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Although most people continue to think of races as physically distinct
populations, scientific advances in the 20th century demonstrated that
human physical variations tend to overlap. There are no genes that can
identify distinct groups that accord with the conventional race categories.
In fact, DNA Analysis have proved that all human have much more in
common, genetically, than they have differences. The genetic differences
be twee n an y two h um an s is le s s tha n 1 p erce n t. Mo reo ve r,
geographically widely separated populations vary from one another in
only about 6 to 8 percent of their genes. Because of the overlapping of
traits that bear no relationship to one another ( such as skin colour and
hair texture) and the inability of scientists to cluster people into discrete
racial packages, modern resear- chers have concluded that the concept
of race has no biological validity

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47
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48
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49
" We are a nation with our own distinctive culture and civilization,
language and literature, art and architecture, names and nomenclature,
sense of values and proportion, legal laws and moral code, customs and
calandar, history and tradition, aptitudes and ambitions; in short, we have
our own distinctive outlook on life and of life. By all canons of international
law, we are a nation"
Zzz ÅkZ Â x ¸{eq

-Zy›Æy*zy ¹t Z
# ä WZZ
+‡ M
hNŠ \WVŒ
å c* +‡aÆy!*
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C„ÃÄpgzZ õg @*
Ô y!*
iµ
ÆðÅx ¸kZ ä V,Z b§kZgzZ Ïƒ „zŠg ZsÜgzZsÜy!*
iÅVâ ›ÆyÎ 0*

¶~Š™s ~Š ã
# Ÿzs§Å b CÐƒ

:D â -ZWZZ
Û (q +‡
"Let me make it clear that the national language of Pakistan is going to

