Tema 7.

samuSao Zalis xarisxi da

investiciebi adamianur kapitalSi

7.1 adamianuri kapitali da samuSao Zalis xarisxisadmi wayenebuli

moTxovnebi

samuSao Zalis xarisxi nacionaluri ekonomikis konkurentunarianobas gamo-

xatavs. saqarTveloSi amJamad mimdinare didi socialuri gardaqmnebis dros misi
gaumjobeseba umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa. CvenSi xorcieldeba ganaTlebisa da pro-
fesiuli momzadebis reforma, rac karg winapirobas uqmnis samuSao Zalis xaris-
xis srulyofas.
ekonomikur literaturaSi `samuSao Zalis xarisxi~ da `adamianuri kapita-
li~ xSirad erTi da imave mniSvnelobiT ixmareba. samuSao Zalis xarisxi _ esaa
adamianis TvisebaTa erToblioba, romelic moicavs kvalifikacias da pirovnul
maxasiaTeblebs. `adamianur kapitals~ ki r. erenbergi ase ganmartavs: esaa `codna
da unar-Cvevebi, romelic aqvs muSaks, rac SeuZlia SeiZinos man ganaTlebisa da
profesiuli momzadebis, agreTve, samuSao gamocdilebis meoxebiT.~ bevr mecniers
ki adamianur kapitalSi ganaTlebasa da profmomzadebasTan erTad janmrTelobac
Sehyavs. am SemTxvevaSi profesiuli janmrTeloba, konkretuli samuSaos Sesru-
lebis fsiqo-fiziologiuri unari igulisxmeba.
sazogadoebis mTeli simdidre SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc adamianuri da
materialuri (fizikuri) kapitalis erToblioba. materialur kapitalSi Sedis
miwa, Senobebi, mowyobilobani da a.S. adamianur kapitalSi ki - codna da unar-
Cvevebi.
adamianuri kapitali ganuyofelia pirovnebisagan. isaa misi mesakuTre da ba-
zarze mxolod misiT sargebloba SeiZleba. Tumca nawilobriv, codna da unar-
Cvevebi SeiZleba SeiZinos pirma damatebiTi investiciebis gareSec, praqtikiT, sa-
muSao adgilze swavlebiT. iseve rogorc fizikuri kapitali, adamianuri kapita-
lic cvdeba fizikurad da moralurad. codna Zveldeba, konkretuli adamianic
droTa ganmavlobaSi TandaTan sustdeba, veRar iTvisebs jerovnad siaxleebs, da
adrindeliviT veRar pasuxobs bazris moTxovnebs.
amrigad, adamianuri kapitali aris dagrovili investicia iseT sferoSi, ro-
goricaa: ganaTleba, profesiuli momzadeba, migracia, profesiuli janmrTeloba.
misi wili mTel kapitalSi ganuxrelad matulobs. magaliTad, mecnierTa gaanga-
riSebiT, dasavleTis ganviTarebul qveynebsa da iaponiaSi 1800 wels fizikuri
kapitalis wili mTel kapitalSi (fizikuri da adamianuri) 80% iyo. 1913
wels– 67%, 2000 wels– 30%. danarCeni 70% adamianur kapitalze modis.
araa gamoricxuli, rom saqarTveloSi fizikuri kapitalis simciris gamo
ganaTlebis maRali donis pirobebSi adamianuri kapitalis wili mTel naciona-
lur simdidreSi metic iyos, vidre bevr masze ekonomikurad ganviTarebul qveya-
naSi.
konkretulad ki ganaTlebaSi, adamianur kapitalSi investirebis ukugeba ga-
moixateba imiT, rom:
_ xelfasis (Semosavlebis) done izrdeba;
_ meti arCevani eZleva adamians, rom ufro saintereso samuSaoze dasaqmdes;
_ izrdeba SesaZlebloba, ufro meti dro dauTmos arasabazro saqmianobas
da mTeli cxovrebac ufro saintereso, SemoqmedebiTi gaxados.
 r. erenbergi da r. smiti adamianur kapitalTan dakavSirebul danaxarjebs
sam jgufad yofen:
1. pirdapiri danaxarjebi _ esaa sakuTari ojaxis biujetidan gasacemi: swav-
lis qira, saxelmZRvaneloebis SeZenis xarji, migraciaze (saswavlo migracia_
m.t.) danaxarjebi;
2. dakarguli Semosavali _ radgan swavlis dros, adamianur kapitalSi inves-
tirebis procesSi SeuZlebelia sruli reJimiT (sruli samuSao dRiT) muSaoba.
am dros studenti ver muSaobs da SesaZlo Semosavalic ekargeba. aSS mecnierTa
gaangariSebiT, XXI saukunis dasawyisSi am qveyanaSi umaRlesi ganTlebis miRebi-
sas TiToeuli studentisaTvis `dakarguli Semosavlis~ wliuri odenoba 30
aTasamde dolaria.
3. moraluri zarali (danakargebi) _ es danakargebis Taviseburi saxea. ganaT-
lebis miReba umZimesi saqmea da udides fsiqo-nervul danaxarjebs saWiroebs.
swavlis Semdgom muSaobis Zebnac damqancvelia da garkveul stresTanaa dakavSi-
rebuli. saswavlo migracia ki xSirad ojaxs, mSobliur, adaptirebul garemos
swyvets students da damatebiT Zalisxmevas moiTxovs misgan.
adamianSi investiciebi, bunebrivia, xorcieldeba pirovnebis ganzraxviT, rom
momavalSi rac SeiZleba meti Semosavali miiRos. misTvis cnobilia, rom momuSave-
Ta Soris ganaTlebis doneebSi gansxvaveba maT sxvadasxva sididis Semosavalsac
gansazRvravs. marTlac, ganaTlebasa da Semosavals Soris damokidebuleba myaradaa
gamoxatuli ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi. magaliTad, aSS ganaTle-
bis saministros cnobiT, sxvadasxva donis ganaTlebis mqoneTa wliuri Semosavle-
bi aseTia (cxrili 7.1).
cxrili 7.1
ganaTlebis sxvadasxva donis mqone pirebis wliuri Semosavlebi aSS-Si
(aSS dolari)
mamakacis xelfasi
ganaTlebis done qalebi mamakacebi
metia qalis xelasze
bakalavri 51656 80144 1,55-jer
kolejdamTavrebuli 33912 46252 1,36-jer
saSualo skoladamTavrebuli 27184 37680 1,39-jer
saSualo skoladaumTavrebeli 19271 19134 0,99-jer

