Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
KATJA WOLF
DANNY STADELMAYER
Wintersemester 2006/07
Alle
c Rechte vorbehalten.
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS i
Inhaltsverzeichnis
1 Häufigkeitsverteilung eines Merkmals 1
2 Lagemaßzahlen 2
3 Streuungsmaße 4
5 Abhängigkeitsmaße 8
5.1 Kovarianz und Korrelationskoeffizient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.2 Weitere Abhängigkeitsmaße . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6 Regressionsrechnung 9
7 Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung 10
8 Kombinatorik 10
11 Diskrete Verteilungsmodelle 13
11.1 Diskrete Gleichverteilung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
11.2 Bernoulli- oder Zweipunktverteilung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
11.3 Binomialverteilung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
11.4 Hypergeometrische Verteilung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
12 Stetige Verteilungsmodelle 14
12.1 Rechteckverteilung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
12.2 Exponentialverteilung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
12.3 Normalverteilung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
12.4 χ2 – Verteilung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
12.5 t – Verteilung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
12.6 Approximationsregeln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
15 Punktschätzung 18
15.1 Eigenschaften von Punktschätzern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS ii
16 Intervallschätzung 18
16.1 Konfidenzintervalle bei Normalverteilung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
16.2 Approximatives Konfidenzintervall für Anteilswerte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
17 Hypothesentests 19
17.1 Tests bei normalverteilten Grundgesamtheiten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
17.2 Asymptotische Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
18 Lineares Modell 20
18.1 Punktschätzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
18.2 Konfidenzintervalle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
18.3 Hypothesentests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
heißt Urliste.
Die geordnete Urliste eines Merkmals U
heißt Rangwertreihe.
Von einer Bindung der Länge h spricht man, wenn
gilt.
Eine Merkmalsausprägung ai ist ein Element der Bildmenge von A (möglicher Merkmalswert). Ai be-
zeichne die Menge aller Elemente mit der Merkmalsausprägung ai (i = 1, 2, . . . , k).
Bezeichnung
Häufigkeitsmaß
Häufigkeitsverteilung
Pk
absolute: ni = n(Ai ) für i = 1, 2, . . . , k mit i=1 ni =n
n(Ai ) Pk
relative: fi = f (ai ) = n für i = 1, 2, . . . , k mit i=1 fi =1
Summenhäufigkeitsverteilung
Ausgangspunkt: Geordnete Merkmalswerte u[1] ≤ u[2] ≤ . . . ≤ u[k]
Pi
absolute: Ni = N (ui ) = i∗ =1 n(Ui∗ ) für i = 1, 2, . . . , k
relative: 1 · N (u ) = Pi∗ f (u ∗ )
Fi = F (ui ) = n für i = 1, 2, . . . , k
i i =1 i
2 LAGEMASSZAHLEN 2
Empirische Verteilungsfunktion
Ausgangspunkt: Kardinalskaliertes Merkmal X
n(X ≤ x) X
F (x) = = f (x∗ ) für x ∈ R
n ∗ x ≤x
Klassierte Daten
x̃i−1 < X(eν ) ≤ x̃i : Der Merkmalswert von eν liegt
in der i-ten Merkmalsklasse
x̃i−1 = Untergrenze der i-ten Merkmalsklasse
x̃i = Obergrenze der i-ten Merkmalsklasse
∆xi = x̃i − x̃i−1 = Klassenbreite der i-ten Merkmalsklasse
xi = (x̃i−1 + x̃i )/2 = Klassenmitte der i-ten Merkmalsklasse
mit i = 1, . . . , k
Häufigkeitsdichte
0
für −∞ < x ≤ x̃0
∗ fi
f (x) = für x̃i−1 < x ≤ x̃i (i = 1, . . . , k)
∆xi
0 für x̃k < x < ∞
mit fi = F (x̃i ) − F (x̃i−1 ) für x ∈ R
Approximierende Verteilungsfunktion
0
für −∞ < x ≤ x̃0
∗ fi
F (x) = F (x̃i−1 ) + ∆x (x − x̃i−1 ) für x̃i−1 < x ≤ x̃i (i = 1, . . . , k)
i
für x̃k < x < ∞
1
für x ∈ R
2 Lagemaßzahlen
Modus
Median
diskret: u(0.5) = min{ui |F (ui ) ≥ 0.5}
0.5 − F (x̃i−1 )
klassiert: x(0.5) = x̃i−1 + · ∆xi sofern F (x̃i−1 ) < 0.5 ≤ F (x̃i )
fi
2 LAGEMASSZAHLEN 3
p - Quantile
p − F (x̃i−1 )
klassiert: x(p) = x̃i−1 + · ∆xi sofern F (x̃i−1 ) < p ≤ F (x̃i )
fi
Arithmetisches Mittel
n
1X
Diskrete Daten - Einzeldaten x̄ = X(eν )
n
ν=1
k k
1 X X
Diskrete Daten - Häufigkeitstabelle x̄ = xi ni = xi fi
n
i=1 i=1
Harmonisches Mittel
n
!−1
1X 1
Diskrete Daten - Einzeldaten x̄H =
n X(eν )
ν=1
k
!−1 k
!−1
1 X ni X fi
Diskrete Date - Häufigkeitstabelle x̄H = =
n xi xi
i=1 i=1
k
!−1 k
!−1
1 X ni X fi
Klassierte Daten x̄H = =
n xi xi
i=1 i=1
3 Streuungsmaße
Entropie
k k
X 1 X
HA (a1 , . . . , ak ) = − f (ai ) log2 f (ai ) = − f (ai ) ln f (ai )
ln 2
i=1 i=1
Normierte Entropie
∗ HA (a1 , . . . , ak )
0 ≤ HA (a1 , . . . , ak ) = ≤1
log2 k
Varianz n
1X
Diskrete Daten - Einzeldaten s2X = (X(eν ) − x̄)2 = x2 − x2
n
ν=1
1 Pn (X(e ))2
mit x2 = n ν=1 ν
k
X
Diskrete Daten - Häufigkeitstabelle s2X = (xi − x̄)2 fi = x2 − x2
i=1
k
X
Klassierte Daten s2X = (xi − x̄)2 fi = x2 − x2
i=1
Weitere Streuungsmaße q
Standardabweichung sX = s2X
sX
Variationskoeffizient υX =
x̄
4 HÄUFIGKEITSVERTEILUNG ZWEIER MERKMALE 5
Sei die Erhebungsgesamtheit E endlich mit den Merkmalen A und B und deren Ausprägungen ai und
bj , wobei i = 1, . . . , k und j = 1, . . . , l.