be Urdu and no other language. Without onelanguage no nation can
remain tied up solidly together"
Þ ¾Ð p°Ñ!*
Â,™. +‡Ð ZgzZ³7,p°xÅx ¸q
zgqÅè¸ÅWZZ -Z¤
/Z[Z
-ZÃVâ ›Æ y*zy ä WZZ
Æ p°xgzZ @¬ Åx ¸q +‡ Ç ñYƒ ãZz6,\W
~Š ã
Å]c*
b CyZaÆ ðÅx ¸q
-Z Œ6,Vâ ›Æ y*zy QgzZ 36,Ð áZj
-Z ä V,Z Ì}6,VŒ X c*
q -Z¹ZQgzZ ~gz¢aÆx ¸q
Û x ¸q
Šg Z Œ -Z Ås
# Ÿz
D â +'
Ûh × WZZ ¯7Š ã
+‡X c* CÃxsZaÆp°Åx ¸
'' Our religion, our culture and our Islamic ideals are driving force to
achieve independence"
50
! D â -Z
Û gzZ(q
''Islam is not merely confined to the spiritual tenets and doctrine or rituals
and ceremonies, it is a complete code regulating the whole muslim
society, every department of life collectively and individually''
 Zg { Z'
Åè¸„ ,xsZì Y Y H~ á g Z R XÐ yZ c*
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ì @* $+Šq
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Zg øV*zyì ízÔë~y
51
-ZÆðsZ#
wÅÁgq -ZVŒwD Z)´
Ö Zìt{zgzZìg™yÒyãZz¹q
/Z²ì 7]gz¢ÅŠzu ð5Z'aÆY ’ KZ …gzZì íz Zg ø *Š ~g ‚Ð
ã*zy¤
-ZX ì ]gz¢Åy*zy ªBZ'q
aÆíz q -Z …Ð wÅx ¸q
-Z Âì x ¸q
-Z
-ZaÆx ¸kZgzZì oÑ«ðÅx ¸q
ízq -ZªXì ~gz¢** -Z
ƒ»x ¸q
Ë ƒ]gz¢Åˆ**
ì$ ƒ»
9¸gzZÔ ¬Š[Zp »„ gy›{eq
 c* -Z äV,Zì *
@Y¹~}g !*
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 c*
å¬Š[Zp »„ -ZsÜäV,Zì
gy›q
:åc*
â -ZÆ1930Ô'gzZ
Û ~Hq
I would Like to see Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sindh and
Baluchistan amalgamated into a single state, self goverment within the
British Empire or without the British Empire, the formation of a
consolidated North-West Indian Muslim state appears to me to be the
final destiny of the Muslims, at least of North-West
India..........................nor should the Hindus fear that the creation of
autonomous Muslim state will mean the introduction of a religious rule in
such state. I have already indicated to you the meaning of the word
religious as appear to Islam. The truth is that Islam is not a church. It is a
state conceived as a contractual organism long before Roussea ever
thought of such a thing, and animated by an ethical ideal which regard
man not as an earth rooted creature defined by this or that portion of the
earth, but as a spiritiual being understood in terms of a social mechanism
and possessing rights and duties as a living factor in that
mechanism-----------------The character of a Muslim State can be judged
52
from what the Times of India pointed out some time ago in a leader
[front-page article] on the Indian Banking Inquiry Committee. "In ancient
India," the paper points out, "the State framed laws regulating the rates of
interest; but in Muslim times, although Islam clearly forbids the realisation
of interest on money loaned, Indian Muslim States imposed no
restrictions on such rates." I therefore demand the formation of a
consolidated Muslim State in the best interests of India and Islam. For
India, it means security and peace resulting from an internal balance of
power; for Islam, an opportunity to rid itself of the stamp that Arabian
Imperialism was forced to give it, to mobilise its law, its education, its
culture, and to bring them into closer contact with its own original spirit
and with the spirit of modern times------------the creation of autonomous
state based on the unity of language, race, history, religion and
identity of economic interests, is the only possible way to secure a
stable constitutional structure in India -----------------------------We are 70
millions and far more homogeneous than any other people in India.
Indeed the Muslims of India are the only Indian people who can best
be described as a nation in modern sense of the word
+¶
¹æ~kZ¶Å„0 KÅV¸´X~oèLZÃWZZ
+‡yZgzŠÆ193
â 7D 38äwD Z)´
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t Ð ]ZŠ á ÌÃwX
zgqX å Hï
 c*
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gy›q Ù !*
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g òsZ
D â -ZwD Z)´Xn YHë Z
Û ~âLZ(q Û DÐp ÒÙçgzZ DpÃVâ ›
53
:
While we are ready to co-operate with other Progressive Parties in the
country, we must not ignore the fact that the whole future of Islam as a
moral and political force in Asia rests very largely on a complete
organisation of Indian Muslims ( A letter to M.A. Jinnah, March 20,
1937 )
!ÎÌ~}g !* -Z ÂJ
Æy*zy {q -¬ÐMarch 20, 1937 wD Z)´h
+á
T e„Åy*zy6,VzŠ ã
Cã—gzZIèÔ #sÜgzZsÜ6,gîãZz{zˆÆkZ1¸ìg
c*
â -ZäV,ZX¸
Û ~âLZ(gzZq
In these circumstances it is obvious that the only way to a peaceful India
is a redistribution of the country on the lines of racial, religious and
linguistic affinities( A letter to M.A. Jinnah, June 21, 1937 )
D â -ZwD Z)´

