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www.phoenixbooks.ru
V]K 94(569.4)(092)
BBK 63.3(0=Enp)
KTK 683
B 37
Henenen B. H.
H37 ]nenana+i enpeen, xo+opie nsxennn xnp.
Hs. 2-e, onon. Poc+on n/] . dennxc, 2010.
379, [1] c. (Enpecxne +ani).
ISBN 978-5-222-16774-8
Ha c+pannnax i+o xnnin npec+aneni naynno-
xyoec+nennie noipaqnn nenana+n nenxnx enpe-
en xicn+ee, ea+ee xyi+ypi n nayxn, xo+opie
cnoe xicim n cnoe ea+einoc+im xenan xnp n namn
npec+anenna o xnpe. Onnxn ns nnx neonenec+no iop-
n+ca, pyinx o+nepiae+, no nce i+n nnnoc+n nanaa
coc+annaa nac+i omeneonenecxo xyi+ypi n nc+opnn.
V]K 94(569.4)(092)
BBK 63.3(0=Enp)
ISBN 978-5-222-16774-8
Beneen B. H., 2010
Oqopxenne, OOO dennxc, 2010
www.phoenixbooks.ru

Xu:nt c:umko+ kopomka, umo6m 6mmt

ne:nauume:tno.
Benaxnn ]nspain
To:tko coyuacmue e 6mmuu 0pyeux uemx
cymecme o6napyueaem c+mc: u ocnoeanue
co6cmeennoeo 6mmun.
Map+nn Byep
Benxne nnnoc+n nepconan i+o xnnin c
pannnx e+ qopxnponanci n pyce enpecxo xyi+yp-
no-peninosno +pannnn. B +o e npexa onn caxix
+ecnix opasox in cnasani c xyi+ypo n yxox
napoa n omec+na, ie nn n +nopnn. ]nnnxie
ao nosnanna, inepine +nopnec+na n c+pexennex
x caxoy+nepennm, onn o+xpinan nonie xnpi n npo-
c+panc+ne n npexenn. Cnonx yxennex nipasn+i xnoio-
opasne nsnn onn pasnnian ipannni neonenecxoio
oni+a n nosnanna. Hx nen c+anonnnci ynennex, nepo,
onaenan ymaxn me n n xonennox n+oie npeo-
paan xnp, cosanaa nonoe xyi+ypnoe npoc+panc+no.
O Be+xonene x+o-+o ns xaccnxon cxasa, n+o on cosa
nonoe xysixainoe xnposanne. Cona i+n n nono
xepe npnxennxi xo xnoinx iepoax name xnnin. Ha
npo+aennn nce nc+opnn nnnnnsannn pasnn+ne c+n-
xynponaoci n nanpanaoci opasaxn yymeio,
xo+opie +nopnn caxie oapennie n +aan+nnie
npec+ann+en poa neonenecxoio.
Anc+pncxn enpe Teoop Iepni, n xoooc+n ne
snanmn nn peninn cnonx o+non, nn asixa, nn xyi+y-
pi, nonan n Hapne na nponecc ]peqyca, npyi oco snae+
cea enpeex. 3+o+ omeni, npeycnenammn ypnanc+
nponnxae+ca nee a+i cnonx pa+iax no xponn iocy-
apc+no, noxonnnn naxonen c xnoionexonix nepnoox
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4
,
pacceanna, n eae+ nce, n+oi peansona+i i+y nem.
Bcaxaa nonnnaa nsni ec+i nc+pena, saxe+n ne-
xoia Map+nn Byep. Bc+pena xaoio ns namnx iepoen
c ioocox npexon, c nexnx nisonox nnemneio xnpa,
c cyio, npenanep+anno cnime, onpeena nx
nsnenni ny+i n npnsnanne.
Toixo nenxaa nnnoc+i cnocona ocosna+i iapxo-
nnm xnposanna, nona+i n peansona+i no+penoc+n
npexenn n inoxn. Heeyc+pexennoc+i, ncenoiomammaa
c+pac+i x conepmenc+ny, necoxpymnxaa noa nce i+o
xono na+n y xaoio ns iepoen name xnnin, ne-
nxnx nepon, nona+opon, +nopnon nonix ne n nonix
xyi+ypnix xnpon. B 1904 ioy Banxnp 2ao+nn cxn
nannca c+nxn, nocnamennie naxa+n cxonnanmeioca
Teo opa Iepna.
On ne yiac, xax pene Monce,
Ha epeiy 3exn oe+onanno,
On ne one o ponni eanno
Ee nan +ocxymmnx e+e.
On cei cea n o+a nsni cna+ine,
H ne sai +ea, Hepycanx,
Ho ne ome n na eme n nyc+ine,
H n ynmn eni ponxo Haec+nne
Mi +oixo npax +pnyna npeanx.
Cona i+n xono o+nec+n n x namnx iepoax, no-
cxoixy aexo ne nce sayxannoe xaix ns nnx
ocymec+nnoci. dnocoq Anpn Bepicon ionopn. Ham
nsnenni ny+i ycean ooxxaxn +oio, nex xi nann-
nan i+i n nex xi xoin i cea+ica. Heonex cax
+nopn+ cea n y+nepae+ca n i+ox xnpe, onaxo aexo
ne nce ns npenasnanennoio cnocoen peansona+i. Ho
nico+a xicn, cxeoc+i ne, epsnonennoc+i no c+ynxa
nceia npnnexan nnnxanne. Benxne nnnoc+n nn+e-
pecni npee nceio +ex, n+o pemam+ nac+nie n omene-
onenecxne saann ynme, pesyi+a+nnnee n xypee, nex
oinnie mn, onepeaa npexa n inoxy. Oni+ nenxnx
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5

ecnenen, nx ea+einoc+i noynn+eina. Heapox Ce-

nexa saxe+n. Bocnoxnnanna o nenxnx max +ax e
noesni, xax nx npncy+c+nne.
Hn+epec x nenxnx nnnoc+ax oyconen ne +oixo
nync+nox nocxnmenna n iopoc+n sa me, oc+nimnx
nepmnn n cnoe nsne+nopnecxo ea+einoc+n, no
n nocosna+einix c+pexennex xnoinx x ycnexy.
mn, npnnaeamne x xaxo-+o onpeeenno xyi-
+ype, npamam+ca n onox connainox npoc+panc+ne, no
nny+ n ec+nym+ no-pasnoxy. Onn noni inepinn
n nsnemna, pyine aym+ca na +aio+i nsnn.
Onn c+pexa+ca x cnoonoxy cymec+nonannm, pyine
ne xoiy+ oo+nci es nie-no onopi n noepxn.
Cymec+nonanne nonnno nnnoc+n nceia oyconeno
yxonnoc+im, xo+opaa noc+oanno nponsnon+ca n nocnpo-
nsnon+ca, anaa coo conoxynnoc+i ne, xyi+ypno-
peninosnix +pannn, yxonnoio nacena.
Boia+aa coi+naxn nc+opna n xyi+ypa enpeen nceia
nisinaa nonimenni nn+epec. Kax nnme+ conpexen-
ni anincxn nc+opnx Ho ]oncon, nsia enpeen
c+a npoopasox xnoinx nenxnx xen+ann neonenec+-
na, npencnonennix nae n na Hponnenne, n na
Heonexa. Hc+opnnecxne nepconan, npec+anennie
na c+pannnax i+o xnnin, no-pasnoxy ocosnanan cnoe
enpec+no. Onn npnnnxan eio xax nen+o caxo coo
pasyxemmeeca, no ponnci n nc+nnno enpe cxnx ce-
xiax. ]pyine ncxpenne c+pexnnci na+n n oco sna+i
cax cxic enpecxoio cymec+nonanna. Tpe+in, omymaa
xyi+ypno-nc+opnnecxne xopnn cnoeio enpec+na, ocoen-
no ne sayxinanci na i+nx, yynn no nenennixn n
nsni omec+na, n xo+opox nn, napoa, c xo+opix
noc+oanno xon+ax+nponan, n omyman cea coc+anno
eio nac+im.
Mnoine ns nnx coman enpecxne oinan nmi
no npnninxe, a onepnpya +axnxn nona+naxn, xax Boi,
napo, Hspani, concex ne c+pexnnci ocosna+i nx
www.phoenixbooks.ru
6
,
nc+opnnecxym nennoc+i n snannxoc+i. Hyansx e
i a nnx cxopee nnnnnyainix xnc+nnnsxox,
oxpyennix poxan+nnecxnx qepox n noc+aiinnecxo
npn+aia+einoc+im, ocnonannix nmi na comennn
cexenix +pannn. B inoxy pacceanna nea axana+
xoee+ (moni x ponne) nceia ia +yxanno n
neonpeeenno, xo+a nce enpen noxnnn o Cnamenno
sexe. Ho xyi+ypnaa cnasi c npomix, noc+poennaa na
ynaceonannix nennoc+ax n yxae nsnn, ia nn+y-
n+nnno-xnc+nnecxo. B +enenne xnoinx c+oe+n ponna
anaaci a enpeen xyi+ypno-nc+opnnecxnx nc+onnn-
xox nne xonxpe+nix ieoipaqnnecxnx xoopnna+. Ee opas
ocnoninaca na oemannax ncxynenna, annix enpe-
cxnxn npopoxaxn, na enpecxo qnocoqnn n enpecxox
xnc+nnnsxe, na n+epa+ype inoxn Iacxai enpecxoio
Hpocnemenna. aypea+ Hoeencxo npexnn, nnca+ei
3nac Kane++n, enpecxne npexn xo+opoio in ns-
inani ns Hcnannn n XIV nexe, onpeea enpeen nepes
nx xacconi cnxno opas +oni, peyme nepes
nyc+inm noce ncxoa ns Einn+a, i+o ennc+nenni
ns pennnx napoon, xo+opi c+panc+nye+ +ax oio.
