Castellum Pannonicum Pelsonense 7

„TRANS LACUM PELSONEM”

PRÄHISTORISCHE FORSCHUNGEN
IN SÜDWESTUNGARN (5500–500 v. Chr.)

PREHISTORIC RESEARCH
IN SOUTH-WESTERN HUNGARY (5500–500 BC)

Herausgegeben von
Eszter Bánffy und Judit P. Barna
„TRANS LACUM PELSONEM“
 CASTELLUM PANNONICUM PELSONENSE

Vol. 7

Redigunt

A Magyar Tudományos Akadémia

Bölcsészettudományi Kutatóközpont Régészeti Intézet
(Archäologisches Institut des Geisteswissenschaftlichen Forschungszentrums
der Ungarischen Akademie der Wissenschaften)
Leibniz Institut für Geschichte und Kultur des östlichen Europas (GWZO)
Balatoni Múzeum (Balatoni-Museum)
Römisch-Germanische Kommission des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts

Budapest • Leipzig • Keszthely • Frankfurt/M. • Rahden/Westf.

2019
 „Trans Lacum Pelsonem”

Prähistorische Forschungen in
Südwestungarn (5500–500 v. Chr.)

Prehistoric Research
in South-Western Hungary (5500–500 BC)

Herausgegeben von

Eszter Bánffy und Judit P. Barna

 430 Seiten, 174 Abbildungen, 19 Tabellen, 26 Tafeln

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der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts

Bibliographische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek

Eszter Bánffy, Judit P. Barna (Hrsg), „Trans Lacum Pelsonem”. Prähistorische Forschungen in
Südwestungarn (5500–500 v. Chr.) – Prehistoric Research in South-Western Hungary (5500–500 BC).
Castellum Pannonicum Pelsonense, Bd. 7, hrsg. v. Archäologischen Institut des Geisteswissenschaftlichen
Forschungszentrums der Ungarischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, dem Leibniz Institut für Geschichte
und Kultur des östlichen Europa (GWZO), dem Balatoni-Museum, der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission
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 Introduction

The Castellum Pannonicum Pelsonense series was established in 2010, its

aim being to publish the results from archaeological investigations in and
around the Roman fortification of Keszthely-Fenékpuszta. Chronologically,
it focuses on Late Antiquity, but volumes in the series soon began to include
pre- and protohistoric contributions (CPP4) or articles concerning the Middle
Ages (CPP6). The Little Balaton region that includes Fenékpuszta and south-
western Hungary in a wider regional sense is home to a dense network of
pre- and protohistoric sites which also give significant insights into occu-
pation processes at a supra-regional comparative level. The rich spectrum
of finds and contexts in the area led to the idea of assembling a volume that
presents older and newer research in the region from the Neolithic to the Iron
Age. This objective could not have been reached without the support of the
Romano-Germanic Commission (RGK). Eszter Bánffy, director of the RGK,
approved the project and worked towards developing the concept alongside
Judit P. Barna. The substantial contribution of the RGK, both financial and
in terms of the content of this volume, is acknowledged by including the
Commission to the other Institutions as a co-editor of this series. Orsolya
Heinrich-Tamáska oversaw the gestation of the book – as she had done for
previous volumes – on behalf of the institutions involved in its publication.
The contributions are arranged chronologically, starting with the Neoli-
thic. The main focus of the volume is on the Copper and Bronze Ages, with
an excursus into the Late La Tène period at the end. While the volume con-
tains results from recent fieldwork undertaken by contract archaeology and,
even more importantly, those of completely new methods like ancient DNA
research, the long-overdue publication of some material has also been includ-
ed. The studies also reflect the decades-long, intensive Neolithic and Chal-
colithic research activity of Zsuzsanna M. Virág and Judit P. Barna and their
teams on behalf of the Balatoni Museum of Keszthely.
Research into the prehistoric settlement pattern of south-western Trans-
danubia kicked off in 1979. A governmental decision came into force at that
time to re-inundate the former marshland in the estuary of the Zala river
and the south-western part of Lake Balaton, in the Little Balaton region. Ever
since the nineteenth century, the land, which had been intentionally drained
in the hope of promoting agricultural use, failed to be productive. Thus, be-
fore the re-cultivation of the area, which today is under strict natural protec-
tion, the archaeological and heritage sites of the region had to be surveyed.
Fieldwalking, surveys and excavations were carried out in cooperation with
the Thury György Museum (Nagykanizsa), the Göcseji Museum (Zalaeger-
szeg), the Balatoni Museum (Keszthely) and the Archaeological Institute of
the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Some of the contributions to the present
volume are intended to belatedly offset the debt owed to this past research.
The years of the Little Balaton project proved to be an initial step in long-
term and large-scale survey and excavation activity further west, in the valley
6 Introduction

connecting Nagykanizsa to Zalaegerszeg (e.g. the Hahót project, 1986–1993)

and eventually the basin lying close to the Austrian and Slovenian border
(the Kerka project, 1995–2002). These projects triggered further research into
prehistory and produced some conclusive results from the Neolithic to the
Iron Age in the broader region of western Transdanubia. Finally, the investi-
gations conducted before the M7 Motorway was built in the 1990s along the
southern shore of Lake Balaton and towards Croatia gave the opportunity to
record further sites.
The present volume could draw on this long research tradition. Yet, it is
not unusual that the publication of such a composite volume takes time to
come to fruition. Most of the manuscripts were handed in by their authors as
early as the end of 2015 or the beginning of 2016. Thus, the lack of references
to literature published after that time is not the authors’ fault, but a symptom
of the “sickness” affecting multi-authored volumes and hence the result of
the long-drawn-out editing process. We would like to thank all our authors
for their patience and hope that the resulting volume has been worth the long
wait.
One of the authors, László Horváth, sadly did not see this book come out.
He had long been committed to the archaeology of the Iron Age and Roman
period in south-western Hungary and took part in the investigations and ex-
cavations of the Little Balaton project and at Keszthely-Fenékpuszta. His es-
say in our volume was to be the last in a distinguished series of publications.
We hope that this collection of studies on the late prehistoric settlement
and occupation of the Little Balaton region is not merely redeeming an old
debt, but a presentation of useful and stimulating results from current re-
search and an inspiration to all those interested in the lives of the early sett-
lers of this region.

Frankfurt am Main, Budapest and Leipzig, May 2019

Eszter Bánffy, Judit P. Barna and Orsolya Heinrich-Tamáska

 Inhalt / Contents
Introduction

9 KRISZTIÁN OROSS, LÍVIA SIMMER and PÉTER STRAUB

Regionality in fluidity: the Linearbandkeramik site at Keszthely-Lendl Adolf
út in western Hungary and its hinterland

73 JUDIT P. BARNA, BRIGITTA TÓTH, EMÍLIA PÁSZTOR, ZITA MÁRIA TOKAI,

KATALIN BIRÓ, SÁNDOR PUSZTA, ISTVÁN EKE, ADRIÁN PUSZTA, JÁNOS BUSZNYÁK,
NAPSUGÁR KOCSIS, CSILLA SZÁRAZ and BEÁTA TUGYA
Non-invasive investigations of a Late Neolithic rondel at Gétye,
western Hungary

95 KATALIN T. BIRÓ
Lithic material from Keszthely-Fenékpuszta-Halászrét

117 JUDIT P. BARNA, GÁBOR SERLEGI, ZOLTÁN FULLÁR and ESZTER BÁNFFY
A circular enclosure and settlement from the mid-fifth millennium BC at
Balatonmagyaród-Hídvégpuszta

