GED0081 – College Physics 1

Module 5: Newton’s
Laws of Motion
MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology
 Subtopic 1

Law of Inertia
The theory of everything (ToE), final theory, ultimate theory, or master theory is a
hypothetical single, all-encompassing, coherent theoretical framework of physics that fully
explains and links together the four main forms of forces of the universe.
 Objectives

At the end of the lecture, the students must be able to:

• Explain forces and its types.
• Determine and illustrate forces acting on a system.
• Draw free body diagrams of systems.
• Define Newton’s 1st Law.
• Apply Newton’s 1st law of motion in problem solving.
For grade schoolers, a force is a push or pull.

As college students, a force is an interaction

between two bodies or between a body and its
environment.

Common types of forces include:

• Contact force
• Normal force
• Tension force
• Friction force
• Weight (Gravitational force)
Young, H. D., Freedman, R. A., Sandin, T. R., & Ford, A. L. (1996). University physics (Vol. 9). Reading, MA:
Addison-Wesley.
When a force involves direct contact between two bodies, such as a push or pull that you
exert on an object with your hand, we call it a contact force.

The normal force is exerted on an object by any surface with which it is in contact.

Friction force exerted on an object by a surface acts parallel to the surface, in the
direction that opposes sliding.

The pulling force exerted by a stretched rope or cord on an object to which it’s attached is
called a tension force.

The gravitational force that the earth exerts on your body is called your weight.
Young, H. D., Freedman, R. A., Sandin, T. R., & Ford, A. L. (1996). University physics (Vol. 9). Reading, MA:
Addison-Wesley.
When you throw a ball, there are at least two forces acting on it: the push of your hand and
the downward pull of gravity.

If you want the resultant force of the system, get the summation of all the forces existing.

“Any number of forces applied at a point on a body have the same effect as a single force
equal to the vector sum of the forces.”

In general, 𝑭𝑻 = 𝑭𝟏 + 𝑭𝟐 + 𝑭𝟑 + ⋯ + 𝑭𝑵
Since forces are vector quantities, they can be represented by their components. For
instance, a force on a 2D plane has both x and y components written as 𝑭𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑭𝒚

Young, H. D., Freedman, R. A., Sandin, T. R., & Ford, A. L. (1996). University physics (Vol. 9). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Young, H. D., Freedman, R. A., Sandin, T. R., & Ford, A. L.

(1996). University physics (Vol. 9). Reading, MA: Addison-
Wesley.
Three professional wrestlers are fighting over a champion’s belt.
The figure on the right shows the horizontal force each wrestler
applies to the belt. The forces have magnitudes F1=250 N,
F2=50 N, and F3=120 N. Find the x- and y-components of the net
force on the belt, and its magnitude and direction.

STEP 1: DRAW THE SYSTEM

STEP 2: LIST THE COMPONENTS OF EACH FORCE
STEP 3: GET THE ACTUAL VALUES OF THE COMPONENTS
Young, H. D., Freedman, R. A., Sandin, T. R., & Ford, A. L.
STEP 4: APPLY SUPERPOSITION PRINCIPLE (1996). University physics (Vol. 9). Reading, MA: Addison-
Wesley.
STEP 5: SHOUT THE ANSWER WITH JOY
When a force involves direct contact between two bodies, such as a push or pull that you
exert on an object with your hand, we call it a contact force.

The normal force is exerted on an object by any surface with which it is in contact.

Friction force exerted on an object by a surface acts parallel to the surface, in the
direction that opposes sliding.

The pulling force exerted by a stretched rope or cord on an object to which it’s attached is
called a tension force.

The gravitational force that the earth exerts on your body is called your weight.
Young, H. D., Freedman, R. A., Sandin, T. R., & Ford, A. L. (1996). University physics (Vol. 9). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
• FBD of an object resting on a frictionless table
• FBD of an object sliding down on a frictionless inclined plane
• FBD of a hanging object from the ceiling
• FBD of an object sliding down on a rough inclined plane
Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that, together, laid
the foundation for classical mechanics.

They describe the relationship between a body and the forces

acting upon it, and its motion in response to those forces.

THE THREE LAWS ARE THE FOLLOWING:

1. Law of Inertia
2. Law of Acceleration
3. Law of Action and Reaction

https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-cartoon-
illustration-of-albert-einstein-89903767.html
Inertia is the tendency of a body to resist moving.

It is the resistance of any physical object to any

change in its velocity.

Inertia, being a passive property, does not enable a body https://studiousguy.com/inertia-examples/

to do anything except oppose such active agents as

forces.

First Law: “A body at rest will remain at rest, and a

body in motion will remain in motion, unless it is acted
upon by an unbalanced external force.”

https://studiousguy.com/inertia-examples/
There are two parts - one that predicts the behavior of
stationary objects and the other that predicts the behavior
of moving objects.

The two parts are summarized in the following diagram.

The condition is described by the phrase "... unless

acted upon by an unbalanced force." As long as the
forces are balanced - the first law of motion applies.