saSualod bakalavrebi saSualo skoladamTavrebulebze 2-jer met xelfass

iReben.
savsebiT bunebrivia, ganviTarebul sabazro garemoSi gazrdili moswavle (mi-
si mSobeli), umravles SemTxvevaSi, winaswar gansazRvravs konkretuli umaRlesi
ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZleblobebs da mizanSewonilobas, mis efeqts. principu-
lad am gaTvlis modeli Semdegnairia: students (mis ojaxs) unda daexarjos
garkveuli Tanxa swavlis qiraze, wignebsa da sxva saswavlo masalaze, ojaxis
gareT cxovrebaze. meore mxriv, studenti kargavs im Semosavals, romelic mas
SeeZlo mieRo studentobis nacvlad rom dasaqmebuliyo.
rogorc vnaxeT, profesiuli ganaTlebis Semdgom igi miiRebs met Semosa-
vals, vidre profesiis uqonlobiT miiRebda. sabolood ki, mTeli karieris gan-
mavlobaSi damatebiT miRebuli Semosavali mniSvnelovnad aRemateba e.w. `xelidan
2
gaSvebul~ Semosavalsa da profesiul ganaTlebaze miRebul danaxarjebs (sqema
7.1.):

Semosavali B Semosavali

namati Semosavali

xelidan A Semosavali
gaSvebuli
Semosavali

18
swavlis qira, asaki
wignebze da
migraciaze
gaweulidanaxarjebi
xarjebi

sqema 7.1.
ganaTlebaze gaweuli danaxarjebi da alternatiuli Semosavlebi

adamianuri kapitalis Teoriis erT-erTma fuZemdebelma, nobelis premiis la-

ureatma g. bekerma swored aseTi midgomiT da analiziT daamuSava Tavisi cnobi-
li `adamianuri kapitalis Teoria~. igi afardebda swavliT miRebul sikeTes mas-
ze gaweul danaxarjebTan da danakargebTan. man empiriulad aCvena, rom ganaTleba-
ze xarjviT ufro meti efeqti miiRweoda, vidre uSualod warmoebaSi investire-
biT. informaciuli sazogadoebis pirobebSi adamianuri kapitali erovnuli sim-
didris matebis mTavari faqtoria. nobelis premiis laureatma t. Sulcma igi
amerikis ekonomikis dinamikis analiziT daasabuTa. kerZod, daadgina, rom adamia-
nur kapitalSi investiciiT miRebuli Semosavali bevrad metia, vidre fizikur
kapitalSi investirebidan. igi aRniSnavda, rom yovelgvari adamianuri unarebi an
Tandayolilia, an kidev SeZenili. yoveli adamiani ibadeba individualuri genebis
kompleqsiT, rac mis Tandayolil unars gansazRvravs. Semdgom adamiani SeiZens
Zvirfas Tvisebebs, rac SeiZleba ganxorcieldes Sesabamisi investiciebiT, da ra-
sac Cven `adamianur kapitals~ vuwodebTo. adamiani codnas rom iZens, Tavis Tav-
Si investiciebs abandebs, codniT ki iRebs gazrdil Semosavals. gamZafrebuli
konkurenciis pirobebSi mwarmoebelTa unari, codna bazarze sul ufro metad
fasobs. codna ki misi mwarmoebeli organizaciebis, saswavleblebis produqciaa.
bazari mas sul ufro da ufro met moTxovnebs uyenebs.
Sromis bazarze samuSao Zalis xarisxisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebi dinamiu-
ria. igi unda pasuxobdes Tanamedrove mecnierul-teqnologiuri progresis moT-
xovnebsac.
bunebrivia, ganuwyvetliv icvleba Sromis Sinaarsic, xdeba Sromis universa-
lizacia, erTferovan funqciaTa nacvlad yalibdeba rTuli, kompleqsuri funqci-
ebi, rogoricaa: marTva, kontroli, gawyoba da a.S.
mkveTrad icvleba Sromis daZabulobis done da datvirTvis struqtura. da-
Zabuloba adre, fizikur datvirTvasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. kunTuri datvirTva
3
adgils uTmobs nervul-fsiqikur daZabulobas. TandaTan Zlierdeba stresi, xo-
