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HTW Dresden Arbeitsblätter Grundbau Arbeitsblatt GT3 – 3.

1
Lehrgebiet Pfähle – Grundlagen Thema Pfahlgründung
Geotechnik Ausgabe 9. Mai 2006

3.1 Entwurf, Vorbemessung

τn,k
Abb. 1: Bezeichungen und geometrische Verhältnisse bei
weiche Schicht Pfahlgründungen
DS

Ds – Pfahldurchmesser
RS,k Db – Pfahlfußdurchmesser
qS,k qb,k – charakteristischer Wert Pfahlspitzenwi-
derstand (Spitzendruck)
qs,k – charakteristischer Wert Pfahlmantelwi-
Rb,k derstand (Mantelreibung)

Voraussetzungen:

qb,k Pfahllänge im Boden ≥ 5m


Einbindetiefe im tragfähigen Boden ≥ 3m
Db Abstand der Pfähle ≥ 3Db
Neigung Bohrpfahl ≥ 8:1

zul F = 10DX − k [kN]; DX in [cm]

Bohrpfahl ohne Fuß : DX = Ds ; k = 100


Bohrpfahl mit Fuß : DX = Db ; k = 300; Db ≤ 2DS
Holzrammpfahl : DX = Dmittel ; k = 0
Stahlbetonrammpfahl : DX = Ds ; k = 10DS − 250 für Ds ≥ 25cm

3.2 Einwirkungen
Neben Einwirkungen aus den Gründungslasten sind mindestens die folgenden grundbauspezifischen Ein-
wirkungen zu berücksichtigen:

negative Mantelreibung Schubkräfte auf die Seiten- oder Mantelfläche eines im Boden eingebetteten
Bauteils sind als ständige Einwirkungen anzusetzen, wenn damit zu rechnen ist, daß sich der Boden relativ
zum Bauteil überwiegend vertikal bewegt. Der charakteristischer Wert der negativen Mantelreibung ergibt
sich näherungsweise gemäß Gl. 1. Für nichtbindige Böden gilt Gl. 2.
τn,k = cu,k (1)
0
τn,k = σ 0 K0 tan ϕk (2)
τn,k - charakteristische Wert der negativen Mantelreibung
cu,k - charakteristische Wert der Scherfestigkeit des undrainierten Bodens
σ0 - effektive Vertikalspannung
K0 - Erdruhedruckbeiwert
0
ϕk - charakteristischer Wert des Reibungswinkels
HTW Dresden Arbeitsblätter Grundbau Arbeitsblatt GT3 – 3.2
Lehrgebiet Pfähle – Einwirkungen Thema Pfahlgründung
Geotechnik Ausgabe 9. Mai 2006

Seitendruck Biegebeanspruchung aus Seitendruck kann auftreten bei Vertikalpfählen als Folge von
horizontalen Bodenbewegungen und bei Schrägpfählen als Folge von Setzungen und Hebungen des Bodens.
In weichen, bindigen Böden kann die Untersuchung für folgende Fälle erforderlich sein:

• resultierender Erddruck aus der Differenz der Erddrücke, die auf gegenüber liegende Flächen des
im Boden eingebetteten Bauteils wirken,
• Fließdruck infolge Vorbeifließens des Bodens bei voll ausgeschöpfter Scherfestigkeit.

3.3 Nachweis der axialen Tragfähigkeit GZ1B

3.3.1 Bohrpfähle

- Durchmesser 0.5 m - 3.0 m


- Neigung nicht flacher als 4:1 (Ds = 0.3 m) bzw. nicht flacher als 8:1 (Ds = 0.3) m
- Mindestpfahllänge im Baugrund 5.0 m oder 5Ds
- Achsabstand von a = 3Ds nicht unterschreiten
- Mantelreibung darf bei angeschnittenem Pfahlfuß (Pfahlfußverbreiterung) und im Bereich von
Schutzhülsen nicht angesetzt werden.

Pfahlwiderstand Rk

ssg
Berechnung der Widerstands–Setzungs–Linie
s=0,02 DS (WSL), Wertepaare (Erfahrungswerte) zur Kon-
struktion der WSL aus Tab. 1.
s=0,03 DS
Für die Mobilisierung der Mantelreibung erfor-
Pfahlkopfsetzung s

derliche Pfahlkopfsetzung ssg nach Gl. 3 mit


RS,k in MN.
Rk(s)
Gültigkeit der Erfahrungswerte:
einfache Baugrundverhältnisse, ermittelt durch:
Sondierspitzenwiderstand qs,k (nichtbindige
Rb,k(s) Böden), undrainierte Kohäsion cu,k (bindiger
RS,k(s) Boden). Mächtigkeit der tragfähigen Schicht
sg=0,1 DS unterhalb des Pfahls ≥ 3Db oder ≥ 1.50 m.

ssg = 0.5RS,k + 0.5 ≤ 3cm (3)

Zugpfähle: ssg,Zug = 1.3sSg .

