
.

. ,
.
.

.
, ,

„ ”.

.
.
1-2 ,
.
. ,
.
. ,
, ,
.
.
. 1978 .
№ 1360 „ -
, -

.“ 10
. 547
36.7

2. .

№ 258 1958 .

, . “ ” /
7

/1944 -1989/ . 9
 77
“.
,
.
. 1958 .
, .

60-
( ).
( ).
„ “. „ -
“ .
, 70%, 20%
.
. 1990 .,
31 18000 1400 .
,
. 13-14 ,
16 .
,
. .
,
. ,
, 1961 . ,
,
- ,
„
“. 1967 .
9000.

1946−
1992 . 81% 11%. ,
, 0.6%
.
. 1992 .
, , 46

.
.
8−9- 13−14,
, .
6 16-
, . . .

.8

.
8
 78
3. .

-
1962 . −
. : „...
,

, , ,
, ”.

,
.
,
. , - : „... ,
,
, -

,
,

.”9

.
, .
1985 . ,
, 250 .
,
, .
.
.
, .
, :“
, : “ !
!.” :„
, ?”
: „ , ,
.”10

III.1970-1989 .

„
”. , Б

, . , ., 2011 / : −
9

http://www.omda.bg/ 09.06.2015.
, . . , ,
10

(1944-1989) . 32-34
 79
: „... 30%
, -
,
.”
, № 1360 − „ -
, -
”.
: „... -
, , ,

, -
.”
№ 1216 № 258,
20 .
, .
,
. № 1360
. №7
26 1979 .
№ 1360, -
, −
, , , ,
, ,
, ,
.
№ 1360 1978 . –
, , , . . ,
, ,
.11

80- XX 1989 .,
,
.
„ ” . 80- XX
,
.
:“ 80- 68% , ,
, 31% , 67% , 15%
, 83% ”.
„ ” 1980 . . 1984 .
,

. 80-
, , -

, . , ., 2011 / : −
11

http://www.omda.bg/ 09.06.2015.
 80
.
. ,
80- , . .„ ”.
-
.
180 000 .12

, ,
. ,
1944−1989 ., −
, ,
,
.
.
–
,
, ,
,
, , , ,
„ ” .
80-
, 1944−1980 .
.

1989 . 90- XX ,
,
,
. , , ,
XXI
.

.
12
 81
Abstract

The article revolves around the problems of integration of the gypsies in the
Bulgarian society after 9th September 1944. As an introduction, it focuses on the
culture, everyday life, moral and worldview of the gypsies in Bulgaria, their different
ethnic groups and traditions. The main focus of this research covers the period
1944−1989, tСО ОrК ШП tСО CШЦЦЮЧТst rОРТЦО ТЧ BЮХРКrТК. TСО КrtТМХО НОsМrТЛОs tСО
ЩШХТtТМs ШП РвЩsТОs’ ТЧtОРrКtТШЧ ТЧ tСО BЮХРКrТКЧ sШМТОtв ЮsОН Лв tСО BЮХРКrТКЧ
communist party. The different types of strategy and politics for handling the
ТЧtОРrКtТШЧ ЩrШЛХОЦs КrО НТЯТНОН ТЧ ПОа ЩОrТШНs: 1944−1956, 1956−1970 КЧН
1970−1989. As К МШЧМХЮsТШЧ tСТs rОsОКrМС КТЦs tШ НОsМrТЛО ШЮr ЩrОsОЧt ЩrШЛХОЦs
with the unsuccessful integration of the gypsies as a problem which is unsolved since
1944.

- , – .
, , (1944-1989 .).
- , ( ).
. 2009.
- , ., , . „ .” - :
, II.
- , – „ “
/ / 1944-1989 ./
- „ “– ,
. <http://socbg.com/> 09.06.2015 .
- , . , ., 2011 / :
– <http://www.omda.bg/ >
 82

2015 . -
: „ .
.” ( 1999 . Europa e
Islam. Storia di un malinteso). , ,
„ - ”. ,
, ,
, „ ”.
( 394 )
, ;
, .

, ,
-
( . . ,
). 1940 .,
1989 .
(UЧТЯОrsТtр НОРХТ StЮНТ НТ FТrОЧгО).
(Х'IstТtЮtШ ItКХТКЧШ НТ
ScТОЧгО UЦКЧО),

. ,

13-16 .,

. 60- .
, .