161 ANNA SZÉCSÉNYI-NAGY, JUDIT P. BARNA, ALEXANDER MÖRSEBURG, CORINA KNIPPER,

ESZTER BÁNFFY and KURT W. ALT
An unusual community in death – Reconsidering of the data on
the mortuary practices of the Balaton-Lasinja culture in the light of
bioarchaeological analyses

187 ZSUZSANNA M. VIRÁG

with contributions by JÁNOS DOBRÁNSZKY and IVÁN GRESITS
Data on the Copper Age metallurgy of Transdanubia

217 MÁRIA BONDÁR

The Archaeological Legacy of Late Copper Age communities in the
Keszthely area and the Little Balaton region

237 VIKTÓRIA KISS

Bronze Age anthropomorphic and zoomorphic representations in Hungary

253 GÁBOR ILON

Die Entstehung und Zeitstellung der Hügelgräberkultur (≈1650/1600–
≈1350/1300 BC) in Westtransdanubien. Ein Versuch mittels
Typochronologie und Radiokarbondaten

329 RÓBERT MÜLLER

Der spätbronzezeitliche Hortfund von Várvölgy, Szebike-tető

367 JÁNOS GÁBOR TARBAY

Disc cuirasses or costume sets? A Late Bronze Age ribbed “phalera” type
from East-Central Europe
8 Inhalt / Contents

385 JÁNOS GÁBOR TARBAY and BÁLINT HAVASI

Wheels, vessels and Late Bronze Age fibulae – An „elite hoard“ from
Szentgyörgyvár-Felsőmánd, Site B (Hungary, County Zala)

417 LÁSZLÓ HORVÁTH (†)

Bemerkungen zum spätlaténezeitlichen Urnengrab aus Keszthely-
Fenékpuszta

427 Bildnachweis

429 Autoren
 Bronze Age anthropomorphic and zoomorphic
representations in Hungary
Viktória Kiss
Introduction
Art historical and archaeological research
generally links the emergence of prehistoric art
to rituals. Thus, for instance, the role of Palaeo-
lithic cave paintings is explained as purporting
to influence the success of hunting, while the
function of the small clay figurines of the Neo-
lithic used during rituals was probably to ensure
the efficiency of arable farming and animal hus-
bandry, and a possible link between figurines
and cosmogonic myths has also been suggested
(MAKKAY 2005, 85; HANSEN 2007; 2011).
The interpretative possibilities of anthropo-
morphic representations can now be broadened
following the realisation of anthropologists that
the human body has served, and still serves,
as an important source of metaphors (MAUSS
1993, 425–446). According to the embodiment
hypothesis of the cognitive metaphor theory,
perception materialises itself through the exist-
ence and experience within the human body, by
means of which we interpret and conceptualise
abstract notions (SZEVERÉNYI 2013). At this point,
it has to be noted that the concepts of art and
craftsmanship1 were most probably not sepa-
rated during prehistory; the fact that the ancient
Greek word tekhné denoted both art and skilful-
ness seems to underpin this (GOMBRICH 1971; IN-
GOLD 2011, 211).
Bronze Age anthropomorphic and
zoomorphic clay figures and vessels
Two recently discovered clay objects from
Tolna County represent previously unknown
1
For a comprehensive overview of Bronze Age crafts
in the Carpathian Basin, see FISCHL/KISS/KULCSÁR
2013.
anthropomorphic clay figurines of the Trans-
danubian Encrusted Pottery culture and of the
Tumulus culture; additionally, the fragment of
a bird-shaped vessel is also published here.2 The
present study aims to contribute to several as-
pects of Bronze Age representations as well as
to the history of clothing (e.g. how the dress or-
naments from the Zalaszabar hoard from Zala
County, were worn), and to offer details for un-
derstanding the period’s rituals (Figs 1–2).
Izmény-Közép-dűlő
Besides the stray vessel fragments of the
older, younger and final phases of the southern
Transdanubian group of the Encrusted Pottery
culture (Hungarian Middle Bronze Age, Phases
1–3; RBr A2a–c and Br B; twentieth–sixteenth
centuries BC; KISS 2012; 2013; FISCHL/KISS/
SZEVERÉNYI 2013; STOCKHAMMER et al. 2015), the
site yielded the fragment of a rectangular ob-
ject.3 On the testimony of the finds (good quality
pottery fragments, miniature vessels and spin-
dle whorls), the site can be interpreted as a set-
tlement rather than a cemetery with destroyed
cremation graves.
Description of the object: Fragment of a flat,
greyish-brown clay object (perhaps a flat statu-
ette) with burnished surface, decorated with en-
crusted ornamental patterns on both sides. The
upper part widens slightly, then curves inward.
Height of fragment: 4.1 cm, greatest width:
4.5 cm (Fig. 2.1). One side (perhaps the obverse)
2
The finds are part of the Csiszér Collection
(Aparhant). I would here like to express my gratitude
for the permission to publish these finds.
3
The site lies approximately 2 km from the Izmény-
Józsefmajor site where the culture’s stray pottery
finds and bronze dagger were found (KISS 1998/99,
154; Pl. 1.6; 2012, Pl. 36.9–13; 67.6).
238 Viktória Kiss
0 200 km
Fig. 1 Map of western Hungary with the sites of
the published finds.
bears an encrusted horizontal serrated line, un-
derneath which are crosshatched triangles with
downward pointing tips, W-shaped motifs and
impressed dots, while the other side (perhaps
the reverse) is decorated with W-shaped motifs,
incised vertical lines and impressed dots.
Aparhant-Mányoki darabok (Csurgó)
Following the deforestation and subsequent
ploughing of an area planted with acacia and
elderberry, large pottery fragments and half-
vessels of the Tumulus culture as well as bronze
objects were brought to light in the 1980s.
Among other finds, the fragment of a figurine
with cylindrical body was also recovered. Both
clay and metal objects as well as stone and
antler axes attest to settlement features span-
ning the entire period of the Tumulus culture
(Hungarian Late Bronze Age, Phases 1–2; Rei-
necke Br B–D phase; fifteenth–thirteenth centu-
ries BC; V. SZABÓ 2003; KISS 2007b; BONDÁR/KISS
2007, 211–212).4 The disc-shaped pendant deco-
rated with concentric ribbing (Fig. 2.4) is typical
for Koszider hoards (Reinecke Br B; MOZSOLICS
1967, Pls 59–60; HONTI/KISS 2000, 79; 2013, 751);
4
The site lies ca. 200 m south of a site of the Encrusted
Pottery culture published earlier (Aparhant-Csurgó,
or Csöcske-puszta: HONTI/KISS 2000, 77; Fig. 3.12; KISS
2012, 269).
the bulk of the pottery and the two riveted dag-
gers (KISS 1998–99, 154; Pls 2.6) can be dated to
the classical Tumulus period (Reinecke Br C),
while the disc-headed pins with knobbed neck
(Fig. 2.5–6; NOVOTNÁ 1980, 151–153; Pl. 44.1023–
1033; ŘIHOVSKÝ 1983, 20; Pl. 7.92–104) and the ob-
liquely facetted pottery fragments fall into the
Br D phase.
Description of the object: A light brown–
greyish-brown coloured figurine with worn
surface, made from clay tempered with grog.
The object has a solid bell-shaped skirt and was
flattened above the waist. Its upper part has
two projections, perhaps representing the arms.
Both sides of the fragmented figurine were rich-
ly decorated with incised and punctate patterns,
possibly depicting some kind of dress and or-
naments. Height of fragment: 6.1 cm, greatest
width: 4.1 cm (Fig. 2.2).
Mucsfa
The pottery and the metal finds (bronze dag-
gers) suggested the presence of both a settle-
ment and a cemetery of the younger phase of
the Encrusted Pottery culture at this site.5
Description of the object: Fragment of a dark
brown coloured hollow object with burnished
surface, tempered with sand and decorated
with plain and serrated lines and concentric cir-
cles. Height: 4.6 cm, length: 6.5 cm. It is the tail
fragment of a bird-shaped rattle, or, better said,
of a bird-shaped vessel, judging from its dimen-
sions (Fig. 3.1).
The role of anthropomorphic
figurines
During the past decades, numerous compre-
hensive studies have been devoted to the func-
tion of the Neolithic and Copper Age anthropo-
morphic figurines and vessels from Hungary as
5
At Mucsfa, Antal Csiszér found pottery fragments
and two bronze daggers (one with a triangular, the
other with a trapezoidal hilt plate) during his field
survey, suggesting a settlement of the younger
southern Encrusted Pottery phase (KISS 1998/99, Pl.
1.5; 2.5; 2012, Pl. 36.16–20; 67.5; 68.6), and the burial
ground associated with the settlement, indicated
by the remains of destroyed graves (cremains and
bronze swallowtail and disc pendants) of the En-
crusted Pottery culture.
 Bronze Age anthropomorphic and zoomorphic representations in Hungary 239