Gemeinsame Häufigkeitsverteilung
absolute: nij = n(Ai Bj ) = n(Ai ∩ Bj ) für i = 1, . . . , k und j = 1, . . . , l
n(Ai Bj )
relative: fij = f (ai , bj ) = für i = 1, . . . , k und j = 1, . . . , l
n
Randhäufigkeiten
l
P l
P
absolute: ni. = n(Ai ) = n(Ai Bj ) = nij für i = 1, . . . , k
j=1 j=1
k
P k
P
n.j = n(Bj ) = n(Ai Bj ) = nij für j = 1, . . . , l
i=1 i=1
l
P l
P
relative: fi. = f (ai ) = f (ai , bj ) = fij für i = 1, . . . , k
j=1 j=1
k
P Pk
f.j = f (bj ) = f (ai , bj ) = fij für j = 1, . . . , l
i=1 i=1
Bedingte Häufigkeitsverteilung
n(Ai Bj ) f (ai , bj )
f (ai |bj ) = = sofern n(Bj ), f (bj ) > 0
n(Bj ) f (bj )
n(Ai Bj ) f (ai , bj )
f (bj |ai ) = = sofern n(Ai ), f (ai ) > 0
n(Ai ) f (ai )
für i = 1, . . . , k und j = 1, . . . , l
Produktregel
Statistische Unabhängigkeit
n(Ai ) · n(Bj )
f (ai |bj ) = f (ai ) oder f (bj |ai ) = f (bj ) oder n(Ai Bj ) = oder f (ai , bj ) = f (ai )·f (bj )
n
für i = 1, 2, . . . , k und j = 1, 2, . . . , l
fij∗ = f (ai )f (bj ): Element in der i–ten Zeile und j–ten Spalte
n(Ai )n(Bj )
n∗ij = n : Element in der i-ten Zeile und j-ten Spalte
Gemeinsame Summenhäufigkeitsverteilung
i
P j
P i
P j
P
absolute Nij = N (ui vj ) = n(Ui∗ Vj ∗ ) = ni∗ j ∗
i∗ =1 j ∗ =1 i∗ =1 j ∗ =1
für i = 1, . . . , k und j = 1, . . . , l
i j i j i j
relative 1 P P n(U ∗ V ∗ ) = P P f (u ∗ , v ∗ ) = P P f ∗ ∗
Fij = F (ui , vj ) = n i j i j i j
∗ ∗
i =1 j =1 ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗i =1 j =1 i =1 j =1
für i = 1, . . . , k und j = 1, . . . , l
Randsummenhäufigkeiten
i P
P l i
P
absolute: N (ui ) = ni∗ j = ni∗ . für i = 1, . . . , k
i∗ =1 j=1 i∗ =1
Pk P j P j
N (vj ) = nij ∗ = n.j ∗ für j = 1, . . . , l
i=1 j ∗ =1 j ∗ =1
i P
P l i
P
relative: F (ui ) = fij = fi∗ . für i = 1, . . . , k
i∗ =1 j=1 i∗ =1
Pk P j Pj
F (vj ) = fij ∗ = f.j ∗ für j = 1, . . . , l
i=1 j ∗ =1 j ∗ =1
4 HÄUFIGKEITSVERTEILUNG ZWEIER MERKMALE 7
Statistische Unabhängigkeit
F (ui , vj ) = F (ui ) · F (vj ) oder F (ui |vj ) = F (ui ) oder F (vj |ui ) = F (vj )
für i = 1, 2, . . . , k und j = 1, 2, . . . , l
n(X ≤ x, Y ≤ y)
F (x, y) = für(x, y) ∈ R × R
n
mit x̃i , i = 1, . . . , k und ỹj , j = 1, . . . , l Obergrenze der i-ten bzw. j-ten Klasse
für i = 1, . . . , k und j = 1, . . . , l
5 ABHÄNGIGKEITSMASSE 8
5 Abhängigkeitsmaße
Problemstellung: Besteht ein Zusammenhang zwischen zwei quantitativen Merkmalen X und Y mit
den Merkmalsausprägungen x1 , . . . , xk und y1 , . . . , yl ?
Kovarianz n n
1X 1X
Diskrete Daten - Einzeldaten sX,Y = (X(eν ) − x̄)(Y (eν ) − ȳ) = X(eν )Y (eν ) − x̄ · ȳ
n n
ν=1 ν=1
k X
X l k X
X l
Diskrete Daten - Häufigkeitstabelle sXY = (xi − x̄)(yj − ȳ)fij = xi yj fij − x̄ · ȳ
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1
Korrelationskoeffizient sXY
−1 ≤ rXY = ≤1
sX sY
6 Regressionsrechnung
yν = a0 + a1 xν + uν
KQ - Ergebnisse
n
1 P
n xν yν − x̄ȳ
sXY ν=1 xy − x̄ · ȳ
Parameter: â1 = 2 = n = und â0 = ȳ − â1 x̄
sX 1 P 2 x2 − x̄2
n xν − x2
ν=1
Regressionsgerade: ŷ(x) = â0 + â1 x für x ∈ R
Regressionsfehler: ûν = yν − ŷν = yν − ŷ(xν ) für ν = 1, 2, . . . , n
Streuungszerlegung
Einfaches Bestimmtheitsmaß
s2Ŷ s2Û
0≤ RY2 |X = =1− ≤1
s2Y s2Y
7 Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung
P (A ∩ B)
Bedingte Wahrscheinlichkeit: P (B|A) =
P (A)
k
X
Formel der totalen Wahrscheinlichkeit: P (A) = P (A|Bj )P (Bj )
j=1
P (A|Bi )P (Bi )
Bayes – Formel: P (Bi |A) = k
P
P (A|Bj )P (Bj )
j=1
Stochastische Unabhängigkeit
8 Kombinatorik
Nn
N!
(N − n)!