Mnoine noipaqnn nenxnx me oneni nano-
xnnam+ pennne xnqi o iepoax. Kyi+ypni iepo
npec+anae+ cni ynopaonennoio xocxoca n opie
c xaocox. Honnin eio nceia cnasani c nmennaxn n
c+paannaxn, nonac co cxep+im, no n+oiox i+o pa-
xa+nnecxo opii anam+ca cosanne nonix opyn
n nnc+n+y+on xyi+ypi n aioapnaa naxa+i no+ox-
xon. 2nsneonncanna namnx iepoen n nexao c+enenn
coepa+ iexen+i xaccnnecxoio xnqa e+c+no,
mnoc+i, speoc+i, opia c mcxnxn npepaccyxaxn.
H xax n+oi nonoe ynenne nn o+xpi+ne nonix xnpon,
nonaa xyoec+nenno-ic+e+nnecxaa xoei nn i+aon
nsnennoio ycnexa.
He+ oee onacnoio opyna, nex ncxycc+no nocnoxn-
nanna, cxasa qnocoq Cpen Kipxeiop. Bcnoxnnx
www.phoenixbooks.ru
7

i+nx nenxnx me, onnx c aioapnoc+im, py-

inx c neonepnex, seci npan snaxenn+i qnocoq.
Ho x+o xoe+ c +onnoc+im onpeen+i, n+o ec+i 3o,
a n+o ]opo?! Ie i+o esnne pn+ni, paccexammee
nc+opnnecxoe npoc+panc+no na xopomee n noxoe?
Hanepnoe, npan noi+ Kpn enn+ancxn.
Kai ninpae+ no cee
Cono a mnn n a xon+ni,
Bnaiy a yin, xen a n+ni
Kai ninpae+ no cee.
Cno nsnenni ny+i nipan en Tponxn n
Hocnq Bpocxn, Kap Mapxc n Aiep+ 3nm+en,
3nixyn dpe n Maep-Axmei Po+mni. 2nsni
xaoio ns nepconae i+o xnnin paxa, nonaa
c+pac+e n omnox, oc+nenn n neyan, cnac+ia n pa-
sonaponann, nepnoc+n n npea+eic+na. A sa c+pannnaxn
xnnin oc+ae+ca nenxoe xnoec+no nxen.
Bnecxn Anpaax n eio nnyx Haxon (Hspani), ne-
nana+i cinone xo+opoio noonn nanao nenana+n
xoenax (nexenax) nspanenix. Monce, xo+opi
nine enpeen ns Einn+a n nepea nx Boec+nenni
]exaoi. Enpecxn nc+opnx Hocnq dann. dnoco-
qi Monce Maxonn, Bapyx Cnnnosa, Map+nn Byep,
3pnx dpoxx. Micn+ei n yneni-ixonoxnc+ ]ann
Pnxapo. Koxnosn+opi denxc Meneicon-Bap+oin,
Hxpe Kaixan, 2ax Oqqenax, An+on Pynn m+en,
]axoxo Meepep. 3xc+pacenc n xenyx Boiq Mec-
cnni. Benxn maxxa+nc+ Mnxan Bo+nnnnnx. Ax+epi
Mapx Bepnec, eonn V+econ, danna Panencxaa. Hea-
pox Bepnep 3oxap+ nnca. Kaxo oipoxni npoe
opasonaca i n neonenecxox xnpe, ecn i enpecxaa
nanna ncnesa. Mi ne xo+nx nmn+ica, xoia i +o nn
io iyoxnx, ipyc+nix enpecxnx ias, no nxec+e
c nnxn ncnesn i n pyine xpaco+i. ynnn+einaa
xeanxona enpecxo noisnn, npoannnmeca a nac
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8
,
n +nopnec+ne Ienpnxa Iene, enpecxn mxop n xnoioe
pyioe, n+o nax opoio n ooiamae+ xnp.
B xonennox n+oie snanne nenxaa nnnoc+i npn-
cyam+ +oixo Bpexa n Hc+opna. B 30-e ioi 3nixyn
dpe, o+ionapnnaa Apnoia Hneia o+ noni+xn na-
nnca+i eio noipaqnm, saann. He+, a cnmxox nac
mm, n+oi paspemn+i noonoe. K+o c+anonn+ca
noipaqox, ninyae+ cea xo n, x y+axax, xo-
mennnnec+ny, yxpama+eic+ny n ae x xacxnponxe
cnoeio nenonnxanna npani n noipaqnn oc+nni
nenosxono, a ecn i ae n xono io, +o c +axo
npano io i neneio ea+i sa ee nenpnionoc+im.
Hpana ne noisye+ca cnpocox, mn ne sacynnam+
ee. B pesyi+a+e Apnoi Hnei +ax n ne nannca no-
ipaqnn dpea. K coaennm!
Tana sanepmenna nsnennoio ny+n xaoio, xax n
+ana sanepmenna nc+opnn, cxpi+i o+ neonexa. mn
oni ncnona+i cno oi na sexe, ne iaaa o npe-
xenax n cpoxax. Kai ns nepconae i+o xnnin
no-cnoexy oxonnn cno nsnenni ny+i, n oime
nn xenime c+enenn peansonan +o, n+o io npena-
snaneno exy cyio. ]a, xai neonex nesaxennx.
Ho on yxon+, Iocnon, yxon+. H nyc+o+a, oc+anennaa
nx, ec+i xec+o Boia n poinynme npnpoe (3nnana
Mnpxnna).
H xai ns iepoen i+o xnnin conno ionopn+ nax
yc+axn Cpena Kipxeiopa.
He nani oo xne, no nani o cee caxox!
* * *
An+op aioapn+ T.d. Epxoenxo, H.E. Epoxnna
n B.H. Hexnnny sa noxomi, oxasannym npn noio+onxe
anno xnnin!
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9

C+ompu na ece c mouku :penun eeunocmu.
Bapyx Cnnnosa
Eepeu oka:a:u +upy cmo:tko 0o6pa u npuuu-
nu:u e+y cmo:tko ::a, umo +up k nu+ nukoe0a
ne 6y0em omnocumtcn cnpaee0:ueo.
3pnec+ Penan
Hc+opna nepmn+ca n noncenennoc+n, no xoia ne-
onex pasximae+ o ne, +o oinno nopasyxenae+
no i+nx xpynnie coi+na, npena+ie onacnoc+axn nn
e oemammne ncnonenne nenxnx nae. mn,
xax npanno, omymam+ noc+yni nc+opnn n inoxn co-
nnainix xa+axnsxon. Xo n nen i+nx coi+n a
neonexa nenoc+nnxi, no nceia onacni n c+pamni.
Ho ec+i n pyiaa nc+opna +nopnec+na, noncxa, yxa,
cosnammaa nexonoe sanne xyi+ypi. Hpoipecc xnpo-
no xyi+ypi i+o nenpepinni nponecc npopac+anna
nac+oameio ns npomoio. Kyi+ypa i+o naxa+i, n
ona, +ecno cnasannaa c nc+opne, nceia nopasyxenae+
nenpepinnoc+i nn+eex+yaino, npanc+nenno n y-
xonno nsnn nnnoc+n n omec+na.
Cosnanne neonexa yc+poeno +axnx opasox, n+o noc-
npnnnxae+ npomoe n nac+oamee nmi +oia, xoia i+o
yxainae+ca n qax+i nc+opnn. Panime nc+opnm +nopn
xnq, sa+ex penina, cenac nayxa. Ho cxnosi +ica-
nee+nee pasnn+ne xnpono xyi+ypi xnqa, peninn,
qnocoqnn, nayxn, ncxycc+na npn ncex paspinax,
pasnnnax n nspinax, enno nn+im +ane+ca omaa
nei ncxann, oennammaa nce oac+n npoanenna
yxonno xomn neonexa n ocnoennn oxpyammeio xnpa
n xnpa n cee.
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10
,
Macm+ai ne+ipex+icanee+ne nc+opnn enpe en
co npexen Anpaaxa o namnx ne nceia nopaan
noopaenne. Enpen caxonen+nqnnnponanci, noxoe,
panime ncex nponnx napoon, onnmnx o ceionamne-
io na, n cyxen npo+n cxnosi nce ypn n no+pacenna.
Hxenno onn noonn nanao nn+eex+yainoxy
nponnxnonennm n oac+i nensneannoio. Hc+opnx Ho
]oncon nnme+. Hn onn napo ne c+oa +ax +nepo,
xax enpen, na +ox, n+o y nc+opnn ec+i nei, a y neone-
xa cyia. Eme n caxox nanae cnoeio xoex+nnnoio
i+na onn nepnn, n+o nxn naen saanni cnime
ny+i poa neonenecxoio, nonoipex a xoeio ono
nocyn+i nx omec+no. Hpnnex poi cnom onn npopao-
+an ynnn+eino nopono n ieponnecxn epanci sa
nee nepe nnox nenxonepnix c+paann. Hno nsia
xi naxonx y 3pnec+a Penana. 3+o+ nenni Hepexna,
i+o+ neonex cxope, nenno aymmnca, noc+an-
ammn no yapi cnom cnnny c +epnennex, xo+opoe
caxo no cee nac paspaae+, i+o cosanne, xo+opoxy
nyi nce namn nnc+nnx+i nec+n, iopoc+n, cani,
enxa+noc+n n ncxycc+na, i+o cymec+no, n xo+opox +ax
xao nonncxoio, +ax xao pinap cxoio. O++o Bennniep
noome o+xasinae+ enpeax n npane nxe+i nenxnx me,
n npane na iennainoc+i.