Û ~âLZ(gzZq
To my mind the new constitution with its idea of a single Indian federation
is completely hopeless. A seperate federation of Muslim provinces,
reformed on the lines I have suggested above, is the only course by
which we can secure a peaceful India and save Muslims from the
domination of non-Muslims. Why should not the Muslims of North-West
and Bengal be considered as nations entitled to self determination just
as other nations in India and outside India are?
(A letter to Mr Jinnah, June 21, 1937)
:D â +'
Ûh × ~âLZwD Z)´
54
Personally I think that the Muslims of North-West India and Bengal
ought at present to ignore Muslim minority provinces. This is the best
course to adopt in the interests of both Muslim majority and minority
provinces. It will therefore be better to hold the coming session of the
league in the Punjab, and not in a Muslim minority province ( A letter to
M.A. Jinnah, June 21, 1937 )
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q CxŒ6,Vâ ›x ÓÆy*zywD Z)´ì F,
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t VŒ
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x ª »„ -Z Œ6,V¸´ îÒZ y›Æ [fwÑsÜñOÆ ðÅx ¸
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x™z3gÆVzîyÃVâ ›{0 Ü ß Z °gzZ¸T e *
Æy*zy‰ *™ì‡
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µZq
ì s ÜÆVßßZÆxsZ ï GG3E /ZgzZ ?H7VY6,gîÆ|
4ƒz~ÃÅyZ¤ # Ù c*
identity
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q -Z y›x ÓÆ *ŠgzZ ( Hg !* ,
F~ Vzk’gzZg ÃZ LZ ä V,Zg ÖZ » kZ)
**
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ízq Ö Z c*
)x ¸y›
ÅgzŠ Ây›Æ y*zy }g ‚Ô¸ ò qÆ ÁZ ÎŠ ZÔä wD Z)´Q Âce
±xsZ ?HVYc_ »íz {eq
-ZaÆ Vâ ›Æ y*zy ! fwÑsÜÔ ]!*
Q Âì c* Û ßÃ„6,Š ã
Š}Šg ZŒ C#ÅVâ K̈Z Ìä b‚{Š ñgzZì s Ü ð•ZÆ46,
~g‚ ?ÅVY lÃÚgzZg7½Åä™„6,VzŠ ã
CIègzZ ã—Ô#Ãy*zy ä V,Z
}ÑçòsZ 56,]!* # ÉggzZY fy›áZzp
kZZ pg aÎxgzZgÅ!*
Æ*Š
ä™'!*  c*
Åx ªÆ„ g y›c*
òsZg !*
g !*  c*
Q Âì 7e„ g òsZ%Æx ªÆ
H7VYy·Š »yZs§Åx ªÆ}Ñ çòsZ ñOÆ
aÎÅyZ ñOÆaÎò ¸?Š
?¶VY4c*
g
55
:Vƒ±5aÆMg ‡]‚½ZPsfzgq
"It is not the unity of language or country or the identity of economic
interests that constitutes the basic principles of our nationality. It is
because we all believe in a certain view of the universe… that we are
members of the society founded by the Prophet of Islam. Islam abhors all
material limitations, and bases its nationality on a purely abstract idea
objectified in a potentially expansive group of concrete personalities. It is
not dependent for its life principle on the character and genius of a
particular people. In its essence it is non-temporal, non-spatial "
( Ibid, p.376, www.ipripak.org/journal/winter2002/
Zlamaiqbal.shtml/#_ftn37 )
-Z
:ë(gzZq
Remember, man can be maintained on this earth only by honouring
mankind… national unity too is not a very durabledurable force. Only one
unity is dependable and that unity is the brotherhood of man, which is
above race, nationality, colour or language … So long as men do not
demonstrate by their actions that they believe that the whole world is the
family of God, so long as distinctions of race, colour and geographical
nationalities are not wiped out completely….the beautiful ideals of
liberty, equality and fraternity will never materialize
( “Shamloo,” Speeches and Statements of Iqbal, Lahore: Al-Manar
Academy, 1948, p.222 )
-Z™5ÃVâ ›Æy*zy !fwÑgzZ wX ä V,Z

t Ð T ¹~¸ñOÆì x ¸q
56
-Z ÌÃVâ ›ÆV1ßîÒZy›Æy*zy{zì YY H~
Ð wÅx ¸q .Z³
Åy!* +
igzZ±~yZh á É¸Ù Š7
pguZgŠ Z»t
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@Y ƒ ãZz ÿ¹ÒE
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zgq
sÜzÂàSÐ„ qzÑÅyZX H~úŠ »kZ „:gzZÅÏÒúÂ: ÅVâ ›x ÓÆy*zy
-Zs§ÅV¸´! fwÑÆe
sÜñOÆúÅx ¸q $ÒZy›Æy*zy sÜgzZ
 c*
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gq
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-Z~ V1ßîÒZ y›Æy*zy
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,Z „:gzZ Hy´Z»iÕãZzðÃ~‚kZ:gzZc* -ZÆ™
ŠtÃðÃ Â: »ðÅx ¸q
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57
~ wì}÷;g „ ._Æ]÷ZpÅwD Z)´6,gîãZz {z ZƒÝq1X¸ ._Æ

