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1. BESTIMMT ARTIKEL
2. UNBESTIMMT ARTIKEL
3. NEGATIV ARTIKEL
4. PERSONAL PRONOMEN
5. POSSESSIV PRONOMEN
7. dein(your:tumhara)
8. sein(his)
11. unser(our)
(this/that//these/those)
VERB
A verb is a word, which shows action or position or being. The original form of a verb
is called the “infinitive form”. This infinitive form is conjugated according to the
subject of the sentence and is called conjugated form. The conjugation depends upon
the number and person. In some languages, gender also plays a role in conjugation,
but not in German.
In German, all the verbs, except a few, end with –en. To conjugate the
verb, -en is removed and the ending is applied according to the rules. Do note-
conjugation of a verb doesn’t determine a verb to be a weak verb or a strong verb.
For the purpose of conjugation, verb can be divided in four parts:
1. Regular (exactly according to the rules)
2. ‘e’ changes into ‘i’/’ie’, but only with du & er/es/sie
3. ‘a’ changes into ‘ä’, but only with du & er/es/sie
4. Irregular (no concrete or exact rule)
Two things must be noted:
a. “sein” is a complete exception. It doesn’t follow any rule. It has its own
conjugation.
b. Changes do occur in second, third and fourth category, but it occur only with du &
er/es/sie and sometimes with ich in the irregular category. Conjugation of plural
never ever changes and it remains same for all the four categories.
How to Conjugate:-
1. Remove the ending –en.
2. Put the endings according to the rule.
3. With du, er/es/sie and ihr, there are two endings. After removing –en from the
verb, if the verb ends with –d or –t, put an extra –e.
(Eg- finden, arbeiten, antworten etc.)
4. Those verbs, which end with –s, -ss, -β, -z, after removing –en, they take only –t
ending with du.
(Eg:- lesen, sitzen, heiβen, essen, vergessen etc.)
In a Satzfrage, the second part of the verb comes at first place in conjugated
form and the first part will come at the end and if there is a modal verb in a sentence,
then the conjugation of Modal verb comes at first position in conjugated form and
the Trennbar verb will come at the end in infinitive form.
Eg. Rufst du deinen Freund an?
Willst du deinen Freund anrufen?
Regular or weak verbs have a fixed or definite rule for forming the past tense
while irregular or strong verbs have no such fixed rule.
Conjugation of ich and er/es/sie remains same in past tense.
The rules of usage in the sentence are exactly same.
I. Past of Regular/ Weak verbs.
How to make past form of regular verbs:
Root + te / ete
CLUES:
1. Those verbs in which ‘e’ changes into ‘i’/ ‘ie’ in the conjugation in present tense,
‘e’ changes into ‘a’ in the past tense.
Eg; helfen - half, geben – gab, lesen – las, sehen – sah.
VERB – PERFECT
Exceptions:
1. There are some verbs which don’t take –ge as prefix.
a) Verbs starting with –be, -er, -ver, -ent, -ge (with few verbs only), über, unter etc.
Eg. – bekommen – bekommen, erklären – erklärt, verstehen – verstanden, gewinnen
– gewonnen, unterhalten – unterhalten etc.
2. –ge comes in between with Trennbar and Double Infinitive verbs and becomes
one single word. However, some people take Perfect of Double Infinitive Verb in
separated form where –ge is applied with the IInd part.
anrufen – angerufen, einladen – eingeladen, kennen lernen – kennengelernt/kennen
gelernt, einkaufen gehen – einkaufengegangen/ einkaufen gegangen
PAST & PERFECT – REGULAR OR WEAK VERBS
As the name itself suggests – before position, i.e. a word which comes before
position to show the position of the word. In other words, it shows the connection
between the two things that where, how or when these are connected with each
other. E.g. The pen is on the table.
* There are few verbs which use fixed preposition with itself. These are called “Verbs
with fixed Preposition”.
However, all the prepositions are from these categories only and so there is no
new preposition to learn.
E.g warten auf + A, beginnen mit + D
All the rules are on the pages of “Verbs with fixed Prepositions”.
PREPOSITION – DATIV
from (place of origin) - Ich komme aus Neu Delhi. I come from (born in) New Delhi.
b. by
Dieses Buch wird von mir gelesen. This book is read by me.
c. of (possessive)
Er ist ein Freund von mir. (He is a friend of mine).
b. after
Er kommt nach dem Unterricht. He will come after the class.
c. past (after)
Es ist zehn nach zehn.It is ten past (after) ten (o’clock)
d. according to
Nach ihm ist heute Sonntag. According to him today is Sunday.
c. at (price of/for)
Sie kauft das Bild zu Hundert Rupien. She buys the picture at (for) 100 rupees.