, ,
, .
 83
, , ,
„ ” „ ”, , -
,„ ”, „ ”(
) .
, (
, )
- , ,
,
.
, „ . .”,
,
. ,
, „ ”
„ ”. , -
; , ,
„ - ” (
) - .
( .
7 .) 20 .

,
, . ,
 84
- ,
, ,
: . .
„ ”, „
” „” : „ ”
”, 84 ( 15 99 .). ,
,
,
! , , (
),
„ ”, ! „ ”,
,
„ ”,
„ ” „ ” ( , :
„ , ,
/ – . . ,
”).
„ ”
, „ ...
.... ,
, , .”
(?)1 „ ” , ...
, „ ” (
„ ”!?!), ,
- , -

, ,

, , - ,
/ .
„ ” - , „ ”,
, .
, .
( )
,
.
, ,
„ ” .
,
, . . „
”,

, , . .
1

, , .
 85
. ( -
„ ” ) -
, ,
, .

- ,

. /
,
.
- ,
. .
( . 183-193).
2
,
. . .,
„ ” (
„ ”, . passagium particulare),
„ ”„ 1244 1246 .” ( ,
1344-1346 .), , „ , ,
” ( . 184).
, .
„ ” , ,
( !),
„ ” ( , 1344 .
, ,

). ,
, „ ,
, 3

”. ,
, ,
.
( - ,
, „ ”), ,
( ,

), , ( ,
,
) ( . ).

. . 183 „ ”. ,
2

„ ”. ( )
„ ”, ,
„ ”
, ,
3

, - .
 86
4
,
, ,
. „ ” „ ”

, ,
- .
,
.
, , , , -
(
),
- ,
. , , -

. . 189 , ( .): „ „ ”
4

: - , „ ”.
; -
„ ”, , , „ ”,
.
 87

9- 2015 .
„ “.
„ “ – ,
, , , , ,
. „ – – “.

„ . “ ( ),
, . , (
), ( ),
, , PКrТs-Est CrОtОТХ, , ,
DОРХТ StЮНТ RШЦК TrО, , , , ,
, , , ,
“ ”, , .
" "
2012-2016 .

„ “

- ,
, -
, : ,
; ;
 88
.
„ “–
.

,
, .

, ІІІ .
– ( ),
.
. : -
1930 .;
24- ,
; ,
 89
,
.

, „
“ „ “,
, „ ІІІ “,
, , , ,
.

. .
„ “.

29 2016 .
 90

. 354 . ( .
, ).
, . .

- , . 395 . ( 396 .)
( . , ),
28 430 .

. ,
, ,
. -
. . .
.

.
.
;
. . ,
. ,
.

.
 91
. , B. AURELIUS AUGUSTINUS,
EPISCOPUS HIPONENSIS
191 SERMO 191

IN NATALI DOMINI, VIII

( )
I. 1. I. 1. Verbum ut indigna pro indignis
, ferret incarnatum est. Verbum Patris
1
. per quod facta sunt tempora, caro
, factum, Natalem suum nobis fecit in
, tempore; et in ortu humano habere voluit
( 1:14), unum diem, sine cuius nutu divino nullus
volvitur dies. Ipse apud Patrem praecedit
cuncta spatia [1010]saeculorum: ipse de
, matre in hac die cursibus se ingessit
. annorum. Homo factus, hominis factor: ut
– sugeret ubera, regens sidera; ut esuriret
panis, ut sitiret fons, dormiret lux, ab
. itinere via fatigaretur, falsis testibus
: , veritas accusaretur, iudex vivorum et
; mortuorum a iudice mortali iudicaretur,
( 6:48,51); ab iniustis iustitia damnaretur, flagellis
; ( disciplina caederetur, spinis botrus
8:12); ( 14:6) coronaretur, in ligno fundamentum
; suspenderetur, virtus infirmaretur, salus
vulneraretur, vita moreretur. Ad haec
( ); atque huiusmodi sustinenda pro nobis
indigna, ut liberaret indignos; quando nec
; ille aliquid mali, qui propter nos tanta
; pertulit mala, nec nos boni aliquid
; merebamur, qui per eum tanta
( 15:1,5); accepimus bona; propter haec ergo, qui
; erat ante omnia saecula sine initio
; ; dierum Dei Filius, esse in novissimis
( 14:6). diebus dignatus est hominis Filius; et qui
de Patre natus, non a Patre factus erat,
– factus est in matre quam fecerat; ut ex
: , illa ortus hic aliquando esset, quae nisi
per illum nunquam et nusquam esse