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-1/Newton-s-First-Law
Inertia of Rest can be defined as the inability of an
object or body to change its state of rest by itself.

For example, when a car is suddenly started, the

passengers in it fall backward.

Another example is a coin on a piece of cardboard

shown by the image beside.

What do you think will happen if you suddenly

pull the cardboard horizontally?
https://studiousguy.com/inertia-examples/
Inertia of motion can be defined as the inability of an object or body to change its state of
motion by itself.

For example, if we reverse the first example, we will understand the inertia of motion.

Let’s say that you are in a moving car, and when it suddenly stops, all the passengers fall
forward.

That’s because the lower part of the body, which is in contact with the car is at rest, whereas
the upper part tends to remain in motion due to inertia of motion.

STIRRING OF MILK AND SATELLITES THAT ORBIT THE PLANET.

Inertia of direction can be defined as the inability of any physical object to change its
direction of motion by itself.

For example, when a car moves along a round curve, the passengers sitting inside are
thrown outwards.

It happens due to the inertia of direction in order to maintain the direction of motion.

https://studiousguy.com/inertia-examples/
 Subtopic 2
Law of Acceleration

Most used law in problem solving

Relates acceleration to force and mass
 Objectives

At the end of the lecture, the students must be able to:

• Explain forces and its types.
• Determine and illustrate forces acting on a system.
• Draw free body diagrams of systems.
• Define Newton’s 2nd Law.
• Apply Newton’s 2nd law of motion in problem solving.
Newton's second law of motion pertains to the behavior of objects for which all existing
forces are not balanced.

“The second law states that the acceleration of an object is dependent upon two
variables - the net force acting upon the object and the mass of the object.”

BUT WHAT EXACTLY ARE THEIR MATHEMATICAL RELATIONSHIPS?

ACCELERATION IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO THE FORCE ACTING UPON THE

OBJECT AND INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO THE MASS OF THE OBJECT.
Example: A net force of 15 N is exerted on an
encyclopedia to cause it to accelerate at a rate of 5
m/s2 . Determine the mass of the encyclopedia.

Example: Suppose that a sled is accelerating at a

rate of 2 m/s2 . If the net force is tripled and the
mass is doubled, then what is the new acceleration
of the sled?

Example: Suppose that a sled is accelerating at a

rate of 2 m/s2 . If the net force is tripled and the
mass is halved, then what is the new acceleration of
the sled? https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-1/Newton-s-First-Law
 Subtopic 3
Law of Interaction

Also called law of action and reaction

Where do we see this law in real life scenarios?
What does this law say?
 Objectives

At the end of the lecture, the students must be able to:

• Explain forces and its types.
• Determine and illustrate forces acting on a system.
• Draw free body diagrams of systems.
• Define Newton’s 3rd Law.
• Apply Newton’s 3rd law of motion in problem solving.
Also known as “Law of Interaction”.

The third law states that “for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.”

The size of the forces on the first object equals the size of the force on the second object.

The direction of the force on the first object is opposite to the direction of the force on the
second object.
 Suppose these kids wanted to know what will happen if they
jump from their initial state to the right.

Draw the FBD of the person and the chair before jumping.
Draw the FBD of the person and the chair right after jumping.
What happens to the chair? Explain.

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Les
son-1/Newton-s-Third-Law
 GED0081 – College Physics 1

Uniform Circular
Motion
MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology | 4.3
 Objectives

At the end of the lecture, the students must be able to:

• Define centripetal and centrifugal force.
• Determine the characteristics of an object travelling in UCM.
• Solve problems involving uniform circular motion.
• Uniform circular motion can be described as the
motion of an object in a circle at a constant
speed.

• As an object moves in a circle, it is constantly

changing its direction. At all instances, the https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/circles/u6l1c.cfm

object is moving tangent to the circle.

• Since the direction of the velocity vector is the

same as the direction of the object's motion, the
velocity vector is directed tangent to the circle
as well. https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/circles/u6l1c.cfm
• Always pointing inside the circular path.

• Any object moving in a circle (or along a circular path) experiences a centripetal
force. That is, there is some physical force pushing or pulling the object towards the
center of the circle.

• This is the centripetal force requirement. The word centripetal is merely an adjective
used to describe the direction of the force.

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/circles/u6l1c.cfm
• As a car makes a turn, the force of friction • As a bucket of water is tied to a string and
acting upon the turned wheels of the car spun in a circle, the tension force acting
provides centripetal force required for upon the bucket provides the centripetal
circular motion. force required for circular motion.

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/circles/u6l1c.cfm
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/circles/u6l1c.cfm
• As the moon orbits the Earth, the force of
gravity acting upon the moon provides the
centripetal force required for circular motion.

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/circles/u6l1c.cfm

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/circles/u6l1c.cfm
 GED0081 – College Physics 1

Projectile Motion
MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology | 4.1
 Objectives

At the end of the lecture, the students must be able to:

• Define what a projectile motion is.
• Understand each point in an object’s trajectory moving in a projectile motion.
• Solve problems involving projectile motion.
A form of motion in which an object or particle is
thrown with an initial velocity (v0) and it moves along
a curved path under the action of gravity alone.