lo `stresmedegoba~ ukve momuSavis SerCevis mniSvnelovani faqtori xdeba.
mimdinareobs Sromis unikalizacia. swrafad izrdeba axal, maRalkvalifika-
ciur profesiaTa raodenoba, TviT kvalifikaciis Sinaarsi. Tu adre wamyvani kom-
ponenti samuSao gamocdilebiT miRebuli unar-Cvevebi iyo, TandaTan ufro da
ufro meti mniSvneloba codnas eniWeba. swrafad icvleba dasaqmebulTa profesi-
ul-kvalificiuri struqturac. mcirdeba e. w. `lurjsayeloianTa~ _ muSebis wi-
li da sul ufro matulobs `TeTrsayeloianebis~- kvalificiuri teqnologiuri
personalisa da mosamsaxureTa wili. kidev ufro swrafi matebaa `oqrossayeloi-
anebis~ - mecnier-muSakTa da mkvlevar-teqnologebis, kompiuteruli programebis
specialistTa raodenobisa.
rogorc aRiniSna, xangrZlivi muSaobiT dagrovili gamocdilebis roli Tan-
daTan klebulobs da izrdeba codnis efeqti. am garemoebam cvlileba Seitana
e.w. asakobriv mwarmoeblurobaSi. meti mniSvneloba mieca momuSavis iseT Tvise-
bebs, rogoricaa reaqciis siswrafe, gadawyvetilebis miRebis siCqare, yuradRebia-
noba, gawafuloba, pasuxismgebloba, adaptirebuloba, mobiluroba, inovaciuroba
da a.S, rac mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli janmrTelobasTan. bazari irCevs stresme-
deg, janmrTel pirovnebebs.
aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom xeliTi Sromisa da fizikuri datvirTvis wilis Sem-
cirebam da kompiuterizaciam gazarda e.w. SinmuSaobis SesaZleblobebi, roca sa-
muSao sruldeba firmaSi yoveldRiuri gamocxadebis gareSe, Sin davalebis miRe-
biT. meore mxriv, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom kompiuterizaciam aqtiur SromaSi
Caaba nawilobriv SromisunarSezRuduli pirebic, rac socialuri progresis ga-
moxatulebaa.
profesiuli momzadebis momsaxurebis bazari, bunebrivia, mWidro kavSirSia
Sromis bazarTan, agreTve, samecniero-teqnologiuri produqciis bazarTan. mar-
Tlac, specialistebis momzadebis struqturasa da samuSao Zalaze moTxovnis
struqturas Soris balansireba rTuli procesia. es Seusabamoba damaxasiaTebe-
lia saqarTvelos Sromis bazrisaTvisac. amJamad saxezea specialistTa Warbwar-
moeba da maTi momzadebis damaxinjebuli struqtura. xSirad gaigonebT, rom ba-
zari TiTon moagvarebs am problemas, rac arasworia. Sromis bazris regulireba-
Si da specialistTa struqturis gansazRvraSi saxelmwifos Careva aucilebelia.
specialistTa momzadebis swor prognozs didi roli akisria. aq saxelmwifos
Careva imitomacaa saWiro, rom bazarze gaCenili moTxovnis dakmayofileba profe-
siuli momzadebis sistemas mxolod ramdenimewliani (5-10 wliani) dagvianebiT
SeuZlia.
CvenSi rom umuSevrebs Soris specialistTa wili metismetad maRalia, amas
umaRles saswavleblebSi misaRebi kontingentis araswori struqturac ganapiro-
bebs. amitom saWiroa masze zemoqmedeba.
sabolood, ekonomikurma ganviTarebam da misma struqturam unda gansazRvros
specialistTa wili da speqtri dasaqmebulTa Soris. jer kidev 1990-iani wle-
bis sayovelTao krizisamde CvenSi specialistebiT gajerebis maCvenebeli ekonomi-
kis TiTqmis yvela dargSi maRali iyo. maSinac igrZnoboda maTi Warbwarmoeba,
rac postsabWoTa periodSi saqarTveloSi zeWarbwarmoebadac iqca. amJamad aqtiu-
rad mimdinareobs specialistTa momzadebis optimaluri gzebis Zieba, raSic didi