Mey +ex nc+opna acno cnne+eic+nye+. en-
pen na naa coc+annaa nac+i xnponoio xyi+ypnoio
nponecca. 3+o+ napo a xnpy nexao ynenix, xysi-
xan+on, n+epa+opon, qnocoqon, xyonnxon, ax+epon,
iocyapc+nennix ea+ee. Bce onn in cosa+eaxn
ynnnepcainix nennoc+e. H n i+ox o+nomennn nonpoc
o +ox, in n enpeaxn Monce nn Mapxc, Iene nn
Kaqxa, nmae+ca coepa+einoio cxica. B mox
cynae nnanne enpecxo xyi+ypno +pannnn na qop-
xnponanne opasa xice n c+na +nopnec+na +o nn
nno nenxo nnnoc+n eccnopno. B +nopnecxnx nse+ax
nenxnx npec+ann+ee enpecxoio napoa sanena+eni
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11
.
oc+nenna omeneonenecxo xyi+ypi. 3+n nnnoc+n
n nicmnx npoanennax qnocoqnn, nayxn, ncxycc+na n
nonox cxice cona +nopnn xnp. Cnonx nn+eex+ox,
noe, inepine, +aan+ox onn paspyman +pannnonnoe,
xocnoe npoc+panc+no yc+oanmeca xyi+ypi. Mnoine ns
nnx, xax nonnnnxn, ocymec+nan cnom xnccnm nepes
caxonoep+nonanne n yxonnym pao+y, npeooenaa
oipannnennoc+i xnpa xyi+ypi.
Kai ninpae+ a cea
2enmnny, peninm, opoiy,
]ianoy cyn+i nn npopoxy,
Kai ninpae+ a cea.
(R. Heeumancku)
Ono ns caxix nna+einix xnni neonenec+na
c+aa Bnna. Enpen cyxen nepnixn cosa+i oinnec-
xn nic+poennym nc+opnm. Enpec+no i+o no xnoiox
noa, naccnonapnoc+i, nannonaino-peninosnoe caxo-
omymenne. Hoc+anennie nc+opne n oxpyammnx xn-
pox n ixc+pexainym cn+yannm, onn exonc+pnponan
nyeca ninnaexoc+n, cny yxa n nn+eex+yaino
xomn. Ienpnx Hcen +ax oacna qenoxen coxpa-
nenna enpeaxn cnoe nnnnnyainoc+n. Baioapa
nexy nyecxn napo, i+n apnc+oxpa+i neonenec+na,
coxpann cnom nnnnnyainoc+i, cnom nosnnnm, no-
npexn ncaxoxy nacnnm? Baioapa +oxy, n+o exy ne
npnxonoci nosn+ica c iocyapc+nennoc+im. Oc+anaca
on n Haec+nne, on anno i noin no +aec+im cnoe-
io iocyapc+nennoio c+poa, xax n nce pyine napoi.
Apnc+oxpa+nsx enpeen, o xo+opox ynoxnnae+ nenxn
paxa+ypi, i+o nx connainaa nenpnxpenennoc+i, n
nexo+opox poe cnooa. B +icanax n +icanax enpecxnx
cexe snyna xonooi, opamenni x npaenoxy a
nnx nnemnexy xnpy.
Bi cnn+ae+e nac mixn n+opoio cop+a! Bi ope-
xae+e nac na nnme+y n ecnpocne+noe cymec+nonanne! Ho
xi ne eaex i+i +axnxn. Mi ne yex inyma+ica
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12
,
nnxaxo pao+i. Mi yex saxpomnxaxn, nop+nixn,
xenaaxn, anonnnxaxn, no namn cexin ne yxpy+ c
iooy. Hamn e+n noyna+ opasonanne, ae ecn
xi yex cee no ncex o+xasina+i. H peenox ye+ c
y+pa o nonn nipa+i na cxpnnxe nn yxa+i na maxxa-
+axn, n+oi nin+ica n mn n n+i ynme, nex eio
pon+en.
Omensnec+no ocooe o+nomenne enpeen x opasona-
nnm, ynenoc+n, snannax, n+o no xnoiox oyconeno
xyi+ypno-peninosno +pannne. Hyansx cnasi-
nae+ nicoxn npec+n opasonanna c +ex, n+o snanne
ec+i niconamee n nnc+emee aenc+no, xo+opoio
neonex xoe+ on+ica ye n i+ox, sexnox xnpe.
Vnenne sana+ne cyiyo npanc+nennoe. Taxy iono-
pn+. Vneni nanee napa Hspana, no+oxy n+o ecn
yneni yxpe+, nexoxy ye+ eio saxenn+i, a ecn
yxpe+ napi, +o neci Hspani xoe+ eio saxenn+i.
B cpenenexonie, xoia naceenne enponecxnx c+pan
io non+n noioonno neipaxo+nix, oimnnc+no
enpeen yxen nn+a+i n nnca+i. B XII nexe onn ns
xonaxon cnne+eic+nona. Enpe, ae eni,
y xo+opoio eca+i cinone, ncex ynn+ ipaxo+e, n ne
+oixo cinone, no n onepe, n ne a niioi, a a
nosnanna saxona Bona.
Vnenoc+i n nyansxe npnpannnnae+ca x oia+c+ny n
ycnexy. nmi +o+ sacynnae+ ynaenna, x+o aioapa
cnoexy ynopnoxy +pyy, cnoconoc+ax, ycepnm cyxe
on+ica aionoynna n ycnexa. Ho ae ecn yneni
neonex oc+aca een, on oc+onn ncanecxoio ynaenna
sa +o, n+o cyxe npnopec+n snanna. V enpeen nceia
cnn+aoci none+nix noponn+ica c ynenix neonexox,
enn+ica na eio onepn nn nsa+i n xyia eio cina.
Ona, nanecennaa ynenoxy, anaaci +axnx ipexox.
One+i +axoio neonexa snanno ocxopn+i Cono
Boie. Coxpanaexoe no xnoinx cexiax n nonine +pan-
nnonnoe ynaenne x opasonannoc+n, nne+e+ x xypenax
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oennae+ enpeen ne n xenime c+enenn, nex asix,
xnpoomymenne n opas nsnn.
Tpy, +nopnec+no, ea+einoc+i n nyansxe pac-
cxa+pnnam+ca xax npnsnanne. Heonex, peansya cnom
xnccnm n sexnox xnpe, c+pexn+ca x ycnexy. On ne xo-
e+ o+penica o+ cnoeio 2, no n cnax nonnnn+i cnom
nnnnnyainoc+i omesnannxo ea+einoc+n. H nex
oee oapen neonex, +ex oime noisi on npnnocn+
omec+ny n cax, n cnom onepei, c+anonn+ca nime xax
nnnoc+i. Kyi+ypno-peninosnaa +pannna enpec+na
qopxnponaa nepy n +o, n+o ycnex sanncn+ o+ caxoio
neonexa. ]oc+nenne nee, xo+opie neonex noc+ann
nepe coo, nxec+e c +ex osnanao peansannm yxon-
nix yc+pexenn.
Cxn+anna n nmenna saxaan xapax+ep, qopxnpo-
nan nonimennym cnoconoc+i x ninnannm. Topion-
a, poc+onmnnec+no, qnnanci cqepi, npnnocamne
nanoimne oxoi, co npexenex c+anona+ca xax i
enpecxnxn npoqeccnaxn. 3+o oc+oa+eic+no n c+ao
no xnoiox ocnono a qopxnponanna n enpone cxox
cosnannn opasa anoio n xn+poio enpea, xo+opi
ipan+ opix xpnc+nan.
Haea na +o, n+o xoia-+o nce nsxenn+ca x yn-
mexy, eanne nepeea+i xnp, xo+opi x nnx +ax ne-
cnpanenn, c+anonn+ca neo+exexo nac+im enpecxo
xyi+ypno-nc+opnnecxo +pannnn. Cosna+eino nn
nn+yn+nnno onnpaaci na nee, Aiep+ 3nm+en, Kap
Mapxc, 3nixyn dpe, Hopep+ Bnnep i+n nennec-
+nennie qniypi nona+opon nane+apnoio xacm+aa,
xenan name nocnpna+ne xnpa n ynennnnan nac+i
na nnx, +pancqopxnponan ximenne. Ecn Xpnc+o-
qop Koyx o+xpina nonie xnpi n ieoipaqnnecxox
npoc+panc+ne, +o en Tponxn +nopn noni xnp n
connaino peainoc+n. dpann Kaqxa, Bopnc Hac+ep-
nax, Ocnn Maneim+ax, Hocnq Bpo cxn cosanan
nonym qnocoqcxo-xyoec+nennym xoei o+nomenn
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neonexa n omec+na. Onn necn max snanne o +ox,
n+o xnp concex ne +axon, xaxnx on niian+. Pymnca
npenn xnponopaox, cosanaaci nonaa Bceennaa.