Zufallsvariable
Verteilungsfunktion: FX (x) = PX (X ≤ x)
Eine Funktion fX ist genau dann Wahrscheinlichkeitsfunktion einer diskreten Zufallsvariablen, wenn
gilt:
X
Verteilungsfunktion einer diskreten Zufallsvariable: FX (x) = fX (xi )
xi ≤x
Eine Funktion fX ist genau dann Dichtefunktion einer stetigen Zufallsvariablen X, wenn gilt:
Z∞
0 ≤ fX (x) für alle x∈R und fX (x)dx = 1
−∞
Zx
Verteilungsfunktion einer stetigen Zufallsvariable: FX (x) = fX (s)ds
−∞
FX,Y (x, y) = FX (x)FY (y) bzw. FX|Y (x|y) = FX (x) bzw. FY |X (y|x) = FY (y) oder
fX,Y (x, y) = fX (x)fY (y) bzw. fX|Y (x|y) = fX (x) bzw. fY |X (y|x) = fY (y)
10 ZUFALLSVARIABLE UND IHRE MOMENTE 12
X Z∞
E(X) = µ = xfX (x) bzw. E(X) = xfX (x)dx
x∈D(X) −∞
X Z∞
2 2 2
V ar(X) = σ = (x − µ) fX (x) bzw. V ar(X) = σ = (x − µ)2 fX (x)dx
x∈D(X) −∞
10.3 Rechenregeln
• E(a) = a für a ∈ R
• E(X − µX ) = 0
Chebyshevsche Ungleichung
1
P (µX − kσX < X < µX + kσX ) ≥ 1 −
k2
11 DISKRETE VERTEILUNGSMODELLE 13
X Z∞ Z∞
E(X · Y ) = (x · y)fX,Y (x, y) bzw. E(X · Y )) = (x · y)fX,Y (x, y)dxdy
(x,y)∈D(X,Y ) −∞ −∞
Cov(X, Y )
Korrelationskoeffizient: −1 ≤ ρX,Y = ≤1
σX σY
11 Diskrete Verteilungsmodelle
Wahrscheinlichkeitsfunktion
(
1 für x = 1, 2, . . . , N
fX (x; N ) = N
0 sonst
N +1 N2 − 1
Mittelwert: E(X) = Varianz: V ar(X) =
2 12
Wahrscheinlichkeitsfunktion
p
für x = 1
fX (x; p) = 1 − p für x = 0
0 sonst
11.3 Binomialverteilung
Wahrscheinlichkeitsfunktion
n px (1 − p)n−x für x = 0, 1, . . . , n
fX (x; n, p) = x
0 sonst
Wahrscheinlichkeitsfunktion
M N −M
x n− x
für x ∈ D(X)
fX (x; n, N, M ) = N
n
0 sonst
M M M N −n
Mittelwert: E(X) = n Varianz: V ar(X) = n · 1− ·
N N N N −1
12 Stetige Verteilungsmodelle
12.1 Rechteckverteilung
Kurz: X ∼ R(a, b)
1
(
Dichtefunktion für a≤x≤b
fX (x; a, b) = b−a
0 sonst
Verteilungsfunktion 0 für x<a
x−a
FX (x; a, b) = für a ≤ x ≤ b
b−a
1 für x>b
12.2 Exponentialverteilung
Kurz: X ∼ exp(λ)
(
Dichtefunktion λe−λx für x≥0
fX (x; λ) =
0 sonst
(
Verteilungsfunktion 0 für x < 0
FX (x; λ) = −λx
1−e für x ≥ 0
1 1
Mittelwert: E(X) = Varianz: V ar(X) =
λ λ2
13 VERTEILUNG VON FUNKTIONEN VON ZUFALLSVARIABLEN 15
12.3 Normalverteilung
1 (x − µ)2
2 1
Dichtefunktion fX (x; µ, σ ) = √ exp −
2πσ 2 2 σ2
X −µ
X ∼ N (µ, σ 2 ) ⇒ ∼ N (0, 1)
σ
12.4 χ2 – Verteilung
12.5 t – Verteilung
f
Mittelwert: E(X) = 0 Varianz: V ar(X) = für f ≥ 3
f −2
12.6 Approximationsregeln
14.1 Stichprobenfunktionen
n
1X
Stichprobenmittel: Tn = Xi = X n
n
i=1
n
1 X
Stichprobenvarianz: Tn = (Xi − X n )2 = Sn2
n−1
i=1
n
1 X
Stichprobenkovarianz: Tn = (Xi − X n )(Yi − Y n ) = SXY
n−1
i=1
SXY
Stichprobenkorrelationskoeffizient: Tn =
SX S Y
X
Stichprobenanteilswert: Tn = = An
n
Stichprobenmittelwertdifferenz: Tn = X 1 − X 2 = Dn
σ2
E(X n ) = µ V ar(X n ) = E(Sn2 ) = σ 2
n
2
σX
Notwendiger Stichprobenumfang: P (|X̄n − µ| < ) ≥ γ =⇒ n≥ 2
ε · (1 − γ)
14 STICHPROBENFUNKTIONEN UND IHRE VERTEILUNG 17
Studentisiertes Stichprobenmittel
√ Xn − µ
n ∼ t(n − 1)
Sn
Zentraler Grenzwertsatz
2 identisch verteilte
Wenn X1 , X2 , . . . stochastisch unabhängige, mit dem Mittelwert µX und der Varianz σX
Zufallsvariablen sind, dann konvergiert die Verteilung des Stichprobenmittels in dem folgenden Sinne
√ X n − µX
X n − E(X n )
lim P q ≤ x = lim P
n ≤ x = Φ(x)
n→∞ n→∞ σX
V ar(X n )
für alle x ∈ R.
2 identisch verteilte
Wenn X1 , X2 , . . . stochastisch unabhängige, mit dem Mittelwert µX und der Varianz σX
Zufallsvariablen sind, dann konvergiert das Stichprobenmittel in dem folgenden Sinne
Empirische Verteilungsfunktion
15 Punktschätzung
16 Intervallschätzung
17 Hypothesentests
Approximativer Anteilswerttest
18 Lineares Modell
Yi = α0 + α1 xi + Ui für i = 1, 2, . . . , n
18.1 Punktschätzer n
P
(xi − x)(Yi − Y )
i=1
für die Parameter α̂1 = n und α̂0 = Y − α̂1 x
(xi − x)2
P
i=1
n
c2 = 1 X 2
für die Residuenvarianz σ Ûi mit Ûi = Yi − (α̂0 + α̂1 xi ) = Yi − Ŷ (xi )
n−2
i=1
18.2 Konfidenzintervalle
n
x2i
P
c2 i=1
mit Vd
ar(α̂0 ) = σ n
(xi − x)2
P
n
i=1
18 LINEARES MODELL 21
c2 1
mit Vd
ar(α̂1 ) = σ n
(xi − x)2
P
i=1
18.3 Hypothesentests
p
n x
.05 .10 .15 .20 .25 .30 .35 .40 .45 .50
8 0 .6634 .4305 .2725 .1678 .1001 .0576 .0319 .0168 .0084 .0039
1 .2793 .3826 .3847 .3355 .2670 .1977 .1373 .0896 .0548 .0312
2 .0515 .1488 .2376 .2936 .3115 .2965 .2587 .2090 .1569 .1094
3 .0054 .0331 .0839 .1468 .2076 .2541 .2786 .2787 .2568 .2187
4 .0004 .0046 .0185 .0459 .0865 .1361 .1875 .2322 .2627 .2734
5 0. .0004 .0026 .0092 .0231 .0467 .0808 .1239 .1719 .2188
6 0. 0. .0002 .0011 .0038 .0100 .0217 .0413 .0703 .1094
7 0. 0. 0. .0001 .0004 .0012 .0033 .0079 .0164 .0313
8 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. .0001 .0002 .0007 .0017 .0039
9 0 .6302 .3874 .2316 .1342 .0751 .0404 .0207 .0101 .0046 .0020
1 .2985 .3874 .3679 .3020 .2253 .1556 .1004 .0605 .0339 .0176
2 .0629 .1722 .2597 .3020 .3003 .2668 .2162 .1612 .1110 .0703
3 .0077 .0446 .1069 .1762 .2336 .2668 .2716 .2508 .2119 .1641
4 .0006 .0074 .0283 .0661 .1168 .1715 .2194 .2508 .2600 .2461
5 0. .0008 .0050 .0165 .0389 .0735 .1181 .1672 .2128 .2461
6 0. .0001 .0006 .0028 .0087 .0210 .0424 .0743 .1160 .1641
7 0. 0. 0. .0003 .0012 .0039 .0098 .0212 .0407 .0703
8 0. 0. 0. 0. .0001 .0004 .0013 .0035 .0083 .0176
9 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. .0001 .0003 .0008 .0020
10 0 .5987 .3487 .1969 .1074 .0563 .0282 .0135 .0060 .0025 .0010
1 .3151 .3874 .3474 .2684 .1877 .1211 .0725 .0403 .0207 .0098
2 .0746 .1937 .2759 .3020 .2816 .2335 .1757 .1209 .0763 .0439
3 .0105 .0574 .1298 .2013 .2503 .2668 .2522 .2150 .1665 .1172
4 .0010 .0112 .0401 .0881 .1460 .2001 .2377 .2508 .2384 .2051
5 .0001 .0015 .0085 .0264 .0584 .1029 .1536 .2007 .2340 .2461
6 0. .0001 .0012 .0055 .0162 .0368 .0689 .1115 .1596 .2051
7 0. 0. .0001 .0008 .0031 .0090 .0212 .0425 .0746 .1172
8 0. 0. 0. .0001 .0004 .0014 .0043 .0106 .0229 .0439
9 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. .0001 .0005 .0016 .0042 .0098
10 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. .0001 .0003 .0010
15 0 .4633 .2059 .0874 .0352 .0134 .0047 .0016 .0005 .0001 0.