. Verbum ut indigna pro indignis ferret incarnatum est –

1
indignus
, .
 92
, ( . 1 potuisset.
. 2:22), ,
,
. ,
,

,
; ,
,
; ,
–
,
.
2. 2. Virginitate matris illaesa natus
, . Christus. Sic adimpletum est quod
, praedixerat Psalmus: Veritas de terra
: orta est. Maria virgo ante conceptum,
( . 84:12). virgo post partum. Absit enim ut in ea
– terra, hoc est in ea carne unde orta est
. – veritas, periret integritas. Nempe post
, – resurrectionem suam, cum spiritus
, , putaretur esse, non corpus: Palpate,
! inquit, et videte, quia spiritus carnem et
, ossa non habet, sicut me videtis habere.
, , , Et tamen illius iuvenilis corporis soliditas,
: : non patentibus foribus se ad discipulos
, , intromisit. Cur ergo qui potuit per clausa
( . 24:39). ostia magnus intrare, non potuit etiam
per incorrupta membra parvus exire?
( . 20:19). Sed neque hoc, neque illud volunt
, credere increduli. Ideo potius fides
utrumque credit; quia infidelitas
, utrumque non credit. Ipsa est quippe
?! infidelitas, cui nulla in Christo videtur
, esse divinitas. Porro si fides Deum
. - natum credit in carne, Deo non dubitat
, utrumque possibile; ut et corpus maioris
– . aetatis non reserato aditu domus, intus
, positis praesentaret, et sponsus infans
, de thalamo suo, hoc est utero virginali,
. , illaesa matris virginitate procederet.
,
, ,
 93
:

,
–
– ,
( .
. 18:6).
II. 3. , II. 3. Ecclesia mente et virgo et mater.
. Illic namque unigenitus Dei Filius
humanam sibi dignatus est coniungere
, naturam, ut sibi capiti immaculato
, immaculatam consociaret Ecclesiam;
. quam Paulus apostolus virginem vocat,
, non solas in ea considerans etiam
, corpore virgines, sed incorruptas
omnium desiderans mentes. Desponsavi
. , , enim vos, inquit, uni viro, virginem
, castam exhibere Christo. Ecclesia ergo
(2 . imitans Domini sui matrem, quoniam
11:2). , , corpore non potuit, mente tamen et
– mater est et virgo. Nullo itaque modo
,– virginitatem matri suae nascendo
, . Christus ademit, qui Ecclesiam suam de
fornicatione daemonum redimendo
e virginem fecit. Ex cuius [1011]incorrupta
, virginitate procreatae virgines sanctae,
quae terrenas nuptias contemnentes,
. , esse etiam carne virgines elegistis,
, gaudentes celebrate solemniter hodierno
, , die Virginis partum. Ille quippe est natus
, ex femina, qui non est a masculo satus
, in femina. Qui vobis attulit quod
, amaretis, matri non abstulit quod amatis.
! Qui sanat in vobis quod traxistis ex Eva,
, absit ut vitiaret quod dilexistis in Maria.
.
, ,
.
,
, ,
,
 94
!
III. 4. III. 4. Virginitas Mariae imitanda. Illa
. , , igitur cuius vestigia sectamini, et ut
, , conciperet, cum viro non mansit; et cum
, , pareret, virgo permansit. Imitamini eam
. , quantum potestis; non fecunditate, quia
– hoc non potestis, salva virginitate. Sola
, utrumque potuit, quorum vos unum
, . habere voluistis; quia hoc perditis, si
, utrumque habere velitis. Sola utrumque
; potuit, quae omnipotentem peperit, per
, quem potuit. Solum enim unicum Dei
. , Filium, isto unico modo fieri oportebat
, Filium hominis. Nec tamen ideo non est
. vobis aliquid Christus, quia unius est
virginis fetus. Ipsum quippe vos, quem
filium edere non potuistis carne,
. , sponsum invenistis in corde; et talem
, , sponsum, quem et redemptorem sic
. teneat felicitas vestra, ut peremptorem
, non timeat virginitas vestra. Qui enim
matri virginitatem nec corporali abstulit
– , partu, multo magis in vobis eam spirituali
servat amplexu. Nec propterea vos
2
, steriles deputetis, quia virgines
. , permanetis. Nam et ipsa pia integritas
carnis, ad fecunditatem pertinet mentis.
, Agite quod ait Apostolus: quoniam non
cogitatis ea quae sunt mundi, quomodo
. placeatis maritis; cogitate quae Dei sunt,
, , quomodo illi in omnibus placeatis; ut non
– uterum fetibus, sed animum fecundum
possitis habere virtutibus. Postremo
. omnes alloquor, omnibus dico;
, : universam virginem castam, quam
desponsavit Apostolus Christo, ista voce
– compello. Quod miramini in carne
, , Mariae, agite in penetralibus animae. Qui
e – corde credit ad iustitiam, concipit
( . 1 . 7:32– Christum; qui ore confitetur ad salutem,
34), parit Christum. Sic in mentibus vestris et