1 2

0 5 cm

3 5

0 5 cm 0 5 cm

Fig. 2 1 Izmény; 2, 4–7 Aparhant; 3 Zalaszabar.

well as to the characteristic traits of these objects
during various phases and cultures of these two
periods (MAKKAY 2005, 86–94; BONDÁR 2006; KA-
LICZ 2007, 8; BARNA/TÓTH 2007).
At present, the number of anthropomorphic
representations from the Bronze Age is consi-
derably smaller; certain zoomorphic (e.g. bird-
shaped) vessels, rattles and clay figurines seem
more characteristic for this period. The bird-
shaped vessel from Grave 8 of the Szeremle
cemetery (Fig. 3.2) is perhaps the closest parallel
to the fragment from Mucsfa (Fig. 3.1). The rat-
tles from the cemeteries investigated at Király-
szentistván, Kaposvár-Road 61/Site 2 and Sió-
fok-Balatonszéplak (KOVÁCS 1972a; REICH 2006,
96–98; Fig. 45; GUBA/SZEVERÉNYI 2007; KISS 2012,
Pl. 19.1–2, 4) have a similar tail shape (Fig. 3.3–
5). On the testimony of the pottery from the Sze-
remle grave, the fragment from Mucsfa can be
dated to the later phase of the Encrusted Pottery
culture, as can Grave 12 of the Királyszentistván
cemetery (RBr A2b–c; twentieth–seventeenth
centuries BC; BÓNA 1975, Pls 221-222; 223.1-6;
255,5–15; REICH 2006, Pls 56.5–11; 57.1–8; 58.1–2)6.
A few human statuettes of the Vučedol,
Makó and Somogyvár-Vinkovci cultures can be
mentioned from the Early Bronze Age (twenty-
eighth/twenty-sixth–twenty--third centuries-
BC) of the Carpathian Basin (Fig. 4.1–2; KALICZ
1968, Pl. CXIII.1–7; LETICA 1973, Pls I; BONDÁR
6
For further parallels, see KAPURAN/BULATOVIĆ 2013.
240 Viktória Kiss
1995, 218–220; Pls 120–121; KULCSÁR 2009, 164–
166; 341–342; Fig. 38; 68). Regarding the Mid-
dle and the Late Bronze Age (twentieth–ninth
centuries BC), human figurines are known from
eastern Hungary, Romania, and Serbia (Hatvan,
Füzesabony/Otomani and Çehalut, Vattina,
Felsőszőcs/Suciu de Sus, Wietenberg, Tei, Pi-
liny, Kyjatice, and Gáva cultures).7 A higher
number of anthropomorphic representations
have been found in the archaeological legacy
of the population groups hallmarked by the
so-called Lower Danubian Encrusted, or Sze-
remle and Gârla Mare pottery8 (Fig. 4.3–13; KA-
LICZ 1968, 159; LETICA 1973; KOVÁCS 1972b; 1977,
58–59; ŠIMIĆ 1989; MEDOVIĆ 1996; REICH 2006,
101–102; Fig. 47; DIETRICH 2011; HOLENWEGER
2011; KIRÁLY/KOÓS/TARBAY 2014). In contrast,
virtually nothing is known about the anthro-
pomorphic plastic arts of the 600–800-year-long
period in western Hungary (of the figurines of
the Kisapostag culture, the Transdanubian En-
crusted Pottery culture, or of the Tumulus cul-
ture; twenty-second–fourteenth centuries BC).
The striking absence of human clay figurines
7
The Middle Bronze Age dating of a few anthropo-
morphic statuettes of the Hatvan and Füzesabony/
Otomani cultures, which were discovered as stray
finds such as the exemplars found at Szurdok-
püspöki, has been challenged (KIRÁLY/KOÓS/TARBAY
2014, 309–310) since their form bears a remarkable
similarity to the Late Bronze Age human figurines
from this area and also because finds from later peri-
ods were unearthed at the sites in question too (e.g.
GUBA/BÁCSMEGI 2009).
8
Prehistorians from different countries designated the
communities producing and using encrusted pottery
that lived in Croatia, Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria
with different names: Bijelo Brdo-Dalj, Dubovác-
Žuto Brdo, Gârla Mare-Cârna, and Balej-Orsoja cul-
tures (BUCHWALDEK/LIPPERT/KOSNAR 2007, Map 21a).
T. Shalganova proposed that the entire archaeologi-
cal material east of the Iron Gate should be termed
“Lower Danube Incrusted Pottery culture” (SHALGA-
NOVA 1995). In her overview of the find assemblages
from the region between the Hungarian and Bulgar-
ian section of the Danube River, Christine Reich too
argued for a uniform designation: she discarded the
Bijelo Brdo–Dalj and Dubovac groups, and assigned
them to the Szeremle culture. She proposed that
the groups distributed east of the Szeremle culture
be uniformly called the Gârla Mare group. She thus
assigned the populations along the Lower Danube
region hallmarked by encrusted pottery wares that
had been previously designated by various names to
two, partly contemporaneous regional groups (REICH
2006).
first struck me during the assessment and inter-
pretation of the finds from Darda (HR), which
can be dated to the younger phase of the En-
crusted Pottery culture, and most probably rep-
resented the grave goods of a child’s cremation
burial. This assemblage of miniature clay ob-
jects (which included, among others, clay bas-
kets imitating birch-bark vessels and an object
which can be described as the model of a sewn-
plank boat, possibly in imitation of an archetype
made from some kind of organic material) sug-
gested to me that the period’s anthropomorphic
representations may have been made from or-
ganic materials, and only in rare instances were
they created from clay (KISS 2007a).
In view of its flat body, the human figurine
from Izmény (Fig. 2.1) can be regarded as a frag-
ment of the lower part of a statuette resembling
a figurine of the Vatin culture brought to light at
Vatin (LETICA 1973, Pl. VII.6), and the statuettes
of the Hatvan and Füzesabony/Otomani culture
from Szurdokpüspöki and Felsővadász (Fig.
4.3–5; KALICZ 1968, 159; KOVÁCS 1977, Pls 8–9;
DIETRICH 2011, Pl. 2.2):9 a figurine with curved, in-
drawn waist and cylindrical head, which broke
along its waistline judging from the incised pat-
tern of the horizontal belt around the waist. The
patterns below the waist can be interpreted as
depicting a skirt or an apron decorated with so-
called swallowtail and disc pendants, and ad-
ditional disc pendants (cp. Fig. 2.3) hanging on
ribbons on the side, of the type characteristic for
Tolnanémedi-type hoards (that are earlier than
the above-cited Koszider-type hoards: HONTI/
KISS 2000; KISS 2009; HONTI/KISS 2013). In view
of its parallels and its decoration, the figurine
can be dated to the younger phase (Reinecke
Br A2b–c) of the Encrusted Pottery culture. Al-
though the ornamental motifs characteristic of
the final phase (Koszider period, Reinecke Br B:
KISS 2012, 65–67; 2013, 62–63; Fig. 1) are well at-
tested in the ceramic material from the site, they
do not appear on the figurine fragment.
The portrayal of the arms and the narrow,
solid bell-shaped skirt of the Aparhant figurine
(Fig. 2.2), which barely differs from a cylindri-
cal shape, are typical traits of the statuettes from
a relatively small region (Fig. 5.1–3; Aljmaš
[HR], Dalj [HR], Karavukovo [SRB], Klisa [HR],
9
See note 7.
 Bronze Age anthropomorphic and zoomorphic representations in Hungary 241