1 .3658 .3432 .2312 .1319 .0668 .0305 .0126 .0047 .0016 .0005
2 .1348 .2669 .2856 .2309 .1559 .0916 .0476 .0219 .0090 .0032
3 .0307 .1285 .2184 .2501 .2252 .1700 .1110 .0634 .0318 .0139
4 .0049 .0428 .1156 .1876 .2252 .2186 .1792 .1268 .0780 .0417
5 .0006 .0105 .0449 .1032 .1651 .2061 .2123 .1859 .1404 .0916
6 0. .0019 .0132 .0430 .0917 .1472 .1906 .2066 .1914 .1527
7 0. .0003 .0030 .0138 .0393 .0811 .1319 .1771 .2013 .1964
8 0. 0. .0005 .0035 .0131 .0348 .0710 .1181 .1647 .1964
9 0. 0. .0001 .0007 .0034 .0116 .0298 .0612 .1048 .1527
10 0. 0. 0. .0001 .0007 .0030 .0096 .0245 .0515 .0916
11 0. 0. 0. 0. .0001 .0006 .0024 .0074 .0191 .0417
12 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. .0001 .0004 .0016 .0052 .0139
13 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. .0001 .0003 .0010 .0032
14 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. .0001 .0005
15 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
19 TABELLEN ZUR BINOMIALVERTEILUNG 24
p
n x
.05 .10 .15 .20 .25 .30 .35 .40 .45 .50
20 0 .3585 .1216 .0388 .0115 .0032 .0008 .0002 0. 0. 0.
1 .3774 .2702 .1368 .0576 .0211 .0068 .0020 .0005 .0001 0.
2 .1887 .2852 .2293 .1369 .0669 .0278 .0100 .0031 .0008 .0002
3 .0596 .1901 .2428 .2054 .1339 .0716 .0323 .0123 .0040 .0011
4 .0133 .0898 .1821 .2182 .1897 .1304 .0738 .0350 .0139 .0046
5 .0022 .0319 .1028 .1746 .2023 .1789 .1272 .0746 .0365 .0148
6 .0003 .0089 .0454 .1091 .1686 .1916 .1712 .1244 .0746 .0370
7 0. .0020 .0160 .0545 .1124 .1643 .1844 .1659 .1221 .0739
8 0. .0004 .0046 .0222 .0609 .1144 .1614 .1797 .1623 .1201
9 0. .0001 .0011 .0074 .0271 .0654 .1158 .1597 .1771 .1602
10 0. 0. .0002 .0020 .0099 .0308 .0686 .1171 .1593 .1762
11 0. 0. 0. .0005 .0030 .0120 .0336 .0710 .1185 .1602
12 0. 0. 0. .0001 .0008 .0039 .0136 .0355 .0727 .1201
13 0. 0. 0. 0. .0002 .0010 .0045 .0146 .0366 .0739
14 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. .0002 .0012 .0049 .0150 .0370
15 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. .0003 .0013 .0049 .0148
16 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. .0003 .0013 .0046
17 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. .0002 .0011
18 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. .0002
19 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
25 0 .2774 .0718 .0172 .0038 .0008 .0001 0. 0. 0. 0.
1 .3650 .1994 .0759 .0236 .0063 .0014 .0003 0. 0. 0.
2 .2305 .2659 .1607 .0708 .0251 .0074 .0018 .0004 .0001 0.
3 .0930 .2265 .2174 .1358 .0641 .0243 .0076 .0019 .0004 .0001
4 .0269 .1384 .2110 .1867 .1175 .0572 .0224 .0071 .0018 .0004
5 .0060 .0646 .1564 .1960 .1645 .1030 .0506 .0199 .0063 .0016
6 .0010 .0239 .0920 .1633 .1828 .1472 .0908 .0442 .0172 .0053
7 .0001 .0072 .0441 .1108 .1654 .1712 .1327 .0800 .0381 .0143
8 0. .0018 .0175 .0623 .1241 .1651 .1607 .1200 .0701 .0322
9 0. .0004 .0058 .0294 .0781 .1336 .1635 .1511 .1084 .0609
10 0. .0001 .0016 .0118 .0417 .0916 .1409 .1612 .1419 .0974
11 0. 0. .0004 .0040 .0189 .0536 .1034 .1465 .1583 .1328
12 0. 0. .0001 .0012 .0074 .0268 .0650 .1140 .1511 .1550
13 0. 0. 0. .0003 .0025 .0115 .0350 .0760 .1236 .1550
14 0. 0. 0. .0001 .0007 .0042 .0161 .0434 .0867 .1328
15 0. 0. 0. 0. .0002 .0013 .0064 .0212 .0520 .0974
16 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. .0004 .0021 .0088 .0266 .0609
17 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. .0001 .0006 .0031 .0115 .0322
18 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. .0001 .0009 .0042 .0143
19 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. .0002 .0013 .0053
20 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. .0003 .0016
21 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. .0001 .0004
22 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. .0001
23 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
19 TABELLEN ZUR BINOMIALVERTEILUNG 25
p
n x
.05 .10 .15 .20 .25 .30 .35 .40 .45 .50
1 0 .9500 .9000 .8500 .8000 .7500 .7000 .6500 .6000 .5500 .5000
1 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.
2 0 .9025 .8100 .7225 .6400 .5625 .4900 .4225 .3600 .3025 .2500
1 .9975 .9900 .9775 .9600 .9375 .9100 .8775 .8400 .7975 .7500
2 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.
3 0 .8574 .7290 .6141 .5120 .4219 .3430 .2746 .2160 .1664 .1250
1 .9927 .9720 .9392 .8960 .8438 .7840 .7182 .6480 .5747 .5000
2 .9999 .9990 .9966 .9920 .9844 .9730 .9571 .9360 .9089 .8750
3 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.
4 0 .8145 .6561 .5220 .4096 .3164 .2401 .1785 .1296 .0915 .0625
1 .9860 .9477 .8905 .8192 .7383 .6517 .5630 .4752 .3910 .3125
2 .9995 .9963 .9880 .9728 .9492 .9163 .8735 .8208 .7585 .6875
3 1. .9999 .9995 .9984 .9961 .9919 .9850 .9744 .9590 .9375
4 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.