X
R1,k (s) = Rb1,k (s) + Rs1,k (s) = qb1,k Ab + qs1,ki Asi (4)

Asi - Pfahlmantelfläche innerhalb der Schicht i


qs1,ki - charakteristischer Wert der Pfahlmantelreibung in der Schicht i
R1,k (s) - setzungsabhängiger charakteristischer Pfahlwiderstand
Rb1,k (s) - setzungsabhängiger charakteristischer Pfahlfußwiderstand
Rs1,k (s) - setzungsabhängiger charakteristischer Pfahlmantelwiderstand
Nachweis E1,d ≤ R1,d
HTW Dresden Arbeitsblätter Grundbau Arbeitsblatt GT3 – 3.3
Lehrgebiet Pfähle – Nachweis Thema Pfahlgründung
Geotechnik Ausgabe 9. Mai 2006

Tabelle 1: DIN 1054:2005, Erfahrungswerte der axialen Tragkraft von Bohrpfählen

Pfahlspitzenwiderstand qb,k in MN/m2 nach DIN 1054 Tab. B.1, B.2 und B.5
s/Ds Nichtbindiger Boden bindiger Boden Fels
2) 2 3) 2
oder bei qc in MN/m bei cu in MN/m bei qu,k4) MN/m2
s/Db1) 10 15 20 25 0,1 0,2 0,5 5 20
0,02 0,70 1,05 1,40 1,75 0,35 0,90
0,03 0,90 1,35 1,80 2,25 0,45 1,10 1,5 5 10
0,1 (=sg) 2,00 3,00 3,50 4,00 0,80 1,50
Zwischenwerte geradlinig interpolieren. Bohrpfähle mit Fußverbreiterung: Werte auf 75%
abmindern.
Bruchwert der Pfahlmantelreibung qs,k in MN/m2 nach DIN 1054 Tab. B.3 bis B.5
Nichtbindiger Boden bindiger Boden Fels
bei qc2) in MN/m2 bei cu3) in MN/m2 bei qu,k4) MN/m2
0 5 10 15 0,025 0,1 0,2 0,5 5 20
0,00 0,04 0,08 0,12 0,025 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,5 0,5
1)
Bezogene Pfahlkopfsetzung: s Pfahlkopfsetzung, Ds Pfahlschaftdurchmesser, Db
Pfahlfußdurchmesser.
2)
Spitzenwiderstand Drucksonde DIN 4094 (Spitzenquerschnittsfläche 10cm2).
3)
Undrainierte Kohäsion des Bodens
4)
Einaxiale Druckfestigkeit nach Empfehlungen des AK Versuchstechnik im Fels der DGGT.

3.3.2 Gerammte Verdrängungspfähle

Tabelle 2: Erfahrungswerte zur Berechnung der axialen Tragkraft von Rammpfählen

Charakteristischer Pfahlspitzenwiderstand qb1,k und charakteristische Pfahlmantelreibung qs1,k


von Fertigteilpfählen aus Stahl- oder Spannbeton in nichtbindigem Boden für den
Grenzzustand GZ1B nach Tabelle C.1 und C.2 der DIN 1054
Bruchwert der Pfahlmantelreibung qs1,k Pfahlspitzenwiderstand qb1,k
bei mittlerem Spitzenwiderstand bei mittlerem Spitzenwiderstand
der Drucksonde qc in MN/m2 der Drucksonde qc in MN/m2
2,5 7,5 15 •25 7,5 15 •25
0,023 0,07 0,130 0,17 2,0 5,0 12,0
Zwischenwerte dürfen geradlinig interpoliert werden.
Erfahrungswerte für die axiale Tragfähigkeit von Verdrängungspfählen sind für den GZ 1B nur für nicht-
bindige Böden und Fertigteilpfähle aus Stahlbeton oder Spannbeton in DIN 1054 angegeben. Andernfalls
ist der Nachweis für den Grenzzustand GZ2 mit den entsprechenden Erfahrungswerten zu führen. Erfah-
rungswerte nach Tabelle 3 sind nicht in DIN 1054 Norm enthalten – geeignet zur Vorbemessung. Nachweis
der Pfahltragfähigkeit im GZ 2 kann für gerammte Fertigteilverdrängungspfähle aus Stahl- oder Spann-
beton entfallen – Setzungen liegen i.d.R. unter 1,5 cm.
- Mindesteinbindetiefe in den tragfähigen Baugrund: 3 m
- erf. Mächtigkeit der tragfähigen Schicht unterhalb des Pfahls:
Einzelpfahl: ≥ 4 Db oder ≥ 1.5 m
Pfahlgruppe: ≥ 2 b (b = äußerer Abstand der Randpfähle)
- Mindestabstände benachbarter Pfähle: e ≥ 3 Db ≥ 1.0 m + Db
X
R1,k = Rb1,k + Rs1,k = qb1,k Ab + qs1,ki As,i (5)
HTW Dresden Arbeitsblätter Grundbau Arbeitsblatt GT3 – 3.4
Lehrgebiet Pfähle – Nachweis Thema Pfahlgründung
Geotechnik Ausgabe 9. Mai 2006