Ho onenxe Hoa ]oncona, enpen in ne npoc+o
nona+opaxn, no nnox nceio neonenec+na, nicnennnaa
n nnc+ox nne nce +e nexxi, xo+opie nenseno
nc+am+ nepe naxn. O+xpi+ne 3nm+enox +oio, n+o
npoc+panc+no n npexa anam+ca o+nocn+einixn, a ne
acom+nixn nsxepennaxn, pannonenno no nose-
c+nnm na name nocnpna+ne xnpa o+xpi+nm nepcnex+nni
n ncxycc+ne, omaa +eopna o+nocn+einoc+n nsxenna
nim+ononcxym xap+nny xnpa. dpeoncxn ncnxoanans
n xapxcnsx o cnx nop oc+am+ca necixa nna+einixn
cnc+exaxn xicn.
Hc+opna enpeen nceia ia nc+opne nx nsanxo-
ec+nna c oxpyammnx xnpox xyi+ypi. Benxne
enpen qopxnponanci n npoc+panc+ne +o nannonai-
no xyi+ypi, ie onn noannnci na cne+ n coc+oanci
xax nnnoc+n. B 1922 ioy ononcxn ynnnepcn+e+
nxec+e c Enpecxnx nc+opnnecxnx omec+nox nec+no-
na na+i enpecxnx qnocoqon dnona Aexcan-
pncxoio, Maxonna, Cnnnosy, dpea n 3nm+e-
na. Bce onn cqopxnponanci n pyce onpeeenno
nannonaino xyi+ypi. ipenecxo, nexenxo n +..
Hoi+oxy ne nxee+ cxica o+pina+i Hocnqa Bpocxo-
io, Mapxa Bepneca nn eonna V+econa o+ pyccxo
xyi+ypi, 2axa Oqqenaxa nn ]axoxo Meepe-
pa o+ qpannyscxo, Axeeo Moniann nn Hesape
oxposo o+ n+aiancxo, 3naca Kane++n o+
anc+pncxo, Hxpe Kaixana o+ neniep cxo. Bce
onn nocn+en xyi+ypi omeneonenecxo. Oco-
enno apxo npoannoci i+o, noay, n nayxe, caxo
xocxonon+nnno cqepe neonenecxo ea+einoc+n.
Heapox ns non+n na+nco+ ynenix n nnca+ee, xo-
+opix n XX nexe npncyaaci Hoeencxaa npexna,
xai mec+o enpe.
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Hpn nce nonenennoc+n enpeen n omexnpono
xyi+ypni nponecc nceia saxe+nym poi n nx nsnn n
ea+einoc+n nipan xyi+ypno-peninosnie +pannnn,
cnc+exa nennoc+e. C xoxen+a poenna n o cnoe
cxep+n neonex qopxnpye+ca n pasnnnae+ca n npoc+pan-
c+ne onpeeenno xyi+ypi. Heonenecxaa nnnoc+i n
nnnnnyainoc+i oyconeni +pannne, penine,
asixox, nocnn+annex, opasonannex, oinaaxn. En-
pecxaa nen+nnnoc+i nceia c+ponaci na omnoc+n
asixa, peninn, +pannnn n xyi+ypi. Ho cymec+nennym
poi npn i+ox nipa neia+nnni oni+ +painnecxoio
npomoio, nic+ynammn xomnix xonconnpymmnx
qax+opox. Hoay, npan i Bepaen, xoia nnca.
Enpen napo ocoi, ncxmnn+eino peninosno
cyii, nspanni napo Bon, n i+nx onpeeae+ca
+painsx nx nc+opnnecxo cyii. Hspanni napo
Bon, ns xo+opoio nime Meccna n xo+opi o+nepi
Meccnm, ne xoe+ nxe+i nc+opnnecxo cyii, noxoe
na cyiy pyinx napoon.
Ho conax Ioi Menp, i+i enpeex snann+ ne
+oixo coma+i peninosnie yc+anonenna, ian-
noe iopn+ica +ex, n+o npnnaenmi x napoy,
n +enenne nyx +ican e+ coxpannnmexy cnoe cnoeopa-
sne, necxo+pa na nce xynenna n c+paanna, xo+opix on
nonepiaca. Ocoi yxonno-nn+eex+yaini cxa,
xo+opi xyi+nnnponaca n enpecxnx cexiax, npee
nceio n iopocxo cpee, ocooe o+nomenne x snannax n
xyi+ype nxenno i+o o+nnao nx nnnnnyainoc+i
n caxoi+noc+i.
Enpen noannnci n npoc+panc+ne Hc+opnn cpannn-
+eino nosno. Hc+oxn i+oio napoa nocxoa+ x npe-
xenax na+pnapxon Anpaaxa, Hcaaxa n Haxona, +. e. x
XVIII XVII nexax o n.i. Einne+ n +o+ nepno i ye
xomnix iocyapc+nox, nxemmnx nenxym xyi+ypy.
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B Mecono+axnn nana nosnima+ica Bannon. B dnnnxnn
n Xanaane nosnnxn nepnie iopoa-iocyapc+na. Ho nce
onn co npexenex c+an oc+oannex nc+opnn, ncnesnyn
c nonepxnoc+n sexn. A xaenixn nac+ymecxn napo,
npenpa+nnmnci n nennoio c+pannnxa, nanceia nome n
xnponym nc+opnm n xyi+ypy nepes Bnnm. Hxenno
opas Boia n enpecxo xyi+ype anae+ca, noay,
xmnox x nonnxannm nyansxa n enpecxoio xnpoomy-
menna. Hoc+oannaa nponnaa cnasi nyansxa c oec+-
nennixn yc+anonennaxn niena enpeen cpen nponnx
i+nnnecxnx n peninosnix omnoc+e.
3pnec+ Penan +ax nnme+ o inoxe na+pnapxon. Hpn-
snanne Hspana eme ne c+ao onennnix. Ha nee i+oio
napoa ne+ eme nnone acnoio snaxa, xo+opi o+nna
i eio o+ cocee n coponne. Ho e+c+no nspannix
nono cxy+nix npenec+n n npesnaxenonann, xo-
+opie c+anona+ca nona+nixn +oixo nnocec+nnn.
Tpannnonno cnn+ae+ca, n+o npnnsn+eino n 1250
1230 io ax o n.i. Boi annca enpeax y iopi Cnna na
ny+n ns Einn+a n 3exm oe+onannym n saxmnn c
nnxn 3ane+ (coms). Hoce Cnnaa na cxeny nexennoxy
eennm nspani+an noc+enenno npnxon+ ocosnanne
cea ennix napoox, xoia nce nexena (xoena) c+an
nonnna+ica nono xonc+n+ynnn ennoxy saxony, xo-
+opi, saponnmnci npnnsn+eino no II nexe o n.i.,
oxonna+eino conca n inoxy Taxya (c 332 ioa o
n.i. o 430 i.).
Bnocec+nnn pacceannie no ncexy cne+y enpen
nnxoia ne +epan coc+nennoio xyi+ypnoio onxa
n nepi n cnoe npnsnanne. Kax ionopn+ Ieopin Ianen,
enpec+no saxixae+ca n cee, nny+pn neio moni,
nenoc+i, xaixoc+i, nsanxonoxomi. Kax e yaoci
nx coxpann+i cno nannonaino-peninosni opas ns-
nn n cnom cymnoc+i na npo+aennn xnoec+na nexon,
npeinaa na nooennn xenimnnc+na n sanac+ym npa-
enox oxpyennn xpnc+nancxoio nn xycyixancxoio
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xnpa? Hpee nceio no+oxy, n+o n enpecxox omec+ne
nyansx i ocnono omenapono nsnn n xnpo-
nosspenna. H i+o, n cone+annn c xeccnancxo xen+o o
peansannn xoex+nnnoio npenasnanenna Hspana,
nponn+inao ncm omnnnym nsni enpeen ae n caxie
+aioc+nie npexena nx cymec+nonanna. Hexaonanym
poi nipan n omec+nennie canxnnn omnni.
613 sanonee nyansxa, oe+i, +pannnn, neyxoc-
nn+eino noepnnaexi opas nsnn nce i+o npe-
oxpanao o+ pacnaa enpec+no, xo+opoe cymec+nonao
cpen nyix napoon. Ho saxenannm Ianena, enpec+no
cnepnyo cea c sexn n Knniy n nepnyo cea n po-
nym no+i n xponi. n nnc+o+e nponec+n nepes xnoec+no
noxoenn ocooe cexa n ien. Banym poi n xoncon-
annn enpeen nipaa cnnaioia, xo+opaa n nacnope nceia
nic+ynaa xax ono+ enpec+na n cpee nnonepnen. Pas-
pocannie no ncexy cne+y, no oennennie cnnaioio
n pannnnnc+nnecxo +pannne, enpen conoc+anan cea
c napoaxn +ex c+pan, n xo+opix onn oocnonanci, n+o
cnococ+nonao oee ne+xoxy oco snannm cnonx xyi-
+ypnix, peninosnix n i+onix ocoennoc+e. Tax
n+o nx cna+oc+i onpeeaaci ne o+einixn mixn,
a nannonaino-peninosno xyi+ypo, xo+opym enpen
ycnannan ye n e+c+ne.