5. mit – with, by
a. with
Die Frau geht mit ihrem Mann. The lady is going with her husband.
Er wohnt mit seinem Onkel. He lives with his uncle.
b. by (transport)
Sie kommen mit dem Zug. They are coming by train.
a. at, with
Das Kind wohnt bei seinen Eltern. The child lives with his parents.
b. near (to)
Das Kino liegt bei unserer Schule. The cinema hall is near to our school.
7. seit – since.
a. since
Seit einem Monat wohnt sie hier. She is living here since one month.
Sie wohnt hier seit zwei Monaten. Sie is living here since two months.
1. für – for, by
a. for
Das Geschenk ist für meinen Vater. The gift is for my father.
b. by
Schritt für Schritt. step by step
2. um – around, at
a. around
Die Familie sitzt um den Tisch. The family is sitting around the table.
b. at.
Der Lehrer kommt um 4 Uhr. The teacher will come at 4 o’ clock.
3. durch – through, by
a. through
Der Mann geht durch den Garten. The man is going through the garden.
a. till
Er wohnt in Delhi bis nächsten Monat. He will live in Delhi till next month.
b. till/upto/as far as
Der Zug fährt bis Chandigarh. The train goes upto Chandigarh.
c. to
Mein Sohn ist frech von Kopf bis Fuß. My son is naughty from head to foot.
d. by
Du musst die Hausaufgabe bis morgen machen. You must / have to do the homework by tomorrow.
5. ohne – without.
Er geht nicht ins Kino ohne seinen Freund. He doesn’t go to cinema without his friend.
a. against
Warum ist er gegen dich? Why is he against you?
b. around
Ich komme gegen vier Uhr. I will come around 4 o’ clock.
c. into
Das Auto ist gegen einen Bus gefahren. The car ran into a bus.
b. at , at the edge of (Dat.), to/ towards (Akk.) (to indicate borders or perimeter)
Er steht an der Tür.He is standing on the door.
Er geht an den Fluβ.He is going to the river.
Sie studiert an der Universität. (idiomatic use) She studies in/at the university.
b. in (languages)
Übersetzen Sie auf Deutsch. Translate in German.
3. hinter – behind
Die Katze geht hinter das Sofa. The cat goes behind the sofa.
Die Katze sitzt hinter dem Sofa. The cat is sitting behind the sofa.
b. before, to (time)
Es ist zehn vor zehn. It is ten(minutes) before/ to ten.
Der Schreibtisch ist vor der Wand. The study table is before / in front of the wall.
9. zwischen – between
Er legt den Stuhl zwischen den Tisch und das Bett. He keeps/places the chair between the table and the
bed.
Der Stuhl liegt zwischen dem Tisch und dem Bett. The chair is lying between the table and the bed.
PREPOSITION GENITIV
1. statt – instead of
Statt des Geldes schickte sein Vater ihm die Bücher. Instead of the money his father sent him the
books.
2. trotz – in spite of
Trotz des warmen Tages trägt er einen Pulli. Inspite of the warm day he is wearing a pullover.
4. während - during
Während der Nacht bleibe ich zu Haus. During the night I stay at home.
Komposita
2. The gender of the last word becomes the gender of the complete new word.
5. When a Noun is added with some other word of a different topic, the new word
becomes a Noun.
6. Komposita is not limited to Nouns only. Any two or more words form any two
or more topics can become a Komposita.
in + dem = im
Specials of Preposition
Preposition + Article
in + das = ins
in + dem = im
an + das = ans
an + dem = am
zu + dem = zum
zu + der = zur
um + das = ums
Er ist im Kino.
Some confusing Prepositions having one meaning same:
1. from
o aus: origin
o von: other than origin
3. on
o auf:horizontal
o an: vertical
4. to
o nach – for big places like city or out of city, small areas with Proper Noun(exception: nach
Haus)
o zu - for small places inside a city, persons
o in - for places having boundaries or within walls (specially places for dining, amusement and
some countries taking Article etc)
While using prepositions, there are few verbs which use a fixed preposition
with itself and not according to the literal meaning of the preposition.
However, it must be noted that one should still read the full sentence to
determine preposition as the verb may have been used in some other
sense.