Tabelle 3: Erfahrungswerte der axialen Tragkraft von Rammpfählen für Vorbemessungen

Erfahrungswerte Pfahlspitzenwiderstand qb,k und Pfahlmantelreibung qs,k für Verdrängungspfähle


Bodenart Bereich Pfahlmantelreibung qs1,k in kN/m2 Pfahlspitzendruck qb1,k in MN/m2
unter (für abgewickelten Umfang) (umrissener Umfang des Pfahlfußes)
Ober- Holz- Stahl- Stahl- Stahl- Holz- Stahl- Stahlrohr- Stahl-
fläche pfähle beton- rohr- träger- pfähle beton- pfähle träger-
der trag- pfähle pfähle profile pfähle profile
fähigen Kasten- Kasten-
Schicht pfähle pfähle
in m offen offen
Nichtbindige <5,0 20 - 45 20 - 45 20 - 35 20 - 30 2,0 - 3,5 2,0 - 5,0 1,5 - 4,0 1,5 - 3,0
Böden 5,0 - 10 40 - 65 40 - 65 35 - 55 30 - 50 3,5 - 6,5 3,0 - 6,0 2,5 - 5,0
>10,0 60 50 - 75 40 - 75 3,0 - 7,5 4,0 - 8,0 3,5 - 7,5 3,0 - 6,0
Bindige Böden
IC=0,5-0,75 5 - 20
IC=0,75-1,0 20 - 45 0–2
Geschiebemergel bis 5,0 50 - 80 40 - 70 30 - 50 2,0 - 6,0 1,5 - 5,0 1,5 - 4,0
halbfest bis 5,0 - 10 60 - 90 40 - 70 5,0 - 9,0 4,0 - 9,0 3,0 - 7,5
fest >10,0 80 - 100 80 - 100 50 - 80 8,0 - 10 8,0 - 10 6,0 - 9,0
1)
Für Kastenweiten oder Rohrdurchmesser < 500 mm
2)
Für Profilweiten < 350 mm; bei höheren Profilen Stege einschweißen
3)
Für Stahlkastenpfähle mit geschlossenem Fuß siehe Stahlbetonpfähle
4)
Für qsi,k ist das die Pfahllänge, für qbi,k die Einbindetiefe in die tragfähige Schicht
5)
Konsistenzzahl IC nach DIN 18122-1
6)
Wenn für Geschiebemergel die Konsistenzzahl IC nicht mehr bestimmt werden kann, ist sie auf
der Grundlage örtlicher Erfahrungen einzuschätzen.

3.4 Nachweis der Gebrauchstauglichkeit GZ2

3.4.1 Bohrpfähle

Sind die Verformungen der Pfahlgründung für das Gesamttragwerk von Bedeutung (zulässige Setzungen)
ist der Nachweis gegen Verlust der Gebrauchstauglichkeit zu führen. Der Wert für R2,k ergibt sich aus
der Widerstands-Setzungs-Linie in Abhängigkeit des Betrags der zulässigen Setzung.

