Department of Mathematics and Computer Science

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF LESOTHO

M3503 Tutorial 3 October 2023

1. Solve the given differential equation by undetermined coefficients.
(a) y 00 + 3y 0 + 2y = 6 (n) y 00 − 4y = (x2 − 3) sin 2x
(b) 4y 00 + 9y = 15 (o) y 00 + y = 2x sin x
(c) y 00 − 10y 0 + 25y = 30x + 3 (p) y 00 − 5y 0 = 2x3 − 4x2 − x + 6
(d) y 00 + y 0 − 6y = 2x (q) y 00 − 2y 0 + 5y = ex cos 2x
1 00
(e) 4
y + y 0 + y = x2 − 2x (r) y 00 − 2y 0 + 2y = e2x (cos x − 3 sin x)
(f) y − 8y 0 + 20y = 100x2 − 26xex
00
(s) y 00 + 2y 0 + y = sin x + 3 cos 2x
(g) y 00 + 3y = −48x2 e3x (t) y 00 + 2y 0 − 24y = 16 − (x + 2)e4x
(h) 4y 00 − 4y 0 − 3y = cos 2x (u) y 000 − 6y 00 = 3 − cos x
(i) y 00 − y 0 = −3 (v) y 000 − 2y 00 − 4y 0 + 8y = 6xe2x
(j) y 00 + 2y 0 = 2x + 5 − e−2x (w) y 000 − 3y 00 + 3y 0 − y = x − 4ex
(k) y 00 − y 0 + 14 y = 3 + ex/2 (x) y 000 − y 00 − 4y 0 + 4y = 5 − ex + e2x
(l) y 00 − 16y = 2e4x (y) y (4) + 2y 00 + y = (x − 1)2
(m) y 00 + 4y = 3 sin 2x (z) y (4) − y 00 = 4x + 2xe−x

2. Solve the given initial-value problem.

(a) y 00 + 4y = −2, y(π/8) = 21 , y 0 (π/8) = 2
(b) 2y 00 + 3y 0 − 2y = 14x2 − 4x − 11, y(0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 0
(c) 5y 00 + y 0 = −6x, y(0) = 0, y 0 (0) = −10
(d) y 00 + 4y 0 + 4y = (3 + x)e−2x , y(0) = 2, y 0 (0) = 5
(e) y 00 + 4y 0 + 5y = 35e−4x , y(0) = −3, y 0 (0) = 1
(f) y 00 − y = cosh x, y(0) = 2, y 0 (0) = 12
d2 x
(g) dt2
+ ω 2 x = F0 sin ωt, x(0) = 0, x0 (0) = 0
d2 x
(h) dt2
+ ω 2 x = F0 cos γt, x(0) = 0, x0 (0) = 0
(i) y − 2y 00 + y 0 = 2 − 24ex + 40e5x , y(0) = 12 , y 0 (0) = 52 , y 00 (0) = − 92 y 00 (0) = − 92
000

(j) y 000 + 8y = 2x − 5 + 8e−2x , y(0) = −5, y 0 (0) = 3, y 00 (0) = −4

3. (a) Consider the differential equation ay 00 + by 0 + cy = ekx , where a, b, c, and k are
constants. The auxiliary equation of the associated homogeneous equation is
am2 + bm + c = 0.
(b) i. If k is not a root of the auxiliary equation, show that we can find a par-
ticular solution of the form yp = Aekx , where A = 1/ (ak 2 + bk + c)
ii. If k is a root of the auxiliary equation of multiplicity one, show that we can
find a particular solution of the form yp = Axekx , where A = 1/(2ak + b).
Explain how we know that k 6= −b/(2a).
iii. If k is a root of the auxiliary equation of multiplicity two, show that we
can find a particular solution of the form y = Ax2 ekx , where A = 1/(2a)
(c) Discuss how the method of this section can be used to find a particular solution
of y 00 + y = sin x cos 2x. Carry out your idea.
4. Solve each differential equation by variation of parameters.

1
 (a) y 00 + y = sec x (j) 4y 00 − y = ex/2 + 3
(b) y 00 + y = tan x (k) y 00 + 3y 0 + 2y = 1
1+ex
(c) y 00 + y = sin x ex
(l) y 00 − 2y 0 + y = 1+x2
(d) y 00 + y = sec θ tan θ (m) y 00 + 3y 0 + 2y = sin ex
(e) y 00 + y = cos2 x (n) y 00 − 2y 0 + y = et arctan t
(f) y 00 + y = sec2 x (o) y 00 + 2y 0 + y = e−t ln t
(g) y 00 − y = cosh x (p) 2y 00 + y 0 = 6x
(h) y 00 − y = sinh 2x (q) 3y 00 − 6y 0 + 6y = ex sec x
√
(i) y 00 − 9y = 9x
a3x
(r) 4y 00 − 4y 0 + y = ex/2 1 − x2

5. (a) Discuss how the methods of undetermined coefficients and variation of param-
eters can be combined to solve the given differential equation. Carry out your
ideas.
i. 3y 00 − 6y 0 + 30y = 15 sin x + ex tan 3x
ii. y 00 − 2y 0 + y = 4x2 − 3 + x−1 ex
(b) Find the general solution of x4 y 00 + x3 y 0 − 4x2 y = 1 given that y1 = x2 is a
solution of the associated homogeneous equation.
6. Solve the given initial-value problem: (i) by finding a linear differential operator
that annihilates the right hand side. Then find the particular solution from the
constructed equation, following the application of the Linear different operator. (ii)
by using the method of inverse operators.
(a) y 00 − 64y = 16, y(0) = 1, y 0 (0) = 0
(b) y 00 + y 0 = x, y(0) = 1, y 0 (0) = 0
(c) y 00 − 5y 0 = x − 2, y(0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 2
(d) y 00 + 5y 0 − 6y = 10e2x , y(0) = 1, y 0 (0) = 1
(e) y 00 + y = 8 cos 2x − 4 sin x, y(π/2) = −1, y 0 (π/2) = 0
(f) y 000 − 2y 00 + y 0 = xex + 5, y(0) = 2, y 0 (0) = 2, y 00 (0) = −1
(g) y 00 − 4y 0 + 8y = x3 , y(0) = 2, y 0 (0) = 4
(h) y (4) − y 000 = x + ex , y(0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 0, y 00 (0) = 0, y 000 (0) = 0