1 2

0 5 cm

3 4

Fig. 3 1 Mucsfa; 2 Szeremle, Grave 8; 3 Siófok-Balatonszéplak; 4 Királyszentistván, Grave 12;

5 Kaposvár Road 61/Site 2.

Odžaci I [SRB]: KARMANSKI 1969, Pl. III.1; LETICA
1973, Pl. II.2; ŠIMIĆ 1989, Pl. 2.3; 3.2; 7.1; HOLEN-
WEGER 2011, 87–91; Fig. 2; Pl. 20: Statuette 224,
258, 334, Type D3), a no more than 20 km wide
zone along the Danube section between north-
eastern Croatia and neighbouring western Ser-
bia. In a few cases, these figurines were found
together with late Szeremle pottery (KARMANSKI
1969, Pl. VI.1–2; REICH 2006, 316; Fig. 178; 181).
The incised and impressed patterns on the cited
parallels similarly represent the garment, al-
though sometimes in even greater detail. One of
242 Viktória Kiss

1 2 3

4 5 6 7

8 9 10

11 12 13

Fig. 4 1 Ljubljansko barje; 2 Börzönce; 3 Vatin; 4 Szurdokpüspöki; 5 Felsővadász; 6–7 Košice-Barca;

8 Bucureşti; 9 Pácin; 10 Ludas; 11 Südungarn/Vinča; 12 Dubovac; 13 Cîrna.

the best-known figurines with solid skirt comes
from the site of Dalj (Fig. 5.5): it has slightly
differently modelled arms and a more realistic
representation of the clothing, similarly to a few
other statuettes with hollow bell-shaped skirt
from the Bačka and Banat region (Mus. Osi-
jek, Bapska [HR], Gardinovci [SRB], Mostonga
[SRB], Vatin [SRB]: LETICA 1973, Pl. VI.1–3; VII,3;
HOLENWEGER 2011, Pl. 19). The relative date and
possible original context of the latter figurines,
most of which are stray finds, is indicated by
two similar figurines (Fig. 5.6–7) that had been
deposited in a Belegiš-type vessel in Grave 28 of
the Mošorin-Stubarlija cemetery (SRB: MEDOVIĆ
1996; 1997; 2007).
A brief overview of previous research on
figurines with bell-shaped skirt seems in or-
der at this point: Zagorka Letica distinguished
three regional groups, namely a western group
(Dalj group), to which she assigned the sites of
Croatian Baranja and western Slavonia; a cen-
tral (Kličevac-Dubovác-Žuto Brdo) group, en-
 Bronze Age anthropomorphic and zoomorphic representations in Hungary 243

1 2 3

4
5

0 5 cm 0 5 cm

0 5 cm
6
7

Fig. 5 1 Karavukovo; 2 Odžaci I; 3, 5 Dalj; 4 Aljmaš, 6–7 Mošorin-Štubarlija, Grave 28.

compassing the sites of eastern Slavonia, Bačka
and the middle Banat; and an eastern group
(Korbovo-Gârla Mare-Cârna group) made up
of the sites of the south-east Banat in Serbia
and Romania as well as the sites in Bulgaria
(KOVÁCS 1972a; LETICA 1973). According to Let-
ica, the three, partly contemporaneous regional
groups reflect a chronological development as
well: the middle group represents transitional
forms between the western, earliest types and
the eastern, more elaborate pieces. The variant
with solid bell-shaped skirt is more characteris-
tic of the western region, that is, it occurs more
often among the earlier pieces, while the hollow
bell-shaped skirt seems to be more frequent in
the eastern group. Although this regional typol-
ogy became widely accepted by later research
(LETICA 1973, 60; 81–88; SCHUMACHER-MATTHÄUS
1985, 7; Table 2; Map 1), some scholars disa-
greed with the proposed dating of the statuettes
from the turn of RBr A2/B to the turn of HaA/B
(MAJNARIĆ-PANDŽIĆ 1982; KOVÁCS 1988, 156–158;
ŠIMIĆ 1989; MEDOVIĆ 1996, 335–340; KRSTIĆ 2003,
160–166; ŞANDOR-CHICIDEANU 2003, 206–213; 362).
More recently, Christine Reich dated the
lifespan of the populations producing encrust-
ed pottery and figurines with bell-shaped skirt
who occupied the regions south of the Hunga-
rian section of the Danube to a shorter period
(RBr B–C2). Within this period, the parallels
244 Viktória Kiss
from the Serbian Bačka and Banat can be dat-
ed to the RBr B–BC1 phase, to the classical and
late Szeremle phase (REICH 2002; 2006, 326; Fig.
132; 177) and to the age of the Belegiš culture
(MAJNARIĆ-PANDŽIĆ 1984; TASIĆ 2001; FISCHL/KISS
2002; SZENTMIKLÓSI 2006).10 Predrag Medović
dated the two figurines recovered from Grave
28 of Mošorin-Štubarlija to the beginning of the
Belegiš II period, to the RBr C1 (MEDOVIĆ 2007,
43–44; 81).11 Thus, in terms of Hungarian chro-
nology, the related anthropomorphic figurines
were produced and used from the Koszider
period until the end of the first half of the Late
Bronze Age, before the latest (RBr D) phase of
the Aparhant site.12
A similar dress, decorated with impressed
dots, is worn by the figurine found at Košice-
Barca (SK: DIETRICH 2011, Pl. 2.5), a site of the
Füzesabony/Otomani culture, perhaps occu-
pied during its late phase (Fig. 4.7).
In the light of the above, anthropomorphic
representations were quite important to the
populations living in various regions of the
Carpathian Basin during the entire span of the
Bronze Age; aside from anthropomorphic figu-
rines, they also made anthropomorphic vessels.
The function of the figurines remains elusive:
they are generally interpreted either as ritual
devices (connected with rites of passage, or
rites related to creation myths: MAKKAY 2005, 85;
BONDÁR 2007), or as children’s toys, or objects as-
sociated with the burial rites of children.
The cemeteries whose anthropological mate-
rial has been analysed, e.g. Cârna (RO), Feudvar-
Štubarlija (SRB), Korbovo-Glamija (SRB), indi-
cated that the female figurines with bell-shaped
skirt of the Lower Danubian Gârla Mare cul-
ture were, as a rule, brought to light from chil-
10
For the problems of the phases of the Vatin and
Belegiš cultures, see FISCHL/KISS 2002.
11
The statuettes were discovered in a vessel closely as-
sociated with the younger phase of the Vatin culture
(with decorated Pančevo-Omoljica phase material,
based on the ceramic typo-chronology of HÄNSEL/
MEDOVIĆ 1991) that can be dated between 1520 BC
and 1420 BC on the testimony of the 14C dates for the
younger layers of the Mošorin-Feudvar settlement
(HÄNSEL 1992, 71–72; HÄNSEL/MEDOVIĆ 1994).
12
For the archaeological material from the contempo-
raneous Kozármisleny settlement, which attests to
the contact between the Szeremle and the Tumulus
cultures, see MALI 2012.
dren’s (cremation) graves or from double buri-
als which contained the cremains of children as
well. Taking this as his starting point, Vladimir
Dumitrescu interpreted the figurines as dei-
ties who protected children in the otherworld,
while Gisela Schumacher-Matthäus considered
the figurines of the Lower Danubian burials as
representations of “Mother Earth” (DUMITRESCU
1961; SCHUMACHER-MATTHÄUS 1985; KRSTIĆ 2003,
147). The formal similarities between the Lower
Danubian figurines with bell-shaped skirt and
the “tau” and “phi” statuettes of Mycenaean
graves was one argument for the dating and the
functional analysis of the Lower Danubian piec-
es.13 Anthropological studies indicated that the
Mycenaean figurines were, as a rule, found in
the burials of young girls (while the character-
istic grave goods of young boys were miniature
weapons), and Georgios Mylonas contended
that the female figurines were goddesses or
nurses who protected the children in the other-
world (MYLONAS 1966, 114–116; FRENCH 1972, 108;
1981). Following his lead, Monica Chicideanu-
Şandor and Ion Chicideanu claimed that figu-
rines with bell-shaped skirt deposited as grave
goods in the Lower Danube region could also be
linked to a group of adolescent children (girls?)
with a well-defined social status (CHICIDEANU-
ŞANDOR/CHICIDEANU 1990). The Greek parallels
led to even more far-fetched suggestions in the
archaeological literature: the Lower Danubian
figurines with bell-shaped skirt were associated
not only with fertility cults, but even with Hera
13
Previous research linked the emergence of the Lower
Danubian statuettes (which have more recently been
dated to Br B–C2 1600/1500–1300 BC) to the anthropo-
morphic sculpture of the LH III phase (1400–1100 BC)
of the Mycenaean culture. The currently available
data, however, suggest the local, i.e. independent
development of anthropomorphic figurines in both
regions (cp. KALOGEROPOULOS 2007; KISS 2007a, 126–
128; TZONOU-HERBST 2012). More recent studies have
demonstrated that a part of the Mycenaean statuettes
were found in the sanctuaries uncovered on settle-
ments (TZONOU-HERBST 2009, Pl. 1). We now also have
a more detailed picture of their specific role in buri-
als: they have been recovered from adult and child
burials alike, both from more humble and more lav-
ishly furnished graves, and their secondary use has
also been attested (TZONOU-HERBST 2012). Neverthe-
less, it is still possible that the partly contemporane-
ous figurines of the two regions were used in related
ritual practices.
 Bronze Age anthropomorphic and zoomorphic representations in Hungary 245