E.g- arbeiten für + A - to work for. Ich arbeite für meine Prüfung.
However, if arbeiten has been used in the sense of working in a company etc,
“bei” must be used, as only ‘bei’ is used for this purpose.
One doesn’t need to learn the cases with these verbs with fixed
prepositions as Dativ prepositions will take only Dativ case, Akkusativ Prepositions
will take only Akkusativ and Wechsel Preposition will mostly take Akkusativ case.
There are few verbs which use two or more prepositions. In that case one
should know the meaning of the sentence to determine the preposition.
E.g – schreiben an – to write to someone, schreiben über - to write about something
Some verbs have two forms – one simple and another – reflexive. Take care of
the form which has been used in the sentence.
E.g – sorgen für - to take care for, to look after.
sich sorgen um – to be worried about.
Er sorgt für seine kinder.
Sie sorgt sich (Reflexiv) um ihre Kinder.
CONJUNCTION
Conjunction – as the name implies - joins words, sentences, phrases and other units
of a language together.
1. Sub-ordinating conjunction
2. Co-ordinating conjunction
1. Sub-ordinating conjunction –
There conjunctions affect the word order of the sentence(s). The sentence in
which it has been used, the verb, which comes at IInd place, goes to the end of that
sentence.
Conjunction & First sentence with verb at end -,- Verb & rest of the 2nd sentence
Wenn ich Zeit habe (Verb of first sentence), gehe (Verb of second sentence)
ii) Das Wetter ist schlecht. Die Kinder gehen in die Schule.
Obwohl das Wetter schlecht ist, gehen die Kinder in die Schule.
2. Co-ordinating conjunction-
To understand and learn the conjunctions quickly, mnemonic has been used:
1. Sub-ordinating Conjunction:
WWWOODA
W - wenn – when, whenever, if
W - weil - because
W – wie - if, how
O - ob – whether
O – obwohl – although
D - dass – that
A - als - as, if
2. Co - ordinating conjunction:
OSUDA
O – oder - or
S - sondern - but
U – und - and
D - denn - because
A - aber – but
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION
a. condition
Wenn ich Zeit habe, gehe ich ins Kino.
If /when I have time, I will go to cinema.
7. als - as, if, when ( Used in past tense for one time event.)
Als ich zwei Jahre alt war, konnte ich laufen. When I was 2 years old, I could run.
Used for an uninterrupted period of past time.
Als ich in Mumbai war, hatte ich viel Spaβ gehabt. When I was in Mumbai, I had a lot of fun.
Co-ordinating Conjunction
1. denn – because
Ich kann heute nicht kommen, denn ich habe Fieber. I can not come today, because I have fever.
2. oder – or
Er kommt heute oder morgen. He will come today or tomorrow.
3.und – and
Sie ist Lehrerin und hat zwei Kinder. She is a teacher and has two children.
Adjective is a word which tells the speciality of a noun. German uses endings
with adjectives according to the gender, number and case.
Adjective doesn’t take an ending if it succeeds the noun, i.e comes after the
noun . However, although the adjective is at the end of the sentence but the noun
has been skipped just to avoid the repetition, it will take an ending.
In this sentence, the adjective interressant has come after the noun and at the end
of the sentence, so there will be no ending.
ii) Welchen Kuli kaufst du? – Den blauen oder den schwarzen?
Had it been a full and complete answer with all the elements, the question would
have been:
But because Kuli has already come in the first sentence, in second sentence, it has not
been repeated. But that will not take away the right to use the adjective ending.
There is a basic difference between the example (i) and (ii). In the first example,
the sentence is complete. Neither anything has been skipped nor anything is required,
but in second example, kuli has been skipped, which doesn’t make any difference in
the use of adjective endings.
Same endings with all the possessive pronouns and keine, the endings in
plural is with possessive pronouns and keine only.
a) alle –en
How to understand :-
b) With neu and fem in Akk case – e. (No change in the form of definite
article i.e das remains das and die remains die with neutral and feminine. Similarly no
change with A.E also –‘e’ remains ‘e’
a) The ending of Def. Art. becomes the Adj. ending with all the three genders in Nom.
case.
b) With neu and fem in Akk case – same as in Nom. case (same logic as in Best. Art.)
3. without Article.
a) The ending of Def. Art. becomes the Adjective ending of without Aritcle.
b) Check out the gender of the word for which adjective has been used.