-Z%Æ ðÅx ¸q
Åo q -Z%K { Zz6,Å ò}VY äY: ~ ~¢ä Vî Ég}g ø
+
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"Divide et impera should be the motto of our Indian admin-
istration, whether political, civil or military"
"We have maintained our power in India by playing-off one part against
the other," the Secretary of State for India reminded Viceroy, Lord Elgin
(1862-63)" and we must continue to do so. Do all you can, therefore, to
prevent all having a common feeling"
" The policy of divide and rule required a considerable degree of

manipulation". Lord Dufferin, Viceroy ( 1884 -88), was advised by the
Secretary of State in London that " The division of religious feelings is
greatly to our advantage"
Lord Curzon (Governor General of India 1895-99 and Viceroy 1899-1904,
58
d.1925) was told by the Secretary of State for India, George Francis
Hamilton, that they "should so plan the educational text books that the
differences between community and community are further strengthened"
(http://india_resource.tripod.com/hist-2nation.html)
gzZ#äVî ÉgÆyzu0*
akZX ‰ƒ[x»~ä™Ýqœ£LZ m, +
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J Š™„~ V”&~ 1â971QgzZ~ V”zŠ ~ 1â947¬ ¹ZgzZ ~Š
 c*
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The Urdu movement was a socio-political movement aimed at making
Urdu the universal language and symbol of the cultural and political
identity of the Muslim communities of India. The movement began with
the fall of the Mughal Empire in the mid-19th century, fuelled by the
Aligarh movement of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
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Urdu developed as local Indo-Aryan dialects, came under the influence of
the Muslim courts, that ruled South Asia from the early thirteenth century.
Its Indic vocabulary has been enriched by borrowings from Arabic,
Persian, Turkish, English and other Indian languagesThe term Urdu came
into use when Shah Jahan built the Red Fort in Delhi in 1639 A.D. The
word Urdu itself comes from a Turkic word Ordu, which means "Camp",
"Tent" or "Army", from which English also gets the word "Horde". Hence
Urdu is sometimes called "Lashkari zaban"
Urdu continued as one of the many languages in North West India. In
1947, Urdu was established as the national language of Pakistan in the
hope that this move would unite and homogenise the various ethnic
groups of the new nation
A &Åä™~^Åx ¸q
ì¢ -ZÃVâ ›Æy*zy~Tì „zŠg ZtG
Khariboli has four standardized registers: Standard Dakhani, Rekhta,
Hindi and Urdu
ˆ’~y*zy}g ‚gzZhÐº´! fwÑgzZ~œ

/%Æy*zyÝZgŠ à 1~g 3
Shaukat Ali and Maulana Maududi emphasised the knowledge of Urdu as
essential for ordinary and religious Muslims
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Ë ™½Š ZgzZ]¸{zÃVâ ›} )Æy*zy„zŠg ZM V Œ\ W
ì Y™½7KðÃgzZì
76
The contemporary Indo-Iranian languages form the largest sub-branch of
Indo-European, with more than one billion speakers in total, stretching
from Europe (Romani) and the Caucasus (Ossetian) to Xinjiang (Sariqoli)
and East India or Bangladesh. SIL in a 2005 estimate counts a total of
308 varieties, the largest in terms of native speakers being Hindustani
(Hindi and Urdu, ca. 540 million), Bengali (ca 200 million), Punjabi (ca. 80
million), Marathi and Persian (ca. 70 million each), Gujarati (ca. 45
million), Pashto (40 million), Oriya (ca. 30 million), Kurdish (ca. 40 million)
and Sindhi (ca. 20 million )
ic gzZ _Ô SÔ! ºÔzŠg Zì 7]oãZz ¹ q