herself, while the statuette with bell-shaped MANSKI 1969; MEDOVIĆ 1996) came from burials
skirt from Dupljaja, probably representing a or single-layer settlements. However, the good
man, riding on a chariot, that was earlier al- quality of the pottery fragments and the stone
ready linked to the Sun cult, was identified with and bone tools rather imply settlement features.
Apollo (MEDOVIĆ 2007; see also HOLENWEGER In a few instances, the anthropological assess-
2011, 223–224; 242–243, with further literature). ment confirmed that the miniature vessels
However, M. Chicideanu-Şandor and I. Chi- came from child burials of the Transdanubian
cideanu also noted that only about one-half of Encrusted Pottery culture, or from double buri-
the 172 statuettes discussed by them were found als that contained the cremains of both children
in cemeteries, while 20% were brought to light and adults, similarly as in the case of the Cârna
on settlements (the remaining 30% were stray cemetery (REICH 2002; KISS 2004; SZABÓ/HAJDU
finds; CHICIDEANU-ŞANDOR/CHICIDEANU 1990, 54; 2011, 89; 96–97; Fig. 1). The clay chair and boat
73–74). Mirjana Vukmanović and Petar Popović models from the Darda assemblage, as well as
interpreted the seventeen anthropomorphic the discovery of human figurines which were
statuettes found in the course of the rescue ex- previously unknown in the western Hungarian
cavations in the Iron Gate region along the same region during this period clearly reflect connec-
lines as nurses, although they also pointed out tions with the burials of the Lower Danubian
that over sixty female figurines had been found Gârla Mare culture (KISS 2007a).15 The anthropo-
on various settlements of the very same region, morphic figurines were probably ritual devices
which they linked to fertility cults (VUKMANOVIĆ/ both on settlements and in cemeteries during
POPOVIĆ 1995). More recently, Erika Holenweger the Middle and the Late Bronze Age of the Car-
listed 351 Lower Danubian anthropomorphic pathian Basin.
figurines, one-quarter of which (89 pieces) were
found in burial contexts (however, in the case of
76 figurines, the human remains had not been
submitted to anthropological analysis!), while
115 pieces (33%) come from settlements, and the
remaining 147 exemplars (42%) are stray finds.
The greater part of the anthropomorphic fig-
urines from the eastern part of the Carpathian
Basin (occupied by the Füzesabony/Otomani,
Çehalut, Felsőszőcs/Suciu de Sus, Wietenberg,
Tei, and Gáva cultures) were unearthed on set-
tlements (DIETRICH 2011, 92; Fig. 2; 4; KIRÁLY/
KOÓS/TARBAY 2014).14 The anthropomorphic
figurines recovered from these contexts were
variously interpreted as shamanistic devices or
as objects with a profane function (such as toys
or incense burners), but none of these supposi-
tions can be confirmed by the current evidence
(HOLENWEGER 2011, 237–241; DIETRICH 2011, 95;
Fig. 7).
It is uncertain whether the anthropomor-
phic figurines dating from the Middle and Late 15
The interpretation of miniature objects raises several
Bronze Age of western Hungary published questions: they have been variously interpreted as
here and their Slavonic parallels as well as the toys, functioning as the grave goods of deceased chil-
related pieces from the Bačka region (cf. KAR- dren, and as the objects of ritual scenes (Orsoja: BONEV
2000; HOLENWEGER 2011, 244–249). Recent studies on
the role of these objects and their creators based on
14
It must here be recalled that several settlement fea- the fingerprints observed on the figurines are of par-
tures also contained human remains, cp. KIRÁLY/ ticular interest (DIETRICH 2011, Fig. 8; KIRÁLY/KOÓS in
KOÓS/TARBAY 2014, 311–312. print).
246
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 Bronze Age anthropomorphic and zoomorphic representations in Hungary 251

Summary

Art historical and archaeological research generally links the emergence of prehistoric art to ritu-
als. Thus, for instance, the role of Palaeolithic cave paintings is explained as purporting to influence
the success of hunting, while the function of the small clay figurines of the Neolithic during rituals
was probably to ensure the efficiency of arable farming and animal husbandry, and a possible link
between figurines and cosmogonic myths has also been suggested.
The interpretative possibilities of anthropomorphic representations can now be broadened follow-
ing the realisation of anthropologists that the human body has served, and still serves, as an important
source of metaphors. According to the embodiment hypothesis of the cognitive metaphor theory,
perception materialises itself through the existence and experience within the human body, by means
of which we interpret and conceptualise abstract notions.
During the past decades, numerous comprehensive studies have been devoted to the function of
the Neolithic and Copper Age anthropomorphic figurines and vessels from Hungary as well as to the
characteristic traits of these objects during various phases and cultures of these two periods.
At present, the number of anthropomorphic representations from the Bronze Age is considerably
low; certain zoomorphic (e.g. bird-shaped) vessels, rattles and clay figurines seem more characteristic
for this period. A few recently discovered clay objects offer new data regarding the interpretation of
previously unknown anthropomorphic clay figurines from the Middle and Late Bronze Age of west-
ern Hungary, as well as on various aspects of the history of Bronze Age clothing.