B xonne XVIII nexa nannnae+ca nepno enpecxoio
Hpocnemenna Iacxai, n+o nene+ sa coo ixancn-
nannm enpeen no nce Enpone. B pesyi+a+e nonix ne-
painix +enennn n Enpone n ocaenna xpnc+nancxnx
peninosnix ne enpen open nosxonoc+i ni+n
sa npeei cnoe omnni n c+a+i ipaanaxn nonix
nannonainix iocyapc+n. Hc+opnnecxaa xonnennna ynn-
nepcaino enpecxo nannn +epae+ cnom snannxoc+i,
c+anonn+ca nce oee pacninna+o. O+nine enpen oc-
+ananci +axonixn no coc+nennoxy niopy, na ocnone
cyex+nnnix omymenn, a ne n cny +oio, n+o nx x+o-+o
oasina npnepnna+ica enpecxnx nennoc+e n ne-
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aon. Ho saxenannm Bopnca Hapaxonona, accnxnanna
ec+i npaxoe napymenne non Boia. Accnxnnponanni
enpe i+o enpe oiooc+anenni. Ecn accnxnnpo-
nanni enpe coxpanae+ ienn, on c+anonn+ca pyccxnx,
noicxnx, qpannyscxnx iennex.
B yconnax Iacxai enpen nce ax+nnnee nonexanci
n oxpyammn xnp. H nosnnxaa nexxa, a enpeen
ocoenno oc+paa n oesnennaa, onn c+pexnnci c+a+i
nnnoc+im, a opas nsnn, penina saionan nx nasa,
n xnp +pannnonnoio cymec+nonanna. Bi+n ns nep+i
oceoc+n snann+ nn+ica n oxpyammym nsni, no n
+o e npexa i+o osnanae+ nepec+a+i i+i enpeex. Bxm-
naaci n caxie pasnoopasnie cqepi nsneea+einoc+n
n +nopnec+na, enpen ononpexenno c+anonnnci +nopnaxn
ye ne +oixo enpecxo, no n nannonaino xyi+ypi
+ex c+pan, ie onn nponnan. Ianen no i+oxy nonoy
nnme+ +ax. Hexenxn xoxnosn+op denxc Meneicon-
Bap+oin, nexenxn nannonaini noi+ Ienpnx Iene,
xocxonon+nnecxn xicn+ei xpemeni enpe Kap
Mapxc ]nspain, Bepicon, 3n m+en, dpe, Hac+ep-
nax, Tponxn, xaxoe nx n ncex eo o nx enpec+na
no nponcxoennm? Onn n i+ox cxice conepmenno
enannonansnponanci n in no+epe, eienaxn,
ynixn e+ixn, ypoaxn n cexie.
Hannonaini xapax+ep enpeen qopxnponaca ne-
xaxn, n +ox nnce n no nnannex +pannn c+pan,
ie onn nn nn nny+ cenac. Bce pennne napoi
pac +nopnnci n +yxane nc+opnn. Enpen cyxen coxpa-
nn+ica, no +ax noea Iocnoi. A nepa n neio xax
nc+opnnecxym cny, nne sanncnxoc+n o+ +oio, cymec+-
nye+ Iocnoi nn ne+, npenpamae+ca n nnymym cny
nc+opnn. Hpana, xnoine ncceona+en coxnenam+ca,
n+o co npexennie enpen nocxoa+ x +oxy e ieneaoinnec-
xoxy peny, n+o n nx aexne npexn. Bei ie i enpen
nn ocean, onn nenseno cxemnnanci c xec+nix
naceennex. Mnoine, n napymenne sanpe+a, sa xmnan
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paxn c neenpeaxn. Ho n ceiona snann+einoe nnco
nyeen npeano cnoe penne peninn. Enpen n ocnone
cnoe nceia nepnn n +o, n+o onn napo ocoi, ns-
panni Boiox. Onn nepnn n i+o +ax c+pac+no n nc+ono,
n+o c+an nx. 3+n poain no nxnx noax nc+opnn
caxn co+nopnn cnenapn cnoe nc+opnn n cnoe cyii
n +nepo ceym+ exy.

Bc+pena nyx pasnix xnpon n nc+opnn xyi+ypi nens-
eno opac+ae+ nenonnxannex, neopasyxennaxn n xn-
qaxn, xoia qopxnpym+ca c+epeo+nni a mnn n a
nenannc+n. Enpen cnmxox xopomo noxna+ o nenannc+n,
oex+axn xo+opo onn in, n noi+oxy onn nceia
oesnenno peainpym+ na npoanenna an+ncexn+nsxa.
Bxec+e c +ex xnoine noaiam+, n+o nxenno noipoxi
n nenannc+i coxpannn enpeen enpeaxn, n npo+nnnox
cynae onn pac+nopnnci i n xyi+ype +ex napoon,
cpen xo+opix nn.
Ecn nepno, n+o xapax+ep neonexa qopxnpye+ca n
e+c+ne, +o noipoxi n nenannc+i c+an onnx ns onpe-
eammnx qax+opon n c+anonennn yxonnoio xnpa n
nsnennoio omymenna enpecxnx e+e. Ioa Menp
nnme+. Co c+paxox cnasano ono ns caxix o+ne+nnix
xonx nocnoxnnann. Bepoa+no, xne io +oia ioa +pn
c noonnno ne+ipe. Mi nn n Knene, n xaenixox
oxe, na nepnox i+ae. 2cno noxnm pasionop o noipoxe,
xo+opi no+-no+ oen opymn+ica na nac. Konenno,
a +oia ne snaa, n+o +axoe noipox, no xne ye io
nsnec+no, n+o i+o xax-+o cnasano c +ex, n+o xi enpen, n
c +ex, n+o +ona noonxon c noaxn n naxaxn xon+ no
iopoy n xpnnn+. Xpnc+a pacnan!. Onn nmy+ enpeen n
ceam+ n+o-+o yacnoe co xno n c xoe cexie.
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Enpecxaa nc+opna nona npnxepon ionenn. Onn
ns nepnix cyia enpecxo omnni n Aexcanpnn
Einne+cxo +opionox n nn+eex+yainox nen+pe
innnc+nnecxoio xnpa. Pacnooenni x enpeax Aex-
canp Benxn apona nx +e e npana n i+ox iopoe,
n+o n ipexax. Hxenno +oia enpeax oc+aaci sannnaa
poi ixonoxnnecxnx nocpennxon. Enpecxaa omnna
npeycnenaa. Ho noce saxna+a pnxanaxn Ipennn cnona
nanaoci npeceonanne enpeen. To e nponcxono n
sanoenanno apaaxn Hcnannn, ie no cnonx oia+c+nax
ncnancxne enpen ne yc+ynan caxoxy xanqy.
Hapoi, cpen xo+opix enpen nn, nepexo nicoxo
nennn nx +pyomne n inepinnnoc+i n npeoc+anan
nx nosxonoc+i on+ica ycnexa, onnpaaci na cnon o-
c+onnc+na. Onaxo sanac+ym n npesnpan nx sa xyi+yp-
nym saxxny+oc+i n nsonponannoc+i nn e sannonan
nx ycnexax. Honexy enpen nonac nocnpnnnxanci xax
xomxap nann? Map+nn Byep nnca. ]o cnx nop
nameio cymec+nonanna xna+ao nmi na +o, n+oi co+pa-
ca+i +poni noon, no ne na +o, n+oi nosnnia+i +pon
Iocnoeni. Hxenno n cny i+oio name cymec+nonanne
cpen napoon c+oi +annc+nenno. Mi npe+enyex na +o,
n+oi naynn+i acom+y, no n ec+nn+einoc+n nmi
ionopnx ne+ pyinx napoax, nn, noay, xi caxn
anaex coo +axoe o+pnnanne n nnneio oime. Bo+
nonexy xi c+an xomxapox nann.
3pnec+ Penan, ni+aaci nona+i xopnn an+ncexn+nsxa,
paccyae+ +ax. Enpe xo+e noisona+ica npenxymec-
+naxn nannn, ne yynn nanne, ne ynac+nya n +aio+ax,
eamnx na nannax. Hn onn napo nnxoia ne xoi i+oio
+epne+i. Hecnpanenno +peona+i cee npan nena cexin n
oxe, xo+opi ni ne c+ponn. Co npexenn cpenenexonia
xono ye ionopn+i o nosnnxnonennn an+ncexn+nsxa.
Ooc+pam+ca ixonoxnnecxne n connainie npo+nnopenna
xey xec+nix naceennex n enpecxnxn omnnaxn.
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Enpec+no ye +oia anao coo cnoeopasni npo-
+o+nn yymeio ypyasnoio omec+na xann+anc+i,
+opionni, pexecennnxn. Hannnae+ca xacconaa enop-
+anna enpeen. Anina 1290 io, dpannna 1394 io,
Hcnanna 1492 io.
B nex npnnnni ionenn na enpeen? Pacceannie no
xnpy, onn noncmy oxasinanci n xenimnnc+ne, ncno-
neya c+pannie opai n oinan. Ho B. Hapaxono-
ny, enpe n nacnope saiaxa n +ana neonenec+na.
Ecn yiono, n nc+opnn ec+i +oixo ona +ana, n i+a
+ana enpe. Ooc+pennoe nync+no nannonaino
npnnaenoc+n, naxa+i o npomox, saxpi+aa pen-
inosnaa n connainaa c+pyx+ypa nce i+o noxoiao
enpeax nin+i. Ho nxenno n cny i+oio onn nepexo n
c+anonnnci oex+ox nenannc+n n noipoxon.
B yconnax npn+ecnenn n nepnonnecxnx nspinon
an+ncexn+nsxa enpec+no nepes nexa nponeco n yme
naey na +o, n+o xoia-nnyi nce nsxenn+ca x yn-
mexy, eanne nepec+pon+i xnp, xo+opi +ax x nnx
necnpanenn. ]ae o+xasanmnci o+ nyansxa, ixan-
cnnnponannie enpen +ax n ne cxoin nc+a+i napanne c
coo+enec+nennnxaxn-xpnc+nanaxn. Onn no-npenexy
nepnonnecxn omyman an+ncexn+nsx. B i+nx yconn-
ax n saponca cnonnsx xax xoex+nnnaa peaxnna na
c+paanna enpeen.