ÝZgŠ 3!* -Z k½Z Ñ!*
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The article on Urdu in International Encyclopaedia of Linguistics contains
the following quotation:
The growing popularity of Urdu mushaira (poetic symposia) and literary
conferences in the United Kingdom, United States, Soviet Union, Canada,
and a number of Middle Eastern and African countries has led to the
emergence of a large number of literary organisations and publications
which reflect the spread of Urdu as an international language. It would be
regrettable if this article with its emphasis on economic power and
numbers, contributed in however small a measure to the destruction of
such delightful innocence. May Urdu with its poetic symposia and literary
organisations become ever more international. The world would be a
77
better place if all expansion was through such charming means
George Weber mentions Urdu/Hindi as the 10th most influential language
of the world and 2nd among the top languages with respect to the
number of speakers
78
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to be Urdu and no other language. Without one state language no

nation can remain tied up solidly together"

? ìg w1 VY ~yQ y›Æ y*zy X ¶ce ãƒ zŠg Z y!* x ¸ Â

pÆp ÖZ sfzgq\Wì ~gz¢t ³(,

language and ethnic origin, and typically inhibit a particular country or

territory called "Nation State"

breed, stock, kind or species Here Ethnic is not equal to Race

Although most people continue to think of races as physically distinct

populations, scientific advances in the 20th century demonstrated that

common, genetically, than they have differences. The genetic differences

be twee n an y two h um an s is le s s tha n 1 p erce n t. Mo reo ve r,

geographically widely separated populations vary from one another in

only about 6 to 8 percent of their genes. Because of the overlapping of

of race has no biological validity

™S1ÔyK̈Zx ÓÆ*Š kZ¥#}÷ÍXì {ÑçgzZx ¸g"gzZyZÄ»"kZ ~÷

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X,Zp ÖZzŠ~b ˜Z Å ótó Ãò ¸zŠ L LXì * » ótó Ãò ¸zŠ L LÃy{£Z¦u

may create feeling of alienation''

zgqÆ y{£Z¦ua k Z X à ™µ Z y!*

Æ„nÃ xkZgzZ … Ã$Ð +

-Z… YÐ b§hZëgzZXì YY Ht6,gîxÃŠzÆ"ðsZ #

calandar, history and tradition, aptitudes and ambitions; in short, we have

law, we are a nation"

Zzz ÅkZ Â x ¸{eq

"Let me make it clear that the national language of Pakistan is going to

remain tied up solidly together"

society, every department of life collectively and individually''

Baluchistan amalgamated into a single state, self goverment within the

British Empire or without the British Empire, the formation of a

consolidated North-West Indian Muslim state appears to me to be the

final destiny of the Muslims, at least of North-West

India..........................nor should the Hindus fear that the creation of

autonomous Muslim state will mean the introduction of a religious rule in

religious as appear to Islam. The truth is that Islam is not a church. It is a

state conceived as a contractual organism long before Roussea ever

thought of such a thing, and animated by an ethical ideal which regard

earth, but as a spiritiual being understood in terms of a social mechanism

and possessing rights and duties as a living factor in that

mechanism-----------------The character of a Muslim State can be judged

[front-page article] on the Indian Banking Inquiry Committee. "In ancient

of interest on money loaned, Indian Muslim States imposed no

restrictions on such rates." I therefore demand the formation of a

India, it means security and peace resulting from an internal balance of

and with the spirit of modern times------------the creation of autonomous

state based on the unity of language, race, history, religion and

identity of economic interests, is the only possible way to secure a

stable constitutional structure in India -----------------------------We are 70

be described as a nation in modern sense of the word

moral and political force in Asia rests very largely on a complete

organisation of Indian Muslims ( A letter to M.A. Jinnah, March 20,

is a redistribution of the country on the lines of racial, religious and

linguistic affinities( A letter to M.A. Jinnah, June 21, 1937 )

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