Aktiv - Passiv
In Active voice, subject does or performs the act and the object is being acted upon
while in the passive voice, the subject doesn’t perform the act rather it is acted upon
like the object. The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the Passive
sentence.
E.g. I read a book. A book is read by me.
I am reading a book.A book is being read by me.
Passive is made of :-
Degrees of Comparison
two parts :
1. Regular 2. Irregular
* Irregular: There are no fixed rules to make Komparativ and Superlativ. But these are
so few that one doesn’t even need to memorize.
REGULAR
There are few masculine Nouns which take -n /-en with itself in Akkusativ,
Dativ and even in Genitiv case.
The word “even” here denotes that normally in Genitiv case, -s/ -es is applied with the
Noun, but this rule even overrules the rule of Genitiv case.
The boy’s father is a doctor. – Der Vater des Jungen ist Arzt.
CASE
There are four cases in German:
*Object: The secondary character or thing who or which or what is affected by or associated with the subject is
called object. It remains either in Akkusativ or in Dativ case.
s es
Two or more syllable word One syllable word
Proper Noun (even with feminine) Nouns ending with -s / -ss /-ß / -z etc.
*Structure:
Translating the verbs will/shall for future is your choice. You may or may not
translate it. If translated, conjugation of “werden” comes at 2nd position & the
main verb goes to the end of the sentence in its infinitive or original form.
Eg. - I am a student
Ich bin Student.
I am reading a book.
Ich lese ein Buch.
I will go to Berlin.
Ich gehe nach Berlin. / Ich werde nach Berlin gehen.
He writes a book - Er schreibt ein Buch.
He is writing a book - Er schreibt ein Buch.
He will write a book - Er schreibt ein Buch.
Struktur des Satzes
a) Positiv: The sentences, in which negative words like nein, kein, nicht, nie etc.
are NOT used, is called Positiv sentence.
e.g - Wir lesen Deutsch. Der Mann kauft ein Auto.
b) Negativ: The sentences, in which negative words like nein, kein, nicht, nie etc. are
used, is called Negativ sentence.
e.g.- Wir lesen Englisch nicht. Der Mann kauft kein Auto.
kein nicht
Meaning no not
Negates Only a Noun(except Proper Noun) Everything including Noun
Used Only before Noun Anywhere in the sentence
Forms 16 1
- Er hat kein Auto. Er hat nicht ein Auto. Er liest das Buch nicht.
If "nicht" comes at the end of the sentence it negates the whole sentence.There is
no if and but left in the sentence. For example, in this sentence, “Der Junge liest
das Buch nicht”, there is a straightforward meaning that the boy is not reading
the book and no other sense is hidden here.
If “nicht” comes before the object, only the object is negated. The sentence is
complete, but the sense is incomplete. For example, in this sentence, “Der Junge
liest nicht das Buch”, it is assumed /presumed that the boy is not reading the
book, rather something else.
If “nicht” comes before the subject, the subject is negated. The sentence is
complete, but the sense is incomplete. For example, in this sentence, “Nicht der
Junge liest das Buch”, it is presumed that book is being read by someone else and
not by the boy.
IMPERATIV
o It is used to order/ command/ request/ suggest/ advise.
o It is used to avoid Noun or Prounoun and to avoid subject (exception : Sie)
o It is used with 2nd person only : Sie, ihr & du.
o The word “ bitte” (please), to make it more polite can be used anywhere in
the sentence. Exclamatory mark (!) is generally used (however you may or
may not find in the books)
o A Trennbar verb is separated in Imperativ also.
➢ Sie
- The infinitive form of the verb, the conjugated form with “Sie” & Imperativ
form with “Sie”are ditto same.
- The word “Sie” is applied just after the Imperativ.
➢ ihr
- The conjugated form with “ihr” & the Imperative form with “ihr” are ditto
same.
- The word “ihr” is NOT applied anywhere in the sentence.
➢ du
- The word “du” is NOT applied anywhere in the sentence.
- Just remove –en.
- After removing – en, if the verb ends with –d /-t /-z/-ig, put an extra –e.
- The verbs, in which-e changes in –i /-ie, conjugate it, but don’t put the ending.
