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Chapter 1
Introduction:
Waves & Phasors

Dr. Seyed Ebrahim Esmaeili

Engineering Electromagnetics
 Outline
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 Review of Phasors
- Impedance
- V-I Relationship for a Resistor
- V-I Relationship for an Inductor
- V-I Relationship for a Capacitor
 Phasor Analysis: General Procedure
 Traveling Waves in the Phasor Domain
 Review of Phasors
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1. The phasor-analysis technique transforms equations from the time

domain to the phasor domain.

2. Integro-differential equations get converted into linear equations with no

sinusoidal functions.

3. After solving for the desired variable--such as a particular voltage or

current-- in the phasor domain, conversion back to the time domain
provides the same solution that would have been obtained had the original
integro-differential equations been solved entirely in the time domain.
 Review of Phasors
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Phasor counterpart of
 Review of Phasors
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- Adopt a Cosine Reference:

 Review of Phasors
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It is much easier to deal

with exponentials in the
phasor domain than
sinusoidal relations in the
time domain

Just need to track

magnitude/phase,
knowing that everything
is at frequency w
 Impedance
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- Z represents the impedance, which is the frequency domain quantity

that is similar to resistance, inductance, and capacitance, in the time
domain. Reactance is the value of the imaginary part of the
impedance. Admittance (Y) is the reciprocal of the impedance.
 Impedance
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 V-I Relationship for a Resistor
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i and v are in phase

 V-I Relationship for an Inductor
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v leads i by 90°
 V-I Relationship for a Inductor
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v lags i by 90°
 V-I Relationship for a Inductor
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Example:
Find the phasor transform for each trigonometric function:
a. 𝒗 = 𝟏𝟕𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝟕𝟕𝒕 − 𝟒𝟎° 𝑽
b. 𝒊 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒕 − 𝟕𝟎° 𝑨
c. 𝒊 = 𝟓 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒘𝒕 + 𝟑𝟔. 𝟖𝟕° + 𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒘𝒕 − 𝟓𝟑. 𝟏𝟑° 𝑨
 V-I Relationship for a Inductor
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 V-I Relationship for a Inductor
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 V-I Relationship for a Inductor
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Example:
Find the time-domain expression corresponding to each phasor:
a. 𝑽 = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟑ȁ𝟐𝟔° 𝑽
b. 𝑰 = (𝟏𝟎උ𝟑𝟎° + 𝟐𝟓‫𝟎𝟔ہ‬°) A
c. 𝑽 = (𝟔𝟎 + 𝑱𝟑𝟎 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎‫ہ‬−𝟐𝟖°) 𝑽
 V-I Relationship for a Inductor
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 V-I Relationship for a Inductor
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 Phasor Analysis: General Procedure
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 Example 1:
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Find i(t)
 Example 1:
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 Example 2:
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 Example 2:
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 Example 2:
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 Traveling Waves in the Phasor Domain
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 Review
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 Review
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 Review
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