V eio nc+oxon c+oaa ipynna xooix enpecxnx nn-
+eex+yaon. Hnca+en, ypnanc+i, nc+opnxn, nocnn-
+annie na nennoc+ax enpecxo xyi+ypi n omymanmne
nennoe onnonec+no enpec+na, onn nosnaxepnnci
nsxenn+i naxonen-+o cyiy cnoeio ionnxoio napoa.
Hxenno +oia, n xonne XIX nexa sanepmae+ca nponecc
npanono ixancnnannn enpeen n sananoenponecxnx
c+panax. Hannnae+ca nx nxoenne n enponecxym xyi-
+ypy n non+nnecxym nsni. O+ne+ox na i+o c+aa nonaa
nona an+ncexn+nsxa. Hxenno +oia o+ni cnonnsxa
nepeocxicnn peninosno-xnc+nnecxym nem n pa-
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nnonaini npoex+. nepox nnenna c+anonn+ca
Teoop Iepni.
B aniyc+e 1897 ioa n Basee na Hepnox ncexnpnox
cnonnc+cxox xonipecce ia cosana Bcexnpnaa cno-
nnc+cxaa opiannsanna. Boimnnc+no eeia+on xonipecca
npnin ns Poccnn, ie enpecxn nonpoc i ocoenno
oc+pix. Hinemnn Hspani anae+ca nonomennex
nen n nepi enpeen. Hspani i+o 3exa oe+onannaa.
Hon+nnecxn cymec+nonanne i+oio iocyapc+na onnpae+-
ca na pesomnnm Opiannsannn Oennennix Hann,
i+nnecxn na +axn ypox Xooxoc+a.
Cnonx nosnpamennex n Haec+nny n cosannex io-
cyapc+na enpen non+opnn ncxo ns Einn+a, nepea
ns pac+na n cnooy n nanonnn nc+opnnecxoe npea-
nne ocoix cxicox. Ho nepexo i+o+ ae+ca nx ne
xenee +pyno n oesnenno, nex nixo ns einne+cxoio
pac+na.
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rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr
To:tko mom, kmo eeepnem ce6n o0no-
epe+enno 0yxy u :e+:e, ecmynaem e com: c
eeunocmtm.
Map+nn Byep

once xmnenaa qniypa enpecxo nc+o-

pnn. Ecn Anpaax i npao+nox enpe cxoio
napoa, +o Monce c+a +nopnecxo cno,
cqopxnponanme eio. Hpopox n noi, ne-
onex xomno non n necoxpymnxo inepinn, on i
cnocoen na inen n esaoc+nym pemnxoc+i, no n +o
e npexa oaa nicoxo yxonnoc+im, i nenxnx
npopoxox n omaca c Boiox.
Cono npopox, necymee n cee xainm snyxa, poxo+
npexenn n omymenne +ani, nosnpamae+ nac n aexoe
npomoe, xoia ixsai+nponannie mn n xnnnax, na
nomaax, nepe nopnaxn ocyan cyenne nanne
n caoc+pac+nm. Hpopoxn in acnonnnaxn n nepnn
n xonennoe +opec+no Boec+nenno nc+nni. ]ap npo-
ponec+na i+o nnenne, c+anmee opasox.
Bnna cnne+eic+nye+, n+o Monce copox e+ no-
n no nyc+ine cno napo, n+oi nipoco noxoenne
cnoonix n oiooasnennix me. Honexy nce i+n
ioi mn mn sa nnx? Hacxoixo in onn io+oni
x cnooe? Monce npnnec c iopi Cnna sanonen Boia
n a nx e+ax Hspana, no ne i n i+o nepexo ns
nnemne necnooi no nny+pennmm? 2n n na ca-
xox ee Monce? Bei ne+ xonxpe+nix nc+opnnecxnx
annix, no+nepammnx eio cymec+nonanne, xpoxe
+pannnn. Ho x+o snae+, i+i xoe+, +pannna i+o n
ec+i nc+opnnecxaa npana?!
Monce nepcona Bnnn, a Mnxeaneo no-
no+n eio spnxi onx. B xonennox cne+e onpeeammee
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snanenne nxee+ ne +o, n+o ionopn+ nn eae+ necxn
Monce, a +o, no n+o npenpamam+ eio eanna n eio cona
noceymmne noxoenna me, xax nx nocnpnnnxam+ n
oacnam+, xaxnx n n+oie c+anonn+ca opas nsnn n cnoco
ximenna no nosec+nnex opasa Moncea, eio con n eio
eann. Opas Moncea c+anonn+ca cnxnoox n iapan+ne
onpeeennoio opasa nsnn n ximenna.
Hxenno Monce i onnx ns +ex me, xo+opie
cosanan nyansx xax peninm. B xonennox n+oie na
ocnone nyansxa cqopxnponanci ne xnponie peninn.
ncax n xpnc+nanc+no. Monce cyxe nonepny+i xoeco
Hc+opnn c+oi xapnnaino, xax ecn i on ec+nn-
+eino omaca c Boiox. Koia nponsneenne ncxycc+na
nosec+nye+ na me c+oe+naxn, eio nasinam+ nox-
nonennix. To, n+o Monceen saxon nne+ o cnx nop,
nanepnoe, caxo no cee ne oxasinae+ oionoxnonen-
noc+n Moncea. Onaxo nsnec+oxoc+i 3axona nosnoae+
cnn+a+i eio onnx ns qax+opon nc+opnn.
Axepnxancxaa ]exapanna nesanncnxoc+n, qpan-
nyscxaa ]exapanna npan neonexa n ipaannna nn
anincxaa Benxaa xap+na noinoc+e i+o nceio
nmi noe+enmne nc+xn yxain, eamne n xyseax
no c+exox. Ho nx nen nny+ n peaino ec+nn+ei-
noc+n, n xnpoomymennn, n xapax+epe omec+nennoio n
iocyapc+nennoio c+poa, n ximennn n noneennn m-
e. Tax n opas Moncea, eio yxonnoe nacene nny+
n cosnannn, ymax n nync+nax xnnonon me.
Monce i+o ne npoc+o nannonaini ocnoon+ei
n nenxn saxonoa+ei. Monce i+o xyi+ypni
iepo. Mi nnex ononpexenno n n peainox, n n ne-
ainox xnpe, xo+opi +nopnx ns coc+nennix xen+ann,
pasximenn, nae, yc+pexenn. B namex cosnannn
n namnx omymennax cocymec+nym+ peainoc+i n ni-
ximennie opasi. Mi cosaex neaini xyoec+-
nenni, noi+nnecxn nn peninosni opas +oio, n+o
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nxeo xec+o n npomox. 2nam+ca n i+n neainie
xnpi n opasi nc+nnnixn? Bo ncaxox cynae, xi nac+o
c+pac+no eaex nepi n yeennoc+n, a ne nponepenno-
io, nc+nnnoio snanna! Axepnxancxn nc+opnx Ho Kyp+n
nnme+. Peninosnie cnc+exi, cosannie neonenecxo
xyi+ypo, anam+ca +nopnecxnx npoyx+ox noopae-
nna, saxemannoio na xen+ax n cesax me. Xo+a i+n
cnc+exi n ne nc+nnni, onn nny+ o cnx nop, nocxoixy
yone+nopam+ nyi, eamne n iynne neonenecxo
ncnxnxn. B i+ox cxice onn ec+nenni. Cona i+n n
nono xepe npnxennxi n x opasy Moncea.
Hea xono+ensxa npopac+aa ns cxy+nix nync+n
n ne xaenixoio napoa, nennoio c+pannnxa. Toi-
xo na ennoio n ncexoiymeio Boia xoi on naea+ica.
Hoc+enenno yxonnie non n npopoxn qopxnponan
n cosnannn napoa opas Iocnoa. Bo nce npexena, no
ncex xyi+ypax neymaa +exa nosnanne neonexox
cnoeio i+na n xec+a n xnpe, c+pexenne noc+nni +any
cnoe npnnac+noc+n x xnpy xax ecxonennoxy neoxy.
Kax i aexo n iyi nexon xi nn saianyn, nceia
xono na+n nonpoci n +exi, nosnee noynnnmne
nasnanne nennix. npnxa ]penneio Einn+a nocxon+
xo II +icanee+nm o n.i. ye n ne naxeneni oc-
nonnie qnocoqcxne +exi. ce+onanna na neyxonxi
ei npexenn, pasximenna na +ex, a neio neonex
npnxon+ n i+o+ xnp, ecn nsni +ax xpa+xa n nnn+ona,
ocosnanne coc+nenno cxep+noc+n n c+pexenne nepe-
c+ynn+i nepes i+o. ]pennne enpen nce cnoe +nopnec+no
nonn n Bnnm. Ona ononpexenno inoc n noisna,
nc+opna n qnocoqna, npano n i+nxa. Hs Bnnn nepnan
cnon cme+i xyonnxn n xicn+en, na xa+epnae
necxnx cme+on pasnnnanci nennie +exi. Heo-
nex cosnae+ neyxonxoc+i cnoe xonnnni n +painsx
cymec+nonanna. H xo+a nsni eio xoe+ i+i nona
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cxica, n nocosnannn nceia xpoe+ca o+naanne, neyxo-
nxi c+pax nepe yxoox n Bennoc+i. Hoanenni
pennoc+im oiennoio cymec+nonanna, neonex nceia
c+pexn+ca n pyio xnp. Hoin eio c+oa+ na sexe, no
yma +ane+ca n neeca. 2aa oec+nennoio cnina
n nencxopennxa. 2nsni, necoxnenno, nc+onnnx
cnac+nnoio cymec+nonanna, paoc+n, +nopne cxoio nox-
nonenna. Ho, +ex ne xenee, a xnoec+na me ona
nenn+epecna n esopasna, nona xynenn n c+paann.
mn onaxnnam+ npomoe, ne npnnnxam+ nac+oamee n
c+pama+ca yymeio. Ha npo+aennn nce nc+opnn neo-
nenec+no conponoam+ onie naei n nanpacnie
xen+anna, iope n c+paanna, nopaenna n npea+eic+na.