4
 7.2 ganaTlebis sistemis reforma

amJamad saqarTveloSi moqmedi ganaTlebis mTeli sistema gardaqmnis proces-

Sia.
reformis amocanaa, iseTi Sinaarsi mieces saSualo skolis programebs, rom
gamoavlinos da ganaviTaros moswavleTa SemoqmedebiTi unarebi, Camouyalibos maT
informaciuli teqnologiebis gamoyenebis Cvevebi.
aseve reformis mizania saswavlo procesis teqnologiuri aRWurvis radika-
lur srulyofasTan erTad swavlebis meTodebis gaumjobeseba. igi mravalmxrivi
amocanaa da did Zalisxmevas moiTxovs. TandaTan unda aRdges maswavleblis Sro-
mis prestiJuloba, gaumjobesdes Sromis pirobebi da gaizardos TviT pedagogTa
momzadebis done. saSualo ganaTlebis saukeTeso magaliTia iaponia, sadac maswav-
leblis kultia.
saSualo skolebSi momzadebam Tanamedrove bazris moTxovnebisadmi adaptaci-
is unarebi unda ganaviTaros.
saSualo profesiuli ganaTleba saqarTveloSi Zlier CamorCa. igi jerjero-
biT araprestiJulia da gadafarulia umaRlesi ganaTlebiT.
didi mniSvneloba aqvs saxelobo saswavleblebSi farTo profilis specia-
listebis momzadebas, romelic ufro advilad moergeba Sromis bazris cvalebad
moTxovnebs.
swrafi mecnierul-teqnologiuri progresis epoqaSi umaRlesi ganaTlebis
sistema ganuwyvetel srulyofas saWiroebs. iyo dro, roca CvenSi damkvidrebul
umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemas aRiarebdnen da miiCnevdnen erT-erT saukeTesod
msoflioSi. 1950-ian wlebSi aSS-Si SeSfoTdnen kosmosis aTvisebaSi ssrk-s aSka-
ra upiratesobiT, rac maT maSin ssrk ganaTlebis sistemis meti srulyofilebiT
axsnes. im dros ssrk-Si ganaTlebaze xvedri danaxarjebi sakmaod didi iyo. Sem-
dgomSi igi swrafad gazardes dasavleTis qveynebma da bevrad gaaswres ssrk-s.
CvenSi ki ganaTlebisaTvis saWiro resursebis SezRudulobis gamo daiwyo
specialistTa dauswrebeli swavlebis formiT momzadeba, ramac udidesi dartyma
miayena umaRles ganaTlebas. 1979 wlisaTvis studentTa 2/3 dauswrebeli da sa-
Ramos swavlebis formiT mzaddeboda. daiwyo `diplomizaciis~ procesi, romelic
sakmaod xangrZlivad, dRemde grZeldeba.
savsebiT bunebrivia, sabazro meurneobaze gadasvlam bevri isedac problema-
turi sakiTxi sxva sibrtyiT daayena. TviT evropisa da amerikis qveynebi ganicdi-
an ganaTlebis sferoSi krizisul movlenebis sakmaod uaryofiT Sedegs. miTume-
tes, umwvavesi problemebia CvenSi.
bunebrivia, ismis kiTxva: ra mimarTulebiT unda wavides CvenSi umaRlesi
skolis gardaqmna? pasuxi aseTia:
_ esaa umaRlesi saswavleblebis universitetizacia. idea: dargobrividan-sa-
universiteto ganaTlebaze gadasvla da Tanamedrove specialist-inteligentis
formireba;
_ umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZleblobebis gafarToeba. studentebis
da samecniero-pedagogiuri kadrebis mobilurobis amaRleba. erTiani saganmanaT-
leblo sivrcis formireba.
dasavleTSi universitetebis misia yovelTvis mxolod ekonomikuri roliT
ar Semoifargleboda. univesitetebis misia yovelTvis iyo ufro liberaluri,
5
demokratiuli sazogadoebis formireba, axali ideebis generacia. Tavis droze,
humboldtma universitetebis misia am ideiT gamsWvalulma Camoayaliba.