5 0 .7738 .5905 .4437 .3277 .2373 .1681 .1160 .0778 .0503 .0312
1 .9774 .9185 .8352 .7373 .6328 .5282 .4284 .3370 .2562 .1875
2 .9988 .9914 .9734 .9421 .8965 .8369 .7648 .6826 .5931 .5000
3 1. .9995 .9978 .9933 .9844 .9692 .9460 .9130 .8688 .8125
4 1. 1. .9999 .9997 .9990 .9976 .9947 .9898 .9815 .9688
5 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.
6 0 .7351 .5314 .3771 .2621 .1780 .1176 .0754 .0467 .0277 .0156
1 .9672 .8857 .7765 .6554 .5339 .4202 .3191 .2333 .1636 .1094
2 .9978 .9841 .9527 .9011 .8306 .7443 .6471 .5443 .4415 .3437
3 .9999 .9987 .9941 .9830 .9624 .9295 .8826 .8208 .7447 .6563
4 1. .9999 .9996 .9984 .9954 .9891 .9777 .9590 .9308 .8906
5 1. 1. 1. .9999 .9998 .9993 .9982 .9959 .9917 .9844
6 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.
7 0 .6983 .4783 .3206 .2097 .1335 .0824 .0490 .0280 .0152 .0078
1 .9556 .8503 .7166 .5767 .4449 .3294 .2338 .1586 .1024 .0625
2 .9962 .9743 .9262 .8520 .7564 .6471 .5323 .4199 .3164 .2266
3 .9998 .9973 .9879 .9667 .9294 .8740 .8002 .7102 .6083 .5000
4 1. .9998 .9988 .9953 .9871 .9712 .9444 .9037 .8471 .7734
5 1. 1. .9999 .9996 .9987 .9962 .9910 .9812 .9643 .9375
6 1. 1. 1. 1. .9999 .9998 .9994 .9984 .9963 .9922
7 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.
19 TABELLEN ZUR BINOMIALVERTEILUNG 26
p
n x
.05 .10 .15 .20 .25 .30 .35 .40 .45 .50
8 0 .6634 .4305 .2725 .1678 .1001 .0576 .0319 .0168 .0084 .0039
1 .9428 .8131 .6572 .5033 .3671 .2553 .1691 .1064 .0632 .0352
2 .9942 .9619 .8948 .7969 .6785 .5518 .4278 .3154 .2201 .1445
3 .9996 .9950 .9786 .9437 .8862 .8059 .7064 .5941 .4770 .3633
4 1. .9996 .9971 .9896 .9727 .9420 .8939 .8263 .7396 .6367
5 1. 1. .9998 .9988 .9958 .9887 .9747 .9502 .9115 .8555
6 1. 1. 1. .9999 .9996 .9987 .9964 .9915 .9819 .9648
7 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. .9999 .9998 .9993 .9983 .9961
8 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.
9 0 .6302 .3874 .2316 .1342 .0751 .0404 .0207 .0101 .0046 .0020
1 .9288 .7748 .5995 .4362 .3003 .1960 .1211 .0705 .0385 .0195
2 .9916 .9470 .8591 .7382 .6007 .4628 .3373 .2318 .1495 .0898
3 .9994 .9917 .9661 .9144 .8343 .7297 .6089 .4826 .3614 .2539
4 1. .9991 .9944 .9804 .9511 .9012 .8283 .7334 .6214 .5000
5 1. .9999 .9994 .9969 .9900 .9747 .9464 .9006 .8342 .7461
6 1. 1. 1. .9997 .9987 .9957 .9888 .9750 .9502 .9102
7 1. 1. 1. 1. .9999 .9996 .9986 .9962 .9909 .9805
8 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. .9999 .9997 .9992 .9980
9 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.
10 0 .5987 .3487 .1969 .1074 .0563 .0282 .0135 .0060 .0025 .0010
1 .9139 .7361 .5443 .3758 .2440 .1493 .0860 .0464 .0233 .0107
2 .9885 .9298 .8202 .6778 .5256 .3828 .2616 .1673 .0996 .0547
3 .9990 .9872 .9500 .8791 .7759 .6496 .5138 .3823 .2660 .1719
4 .9999 .9984 .9901 .9672 .9219 .8497 .7515 .6331 .5044 .3770
5 1. .9999 .9986 .9936 .9803 .9527 .9051 .8338 .7384 .6230
6 1. 1. .9999 .9991 .9965 .9894 .9740 .9452 .8980 .8281
7 1. 1. 1. .9999 .9996 .9984 .9952 .9877 .9726 .9453
8 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. .9999 .9995 .9983 .9955 .9893
9 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. .9999 .9997 .9990
10 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.
15 0 .4633 .2059 .0874 .0352 .0134 .0047 .0016 .0005 .0001 0.
1 .8290 .5490 .3186 .1671 .0802 .0353 .0142 .0052 .0017 .0005
2 .9638 .8159 .6042 .3980 .2361 .1268 .0617 .0271 .0107 .0037
3 .9945 .9444 .8227 .6482 .4613 .2969 .1727 .0905 .0424 .0176
4 .9994 .9873 .9383 .8358 .6865 .5155 .3519 .2173 .1204 .0592
5 .9999 .9978 .9832 .9389 .8516 .7216 .5643 .4032 .2608 .1509
6 1. .9997 .9964 .9819 .9434 .8689 .7548 .6098 .4522 .3036
7 1. 1. .9994 .9958 .9827 .9500 .8868 .7869 .6535 .5000
8 1. 1. .9999 .9992 .9958 .9848 .9578 .9050 .8182 .6964
9 1. 1. 1. .9999 .9992 .9963 .9876 .9662 .9231 .8491
10 1. 1. 1. 1. .9999 .9993 .9972 .9907 .9745 .9408
11 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. .9999 .9995 .9981 .9937 .9824
12 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. .9999 .9997 .9989 .9963
13 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. .9999 .9995
14 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.
15 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.
19 TABELLEN ZUR BINOMIALVERTEILUNG 27
p
n x
.05 .10 .15 .20 .25 .30 .35 .40 .45 .50
20 0 .3585 .1216 .0388 .0115 .0032 .0008 .0002 0. 0. 0.
1 .7358 .3917 .1756 .0692 .0243 .0076 .0021 .0005 .0001 0.
2 .9245 .6769 .4049 .2061 .0913 .0355 .0121 .0036 .0009 .0002
3 .9841 .8670 .6477 .4114 .2252 .1071 .0444 .0160 .0049 .0013
4 .9974 .9568 .8298 .6296 .4148 .2375 .1182 .0510 .0189 .0059
5 .9997 .9887 .9327 .8042 .6172 .4164 .2454 .1256 .0553 .0207
6 1. .9976 .9781 .9133 .7858 .6080 .4166 .2500 .1299 .0577
7 1. .9996 .9941 .9679 .8982 .7723 .6010 .4159 .2520 .1316
8 1. .9999 .9987 .9900 .9591 .8867 .7624 .5956 .4143 .2517
9 1. 1. .9998 .9974 .9861 .9520 .8782 .7553 .5914 .4119
10 1. 1. 1. .9994 .9961 .9829 .9468 .8725 .7507 .5881
11 1. 1. 1. .9999 .9991 .9949 .9804 .9435 .8692 .7483
12 1. 1. 1. 1. .9998 .9987 .9940 .9790 .9420 .8684
13 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. .9997 .9985 .9935 .9786 .9423
14 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. .9997 .9984 .9936 .9793
15 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. .9997 .9985 .9941
16 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. .9997 .9987
17 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. .9998
18 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.