:
2
(fidelitas vestra).
 95
, fecunditas exuberet, et virginitas
. , perseveret.
, ,

,
3

! ,
,
.
, ;
( .
10:10), .

, .

: Patrologiae cursus completus.

Series Latina (PL). Vol. 38, col. 1009–1011;
.

.
3
 96
. , B. AURELIUS AUGUSTINUS,
EPISCOPUS HIPONENSIS
192 SERMO 192

IN NATALI DOMINI, IX
( )
I. 1. I. 1. Incarnatio Filii Dei propter
, homines, quam admiranda. Hodie
. Veritas de terra orta est, Christus de
( . 84:12), carne natus est. Gaudete solemniter, et
. sempiternum diem hodierno quoque
, admoniti cogitate, aeterna dona spe
! - firmissima concupiscite; filii Dei esse
accepta potestate praesumite. Propter
; , vos temporalis effectus est temporum
. effector, propter vos in carne apparuit
[1012]mundi Conditor, propter vos
, creatus est Creator. Quid adhuc mortales
, mortalibus rebus oblectamini, et
. , , fugitivam vitam, si fieri posset, tenere
conamini? Spes longe clarior effulsit in
, terris, ut terrenis vita promitteretur in
? coelis. Hoc ut crederetur, res incredibilior
- , praerogata est. Deos facturus qui
homines erant, homo factus est qui Deus
. , erat; nec amittens quod erat, fieri voluit
- . ipse quod fecerat. Ipse fecit quod esset,
, , quia hominem Deo addidit, non Deum in
, , homine perdidit. Miramur virginis partum,
; , et novum ipsum nascendi modum
, , incredulis persuadere conamur, quod in
. , utero non seminato germen prolis
, exortum est, et a complexu carnis
, . viscera immunia filium hominis
protulerunt, cuius patrem hominem non
tulerunt; quod virginitatis integritas et in
conceptu clausa, et in partu incorrupta
: permansit. Mira est ista potentia, sed
plus est miranda misericordia, quod ille
qui sic nasci potuit, nasci voluit. Erat
enim iam unicus Patri, qui unicus natus
, est matri; et ipse est factus in matre, qui
 97
; sibi fecerat matrem: sempiternus cum
Patre, hodiernus ex matre; post matrem
, – de matre factus, ante omnia de Patre
. , non factus; sine quo Pater nunquam fuit,
- sine quo mater nunquam fuisset.
– ,
, .
,
,
. ,
, :
– ;
–
;
–