Mon+ni, opamennie x Boiy, ne cnacam+ neonexa o+
yiacanna, a nmi cnne+eic+nym+ o eio nensinnox
eannn nsea+i cxep+n. Ho mn nceia c+pexnnci
na+n ny+n x no+yc+oponnexy, nepnn n cni, o+ xo+o-
pix sanncn+ cyia neonenec+na n Bceenno.
dniypa Moncea xax cosa+ea xono+enc+nnecxo
peninn nennec+nenna n neonenna. On npec+ae+ na
c+pannnax Bnnn xoemmnxca n neynepennix n cee,
omnammnxca n nnoni nc+ammnx na ny+i nc+nni. Bpexe-
naxn i+o onnoxn, oeccnenmn neonex, coinynmnca
no pexenex +axo nomn, xo+opym on nsnan na cea
n o+ xo+opo xen+ae+ ocnoon+ica. H nxec+e c +ex Mon-
ce, noay, ennc+nenni ns enpeen, x+o oc+ann c+oi
saxe+ni ce n nc+opnn penneio xnpa. Ipexn n+nn eio
napanne co cnonxn oiaxn n iepoaxn.
Kax nsnec+no, cymec+nye+ na+i xnni, cnasannix c
nxenex Moncea. i+o Ha+nxnnne Monceeno, nn
Topa (Vnenne). Bno+i o II nexa o n.i. xnnin Moncea
paccxa+pnnanci xax ona xnnia, onaxo sa+ex ee pase-
nn na na+i. Bi+ne, Hcxo, enn+, Hnca, B+oposaxo-
nne. ]oioe npexa an+opc+no Moncea ne nonepiaoci
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B mumu noue, om e:e:n0oe umymux cokpmemuct,
B euy om6:eck n:a+enu eo mt+e,
H e 5mo+ :epka:e oenn kapmunm
Bcn:meamm 6y0ymux epe+en.
M. Hoc+paaxyc

+nx ne+nepoc+nmnex nannnae+ca ona ns ca-

xix c+pannix n saiaonnix xnni n nc+opnn
neonenec+na. Hepnaa ee nac+i ynnea cne+ n
1555 ioy n none no nasnannex Hen+ypnn.
Tannc+nennoe +nopenie Hoc+paaxa, +ax ionopn
Ie+e n dayc+e o i+o xnnie. B omemex o nac nne
Hen+ypnn coc+oa+ ns nyx nposannecxnx nocann
(ciny Hesapm n xopom dpannnn Ienpnxy II) n npn-
xepno ena+nco+ cexneca+n xa+penon. 3+o onncanne
noopaaexoio ny+emec+nna an+opa no yyme cyie
neonenec+na, ny+emec+nna cxnosi xa+axnsxi, noni,
ec+nna.
Ho xono n ynne+i +o, n+o ono cynn+ica
nepes necxoixo nexon, ae +icanee+n? Bei yy-
mee i+o nceio nmi nosxonoe. H n nc+opnn nceia
xoe+ nponso+n nen+o conepmenno nenpennennoe.
Onaxo nceia naxonnci mn, cnoconie n cny
xaxoio-+o nocosna+einoio nnc+nnx+a npeyiaina+i
+enennnn n coi+na xnponoio nc+opnnecxoio nponecca,
npecxasina+i yymee. Onn, xax npanno, ne nonn-
xan npnnnn i+oio apa n oacnan cnon neoinnie
cnoconoc+n nosec+nnex nicmnx cn oion, yxon,
anieon. Bo xnoinx cnamennix xnniax, n eienax n
xnqax ec+nym+ npopoxn, xo+opie c+ana+ npanc+nennie
n qnocoqcxne nonpoci.
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Hpopoxn i+o +e, x+o neenanpanenno ncnoisye+
cnon npennenna n xanec+ne nanemeio apiyxen+a,
noxpenammeio nx nepoynn+eicxym nn neooin-
necxym ea+einoc+i. Mnoine ns nnx ec+nonan na
ocnone cnoe nny+penne nn+ynnnn, npenync+nna nn
e oaan oee nn xenee pasnn+o cnoconoc+im x
npennennm. Hpopoxn ni+anci yonn+i n nepene+e-
nnn i+na n yxa nen+o saxonoxepnoe, npenanep+annoe
nn e, nanpo+nn, oanan nce cynanix n neno-
c+nnxix. C+pannni nc+opnn nponnsani nx pasxim-
ennaxn n o+xponennaxn, xynn+einixn coxnennaxn
n c+pac+nixn npnsinaxn.
Penina cciae+ca na cynan npoponec+na n nne-
nna yymeio, nnme+ qnocoq en Kapcannn ona
onycxae+ n y+nepae+ annoc+i eio cna+ix. Ecn
opoconec+no o+nec+nci x coomennax o noonix
qax+ax, acno, n+o peni ne+ o esomnonnox n +onnox
acnonnennn no npexenn n nnennn neo+npa+nxoio. Ho
pas an no nce cnoe xonxpe+noc+n xo+a i onn xo-
xen+ yymeio, nao onyc+n+i, n+o ano nce yymee,
nce eio xoxen+i. nei nce o+ nceio sanncn+, nce co ncex
cnasano. Bosxono, n+o npoponec+na i+o n+o-+o
nppannonainoe, a no xnoiox peaxnna xoex+nnnoio
cosnanna na cymec+nonanne n nepoa+noc+nox xnpe, n-
mennox saxonoxepnoc+e. He anam+ca n npecxasanna
n npoponec+na o+ne+ox na nison nepoa+noc+noio xnpa?
Pasne ne iennaino npoponec+no Kasnxnpa Maenn-
na, saoennoe n eio snaxenn+ox Hepnox xnapa+e.
+opec+no n nana+ox nexe ananiapnsxa n xonc+pyx-
+nnnsxa n cone+annn c acxnx coepannex? A npopo-
necxn xnp, co+nopenni pa+iaxn C+pyianxnxn,
nonanmnxn +onno n nei. conpexennaa poccncxaa
ec+nn+einoc+i oennae+ esyxonnoc+i Xnm-
nix neme nexa c xomxapaxn On+aexoio oc+pona
n acyp nix xnpoyc+poc+nox Vn+xn na cxone?
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Hn+epec x +annc+nennoxy, saiaonnoxy, nenona+noxy
ni+exae+ ns nocosna+einoio omymenna, n+o i+ne n
xnp noc+poeni na +ane. H xo+a npoponec+na cinam+ca
npesninano pexo, coasn ysna+i yymee noc+oanno
npeceye+ me. Ca neonex, no nenno nonepen
coasnax!
Hocenee npnnsnennoe nsanne Hen+ypn Mn-
mea Hoc+paaxyca ynneo cne+ n 1566 ioy. Ha oo-
po+no c+opone +n+yinoio nc+a nanena+ana naiponaa
inn+aqna n o+xponenne an+opa. Ve c anneio npexenn
n xnoioxpa+no a npecxasina saoio o coi+n +o,
n+o nnocec+nnn cinaoci. 2 ea saxona+i n ne
nnca+i nonce nneceymmee no npnnnne necnpanen-
noc+e n ocxopenn ne +oixo nac+oameio npexenn,
no n oime nac+n yymnx npexen 2 cxpi cno
asix o+ nepnn n nepo o+ yxain, no no+ox a pemnca ce-
a+i coomenna npn noxomn +exnix n nycxicennix
cen+ennn o nexo+opix yymnx, ae necixa nsxnx
coi+nax, no, n+oi ne nosya+i xexne caxomna,
a nnca +ex oee +yxanno, nex oee npoponecxnx a
cnn+a +o, n+o xo+e cxasa+i Hpopoxn nepes nennoio
Boia n opix anieon noynnn ap npennenna, npn
noxomn xo+opoio onn saxenam+ aexne nemn n nxem+
nosxonoc+i npenne+i yymne coi+na. Ho +ani
Boia npoacnam+ npnnnni, xo+opie ne xoiy+ caxn no
cee oc+nni acnoc+n nn c noxomim neonenecxnx o-
iaox, nn pyinxn cnocoaxn nosnanna nn xaxo-no
oxxyi+no opoe+en, ae saxmnenno n neecnox
cnoe, no ns caxoio qax+a acom+no nennoc+n, nxm-
namme n cea nce npexena.
B conax eio anno snynn+ onacenne. Byi oc+opoen.
Byi oc+opoen n cnoex npennennn n cnonx npoponec+-
nax. Kax +y+ ne ncnoxnn+i xn+acxnx aocon. K+o ne
snae+ ionopn+, x+o snae+ xonn+. H n+o osnanae+
acom+naa nennoc+i, nposnynanmaa n o+xponennn Hoc-
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Cnuno:a ne npocmo m:uoea:
cmek:a, on m:uoea: ouku
0:n noeoeo +upoco:epuanun.