droTa ganmavlobaSi ki es funqciebi meore planze gadavida da TandaTan uf-
ro da ufro profesiul ganaTlebaze da bazarze morgebuli gaxda. erTi Sexed-
viT, es zrdis sabazro ekonomikaSi konkurentunarianobas da cudi ar unda iyos.
magram didi sifrTxilea saWiro, rom ar moxdes Tanamedrove sazogadoebis dehu-
manizacia da sulierebis Sesusteba.
evropa seriozulad dafiqrda (ara marto evropa) swavlebis humanizaciis
problemebze. aq sainteresoa frangi b. esamberis (`ekol politeqnikis~ direqto-
ris) Sefasebani:
`idealuri sistema iqneba is, romelic saSualebas mogvcems SevaTavsoT zo-
gadkulturuli ganaTleba profesionalizmis safuZvlebTan. es ki miiReba saSua-
lo ganaTlebis iaponuri, anglosaqsuri umaRlesi da germanuli zrdasrulTa
(gadamzadeba) sistemebis kombinaciiT~.
gasakviri araa, rom iseve, rogorc sxva sistemebs, ganaTlebis sistemasac
aRmoaCnda Tavisi inerciuloba da reformireba martivi procesi ar gamodga. da-
debiTTan erTad fasian swavlebaze gadasvlas, dafinansebis wyaroebis diversifi-
kacias saqarTveloSic (da aramarto saqarTveloSi) swavlis xarisxis falsifika-
ciac mohyva. arc 1990-ian wlebSi 200-mde axalgaxsnilma umaRlesma saswavle-
belma gaamarTla dafinansebis simwiris, pedagogTa gadatvirTulobisa da zogjer
codnis metismetad dabali donis, mcire kontingentisa da sxva mizezTa gamo.
mTeli rigi umaRlesi saswavleblebis licenzirebaSi daSvebuli iyo Secdomebi.
Sedegad, miviReT codnis falsifikacia.
udavod dadebiT procesad unda CaiTvalos umaRlesi ganaTlebis or safexu-
riani sistemis_ bakalavriatisa da magistraturis SemoReba. igi ufro Seesabame-
ba sabazro ekonomikis moTxovnebs. imavdroulad ufro moqnils xdis specialis-
tTa momzadebis sistemas da mTeli sazogadoebis moTxovnebsac ukeTesad Seesaba-
meba. bakalavriatSi studenti iRebs farTo arealis fundamentur codnas moce-
mul dargSi (vTqvaT, ekonomikaSi). magistratura ki moqnilad pasuxobs mecniere-
bis da warmoebis ufro konkretul moTxovnebs. aq Zlier kargadaa mofiqrebuli
mcodne da unariani studentis SerCevis gza. swori organizaciis SemTxvevaSi
warmatebiT xorcieldeba seleqciuroba da unarebic maqsimalurad vlindeba.
meore mxriv, SesaZlebeli xdeba sxva umaRles da fakultetdamTavrebulTa
mizidvac, mecnierebaTa mijnaze azrovnebis Camoyalibeba. nakli isaa, rom magis-
traturis ZiriTadad fasian swavlebaze gadayvanam savsebiT SesaZlebelia, Sea-
ferxos specialistTa momzadeba. aq komercializacia yovelTvis dadebiT rols
ar TamaSobs, xels uSlis fundamenturi, specializebuli ganaTlebis miRebas.
uwyveti ganaTlebis sistemaze dRes bevri iwereba. umaRlesi ganaTlebiT mi-
Rebuli informacia da unar-Cvevebi TandaTan ufro swrafad Zveldeba. amitom sa-
Wiro xdeba misi ganaxleba, magram ise swrafad xdeba yovelive es, rom ganaTleba
iRebs uwyvet xasiaTs. `saboloo ganaTleba~ aRar arsebobs. ganaTlebis procesi,
dawyebuli skolamdeli ganaTlebidan SromiTi ciklis damTavrebamde (Semdegac)
ganixileba erTian procesad. amitom TandaTan xdeba intensiuri formireba kadre-
bis momzadebis, gadamzadebisa da kvalifikaciis amaRlebisa. amas sxvadasxva qvey-
nebi gansxvavebulad awesrigeben, Zlier didia kerZo firmebis rolic.