Zusammenfassung

Mittelbronzezeitliche anthropomorphe und zoomorphe Darstellungen in Ungarn

Die Herausbildung der prähistorischen Kunst wurde von der archäologischen und kunsthis-
torischen Forschung mit Ritualen in Verbindung gebracht. Die neolithischen Tonfigürchen wurden
in Zusammenhang mit Ritualen gesehen, die den Erfolg des Ackerbaus und der Viehzucht gewähr-
leisten sollten. Außerdem wurde auf eine mögliche Verbindung der Figürchen mit Schöpfungsmy-
then verwiesen. Diese Erklärungsmöglichkeiten zu anthropomorphen Darstellungen wurden durch
die kulturanthropologische Ideen bereichert, demnach der menschliche Körper eine wichtige Quelle
für Metaphern sein kann. Nach der Inkarnationsthese (engl. embodiment hypothesis) der kognitiven
Metaphertheorie entsteht Bewusstsein durch das Leben und die Erfahrungen innerhalb des mensch-
lichen Körpers, indem abstrakte Ideen interpretiert und konzeptualisiert werden. In den letzten Jahr-
zehnten sind mehrere Zusammenfassungen über die Funktion der neolithischen und kupferzeitlichen
Figürchen und anthropomorphen Gefäße und ihre Charakteristiken in den verschiedenen Perioden
und Kulturen des Neolithikums und der Kupferzeit entstanden.
Aus der Bronzezeit sind bedeutend weniger anthropomorphe Darstellung bekannt. Zoomorphe
(z. B. vogelförmige) Gefäße, Rasseln und Tonstatuetten sind hingegen häufiger belegt. Einige neue
Tonobjekte liefern weitere Interpretationen zu anthropomorphen Tonfiguren der Mittel- und frühen
Spätbronzezeit in Westungarn sowie zur Geschichte bronzezeitlicher Bekleidung.
 Bildnachweis / Sources of illustrations

9–72 Krisztián Oross/Lívia Simmer/Péter Straub: Fig. 1 Map: Zs. Réti, Cs. Peterdi, K. Oross after ZVELEBIL
2000. – Fig. 2 Map: Zs. Réti, Cs. Peterdi, K. Oross. – Fig. 3 Photo: K. Oross, Zs. Réti. – Fig. 4 Plan: L.
Simmer, P. Straub, Zs. Réti, K. Oross. – Fig. 5–7, 9, 13–15, 17, 26 Plan: L. Simmer, P. Straub, Zs. Réti, K.
Oross. – Fig. 8 Photo: L. Simmer, P. Straub, Zs. Réti. – Fig. 10 Figure: Zs. Réti, K. Oross. – Fig. 11–12,
28 3D reconstruction: Zs. Réti, K. Oross. – Fig. 16 Plan: Zs. Réti, K. Oross after ILON 2013. – Fig. 18–24
Drawings: M. Éber, Zs. Réti, T. Marton, K. Oross. – Fig. 25 Photo: L. Simmer, P. Straub, Zs. Réti. – Fig.
27 Map: B. Vágvölgyi, Zs. Réti, K. Oross, chart base Google Earth. – Fig. 29 Map: Zs. Réti, Cs. Peterdi,
K. Oross. – Table 1 K. Oross.
73–94 Judit P. Barna et al.: Fig. 1 After BARNA et al. 2012, Fig. 1.1. – Fig. 2 Map: I. Eke, chart base: Copernicus
Land Monitoring Service 2018. – Fig. 3 http://www.fentrol.hu/hu/legifoto (07.12.2015). – Fig. 4–5
Maps: S. Puszta. – Fig. 6 After BARNA et al. 2015, Fig. 10. – Fig. 7, 12 Map: S. Puszta, graphic: I. Eke. – Fig.
8–9 Data: B. Tóth, N. Kocsis; graphic: I. Eke. – Fig. 10–11 Data and graphs: B. Tóth, N. Kocsis. – Fig. 13
Photos: M. Tóth, B. Tugya, graphic: J., P. Barna, Z. M. Tokai. Design: Z. M. Tokai. – Fig. 14 After BARNA
et al. 2012, Fig. 2. – Fig. 15 Graphic: K., T. Biró. – Fig. 16 Data and map: K., T. Biró. – Table 1 B. Tóth. –
Table 2 B. Tugya. – Table 3 K., T. Biró.
95–116 Katalin T. Biró: Fig. 1a–b–2a–b, 9a–b, 13a–b Data and graphs: K., T. Biró. – Fig. 3–8 Drawings: K., T.
Biró. – Fig. 10–11 Photos: K. Dúzs, design: K., T. Biró. – Fig. 12a-b Map: K., T. Biró. – Appendix 1– 2 K.,
T. Biró.
117–160 Judit P. Barna et al.: Fig 1 Graphic: J., P. Barna. – Fig. 2 Data and graph: E. Bánffy; J., P. Barna. – Fig.
3 After SERLEGI 2014, Fig. 8.29. – Fig. 4 Map: L. Horváth, Z. Fullár. – Fig. 5 After BÁNFFY 1997, Cat. 43;
44, and 42. – Fig. 6 Photo: J. Bicskei. – Fig. 7, 11–20: Photos: K. Pálfay, drawings: E. Bánffy, design: J.,
P. Barna. – Fig. 8–9 Map: L. Horváth, Z. Fullár, design: J., P. Barna. – Fig. 10 Drawings: L. Horváth,
digitalisation: Z. Fullár. – Fig. 21–26 Photo: J. Bicskei, drawings and design: J., P. Barna.
161–186 Anna Szécsényi-Nagy et al.: Fig. 1 Map: A. Szécsényi-Nagy, P. Móricz, B. Havasi. – Fig. 2 Map: R. Mül-
ler, A. Gönye, P. Móricz, B. Havasi. – Fig 3.1 –2, 5 Drawings: J., P. Barna, B. Kámán. – Fig. 4, 6 Photo: J.,
P. Barna. –Figs 7–8 Photos: M. Tóth, drawings and design: J., P. Barna. – Fig. 9 Photos: M. Tóth. – Fig.10
Photos: A. Szécsényi-Nagy. – Figs 11–12 Graphic: A. Mörseburg. Table 1–2 A. Szécsényi-Nagy. – Tab-
les 3–4 A. Mörseburg.
187–216 Zsuzsanna M. Virág: Fig. 1.1 Map: Zs., M. Virág; 1.2 Map Zs., M. Virág, after VIRÁG 1996; 1.3 Map: Zs.,
M. Virág, basic map: mapire.eu. – Fig. 2.1a–b; 2.2–3 Drawings: Zs., M. Virág, photo: J. Bicskei. – Fig. 3
Map and drawings: Zs., M. Virág, E. Csernus. – Fig. 4.1a–c, 2a–b Figure: I. Gresits. – Fig. 5a–b, 6, 7a–b,
9, 11–12 Photos: J. Dobránszky. – Fig. 8, 10 Figure: J. Dobránszky. – Fig. 13 Photo: Zs. M. Virág.
217–236 Mária Bondár: Fig. 1 Map: After http://lhzk.hu/12-latnivalok/19-kis-balaton. – Fig. 2 After BONDÁR
1987, Fig. 2. – Fig. 3–5 Photo: P. Hámori; drawings and computer graphics: M. Éber. – Fig. 6 After
BÁNFFY/BONDÁR/VIRÁG 2003, Fig. 29. – Fig. 7 After BANNER 1956, Pl. LXXXVII. – Fig. 8 After NÉMETH et
al. 2010, 15; drawings: F. Gönczi, 1930. – Fig. 9 Map: M. Bondár, S. Ősi. – Fig. 10 Photo: T. Kádas, P.
Hámori. – Tables 1–5: M. Bondár.
236–252 Viktória Kiss: Fig. 1 Map: V. Kiss. – Fig. 2.1–2, 4–7 Photo: V. Kiss; 2.3 Photo: Cs. Tétényi. – Fig. 3.1
Photo: V. Kiss; 3.2 After KISS 2012, Fig. 18.2; 3.3–5 after KISS 2012, Fig. 19. – Fig. 4.1; 11–13 After GRÖMER
2010, Fig. 153; 164; 4.2 After BONDÁR 1995, Pl. 120,1; 4.3 After LETICA 1973, Pl. VII.6; 4.4 After KOVÁCS
1977, Pl. 9.5–6; 4.5–6 After MEDOVIĆ 1997, Abb. 4–5; 4.7 After SCHUMACHER-MATTHÄUS 1985, Pl. 16.2; 4.8
after DIETRICH 2011, Pl. 2.2, 4–5; 4.9–10 After KIRÁLY/KOÓS/TARBAY 2014, Pl. II.12, 23. – Fig 5.1–4 After
ŠIMIĆ 1989, Pl. 2.3; 5.5 After HOLENWEGER 2011, Pl. 19.333; 20.224; 258; 334; 5.6–7 After MEDOVIĆ 1997, Fig.
6–7.
253–328 Gábor Ilon: Abb. 1 Angefertigt von Gy. Isztin. – Abb. 2a–b Angefertigt von I. Eke. – Abb. 3–4 Angefer-
tigt von Gy. Isztin. – Abb. 5 Nach den Plänen des Verfassers, angefertigt von Gy. Isztin; 5.1 nach NAGY/
FIGLER 2009, Fig. 7.2; 5.2 nach NAGY 2013, Abb. 4.1; 5.3 nach KISS 2013, Fig. 2.15; 5.4 nach KISS 2013, Fig.
2.18; 5.5 nach ILON/NAGY 2013, Fig. 3.3; 5.6 nach NAGY 2013, Taf. 14.6; 5.7 nach ILON/NAGY 2013, Fig.
428 Bildnachweis / Sources of illustrations