An object in projectile motion follows a parabolic

path called trajectory.
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/vectors/Lesson-2/What-is-a-Projectile

The effect of air resistance is still negligible (same

with ffm).

The acceleration acting on a projectile motion is

constant which pertains to the acceleration due to
gravity given by -9.8 m/s2 directed vertically
downward.
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/vectors/Lesson-2/What-is-a-Projectile
The initial velocity 𝒗𝒐 being a vector quantity, has two components: 𝒗𝒐𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒗𝒐𝒚

The acceleration 𝒂 is also a vector with two components named 𝒂𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒚

𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒎
𝒂𝒚 = −𝟗. 𝟖 𝟐
𝒔
(The acceleration of an object in projectile motion in the horizontal direction is zero)
Along the x axis, the acceleration is Along the y axis, the acceleration is equal
equal to 0 and therefore the velocity 𝒗𝒙 to -9.8 m/s2 and therefore the velocity 𝒗𝒚 is
is constant and is given by: not constant and is given by:

𝒗𝒙 = 𝒗𝒐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒗𝒚 = 𝒗𝒐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 − 𝒈𝒕
Based on the previous slide, since you already know how to get the
components of the velocity, the velocity at any point in the
trajectory can be solved by getting the resultant of 𝒗𝒙 and 𝒗𝒚

//just treat them like 2D vectors

like how we get resultant vectors
from the first module
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/vectors/Lesson-2/What-is-a-Projectile
 GED0081 – College Physics 1

Module 4: Motion
in 2 Dimensions
MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology
 Subtopic 1

Projectile Motion
Definition of terms
Parts of a trajectory
Some variables to understand
 Objectives

At the end of the lecture, the students must be able to:

• Define what a projectile motion is.
• Understand each point in an object’s trajectory moving in a projectile motion.
• Solve problems involving projectile motion.
A form of motion in which an object or particle is
thrown with an initial velocity (v0) and it moves along
a curved path under the action of gravity alone.

An object in projectile motion follows a parabolic

path called trajectory.
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/vectors/Lesson-2/What-is-a-Projectile

The effect of air resistance is still negligible (same

with ffm).

The acceleration acting on a projectile motion is

constant which pertains to the acceleration due to
gravity given by -9.8 m/s2 directed vertically
downward.
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/vectors/Lesson-2/What-is-a-Projectile
The initial velocity 𝒗𝒐 being a vector quantity, has two components: 𝒗𝒐𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒗𝒐𝒚

The acceleration 𝒂 is also a vector with two components named 𝒂𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒚

𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒎
𝒂𝒚 = −𝟗. 𝟖 𝟐
𝒔
(The acceleration of an object in projectile motion in the horizontal direction is zero)
Along the x axis, the acceleration is Along the y axis, the acceleration is equal
equal to 0 and therefore the velocity 𝒗𝒙 to -9.8 m/s2 and therefore the velocity 𝒗𝒚 is
is constant and is given by: not constant and is given by:

𝒗𝒙 = 𝒗𝒐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒗𝒚 = 𝒗𝒐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 − 𝒈𝒕
Based on the previous slide, since you already know how to get the
components of the velocity, the velocity at any point in the
trajectory can be solved by getting the resultant of 𝒗𝒙 and 𝒗𝒚

//just treat them like 2D vectors

like how we get resultant vectors
from the first module
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/vectors/Lesson-2/What-is-a-Projectile
 Subtopic 2

Uniform Circular Motion

Centripetal vs. Centrifugal
Vertical vs. Horizontal Circular Motion
 Objectives

At the end of the lecture, the students must be able to:

• Define centripetal and centrifugal force.
• Determine the characteristics of an object travelling in UCM.
• Solve problems involving uniform circular motion.
• Uniform circular motion can be described as the
motion of an object in a circle at a constant
speed.

• As an object moves in a circle, it is constantly

changing its direction. At all instances, the https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/circles/u6l1c.cfm

object is moving tangent to the circle.

• Since the direction of the velocity vector is the

same as the direction of the object's motion, the
velocity vector is directed tangent to the circle
as well. https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/circles/u6l1c.cfm
• Always pointing inside the circular path.

• Any object moving in a circle (or along a circular path) experiences a centripetal
force. That is, there is some physical force pushing or pulling the object towards the
center of the circle.

• This is the centripetal force requirement. The word centripetal is merely an adjective
used to describe the direction of the force.

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/circles/u6l1c.cfm
• As a car makes a turn, the force of friction • As a bucket of water is tied to a string and
acting upon the turned wheels of the car spun in a circle, the tension force acting
provides centripetal force required for upon the bucket provides the centripetal
circular motion. force required for circular motion.

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/circles/u6l1c.cfm
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/circles/u6l1c.cfm
• As the moon orbits the Earth, the force of
gravity acting upon the moon provides the
centripetal force required for circular motion.

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/circles/u6l1c.cfm

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/circles/u6l1c.cfm