25 0 .2774 .0718 .0172 .0038 .0008 .0001 0. 0. 0. 0.
1 .6424 .2712 .0931 .0274 .0070 .0016 .0003 .0001 0. 0.
2 .8729 .5371 .2537 .0982 .0321 .0090 .0021 .0004 .0001 0.
3 .9659 .7636 .4711 .2340 .0962 .0332 .0097 .0024 .0005 .0001
4 .9928 .9020 .6821 .4207 .2137 .0905 .0320 .0095 .0023 .0005
5 .9988 .9666 .8385 .6167 .3783 .1935 .0826 .0294 .0086 .0020
6 .9998 .9905 .9305 .7800 .5611 .3407 .1734 .0736 .0258 .0073
7 1. .9977 .9745 .8909 .7265 .5118 .3061 .1536 .0639 .0216
8 1. .9995 .9920 .9532 .8506 .6769 .4668 .2735 .1340 .0539
9 1. .9999 .9979 .9827 .9287 .8106 .6303 .4246 .2424 .1148
10 1. 1. .9995 .9944 .9703 .9022 .7712 .5858 .3843 .2122
11 1. 1. .9999 .9985 .9893 .9558 .8746 .7323 .5426 .3450
12 1. 1. 1. .9996 .9966 .9825 .9396 .8462 .6937 .5000
13 1. 1. 1. .9999 .9991 .9940 .9745 .9222 .8173 .6550
14 1. 1. 1. 1. .9998 .9982 .9907 .9656 .9040 .7878
15 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. .9995 .9971 .9868 .9560 .8852
16 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. .9999 .9992 .9957 .9826 .9461
17 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. .9998 .9988 .9942 .9784
18 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. .9997 .9984 .9927
19 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. .9999 .9996 .9980
20 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. .9999 .9995
21 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. .9999
22 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.
20 TABELLEN ZUR STANDARDNORMALVERTEILUNG 28
y 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0.0 .5000 .5040 .5080 .5120 .5160 .5199 .5239 .5279 .5319 .5359
0.1 .5398 .5438 .5478 .5517 .5557 .5596 .5636 .5675 .5714 .5753
0.2 .5793 .5832 .5871 .5910 .5948 .5987 .6026 .6064 .6103 .6141
0.3 .6179 .6217 .6255 .6293 .6331 .6368 .6406 .6443 .6480 .6517
0.4 .6554 .6591 .6628 .6664 .6700 .6736 .6772 .6808 .6844 .6879
0.5 .6915 .6950 .6985 .7019 .7054 .7088 .7123 .7157 .7190 .7224
0.6 .7257 .7291 .7324 .7357 .7389 .7422 .7454 .7486 .7517 .7549
0.7 .7580 .7611 .7642 .7673 .7704 .7734 .7764 .7794 .7823 .7852
0.8 .7881 .7910 .7939 .7967 .7995 .8023 .8051 .8078 .8106 .8133
0.9 .8159 .8186 .8212 .8238 .8264 .8289 .8315 .8340 .8365 .8389
1.0 .8413 .8438 .8461 .8485 .8508 .8531 .8554 .8577 .8599 .8621
1.1 .8643 .8665 .8686 .8708 .8729 .8749 .8770 .8790 .8810 .8830
1.2 .8849 .8869 .8888 .8907 .8925 .8944 .8962 .8980 .8997 .9015
1.3 .9032 .9049 .9066 .9082 .9099 .9115 .9131 .9147 .9162 .9177
1.4 .9192 .9207 .9222 .9236 .9251 .9265 .9279 .9292 .9306 .9319
1.5 .9332 .9345 .9357 .9370 .9382 .9394 .9406 .9418 .9429 .9441
1.6 .9452 .9463 .9474 .9484 .9495 .9505 .9515 .9525 .9535 .9545
1.7 .9554 .9564 .9573 .9582 .9591 .9599 .9608 .9616 .9625 .9633
1.8 .9641 .9649 .9656 .9664 .9671 .9678 .9686 .9693 .9699 .9706
1.9 .9713 .9719 .9726 .9732 .9738 .9744 .9750 .9756 .9761 .9767
2.0 .9772 .9778 .9783 .9788 .9793 .9798 .9803 .9808 .9812 .9817
2.1 .9821 .9826 .9830 .9834 .9838 .9842 .9846 .9850 .9854 .9857
2.2 .9861 .9864 .9868 .9871 .9875 .9878 .9881 .9884 .9887 .9890
2.3 .9893 .9896 .9898 .9901 .9904 .9906 .9909 .9911 .9913 .9916
2.4 .9918 .9920 .9922 .9925 .9927 .9929 .9931 .9932 .9934 .9936
2.5 .9938 .9940 .9941 .9943 .9945 .9946 .9948 .9949 .9951 .9952
2.6 .9953 .9955 .9956 .9957 .9959 .9960 .9961 .9962 .9963 .9964
2.7 .9965 .9966 .9967 .9968 .9969 .9970 .9971 .9972 .9973 .9974
2.8 .9974 .9975 .9976 .9977 .9977 .9978 .9979 .9979 .9980 .9981
2.9 .9981 .9982 .9982 .9983 .9984 .9984 .9985 .9985 .9986 .9986
3.0 .9987 .9987 .9987 .9988 .9988 .9989 .9989 .9989 .9990 .9990
3.1 .9990 .9991 .9991 .9991 .9992 .9992 .9992 .9992 .9993 .9993
3.2 .9993 .9993 .9994 .9994 .9994 .9994 .9994 .9995 .9995 .9995
3.3 .9995 .9995 .9995 .9996 .9996 .9996 .9996 .9996 .9996 .9997
3.4 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9998
3.5 .9998 .9998 .9998 .9998 .9998 .9998 .9998 .9998 .9998 .9998
3.6 .9998 .9998 .9999 .9999 .9999 .9999 .9999 .9999 .9999 .9999
3.7 .9999 .9999 .9999 .9999 .9999 .9999 .9999 .9999 .9999 .9999
3.8 .9999 .9999 .9999 .9999 .9999 .9999 .9999 .9999 .9999 .9999
3.9 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.