.
II. 2. II. 2. Virginibus, viduis et coniugatis
, ex Christi nativitate laetitiae causa.
. Ecclesia, mater est et virgo. Exsultate,
. , virgines Christi, consors vestra est mater
: Christi. Christum parere non potuistis,
! sed propter Christum parere noluistis.
, Qui non ex vobis natus est, vobis natus
. , est. Verumtamen si verbi eius
, memineritis, sicut meminisse debetis;
. – estis etiam vos matres eius, quia
, – voluntatem facitis Patris eius. Ipse enim
, dixit: Quicumque facit voluntatem Patris
. mei, ipse mihi frater et soror et mater est.
: , Exsultate, viduae Christi: qui fecundam
, fecit virginitatem, illi vovistis continentiae
, ( . 12:50). sanctitatem. Exsulta etiam, castitas
, : nuptialis, omnes fideliter viventes cum
coniugibus vestris: quod amisistis in
, corpore, in corde servate. Ubi iam non
! , potest esse a concubitu caro integra, sit
, , in fide virgo conscientia, secundum
: , quam virgo est omnis Ecclesia. In Maria
, ! Christum pia virginitas peperit; in Anna
, Christum viduitas parvum grandaeva
, cognovit; in Elisabeth Christo coniugalis
, castitas et anilis fecunditas militavit.
 98
Omnes gradus fidelium membrorum
. capiti contulerunt, quod ipsius gratia
; conferre potuerunt. Proinde quia veritas
et pax et iustitia Christus est, hunc fide
( . . 2:36– concipite, operibus edite; ut quod egit
38); uterus Mariae in carne Christi, agat cor
vestrum in lege Christi. Quomodo autem
( . . 1:24–25). non ad partum Virginis pertinetis, quando
Christi membra estis? Caput vestrum
( . 1 . 12:27), peperit Maria, vos Ecclesia. Nam ipsa
quoque et mater et virgo est:
. , [1013]mater visceribus charitatis, virgo
: integritate fidei et pietatis. Populos parit,
, , sed unius membra sunt, cuius ipsa est
, corpus et coniux, etiam in hoc
similitudinem gerens illius virginis, quia et
, in multis mater est unitatis.
.

, ?!
,
– . ,
:
,
.
, .

,
,
.
III. 3. , III. 3. Veritas de terra, iustitia de coelo.
– . Die minimo anni cur natus Christus.
- Omnes itaque unanimes, castis mentibus
? , et affectibus sanctis, diem Natalis Domini
, celebremus: quo die, sicut istum
sermonem exorsi sumus: Veritas de terra
– , orta est. Iam enim et quod in eodem
, psalmo sequitur, factum est. Nam ille qui
. de terra ortus est, hoc est, de carne
, natus est, quia de coelo venit, et super
– , 1
omnes est; procul dubio cum ascendit ad

. ortus est. ,
1
orior , .
 99
, , Patrem, etiam iustitia de coelo prospexit.
( 3:51); Hanc enim iustitiam verbis suis ipse
, commendat, promittendo Spiritum
, sanctum: Ipse, inquit, arguet mundum de
( . 84:12). peccato, et de iustitia, et de iudicio. De
peccato quidem, quia non crediderunt in
, me; de iustitia, quia ad Patrem vado; et
: , , iam non videbitis me. Haec est iustitia,
, quae de coelo prospexit. A summo enim
: – coelo egressio eius, et occursus eius
; – usque ad summum coeli. Ne vero
quisquam contemneret veritatem, quia
( 16:8–10). de terra orta est, cum sicut sponsus
, processit de thalamo suo, id est, de utero
. virginali, ubi Verbum Dei creaturae
humanae quodam ineffabili coniugio
– ( . copulatum est; ne hoc ergo quisquam
18:6). contemneret, et quamvis mirabiliter
( . 14:6) natum, et dictis factisque mirabilem,
, , tamen propter similitudinem carnis
peccati nihil amplius Christum quam
, , hominem crederet; cum dictum esset:
Tanquam sponsus procedens de
thalamo suo, exsultavit ut gigas ad
. , currendam viam; continuo subiunctum
, est: A summo coelo egressio eius. Quod
: ergo audis: Veritas de terra orta est,
dignatio est, non conditio; misericordia
( . 8:3), est, non miseria. Veritas ut de terra
oriretur, de coelo descendit; sponsus ut
– de thalamo suo procederet, a summo
: , coelo egressio eius. Inde est quod hodie
, – natus est, quo die minor dies nullus in
– terris, a quo tamen incrementa dies
; - : sumunt. Qui ergo inclinatus est, et nos
( . 18:6,7). , erexit, minimum elegit diem, sed unde
, : lux crescit; ipso suo tali adventu, nos
, , etiam tacitus tanquam sonitu magni
; , clamoris exhortans, ut qui pauper propter
. nos factus est, in illo divites esse
, discamus; qui propter nos formam servi
; accepit, in illo libertatem accipiamus; qui
, propter nos de terra ortus est, in illo
 100
. coelum possideamus.
,
-
.
, ,
, - ,
, .

,
,
(2 . 8:9);
,
( . 2:7);
,
.

: Patrologiae cursus completus.

Series Latina (PL). Vol. 38, col. 1011–1013;
.
 101

ISSN 2367-802X