Cooxon Mnxoic

apyx Cnnnosa, qnocoq n noynnmn o+mei-

nnx, ncm nsni sannxanmnca mnqonannex
nns n pasximennaxn na npnnnnnixn
ocnonannaxn i+na, cxonnaca 21 qenpaa
1677 ioa, xoia exy io nceio copox ne+ipe ioa.
On i neonexox, pannoymnix x aiax n eniiax.
Hoce neio oc+aoci c+oi xao nxymec+na, n+o cec+pa
n nexannnx o+xasanci o+ ncex npan na nacec+no.
Hesaoio o cxep+n Cnnnosa nannca. 2 naynnca
npnnnxa+i noc+ynxn me.
Onai Aiep+ 3nm+en n npenconnn x no-
ipaqnn 3xxanyna acxepa cpannn nenxoio maxxa-
+nc+a co Cnnnoso. acxepa nexa x cee +axaa xpaco+a,
xo+opaa npncyma +nopennax oinxn, xpaco+a, ns nome-
noio xpyia xo+opo ne xoe+ nicxoisny+i +o+, xoxy
ona onai o+xpiaci. Ma+epnainoe oecnenenne n
nesanncnxoc+i Cnnnosi snnnci na mnqonxe nns,
anaoinnna poi maxxa+ n nsnn acxepa. Ho Cnnnose
oc+aaci ynmaa ynac+i, no eio pexeco oc+anao yx
cnoonix n neo+aiomennix, n +o npexa xax maxxa+-
naa nipa epn+ xac+epa n cnonx +ncxax, cxoninae+ n
nsnec+nix opasox qopxnpye+ eio yx, +ax n+o o+ i+oio
ne xoe+ ne c+paa+i nny+pennaa cnooa n nenocpe-
c+nennoc+i ae caxix cninix nnnoc+e.
Vnac+i na om Cnnnosi ninaa +pynaa. On +ax n
ne name npnsnanna npn nsnn n, cxonnanmnci non+n
n nnme+e, ncnes ns mcxo naxa+n na neoe c+oe+ne.
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mcxaa xocnoc+i n oipannnennoc+i ean eio npexe-
+ox ec+oxnx nanaox, onnnenn n epecn n npespenna.
Ko npexenn ea+einoc+n Cnnnosi nepno peninos-
nix pacnpe c nx xponanixn yacaxn xnnona n nonpoc
o cnooe nepi i naxonen pemen noon+eino. Ho
nepa caxa no cee cnn+aaci nicmnx n aioponix
eox nsnn. Hn+epeci peninn iocnoc+nonan na
ncex, a ns ncex nayx +eooina c+oaa na nepnox xec+e.
Tpainnecxaa cyia Ianea n ]opano Bpyno cnne-
+eic+nonaa o +ox, n+o +eooina c+pexnaci oc+ann+i
sa coo pemammee cono npn ocyennn npoex
xnposanna.
Hsnmnaa op+ooxcainoc+i n xocnoc+i ximenna
conpexennnxon +painnecxnx opasox cxasaaci na cyie
Bapyxa Cnnnosi. B nana+i ne+ipe ioa on i o+y-
nen o+ omnni pannnna+ox n ninyen i ea+i
ns Axc+epaxa. Cnnnosa a nepni apxn npnxep
paspymn+eino cni enpecxoio pannonansxa, ni-
pnanmeioca ns paxox omnni. H npn nsnn, n oioe
npexa noce cxep+n eio cnn+an a+enc+ox. Bea Cnnno-
si sa xmnaaci n +ox, n+o on pasnn cno nan+ensx o
+axo c+enenn, n+o eio nenosxono io o+nnn+i o+
a+ensxa. Bo xnoiox o+cma c+oi pasnopennnie onenxn
nnnoc+n n qnocoqcxoio nacena Cnnnosi.
Boi+ep i nx onaponan, eccnni y+nepa, n+o
ne+ pyio qnocoqnn, xpoxe qnocoqnn Cnnnosi.
]a Ieiea on qnocoq, o+nepiammn sayenna
n esyxnie c+pac+n me. B iasax deepaxa nosspe-
nna Cnnnosi i+o qnocoqna nosnimennoio. ]a
Bep+pana Paccea Cnnnosa caxi aioponi n npn-
nexa+eini ns ncex nenxnx qnocoqon. Hpanc+nenno
on nime nx ncex. C pyio c+oponi, O++o Bennniep,
nasnan Cnnnosy caxix niammnxca enpeex nocennx
ena+nana+n nexon, necixa nenicoxo onennnae+ eio
qnocoqcxne nosspenna. Hexenxn xicn+ei Kap
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,
Bxn++ nxenye+ Cnnnosy nepnix nepainix enpe-
ex, xo+opi annca c noox n nnxo n pyxax, n+oi
napocn+ica na iocyapc+no. ]a ]xn+pna Iaxoncxoio
Cnnnosa i+o noi+ n npopox, n ipo+nnecxox ixc+ase
nixpnxnnammn ieoxe+pnnecxne qopxyi.
]ec+nn+eino, n Cnnnose nce opninnaino n neno-
n+opnxo. n caxa eio nnnoc+i, nesaypanaa n saiaonnaa,
n eio qnocoqcxne nosspenna. 3+o+ xicn+ei, nisina-
mmn c+oi npo+nnopennnie nync+na, saxena+een +ex,
n+o nnxoia eme npee nsni qnocoqa n nnca+ea ne
ia +ax nepaspinno cn+a c eio +nopennaxn, n nnxoia
eme yx, nponnsinammn i+n +nopenna, ne noyna
c+oi nonoio nonomenna n peaino nsnn an+opa.
C+pexenne x opy n nc+nne, ionopn+ eio noipaq
Aexcanp deopon, c+an a Cnnnosi ec+ec+nenno
no+penoc+im. On nxe nonoe npano cxasa+i o cee.
2 nseiam sa nn c+apamci nseia+i eio, no+oxy n+o
ono npo+nnopenn+ xoe npnpoe n o+nexao i xena
o+ nosnanna Boia n pasyxno x nexy mnn.
Hen+painix nynx+ox qnocoqcxo cnc+exi Cnn-
nosi anae+ca +oec+no Boia n npnpoi. Bnoa nona+ne
cyc+annnn n xanec+ne neoxonxoio a ncaxo qn-
ocoqcxo xonc+pyxnnn, Cnnnosa onpeeae+ ee xax +o,
n+o nic+ynae+ npnnnno caxo cea. Coiacno Cnnnose,
+axnx opasox nona+aa cyc+annna ec+i +o, n+o oinno
nasinam+ Boiox, nn npnpoo. Boi Cnnnosi i+o ne
Boi +eooion, xo+opi npo+nnonoc+anae+ca npnpoe xax
nexy-+o ncnopnennoxy, a nce conepmennoe y nnx nepe-
nocn+ca n xaxoe-+o c+oamee na xnpox i+ne. Cnnnosa
ne npec+anae+ cee Boia o+eino o+ npnpoi, xax
ne npec+anae+ n npnpoy es Boia, conxemammeio n
cee nce, n+o ec+i conepmennoio n npnpoe. 3+o n ec+i
nan+ensx, +. e. o+oec+nenne Boia n xnpa. B o+nnne
o+ xpnc+nanc+na c eio nonnxannex Boia xax nnnoc+n,
nosnimammeca na npnpoo n neonexox, nan+ensx
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Hpenconne ........................................................ 3
Bc+ynenne. Bennie c+pannnxn ................................ 9
MOHCEH. ocnoon+ei n saxonoa+ei ..................23
HOCTPA]AMVC. nenxn nponnen .......................45
CHHHO3A. Boi enn n nenen ..................................69
POTBHB]. na+pnapx n eio nnac+na .....................89
MAPKC. neooi Honemeio npexenn .................... 113
dPEH]. xey 2 n Ono ...................................... 143
KAdKA. ienn esyxnoio xnpa ............................ 167
TPOHKHH. nonepenni xyxnp penomnnn .......... 197
BAIA. nspannnx xys ...................................... 241
3HHBTEHH. +nopen nonoio xnpa ......................... 275
]VHAEBCKHH. iycap inoxn .............................. 303
BPO]CKHH. nocenn xaccnx ........................... 329
HOCECOBHE. Bnoipaqnn nenxnx nnnoc+e
n npoc+panc+ne xnpono n enpecxo xyi+ypi .... 369
Bnnoipaqna ................................................... 378
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Cepun Eepeckue manm
Ho n y a p n o e n s a n n e
Beneen Banxnp Hnxoaennn
,BEHA,HATL EBPEEB,
KOTOPLE H3MEHHHH MHP
O+ne+c+nenni peax+op H. Xu:nkoe
Peax+op B. Hemuna
Xyonnx A. Bapmanoe
Xyoec+nennoe oqopxenne I. Heuuma:o
Koppex+opi O. Mu:oeanoea, H. Heanoea
Honncano n ne na+i 29.12.09.
dopxa+ 84108/32. Byx. +nn N 2.
Iapnn+ypa CG Times. Hena+i oqce+naa. Vc. n. . 20,16.
Tnpa 2500 ixs. 3ax. N
OOO dennxc
344082, i. Poc+on-na-]ony, nep. Xa+ypnncxn, 80
O+nena+ano c io+onix nanosn+nnon n 3AO Knnia
344019, i. Poc+on-na-]ony, y. Cone+cxaa, 57
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