20 TABELLEN ZUR STANDARDNORMALVERTEILUNG 29
21
21.1
f P
0.5 1.0 2.0 2.5 4.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 25.0 50.0 75.0 80.0 90.0 95.0 96.0 97.5 98.0 99.0 99.5
1 .000 .000 .001 .001 .003 .004 .016 .064 .102 .455 1.323 1.642 2.706 3.841 4.218 5.024 5.412 6.635 7.880
2 .01 .02 .04 .05 .08 .10 .21 .45 .58 1.39 2.77 3.22 4.61 5.99 6.44 7.38 7.82 9.21 10.60
3 .07 .11 .18 .22 .30 .35 .58 1.01 1.21 2.37 4.11 4.64 6.25 7.81 8.31 9.35 9.84 11.34 12.84
4 .21 .30 .43 .48 .63 .71 1.06 1.65 1.92 3.36 5.39 5.99 7.78 9.49 10.03 11.14 11.67 13.28 14.86
5 .41 .55 .75 .83 1.03 1.15 1.61 2.34 2.67 4.35 6.63 7.29 9.24 11.07 11.64 12.83 13.39 15.09 16.75
6 .68 .87 1.13 1.24 1.49 1.64 2.20 3.07 3.45 5.35 7.84 8.56 10.64 12.59 13.20 14.45 15.03 16.81 18.55
7 .99 1.24 1.56 1.69 2.00 2.17 2.83 3.82 4.25 6.35 9.04 9.80 12.02 14.07 14.70 16.01 16.62 18.48 20.28
8 1.34 1.65 2.03 2.18 2.54 2.73 3.49 4.59 5.07 7.34 10.22 11.03 13.36 15.51 16.17 17.53 18.17 20.09 21.96
9 1.73 2.09 2.53 2.70 3.10 3.33 4.17 5.38 5.90 8.34 11.39 12.24 14.68 16.92 17.61 19.02 19.68 21.67 23.59
10 2.16 2.56 3.06 3.25 3.70 3.94 4.87 6.18 6.74 9.34 12.55 13.44 15.99 18.31 19.02 20.48 21.16 23.21 25.19
11 2.60 3.05 3.61 3.82 4.31 4.57 5.58 6.99 7.58 10.34 13.70 14.63 17.28 19.68 20.41 21.92 22.62 24.73 26.76
12 3.07 3.57 4.18 4.40 4.94 5.23 6.30 7.81 8.44 11.34 14.85 15.81 18.55 21.03 21.79 23.34 24.05 26.22 28.30
TABELLE ZUR χ2 – VERTEILUNG
13 3.56 4.11 4.77 5.01 5.58 5.89 7.04 8.63 9.30 12.34 15.98 16.98 19.81 22.36 23.14 24.74 25.47 27.69 29.82
14 4.07 4.66 5.37 5.63 6.24 6.57 7.79 9.47 10.17 13.34 17.12 18.15 21.06 23.68 24.49 26.12 26.87 29.14 31.32
15 4.60 5.23 5.98 6.26 6.91 7.26 8.55 10.31 11.04 14.34 18.25 19.31 22.31 25.00 25.82 27.49 28.26 30.58 32.80
16 5.14 5.81 6.61 6.91 7.60 7.96 9.31 11.15 11.91 15.34 19.37 20.47 23.54 26.30 27.14 28.85 29.63 32.00 34.27
17 5.70 6.41 7.25 7.56 8.29 8.67 10.09 12.00 12.79 16.34 20.49 21.61 24.77 27.59 28.45 30.19 31.00 33.41 35.72
18 6.26 7.01 7.91 8.23 8.99 9.39 10.86 12.86 13.68 17.34 21.60 22.76 25.99 28.87 29.75 31.53 32.35 34.81 37.16
19 6.84 7.63 8.57 8.91 9.70 10.12 11.65 13.72 14.56 18.34 22.72 23.90 27.20 30.14 31.04 32.85 33.69 36.19 38.58
20 7.43 8.26 9.24 9.59 10.42 10.85 12.44 14.58 15.45 19.34 23.83 25.04 28.41 31.41 32.32 34.17 35.02 37.57 40.00
21 8.03 8.90 9.91 10.28 11.14 11.59 13.24 15.44 16.34 20.34 24.93 26.17 29.62 32.67 33.60 35.48 36.34 38.93 41.40
Tabelle zur χ2 – Verteilung (vgl. S. 15)
22 8.64 9.54 10.60 10.98 11.87 12.34 14.04 16.31 17.24 21.34 26.04 27.30 30.81 33.92 34.87 36.78 37.66 40.29 42.80
23 9.26 10.20 11.29 11.69 12.61 13.09 14.85 17.19 18.14 22.34 27.14 28.43 32.01 35.17 36.13 38.08 38.97 41.64 44.18
24 9.89 10.86 11.99 12.40 13.35 13.85 15.66 18.06 19.04 23.34 28.24 29.55 33.20 36.42 37.39 39.36 40.27 42.98 45.56
25 10.52 11.52 12.70 13.12 14.10 14.61 16.47 18.94 19.94 24.34 29.34 30.68 34.38 37.65 38.64 40.65 41.57 44.31 46.93
26 11.16 12.20 13.41 13.84 14.85 15.38 17.29 19.82 20.84 25.34 30.43 31.79 35.56 38.89 39.89 41.92 42.86 45.64 48.29
27 11.81 12.88 14.13 14.57 15.61 16.15 18.11 20.70 21.75 26.34 31.53 32.91 36.74 40.11 41.13 43.19 44.14 46.96 49.64
28 12.46 13.56 14.85 15.31 16.37 16.93 18.94 21.59 22.66 27.34 32.62 34.03 37.92 41.34 42.37 44.46 45.42 48.28 50.99
29 13.12 14.26 15.57 16.05 17.14 17.71 19.77 22.48 23.57 28.34 33.71 35.14 39.09 42.56 43.60 45.72 46.69 49.59 52.34
30 13.79 14.95 16.31 16.79 17.91 18.49 20.60 23.36 24.48 29.34 34.80 36.25 40.26 43.77 44.83 46.98 47.96 50.89 53.67
Tab. 7: P % – Quantile der χ2 – Verteilung mit f Freiheitsgraden
40 20.70 22.16 23.84 24.43 25.80 26.51 29.05 32.35 33.66 39.33 45.62 47.27 51.80 55.76 56.95 59.34 60.44 63.69 66.76
50 27.99 29.71 31.66 32.36 33.94 34.77 37.69 41.45 42.94 49.33 56.33 58.16 63.17 67.50 68.80 71.42 72.61 76.15 79.49
60 35.53 37.48 39.70 40.48 42.27 43.19 46.46 50.64 52.29 59.33 66.98 68.97 74.40 79.08 80.48 83.30 84.58 88.38 91.95
70 43.3 45.4 47.9 48.8 50.7 51.7 55.3 59.9 61.7 69.3 77.6 79.7 85.5 90.5 92.0 95.0 96.4 100.4 104.2
80 51.2 53.5 56.2 57.2 59.3 60.4 64.3 69.2 71.1 79.3 88.1 90.4 96.6 101.9 103.5 106.6 108.1 112.3 116.3
90 59.2 61.8 64.6 65.6 67.9 69.1 73.3 78.6 80.6 89.3 98.6 101.1 107.6 113.1 114.8 118.1 119.6 124.1 128.3
100 67.3 70.0 73.1 74.2 76.7 77.9 82.4 88.0 90.1 99.3 109.1 111.7 118.5 124.3 126.1 129.6 131.1 135.8 140.2