6
 rogorc aRvniSneT, amJamad swrafad xdeba saerTaSoriso saganmanaTleblo
momsaxurebis gafarToeba.
boloniis procesis erTerTi mTavari mizani isaa, rom Seiqmnas erTiani evro-
puli saganmanaTleblo sivrce. srulyofili codnis miRebis mizniT ufro gafar-
Tovdes studentTa mobiluroba da SesaZlebloba mieceT maT, miiRon ama Tu im
dargSi prestiJis mqone universitetebSi maRali donis codna.
dReisaTvis sazRvargareTis umaRles saswavleblebSi 2 mln studenti swav-
lobs, maTgan mesamedi (600 aTasi) aSS-ze modis, danarCeni ZiriTadad germaniaze,
did britaneTze, kanadasa da safrangeTze.
msoflio savaWro organizaciis cnobiT, sazRvargareTis studentebisaTvis
saganmanaTleblo momsaxureba 50-60 mlrd dolaria. aSS umaRles saswavleblebSi
erTi weli swavleba 15-25 aTasi dolaria, inglisSi _ 12-20 aTasi, avstraliasa
da kanadaSi _ 1,5-2-jer iafi, vidre aSS-Si. saganmanaTleblo momsaxurebis saSua-
lo fasi wliurad 10 aTasi aSS dolaria.
amas emateba enisa da mosamzadebeli kursebidan Semosavali, wignebze, tan-
sacmelze, gasarTobze gaweuli da cxovrebis sxva xarjebi. magaliTad, londonSi
studentis wliuri cxovrebis xarji 13-15 aTasi dolaria; aSS-Si 6-14 aTasi
dolari; avstraliasa da kanadaSi _ 5-10 aTasi dolari. sazRvargareT studente-
bidan 100-120 mlrd dolari Sedis nacionalur ekonomikaSi, naxevari midis TviT
umaRles saswavleblebSi.
am fulis wyaroebia;
75-80% _ sakuTari (mSoblebis) jibe;
8-10% _ TviT universitetebi da kolejebi an mimRebi qveynis mTavrobebi
ixdian;
4-5% _ gamgzavni qveynis mTavrobebi da organizaciebi;
4-5% _ kerZo sponsorebi;
1% _ saerTaSoriso organizaciebi.
bunebrivia, ismis kiTxva: ra xeiri aqvT adgilobriv mTavrobebs, rom ucxoel
studentebs uxdian ganaTlebis qiras?
magaliTad, aSS igebs imas, rom magistraturadamTavrebulTa naxevari iqve
rCeba samuSaod. esaa mTeli msofliodan akumulirebuli niWieri kontingenti.
rogorc profesiuli struqturis analizi gviCvenebs, amerikaSi umTavresad
midian biznes-ganaTlebis misaRebad;
germaniaSi_ inJiner-teqnikuri ganaTlebis misaRebad;
safrangeTSi_ humanitaruli ganaTlebis misaRebad;
italiaSi_ samedicino ganaTlebis misaRebad.
iuneskos prognoziT, studentTa ricxvi msoflioSi 2000w. 97 mln-dan
2025 wels 260 mln-mde gaizrdeba. aqedan 7 mln. ucxoeli studenti iqneba.
bevri qveyana ucxoel students swavlis qirasac ar an nawilobriv axdevi-
nebs (germania, safrangeTi, fineTi, Svecia). mizani: TavianT Sromis bazarze maTi
mizidva da sacxovrebeli xarjebiT sargeblobaa.
ganaTlebis dafinanseba Cveni umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemis erT-erTi yvela-
ze susti mxarea. ucxo qveynebis mTavrobebi ganaTlebaze, Cveulebriv, mTliani
Sida produqtis 5%-s xarjaven, zogi qveyana ki gacilebiT mets. magaliTad, is-