3.1; 5.8 nach ILON/NAGY 2013, Fig. 2.1; 5.9 nach NAGY 2013, Fig. 14.3b; 5.10 nach NAGY 2013, Pl. 14.5;
5.11 nach ILON 2012, Pl. 5.1; 5.12 nach ILON 1999, Pl. 1.1; 5.13 nach ILON 1999, Pl. 6.1; 5.14 nach ILON 1999,
Pl. 4.1; 5.15 nach KOVÁCS 1997, Fig. 1.3; 5.16 unpubliziert; 5.17 nach ILON 2012, Fig. 7.8; 5.18 nach ILON
2012, Fig. 10.5; 5.19 nach ILON 1999, Pl. 6.2; 5.20 nach ILON 2012, Fig. 8.3; 5.21 nach EGRY 2004, Fig. 6.3;
5.22 nach EGRY 2004, Fig. 6.1; 5.23 unpubliziert; 5.24 nach ILON 2014a, Fig. 8.2; 5.25 nach ILON 2014a, Fig.
8.1; 5.26 nach HORVÁTH 1994, Fig. 2.8; 5.27 nach HORVÁTH 1994, Fig. 2.10; 5.28 nach HORVÁTH 1994, Fig.
2.1; 5.29 nach HORVÁTH 1994, Fig. 1.2; 5.30 nach NAGY 2007, Pl. 3.3; 5.31 unpubliziert; 5.32 nach KÁROLYI
1979/80, Fig. 11.2; 5.33–37 unpubliziert; 5.38 nach HORVÁTH 1994, Fig. 3.10; 5.39 unpubliziert; 5.40 nach
HORVÁTH 1994, Fig. 3.7; 5.41 unpubliziert; 5.42 nach ILON 2014b, Pl. 2.5; 5.43 nach HORVÁTH 1994, Fig.
12.1; 5.44 nach FEKETE 2004, Fig. 13.6; 5.45 nach HONTI 1996, Fig. 4.7; 5.46 nach HONTI 1996, Fig. 3.3; 5.47
unpubliziert; 5.48 nach EGRY 2010, Fig. 4.6; 5.49 nach ILON 2014b, Pl. 4.9; 5.50 nach ILON 2012, Pl. 16.2;
5.51 nach NÉMETH/TAKÁCS 2003, Fig. 4.1; 5.52 unpubliziert; 5.53 nach ILON 2014b, Pl. 14.14; 5.54 nach
ILON 2012, Pl. 2.2. – Abb. 6 Fotos: T. Tárczy. – Abb. 7.1 Zeichnung: Z. F. Tóth; 7.2–3, 5 Zeichnung: I.
Ughy; 7.4 Zeichnung: P. Skriba; 7.6 Foto: Zs. Oszkó. – Taf. 6, 26 Zeichnung: T. Csuti, H. Binder. – Taf.
7 Zeichnung: A. Radics.
329–366 Róbert Müller: Abb. 1 Magyar Királyi Honvéd Térképészeti Intézet, 1938. – Abb. 2–15 Grafik und Ta-
felzusammenstellung: R. Müller.
367–384 János Gábor Tarbay: Fig. 1–2; 3.1–2, 4.1–3, 5, 9 Photos: É. L. Horváth. – Fig. 3.3; 4.4 Drawings: J. G.
Tarbay. – Fig. 6 Map: J. G. Tarbay. – Fig. 7 Graph: J. G. Tarbay. – Fig. 8 Photos: J. G. Tarbay.
385–416 János Gábor Tarbay/Bálint Havasi: Fig. 1–3, 11–12, 14–15 Map, photos and drawings: B. Havasi. – Fig.
5, 7, 13 Photos: J. G. Tarbay. – Fig. 4, 6, 8–10 Photos: É. L. Horváth, drawing: E. Ambrus. – Fig. 16 Draw-
ing: J. G. Tarbay. – Fig. 7 Graph: J. G. Tarbay.
417–426 László Horváth: Abb. 1 Angefertigt von L. Horváth. – Abb. 2.1, 2a, 3a Grafik: L. Horváth. – Abb. 2.2b–c,
3b Fotoarchiv Balatoni Mus. Keszthely. – Abb. 3 Zusammengestellt von L. Horváth auf der Grundlage
der im Text erwähnten Daten.
 429

Autoren / Authors

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Kurt W. Alt István Eke

Danube Private University Göcseji Múzeum
Fakultät Medizin/Zahnmedizin Batthyány u. 2.
Steiner Landstraße 124 H–8900 Zalaegerszeg
A–3500 Krems-Stein eke.istvan@zmmi.hu
kurt.alt@dp-uni.ac.at
Zoltán Fullár
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Eszter Bánffy
VÁRKAPITÁNYSÁG Integrált
Römisch-Germanische Kommission
Területfejlesztési Központ Nonprofit Zrt.
des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts
Palmengartenstr. 10–12 Daróczi u. 1–3.
D–60325 Frankfurt/M. H–1113 Budapest
eszter.banffy@dainst.de fullar.zoltan@várkapitányság.hu