30
22
22
22.1
f P
60.0 70.0 75.0 80.0 85.0 90.0 91.0 92.0 93.0 94.0 95.0 96.0 97.0 97.5 98.0 98.5 99.0 99.5 99.9
1 .3 .7 1.0 1.4 2.0 3.1 3.4 3.9 4.5 5.2 6.3 7.9 10.6 12.7 15.9 21.2 31.8 63.7 318.3
2 .29 .62 .82 1.06 1.39 1.89 2.03 2.19 2.38 2.62 2.92 3.32 3.90 4.30 4.85 5.64 6.96 9.92 22.33
3 .28 .58 .76 .98 1.25 1.64 1.74 1.86 2.00 2.16 2.35 2.61 2.95 3.18 3.48 3.90 4.54 5.84 10.21
4 .271 .569 .741 .941 1.190 1.533 1.623 1.723 1.838 1.971 2.132 2.333 2.601 2.776 2.999 3.298 3.747 4.604 7.173
5 .267 .559 .727 .920 1.156 1.476 1.558 1.649 1.753 1.873 2.015 2.191 2.422 2.571 2.757 3.003 3.365 4.032 5.893
6 .265 .553 .718 .906 1.134 1.440 1.517 1.603 1.700 1.812 1.943 2.104 2.313 2.447 2.612 2.829 3.143 3.707 5.208
7 .263 .549 .711 .896 1.119 1.415 1.489 1.572 1.664 1.770 1.895 2.046 2.241 2.365 2.517 2.715 2.998 3.499 4.785
8 .262 .546 .706 .889 1.108 1.397 1.469 1.549 1.638 1.740 1.860 2.004 2.189 2.306 2.449 2.634 2.896 3.355 4.501
9 .261 .543 .703 .883 1.100 1.383 1.454 1.532 1.619 1.718 1.833 1.973 2.150 2.262 2.398 2.574 2.821 3.250 4.297
10 .260 .542 .700 .879 1.093 1.372 1.442 1.518 1.603 1.700 1.812 1.948 2.120 2.228 2.359 2.527 2.764 3.169 4.144
11 .260 .540 .697 .876 1.088 1.363 1.432 1.507 1.591 1.686 1.796 1.928 2.096 2.201 2.328 2.491 2.718 3.106 4.025
12 .259 .539 .695 .873 1.083 1.356 1.424 1.498 1.580 1.674 1.782 1.912 2.076 2.179 2.303 2.461 2.681 3.055 3.930
TABELLE ZUR T – VERTEILUNG
13 .259 .538 .694 .870 1.079 1.350 1.417 1.490 1.572 1.664 1.771 1.899 2.060 2.160 2.282 2.436 2.650 3.012 3.852
14 .258 .537 .692 .868 1.076 1.345 1.411 1.484 1.565 1.656 1.761 1.887 2.046 2.145 2.264 2.415 2.624 2.977 3.787
15 .258 .536 .691 .866 1.074 1.341 1.406 1.478 1.558 1.649 1.753 1.878 2.034 2.131 2.249 2.397 2.602 2.947 3.733
16 .258 .535 .690 .865 1.071 1.337 1.402 1.474 1.553 1.642 1.746 1.869 2.024 2.120 2.235 2.382 2.583 2.921 3.686
17 .257 .534 .689 .863 1.069 1.333 1.398 1.469 1.548 1.637 1.740 1.862 2.015 2.110 2.224 2.368 2.567 2.898 3.646
18 .257 .534 .688 .862 1.067 1.330 1.395 1.466 1.544 1.632 1.734 1.855 2.007 2.101 2.214 2.356 2.552 2.878 3.610
19 .257 .533 .688 .861 1.066 1.328 1.392 1.462 1.540 1.628 1.729 1.850 2.000 2.093 2.205 2.346 2.539 2.861 3.579
20 .257 .533 .687 .860 1.064 1.325 1.389 1.459 1.537 1.624 1.725 1.844 1.994 2.086 2.197 2.336 2.528 2.845 3.552
Tabelle zur t– Verteilung (vgl. S. 15)
21 .257 .532 .686 .859 1.063 1.323 1.387 1.457 1.534 1.621 1.721 1.840 1.988 2.080 2.189 2.328 2.518 2.831 3.527
22 .256 .532 .686 .858 1.061 1.321 1.385 1.454 1.531 1.618 1.717 1.835 1.983 2.074 2.183 2.320 2.508 2.819 3.505
23 .256 .532 .685 .858 1.060 1.319 1.383 1.452 1.529 1.615 1.714 1.832 1.978 2.069 2.177 2.313 2.500 2.807 3.485
24 .256 .531 .685 .857 1.059 1.318 1.381 1.450 1.526 1.612 1.711 1.828 1.974 2.064 2.172 2.307 2.492 2.797 3.467
25 .256 .531 .684 .856 1.058 1.316 1.379 1.448 1.524 1.610 1.708 1.825 1.970 2.060 2.167 2.301 2.485 2.787 3.450
26 .256 .531 .684 .856 1.058 1.315 1.378 1.446 1.522 1.608 1.706 1.822 1.967 2.056 2.162 2.296 2.479 2.779 3.435
27 .256 .531 .684 .855 1.057 1.314 1.376 1.445 1.521 1.606 1.703 1.819 1.963 2.052 2.158 2.291 2.473 2.771 3.421
28 .256 .530 .683 .855 1.056 1.313 1.375 1.443 1.519 1.604 1.701 1.817 1.960 2.048 2.154 2.286 2.467 2.763 3.408
29 .256 .530 .683 .854 1.055 1.311 1.374 1.442 1.517 1.602 1.699 1.814 1.957 2.045 2.150 2.282 2.462 2.756 3.396
Tab. 8: P % – Quantile der t– Verteilung mit f Freiheitsgraden
30 .256 .530 .683 .854 1.055 1.310 1.373 1.441 1.516 1.600 1.697 1.812 1.955 2.042 2.147 2.278 2.457 2.750 3.385
40 .255 .529 .681 .851 1.050 1.303 1.365 1.432 1.506 1.589 1.684 1.796 1.936 2.021 2.123 2.250 2.423 2.704 3.307
50 .255 .528 .679 .849 1.047 1.299 1.360 1.426 1.500 1.582 1.676 1.787 1.924 2.009 2.109 2.234 2.403 2.678 3.261
60 .254 .527 .679 .848 1.045 1.296 1.357 1.423 1.496 1.577 1.671 1.781 1.917 2.000 2.099 2.223 2.390 2.660 3.232
70 .254 .527 .678 .847 1.044 1.294 1.354 1.420 1.493 1.574 1.667 1.776 1.912 1.994 2.093 2.215 2.381 2.648 3.211
80 .254 .526 .678 .846 1.043 1.292 1.353 1.418 1.491 1.572 1.664 1.773 1.908 1.990 2.088 2.209 2.374 2.639 3.195
90 .254 .526 .677 .846 1.042 1.291 1.351 1.417 1.489 1.570 1.662 1.771 1.905 1.987 2.084 2.205 2.368 2.632 3.183
100 .254 .526 .677 .845 1.042 1.290 1.350 1.416 1.488 1.568 1.660 1.769 1.902 1.984 2.081 2.201 2.364 2.626 3.174
31