-
Sentences
1. Come tomorrow.
2. Go soon.
3. Find the book.
4. Answer.
5. Complete the table.
6. Excuse me!
7. Read the book.
8. Throw the ball.
9. Give me the money.
10. Take the medicine.
11. Have patience
12. Be patient.
13. Call me
14. Listen.
Sie ihr
1. Kommen Sie morgen! 1. Kommt morgen!
2. Gehen Sie bald! 2. Geht bald!
3. Finden Sie das Buch! 3. Findet das Buch!
4. Antworten Sie! 4. Antwortet!
5. Ergänzen Sie die Tabelle! 5. Ergänzt die Tabelle!
6. Entschuldigen Sie! 6. Entschuldigt!
7. Lesen Sie das Buch! 7. Lest das Buch!
8. Werfen Sie den Ball! 8. Werft den Ball!
9. Geben Sie mir das Geld! 9. Gebt mir das Geld!
10. Nehmen Sie die Medikamente! 10. Nehmt die Medikamente!
11. Haben Sie Geduld! 11. Habt Geduld!
12. Seien Sie gedudig! 12. Seid geduldig!
13. Rufen Sie mich an! 13. Ruft mich an!
14. Hören Sie zu! 14. Hört zu!
Du
Komm morgen! Wirf den Ball!
Geh bald! Gib mir das Geld!
Finde das Buch! Nimm die Medikamente!
Antworte! Hab Geduld!
Ergänze die Tabelle! Sei geduldig!
Enstschuldige! Ruf mich an!
Lies das Buch! Hör zu!
FRAGESATZ
There are two types of questions
1. W – Frage 2. Satzfrage
W – Frage: It is called W – Frage because all the words start with W. Some
information is required in the answer.
Structure: W – word – verb (conjugated according to the subject) – Subject –
rest of the sentence.
wer – who , was - what wem – whom(Dat) warum - why wohin – where (to)
wen – whom (Akk) wann - when woher – where from welche_ - which
wie – how* wo – where wessen - whose wie viel – how much
wie viele – how many was für ein_ – what type of
a. Masculine:
Always
Timings of the Day(except: die Nacht), Days of the week, Months of the Year,Seasons, Points on the compass
der Morgen, der Abend, der Sonntag, der Montag, der Januar, der Dezember, der Osten
b. Feminine
Always:
die Wohnung, die Dummheit, die Schwierigkeit, die Gesellschaft, die Frequence,
die Toleranz, die Kultur, die Logik
Almost Always:
c) Neutral
2. Small children
92 – zweiundneunzig
785 – siebenhundertfünfundachtzig
2537 – zwietausendfünfhundertsiebenunddreißig
die Uhrzeit
Formell
Informell
vor: to Uhr: o’ clock 20:00 – zwanzig Uhr
nach: past kurz: short of 20:05 – zwanzig Uhr fünf
Viertel: quarter(15 minutes) am Morgen: am 20:10 – zwanzig Uhr zehn
halb: half-an-hour(30 minutes) am Abend: pm 20:15 – zwanzig Uhr fünfzehn
20: 20 – zwanzig Uhr zwanzig
08:00 – acht Uhr 20:25 – zwanzig Uhr fünfundzwanzig
08:05 – fünf nach acht 20:30 – zwanzig Uhr dreißig
08:10 – zehn nach acht 20:35 – zwanzig Uhr fünfunddreißig
08:15 – Viertel nach acht 20:40 – zwanzig Uhr vierzig
08:20 – zwanzig nach acht 20:45 – zwanzig Uhr fünfundvierzig
8:25 – fünfundzwanignachacht / fünf vor halb neun 20:50 – zwanzig Uhr fünfzig
08:30 – halb neun 20:55 – zwanzig Uhr fünfundfünfzig
08:35 – fünf nach halb neun / fünfundzwanzig vor neun
08:40 - zwanzig vor neun
08:45 – Viertel vor neun
08:50 – zehn vor neun
08: 55 – fünf vor neun
Where to apply capital letters in German?
Ans.:
1. First letter of the first word of the sentence.(Just like English)
2. All the Nouns (position in the sentence is immaterial)
3. “Sie” and the words associated with “Sie”(Ihnen – Ihr – Ihren – Ihrem –
Ihres – Ihre – Ihrer)
Der Mann ist Arzt.
Ist Ihr Bruder Arzt?
Sie hilft Ihnen.
i) if Subject(Nominativ): you(all)
1. Wo wohnt ihr?
2. Sie spricht mit ihr.
3. Das Kind will mit ihr spielen.
4. Wo ist Ihr Haus?
5. Wo ist ihr Haus?
6. Ihr Bruder ist Arzt.
CASE
DATIV
AKKUSATIV