Dr. Judit P. Barna, PhD Dr. Iván Gresits

Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum Régészeti Budapesti Műszaki és Gazdaságtudományi
Örökségvédelmi Igazgatóság Egyetem
Daróczi u. 1–3. Műegyetem rkp. 3.
H–1113 Budapest H–1111 Budapest
p.barna.judit@hnm.hu gresits@mail.bme.hu

Dr. Katalin T. Biró Bálint Havasi

Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum Balatoni Múzeum
Múzeum krt. 14–16.
Múzeum u. 2.
H–1088 Budapest
H–8360 Keszthely
tbk@ace.hu
balint.havasi@balatonimuzeum.hu
Dr. Mária Bondár, CSc.
Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Dr. László Horváth (†)
Bölcsészettudományi Kutatóközpont
Régészeti Intézet Gábor Ilon
Tóth Kálmán u. 4. Kossuth u. 2.
H–1097 Budapest H–9662 Mesterháza
bondar.maria@btk.mta.hu ilon.gabor56@gmail.com

Dr. János Busznyák, PhD Dr. Viktória Kiss, PhD

Pannon Egyetem Georgikon Kara Magyar Tudományos Akadémia
Gazdaságmódszertani Tanszék Bölcsészettudományi Kutatóközpont
Pethe Ferenc u. 7. Régészeti Intézet
H–8360 Keszthely
Tóth Kálmán u. 4.
bjs@georgikon.hu
H–1097 Budapest
Dr. János Dobránszky kiss.viktoria@btk.mta.hu
Magyar Tudományos Akadémia –
Budapesti Műszaki és Gazdaságtudományi Dr. Corina Knipper
Egyetem Kompozittechnológiai Kutatócsoport Curt Engelhorn Zentrum Archäometrie
Műegyetem rkp. 3. D6,3
H–1111 Budapest D–68159 Mannheim
dobranszky.janos@eik.bme.hu corina.knipper@cez-archaeometrie.de
430 Autoren

Napsugár Kocsis Lívia Simmer

Pannon Egyetem Georgikon Kara Göcseji Múzeum
Növénytermesztési és Talajtani Tanszék Battyhány u. 2.
Deák F. u. 16. H–8900 Zalaegerszeg
H–8360 Keszthely simmer@zmmi.hu
kocsisnapsugar@freemail.hu
Péter Straub
straubpeter01@gmail.com
Alexander Mörseburg MPhil
University of Cambridge Csilla Száraz
Department of Archaeology Thúry György Múzeum
Fitzwilliam Street Zrínyi u. 62.
UK-Cambridge, CB2 1QH H–8800 Nagykanizsa
alexandermoerseburg@gmail.com szcsilla.muzeum@gmail.com

Dr. Róbert Müller, DrSc. Dr. Anna Szécsényi-Nagy, PhD

Balatoni Múzeum Magyar Tudományos Akadémia
Múzeum u. 2. Bölcsészettudományi Kutatóközpont
H–8360 Keszthely Régészeti Intézet
mullerrobi@gmail.com Tóth Kálmán u. 4.
H–1097 Budapest
szecsenyi-nagy.anna@btk.mta.hu
Dr. Krisztián Oross, PhD
Magyar Tudományos Akadémia János Gábor Tarbay
Bölcsészettudományi Kutatóközpont Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum
Régészeti Intézet Múzeum krt. 14–16.
Tóth Kálmán u. 4. H–1088 Budapest
H–1097 Budapest tarbayjgabor@gmail.com
oross.krisztian@btk.mta.hu
Zita Mária Tokai
Dr. Emília Pásztor VÁRKAPITÁNYSÁG Integrált
Türr István Múzeum Területfejlesztési Központ Nonprofit Zrt.
Deák Ferenc. u. 1. Daróczi u. 1–3.
H–6500 Baja H–1113 Budapest
Tokai.Zita@várkapitányság.hu
pasztoremilia@tolna.net
Dr. Brigitta Tóth, PhD
Adrián Puszta Magyar Tudományos Akadémia
COSSICUS Ltd. Agrártudományi Kutatóközpont
Óda u. 37. Talajtani és Agrokémiai Intézet
H–1155 Budapest Herman Ottó út 15.
cossicus @gmail.com H–1022 Budapest
toth.brigitta@agrar.mta.hu
Dr. Sándor Puszta toth.brigitta@georgikon.hu
COSSICUS Ltd.
Óda u. 37. Beáta Tugya
H–1155 Budapest Thúry György Múzeum
cossicus @gmail.com Zrínyi u. 62.
H–8800 Nagykanizsa
tbea82@gmail.com
Dr. Serlegi Gábor, PhD
Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Dr. Zsuzsanna M. Virág, PhD
Bölcsészettudományi Kutatóközpont Budapesti Történeti Múzeum
Régészeti Intézet Ős- és népvándorláskori Osztály
Tóth Kálmán u. 4. Záhony u. 4.
H–1097 Budapest H–1031 Budapest
serlegi.gabor@btk.mta.hu zsuzsanna.m.virag@gmail.com
Die Reihe Castellum Pannonicum Pelsonense wurde 2010 gegründet, um die Ergebnisse
archäologischer Forschungen in und um die spätantike Befestigung von Keszthely-
Fenékpuszta, in der Klein-Balaton-Region und in Südwestungarn vorzulegen. Dieses Areal
weist auch ein dichtes Netz an Fundplätzen vom Neolithikum bis zur Eisenzeit auf und
liefert Hinweise auf Okkupationsprozesse auf einer überregionalen, komparativen Ebene.
Die systematische Erforschung der prähistorischen Besiedlung des südwestlichen
Transdanubiens begann 1979. Ein großes Projekt mit Prospektionen und Ausgrabungen
wurde vor der Rekultivierung der Feuchtgebiete am südwestlichen Ende des Balaton
durchgeführt. In den 1980er und 1990er Jahren folgten Projekte in den Hahót- und
Kerkatälern, die weitere westungarische Gebiete erfassten. Die Forschungen wurden im
Rahmen des Autobahnbaus M7 entlang des Südufers des Balaton und in Richtung Kroatien an
mehreren Orten fortgesetzt. Im vorliegenden Band werden Ergebnisse aus diesen drei großen
Projekten vorgestellt, ergänzt durch aktuelle Ergebnisse aus Rettungsgrabungen. Einige
Beiträge setzen sich mit neuen naturwissenschaftlichen Methoden, wie aus dem Bereich der
historischen DNA-Forschung auseinander, andere liefern wichtige Materialauswertungen
älterer Ausgrabungen.

The Castellum Pannonicum Pelsonense series was established in 2010, its aim being to
publish the results of archaeological investigations in and around the late antique fortification
of Keszthely-Fenékpuszta, in the Little Balaton region and Southwest Hungary. This area
is home to a dense network of sites from the Neolithic through to the Iron Age, thereby
providing significant insights into occupation processes at a supra-regional comparative
scale.
Systematic research into the prehistoric settlement pattern of south-western Transdanubia
began in 1979. A large project with surveys and excavations was necessary before the re-
cultivation of the wetland area in the south-western part of Lake Balaton. This was followed
by project during the 1980s and 1990s in the Hahót and Kerka valleys, covering segments
of Western Transdanubia. Finally, the investigations conducted before the M7 motorway
was built in the 1990s along the southern shore of Lake Balaton and towards Croatia gave
the opportunity to investigate further sites. This volume contains results from the three large
projects and from recent fieldwork undertaken by contract archaeology. Completely new
natural scientific methods like ancient DNA research are applied; meanwhile, the long-
overdue publication of some old material has also been included.

ISBN 978-3-89646-157-5
ISSN 1869-9901