E2,d = E2,k ≤ R2,d = R2,k (6)

3.4.2 Gerammte Verdrängungspfähle

Für die Anwendung der Erfahrungswerte zum Nachweis des GZ2 sind folgende Anforderungen an den
Boden nachzuweisen:
- ausreichend tragfähiger nichtbindiger Boden, Spitzenwiderstand der Drucksonde von qc ≥ 10
MN/m2
- annähernd halbfester bindiger Boden mit IC ≥ 1, 0 bzw. cu ≥ 150 kN/m2 .
Erhöhung der Pfahlwiderstände für den GZ2 um 25% zulässig, wenn nichtbindiger Boden mit qc ≥ 15
MN/m2 oder halbfester bindiger Boden mit IC ≥ 1, 0 bzw. cu ≥ 200 kN/m2 ansteht.
HTW Dresden Arbeitsblätter Grundbau Arbeitsblatt GT3 – 3.5
Lehrgebiet Pfähle – Nachweis Thema Pfahlgründung
Geotechnik Ausgabe 9. Mai 2006

Tabelle 4: Erfahrungswerte der Tragfähigkeit von Rammpfählen im Grenzzustand GZ 2

charakteristische Pfahlwiderstände R2,k in kN von gerammten Verdrängungspfählen für den


Grenzzustand GZ2 nach Tabelle C.3, C.4 und C.5 DIN 1054
Einbindetiefe in den Holz Stahl- und Spannbeton
tragfähigen Boden Db in cm Seitenlänge aS in cm
in m 15 20 25 30 35 20 25 30 35 40
3 100 150 200 300 400 200 250 350 450 550
4 150 200 300 400 500 250 350 450 600 700
5 - 300 400 500 600 - 400 550 700 850
6 - - - - - - - 650 800 1000
Einbindetiefe in den Stahlträgerprofile1) Stahlrohr2)- und Stahlkastenprofile3)
tragfähigen Boden Breite oder Höhe in cm D bzw. a in cm
in m 30 35 35 bzw. 30 40 bzw. 35 45 bzw. 40
3 - - 350 450 550
4 - - 450 600 700
5 450 550 550 700 850
6 550 650 650 800 1000
7 600 750 700 900 1100
8 700 850 800 1000 1200
Zwischenwerte geradlinig interpolieren.
1)
Breite I-Träger mit Breite:Höhe ca. 1:1, z.B. HEB – Profile
2)
Werte für Pfähle mit geschlossener Spitze. Für offene Pfähle 90% des Tabellenwertes
ansetzen, wenn fester Bodenpfropfen innerhalb des Pfahles mit Sicherheit vorhanden.
3)
D - äußerer Durchmesser des Stahlrohrpfahles oder mittlerer Durchmesser eines
zusammengesetzten, radialsymmetrischen Pfahles, aS - mittlere Seitenlänge von annähernd
quadratischen oder flächeninhaltsgleichen rechteckigen Kastenpfählen
HTW Dresden Arbeitsblätter Grundbau Arbeitsblatt GT3 – 3.6
Lehrgebiet Pfähle – Nachweis Thema Pfahlgründung
Geotechnik Ausgabe 9. Mai 2006

3.5 Berechnung statisch unbestimmter Pfahlroste

Ausnutzung der Symmetrie


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Pfähle mit einer gemeinsamen Schwerachse zusammen-


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P3
fassen → Reduzierung auf ein statisch bestimmtes P Sy-
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stem. Ermittlung der Pfahlkräfte analytisch ( H=0,


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P
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M =0) grafisch (CULMANN). Gruppenkräfte zu glei-


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chen Teilen auf die Einzelpfähle aufteilen


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x

Spannungstrapezverfahren (Vk ≥ 5 H) Näherung

σ1 I

I V

I I I I I

σ2
I I

I I I

3
Randspannungen unter der Flächengründung berechnen.
Trapez in Teilflächen unterteilen. Trennungslinie liegt je-
1 2 3 4 5 I V

weils in der Mitte der Pfahlansatzpunkte. Jede Teilfläche


4 ist einem Pfahl oder Pfahlbock zugeordnet. Belastung er-
5

gibt sich aus der dazugehörenden Fläche des Spannungs-


trapezes. Die Zuweisung der Kräfte auf die Pfähle erfolgt
über den Kräfteplan (Näherungsverfahren!).

Sonderfall: Alle Pfähle vertikal, axiale Belastung

x
V Mx My
Pk = + yA − xA (7)
n Ix Iy
y1 X X X
a Ix = n I1 + A y2 ≈ A y2 = A y2
x1 y
n - Anzahl der Pfähle
A, I
Ix - Flächenmoment 2. Grades bezogen auf die
x-Achse
b
I1 - Flächenmoment 2. Grades des Einzelpfahls
- (ohne Steiner Anteil)
A - Querschnittsfläche des Einzelpfahles
x, y - Abstände der Pfähle zum Schwerpunkt
des Pfahlrostes

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