raeli_7,5%, malaizia_6,2%, iemeni_10%, bocvana_8%, lesoto_10%, dania_8%,
norvegia_7%, Svecia_8%, estoneTi_7,5%, saqarTvelo_5%-ze bevrad naklebs.
7
 xarjebi umaRles ganaTlebaze da kvlevaze msoflios ganviTarebuli qveynebi
mTlian Sida produqtTan mimarTebaSi saSualod 1,4%-ia, rac saxelmwifo
biujetis 3.1%-s Seadgens. saqarTveloSi aRniSnuli maCveneblebi Sesabamisad
0.5% da 1.8%-ia.
amitom mTavari amocanaa-umaRlesi ganaTlebisa da kvlevis resursuli uz-
runvelyofa, saxelmwifo mxardaWeris, dafinansebis gadidebis xarjze - 1,2%-mde
mSp-Tan mimarTebaSi, rac saSualovadian perspeqtivaSi saxelmwifo biujetis
3.0%-s Seadgens. es bevrad gaaumjobesebs rogorc mTeli sistemis, ise wamyvani
umaRlesi saswavleblebis dafinansebas. aqcentis gadatana fasiani seqtoris gaz-
rdaze yovelTvis gamarTlebuli araa. msoflio umaRlesi ganaTlebis ganviTare-
bis erT-erTi mTavari mimarTuleba _ yvelasaTvis misawvdomoba _ moiTxovs sa-
xelmwifo mxardaWeris gazrdas. sxvagvarad ganaTlebis dafinanseba, resursuli
uzrunvelyofa gaZneldeba da maRalxarisxovani ganaTleba Znelad misaRwevi gax-
deba.
gadaudebel amocanad unda miviCnioT ganaTlebis muSakTa motivaciuri meqa-
nizmis srulyofa, materialuri stimulirebis uzrunvelyofac. dasaqmebulTa Se-
madgenlobiT, yvelaze kvalificiuri dargi ganaTleba da mecnierebaa, sadac praq-
tikulad kadrebis absoluturi umravlesoba umaRles damTavrebuli specialis-
tia. xelfasis dargobrivi diferenciacis analizi ki gviCvenebs, rom mTel dar-
gobriv speqtrSi am dargSi erT-erT yvelaze dabali xelfasia jerjerobiT.
vinc saqarTvelos mosaxleobis socialur mdgomareobas icnobs, misTvis ad-
vili gasagebia magistraturis da doqturanturis dafinansebis radikaluri
srulyofis aucilebloba. mTeli msoflio miiswrafvis iqiT, rom ar daikargos
bunebiT mocemuli niWi (radgan igi qveynis uni kaluri simdidrea). ganaTlebis
sistemis gardaqmnis dros es gasaTvaliswinebelia.

kiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:

1. ganmarteT cnebebi: `samuSao Zalis xarisxi~, `adaminuri kapitali~, `fizikuri

kapitali~.
2. ra upiratesoba aqvs adamianur kapitalSi investirebas?
3. rogoria ganaTlebis sxvadasxva donis mqoneTa saSualo Semosavlebis Tanafar-
doba?
4. ra daasabuTes nobelis premiis laureatebma g. bekerma da t. Sulcma?
5. ra moTxovnebs uyenebs Tanamedrove Sromis bazri samuSao Zalis xarisxs? ro-
gor icvleba moTxovnis struqtura Sromis bazarze?
6. ra aris saqarTveloSi mimdinare ganaTlebis reformirebis mizani?
7. ras niSnavs erTiani saganmanaTleblo sivrce?
8. ras niSnavs ganaTlebis humanizacia?
9. ra aris uwyveti ganaTlebis arsi?
10. rogoria Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso saganmanaTleblo momsaxurebis ZiriTadi
parametrebi?
11. ra problemebia ganaTlebis dafinansebis sferoSi?